THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
GIFT OF

MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDEGEE.

1906
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 THE

UNIVERSAL OR,
HEKJtAl,;
BOTANICAL, MEDICAL, AND AGRICULTURAL

CONTAINING AH ACCOUNT OF

ail tfle fmottm Iiattt0 in ttjr

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINNEAN SYSTEM.
\

SPECIFYING THE

USES TO WHICH THEY ARE OR MAY BE APPLIED, WHETHER AS FOOD, AS MEDICINE, OR IN

THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES.
WITH THE BEST

METHODS OF PROPAGATION,
AND THE

MOST UECEKT AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS.

CoIIrrtttr from inliisputatle autdorities.

ADAPTED TO THE USE OF

THE FARMER THE GARDENER THE HUSBANDMAN THE BOTANIST THE FLORIST-
AND COUNTRY HOUSEKEEPERS IN GENERAL.

THE SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND IMPROVED.

VOL. II.

LONDON:
PRINTED AT THE CAXTON PRESS, BY HENRY FISHER,
Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty.
PUBLISHED AT 38, NEWGATE-STREET; AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
V
 OF THE
UNIVERSITY
THE OF

UNIVERSAL, HERBAL;
OR,

BOTANICAL, MEDICAL, AND AGRICULTURAL

VOL. II.

LAC LAC
; (so called from the celebrated
Dominican friar, tip.
Stamina: filamenta six, awl-shaped, upright, growing
Father Labat,) a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono- to the base of the petals, and of the same length with them ;

gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth four- antherse oblong. Pistil: germen superior, subovate; style

leaved, permanent ; the two opposite leaflets erect ; the two awl-shaped, length of the stamina ; stigma simple. Pericarp:
smaller ones ovate, obtuse, concave. Corolla : one-petalled, capsule subovate, three-winger), three-celled. Seeds several,
.'

subcampanulated tube shorter than the calix ; border qua-

; globose, affixed to the receptacle. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
drifid
;
divisions upright, obtuse, small ;
with two opposite TER. Corolla: six-parted; the three outer petals difform.
smaller divisions, situated in the partition of the corolla. Capsules: three-winged; cells many-seeded. Seeds: globular,
Stamina: filamenta four, length of the corolla, upright, affixed to the receptacle. The plants of this genus must be
awl-shaped, contiguous to the pistil anthersc sharp-pointed,
; preserved, with other Cape bulbs, in a warm border, covered
Pistil: germen roundish, minute, superior; style with glasses, or in a dry-stove or glass-case.
upright. They will
awl-shaped, length of the stamina stigma simple, obtuse.
;
mostly bear forcing, and their flowering may be hastened by
Pericarp: capsule large, roundish, rough, four-celled. Seeds: keeping them warm in the stove they are increased by
:

solitary, oblong, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. offsets from the bulbs, or by seeds, when
they produce any.
Calix four-leaved, inferior.
: Corolla: subcampanulate, four- The species are,
cleft, with two minute segments in the divisions of the 1. Lachenalia Orchioides ;
Spotted-leaved Lachenalia.
corolla. Capsule: four-celled. Seeds: solitary. The Corollas bell-shaped, the three inner petals longer; flowers
species are, sessile; leaves lanceolate, shorter than the scape. Bulb round,
1. Labatia Sessiliflora. Flowers sessile. The stem is whitish. The whole plant smooth ; outer petals white, with
shrubby, six feet or more high branches alternate, straight,
; green tips; inner pale yellow. Native of the Cape.
bearing round, upright, rusty, smaller branches ; leaves alter- 2. Lachenalia Pallida; Pale-flowered Lachenalia. Corollas
nate, stalked, two or three inches long, ribbed and veined bell-shaped, the three inner petals longer ; flowers on very
beneath, shining and silky; flowers whitish, very small ; fruit short peduncles, horizontal ; leaves linear-oblong, longer
the size of a nutmeg, roundish, rough, and rusty, ripening than the scape. Bulb roundish, flatted a little, the size of a
in December. Native of Hispaniola. hazel-nut ; petals whitish. Native of the Cape.
2. Labatia Guianensis. Flowers peduncled. This is a tree 3. Lachenalia Contaminata; Mixed-coloured Lachenalia.

forty feet high or more, and three feet in diameter, with a Corollas bell-shaped, the three upper petals longer ; flowers
russet-coloured wrinkled bark; and a whitish, hard, com- peduncled; leaves linear, awl-shaped, channelled; they have
pact wood ; flowers small, greenish; fruit oval, hard, rough dusky red spots scattered over the upper surface. Native
with rigid short hairs. Native of Guiana, in the forests by of the Cape,
the river Sinemari, flowering and fruiting in November. 4. Lachenalia Tricolor; Three-coloured Lachenalia. Corol-
Labrador Tea. See Ledum. las cylindrical, the three inner petals twice the length of the
Laburnum. See Cytisus. others, emarginate flowers peduncled, pendulous.
; The
Lac, or Gum Lac. See Croton Lucciferum. scape isalmost comose with the abundance of awl-shaped
Lace Bark. See Daphne Layetto. bractes that spring out below the upper rudiments of flowers.
Lachenalia ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono- It varies with
yellow, saffron-coloured, blood-red, purple at
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: the tip, and greenish
gynia. yellow corollas also in the proportion
;

petals six, erected into a tube, oblong, connate at the base, between the inner and outer petals, and in the breadth of
unequal, the three exterior ones shorter, often callous at the j
the leaves. Native of the Cape
VOL. ii. 66. B
 THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LAC
5. Lachenalia Pendula Pendulates Lachenalia.
;
Corollas scattered, elliptical, glaucous ; segments of the calix downy
cylindrical, the three inner petals longer, entire ; flowers on both sides. Flowers white, fragrant. Native of the
Cape.
Scape upright, round, the thickness 4. Lachnsea Conglomerata; Cluster-headed Lachneea.
peduncled, pendulous.
of a goose-quill; leaves oblong-lanceolate, succulent, a span Heads clustered; leaves lax, cylindric, truncate, in four rows.
long. Native of the Cape. Native of the Cape.
6. Lachenalia Viridis Green-flowered Lachenalia.
;
Corol- Lads; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Digynia.
las cylindrical ; the three outer petals very long, awl-shaped. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix and Corolla: none. Sta-
Bulb roundish. The whole plant inodorous and smooth; mina: filamenta very many (forty) capillary, winged on both
corollas entirely green. Native of the Cape. sides below, inserted into the receptacle, which is
girt with
7. Lachenalia Orthopetala. Corollas funnel-form, tubular; twelve spines ; antherse oblong, bifid at the base, acute,
the three outer petals a little shorter, bluntish ; flowers erect, incumbent. Pistil: germen oblong, angular, striated ;
styles
subpedicelled. Bulb round, whitish ; leaves generally four, two, incurved stigmas obtuse.
;
Pericarp : capsule ovate,
about a foot long, flaccid; flowers upright, on short pale eight-streaked, one-celled, bivalve. Seeds very many, very
:

pedicels, inodorous, about thirty, the upper ones abortive ; small, affixed to a free ovate receptacle. ESSENTIAL CHA-
antherse purple ;
germen green. Native of the Cape. RACTER. Calix and Corolla: none. Filamenta: winged
8. Lachenalia Pustulata. Corollas cylindrical, the three on both sides below. Receptacle: girt with twelve spines.
inner petals one-fourth longer than the outer, blunt; flowers Capsule: ovate, eight-streaked, one-celled, two-valved, many-
erect, subsessile; leaves lanceolate-linear, pustuled. Bulb seeded. The only known species is,
roundish. Native of the Cape. 1. Lacis Fluviatilis. Stems branching, decumbent;
9. Lachenalia Violacea. Corollas cylindrical, three-sided, branches cylindrical, rough to the touch. The Caribbees
the three inner petals reflex, a little longer than the outer ; call this plant mourerou. It is a native of Guiana, and
flowers pendulous, peduncled ; leaves oblong, spotted on the has been found only on the rocks of the great cascade of
back. Bulb roundish, white, larger than a hazel-nut. The the river Sinemari ; it is attached to the rocks by
packets of
whole of the plant is smooth ; flowers small, drooping, smell- small fibres, and, except the flowering branches, is
entirely
ing like Rue. Native of the Cape. under water.
10. Lachenalia Patula. Corollas bell-shaped; inner petals Lacistema ; a genus of the class Monandria, order
Digynia.
spreading or reflex, longer than the outer ; flowers erect, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: ament common, imbri-
peduncled ; leaves linear-lanceolate, shorter than the scape, cated on all sides, columnar; scales one-flowered, ovate, con-
unspotted. Bulb roundish, brown, the size of a pea. The cave ; two small linear squamules being placed at the sides
whole plant is smooth ; corolla, filamenta, and style, white. beneath the corolla, within the scale. Corolla: one-petalled,
Native of the Cape. four-parted; tube none; divisions lanceolate, sharp, suberect;
11. Lachenalia Punctata. Corollas tubular, incurved; nectary one-leafed, rotate, entire, smaller than the corolla,
inner petals a little longer than the outer, the lowest a little concave. Stamina: filamenta single, situated in the middle
shorter than the two others ; flowers nodding, peduncled ; of the nectary with the germen, upright, incurved above the
leaves lanceolate-linear, dotted. Bulb roundish, white; scape middle over the germen, bifid at the top ; antherse minute,
ten inches high, shining, with red and pale spots all over it, roundish. Pistil: germen globose; styles two, very short,
few-flowered at top ; flowers elegant, inodorous ; corolla recurved ;
stigmas simple. Pericarp : berry foot-stalked,
whitish, the outer petals thickly spread, with red dots all obovate, oblong, one-celled. Seed: single, oblong, ESSEN-
over both surfaces. Native of the Cape. TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: scale of the ament. Corolla:
12. Lachenalia Hirta. Corollas bell-shaped, peduncled; four-parted. Filamenta: bifid. .Berry: pedicelled, one-
leaves-linear, rough-haired. Native of the Cape. seeded. The only species yet described is,
Lachneea ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono- 1. Lacistema
Myricoides. Stem arborescent; branches
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one- round, somewhat knotty, ash-coloured, naked, smoothish,
leafed, permanent; tube long and slender; border four- spreading, branched ; branchlets greenish, leafy, smooth ;
the upper segment the smallest, the other leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, somewhat wrinkled
parted, unequal ;

three segments reflex, the middle one larger. Corolla: none. with very minute transverse veins, four inches long;
berry
Stamina: filamenta eight, setaceous, upright, nearly the black, and soft, the size of a currant, sweet, insipid.
length of the flower; antherse simple. Pistil: germen Observed by Rolander in Surinam, and by Swartz in Jamaica.
ovate; style filiform, inserted into the side of the germen, Lacluca; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
length of the stamina stigma headed, hispid.
; Pericarp : gamia ./Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common
none; fruit in the bottom of the calix. Seed: single, ovate, imbricated, cylindric ; scales very many, sharp, membrana-
This genus differs from Pas- ceous on the margin. Corolla: compound imbricated, uni-
obliquely acute. Observe.
serina only in having an unequal calix. ESSENTIAL CHA- form ; corollets hermaphrodite, very many, equal ; proper
RACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: four-cleft, with an unequal one-petalled, ligulate, truncated, four or five toothed. Sta-
border. Seed: one, like a berry. The species are, mina: filamenta five, capillary, very short; antherae cylin-
1. Lachnaea Eriocephala; Woolly-headed Lachnaa. Heads dric, tubular. Pistil: germen subovate ; style filiform,
solitary, woolly; leaves imbricate,
in four rows, linear, convex. length of the stamina; stigmas two, reflex. Pericarp: none;
Flowers large, and white, in terminal solitary heads. A calix converging, ovate-cylindric. Seeds: solitary, ovate,
green-house plant, flowering all the summer. Native of the acuminate, even, compressed. Down : capillary, on a long
Cape. stipe, attenuated below. Receptacle: naked. ESSENTIAL
2. Lachnsea Purpurea; Purple-flowered Lachn&a. Leaves CHARACTER. Calix: imbricate, cylindrical, with a mem-
opposite, imbricated, in four rows, obtuse, keeled under-
branaceous margin. Receptacle : naked. Seeds: even, with
neath segments of the calix smooth.
; Flowers large, rose- a simple, stipitate down. The species are,
coloured or light purple the tube of each flower is white,
: 1. Lactuca Quercina; Oak-leaved Lettuce. Leaves runci-
with a woolly tuft at its base. Gathered at the Cape. nate, toothletted, acute, ^ven underneath; stem smooth. Root
3. Lachnaea Glauca ; Glaucous-leaved Lachnaa. Leaves perennial, fleshy. In i's whole habit it approaches nearer to
 LAC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LAC
the wild than the garden Lettuce. The leaves are of a the spot where they are sown, but they will come somewhat
and resemble those of the Oak : whence its later, which will be of service where people do not continue
deeper green,
name. Native of Sweden and Germany. sowing every fortnight or three weeks in summer. You must
2. Lactuca Intybacea; Endive-leaved Lettuce. Leaves also observe, in sowing the succeeding crops, as the season

runcinate, tooth-ciliate, blunt, embracing;

stem panic-led. advances, to choose a shady moist situation, but not under
The whole plant smooth and milky; corollets sulphur-
is the drip of trees, which would cause them to run up into
coloured. Native of South America. seed in summer before they cabbage. In the beginning of
3. Lactuca Saliva; Garden Lettuce. Leaves rounded; August, sow the seeds for the last crop, which is to stand
stem-leaves cordate stem corymbed. Stem strong, round,
;
over winter, ihiuly upon a good light soil, in a warm situa-
two feet or three-quarters of a yard in height, bearing abun- tion ;
and when the plants are come up, they must be hoed
dance of small yellow flowers. This plant has long been out, that they may stand singly. Remove all the weeds, and in
celebrated for its cooling and wholesome properties; and as the beginning of October transplant them into warm borders,
it contains a quantity of milky juice of an opiate nature, it in where, if the winter is not severe, they will stand very well ;

but in order to be sore of a crop, it will be advisable to

consequence promotes sleep and it is also in some degree laxa-
;

tive and aperient, and very proper for hot bilious dispositions. plant a few upon a bed pretty close together, where they
The seeds are of an emollient nature they unite with water ; may be arched over with hoops, and in severe frosts covered
with mats, straw, or pease-haulm, to secure them from being
by trituration into an emulsion or milky liquor, which has
In the spring of the year they may be trans-
nothing of the aperient bitterness of the milky juice of the destroyed.
leaves it is
very similar to the emulsion of almonds, but
; planted out into a warm rich soil, ten inches asunder; but still
more cooling in its nature, and therefore a better medicine those that grew under the wall, if they escaped the winter,
in heat of urine, and oilier disorders which arise from acrimony and were suffered to remain, will cabbage sooner than those
and irritation. The native country of this plant is not known. which are removed again ; but you must observe not to
The Germans call it yartensalat ; the Dutch, tuinsalade, or place them too close to the wall, which would occasion their
latuw ; the French, la laitite cultivee, on commune. Lac- growing up iall, and prevent their being large or hard. In
tuca, a little changed, is the prevailing word in the
European order to save good seeds of this kind, look over your Lettuces
for Lettuce. The Russians, Danes, and Swedes, while in perfection, and mark such as are very hard and
languages
call laktuk; the Italians, lattuga; the Spaniards, lechuga;
it grow low, by placing sticks in the ground close to them.
and the Portuguese, leituga. The several varieties culti- Pull up all that you do not want for seed, as soon as
they
vated for use in kitchen-gardens, are, 1. Common, or Garden begin to run up, lest, when they come to flower, the farina
Lettuce Cabbage Lettuce 3. Cilicia 4. Dutch Brown
; 2. ; ; ;
of the bad should mix with the good, and so degenerate the
5. Aleppo; 6. Imperial; 7. Green Capuchin; 8. Versailles, seeds, which should always be saved either from those which
or Upright White Cos; 9. Black Cos; 10. Red Capuchin; stood through the winter, or those which were sown
early in
11. Roman; 12. Prince; 13. Royal; 14. Egyptian Cos. the spring, for the later ones very seldom perfect their seeds.
Propagation and Culture. The common Lettuce is sown The Cilicia, Imperial, Royal, Black, White, and Upright
for cutting very young, to mix with other salad herbs, and Cos Lettuces, may be sown first at the latter end of Febru-
of March, upon a moderate hot-bed,
is
only different from the Cabbage Lettuce in being a dege- qry, or the beginning
neracy therefrom or rather the Cabbage Lettuce is an im-
;
or on a warm light soil, in a sheltered situation ; and when
provement by frequent cultivation upon the Common Let- the plants are come up, and are fit to transplant, those which
tuce; for if the seeds be saved from such plants of the are sown on the hot-bed should be transplanted on another
former as did not cabbage closely, the plants produced from warm bed about four inches asunder row from row, and two
that seed will degenerate to the first sort, which is by the inches' distance in the rows, shading them from the sun until
gardeners called Lapped-Lettuce, to distinguish it from the they have taken new root ; after which, they should have a
other, which they call Cabbage-Lettuce. The seeds of the larger share of air daily, to prevent their drawing up weak;
Common Lettuce, which are usually saved from any of the but in favourable seasons, transplant them at the beginning
plants without regard to their goodness, are generally sold at of April, where they are to remain, placing them sixteen inches
1

a very cheap rate, especially in dry seasons, when they always apart each way, because the large sorts must not be placed
seed in the greatest abundance; and is sometimes sold for near each other; those sown in the full ground will be later
Cabbage Lettuce, so that the buyer is disappointed in his before they come up, and should be either hoed out, or trans-
crop. This sort therefore should never be cultivated but to planted into another spot of ground, especially if the soil
be cut up very young, being the only kind fit for that purpose. be good. After they have taken fresh root, weed them care-
It may be sown at
any time of the year, observing only to fully, which is all the culture they will require, except the
sow it in shady borders during hot weather, and in the spring Black Cos Lettuce, which should be tied up when they are
and autumn, upon warm borders; but in winter it should be full grown, in the manner as directed for
blanching of En-
sown under glasses, otherwise it is subject to be destroyed dive, (See Cichorium Endivia,) to whiten their inner leaves,
by severe frosts. The Cabbage Lettuce may also be sown and render them crisp, otherwise they are seldom good for
at different times of the year, in order to have a continuation much, rarely cabbaging without this assistance. When they
of it through the whole season. The first crop is generally are in perfection, mark those you intend for seed, as
already
sown in February, upon a warm spot of ground; and when directed for the Common Cabbage Lettuce, and take
away
the plants are come up, they should be thinned out to the the rest, for the reasons above given. These sorts may also
distance of ten inches each way, which may be done be continued throughout the Lettuce season, by
by hoe- sowing them
ing them out, as is practised for Turnips, Carrots, Onions, &c. in April, May, and June, observing tosow the late crops in a
provided you have no occasion for the superfluous plants ;
shady situation, otherwise they will run up to seed before
otherwise they may be drawn up, and transplanted into an- they grow to any size but in the middle of September you
;

other spot of ground at the same distance, which, if done may sow of these sorts to abide the winter; which plants should
before the plants are too large, they will succeed very well, be transplanted either under glasses, or into a bed, which
though they will not be so large as those which are left upon should be arched over with hoops, in order to be covered in
 I. AC THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; LAC
the winter, without which covering the plants would often when you cut them, they must be spread upon a coarse
be destroyed but letting them have as much air as possible
;
cloth in a dry place, that the seeds
may dry, after which
in mild weather. In the spring, these plants should be you should beat them out, and dry them again, and then
planted out into a rich light soil, allowing them at least six- preserve them for use, taking care to hang them up where
teen inches' distance each way for if they are planted too mice and other vermin cannot come at them, for if
;
they do
close, they are very subject to grow tall, but seldom cabbage they will soon eat them up. The wild sorts are easily raised
well. From the crop, if they succeed well, it will be pro- from seed Perennial Lettuce spreads at the root ; it is in-
:

per to save your seeds though you should also save from
;
creased by suckers.
that crop sown on the hot-bed in the spring, because some- 4. Lactuca Scariola; Prickly Lettuce. Leaves vertical,
times it happens, that the first may fail by a wet season, prickly on the keel. Root biennial, and, like the rest of the
when the plants are full in flower, and the second crop may plant, very full of milky juice; stem erect, two or three
succeed, by having a more favourable season afterwards. feet high, round, prickly, leafy, branched at the
top into a
The most valuable of all the sorts of Lettuce in England, are sort of panicle, consisting of numerous small pale
yellow
the Egyptian Green Cos, the Versailles or White Cos, and flowers seeds ovate, of a ferruginous blackish colour.
;

the Cilicia ; though some people are very fond of the Royal Native of the southern parts of Europe found wild with us
;

and Imperial Lettuces, which seldom sell so well, or are so on the borders of fields in the Isle of Ely.
much esteemed, as the other; the White Cos obtained the 5. Lactuca Virosa Strong-scented Lettuce.
; Leaves hori-
preference, until the Egyptian Green Cos was introduced, zontal, prickly on the
keel, and toothed. Root biennial ;
which is so much sweeter and tenderer than the White Cos, stem from two to four feet high, prickly below; flowers
that all good judges pronounce it the best sort of Lettuce numerous, yellow, sessile, or on short peduncles, with a small
leaf at the base of each, and others still smaller cm them.
yet known ; it will endure the cold of
our ordinary winters
as well as the White Cos; but at the season of its cabbaging, Native of the south of Europe, in hedges, on ditch-banks,
if there happen to be much wet, it is
very subject to rot. and borders of fields. In England, at the World's End near
The Brown, Dutch, and Green Capuchin Lettuces, are very Stepney, and on the banks of the Thames between Blackwall
as was directed and Woolwich; found also at Burwell Pit, in Cambridge-
hardy, and may be sown at the same season
for the Common Cabbage Lettuce, and are very proper to shire ; on old walls near Bungay in Suffolk in Marston
;

plant under a wall or hedge, to

stand the winter, where Lane, Oxfordshire and in a stone quarry at Thorp Arch, in
;

many times these will abide when most of the other sorts Yorkshire. This plant abounds with a
milky juice, the
are destfoyed, and therefore they will prove very acceptable opiatepower of which is of very considerable strength,
at a time when few other sorts are to be had they will also
: insomuch that it may occasionally be used in the manner
endure more heat and drought than most other sorts of of common opium. It may be collected
by suffering the
Lettuce, which renders them very proper for late sowing ; juice to drain from the wounded parts of the plant; and
for it often happens, in very hot weather, that the other then, by drying in the manner of opium, it may be made
sorts of Lettuce will run up to seed in a few days after they into pills. Sir John Hill, in his British, Herbal, recommends
are cabbaged, whereas these will abide nearly a fortnight this to be practised in April and May. When dried, it dis-
in good order, especially if care be taken to cut the for- solves freely in wine, and forms an excellent anodyne ; the
wardest first, leaving those that are not so hard cabbaged dose of which, a tea-spoonful in a glass of water answers
to the last. If some plants of these two last sorts are planted all the
purposes of laudanum. Dr. Collins relates twenty-
foul- cases of dropsy, out of which
under frames, on a moderate hot-bed in October, they will twenty-three were cured
be fit for use in April, which will prove acceptable to those by taking the extract, in doses from eighteen grains to three
who are lovers of Lettuce; and being covered by glasses, will drachms in twenty-four hours it commonly proves laxative,
;

render them tender. In saving these seeds, the same care promotes virine and gentle sweats, and removes thirst it :

should be taken to preserve only such as are very large and must be prepared when the plant is in flower. A syrup,
well cabbaged, otherwise the seeds will degenerate, and be made from a strong infusion of the plant, is also an excellent
good for little. The Red Capuchin, Roman, and Prince's anodyne medicine it eases the most violent pains of the
;

Lettuces, are pretty varieties, and cabbage very early, for

colic and other disorders, and gently disposes the patient to
which reason a few of them may be preserved, as may also sleep, producing all the good effects of a gentle opiate.
some of the Aleppo, for the beauty of its spotted leaves ;
6. Lactuca Saligna; Least Lettuce. Leaves hastate-
though very few people care for any of these
sorts at table, linear, sessile, prickly on the keel. Flowers nearly sessile,
when the other more valuable ones are to be obtained ; small, yellow. Native of France, Saxony, Silesia, Switzer-
but the former do very well in a scarcity of the latter, and land, Austria, Carniola, Piedmont, and England, on the
are very proper for soups. The seeds of these must also banks of ditches, and in pastures on a chalky soil.
be saved from such as cabbage best, otherwise they will 7. Lactuca Tuberosa; Tuberous-rooted Lettuce. Leaves
degenerate, and be good for little. In saving seeds of all spinulous-toothed; stem almost simple; root tuberous, mani-
these sorts of Lettuce, never suffer two sorts to stand near fold. The whole plant, and even the calix, abounds with a
each other, for, by their farina mixing, they will both white milk, which turns to an orange-colour when exposed to

vary from their original,

and partake of each other and ;
the air; corollas pale blue, purple; flowers few.
there should be a stake fixed down by the side of each, to 8. Lactuca Canadensis Canadian Lettuce. Leaves lan-
;

which the stem should be fastened, to prevent their being ceolate-ensiform, embracing, toothed, unarmed. Native of
broken, or blown out of the ground by wind, to which the Canada.
are very 9. Lactuca Indica; Indian Lettuce. Leaves lanceolate,
Cilicia, Cos, and the other large-growing Lettuces,
when are in flower. Observe also to cut such ensiform, sessile, unequally toothed. Native of the East
subject they
branches of the large-growing Lettuce as ripen first, and Indies ; and observed in Java.
not wait to have the seed of the whole plant ripe together, 10. Lactuca Perennis ; Perennial Lettuce. Leaves linear,
which never happens but, on the contrary, some branches
; tooth-pinnate; segments toothed upwards. Root perennial,
will be ripea fortnight or three weeks before others and ; composed of many long fleshy fibres, which abound with a
 LA E OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LAG
flowers imn a genus of the class Icosandria, order
milky juice, and spread pretty far in the ground;
f i, (.!< ;

tewnkmtmg on slender branching peduncles, sustaining irom Monogynia. Gr.NEiuc V'IIAUACTI-.K. Culi.r: perianth one-

two to (bur flowers; corollas deep blue, or purple. Native Mx-clefi, bell-shaped, rather acute, smooth, perma-
I'-afi-d,

of Germany, Italy, and France. nent. :

petals six, ovate, obtuse, cusped, undulated,
Coivl'ri

11. Lactuca Angustana. Leaves entire, tootued, sharply contorted claws filiform, longer than the calix, inserted into
;

hooked; the i.:iUnb smooth. Root annual, fusiform stern ;

the receptacle. Stuwi.mt: iilumenta very many, filiform,
the height of a man; flowers on short peduncles, and pani- longer than the calix, inserted into the calix below the
c-led florets commonly twelve
;
seed dirty white. The whole ; germen, the six interior ones are twice the thickness of the
and milky, wit!: -ml any virose smell. rest, and are longer than the petals; antheree oval, incum-
plant is very smooth
It is found in sandy places, by tin- torrent that descends bent. Pistil: germcn subglobose; style filiform, length of
from the Great St. D.-Tiiard, and iu the valley of Aost, be- the longer stamina stigma simple. Pericarp: capsule sub-
;

tween St. Pierre and Villanova. globose, crowned with i-he style on its bluntish top, six-
12. Lactuca Klongata. Leaves smooth underneath; lower furrowed, si \-celled, six-valved the dissepiments coalescing
;

leaves runcinute, very entire, embracing the stem radical with the Mil.uies. AVer/: several, ovate, at the
;
awl-shaped
leaves dentate d, those on the top of the plant lanceolate; base, compressed, adhering to a central hexagonal pillar.
flowers eoryrabose, paniculate. It Arrows tVom three to six Ob^crrr. The number of parts sometimes varies. ESSEN-
feet high, and the Howi rs are small, and of a pale yellow TIAL CiiAUAC-iT.u. Cnli.v: six-cleft, hell-shaped. Petals:
colour. Found in woods on road sides, in fertile soils, from six, curled. Stfmina : very many, the six outer thicker than
Carolina to Canada. the rest, and longer than the petals. The species are,
13. Laetuea GraminHolia, Stalk ereet. simple ; pannicles 1. Lagerstroemia indiea. Leaves alternate, ovate; calices
all the flowers pedun- iviked, even. The trunk of this tree is about a fathom high,
aphyllous, lax; branches
rariflorous ;

cula'te-d. -Found by Jiichaux in Lower Carolina. and smooth all over. Flowers in a decompound, trichoto-
Ladies' Bcdstravi. See Galhim. mous, naked, spreading panicle ends of the twigs at the ;

Ladies Down: See Clematis. corolla purple. Native of the Kast Indies, China, Cochin-
Ludica' .\lantlr. See AU-haniilri. china, and Japan.
Ladies' Slippi r. Si-e Ci' r rt;:r I'tiim. 2. Lagerstroemia Speciosa. Leaves alternate, ovate;
Ladies' Smoi-li. Sec Cardnmine. calices and leaves tomentose underneath. Native of China.
Lndii.'i Trur -. See Ophri/s. 3. Lagerstroemia Regime. Leaves opposite, oblong, smooth ;

Lni'tia a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogynia.

;
calices grooved. Trunk erect; branches horizontal, spread-
GEM:KH: CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved; ing ;flowers much larger and more beautiful than those of
leaflets "oblong, concave, reflex, coloured, withering. Corolla: the first species, colour in the morning that of a pale rose,
none, or else five petals. Stamina : filamenta numerous, growing deeper through the day, and acquiring a purple
capillary, rather shorter than the calix anthertc roundish. ;
tinge; calix inferior, on the outside beautifully grooved into
Pistil: mermen a filiform style, longer
oblon?;, <
>.i;.!ing
in trapezoid figures. Native of the East Indies, on many woody
than the stamina; stiirma headed, depressed. Pericarp: mountains of the northern parts of the Circars, where it
berry globose, three-sided,
furrowed with three lines, one- grows to a tree of a middling size, flowering in the hot season,
!. increased internally by a cartilaginous membrane. and ripening seeds in August. It is very beautiful when in
very many, nestling, cornered, coated with a pulpy
.-
flower, and well deserves a conspicuous place in our stoves.
aril. ESSI-.STIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Co- 4. Lagerstroemia Parviflora. Leaves opposite, oblong,
!<://:;
five-pet, illed, or none. Fruit: one-celled,
: three-cornered. smooth above, downy underneath calices grooved. Trunk ;

with a pulpy aril. The species are, erect, with smooth ash-coloured bark branches numerous; ;

1.Lartia Apetala. i'lowers apetalous; calices five-leaved, flowers small, white, less than the common Myrtle. This
reflex leave oval, serrulate, smooth on both sides.
;
This small tree is a native of the Circar mountains it flowers ;

i*
upright tree, about twenty feet in height, putting out
-.in during the hot season, and the seeds are ripe in and August
spreading branches from the very ground. Common pedun- September. The wood is used by the natives for various
cles three-flowered, axillary, sustaining white flowers like (Economical purposes, but neither the beauty of the flower,
those of Hawthorn in appearance, size, and smell they ; nor the appearance of the tree, recommend it for ornament
appear in April and May, and fruit in .August. Native of on a footing with the other species.
Carthagena, in New Si. l.ifi<ri-i<i ; a srenus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
Lartia Completa.
2. Flowers petaloid, complete. This is gynia. GKNEIUC CHARACTER. Calix: involucre univer-
a small branching tree, about nine feet hih. Common sal i^ht-leaved; leaflets feather-toothed; ciliated, reflex,
<

peduncles axillarv, tom^nli.se; fruit reddish-yellow, often containing the umbellule; involucre proper four-leaved;
obscurely triangular. N'-.iiive of Carthagena, flowering in leaflets hair-feathered, involving a
single footstalk, shorter
June, and fruitiiiG: in Au<rust and September. than the leaflet itself; perianth proper five-leaved hair
many- ;

3. Laetia Guidonia. Flowers apetalous; peduncles one- cleft, superior. Corolla: petals five, two-horned, shorter
flowered, terminating leaves oblong, ncuminate, serrate,
; than the ealix. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, length
pubescent. This tree grows to a considerable size, is esteem- of the corolla ; anthora roundish. Pistil: germen roundish,
ed a fine timber wood, and much used in all sorts of build- below the receptacle of the perianth ; style length of the
ings. The filamenta nf the flower are very numerous and ; stamina; stigmas two, the one truncated. Pericarj) : none.
in the fruit the lines between the valves are of a beautiful solitary, ovate-oblong, crowned by the
perianth.
red colour, as well as the placenta. Native of Jamaica; Observe. The alternate seed is abortive. ESSENTIAL CHA-
where it. is railed liodwood. RACTER. Involucre: both universal and partial, pinnatifid.
4. Laetia Tbamii'a. Flowers npetalous peduncles many- ; Perianth : of five leaves, in
many capillary segments. Petals:
flowered, subdivided, axillary; leaves oblong, acute, sub- bifid. Seeds: solitary, inferior. -The only known species is,
crenat-?, shininc:. This shrub is found in the red hills above 1. Lagci'cia Cumiuoides; Wild or Bastard Cumin. This
the Angels, in Jamaica, but is not common. is an annual plant, about a foot high, with leaves
resembling
y^L. n. 66. \j
8 LAM THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LAM
those of Honeywort. The flowers which appear in June largest, containing from one to seven flowers, deciduous ;

and Juiy, are collected into spherical heads at the extre- perianth none. Corolla: petals four, cohering at the base,
mity of ihe stalks, and are of a greenish-yellow colour. linear-lanceolate, equal, revolute from above their point of
Native of the Levant. Sow the seeds in autumn on a warm union, bearing the stamina; nectary of four glandular scales
border soon after they are ripe; or if they be permitted to at the base of the germen, sometimes united. Stamina : fila-

scatter, they will soon come up of themselves. When the menta none ; antherae four, sessile at the inner side of the
seeds are sown in the spring, they commonly remain in the revolnte part of each petal, linear, at length recurved. Pis-
ground a year, and sometimes two or three, before they grow. til : germen superior, turbinate, fringed at the top; style
LagiiMEa ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly- thread-shaped; stigma rather thicker, prominent, awl-shaped,
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one- furrowed. Pericarp : follicle
roundish-wedge-shaped, some-
leafed, bell-shaped, somewhat cornered, half five-cleft, per- what woody, more or less horned or tubercular, of one cell.
manent (according to Cavanilles, deciduous.) Corolla: petals Seeds: two, orbicular, compressed, each
encompassed with
five,ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, affixed to the base of a rounded ring; common receptacle flat, without scales. ES-
the tube of the stamina. Stamina: filamenta several, (from SENTIAL CHARACTER. Petals: four, cohering, spirally
twenty-five to thirty,) conjoined into
a tube below, in the revolute, bearing the stamina. Nectary: of four scale*.
top and sides of the tube receding from it and
free ; antherce Stigma: awl-shaped. Follicle: woody. Seeds: two, bor-
roundish. Pistil: germen ovate-oblong; style thread-shaped, dere^l. Involucre: of many leaves, imbricated, coloured,
longer than the stamina, five-cleft at the tip:
divisions spread- deciduous. Receptacle: flat. The species are,
or undivided; headed. capsule 1. Lambertia Uniflora. Flowers solitary in each involucre.
ing, stigmas Pericarp:
ovate-oblong, somewhat five-cornered, five-celled, five-valved ; Leaves obovate, with a point, smooth, reticulated. Follicle
partitions contrary. Seeds: some, roundish, three-sided. pointed at one side, without horns. Gathered by Mr. Brown
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cusped. in Lewin's Land, on the south coast of New
simple, Holland, growing
Capsule : five-celled, five- about rocky inlets near the shore
Style: simple. Stigma : peltated.
valved. Plants of this genus may be propagated and culti- 2. Lambertia Inermis. Flowers seven in each involucrum;
vated in the same manner with those species of Hibiscus which twice as long as its inner leaves ;
styles smooth ; follicles
come from hot countries ; which see. The species are, pointed at one side, without horns ; leaves oblanceolate or
1. Lagunaea Aculeata Prickly Lagunata.
;
Stem prickly, obovate, pointless. Native of stony hills in Lewin's Land.
tomentose leaves deeply many-parted flowers axillary, soli-
; ;
3. Lambertia Formosa. Flowers seven, in each involucre,
Flowers on short peduncles corolla yellow, twice as the length of its inner leaves
tary. ;
style hairy ; follicle pointed at
;

Native of Coromandel, near one side, two-horned at the other; leaves linear-lanceolate,
long as the calix, spreading.
Pondicherry, where it is called cattacacheree by
the natives. sharp-pointed, recurved at the edges. Involucre and flowers
2. Lagunsea Solandra; Maple-leaved Laguneea. Leaves of a fine rose-colour or crimson. The leaves are green and
subcordate, three-cusped, serrate flowers corymbed.
;
This smooth above ; white, and reticulated with veins beneath.
is about two feet high, and hirsute; stem upright, Native of stony heaths near Port Jackson.
plant
round, stiff, the thickness of a goose-quill ; flowers corymb- 4. Lambertia Echinata. Leaves linear, smooth, reticu-
racemed at the ends of the stem and branches; corolla pur- lated dilated, lobed, and pointed at their extremities; fol-
;

plish white. Found in the Isle of Bourbon. See Hibiscus licles two-horned, thorny all over. Native of stony sides of
Solandra, which is the same plant. It
ripens seed in Eng- hills in Lewin's Land. Not being seen in flower, its genus
land, and may be increased by them. remains doubtful.
Lagunsea Ternata Three-leaved Laijuncea. Stem her-
3. ;
Lamium ; a genus of the class order
Didynamia, Gymno-
baceous, villose; lower leaves ternate, with the middle leaflet spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: one-
perianth
very long; upper leaves subhastate;
flowers axillary, solitary. leafed, tubular, wider above, five-toothed, awned, nearly
Root round, not very fibrous. Native of Senegal. equal, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent ; tube
of the class Triandria, cylindric, very short; border gaping; throat inflated, com-
Lagurus; (Hare's-tail Grass) a genus
order Digynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume pressed, gibbous, marked on each edge with a reflex tooth-
one-flowered, bivalve ; valves long, linear, spreading, very thin, let; upper lip arched, roundish, obtuse, entire; lower
lip
each en'ding in a villose awn. Corolla: bivalve, thicker than shorter, obcordate, emarginate, reflex. Stamina: filamenta
the calix ; valve exterior, longer, terminated by two small up- four, awl-shaped, covered beneath the
upper lip, two of
right awns; a third
awn from the middle cf the back of the them longer; anthera oblong, hairy. Pistil: germen four-
same valve, reflex-twisted; valve interior, small, sharp; nectary cleft; style filiform, length and situation of the stamina;
two-leaved; leaflets lanceolate, obtuse, gibbous at the base. stigma two-cleft, sharp. Pericarp: none. Calix: open, and
Stamina: filamenta three, capillary antheraj oblong. ;
Pis- bearing in its bosom the seeds, which are flat at top. Seeds:
til: germen top-shaped; styles two, setaceous, villose; stig- four, short, three-sided, convex on one side, truncated on
mas simple. Pericarp: none. Corolla: grows to the seed. both sides. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: upper lip
Seed: solitary, oblong, covered, awned. ESSENTIAL CHA- entire, vaulted; lower two-lobed ; throat with a reflex tooth-
RACTER. Calix: two-valved, with a villose awn. Corolla: let on each side. The species are,
having on the outer petal two terminating awns, and a third 1. Lamium Orvala; Baum-leaved Archangel. Leaves
dorsal one, twisted back The only species is, cordate, unequally and sharply serrate; corollas inflated at
1. Lagurus Ovatus. This is an annual grass, growing to the throat; calix coloured. Hoot perennial ; stem from half
the height of a foot or eighteen inches, and even more, very a yard to nearly a yard high ; corolla an inch long, of a deep
soft and hoary, as are also the leaves and spikes. Native of red colour. The brilliance and size of the flowers have
the south of Europe, France, Italy, Sicily, and Portugal. secured it admittance into the garden, while all the rest are
Lamb's Lettuce. See Valeriana. excluded, notwithstanding strong and unpleasant smell.
its

Lambertia a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-

;
The Orvala Garganica is a mere
of Linneus variety of this,
jryniu.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: involucre of many owing its apparent difference to having grown in a moist
long, imbricated, coloured leaves, the
inner ones graduaily the shady place. Native of Italy, Silesia, and Hungary. Jt
 LAM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LAM 9

good seeds in England, nor do the roots

Lamium Bifidum. Leaves cordate, acuminate ; upper
7.
rarely produces
propagate very October is the best time to part and
fast. lipof the corolla bifid segments divaricated. Stems a foot
;

remove these roots, but they must not be transplanted oftener or eighteen inches high, procumbent, tinged with red at
than every third year, if they are required to flower strongly. bottom, and branched there ; flowers white, appearing in
It is hardy, and thrives best in a soft loamy soil. Mr. Curtis February and March. It is an annual plant, native of Italy,
about the end of near Naples ; the coast of Tuscany, and the isle of Elba.
says it grows readily ; but that, flowering
to be injured if cold winds prevail, unless 8. Lamium Purpureum ; Purple Archangel. Leaves cor-
April, it is then apt
of the garden. Root annual, fibrous stems several,
it be
placed in a sheltered part date, blunt, petioled. ;

2. Luinium Leevigatuin ; Smooth Archangel. Leaves cor- at the bottom- weak and branched, near the top almost
date, wrinkled; stem even; calices smooth, the length of naked, and frequently coloured, six inches or more in height,
the tube of the corolla. Root perennial, somewhat creeping; hollow, and somewhat rugged flowers growing thickly toge-
;

whorls of flowers separated by leaves, ten in a whorl at most. ther on the tops of the stalks in whorls, six together, in a
Native of Italy, .Silesia, and Siberia. double row; corolla red ; seeds pale brown, triangular, trun-
3. Latnium Rugosum ; Wrinkled Archangel. Leaves cor- cate, margined. This, like the sixth species, is common in
whorls many- most parts of Europe, in the same situations, and is a com-
date, acute, wrinkled, hairy with the stem ;

flowered ; a single bristle-shaped tooth at the throat. This mon weed gardens and other cultivated land flowering a
in ;

plant is about a foot high. The flowers are like those of the great part of the year, from April to September, and in mild
common sort, and of a deep rose-colour. Sometimes in cold seasons both earlier and later. Bees resort also to this for
situations it produces curled leaves, round like those of the the honey-juice in the flowers. Linneus says it is boiled in
Lime-tree. Native of Italy. Upland, a province of Sweden, as a pot-herb. The herb and
4. Lamium Gurganicum ; Woolly Archangel. Leaves cor- flowers, either fresh or dried, afford a decoction that is good
date, pubescent; throat of the corolla inflated; tube straight, for floodings, bleedings at the nose, spitting of blood, or
a double tooth on each side. Root perennial, creeping; stems any kind of haemorrhage. The leaves are also useful to
stanch wounds, when bruised, and outwardly applied.
many, thick, a foot high flowers in whorls from the upper
;
It

joints, large, of a pale purplish colour, continuing

in succes- is
propagated by seeds.
sion most part of the summer. Native of Italy, Silesia, China, 9. Lamium Dissectum; Cut-leaved Archangel. Leaves
Cochin-china, and Japan. It is propagated by. seeds, and deeply and irregularly cut; stem-leaves decurrent. It is annual,
its roots spread very fast. and not unfrequeiit, according to Ray, in kitchen-gardens
5. Lamium Maculatum Spotted Archangel.
; Leaves cor- and fallow fields. Mr. Curtis observed it on a bank between
date, acuminate; whorls ten-flowered. This is very nearly Pimlico and Chelsea; and Mr. Robson, about Darlington.
allied to the next sort ; but differs fromit in having a purple 10. Lamium Molle Pellitory -leaved Archangel.
; Leaves
corolla ; the leaves marked with a longitudinal white area, petioled, slightly toothed, lower cordate, upper ovate ; flow-
which however disappears in summer ; the petioles not ers white. Native place unknown.
widened ; flowers five on each side, not ten ; two teeth on 11. Lamium Amplexicaule; Perfoliate Archangel. Floral
each side of the throat, the upper one bristle-shaped. -Native leaves sessile, embracing, blunt; root annual, fibrous, whitish;
of Germany, Silesia, Dauphiny, and Italy. stems several, nine inches or a foot high, nearly upright,
6. Lamium Album; White Archangel, or Dead Nettle. smooth, with a few opposite branches ; flowers in whorls,
Leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate, petioled whoris twenty-
;
to fifteen, perfect and imperfect; the latter short, a little
flowered. Root perennial, white, jointed, creeping ; stems longer than the calix, the tips very red, hairy, and closed ;
numerous, a foot high, unbranched, slender at bottom, hol- the former four times the length of the calix, bright purple,
low, slightly hairy, sometimes almost smooth in exposed
; generally breaking out from the top of the stem. The imper-
situations reddish purple; the young shoots erect and ascend- fect corollas are very hairy, of a bright red colour, and have

ing. Flowers yellowish-white, sometimes tinged with red. the mouth closed. The tube of the perfect ones is very long,
It is common in hedges, on banks, by road-sides, and in cylindrical, and nearly upright; the edge of the throat is
corn-fields, flowering in April and May, when it is much turned back, spotted, and has two little teeth ; the neck is
resorted to by bees, for the honey secreted in the bottom a little prominent; the upper lip hirsute, and nearly entire;
of the tube by the gland that surrounds the base of the ger- the lower turning down, and dividing into two lobes, which
men. Hence it is called in some countries Bee-nettle, which are spotted with purple. The imperfect flowers appear in
is
corrupted into Bean-nettle. It has also the name of Die- February and March, the perfect ones not till May or June:
nettle, which is a corruption of Dead-nettle, and that, as if the
progress of the flowers be watched, it will be found
well as Blind-nettle, means a nettle without stings. This that the corolla is gradually enlarged in different flowers, till
plant has a disagreeable smell when bruised. The Phaltena the weather being sufficiently warm, they come forth fully
Chrysitis, or burnished brass moth, feeds on it. Linneus formed. The imperfect flowers are neither rudiments of the
says, the leaves are eaten in Sweden as a pot-herb in the long ones, nor are they barren, for they have both stamina
spring. No cattle however appear to touch it; and having a and pistillum. Linneus informs us that this plant scarcely
strong creeping perennial root, should be extirpated, unless
it. ever produces perfect flowers in Sweden. Here then we
retained for medical purposes. The flowers made into a have a process somewhat similar to what is observed in the
conserve are an excellent remedy Car that troublesome, weak- Violet, and some other plants, in which perfect seed is pro-
ening, and oftentimes obstinate and dangerous, female com- duced, although the corolla be not perfectly formed; analo-
plaint, the fluor albus or whites ; doses' of a few grains, gra- gical to what happens in the animal kingdom, when a cater-
dually increased, have been found very effectual. The whole pillar, previously to its changing into the chrysalis state, hag
plant is of an astringent nature; and the dried roots are been deprived of its proper quantity of food, the fly comes
sometimes given with success in fluxes. A strong infusion of forth perfect in all its parts except the wings, which arfi
the leaves bids fair to answer the same purposes, and crumpled up, and never expand. This plant is common in
may be
serviceable in all other kinds of weakness and It most parts of Europe, in cultivated ground, on light soils, and
debility.
propagates itself copiously by the roots. on walls. The old name of it is Great Henbit,
10 LAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LAN
12. Lamium Multifidum. Leaves many-parted. .Native as to receive and retain more moisture than is requisite for
of the Levant. the natural growth of plants, their health is injured. If it
13. Lamium Moschatum ; Musky Archangel. Leaves not only holds water in its own pores, but freely communi-
cordate, blunt, smooth floral-leaves sessile
;
calicos deeply
; cates it to those of the soil, the more valuable plants in agri-
gashed. Flowers white, appearing in April. The leaves are culture will give way ranker herbage, let the surface soil
to
marked with white, somewhat like those of the uuiumnal be w-i.it it may. On thecontrary, if an open stratum of
Cyclamen; they are smooth, and in dry weather haw a sufficient deptii intervenes between the cultivated soil and

musky scent, but in wet weather are fetid. the base, to permit the superfluous moisture which filters
14. Lamium Hispidulum. Stalk hispid leaves widely cor-
; ii the soil to pass off, the plants in cultivation will be
date, pubescent; axils one-flowered flowers large, white.
;
,1 from collected moisture in the immediate region of
Found in the shady woods of Tennassee, North America. their feeding fibres, though the substructure
may be charged
Lanstria ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono- to the lull with water. Ileuee, where nature has not furnished

gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Corolla: land with this valuable interstratum, it is the business of art
one-petalled, subcampanulated, outwardly wool-haired; tube to remedy the defect; which is
generally best done by drain-
short; border six-parted; divisions linear-lanceolate, some- ihe superfluous moisture to a sufficient depth to pre-
what spreading. Stamina: filamenta six, filiform, shorter vent ils evil effects on the soil, and thereby supplying the
than the corolla, inserted into the base of the divisions ;
required stratum. In doing this, the artist must be led by
antherse ovate, somewhat incumbent. Pistil: gennen infe- en properties of the base, and he can seldom lower it
rior, top-shaped, outwardly woolly; style filiform, upright, to any determinate or arbitrary depth. Nevertheless, he
length of the stamina; stigmas three-cleft. Perica/'/i cn<p- : should endeavour to form an adequate idea of the medium
sule ovate, three-celled. Seeds: few. ESSENTIAL CHA- depth required in doing which, much depends on the specific
;

RACTER. Corolla : superior, woolly, longer than the fila- quality of the soil. Sand will hold up water that is lodged
menta border six-parted, somewhat spreading. Capsule:
; at its base to a much greater height than uiavel a stratum
;

three-celled. -The only known species is, of which, one foot deep, forms a drier subsoil than a bed of
1. Lanaria Plumosa. Root fibrous; stem woolly, upright; sand of twice or three times that thickness. But clean sand
stem-leaves sessile, nerved, smooth flowers terminating, in
; is rin
1

ly found in land, sand and gravelly loams

a close panicle spathes simple. It has the habit of Wachen-
; being the most, common in absorbent subsoils; and these are
dorfia. N7 ative of the Cape. capable of raising and holding up water to a considerable
Land. It is stated, in an able work on the landed pro- height. Let us therefore admit that effective subsoils may
perty of England, that land, viewed in the light of agricul- vary from one to tv.'o feet, and fix the medium depth at
ture, is the foundation on which it rests, the materials on eighteen inches; by thus placing the mean depth of soils at
which it operates, and the visible source of its productions. nine inches, and that of subsoils at eighteen inches, we shall
And that it may generally be considered as being composed place the. base or substructure of the land at twenty-seven
of three distinct parts ; the soil, the subsoil, and the base, or inches beneath its surface which is a depth of land equally
;

substructure, on which they rest. It is added, that the soil, conformable with theory and with practice. To this depth
or plant-feeding stratum, is equally various in quality and drains may be sunk at a moderate expense especially covered
;

depth. The soils of cultivated lands, however, have their stone drains, which would be effectual, and yet not be liable
limits as to depth. These limits may, it is conceived, be fixed to injury in tillage. In the practice of skilful workmen, the
at three and fifteen inches. For although in many instances depth of ordinary subsoil drains varies from eighteen inches
the component parts of land are pretty uniform to a greater to three feet, according to the circumstances of the given
depth than fifteen inches, a uniformity of colour and vegetative case, and the method of draining employed. After this
quality seldom reaches to that deptii. The influence of the general view of the component parts of land, and of their due
atmosphere, the fibres of vegetables living and decayed, the arrangement, the common varieties of it, as they are given by
operations of animalcula and larger animals, that
inhabit and base, remain to be considered. We shall
soil, subsoil,

soils, and, above all, the powerful effects of manures, tend to divide them into classes, and mark the varieties of each.
furnish the surface-mould with qualities which the substrata First Class. This comprehends such lands as are liable to
have not the means of acquiring. The medium depth of surface-water only, with their absorbent strata (if any) open,
cultivated soils in England may, we suppose, be set down at so as freely to discharge the superfluous water that falls upon
about nine inches. For although a majority of the cultivated them. The varieties of this are, first, where the soil, the
soils of the kingdom may not reach that depth, the writer is subsoil, and the base, are repellent, or in a state of moistness
of opinion that the major part might be advantageously sunk to impenetrable by water; as clay and strong deep clayey loam.
that depth. The subsoil, or ink Tveniug stratum of land, is still The second, where the soil is repellent, the subsoil absor-
less definite with regard to depth. In some instances, as bent, and the base repellent. The third, where the soil is
repellent, the subsoil and base absorbent, or in
where the cultivated" soil rests upon rocks, it may be said to be a state of
wanting, though, in most cases of this kind, a stratum of a moistness conducting water; as sand, gravel, open rock, and
gravelly nature, composed of broken rock and earth, is found the lighter more open loams. The fourth, where the soil, the
between them. In manv cases a regular bed of gravel, sand, subsoil, and the base, are absorbent. The fifth, where the
or other earth, intervenes between the soil and the substruc- soil and the subsoil are absorbent, but the base repellent. And
ture while in others a uniform mass of earthy materials
;
the sixth, where the soil is absorbent, the subsoil repellent,
reaches to a great depth. If therefore a definite thickness and the base absorbent or repellent. Second Class. This
or depth may be assigned to the subsoil, it must be in a includes such lands as are liable to surface-water only, with
degree arbitrary, or without any degree of accuracy or cor- their absorbent strata closed, or permitting an imperfect dis-
rectness. It seems evident that the soil affords nourishment ,either for want of sufficient descent, or by reason of
and to agricultural plants, and that the subsoil impervious strata, or beds of impenetrable
materials. The
stability
assigns them temperature, with respect to moisture and inter- varieties of which are, first, where the soil is repellent, the
nal wiirmth. If the subsoil be of such a nature, or so situated, subsoil absorbent, and the base repellent or absorbent. The
 LAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. .LAN 11

econd, where the soil and the subsoil are absorbent, but in any circumstances. It has been stated by the author of
the base repellent or absorbent. The third, where the absor- Practical Agriculture, that most of the clayey and more
bent and repellent strata, or masses, are thrown together heavy descriptions of land, especially when situated in valleys
in regular strata, which corre- or other low confined exposures, though they may be capable
irregularly, or not disposed
of affording good crops of particular kinds when under the
spond with the surface or upper part. Third Class. This
comprises such lands as are liable not only to surface-waters, plough, as those of the wheat and bean kind, are, on account
but to those which are subterrene, and which either descend of the retention of moisture, the increased expenses of labour,
from higher grounds in their respective neighbourhoods, or and the uncertainty of season for tilling them, as well as
rise beneath them from subjacent reservoirs ; the absorbent their inaptitude for most other sorts of crops, and their fit-
strata of this class being closed, and thereby rendered reten- ness for the production of good herbage, much more bene-
tive, as in the second class or kind of land. The varieties ficial in the state of grass than in that of tillage. When there
of which are, first, where the soil is absorbent or repellent; is an
opportunity of procuring sea-sand, and of applying it at
the substrata absorbent and closed, and uniformly charged an easy expense, they may, however, be converted to the
with descending waters by an even stratum of gravel, free- purposes of tillage in a profitable manner. Most of those
sand, or some other similar material. The second, where strong cold grass-lands which, in a state of tillage, would be
the same soil and substrata are partially charged with de- improper for the growth of Turnips, and other applications of
scending waters, through veins of sand, or gravel, or fissures improved cultivation, should also constantly remain in a state
of rock, &c. The third, where the soil is repellent or of grass : those lands likewise that are situated near large
absorbent, the subsoil absorbent and closed, and uniformly towns, where manure is plentiful, and of course procured at
charged with descending waters; the base repellent, with a a reasonable rate, and where the produce of such land is
sub-base freely absorbent and open. The fourth, where the always in great demand, and therefore capable of being dis-
soil is absorbent or repellent, the substrata uniformly absorb- posed of to great advantage. Such lands as are situated on
ent and closed, and charged with rising waters. And the the banks of large rivers or brooks, which are capable of
fifth, where the soil is repellent or absorbent, the substrata improvement by watering, are likewise more beneficial when
complex and closed, and charged with rising and descending kept constantly under the grass system, than any other mode
waters. Observations. It is sufficiently evident, from of cultivation that can be practised. The lands of a calca-
various circumstances in the management of lands, that some reous nature, which are distributed in the valleys of the more
sorts are much better calculated for the production of grain- mountainous districts, where old grass-land is scarce and of
crops than those of the grass kinds; while, on the contrary, much importance, and most pait of that in the state of tillage
others are much more suitable and better adapted to the incapable of being converted to the condition of good grass,
raising of grass than corn and that there are still others that
; may be the most advantageous when continued in a perma-
may be cultivated under a convertible system of corn and nent state of herbage. But the sorts of land that are most
grass, with more success than with either crop separately. adapted to the practice of convertible husbandry, are those
All those lands which possess a sufficient degree of dryness, of the loamy kinds, which are not too strong for the
growth
whether they have much depth of mould or not, and which of Turnips. These, in all their different varieties, are
capable
in their natural state have but little tendency to produce of being changed from the state of tillage to that of grass,
good herbage ; such as those covered with different sorts of and the contrary, not only without sustaining any injury,
coarse plants and vegetable productions, whether in an open but frequently with the most evident advantage, as the prac-
or inclosed state, are proper for tillage. And it has been well tice of some of the western and midland districts has
fully-
observed by Mr. Davis, that grounds of this nature are of proved. The richer kinds of sandy lands are generally well
considerably more value when in a state of tillage than in suited to this sort of husbandry, especially where marl is
pasture, as they are particularly adapted to the improved at hand, to be applied at the time of laying them down to
methods of cultivation and, in addition to the quantity of
;
grass. Grounds of the peaty sort may likewise, in many cases,
grain to be produced from them, will afford a greater quantity be the most beneficially employed in this mode of culture,
of food for animal stock, when in a tillage state, than as, from their producing little else than plants of the aquatic
they
did when kept
entirely in that of pasture or sward. The same kind, it is obvious that they must be completely destroyed,
writer likewise states, that there are various other
descriptions and those of the proper grass kind be introduced, before
any useful herbage can be produced. And this is capable of
of light lands that
may be kept in a state of tillage with more
advantage than in that of grass, as they are peculiarly suited being accomplished in by much the most perfect manner
to those improved methods of cultivation that are under the state of tillage. But as they are in most instances
necessary
for raising much too tender and moist for the purpose of remaining long
large supplies of green food for the support of
live-stock of different kinds. That the poorer sorts of sand in the state of tillage, as soon as the above intention has been
lands, where marl, clay, chalk, or other similar substances, fully effected they should be restored to the state of perma-
can be readily procured, are much more nent grass, either as meadows or pasture-lands.
proper for the pur-
poses of tillage than those of grass, is sufficiently shown by Lantuna a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
;

the improvements that have been made in GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-
many of the more spermia.
southern districts of the kingdom and that lands of the
; leafed, very short, converging, obscurely four-toothed, tubu-
chalky kind, whether of the more superficial or deep descrip- lar. Corolla: one-petalled, nearly equal ; tube cylindric,
tions, are in most cases better suited for tillage than grass, slender, longer than the calix, rather oblique border
; flat,
is
proved from their wetness in the winter season, and their unequally four-cleft, obtuse. Stamina: filamenta four, very
openness and friability in the summer, rendering it almost small, placed in the midst of the tube of the corolla, very
impossible to establish good herbage upon them. Besides slender, of which two are a little higher antheree roundish.
;

these, there is another sort of land that is better for the pur- Pistil: germen roundish; style filiform, short; stigma
poses of tillage than those of grass, which is that which, in refracted, sharp downwards like a hook, and as it were
the state of grass, is
constantly so disposed to the production obliquely growing to the tip of the style. Pericarp: drupe
of moss, as to afford but a
very scanty share of good herbage roundish, one-celled. Seed: nut round-pyramidal, three-
VOL. n. 67. D
12 LAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL: LAN
celled, the lowest cell sterile; kernels
solitary, oblong. 4. Lantana Annua; Annual Lantana. Leaves opposite
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix obscurely four-toothed.
: and tern cordate, rugged stem unarmed spikes oblong.
; ;

Stigma : hook-refracted. Drupe : with a two-celled nucleus. Corollas flesh-coloured, with a yellow throat, not changeable;
The plants of this genus are all, except the fourth spe- fruits purple, succulent, and eatable. Native of Vera Cruz,
cies, propagated by cuttings. They may also be propagated and Jamaica. It can only be propagated by seeds.
by seeds, which several of the sorts produce in England, 5. Lantana Stricta. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate,
and the others may be easily procured from the West Indies, acute stem unarmed ; heads roundish ; bractes ovate-lan-
;

where there is a greater variety of these plants growing natu- ceolate, squarrose. Native of Jamaica, on Mount Diablo.
rally than is at present
known in Europe ; they are all called 6. Lantana Radula. Leaves opposite, ovate, acute, ser-
Wild Sage by the inhabitants of the British Islands, but they rate, wrinkled, rough, hirsute beneath; stem almost unarmed,
do not distinguish the sorts. These seeds should be sown in rough heads oblong ; bractes ovate-acute. It has its name
;

pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan, from its rugged leaves. Native of the West Indies.
because they frequently remain long in the ground before 7. Lantana Camara; Various-coloured Lantana. Leaves
they vegetate ; therefore if the plants should not come up the opposite ; stem unarmed, branched flowers headed-umbel-
;

same year, the pots should be placed in the stove in winter, led leaflets. Corolla funnel-form the tube and border at
;

and the following spring plunged into new a hot-bed, which first
pale sulphur-coloured, changing to saffron, light red,
will bring up the plants. When these are fit to remove, they and pale crimson ; tube round at the base, gibbous, widen-
should be each planted in a small pot, and plunged into ing towards the throat ; drupe the size of red currants, black
another hot-bed, observing to shade them until they have green, with a nauseous smell. A decoction of the leaves
taken new root; then they should have air admitted to them of this plant is an excellent diaphoretic, and of great use in
every day, in proportion to the warmth of the season, to fevers, and
strengthening the stomach
for
Outwardly
prevent their being drawn up with weak stalks ; afterwards applied, it worst ulcers, and heal up wounds,
will cleanse the

they must be treated in the same manner as other plants from and is a good ingredient in the aromatic bath. The tea,
the same country, till have obtained strength they then with twenty drops of laudanum to half a
they ;
pint, is good in
may be removed into an airy glass-case, or a dry-stove, where the dysentery, and useful as a
gargle in malignant sore
they may have a large share of air in warm weather, but throats. It flowers from
April to September. Native of the
protected from the cold. This is necessary for the young West Indies.
plants, which should not the first year be exposed to the 8.Lantana Odorata; Sweet-scented Lantana. Leaves
open air, but afterwards they may be placed abroad in the opposite and tern, elliptic, wrinkled; stem unarmed; heads
warmest part of summer, and in winter upon stands in the squarrose ; bractes lanceolate ; peduncles shorter than the
dry-stove, where they will continue long in flower, and many leaf. Native of the West Indies ; it flowers from May to
of the sorts will ripen their seeds ; but in winter they should November.
be sparingly watered, for much moisture will rot their roots. 9. Lantana Recta; Upright Lantana. Leaves opposite,
If they be propagated by cuttings, the best time is in July, oval, wrinkled; stem unarmed; heads squarrose; bractes
after the plants have been exposed to the open air for about oblong; peduncles longer than the leaf. It flowers from
a month, by which time the shoots will be hardened, so as to June to August. Native of Jamaica.
be out of danger of rotting by moisture : these cuttings 10. Lantana Involucrata; Round-leaved Lantana. Leaves
should be planted in small pots filled with light earth, and opposite and tern, rhomb-ovate, blunt, wrinkled, tomentose ;
plunged into a moderate hot-bed ; and if they are screened stem unarmed ; heads squarrose ; bractes ovate. Peduncles
from the violence of the sun in the middle of the day, they short; flowers of the same colour as in the second species,
will be rooted in about six weeks, when they must be gra- but the yellow colour of the throat soon changes to white ;
dually hardened to bear the open air, and treated afterwards and hence the flower is whitish with a
pale flesh-coloured
as the old plants. The species are, margin. Native of the West Indies.
1. Lantana Mista; Various-flowered Lantana, or Ameri- 1 1. Lantana Melisssefolia ; Baum-leaved Lantana. Leaves
can Viburnum. Leaves opposite, ovate, acute, hairy stem ;
opposite, ovate-oblong, villose, soft; stem prickly; spikes
prickly at bottom ; flowers in roundish heads bractes lance-
; hemispherical ; braqtes shorter by half than the tube. Corolla
olate. It is about five feet high. Trunk round or roundish, yellow. Native of South America.
with an ash-coloured bark. Whilst the flower is yet closed, 12. Lantana Scabrida; Rough Lantana. Leaves
opposite,
the lower part of the border appears of a pale red when it
; ovate, elliptic, rugged ; stem prickly ; spikes hemispherical ;
opens, the tube and upper part of the border are saffron co- bractes shorter by naif than the tube, lanceolate, acute. It
loured, but become reddish, and finally dark red; this change flowers in September. Native of the West Indies.
begins from the circumference, and finishes in the centre. 13. Lantana Aculeata; Prickly Lantana. Leaves oppo-
Hence the flowers in an umbel not being all open at once, site, ovate, subcordate, softish underneath ; stem prickly ;
the middle appears of a saffron yellow, and the circumference bractes of the heads linear-wedge-form. Colour of the tube
of a red colour. From this change of colour, the plant has of the corolla pale-red ; border lemon-coloured, changing
acquired the name of mista, or mixed. Native of America. into an orange and sometimes deeper colour. It flowers from
2. Lantana Trifolia ;Three-leaved Lantana. Leaves tern April to November. Native of the West Indies.
or quatern, elliptic, serrate, wrinkled above, villose beneath ; 14. Lantana Aurea; Golden-flowered Lantana. Leaves
stem unarmed; spikes oblong, imbricated. Flowers pale ovate-oblong, shining; stem obscurely quadrangular, almost
blood-red, and not changeable. Mr. Miller says there is a Unarmed; corollas golden, changing to saffron-colour. Stem
variety with white flowers, and leaves not quite so round, seven feet high, beset with ickles. Native of the Bahama
entire on the edge. It flowers from June to September Islands.
Native of the West Indies. 15. Lantana Sanguinea; Bloody-flowered Lantana. Leaves
3. Lantana Viburnoides. Leaves-opposite, ovate-lanceo- ovate-acuminate stem quadrangular, prickly corollas saf-
; ;

late ; stem unarmed ; flowers in headed spikes ; inrolucres fron, changing to blood-red, but afterwards the tube only
lanceolate. .Native of Mount Barah in Arabia. keeps this hue; the border, especially the upper surface,
 LAP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LAS 13

being saffron-coloured, then scarlet, and finally of the same Lapsana; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
colour as the tube. This may be distinguished from all the gamia yEqualis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common
other species by the very deep colour of the flower, and the caliculated, ovate, cornered ; scales of the tube eight, equal,
property of losing its spines.
It is the handsomest plant of linear, hollow-caliculated, keeled, sharp; of the base six, imbri-
the genus, and deserves to be esteemed for its pleasant cated, small, the alternate one smallest. Corolla : compound
imbricated, uniform about sixteen,
though powerful smell, and the brightness of its colours, as ; corollules hermaphrodite,

well as for its flowering through the whole summer. equal proper one-petalled, ligulate, truncated, five-toothed.
;

16. Lantana Inermis. Stem unarmed; leaves lanceolate, Stamina : filamenta five, capillary, very short ; antherae
toothed, alternate flowers in corymbs. Peduncles axillary,
; cylindric, tubular. Pistil :
germen somewhat oblong ;
style
very slender; flowers pale purple;
berries purple, one-seeded. length of the stamina; stigma bifid, reflex.
filiform, Peri-
Native of La Vera Cruz and Jamaica. carp : none. Calix : ovate, converging. Seeds : solitary,
17. Lantana Urticsefolia. Stem prickly; leaves oblong- oblong, cylindric, three-sided, striated. Down : none. Re-
cordate, serrate, opposite ; flowers in corymbs, yellow. ceptacle : naked, flat. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
Native of the West Indies. calicled, each of the inner scales channelled. Receptacle:
18. Lantana Bullata. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, naked. The species are,
serrate, wrinkled, alternate; flowers in heads, white. Native 1.
Lapsana Communis; Common Nipplewort. Calices o.
of the West Indies. the fruit angular peduncles slender, very much branched
;

19. Lantana Alba. Stem unarmed; leaves ovate, serrate ;

Root annual; stem upright, stiff, from two to four feet high;
flowers in axillary sessile heads, white they come out in
: branches smooth florets yellow, from fifteen to eighteen. --
;

pairs, and sit close to the branches. This species was sent Conhnon all over Europe in hedges, shady and waste places,
from Campeachy by Dr. Houston. and all cultivated grounds flowering during most of the sum-
;

Lapeyrousia ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mono- mer months. It derives the English name from its supposed
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe inferior, efficacy in curing sore nipples. Dr. Withering calls it Dock
shorter than the corolla, of two, rarely but one, folded valves. Cresses. At Constantinople it is said to be eaten raw, just
Corolla: of one petal, superior, salver-shaped, nearly or quite before it comes into flower

equal; tube long, slender, triangular, its throat a little enlarg- 2. Lapsana Warted Nipplewort. Calices of
Zacintha;
ed ; limb in six deep segments, shorter than the tube, either the fruit torulose, depressed, blunt, sessile. Stem subdicho-
quite equal and regular, or slightly irregular, in the former tomous, striated, stiffish ; flowers sessile, pendulous whilst
case horizontal, in the latter inclining. Stamina: filamenta young; corollas tawny underneath, yellow above. Native of
three, inserted into the mouth of the tube, rather shorter than the south of Europe.
the limb, various in direction antherse oblong, incumbent.
; 3. Lapsana Stellata ; Starry Nipplewort. Calices of the
Pistil: germen inferior, roundish; style capillary, as long as fruit spreading all round ; rays awl-shaped stem-leaves lanceo-;

the stamina; stigmas three, linear, deeply divided, spreading- late, undivided. Stems inclined and branched; flowers small,
and recurved, downy. Pericarp: capsule membranaceous, appearing in July. Native of the south of Europe.
three-lobed, or with three compressed dilated angles, of three 4. Lapsana Kolpinia ; Small Nipplewort. Calices of the
cells and three valves, with very short partitions. Seeds: fruit spreading rays spreading in a bow, and muricated ;
;

numerous, in two rows, nearly globose, or slightly angufar leaves linear. Annual ; resembling the preceding; it flowers
from pressure. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Spatha: of one in July. Native of Siberia and the Levant.
or two folded valves. Corolla: salver-shaped; limb in six 5. Lapsana Rhagadiolus; Heart-leaved Nipplewort. Cali-
deep segments, shorter than the tube. Stigmas: three, ces of the fruit spreading all round; rays awl-shaped; leaves
deeply divided. Capsule: membranaceous, triangular, with lyrate. Stem herbaceous, annual, a foot and a half high,
many globular seeds. The species are, upright, round, striated; flowers saffron-coloured. It flowers
1.
Lapeyrousia Corymbosa. Flowers regular, corymbose; in June and July. Native of Istria, the Levant, and Cochin-
tube scarcely longer than the limb; stamina widely spread- china.
ing ; stem two-edged, somewhat branched. Flowers nume- Larch Tree. See Pinus.
rous, blue. Native of the Cape. Larkspur. See Dalphinium.
2.
Lapeyrousia Falcata. Flowers slightly irregular, ra- Laserpitium ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy-
cemose ; tube twice as long as the limb stem compressed ;
; nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel universal,
leaves nearly radical, falcate, obovato-lanceolate. From very large, with from twenty to forty rays ; partial with a
the Cape. involucre universal
great many rays, flat; many-leaved,'
3. Lapeyrousia Fasciculata. Radical leaves sword-shaped, small ;
partial many-leaved, small
perianth proper five-
;

erect; floral ones crowded, recurved, undulated, obtuse, toothed, obscure. Corolla: universal uniform; floscules
longer than the clustered flowers; corolla regular; tube twice all fertile ; proper of five petals, which are inflex-emarginated,
as long as the limb ; spatha of one valve. Flowers white. almost eqfnal, spreading. Stamina : filamenta five, bristly,
Native of the Cape. the length of the corolla; antherae simple. Pistil: germen
4.
Lapeyronsia Fissifolia. Leaves deeply split, and clasp- roundish, inferior; styles two, thickish, acuminated, distant;
ing the stem at their base, with a short sword-shaped point; stigmas obtuse, spreading. Pericarp : none ; fruit oblong,
floral ones rounded; flowers From the Cape.
purple, fragrant. angulated with eight longitudinal membranes, bipartile.
5. Lapeyrousia Anceps. Leaves sword-shaped, decurrent, Seeds: two, very large, oblong, semicylindric, flat on one side,
toothed at the outer edge ; stem corymbose, on the other furnished at the back and margins with mem-
spreading ;
corolla irregular; tube thrice as long as the limb. Native'of branes (four in all.) Observe. The seed of the ninth species
the Cape. is furrowed, and without membranes. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
6. Lapeyrousia Silenoides. Leaves linear-sword-shaped, TER. Petals: bent in, emarginate, spreading ; fruit oblong,
entire floral ones as long as the rest
; corolla irregular
; ; with eight membranaceous angles. Most of the plants of this
tube five times as long as the limb, erect. Flowers red. genus are very hardy, and will thrive in any soil and situa-
Native of the Cape. tion : sow the seeds in autumn, and the plants will come
up
14 LAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LAS
in the spring; transplant them the following autumn, where oval-lanceolate, quite entire, petioled. Root perennial, with
they are designed to remain, for they send out long deep a thick head, which is crowned with abundant bristly remains
roots, which are frequently broken by transplanting them of former leaves, a foot and a half in length, the thickness
when large ; place them three feet asunder. They will decay of the human thumb, round, with an irregular brown bark,
to the ground every autumn, but the roots continue many fleshy, and white within, with a yellowish pith. The whole
years, and require no other culture but to clear them from plant smooth. The seeds have a strong smell of cumin, and
weeds. The species are, an aromatic subacrid bitter taste. The root is extremely
V. Laserpitium Latit'olium ; Broad-leaved Laserwort. bitter, and might be useful in fevers, cachexies, loss of appe-
Leaflets cordate, gash- serrate. Root about the thickness of an infusion of it in wine has been successfully giveu
tite, &c. ;

a finger, striking two feet into the ground ; stem round, stomach it yields an aromatic resinous
in disorders of the ;

striated, green, with a glaucous bloom on it, smooth, filled juice on being wounded, and, being made into a syrup, is
with white pith; umbel upright, flat, or somewhat convex, recommended in disorders of the breast. It flowers in July
iu the largest half a foot in diameter, composed of very and August, and ripens seed in September. Native of
many, round, striated rays; flowers white; petals inflex, Austria, Switzerland, and France
obcordate, almost equal. It varies so much that it might be 10. Laserpitium Diffusum. Leaves superdecompound ;

mistaken for a different species. This acrid aromatic plant leaflets linear, awl-shaped, somewhat hairy universal invo- ;

has something of bitterness, and seems to merit a place among lucres lanceolate, membranaceous. Root perennial, striking
the aromatic stimulants, emmenagogues, and aperient sudo- very deep, and but little branched stem a foot and a half ;

rifics the root is the hottest part of the plant.

;
This plant high, terminated by one or two umbels, solid, smooth,
is used in medicine by the peasants and farriers of Some slightly striated umbels very numerous, convex
;
petals ;

countrffes, but not by regular practitioners. It flowers in white. Native of Switzerland, F ranee, and Italy.
July, and ripens seed in September. -Native of many parts
11. Laserpitium Lucidum Shining Lasarwort. ; Leaves
of Europe. superdecompound, linear-awl-shaped universal involucre
;

2. Laserpitium Trilobum; Columbine-leaved

Laserwort. smooth, pinnate. Root woody, large, with several forks,
Leaflets three-lobed, gashed. Root perennial, round, a foot crowned with bristles and scales of fallen leaves; stem
or more in length, with abundance of fibres at top, blackish straight, grooved half a foot high ; flower often purple. Il

on the outside, white within, with a yellowish pith in the flowers in July. Native of Switzerland.
middle, smelling when bruised, and having a bitter unplea- 12. Laserpitium Chironium. Leaflets obliquely cordate ;
sant taste; stem round, from four to six feet in height, petioles hirsute. Native of Montpellier in the south of France.
marked with lines but not grooved, firm, upright, shining, 13. Laserpitium Ferulaceum ; Fennel-leaved Laserwort.
glaucous-green, becoming dark purple with age, having Leaflets linear. It flowers in Juue. Native of the Levant.
brachiate branches, and an aromatic sweetish taste ; petals 14. Laserpitium Simplex. Scape naked ; leaflets simple ;
small, white, attenuated at the base. It flowers from May to leaves pinnate, multifid, acute, linear ; umbel semiglobular.
July. Native of the Levant and Austria. Root perennial, knobbed, and often multiplied at top, so as
3. Laserpitium Gallicum ; French Laserwort. Leaflets to produce several stems, only two or three inches high, ter-

wedge-form, forked. Root perennial stem not much branch-

; minated by a solid, rounded, reddish umbel. Native of the
ed, and having only one or two (seldom three) leaves at the rrrbuntains of Switzerland, Austria, and Dauphiny.
lower part. It varies with entire rounded leaflets ; indeed, 15. Laserpitium Aciphylla. Stem sheathed ; petioles di-
few plants vary more. It flowers in June and July. Native lated ; leaves digitate, linear, elongated, mucronate. Native
of the south of Europe. of New Zealand ; found in Queen Charlotte's Sound.
4. Laserpitium Silicifoliurn. Root many-forked stem ; Lasia a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia.
;

smooth ; leaflets pinnatifid, with lanceolate segments. Stem GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe awl-shaped,
on open rocky hills, perennial, one or two lines thick, and twisted, coloured, very long spadix shorter than the spathe,
;

sometimes not more than a span high in a lower situation ;

entirely covered with florets. Corolla: petals four, fleshy,
among bushes, and on the borders of woods, it grows to the obtuse, concave, closely embracing the organs of generation.
height of four with a stem the thickness of a pen ; um-
feet, Stamina : filamenta four, short, flat, hidden by the petals ;

bels close, flattish, composed of numerous rays ; petals white antherae two to each filament, rounded, concave, protruding
or yellowish. Native of Carniola and Italy. beyond the corolla. Pistil: germen superior, roundish;
5. Laserpitium Angustifolium ; Narrow-leaved Laserwort. style none; stigma rather abrupt. Pericarp: berry small,
Leaflets lanceolate, quite entire, sessile. Flowers white; roundish, unequal. Seed: solitary, roundish. ESSENTIAL
seeds winged, curled. It flowers in June and July. Native CHARACTER. Spadix : covered with florets. Petals: four,
of the southern parts of Europe. fleshy, inferior. Antherx: two to each filament Berry:
6. Laserpitium Prutenicum. Leaflets lanceolate, quite with one seed. There is but one species,
entire, the outmost united. Root perennial ; st^ hirsute ; 1. Lasia Aculeata. A stemless plant, six feet nigh, with
seeds pubescent, acrid, aromatic. Native of Prussia, large pinnatifid leaves, on long, round, upright stalks. This
is the CM chaoc gai of the Cochin-chinese. Native of the
Leipsic, Austria, Carniola, Dauphiny, and Italy.
7. Laserpitium Dauricum. Stem spotted; leaflets pinna- moist plains of Cochin-china.
order Mono-
tifid, acuminate. Root subfusiform, the thickness of a finger, Lasiopetalum ; a genus of the class Pentandria,
dirty white, with thickish fibres all round. This is a biennial gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth inferior,
plant, the whole of which is smooth, has some smell when of one leaf, wheel-shaped, hairy, in five deep equal, ovate,
bruised, and a slightly aromatic acrid taste. Native country folded, at length expanded segments, permanent, often co-
unknown. loured. Corolla : petals five, minute, roundish, inserted into
the base of the calix between its segments. Stamina : fila-
8. Laserpitium Peucedanoides. Leaflets linear-lanceolate,
veined, striated, distinct. Stem a foot high ; flowers white. menta five, very short, opposite to the petals ; antheroe termi-
nal, ovate, two-lobed behind, opening by two pores
Native of Monte Baldo. at the
9. Laserpitium Siler; Mountain Laserwort. Leaflets top. Pistil: germen superior,globose, with three furrows,
 LAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L AT 15

there spring at intervals simple tendrils, two inches and a

very hairy: style short, straight, smooth; stigma simple,
with the culix, nearly half long, curved back in form of a cross at top, where they
acute. Pericarp: capsule invested
of three cells, and three become thicker; by means of these tendrils, the branches
globose, with three angles, downy,
valves; partitions from the centre of each valve. Seeds: support themselves on the neighbouring trees. A variety
few, roundish, inserted into the inner heads of the partitions. occurs with smooth branches, larger leaves, and smaller
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Culix: wheel-shaped, in five flowers and fruits ; it has no tendrils, but the branches are
to The shrub is called rouhamon by the Caribs.
deep folded segments. Petals: five, minute, opposite straight.
the stamina. Anthera : opening by two terminal pores. It is in flower and fruit during the months of October and

of three cells, and three valves, with the November and is found on the banks of the river Sinemari,
;
Capsule: superior,
partitions from their centre. The species are, in Guiana, forty leagues from its mouth.
1. Lasiopetalum Ferrugineum; Rusty Woolly Blossom. Lnthrcea : a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, dependent; flowers racemose. spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
The whole shrub more remarkable for singularity than beauty. leafed, campanulate, straight; mouth deeply four-cleft;
Native of marshes in New South Wales. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent ; tube longer than the calix;
2. Lasiopetalum Ledifolium Rosemary -leaved Woolly Blos-
;
border ringent, ventricose ; upper lip concave, galeated,
som. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, spreading ; stalks broad, with a narrow hooked tip; lower lip less reflex,
single-flowered ; bractes remote from the flower. Native of obtuse, trifid. Nectary : an emarginate glandule, depressed
New Holland. on each side, very short, inserted into the receptacle of the
flower at the other corner of the germen. Stamina : fila-
Lasiopetalum Purpureum ; Purple Woolly Blossom.
3.
Leaves oval, entire. A green-house shrub, flowering from raenta four, awl-shaped, length of the corolla, hid under

April to July. Found in New Holland. the upper lip; antheroe obtuse, depressed, converging.
4. Lasiopetalum Arborescens Nettle-tree-leaved Woolly
;
Pistil germen globose, compressed style filiform, length
: ;

Blossom. Leaves heart-shaped, deeply toothed. A green- and situation of the stamina stigma truncated, nodding.
;

house plant, flowering from May to July. Native of New Pericarp: capsule roundish, obtuse with a point, one-celled,
South Wales. two-valved, elastic, coated with a very large spreading calix.
5. Lasiopetalum Triphyllum Three-leaved Woolly Blos-
;
Seeds: few, snbglobose, affixed to the middle of the valves.
som. Leaves three together, the middle one largest and Observe. It approaches nearly, on account of its glandule, to
lobed ; stamina ten, the intermediate ones abortive petals ; Orobanche. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-cleft;
wanting. A green-house shrub the whole plant clothed
; gland depressed at the base of the suture of the germen.
with rather soft starry pubescence. Long clusters, of several Capsule: one-celled. The species are,
flowers, grow solitarily, opposite to the large leaves, between 1. Lathraea Clandestina ; Hidden Toothivort. Stem
the small ones ; calix blush-coloured, hairy ; antherae dark branched almost under ground ; flowers upright, solitary.
brown, with yellow lips. Found in Lewin's Land, and on Root thick, long, fibrous stem half a palm high, surrounded
;

the west coast of New Holland. by a few very short, thick, sharp leaves, and terminated by
6. Lasiopetalum Quercifolium Oak-leaved Woolly Blos-
;
five or six naked peduncles, three inches long, each bearing

som. Leaves three together, all simiated, the middle one one flower of a blue colour, nearly two inches in length.
stamina five'; Native of France, the Pyrenees, and Italy.
largest and three-lobecl, somewhat pinnatirld ;

petals wanting. Found at King George's Sound, on the 2. Lathrasa Phelypeca; Doubtful Toothwort. Corollas
west coast of New Holland. spreading, bell-shaped. This is a tender juicy plant, a palm
7. Lasiopetalum Corniculatum Horned Woolly Blossom.
;
and half high stem surrounded by abundance of soft succu-
;

Leaves three together, cut, and crenate, the lateral ones very lent leaves, broad at the base, and ending in a sharp point :

small ;
petals wilh linear points as long
as the calix. Found from the top come out three or four tubular funnel-sliaptri'
in King George's Sound. flowers, an inch or an inch and a half in length, of a yellow
Lasiostoma ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono- colour, divided at top into five segments.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- 3. Lathrsea Anblatum; Eastern Toothwort. Lips of tlu-
leafed, very short, five-parted ; divisions acute ; at its base corollas undivided. Native of the Levant.
two opposite scales. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; 4. Lathraea Squamaria; Great Toothwort. Stom quirt
tube cylindric ; border four-cleft; divisions acute, villose. simple; corollas pendulous ; lower lip trifid. Root beaded,
Stamina: filamenta four, capillary, villose at the base, in- branched, and surrounded with white succulent scales. Ii

serted into the tube of the corolla; antherte oblong. Pistil: is parasitical, and generally attached to the roots of Elms,

germen ovate, superior; style longer than the corolla; stigma Hazels, or some other trees in a shady situation. Flowers
obtuse. Pericarp : capsule orbiculate, one-gelled, with a in a spike, from one side of the stem, in a double row.:
brittle bark. Seeds two, hemispherical.
: ESSENTIAL CHA- corolla pale purple or flesh-coloured, except the lower lip,
RACTER. Calix: very short, five-petalled, with two acute which is white. The Howers appear in April, emerging from
scales. Corolla: funnel-form, four-cleft. Capsule: orbicu- the decayed leaves of trees, among which the plant is mostly
late, one-celled, two-seeded. The only known species is, found half buried. The English name! Toothwort, is derived
1. Lasiostoma Rouhamon. This is a shrub, with a trunk from the resemblance of the scaly roots to the human fore-
seven or eight feet in height, and six or seven inches in teeth. Native of most parts of Europe; with us it is found
diameter, with a grayish, irregular, rugged bark, and a whitish near Maidstone, in Kent; Harefield, in Middlesex ; Exton.
wood ; branches and branchlets opposite, covered with a near Stamford ; in the woods of Derbyshire ; at Conzick-
russet down the branchlet.s are knobbed, and at each joint
; scar, near Keudal, Westmoreland and near Gainsford, in
;

have a pair of leaves, which are entire, smooth, oval, ending Durham; in Scotland it has been observed at Mevisbank,
in a point, and three-nerved underneath; flowers in small towards Laswade, four or five miles from Edinburgh ; and
axillary corymbs, on a small peduncle, which has two scales in Morvern, near the Sound of Mull.
at the base ; they are opposite, in pairs, and almost sessile ; Lathyrus; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-
corolla white capsule yellow ; from the axils of the leaves
;
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
VOL. it. 67.
16 L AT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 1. AT
half five-cleft, bell-shaped ; divisions lanceolate, sharp ; the and bearing flowers and fruit absolutely perfect, and resem-
two upper ones shorter, the lowest longer. Corolla: papi- bling those on the stems above ground, except that the
lionaceous ; standard obcordate, very large, reflex on the flowers are smaller, and do not expand. Native of the Levant.
sides and tip ; wings oblong, lunulate, short, obtuse ; keel 5. Lathyrus CiceraFlat-podded Lathyrus, or Dwarf
;

half-orbiculate, size of the wings, and wider than the wings, Chickling Vetch. Peduncles one-flowered; tendrils two-
gaping inwards in the middle. Stamina : filamenta diadel- leaved legumes ovate, compressed, channelled on the back.
;

phous, (single and nine-cleft) rising upwards ; antheree Root annual, simple; flowers of a middling size; corolla
roundish. Pistil: germen compressed, oblong, linear; style white or pale yellow, or red and white, very seldom blue,
erected upwards, flat, wider above, with a sharp tip ; stigma sometimes quite red, or deep purple. It flowers in June and
from the middle of the style to the tip villose in front. Peri- July. Native of France and Spain.
carp :
legume very long, cylindric or compressed, acuminate, 6. Lathyrus Sativus Common Lathyrus, or Blue Chichling
;

one-celled, bivalve. Seeds: several, cylindric, globose, or Vetch. Peduncles one-flowered ; tandrils two or four leaved ;
but little cornered. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : two legumes ovate, compressed, two-edged at the back. The
upper segments shorter. Style above, broader
: flat, villose same habit as the preceding flower twice as large, generally
;

at the end. All the plants of this genus may be propagated white, sometimes tinged with purple, or having a rose-coloured
by sowing their seeds either in spring or autumn ; but those standard, or blue or blue and white variegated, in its native
sown in autumn, should have a light soil and a warm situa- countries ; but in our gardens it is distinguished by the blue
tion, where the plants will abide the winter, flower early in colour of the corolla, though we sometimes have a milk-
the following spring, and ripen their seeds in July; but those white variety. The seed-pods afford a more certain mark
which are sown in spring should have an open exposure, of distinction, being usually short, broad, and winged on
and may be planted upon almost any soil, if not too wet, the back. In several parts of the continent, a white light
for they are not tender plants, nor do they require much pleasant bread is made from the flour of this pulse ; but it
culture. They should all be sown where they are designed produced such dreadful effects, that the dukes of Wirtem-
to remain, for they seldom succeed when they are trans- berg forbad the use of it by edict in 1671, 1705, and 1714.
planted, unless it be done while the plants are young- so ; Mixed with wheat flour in half the quantity, it makes very
that where they are sown for ornament, there should be four good bread, that appears to be harmless ; but bread made
or five seeds sown in a small patch, in different parts of the of this flour only, has brought on a most surprising rigidity
borders of the flower-garden ; when they come up, weed of the limbs in those who have used it for a continuance ;

them carefully, and when they are grown two or three inches insomuch that the exterior muscles could not by any means
be reduced, or have their natural action restored. These
high, put some sticks down
to support them, otherwise they
will trail on the ground, or whatever plants stand near symptoms usually appeared on a sudden, without any previous
them, and become unsightly. The species are, pain ; but sometimes they were preceded by a weakness and
* With
one-flowered Peduncles. disagreeable sensation about the knees ; baths both hot and
1. Lathyrus Aphaca; Yellow Lathyrus, or Vetchling. cold, fomentations, and ointments of various kinds, have
Peduncles one-flowered ; tendrils leafless stipules sagittate- ;
been tried without effect ; insomuch that it is regarded as
cordate. Root annual, fibrous stem from a foot to eighteen
; incurable, and being neither very painful nor fatal, those who
inches or more in height, trailing, or climbing, four-cornered, were seized with it usually submitted to it with patience.
smooth ; flowers small, solitary, axillary corolla, standard ;
Swine fattened with the meal, lost the use of their limbs,
inside with blue lines ; wings yellow, but grew very fat lying upon the ground. A horse, fed
yellow, striped on the
round, the length of the keel, with two unequal paler some months on the dried herb, was said to have his legs
nearly
claws ; keel pale sulphur-coloured, cloven behind. Native perfectly rigid. Cows are reported to grow lean on it, but
of most parts of Europe, in corn-fields, chiefly in light land, sheep not to be affected. Pigeons, especially if young, lose
It has been observed the power of walking by feeding on the seed ; poultry will
flowering in June, July, and August.
near Tottenham and Enfield, and between Bungay and Nor- not readily touch it; but geese eat it without any apparent
wich ; it is not uncommon in Cambridgeshire. detriment ; and as it is commonly sown in Switzerland for
2. Lathyrus Nissolia; Crimson Lathyrus, or Grass Vetch. soiling horses, and the cattle there feed on the herb without
Peduncles one-flowered; leaves simple; stipules awl-shaped. any harm, it would be well worth the trouble of ascertaining
Stem upright, simple, angular, twisted, slightly hairy; corolla whether the noxious qualities of this plant do not greatly, if
beautiful crimson colour hence the flowers are so elegant,
:
not entirely, depend upon the soil in which it is cultivated,
that it deserves to be admitted into the garden. The young for it has been already observed, that the seed is much more
to its simple deleterious from a strong, fat, moist soil, than from dry lands.
plant before it flowers is so like a grass, owing
leaves, that an experienced botanist might
fail to The Florentine peasants eat it boiled, or mixed with wheat
grassy
discover it, especially arnlSng mowing grass,
where it usually flour, in the quantity of one-fourth, without receiving any
occurs : it is also found on the borders of corn-fields among harm. In the countries where it is cultivated, the seeds are
bushes, and in woods but does not appear to be very com-
;
sown at the end of August or the beginning of September, or
in the spring, and in strong ground ; for in a light dry soil,
mon England, which certainly may arise from its being
in
so liable to be overlooked. the roots are very weak, and it is apt to be destroyed by
3. Lathyrus Spheoricus. Peduncles one-flowered, awned ;
spring frosts. Its produce is very abundant, and the culture
tendrils two-leaved, quite simple leaflets ensiform. Flowers
;
not being expensive, is very general in some parts.
small, like those of the preceding. Native place unknown. 7. Lathyrus Inconspicuus ; Small-flowered Lathyrus.
4. Lathyrus Amphicarpos Subterranean Lathyrus, or
;
Peduncles one-flowered, shorter than the calix ; tendrils two-
Earth Pea. Peduncles one-flowered, longer than the calix ; leaved, simple ; leaflets lanceolate ; standard and wings of
tendrils two-leaved, quite simple. Root annual, filiform, with the corolla deep red. Native of the Levant.
here and there ovate-sessile tubercles ; flowers pale purple. 8. Lathyrus Setifolius. Peduncles one-flowered tendrils
;

Stems several, weak, two-edged ; there are other stems des- two-leaved; leaflets setaceous, linear. Annual. Found near
titute of leaves, roundish, creeping under ground, whitish, Montpellier ; and on Monte Baldo, in Italy.
 L AT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L AT 17

9. Lathyrus Angulatus. Peduncles one-flowered, awned ; the roots, which are sold in the market, and eaten there.
tendrils two-leaved, quite simple; leaflets linear; stipules When two inches or upwards in length, they may be consi-
lanceolate. Annual. Native country unknown. dered as fit for use. Boil them from two to three hours, till
10. Lathyrus Articulatus; Jointed-poddcd Lathyrws. Pe- a fork will pass through them
dry when sufficiently soft,
;

duncles one or two flowered tendrils many-leaved leaflets them, and roast them gently, serving them up in a cloth in
; ;

alternate. The flower has the keel of a pea, waved on the the same manner as chestnuts, for which they are a good
sides, and not oblique ;
standard bright red, with white substitute, and persons used to them become very fond of
them. With us it is only cultivated for ornament, being a
wings and keel.** Native of the south of Europe.
With two-flowered Peduncles. beautiful hai'dy perennial, resembling the Everlasting Pea, but
11. Lathyrus Odoratus Sweet Pea, or Painted Lady. of an humbler growth. It flowers in July and August.
; Na-
Peduncles two-flowered tendrils two-leaved leaflets ovate- tive of France, Germany, Flanders, Holland, Switzerland,
; ;

oblong; legumes hirsute. This is an annual plant, which Austria,

and Siberia. The plant will grow in any ground, but
rises from three to four feet high, by means of its long claspers a light rich soil suits it best. As the roots, if not restrained,
or tendrils. The flower-stalks come out at the joints, are spread extensively as well as penetrate very deep, it is advis-
about six inches long, and sustain two large flowers, which able to form a border inclosed all around with brick-work,
have a strong odour; and are succeeded by oblong hairy pods, about twenty inches deep, paving the bottom with bricks.
having four or five roundish seeds in each. In the common The tubers, each of which will produce a plant, should be
sort, the corolla has dark purple standards, with the keel put into the earth about six inches from each other, and three
and wings of a light blue. Other varieties are, the white inches deep. In two years they will be fit for use, and should
;

the pink with a white keel, and the wings pale blush colour ; be taken up as wanted. The bed should be dug in regular
the pink or blush-coloured standard, with both keel and course from one end, leaving the smaller tubers and fibres to
wings white ; the rose-coloured standard, with the wings produce a succession of plants, adding some fresh rich soil
and keel pale blue those that have a mixture of red with every year.
:

white or pale blue, are called Painted Ladies. There is also 18. Lathyrus Pratensis Meadow Lathyrus. Peduncles ;

a variety of the common dark sort, with the keel pale violet, many-flowered; tendrils two-leaved, quite simple; leaflets
and the wings dark violet. According to Linneus, the com- lanceolate. Root perennial, creeping; stems a foot or eighteen
mon dark sort is a native of Sicily, and the Painted Lady inches high, and sometimes three feet, or even more, in length ;

of Ceylon. They all deserve a place in every good garden, flowers in a raceme ; corolla yellow. In old authors, this
as well for their fragrance as their beauty. The gardeners plant is much reprobated as a vile weed, that spreads much
who raise Sweet Peas for the London markets, sow them by means of its creeping roots and accordingly Mr. Miller ;

in the autumn in pots, and secure them from severe weather, excludes it from gardens. Many modern writers, however,
by placing them in hot-bed frames, by which means they recommend it as an excellent food for cattle, and not without
can bring them early to market. They may be continued in reason, since its quality is good, and it bears a large burden
flower the whole summer by repeated sowings in the spring of succulent leafy stalks. Mr. Swayne, however, asserts that
;

and must be watered frequently when sown in pots it does not seem at all
agreeable to cattle, and that, where
12. Lathyrus Annuus; Tiuo-flowered Yellow Annual La- they have a choice of feed, they seldom touch it. It is called
thyrus. Peduncles two-flowered tendrils two-leaved leaf- in English, Common Yellow or Meadow Vetchling, and Tare
; ;

lets ensiform legumes smooth stipules two-parted. This Everlasting. Native of meadows, pastures, woods, thickets,
; ;

rises with a climbing stalk five or six feet high, having two and hedges, in most parts of Europe, flowering from June to
membranes or wings running from joint to joint the flowers August. ;

are small, yellow, and succeeded by long taper pods contain- 19. Lathyrus Sylvestris Wild Lathyrus, or Narrow-leaved ;

ing several roundish seeds. Native of France and Spain. Everlasting Pea. Peduncles many-flowered tendrils two- ;

13. Lathyrus Fruticosus Shrubby Lathyrus.

; Stem leaved leaflets ensiform internodes membranaceous. Root
; ;

shrubby; peduncles two-flowered; leaves pinnate, tomenlose. perennial stems six feet or more in height, climbing or
;

Flowers axillary, on short, white, tomentose peduncles, with trailing, spreading widely, branched, winged, and smooth;
one bracte to each flower corolla yellow calix globular.
; ; corolla red and white standard large, rose-coloured, faintly
;

Native of Peru, on the hills near Huanuco. netted-veined wings violet keel whitish green. ; Native of ;

14. Lathyrus
Tingitanus; Tangier Lathyrus or Pea. most parts of Europe. In England it is found between Castle
Peduncles two-flowered ; tendrils two-leaved leaflets alter- Camps and Bartlow, in Cambridgeshire; between Bath and
;

nate, lanceolate, smooth stipules crescent-shaped.

; Native Bristol near Conway, in Wales between Pershore and
; ;

of Barbary.
Eckington, in Worcestershire on Shelton bank near Salop ; ;

15. Lathyrus Clymenum. Peduncles two-flowered ten- and near Pensford in Somersetshire in the vicinity of Lon-
; ;

drils many-leaved; Native of the Levant. don it is rare, but has been observed in the Oak-of-honour
stipules toothed.
'*
Peduncles many-flowered. Wood near Peckham; and it grows abundantly in many parts
16. Lathyrus Hirsntus; Hairy Lathyrus. Peduncles of Kent and Bedfordshire.
commonly three-flowered tendrils two-leaved leaflets lan-
; 20. Lathyrus Latifolius; Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea.
;

ceolate; legumes hirsute; seeds rugged. Stems angular, Peduncles many-flowered tendrils two-leaved; leaflets ovate, ;

twisted, slightly hairy ; flowers an inch or an inch and half or lanceolate; internodes membranaceous. Root peren-
from each other; corolla purple, with yellow lines within. nial stalks several, thick,
climbing by means of tendrils
;

Native of many parts of Europe, but not common in

Eng- to the height of six or eight feet, or even higher in woods:
land. It flowers in these die to the ground in autumn, and new ones rise
July.
17.
Lathyrus Tuberosus Tuberous Lathyrus.
; Peduncles in the spring from the same root corolla pale purplish rose- ;

many-flowered; tendrils two-leaved leaflets oval; internodes colour. This is a showy plant for shrubberies, wilderness
;

naked. Root creeping, out irregular tubers, about quarters, arbours, and trellis work; but too
putting large and rampant
as big as those of the Pig Nut, covered with a brown skin. for the borders of the common flower-garden. Bees resort
Corollas deep red. This plant is cultivated in Holland for much to it, and the flowers furnish them with abundance of
18 LAV THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L A V

honev. It yields a great quantity both of green fodder and flowers are from six to ten, the lower whorls more remote :
seeds ; but hi what degree the former might be agreeable to each flower is
upright, on a short pedicel. The common,
cattle, and the latter to pigeons or poultry, must be seen by colour of the corolla is blue, but it varies with white flowers.
experience. It is a native of many parts of Europe, in hedges The variety called the Broad-leaved Lavender, has much
and woods. Mr. Ray observed it, about a century and a half shorterand broader leaves ; and the branches are shorter,
ago, in the Cambridgeshire woods, and it still keeps its post more compact, and fuller of continue several
leaves. It will
there. It is also found on the rocks near Red Neese, by years without producing flowers and when it does, the
;

Whitehaven ; and at Seven Stoke Copse, in Worcestershire. leaves on the flowering stalks approach nearer to those of
The flowers appear at the end of June and the beginning Common Lavender, but still remain broader. The stalks
of July. grow taller, the spikes looser and larger, and the flowers
21. Lathyrus Heterophyllus. Peduncles many-flowered; smaller, and appear a little later in the season. Lavender is
tendrils two and four leaved ; leaflets lanceolate ; internodes a plant which has been long celebrated for its virtues in
membranaceous. Flowers in racemes of about six together ; nervous disorders. According to Dr. Cullen, it is, " whether
standard and wings flesh-coloured; keel whitish. Perennial. externally or internally, a powerful stimulant to the nervous
Native of Sweden, Switzerland, France, and Silesia. system ; and amongst others of this order, named cephalics,
Lathyrus Palustris
2'2. Marsh Lathyrus.
; Peduncles the Lavender has probably the best title to it." He adds, "it
many-flowered ; tendrils many-leaved ; stipules lanceolate. appears to me probable that it will seldom go farther than ex-
Root perennial, creeping the whole plant smooth flowers
; ;
citing the energy of the brain to a fuller impulse of the nervous
three, or more, pointing one way, in erect racemes corolla ; power into the nerves of the animal functions, and seldom into
vivid purplish-blue, of great beauty. Native of many parts those of the vital." It may however be with great
propriety
of Europe, in moist woods and pastures, but not common here. that professor Murray has dissuaded from its use, where there
23. Lathyrus Pisiformis Siberian Lathyrus
;
Peduncles is
any danger from a stimulus applied to the sanguiferous
many-flowered; tendrils many-leaved; stipules ovate, broader system. It is, however, still probable that Lavender stimulates
than the leaflet. Plant growing like the Pea; corolla with the nervous system only, and therefore may be more safe in
the standard and wings whiiish with purple veins. It flowers palsy than the warmer aromatics, especially \vhen not given in
in June. Native of Siberia. a spirituous menstruum, or along with heating aromatics, as is
24. Lathyrus Myrtifolius. Stalk naked, tetragonal sti- ; commonly done in the case of the Spiritus Lavandulee Com-
pules half-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate leaflets four,
;
positus. The officinal preparations of Lavender are, the essen-
tial oil, a simple spirit, and a
oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, venose-reticulate pe- ;
compound tincture. The essen-
tial oil has been used for
duncles longer than the leaf; commonly three-flowered. -It stimulating paralytic limbs, and for
resembles the twenty-second species, flowers in July and Au- several external purposes. Hill says the flowers are the parts

gust,and grows in the salt-marshes of Pennsylvania and New used they are good against all disorders of the head and
:

York, anq is very abundant about Lake Onondago. nerves, and may be taken in the form of tea. The famous spirit
25. Lathyrus Venosus. Stalk naked, tetragonal ; stipules of Lavender called Palsy-drops, and the Sweet Lavender-water,
half-sagittate, ovate, acuminate ; leaflets numerous,
svibalter- are made with them. The best way to make the Palsy-drops
nate, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, venose ; peduncles shorter is as follows put into a small still a pound of Lavender
:

than the leaf; containing from five to ten flowers. It pro- flowers, and five ounces of the tender tops of Rosemary; put
duces purple flowers in July and August; and grows in the to them five quarts of common molasses spirit, and a quart
low meadows of Pennsylvania. of water distil off three quarts
:
put to this, cinnamon and
;

26. Lathyrus Decaphyllus. Stalk tetragonal ; stipules nutmegs, of each three quarters of an ounce, red sander's
half-sagittate, linear ; leaflets oblong-elliptical, mucronate ; wood half an ounce; let them stand together a week, and
peduncles with three and four large purple flowers; the pods then strain, off the spirit. The Lavender-water is thus made :

are also large. Native of the banks of the Missouri. put a pound of fresh Lavender flowers into a still with a
Lavandula ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gym- gallon of molasses spirit, and draw off five pints; this is Laven-
nospermia. GENERIC CHAEACTER. Calix: perianth one- der-water. A conserve made of the young tops, just as they
leafed, ovate; mouth obscurely toothed,
short, permanent, are going into flower, possesses all the virtues of the plant,

supported by bractes. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent, resu- and is an excellent cordial medicine, of great efficacy in most
pine; tube cylindric, longer than the calix; border spread- nervous disorders, and paralytic complaints it likewise ;

ing ; one lip looking upwards, larger, bifid, spreading; the operates by urine, and promotes the menses. The Compound
other lip looking downwards,
trifid ; divisions all roundish, Spirit of Lavender is also an excellent preparation for the
nearly equal. Stamina: filamenta four, short, within the above purposes, as it has the advantage of containing many
tube of the corolla, deflected, of which two are shorter; other ingredients of a like nature. It is best taken on a lump
antherse small. Pistil: gerinen four-parted; style filiform, of sugar, in which method forty or fifty drops may be given
length of the tube stigma two-lobed, obtuse, converging.
;
for a dose. Native of the south of Europe, on mountains, by
Pericarp: none; calix converging with the mouth, and way-sides, and in barren places ; also of Asia and Africa.
guarding the seed. Seeds: four, obovate. ESSENTIAL This plant is propagated by cuttings or slips planted IB
CHARACTER. Calix: ovate, obscurely toothed, supported March in a shady situation, or in a border where they
by a bracte. Corolla: resupine. Stamina: within the tube. may be shaded by mats until they have taken root; after
The species are, which they may be exposed to the sun, and when they have
Lavandula Spica; Common Lavender. Leaves sessile,
1. obtained strength, should be removed to the places where
back at the edge spike interrupted,
lanceolate-linear, rolled ; they are to remain. These plants will abide much longer in
naked. Root perennial, thick, woody; stem shrubby, much a dry, gravelly, or strong soil, in which they will endure our
branched, frequently five or six feet high, four-cornered, severest winters; but they will grow much faster in summer
acute-angled, toraentose. The flowers are produced in ter- on a rich, light, moistbut are then generally destroyed
soil,

minating spikes from the young shoots, on long peduncles ;

by the winter, and are neither so strong-scented, nor so fit
the spikes are composed of interrupted whorls, in which the for medicinal uses, as those which grow on a barren rocky
 LAV CfR., BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LAV 19

soil. It was formerly in use to make edgings to borders, but |

5. Lavandula Pinnata Pinnated Lavender. Leaves peti-
;

it
grows too large for the purpose if often cut in dry wea-
; oled, pinnate ; leaflets wedgeform ; spike imbricate. This
ther it is subject to decay, and, in hard winters, some of the is a low,
very branching shrub, with a brownish bark; pedun-
it should therefore be planted in beds cles leafless corolla purple or pale violet. The flowers have
plants will be killed : ;

in the kitchen-garden, where the soil is driest. a sweet smell, but the leaves have very little smell or taste.
2. Lavandula Stoechas; French Lavender. Leaves sessile, It flowers from
April to October. Native of Madeira.
linear, tomentose, rolled back at the edge; spikes concracted, 6. Lavandula Cut-leaved Canary Lavender.
Multifida;
comose bractes subtrilobate. It has a low thick shrubby
;
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets decursively pinnatifid ;
petioled,
stalk, about two feet high, sending out woolly branches the spike quadrangular; angles spiral. Corolla varying from blue
whole length leaves about an inch long, hoary, and pointed,
;
to white. The leaves are hoary, opposite, cut into many
of a strong aromatic scent. The branches are terminated divisions to the midrib ; these segments are again divided
with scaly spikes of purple flowers, four-cornered, and an into three blunt ones. There is a variety with an upright
inch in length and at the top a coma, or small tuft of purple
; branching stalk, four feet high, and flowers smaller than the
leaves. The whole plant has a very strong aromatic agree- common Lavender. It is a native of the Canary islands.
able odour. There is a variety with peduncles three times Sow the seeds on a moderate hot-bed, in the spring. When
the length of those in the common Stoechas, and naked ; the plants come up, put each into a separate small
pot filled
the spikes are longer, and not so thick and the leaves of
; with light earth. Plunge the pots into another hot-bed; and
the coma are more numerous, longer, and of a brighter pur- in the beginning of June inure them to the
open air, and
ple colour. Both these vary to purple and white in the towards the end of the month place them in a sheltered situa-
corolla, but the most common colour is blue. Native of the tion. In July the flowers will appear, and, if the autumn
south of Europe; flowering from May to July. This plant, prove warm, the seeds will ripen in September ; but when
which our old authors call Sticadone, Sticados, and Sticadore, they do not perfect seeds, the plants may be preserved through
from the Italian Sticade, on account of its being found on the the winter in a good green-house, where t'hey will produce
islands called Stoechades, may be cultivated by sowing the flowers and seeds most part of the season.
seeds upon a bed of light dry soil in March. When they 7, Lavandula Abrotanides; Southernwood-leaved Canary
come up, clear them from weeds until they are two inches Lavender. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, with linear segments,
high, and then remove them. For this, prepare a spot of nearly smooth ; spike linear, mostly branched and interru pted ;
light dry ground, lay it level, and tread it out into beds, into bractes smoothish, ovate, with approximated ribs. Native
which set the plants, at five or six inches' distance every way, of the Canaries.
watering and shading them until they have taken root. If the Lavatera ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly-
winter should prove severe, cover them with mats or peuse- andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth double;
haulin. In March or at the beginning of April in the follow- exterior one-leafed, trifid, obtuse, short, permanent; interior
ing spring, remove them into the places where they are to one-leafed, half five-cleft, more acute, more erect, permanent.
remain, taking a warm moist season, if possible, for this pur- Corolla : petals five, obcordate, flat, spreading, afhxed below
pose, and not letting them remain long above ground. The to the tube of the stamina. Stamina : filamenta numerous,
soil should be warm dry sand or gravel ;and the poorer the coalescing below into a tube, loose above, gaping at the tip
soil is, the better will this plant endure the winter. In a rich and surface of the tube; antherte reniform. Pistil:
germen
moist ground it will not produce so many flowers, nor will orbicular; style cylindric, short stigmas several, (seven to
;

they have so strong an aromatic scent. It may also be in- fourteen,) bristly, length of the style. Pericarp: capsule
creased by slips or cuttings; but the plants raised from seeds orbicular, composed of as many cells as there are stigmas,
are by far the best. bivalve, and articulated in a whorl round the columnar recep-
3. Lavandula Viridis ; Madeira Lavender. Leaves sessile, tacle, at length falling off. Seeds: solitary, reniform. ES-
linear, wrinkled, villose, rolled back at the edge ; spike SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: double, outer trifid. Arils:
comose ; bractes undivided. It differs from the preceding very many, one-seeded. The species are,
by its wrinkled villose leaves, which are green, and not hoary 1. Lavatera Arborea; Tree Mallow. Stem arboreous;
as in that. It flowers from May to July Native of the island leaves seven-angled, hairy, plaited; peduncles clustered, one-
of Madeira. This, and most of the following sorts, require flowered, axillary outer calices larger.
; It rises in gardens
the protection of a green-house. They may be increased by with a strong thick stalk to the height of eight or ten feet,
slips or cuttings and also by. seeds, but they do not all pro-
;
dividing into many branches at the top flowers mostly in
;

duce seeds in our climate. pairs, sometimes three together, on upright peduncles, an
4. Lavandula Dentata ; Tooth-leaved Lavender. Leaves inch and half in height ; corolla purplish-red, with dark
sessile, linear, pectinate-pinnate ; spike contracted, comose. blotches at the base, spreading, bell-shaped seeds kidney- ;

It has a woody stalk, two or three feet

high, with four-cor- shaped, ash-coloured. Native of Italy, the Levant, and Bri-
nered branches on every side the whole length. The leaves tain. With us it is smaller than it appears in the gardens ;
have a pleasant aromatic odour, and warm biting taste. The and is found near Hurst Castle, upon Portland Island, and
flowers are produced in scaly spikes, at the ends of the
Denny Island near Bristol; in Cornwall and Devonshire;
branches, on long naked peduncles. It flowers from June to at Teignmouth ;
upon the rocks of Caldey Island; in
September. Native of Spain and the Levant. This is pro- Anglesea, and other parts of Wales ; upon the 'Basse Islands
pagated by slips or cuttings, planted in April, and treated near Edinburgh and upon Inch Garvie and Mykrie Inch
;

as directed for the first and second sorts. in the Firth of Forth.
They will take It flowers from June or
July to
root very freely, but must be transplanted into pots, that September or October. This, with all the other shrubby
they may be sheltered from severe frost in winter, especially sorts, are easily propagated by seeds, which should be
while young. When they have acquired strength, some may sown in the spring, upon a bed of light earth and when ;

be planted in a warm situation, on a dry soil, where, being the plants are about three or four inches high,
they should
prevented from growing; too vigorously, they will endure cold be transplanted to the places where they are designed to
better than in richer ground. remain ; for, as they shoot out long fleshy roots which have
VOL. n. 67.
20 LAV THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LAU
but few they do not succeed well if they are trans-
fibres,
in a common hot-bed frame; where, being defended from
severe frosts, the plants will abide the winter very well.
planted grown large. If the seeds of these plants
after they are In
be permitted to scatter on the ground, the plants will come the spring, shake them out of the pots, and replant them into

up in the following spring; and when they happen to fall into larger, or else into the full ground, where they may remain to
dry rubbish, and are permitted to grow therein, they
will flower. The plant thus managed will be larger, and flower
be short, strong, woody, and produce a greater number of stronger and earlier, than those sown in the spring; and from
those flowers than plants which are more luxuriant. As these these you will constantly have good seeds, whereas those
time in flower, a few plants of each sown in the spring sometimes miscarry.
plants continue a long
sort may be allowed a place in all gardens where there is 9. Lavatera Trimestris ; Common Annual Lavatera. Stem
room. Several of them will only last two years, except upon herbaceous, rugged; leaves smooth; peduncles one-flowered;
three or four years, but fruits covered with a ring. Root annual, white, with spread-
dry ground, where they will endure
seldom longer. They mostly require some protection in winter. ing beards ; flowers (solitary, axillary, on peduncles shorter
2. Lavatera Micans; Shining Tree Mallow. Stem arbo- than the petioles ; corolla large, spreading, bell-shaped, pale
reous; leaves seven-angled, acute, crenate, plaited, tomen- flesh-colour, with whitish lines ; seeds ferruginous. This
tose; racemes terminating. On the upper surface of the species varies very much, and the varieties are constant.
leaves are brimstone-coloured micse, shining in the sun. It fl*wers from July to September. Native of the south of
Native of Spain and Portugal. Europe and the Levant.
3. Lavatera Olbia Downy-leaved Lavatera.
;
Stein shrub- Lavender. See Lavandula.
leaves five-lobecl, hastate ; flowers solitary. Flowers on Lavender Cotton. See Santolina.
by ;

a' short peduncle, axillary, very seldom two together; termi- Lavender Sea. See Statice Limonium.
It flowers from June to October. Lavenia ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
nating ones in a spike.
Native of the south of France. gamia ^Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: com-
4. Lavatera Triloba; Three-lobed Lavatera. Stem shrubby; mon ovate, subimbricate ; scales ten to fourteen, lanceolate,
leaves subcordate, subtrilobate, rounded, crenate; stipules equal, permanent. Corolla: compound uniform; corollets
cordate ; peduncles one-flowered, aggregate. Corolla large, hermaphrodite equal, (fifteen to twenty;) proper funnel-form,
It flow- dilated at the base; border five-cleft, patulous.' Stamina:
spreading, pale purple, with the claws white, hairy.
ers from June to September. Native of France and Spain. filamenta five, filiform, shorter than the tube anthera,-
;

5. Lavatera Lusitanica; Portuguese Lavatera. Stem oblong, flattish, twin, slightly connate. Pistil: germen
shrubby; leaves seven-angled, tomentose, plaited
recemes ; oblong; style filiform, longer than the corollet, two-parted;
terminating. Flowers in Aug. and Sept.
Native of Portugal. stigmas flattish, clubbed. Pericarp : none ; calix perma-
6. Lavatera Maritima; Sea-side Tree Mallow. Stem nent, spreading. Seeds: subclavate, a little wrinkled, viscid
with glandules ; down with three awl-shaped awns, glandu-
shrubby; leaves cordate, roundish-lobed, crenate, tomentose;
flowers solitary. Stem reddish, covered with bundles of lose at the base. Receptacle: naked. ESSENTIAL CHA-
hairs so small as to seem dots of meal, branched, two feet RACTER. Calix: nearly regular. Style : bifid. Down :
high ; corolla large, twice the size of the first species, spread- three-awned, glandular at the tip. Receptacle: naked.
ing very much, whitish, with very narrow purple claws. It The species are,
flowers from July to September. Native of Spain and the 1. Lavenia Decumbens. Stems simple, decumbent; leaves
south of France. subcordate, bluntly serrate ; pistil longer than the corollet.
7. Lavatera Thuringiaca ; Great-flowered Lavatera. Stem Annual. Native of Jamaica.
herbaceous fruits naked ; calices gashed. Lower leaves heart-
;
2. Lavenia Erecta. Stem branched, erect; leaves elliptic,
on short sharply serrate. Root annual, fibrous, whitish ; heads of
shaped, crenate, roundish-lobed; upper hastate,
corolla large, spreading, pale violet or purplish. flowers flat, consisting of numerous pale blue florets. Native
petioles ;

Native of Sweden, Germany, Hungary, and Tartary. It of the East Indies, and of the Society Isles.
flowers from July to September. Laugeria; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
8. Lavatera Cretica ; Cretan Lavatera. Stem upright ;
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
lower branches diffused; peduncles clustered, one-flowered; leafed, tubular, superior, with unequal mouth, small, deci-
leaves lobed, upper ones acute. Root annual, fibrous, of duous. Corolla : one-petalled, salver-form ; tube very long ;
thick fibres a foot in length, with innumerable other capillary border five-cleft; divisions obovate. Stamina: filamenta
fibres ; corolla twice the length of the calix, pale blue, with five, very short; antheree linear, long, beneath the throat.
Pistil : germen subovate, inferior ; style filiform, rather longer
oblong emarginate petals. It flowers in July. Native of the
island of Candia. This and the other annuals are propagated than the tube; stigma headed. Pericarp: drupe roundish,
Seed: nut two or five celled,
by seeds sown at the end of March or the beginning of April, umbilicated with a point.
upon a bed of fresh light earth. When the plants are come according to Swartz : furrowed, according to Jacquin. ESSEN-
up, carefully clear them from weeds,
and in very dry weather TIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: five-cleft. Drupe: with a
now and then refresh them with water. When they are about five-celled nut. -The species are,
two inches high, transplant them into the places where they 1
Laugeria Odorata.
. Leaves subovate, acute, smooth ;

are designed to remain, which should be in the middle of ihe stem somewhat spiny racemes panicled drupes with five-
; ;

borders in the flower-garden ; for if the soil be good, they celled nuts. An upright branching shrub, ten feet high ;
feet high. Be careful, in transplanting flowers of a dirty red, very sweet during the night
will grow two or three fruits
;

them, to preserve a ball of earth to their roots, otherwise they black, larger than peas, soft, very numerous, falling when
are apt to miscarry and also water and shade them until they
; ripe with every slight motion of the bush. Native of America,
have taken root, after which they will require no other care, Carthagena, Havannah, &c.
them to stakes to prevent their Leaves oblong, blunt, entire, mem-
except to weed, and fasten
2. Laugeria Lucida.

being injured by strong winds. The seeds may

be sown also branaceous, shining; racemes dichotomous drupes with two-
;

in autumn. When the plants come up, transplant them into celled nuts. Flowers on short pedicels, distant.- Native of
small pots, which, toward the end of October, should be placed the West Indies, Jamaica, and Santa Cruz.
 L A U OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L A U 21

3. Laugeria Tomentosa. Leaves ovate, acute, entire, by both water and spirit. It is an astringent, corroborating
tomentose underneath; racemes dichotomous drupes with the viscera, and proves of great service in several kinds of al-
;

two-celled nuts. Native of Jamaica. vine fluxes, and immoderate uterine discharges, An essential
Laurel. See Laurus and Primus. oil is sometimes extracted from Cinnamon, which is so exces-

Laurel, Spurge. See Daphne. sively pungent that it will produce an eschar on the skin if
Laurus ; a genus of the class Enneandria, order Monogy- applied to it but in doses of a drop or two, properly diluted
;

nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none, except it be with sugar, mucilages, &c. it is said to be one of the most
the corolla. Corolla: petals six, ovate, acuminate, concave, immediate cordials and restoratives in cases of languor and
erect; the alternate ones exterior. Nectary consisting of debility. Cinnamon, says Meyrick and Hill, is certainly a
three acuminated coloured tubercles, ending in two bristles, most excellent cordial, which may be procured in any form at
It promotes the appetite, and is one of the best
standing round the germen. Stamina filamenta nine, shorter the shops.
:

than the corolla, compressed, obtuse, three in each rank; remedies known for fluxes, and other disorders of the stomach
antherae growing on each side to the margin of the filamentum, and bowels. The bark of the Cinnamon-tree, whilst o'n
on the upper part; glandules two, globose, with a very short the tree, is first stripped of its outer greenish coat and is ;

footstalk, affixed to each filamentum of the inner rank near then cut longitudinally from the tree, and dried in the sand,
the base. Pistil: germen subovate style simple, equal, till it becomes fit for the market, when it is of a reddish yel-
;

length of the stamina; stigma obtuse, oblique. Pericarp: low or pale rusty iron-colour, very light, thin, and curling up
drupe (or berry) oval, acuminate, one-celled, comprehended into flakes. The best sort of Cinnamon, which grows in great
by the corolla. Seed: nut ovate-acuminate; kernel of the plenty in Ceylon, and is peculiar to that island, is called by
same form. Observe. The greater part of the species, in- the natives rasse coronde, or Sharp Sweet Cinnamon. It is
this choice sort which was exported by the Dutch East India
cluding the Cinnamon and Camphor, are hermaphrodite ;
several are dioicous, as in the ninth species, (Laurus Nobilis,) Company, and prohibited, under severe penalties, to mix any
which has mostly from eight to fourteen stamina, with a deeply other sort with this. The second is called canatte coronde,
four -parted corolla. The corpuscles annexed to some of the or Bitter Astringent Cinnamon. The bark of this comes off
stamina afford the essential character. ESSENTIAL CHA- very easily, and smells very agreeably when fresh, but has a
RACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: calicine, six-parted. Nec- bitter taste. The root of this yields a very good sort of
tary: of three two-bristled glands surrounding the germen. camphor. It has an advantage, that it is not so plentiful as
Filamenta: inner glanduliferous. Drupe: one-seeded. the first; because it
requires much skill and attention to dis-
The species are, tinguish them. The third is called
capperoe coronde, or
1. Laurus Cinnamomum ; Cinnamon Tree. Leaves three- Camphorated Cinnamon, because it has a very strong taste
nerved, ovate-oblong nerves disappearing toward the end.
; and smell of camphor. It grows plentifully in the island, but
The Cinnamon-tree of America is twenty feet or more high ;
not in the eastern part ; yet the Ceylonese, when under the
trunk about six feet high, and a foot and half in diameter; the Dutch, found means to send it over privately, and sell it to
outer bark smoothish, and of a the English and Danes trading upon the coast of Coromandel.
dusky cinereous colour; it
has spreading branches that form an elegant head leaves ; Besides, there is a sort of Canella growing upon the continent
shining, coriaceous, of a bright green above, pale underneath, of India about Goa, which is very like this, though it has no-
with the nerves whitish; flowers small,
greenish-yellow, al- thing of the true Cinnamon. This sort certainly agrees in
most insipid, with a somewhat fetid smell, resembling that of
many things with the Canella Malabaricus Sylvestris, a wild
Lilium Martagon. Fruit the form and size of a middling Cinnamon-tree growing upon the coast of Malabar. The
olive. The inner bark perfectly resembles the oriental Cin- fourth sort is called welle coronde, or Sandy Cinnamon, be-
namon in smell, taste, and figure; the only difference is, that cause upon being chewed it feels gritty, or as if grains of
it has a coarser texture, and a more acrid sand were between the teeth. The bark comes off easily, but
taste, which may
arise from the climate. But the varieties of Cinnamon are nu- is not so It is of a sharp bitterish taste,
readily rolled up.
merous. The timber is white, and not and the roots yield only a small quantity of camphor. The
very solid the root;

is thick and
branching, and exudes abundance of Camphor. fifth sort is called sewel coronde, Glutinous or Mucilaginous

February and March, and is a native of Marti-

It flowers in Cinnamon. This acquires a considerable degree of hardness
nico on the mountain Calebrasse, and also of Brazil. Gsert- in drying, has little taste, and an ungrateful smell ; but the.
ner describes the fruit of the colour is fine, and the fraudulent Ceylonese mix a good deal
Ceylonese Cinnamon as a sub-
globular berry, flatted a little at top, and torulose, covered at of it with the best sort, which in colour it much resembles.
the base by the The genuine or best sort may, however, be distinguished by
calix, which is thick, coriaceous, angular,
sublobate, and having from six to nine unequal teeth the ;
some few yellowish spots towards the extremities. The sixth
pulp or flesh is very thick, and grows fungous with age, smell- sort is called nieke coronrfe,the tree bearing much resemblance
ing strong of Cinnamon; seed spherical, covered with acrus- to another tree which the natives call nieke gas. The bark
taceous brittle thin coat. The inner bark of this
species is has no taste or smell, and is only used by the natives in me-
the spice so well known under the name of Cinnamon. The dicine.
By roasting it they obtain an oil, with which they
use of the Cinnamon-tree, however, is not confined to the anoint themselves to
keep off infection ; and they express a
bark, for it is remarkable that the leaves, fruit, and root, all
juice from the leaves, with which they rub their heads, to
yield oils of different qualities, and of considerable value. cool and strengthen the brain. The seventh is called
That produced from the leaves is called Oil of
Cloves, and dawel coronde, or Drum Cinnamon; the wood being light
Oleum Malabathri that from the fruit is
;
extremely fragrant, and tough, and used by the natives for making drums. The
and of a thick consistence, and at
Ceylon is said to be made bark is taken off while the tree is yet growing ; it is of a pale
into candles for the sole use of the
king : and the bark from colour, and is used for the same purpose as the sixth. The
the root not
only affords an aromatic oil, which has been eighth sort is called catle coronde, Thorny or Prickly Cin-
called Oil of Camphor, but also a
species of Camphor which namon ; the tree being very prickly. The bark is Jn some
is
purer and whiter than the common sort. Cinnamon is one measure like that of the true Cinnamon, but it has nothing of
of the most grateful of aromatics its ;
qualities are extracted the taste or smell, and the leaves differ very much. The
 L A U THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L AU
natives apply the root, bark, and leaves, in form of cata- that from Ceylon. Neither this, nor the next species, is so
plasms, to tumors. The ninth sort is called mael coronde, tender as most persons imagine; indeed the tender treatment
or Flowering Cinnamon, being always in blossom. The of the plants brought to England has
generally destroyed
flowers come nearest to those of the first sort, but they bear them. Great heat is certainly prejudicial to them: when
no fruit. The wood never becomes so solid and weighty in the plants therefore have taken new roots in the
pots or tubs,
this as in the others, which are sometimes eight, nine, or ten
'
they should in summer be placed in a glass-case, where they
If this tree be cut or bored into, a
feet in circumference.
may have plenty of air in warm weather ; and in winter they
limpid water will issue from the wound, as from the Birch- should be placed in a stove moderately warm.
tree, but it is of no use, any more than the leaves and bark. 2. Laurus Cassia; Cassia, or Wild Cinnamon. Leaves
This is the male-tree of the true Cinnamon. There is a tenth triple-nerved, lanceolate. The narrower leaves tapering at
sort called toupat coronde, or Three-leaved Cinnamon, each end, distinguishes this from the preceding species. This
which does not grow near the Dutch settlements, but higher tree grows, says Mr. Marsden, from fifty to sixty feet high,
iip towards Candia. With respect to the time when the bark with large, spreading, horizontal branches, almost as low as
is fit to be taken off, some trees are The young leaves are mostly of a reddish hue ;
ready two or three years the earth.
sooner than others, owing to the difference of soil which they the blossoms grow six in number, upon slender footstalks,
grow in those, for instance, which grow in valleys where the
: close to the bottom of the leaf; they are monopetalous, small,
ground is a fine whitish sand, will be fit to have the bark white, and stellated in six points. The root is said to con-
taken off in five years; but others which stand in a wet slimy tain much camphor. The bark is
commonly taken from such
soil, must have seven or eight years to grow before they are of the trees as are a foot or eighteen inches in diameter, for
fit to bark. Those trees are also later which grow in the when they are younger, it is said to be so thin as to lose all
shade of other large trees, whereby the sun is kept from their its
qualities very soon. Those trees which grow in a high
roots. Hence also it is, that the bark of such trees has not rocky soil, have red shoots, and the bark is superior to that
that sweetness observable in the bark of those which grow in which is produced in a moist clay, where the shoots are
a white sandy ground, where, with little wet, they stand full green. I have been assured, continues Mr.
Marsden, by a
exposed to the sun ;
but is rather of a bitterish taste, some- person of extensive knowledge, that the Cassia produced in
what astringent, and smells like camphor : for by the heat of Sumatra is from the same tree that yields the true Cinnamon,
the sun's rays the camphor is made so volatile, that it rises and that the apparent difference arises from the less judicious
up and mixes with the juices of the tree, where it undergoes manner of quilling it. Perhaps the younger and more tender
a small fermentation, and then rising still higher between the branches should be preferred ; perhaps the age of the tree,
wood and the thin inner membrane of the bark, is so it. or the season of the year, ought to be more nicely attended
effectually diffused through the branches and leaves, that to; and it is suggested that the mucilage which adheres
there is not the least trace of it to be perceived. Meanwhile to the inside of the fresh-peeled rind, does, when not care-
that thin and glutinous membrane which lines the bark on the fully taken off, injure the flavour of the Cassia, and render
inside, attracts all the purest and sweetest particles of the it inferior to that of the Cinnamon. It is said to be some-

sap, leaving the thick and gross ones to push forwards, in times purchased by the Dutch merchants, and shipped for
order to nourish the branches, leaves, and fruit. If the Spain as Crnnamon, being packed in boxes which arrived
bark be fresh taken off, that sap which remains in the tree from Ceylon with that article. It is of the same
quality as
has a bitterish taste, not unlike that of cloves. On the con- Cinnamon, but inferior in fragrancy and efficacy. The bark
trary, the inner membrane of the bark, when fresh taken off, is of a
mucilaginous nature, for which it is preferable to the
has a most exquisite sweetness, whilst the outer part differs Cinnamon in purging, and disorders of the bowels ; it is an
very little in taste from that of other trees. But when the excellent remedy for those complaints, in doses of a few
bark is laid in the sun to be dried and rolled up, this oily grains powdered. There appears little doubt that this is
and agreeable sweetness of the inner membrane is diffused the same with the preceding species, as the difference of
through the whole. The bark may be taken off from trees the bark may probably be owing to the difference of soil, and
that have stood fourteen, fifteen, or sixteen years, according still more to the want of skill and attention in the cultiva-

to the quality of the soil but :

beyond that time they lose by tors. The Cassia bark is coarsest, and will not roll up like
degrees their agreeable sweetness, and the bark acquires true Cinnamon; but the essential difference between the bark
more of the taste of camphor; it also then becomes so thick, of Cinnamon and Cassia is, that the former is always dry,
that, when laid in the sun, it will no longer roll up, but remain whereas the latter becomes macilaginous in chewing hence ;

flat. To account for the great quantities of Cinnamon it has been

suggested as a conjecture, on the most respect-
still remaining on the island of
Ceylon, after the general able authority, that the superior excellence of Cinnamon
exportation of the bark that has prevailed during several bark may be in a great measure owning to its being deprived
centuries, some authors have assured us that after the bark of that mucilage which adheres to the internal surface.
has been stripped off the tree, it becomes fit to be stripped a At least it is certain, that in a curious drawing of Herman's,
second time in four or five years. But this assertion is no less in the possession of the late Sir Joseph Banks, representing the

contrary to observation, than it is to the common course of na- process of cutting and preparing Cinnamon in the island of
ture. The truth is, the barked trees being cut down' quickly Ceylon, one of the principal figures is that of a woman, who
put forth new shoots, which in a period of from five to eight is
evidently employed in this operation, of scraping (he muci-
years come again to the knife. Great numbers also of trees are lage from the inner surface of the bark. Native of Malabar,
continually springing from the fruit, which either drops upon .lava, and Sumatra.
the ground, or is disseminated by the wild doves, called there 3. Laurus Camphora; Camphor or Camphire Tree. Leaves
Cinnamon-eaters ; insomuch that here and there along the triple-nerved, lanceolate, ovate. This is a large tree, very
roruls, such quantities of the youngtrees are to be seen, as to near akin to the Cinnamon, from which it differs in the
look like little woods. The Cinnamon-tree is now cultivated leaves. Branches ascending; flowers white, on simple, long,
in the West Indies: in 1792
samples
of their product were ex- lateral branches berry small, ovate, dusky or browigh
;

amined by competent judges, wiio declared it to be equal to red. Mr. Marsden also describes it as equal in height
 LAU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LAU 23

and bulk to the largest timber-trees, being frequently found in a fluid state, called
trees it is meenio capoor, or
young
is con- but this is a mistake.
Oil The same sort of
upwards of fifteen feet in circumference. Camphor Camphor ;

sidered as one of the principal diaphoretics and antiseptics, tree that produces the fluid, does not produce the dry
and as possessing a degree of anodyne or antispasmodic transparent flaky substance, nor ever would. They are
of the trees,
power. It is a medicine of a subtile and penetrating nature, readily distinguished by the natives :
many
It has
and quickly diffuses itself through the whole habit if taken : however, produce neither the one nor the other.
in a considerable quantity, it produces an uneasy sensation been generally supposed that the Chinese mix the Camphor
in the stomach, though it does not heat the body so much of Sumatra and Borneo with their own and the Japanese :
as might be expected from its taste; on the contrary, it often but the truth seems to be, that they purchase the former for
rather occasions a sense of coolness. In acute diseases it their own use, from an idea of its superior efficacy, and
is given from a quarter of a grain, to one or two grains or export the latter, as a drug which they hold in no estimation.
more, in conjunction with nitre, or other anti-inflammatory It is certain that the common Camphor will evaporate
medicines of the saline kind. Hoffman observes, that it until that of Sumatra and
entirely disappears ; whereas,
it

answers best on the approach of a crisis, or in the decline, Borneo, called Native Camphor, (though, doubtless, from its
and that it should be used with caution during the height of volatility, it must be subject to
some decrease,) does not ap-
fever, where the heat is great and the skin dry; and the same pear to lose much in quantity by being kept. It is purchased
the pound, or
caution, he adds, should be observed in plethoric habits. on the spot at the rate of six Spanish dollars
In chronical disorders it is used more freely, and sometimes eight dollars the catty, for the best sort, which sells at the
in conjunction with opium : it is considered as a corrector China market for about twelve or fifteen hundred dollars
of the irritating powers of cantharides. Camphor alone the pecul of one hundred catties, or one hundred and thirty-
has sometimes been known to cure that peculiar species of three pounds and a third the traders usually distinguish
:

of head, belly, and

spasmodic disorder, called St. Vitus's dance. Camphor is three degrees of quality, by the names
also used in a dissolved state in spirit of wine, as an external foot, according to its purity and whiteness ; some add a
embrocation in rheumatic pains, paralytic numbness, &c. and fourth sort, of extraordinary fineness, of which a few pounds
is also an ingredient in many other preparations. Hill says it only are imported to Canton, and sell there at the rate o
is sudorific, and works by urine, promotes the menses, and two thousand dollars the pecul. The principal part of the
is good in disorders of the bladder. Meyrick observes, that Camphor that is used in Europe, is prepared from this tree
it is an excellent medicine in low putrid fevers, especially in Japan the natives split the wood into small pieces, and
;

when combined with the dulcified mineral acids. A solu- sublime or distil it with water in an iron retort, covered with
tion of it in rectified spirits of wine, in the proportion of an an earthen or wooden head, in the hollow of which they
ounce to a pint or thereabouts, is frequently applied success- fasten hay or straw, to which the Camphor adheres as it
fully to bathe such parts as are
affected with rheumatic rises ; it is brownish or white, but in very small semi-pellucid

pains, the p*alsy, or sprains; and for dispersing swellings, grains : it is packed up in wooden casks, and forwarded to
hard tumors, and inflammations, and stopping the progress India and Europe, where it is purified by a second sublima-
of mortification. It is also used in the form of an ointment tion, and reduced into the solid mass in which we find it
for burns, and eruptions of the skin. Taken in an over dose, in our shops. The wood of .this tree is much esteemed by
it occasions coldness of the extremities, giddiness, and pain carpenters, being easy to work, light, durable, and not
at the stomach the best remedy for which is an emetic,
;
liable to be injured by insects, particularly
by the combang,
or draught of vinegar. Camphor oil is a valuable domestic a species of bee, which, from its faculty of boring timber for
medicine, much used by the Sumatrans in strains, swellings, its nest, is whimsically called the carpenter. Native of
and in inflammations the particles, from their extreme
; China, Japan, Borneo, and probably of Sumatra. In Europe
subtilty, readily entering the pores. It is not manufactured, this tree is
propagated by layers, which are generally two
undergoes no preparation, and, though termed an oil, is yeais, and sometimes longer, before they take root; hence
rather a liquid and volatile resin, without any oily quality. the plants are very scarce, and in general males, so that
To procure it, they make a transverse incision into the tree, there can be no hopes of procuring seed from them. If the
to the depth of some inches, and then cut sloping down- berries of this, and also of the Cinnamon-tree, were pro-
wards from above the notch, till they leave a flat horizontal cured from the places of their growth, and planted into tubs
surface; this they hollow out, till it is of a capacity to receive of earth, as directed for the Sassafras-tree, there might be a
a quart; they then put into the hollow a bit of lighted number of these plants procured in England and, if sent ;

reed, and let it remain about ten minutes, which acting as a to the British colonies in America, they might be there cul-
stimulus, draws the fluid to that part: in the space of a tivated so as to become a public advantage. The Portuguese
night, the liquor fills the receptacle prepared for it, and the brought some of the Cinnamon-trees from the East Indies,
tree continues to yield a smaller and planted them upon the Isle of Princes, on the coast of
quantity for three successive
nights, when must be again applied but on a few repe-
fire ; Africa, where they now abound, overspreading great part
titions, it exhausted.
is Native Camphor, the capoor-bar- of the island. The Camphor-tree does not require any arti-
roos of the Malays, is a production for which Sumatra and ficial heat in winter; so that, if it be placed in a warm
dry
Borneo have in all ages been much celebrated ; the Arabians green-house, it will thrive very well. In winter it must be
being at a very early period acquainted with its virtues. sparingly watered, and in summer be placed abroad in a
Camphor, being of a dry nature, does not exude from the warm situation, not too much exposed to the heat of the sun.
tree, or manifest any appearance on the outside. The It may be propagated
by laying down young branches inthe
natives, from long experience, know whether any is contained autumn. -

within, by striking the tree with a stick ; in that case, they 4. Laurus Culilaban. Leaves triple-nerved, opposite.
cut it down, and split it with wedges into small pieces, find- Native of the East Indies and Cochin-china.
ing the Camphor in the interstices, in the state of a concrete 5. Laurus Montana. Leaves triplcd-nerved, ovate-acu-
crystallization. Some have asserted that it is from the old minate, perennial ; flowers raceme panicled. Native of
trees alone that this substance is procured, and that in the Jamaica.
VOL. ir. 68. G
24 L A U THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LAU
6. Laurus
Chloroxylon ; Jamaica Laurel, or Greenwood. ague, and people who are troubled with paralytic disorders,
Leaves three-nerved, ovate, coriaceous nerves would often
reaching the
; from small doses of them continued for
find relief
tip. This tree rises with a strong branched trunk to a very a considerable length of time. There is an oil or ointment
considerable height; the inward bark is of a light blood made from them, and kept in the shops, which is good for
colour, inclosing a strong greenish timber; leaves smooth, pains in the joints, the cramp, numbness of the limbs, &c.; it
resembling those of the Camphor-tree; fruit scattered up also alleviates pain in the ears, by being dropped into them;
and down upon the branches, about the size of a hazel-nut. and speedily takes away the black and blue marks occasioned
The wood is very tough and hard, answering better than any by blows and falls. The Germans call this plant lorbeerbaum ;
other sort for the cogs in the rolls of a sugar mill it is : the Danes laurbccrtrae ; the Swedes, lagerbarstrad ; the
generally esteemed as one of the best timber-woods in the French, laurier ; the Italians, alloro ; the Spaniards, laurel;
island of Jamaica, and used on all occasions where strength the Portuguese, loiro and loireiro ; and the Russians, lawr
and durability are required. or lawro woe derewo Native of the southern parts of
7. Laurus Glauca. Leaves nerved, lanceolate, perennial; Europe, and of Asia. Ray observed it in the woods and
branchlets tubercled ; This is a tree with
flowers solitary. hedges of Italy. Haller says it abounds in all the orchards
spreading branches. The expressed oil of the nuts is used about Moutru, near the lake of Geneva, According to
in Japan for making candles. Native of Japan. Scopoli, it is found in the woods of Istria. Bellonius
8. Laurus Pedunculata. Leaves nerved, oblong, entire ; remarked it on Mount Ida, and in very large trees on mount
flowers solitary, peduncled. Stem shrubby; branches round, Athos. Abbe St. Pierre
observes, that fine Bay-trees are
knobbed with fallen leaves. Native of Japan. no where more common than on the banks of the river Peneus
9. Laurus Nobilis ; Common Sweet Hay. Leaves ovate- in Thessaly, which might well give occasion to the fabled
lanceolate, perennial, veined, shining ; axils of the veins metamorphoses of Daphne, daughter of that river. Mr. Eve-
glandular underneath ; flowers in very short racemes. The lyn makes mention of Bay-trees thirty feet high, and almost
leaves are of a deep green, highly and pleasantly aromatic ;
two feet in diameter in the trunk. In the last century,
flowers borne by old trees only, pale yellow ; fruit black, the abundance of these trees were raised, with curious round
size of an unripe olive, strongly aromatic. This celebrated heads, and kept in tubs ; they were imported from the con-
plant has attracted the attention of all ages.
In England it tinent. The berries are ripe at the end of January or begin-
appears only as a shrub, but
in the southern parts of Europe ning of February, when they ought to be gathered, and pre-
it becomes a tree of twenty or thirty feet in height ; much served in dry sand till the beginning of March ; then, or as
in general, to put out suckers. There is soon as the weather becomes favourable, on a shady border
subject, however,
some confusion among persons ignorant of Botany, between of rich loose undunged soil, made fine, and well protected,
this plant and what we now commonly call Laurel (Prunus drop the berries in rows fifteen inches asunder, and four
Laurocerasus) which is known only to modern times. What inches in the row, sifting over them fine rich mould an inch
we now call Bay was formerly and correctly called Laurel, and thick : as soon as you perceive the plants to heave up the
the fruit alone was named Bayes. It is certainly the
Aa^rq earth, refresh them frequently but moderately with water in
the true Laurus of the Romans, the mornings when cold, in the evenings when mild weather,
(Daphne) of the Greeks, and
which was destined to furnish the Delphic wreath, to grace and continue to do so all the summer months. Let them
the head of the triumphant hero, to guard the gate of the remain two years, watering them during the second summer.
Caesars and the Pontifex Maximus, and to be placed on the This species is generally propagated by suckers but it may;

houses of the sick. The Delphic on her

priestess wore it be propagated by layers, so also may the tenth and thirteenth
head, and chewed the leaves, and then threw them on the species. The best way, however, is to sow the berries in
sacred fire. Mr. Miller makes three sorts of the Sweet Bay. pots, and plunge them into a moderate hot-bed, which will
1. The Broad-leaved Bay of Asia, Spain, and Italy, (almost bring up the plants much sooner than if they were sown
in

too tender for the open air in England,) with leaves much the full ground, and they will have more time to acquire
broader and smoother than those of the common sort. strength before winter ; but the plants
must not be forced
2. The Common which is seldom hurt with us except with heat, therefore they should be inured to bear the open
Bay,
in very severe winters ; of this there are two varieties, one air at the beginning of June, into which they should be

with plain leaves, the other with leaves waved on the edges. removed, where they may remain till autumn then the pots
:

3. The Narrow-leaved Bay, with very long narrow leaves, not should be placed under a common frame, that the plants
so thick as those of the two preceding, and of a light green ;
may be protected from hard frost, but in mild weather they
the plants are so young,
the branches are covered with a purplish bark, and the male may enjoy the free air ; for while
flowers come out in small clusters from the axils of the they are in danger of suffering
in hard frost. The spring
is to be found in the those sorts which will not live in the open air,
leaves, sitting close to the branches. It following,
nurseries with variegated leaves ; and other trifling varieties should be each transplanted into separate pots ; but the com-
are mentioned by old authors. The leaves and berries have mon sorts may be planted in nursery beds, six inches asunder
an aromatic astringent taste, and a fragrant smell ; the ber- each way,where they may grow two years, by which time
ries are much stronger than the leaves : both are accounted they will be fit to plant
where they are designed to grow :
the other sort must be constantly kept in pots, and should
stomachic, carminative, and uterine ; in which
intention the
every year be new potted, and,
as they advance in growth,
leaves are infused and drank as tea, and the essential oil of
the berries administered on sugar, or dissolved by means of they must have larger pots.
As these plants require shelter
of wine, in the dose of a few drops in winter, a few of them will be enough for a large green-
mucilages, or in spirits
:

are also useful in fomentations, &c. The berries

: house. Such as are intended to be increased by layers,
they very
are given in powder or infusion, they are of a more heating should be laid down in March or August ; the latter is the
nature than the leaves, and are excellent to attenuate cold best season, and by the second spring will make good plants.
thick viscid humours, create an appetite, remove obstructions, This sort will also grow by cuttings, though but slowly
the necessary evacuations after in the open ground; in the beginning of April, therefore,
promote the menses, and of tanner's bark, and cover
delivery. Four or five moderate doses will frequently cure the prepare a moderate hot-bed
 LA U OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L AU 25

earth plant the 12. Laurus Persea; Alligator Pear. Leaves ovate, cori-
it
eight inches deep with rich loose fresh ;

cuttings five inches deep, and eight or nine asunder, rubbing aceous, transversely veined, perennial ; flowers corymbed.
off their leaves ; water them gently every evening while the It grows to the
height of thirty feet, and has a trunk as large
weather continues warm, and cover the glasses with mats as our common apple-trees. The fruit is the size of one of
during the heat of the day : when the cuttings have shot, our largest pears, inclosing a large seed with two lobes,
let them receive all mild gentle showers, and the evening included in a thin shell ; the pulp is covered with a tough
dews the beginning of August the glasses may be taken off,
; skinny coat. This fruit is held in great esteem in the West
and replaced when the weather begins to be frosty, keeping Indies the pulp is of a pretty firm consistence, and has a
:

them open every mild day at the beginning of April follow-

; delicate rich-flavour ; it gains upon the palate of most
per-
ing, or as soon as the weather becomes temperate, remove sons, and becomes agreeable even to those who cannot like
both glasses and frames continue frequent and plentiful
;
it at first; but it is so rich and
mild, that most people make
waterings during the summer months,
as the weather may use of some spice or pungent substance to give it a
poignancy;
require, and the succeeding April they will be strong, well and for this purpose some make use of wine, some of sugar,
rooted, and fit for removal into the nursery, where, after some of lime juice, but most of pepper and salt. It seems
having cut away the superfluous roots and branches, atten- equally agreeable to the horse, the cow, the dog, and the
tively encouraging the leading shoot, they may be planted cat, as well as to all sorts of birds ; when plentiful, it makes
in a well-sheltered quarter of light mould, in rows three a great part of the delicacies of the negroes. Native of the
feet and a half asunder, and eighteen inches in the row. West Indies. This plant is propagated by seeds, which
Dig the ground in autumn and spring keep it clean, loose, ; should be obtained as fresh as possible from the countries of
and mellow in summer, and prune the plants annually in its
growth ; if they are brought over in sand, they will be
April. Let them continue three, but not more than four more likely to grow than when dry. Set them in pots filled
years before they are planted out where they are to remain. with rich light earth, plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark,
The Broad and Narrow-leaved Bay are not so hardy as the keeping them pretty warm, and water them frequently, but
common sort, and will scarcely live abroad whilst young, moderately, when the earth appears dry. In five or six
in common winters, without shelter. In severe winters the weeks the plants will come up. Treat them very
tenderly by
old trees are frequently killed, or at least the branches are keeping up the bed to a due temperature of heat; and when
much injured the plants are therefore frequently kept in
; the weather proves warm, admit the fresh air
by raising the
tubs, and housed in. winter. The Gold-striped Bay is also glasses a little. When they are about four inches high,
tender ; usually kept in pots, and housed with hardy
it is
transplant them very carefully and where there are several
;

green-house plants it will survive in the open ground, but

;
plants in one pot, part them, preserving a ball of earth to
will be tarnished and sometimes much injured in severe the root of each, and put them into
separate small pots
winters it is a strong rich variegation ; the method of filled with light rich earth, which
plunge into a hot-bed of
:

increasing it is by budding on the plain sort. The Common tanner's bark, shading them until
they have taken new
Bay will make a variety in all evergreen plantations, and as root after which, fresh air should be admitted to
;
them, in
it will
grow under the shade of other trees, where they are proportion to the warmth of the season. Towards Michael-
not too close, it is very proper to plant in the borders of mas the plants must be removed into the stove, and
plunged
woods, where they will have a good effect in winter. In a into the bark-bed, where, during the winter season,
they
warm dry sandy or gravelly soil, this tree will attain the should be kept in a moderate warmth, and
gently watered
height of thirty feet; but, to secure its fine verdure, it should twice a week. In the spring the plants should be shifted into
be planted in situations that are not exposed to north and pots a size larger, and the bark-bed should be then renewed
north-east winds, from which it frequently suffers in severe with fresh tan, which will set the
plants in a growing state.
winters, but generally recovers in summer. Not a single These plants must be constantly kept in the stove, for
they
branch should be taken from it, except in the spring. As an are too tender to bear the open air in this
country, but in
elegant and beautiful plant, yielding a most refreshing and warm weather they should have a large share of fresh air.
salubrious smell to a considerable distance, it cannot be too 13. Laurus Borbonia; Broad-leaved Carolina Bay, or
much encouraged and to persons of classical taste, it can
; Red Bay. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, perennial, veined ;
never fail to excite many pleasing ideas, by recalling to their fruits oblong, immersed in a berried In some
receptacle.
minds the distinguished manner in which it is mentioned in situations ne'er the sea, this rises with a straight
large trunk
Holy Writ, Psalm xxxvii. 35 and the various fine passages
; to a considerable height; but in the inland
parts of the
and allusions of the ancient poets. The leaves are much
country it is of an humbler stature.
10. Laurus Indica;
Royal Bay, or Indian Laurel. Leaves longer than those of the common Bay, and are a little woolly
oblong-lanceolate, perennial, somewhat glaucous underneath, on their under side. Berries blue, in red cups, two
the edges at the base rolled back ; racemes
growing
elongated. Flowers and sometimes three together. The wood is finely grained,
terminating, below racemed, above panicled. It is a large and of excellent use for cabinets, &c. especially some of the
tree, with ascending branches. Loureiro observes, that the best sorts, which resembles watered satin, and is
wood is of a yellow colour, not very beau-
heavy, good for building, tiful.
They will not live in sharp winters and should be ;

but still better for furniture. It is called

vigniatico in the kept in pots or tubs during the winter.
island of Madeira, and is
probably what is imported into 14. Laurus Exaltata. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, veined,
England under the name of Madeira Mahogany:
it is
hardly coriaceous, perennial, flat; racemes upright,
to be distinguished from
compound;
mahogany, except that it is some- calix cup-shaped, permanent. Native of Jamaica.
what less brown.
Native of Madeira, the 15. Laurus Triandra. Leaves broad, lanceolate,
Canary Islands, perennial,
Virginia, Japan, and Cochin-china. flat ; flowers three-stamined ; fruit covered by the calix.
11. Laurus Fcetens Madeira Laurel, or Til. Leaves
; Native of Jamaica.
veined, elliptic, acute, perennial ; axils of the veins villose 16. Laurus Coriacea. Leaves ovate-acuminate, flat, veined,
underneath ; racemes elongated, compound,
panicle-form. shining, coriaceous racemes upright, shorter than the leaves.
;

Native of Madeira and the Canarv Islands. Native of Jamaica.

 26 L AU THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L A U

17. Laurus Leucoxylon. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, It gives out its virtues both to
spirit and water, but most
perennial ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; calices incras- readily to the former. A decoction of Sassafras with sugar
sated, warted. It is called Loblolly, White-wood, or White was sold in coffee-houses at the end of the last century, under
Sweet-wood. Native of Jamaica. the name of bochet: there has been a shop
opened for the
18. Laurus Membranacea. Leaves .oblong, acuminate, sale of it in Fleet Street, under the name of for
saloop, many
veined, convex, coriaceous-membranaceous ; branches and ra- years past. Native of sandy soils in America. This tree
cemes upright, shorter than the leaf. Native of Jamaica. is
commonly propagated by the berries brought over from
19. Laurus Pateus. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat, mem- America. They often lie in the ground a whole year, and
branaceous ; racemes upright, diffused, longer than the leaves. sometimes two or three, if sown in spring, before they
Native of Jamaica. grow; therefore the surest way of obtaining the plant is,
20. Laurus Pendula. Leaves oblong, veined, membra- to get the berries put into a tub of earth soon after
they are
naceous, perennial ; racemes loose ; fruits pendulous ; calices ripe ; and as soon as they arrive, sow them on a bed of
deciduous. It grows twelve feet high. Native of Jamaica. light earth, putting them two inches in the ground. If the
21. Laurus Floribunda. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat, spring be dry, water them often, and shade them from the
membranaceous ; flowers raceme-panicled, loose, terminating. heat of the sun in the middle of the day. With this manage-
Native of Jamaica. ment many of the plants will corne up the first season; but as
22. Laurus Lucida. Leaves oblong, serrate branchlets
; a great many of the berries will lie in the ground till the next
in threes ; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile. This is a spring, so the bed should not be disturbed, but wait until
smooth tree, with round branches. Native of Japan. the season after, to see what will come up. The first winter
23. Laurus Umbellata. Leaves ovate, serrate ; branchlets after the plants come up, they should be protected from the
umbelled ; flowers in racemes. Stem shrubby, very much frost, especially in the preceding autumn, for the first early
branched. Native of Japan. frost at that season is apt to pinch the shoots of these
plants,
24. Laurus JEstivalis ; Willow-leaved Bay. Leaves veined, which when young are tender and full of sap, so will do
oblong-acuminate, annual, wrinkled underneath branches ; them more injury than the severe frost of the winter; for
superaxillary. Stalk shrubby, branching, eight to ten feet high ; when the extreme part of the shoots are killed, it greatly
bark purple flowers white, six-petalled at the top of the
; affects the whole plant. When they have grown a year in
branches; followed by green berries inclosed in reddish cups. the seed-bed, they may be transplanted into the nursery,
Native of swampy lands in North America. It may be pro- where they may stand one or two years to acquire strength,
pagated by seeds, when they can be procured, and by layers, and may then be transplanted into the places where they are
which put out roots pretty freely. This, and the two follow- to remain for good. Some of" them have been propagated by
ing, will live in the open air in England but the Sassafras
;
layers, but they are commonly two and sometimes three years
is often injured by very severe frosts, especially if it be in an before they put out roots, and will rarely take root at all
exposed situation ; therefore these plants should have a warm if
they are not duly watered in dry weather. The Sassafras
situation, and a loose soil and in moist ground this will
; makes a good appearance in summer, when fully clothed with
thrive much better than in a dry soil. its
large leaves, which being of different shapes, make an
25. Laurus Benzoin ; Common Benjamin Tree. Leaves agreeable variety with shrubs of the same growth.
nerveless, ovate, sharp at both ends, entire, annual. It rises 27. Laurus Involucrata. Leaves obovate ; umbels invo-
to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into many lucred ; branches watered by the fallen petioles. This tree is
branches flowers of a white herbaceous colour.
; Native of a native of Tranquebar in the East Indies.
Virginia. This tree has been confounded with the true Ben- 28. Laurus Myrrha ; Myrrh Laurel. Leaves three-nerved,
zoin tree ; for which see Styrax Benzoin. It may be
propa- ovate, with a long point; flowers heaped, sessile, axillary.
gated by sowing the berries, which generally lie long in the It is a small tree, five feet high, very much branched, with

ground, so that, unless they are brought over in earth, they an unarmed twisted trunk ; flowers white. The root is warm,
often fail. It may also be increased by layers, which put diuretic, emmenagogtie, antiputredinous, and anthelminthic.
out roots freely when the young shoots are made choice of. A red expressed from the berries, and having the smell
oil
26. Laurus Sassafras Sassafras Tree. Leaves entire, and
; and taste of the plant, is used by the Cochin-chinese in the itch,
three-lobed. This is generally a shrub, about ten feet high, wounds, pustules, and putrid ulcers, and against the worms
though it sometimes grows into a large tree leaves of dif-
; and insects that attack the human body. The whole plant
ferent shapes and sizes, on pretty long footstalks, of a lucid is
extremly bitter, and has the taste and smell of Myrrh to
green ; flowers three or four on each peduncle, small, yel- such a degree, that Loureiro suspects that it may be the plant
low, or greenish white berry blue when ripe.
; It is said which affords the true Myrrh. Native of Cochin-china.
that bedsteads made of the wood will never be infested 29. Laurus Polyadelpha. Leaves obscurely three-nerved,
with bugs indeed Loureiro remarks, that it is very proper
; lanceolate ; flowers axillary, polyadelphous. This is a large
for making cabinets in hot climates, because the smell is tree,with spreading boughs ; flowers reddish-white ; corolla
disagreeable to insects. It is of a light and
spongy texture, cup-shaped. Native of the mountains of Cochin-china.
has a fragrant smell, and a sweet aromatic taste. Both it 30. Laurus Curvifolia. Leaves obscurely three-nerved,
and the bark, which in America has been substituted for oblong, curved inwards ; racemes small, subterminating.
spice, are much used in the materia medica. Sassafras is This also is a large tree, with spreading branches ; flowers
used as a mild corroborant, diaphoretic, and sweetener, in white. Native of mountainous woods in Cochin-china.
scorbutic, venereal, cachectic, and catarrhal disorders. Infu- 31. Laurus Cubeba; White Laurel. Leaves nerveless,
sions made in water, from the cortical or woody part rasped veinless, lanceolate ; flowers heaped, peduncled. This is
or shaved, are commonly drank as a tea : and this, in some a middle-sized and very branching tree. Corolla white.
constitutions, from its fragrance, is said to affect the head at The berries are globular; they are corroborant, cephalic,
first, which inconvenience ceases on continuing its use a stomachic, and carminative. A decoction of them is service-
little time. It is made an ingredient in several diet-drinks, able in vertigo, hysterics, palsy, &c. The bark has the same
both empirical and such as are used in regular practice. qualities, but in an inferior degree. The natives use the
 LAX OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LEG 27

fresh berries as a sauce for fish ; the smell is fragrant, the TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: one-leafed, four-toothed, infe-

taste aromatic and warm they have the size, colour, and form
;
rior. Corolla: four-petalled. Berry: four-celled. Seeds:
of black pepper and being fastened to a long slender pedun-
; solitary. The species are,
cle, are not unaptly called piper caudatum, or
Tailed Pepper 1. Laxmannia Cuminosma. Fruit globose, slightly depress-
Native of Cochin-china; probably also of China. ed; petals twice the length of the calix. Native of Ceylon.
32. Laurus Pilosa. Leaves nerveless, oblong, hairy ;
2. Laxmannia Ankeenda. Fruit ovate, pointed ; petals
racemes wide, terminating. A large tree with spreading many times longer than the calix. A shrub about four feet
branches ; flowers polygamous, greenish-yellow. The wood high, with round leafy branches; flowers greenish-white;
is
yellow, durable, and fit
for building and turning. Native berry ovate, -pointed, dark green, with an aromatic flavour of
of the mountain-woods in Cochin-china. Cumin. Native of Ceylon and Malabar.
Lawsonia; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono- Laying of Trees and Shrubs is thus performed. First :
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four- having well dug the ground, and made it very light, take
cleft, small, permanent. Corolla : petals four, ovate-lanceo- some of the most flexible boughs, and lay them into the
late, flat, spreading. Stamina: filamenta eight, filiform, ground about half a foot deep, pegging them down with
length of the corolla, in twin pairs between the petals ; forked sticks if necessary, leaving the end of the layer a
foot or a foot and a half out of the ground ;
antherse roundish. Pistil: germen roundish; style simple, keep them
length of the stamina, permanent; stigma headed. Pericarp: moist during the summer season, and they will probably
capsule or berry globose, with a point, four-celled. Seeds: have taken root and be fit to remove in autumn, or, if not,
many, cornered, pointed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Ca- they must remain another season. Secondly : tie a piece of
lix: four-cleft. Petals: four. Stamina: in four pairs. wire hard round the bark of the bough, at the
place you
Capsule: four-celled, many-seeded. The plants of this intend to lay in the ground, and twist the ends of the wire
genus are all propagated by seeds sown on a hot-bed early securely; prick the part above the wire through the bark
in the spring, that the plants when they come up may have with an awl in several places, and then
lay it in the ground as
time to acquire strength before winter. When fit to remove, before directed. This method will often succeed when the
plant each in a small pot of light sandy earth, and plunge them other fails. Thirdly: cut a slip upwards at a joint, as is
into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, where they must be screened practised in laying Carnations ; which gardeners call
from the sun until they have taken new root; then treat tonguing the layers. Fourthly: twist the part of the branch
them as the Coffee-tree, only giving them less water, especi- designed to lay in the ground like a withy, if it be pliable,
ally in winter they are too tender to thrive in the open air,
: and lay it in the ground as directed above. Fifthly : cut the
they must therefore constantly remain in the stove, having bark all round at a joint, taking out small chips all the way
plenty of air in hot weather. The species are, below the cut, and lay that part in the earth. Though
1. Lawsonia Inermis Henna, or Smooth Lawsonia.
; branches may be laid at any time, yet the proper season for
Branches unarmed leaves subsessile, ovate, sharp at both
;
laying hardy trees that shed their leaves, is October; for
ends. Stem shrubby, eight or ten feet high ; flowers in such as are tender, the beginning of March; for evergreens,
loose terminating bunches, yellowish-white, with purplish June or July. When the boughs cannot be bent down into
stamina. This is supposed to be the henna, or al-henna, of the ground, lay them in baskets, boxes, or pots, filled with
the scriptures, translated camphire in Solomon's Song, and in fine mould mixed with a little rotten willow dust, and elevated
other places rendered cypress and myrrh. The leaves of by blocks or tressels. Too much of the -head must not be
this shrub are used
by the Egyptian women to colour their left on and the smaller the boughs are, the less way
;
they
nails yellow, as an ornament. Native of India and Egypt. should be left out of the ground. In trees of a hard wood,
2. Lawsonia
Achronychia. Branches unarmed; leaves on the young shoots but in trees of a soft wood, the older
;

long petioles, wedge-shaped. A smooth shrub, with round boughs will take root best. Many trees and plants will not
branches. Native of New Caledonia. put out roots from the woody branches, yet if the, young
3. Lawsonia Branches spiny. shoots of the same year be laid in July,
Spinosa; Prickly Laivsonia. they will often put
This rises with a woody trunk, about eighteen feet
high wood ; out roots very freely; but as these shoots will be soft and
hard and close, covered with a herbaceous, they must not have too much wet, which would
light gray bark; flowers white,
in racemed cause them to rot cover therefore the surface of the
terminating corymbs others say of a pale yellow-
; ;
ground
colour, and disagreeable scent. Native of the East Indies with moss, which will prevent it from
drying too fast, and
and Spanish West Indies. a Irttle water will suffice. To raise a quantity of trees by
4. Lawsonia Falcata. Leaves sickle-shaped, slightly layers, the required number should be headed down for
orenate.This is a shrub or small tree six feet stools, within a few inches of the ground, in autumn
high, very and ;
much branched flowers white, in a racemed the summerfollowing, they will afford plenty of young shoots
;
terminating
corymb. Native of Cochin-china. proper for laying in the autumn. In many trees, however,
Laxmannia ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono- it will be better to wait two in the mean
years; the ground
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. one-
Calix: time be dug winter, and constantly hoed as the
in
perianth may
leafed, bell-shaped, compressed, four-toothed, rather acute, weeds rise in summer. After the layers are taken
up, the stools
inferior, very small. Corolla: petals four, linear, must have all the wounded parts' taken
feathery, away, and the old
long, upright at the base, spreading, with inflected tip, a branches should be cut off pretty close to the stem in the ;
villose line on the upper
part, two more approximated than spring they will shoot out fresh branches, which may be
the rest. Stamina: filamenta six, linear below, laid the second year after.
upright,
awl-shaped at the tip, spreading, rather shorter than the Leadwort. See Plumbago.
corolla; antherse roundish, affixed to the back. Pistil: ger- Leatherwood. See Dirca.
men roundish, extremely villose; style shorter than the Lechea ; a genus of the class Triandria, order
stamina, Trigynia.
thick, cornered; stigma simple. Pericarp: subglobose, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth three-leaved;
tetragonal at the top, four-celled the cells covered
;
by a leaflets ovate, concave, extremely spreading, permanent.
membrane. Seeds: solitary, oblong, compressed. ESSEX- Corolla: petals three, linear, narrower than the
VOL. calix, but
ii. 68. H
 LEG THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LEG
almost longer, concave. Stamina: filamenta three, (some-
Lecythis; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
times four or five,) capillary, longer than the corolla, incum- gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth six-
bent on the pistil, equal ; antherae roundish. Pistil: germen leaved ; leaflets roundish, concave, permanent. Corolla :
ovate ; style none ; stigmas three, feathery, divaricated. petals six, oblong, obtuse, flat, very large, of which the
Pericarp capsule ovate, three-sided, three-celled (accord-
: two upper ones are very spreading; nectary petal-form,
ing to Gsertner, one-celled,) three-valved and also with three
; one-leat'ed, tongue-shaped, flat at the base, perforated for
internal valves converging towards the exterior ones, con- the germen, marginated ; a strap bent upwards from the
stituting partitions. Seeds: solitary, ovate, cornered inwards. lower side of the flower, linear, outwardly convex, thick at
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : three-leaved. Petals: the tip, ovate, together with the stamina covering the organs.
three, linear. Capsule: three-celled, three-valved, with as Stamina : filamenta extremely plentiful, inserted on every side
many internal ones. Seeds: solitary. The species are, into the interior disk of the buse of the nectary, very short,
1. Lechea Minor. Leaves linear-lanceolate flowers pani-
; thicker above; antherse oblong, small. Pistil: germen de-
cled. Root fibrous, perennial, putting up several upright pressed, acuminated, girt with the receptacle of the flower ;
simple stems, panicled at top, and round. Native of North style very short; stigma rather obtuse, conic. Pericarp:
America, in Virginia and Canada. rounded at the base, woody, girt above by the rudiments of
2. Lechea Major. Leaves ovate-lanceolate flowers late-
; the calix, truncated, subquadrilocular, circumcised, with
ral,wandering. Stem purplish, round, with simple, alternate, orbiculated operculum. Seeds :
several, glossy, with rough
remote branches. Stamina four, the two upper ones approxi- margin. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: six-leaved.
mating. Native of North America, in Virginia and Canada. Corolla: six-petalled. Nectary: ligulate, staminiferous.
3. Lechea Racemulosa. Leaves linear, acute, ciliate ;
Pericarp: circumcised, many-seeded. The species are,
panicles slender, very branchy, pyramidal; flowers small, 1. Lecythis Grandiflora. Leaves ovate; peduncles of the
alternate, pedicelled ; stalk erect. It grows in
sandy fields flowers thick. This tree grows to the height of thirty feet ;
from New Jersey to Carolina. flowers at the end of the shoots from the axils of the leaves,
4. Lechea Thymifolia. Leaves linear, acute ; panicles and also from the branches and shoots themselves corolla ;

leafy, elongated ; branches short ; flowers fasciculate, late- rose-coloured two petals longer and wider, and four smaller.
;

ral and terminal ;

pedicels very short ; flowers small, hoary- The kernels of the capsule are very good to eat. The
tomentose ; stalk erect ; the lower branches, which in most Caribs call canari makaque ; and the French, marmite de
it

species of this genus trail on the ground, have a great resem- singe, the ape's porridge-pot. It flowers in
January, and
blance to Thymus Serpyllum. Found on slate hills, and in fruits in April. Native of the forests of Guiana.
the dry barren woods of Virginia, in North America. 2. Lecythis Amara.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate;
5. Lechea Tenuifolia. Leaves very narrow ; panicles fruit small, with a bitter kernel. This is also a very lofty
divaricated ; branchlets alternate ; pedicels elongated, divari- tree; flowers small, yellow; capsule the size of an egg,
cated ; stalk erect. The lower branches in this species hard, woody, formed like a little oval pot ; the bitter kernels
have linear leaves, by which it is easily distinguished from of which are eaten by monkeys. The Creoles call it petite
the rest. The whole plant is very hairy. Found on dry marmite de singe. Native of Guiana.
gravelly hills from Virginia to Georgia. 3. Lecythis Parviflora. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
6. Lechea Verticillata. Leaves elliptical, serrated; flowers nate ; lid with the appendix woody,
fruit small, two-celled;
whorled. Stems several, spreading, or decumbent, a span produced inwards. not very lofty ; the boughs and
This is

long. Sent by Dr. Ruttler from Madras. twigs bend towards the ground ; flowers of a golden yellow
7. Lechea Chinensis. Leaves ovate-lanceolate spathes ; colour, and smelling very sweet. The bitter kernel is only
three-flowered, terminating; stem annual, manifold, creeping, eaten by monkeys. Native of Guiana, on the banks of rivers.
short; flowers from a large blunt spathe; petals blue, with 4. Lecythis Jacapucaya. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acu-
claws. Native of China near Canton. minate; fruit large, with an eatable kernel. It is a very lofty
Lechenaultia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mo- tree, the trunk sixty feet high or more, and upwards of two
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix, superior; tube feet in diameter ; the bark is rough and irregular, and the
of the corolla slit longitudinally on one side ; antherse coher- wood white, except towards the middle, where it is red; the
ing ; pollen of compound grains ; stigma obsolete, in the boughs extend every way, and are loaded with leaves ten
bottom of a two-lipped cover ; capsule prismatic, of two inches long; and two and a half wide; flowers at the extremity
cells and four opposite valves with central partitions seeds ; of the shoots, in pendent racemes ; the corolla consists of
cubical or cylindrical, shelly. (Brown.) The following six unequal petals, white, with rose-coloured edges; nectary

species are all natives of New Holland. rose-coloured; capsule thick, hard, woody, oval, rounded
* at bottom, convex at top, with a
Small shrubs with heath-like leaves ; flowers axillary or ter- point in the middle,
minal; capsule valvular; seeds cubical. which is the remains of the style; it is four inches in diameter,
1. Lechenaultia Formosa. Flowers axillary, solitary, droop- and five or six inches high. The Portuguese turn boxes
2. Le- and other toys out of these capsules the kernels of which
ing, without bractes; corolla smooth, two-lipped. ;

chenaultia Tubiflora. Flowers nearly terminal, solitary, are eaten, and are sweet, delicate, and preferable to almonds ;

slightly stalked ; corolla tubular, curved,

with a closed limb; they are sold in London under the name of Brazil nuts. Birds
leaves awl-shaped, with a small pellucid point. 3. Leche- and monkeys feed much upon them. The Brazilians extract
an oil from the kernels, which is much esteemed ; and the
naultia Expansa. Corymbs axillary, of few flowers; stalks
with a pair of bractes each ; corolla with one lip, in fringed Indians use the bark for making cordage, and as oakum for
segments. stopping the seams of boats. The wood being hard and
** Flowers opposite to a leaf; capsule opening durable, is ex-cellent for mill-work. Native of America, Brazil,
Herbaceous.
only when far advanced, its valves cohering by a narrow and Guiana.
neck; seeds cylindrical. 5. Lecythis Idatimon. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
4. Lechenaultia Filiformis. Leaves thread- nate; fruit small, four-celled. It resembles the preceding in
alternate,
shaped, somewhat compressed. height and leaves; flowers axillary, at the ends of the shoots;
 LEE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LEG 29

covering the stigma. Pistil: germen subglobose, superior

capsule an inch in diameter, woody
;

corolla rose-coloured ;
;

kernel bitter. Native of the forests of Guiana. style simple, shorter nectary; stigma headed.
than the

6. Lecythis Minor. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, petioled. Pericarp: berry orbiculate, depressed, quinque-torulose,
one-celled. Seeds: five, on one side gibbose, on the other
This is an elegant branching upright tree, sixty feet high ;

cornered. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: one-petalled.

flowers large; corolla and nectary white; fruit very hard,
cover falls oft' when the Nectary: on the tube of the corolla, upright,
five-cleft.
brown, two inches in diameter; the
but the pot Berry: five-seeded. The
fruit is ripe ; the dried pulp and seeds
follow ; species are,
or body of the capsule hangs on frequently two years
in an 1 . Leea Sambucina
Elder-leaved Leea. Stem, peduncles,
;

inverted state. relates, that, having eaten whole and leaves,-smooth. This is a small tree, resembling the
Jacquin
was seized with a nausea in half an hour after, accom- Elder; berry marked with from three to six swellings, black,
nut, he
The fruits are ripe in aromatic, containing from three to six seeds. Native of the
panied with a giddiness of the head.
East Indies, Africa, and New South Wales.
December. Native of woods about Carthagena, in New
in June and July. 2. Leea ^Equata Shrubby Leea. Leaves smooth
;
stem ;

Spain, flowering
Ledum ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono- and peduncles scurfy; corymbs trichotomous. Native of
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- the East Indies.
gynia. Leea. Stem
small, five-toothed. Corolla : one-petalled, flat, 3. Leea Crispa; Fringe-leaved angular,
leafed, very
divisions ovate, concave, rounded. Stamina: fringed, curled. Root tuberous; stem somewhat woody, but
five-parted; small.
filamenta ten, filiform, spreading, length of the corolla ; antherse annual, three feet high; flowers snowy white, very
oblong. Pistil: germenroundish ; style filiform, length of Native of Cape, and the East Indies.
trie
Leeks. See Allium Porrum.
the stamina stigma obtuse.
; Pericarp : capsule roundish,
base. Seeds : numerous, Leersia; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.
five-celled, gaping five ways at the
on each side, extremely slender. ES- GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: glume
oblong, narrow, sharp
SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-cleft. Corolla: flat, bivalve ; valves navicular, concave, compressed, ciliate,

gaping at the base. All prickly on the back, nearly equal the exterior larger, ;
five-parted. Capsule: five-celled,
these plants grow on mosses and bogs, where their roots oblong, mucronated the interior twice as narrow, linear,
;

cannot be preserved in a thriving acute. Nectary two-leaved leaflets lanceolate, acute. Sta-
spread freely; and therefore
;

state in gardens, except in similar soil and shady situation. mina: filamema three, (in some cases one to six) capillary,
the places of their growth, and shorter than the corolla; antherse oblong. Pistil: germen
They must be procured from
taken up with good roots, planted on a border of bog earth, ovate, compressed; styles two, capillary, short; stigmas
and frequently watered. The species are, feathered. Pericarp : none the corolla includes the seed.
;

1. Ledum Palustre; Marsh Ledum, or Cistus. Leaves Seeds: single, obovate, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHA-
linear, rolled back at the edge, tomentose
underneath. Root RACTER. Calix: none. Glume: two-valved, closed.
branched, running widely and deeply into the ground; stems
The species are,
or four feet long leaves resembling 1. Leersia Monandra. Panicle spreading; spikes remote,
shrubby, slender, three ;

those of Rosemary, but wider ; flowers on peduncles, an inch loose; spikelets directed all one way, roundish, one-stamined ;
or more in length, whitish, in axillary bundles; seeds very glumes even. Native of Jamaica.
2. Leersia Hexandra.
numerous, like saw-dust. It flowers here in April and May.
Panicle spreading; spikelets alter-
Native of the north of Europe. nate, six-stamined; glumes almost even. Native of Jamaica.
2. Ledum Latifolium Broad-leaved Ledum, or Labrador
;
3. Leersia Oryzoides. Panicle spreading; spikelets three-
Tea. Leaves oblong, rolled back at the edge, tomentose stamined ; keel of the glumes ciliate. This is a tall grass,
underneath ; flowers subpentandrous. This shrub grows more than two feet high, with rough leaves, and upright,
three or four feet high ; trunk as thick as a man's finger ; stiff, branching panicle ; the pedicels are flexuose ; and the

flowers very like those of the preceding. It flowers here flowers white with green lines. Native of the marshes of
in April and May. Bees are very fond of the flowers of Virginia ; introduced into Italy along with Rice ; found also
these plants. Animals do not browse on them, and they in Switzerland, the Palatinate, and Persia.
are reputed in some degree poisonous ; but are notwith- 4. Leersia Lenticularis. Panicles with subsolitary branches;
This
standing put into beer, in order to inebriate the smoke of ;
spikelets imbricated ; glumes orbiculated, ciliated.
them destroys bugs and other insects ; and the Russians are singular and elegant grass, Pursh informs us, he found on
said to use them in tanning leather. A decoction of them the island of Roanoak, in North Carolina, and observed it
is given "in the itch. Native of Greenland, Hudson's Bay, catching flies in the same manner as Dioncea Muscipula,
Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. (which see) to the leaves of which plant, the valves of the
3. Ledum Buxifolium Box-leaved Ledum.
; Leaves ovate- corolla bear a great resemblance. It grows in the wet

oblong, flat, smooth. This is a small shrub scarcely a foot gravelly woods of Illinois and Virginia.
high ; stem upright, roundish, rugged with scars, ash- Legnotis ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
coloured ; branches at stated intervals in a sort of whorl, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
leafy, or scarred, each subdivided and upright; corolla white. leafed, bell-shaped, half four or five cleft, permanent; divi-
Native of New Jersey and Carolina. sions ovate, acute, upright. Corolla : petals four or five,
Leea; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogynia. longer than the calix claws slender, almost the length of
;

GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: one-leafed,

perianth the calix, inserted into the receptacle; borders ovate, fringed
bell-shaped, coriaceous, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla : with a great many villose divisions. Stamina : filamenta six-
one-petalled ; tube the length of the calix ; border five-cleft; teen, twenty, or more, as far as fifty, filiform, equal, length
divisions ovate, acute; nectary placed on the tube of the of the calix, inserted into the receptacle antherse oblong, ;

corolla, and shorter than it, upright, pitcher-shaped, five- upright. Pistil: germen roundish; style cylindric, length
cleft; lobes emarginate. Stamina: filamenta five, inserted of the stamina ; stigma headed. Pericarp : capsule large,
below, within the nectary, between the lobes, incurved ; an- three-cornered, three-celled, three-valved, elastic. Seed:
theree ovate, versatile, before impregnation converging and solitary, on one side convex, on the other cornered. Observe.
30 L EM THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LEO
The number of parts of the fruit is sometimes increased by Lemniscia; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
a fourth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-cleft. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
Petals: five, jagged, inserted into the receptacle. Capsules: leafed, five-toothed, acute, short. Corolla: five,
petals
three-celled. The species are, linear, long,acute, recurved, growing to the nectary; nec-
1. Legnotis
Elliptica. Leaves elliptic ; flowers pedicelled. tary cup-shaped, fleshy, very short, girding the germen.
---Native of Jamaica. Stamina: filamenta numerous, (seventy to eighty,) capillary,
2. Legnotis Cassipourea. Leaves ovate ; flowers sessile. longer than the corolla, inserted into the nectary; antherae
This isa middle-sized tree ; the trunk five feet or more in roundish, small. Pistil: germen roundish, immersed into
height, branchy at top ; bark gray ; flowers axillary petals ; the nectary; style filiform, length of the stamina; stigma
white. Native of Guiana, where it flowers in January. obtuse. Pericarp: capsule five-celled. Seeds: solitary.
Lemna; a genus of the class Monojcia, order Diandria. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-toothed. Corolla:
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flower. Calix: one- five-petalled, recurved. Nectary: cup-shaped, girding the
leafed, roundish, gaping on the
side, obliquely dilated out- germen. Pericarp: five-celled. Seeds: solitary. The
wards, obtuse, spreading, depressed, large, entire. Corolla : only known species is,
none. Stamina: filamenta two, awl-shaped, incurved, length 1. Lemniscia Guianensis. The trunk rises from fifteen to
of the calix; antherae twin, globose. Pistil: germen ovate; twenty feet high, by a foot in diameter. Abundance of
style short, permanent ; stigma obscure. Pericarp: abor- twisted branches spread in every direction leaves alternate, :

tient. Female Flower, in the same plant with the male. Calix : smooth, firm, entire, ovate, acuminate, on a short petiole ;
as in the male. Corolla : none. Pistil: germen subovate ; the largest are five inches in length, and two in breadth ;
style short, permanent ; stigma simple. Pericarp : capsule flowers at the ends of the shoots, very numerous, in large
globose, with a point, one-celled. Seed: some, oblong, sharp corymbs, on a woody peduncle; corolla of a fine coral red.
at each side, nearly the length of the capsule, striated on The wood is white and compact. It flowers in August.
one side. ESSENTIALCHARACTER. Male. Calix: one-leafed. Native of Guiana, where it is called jouantan.
Corolla : none. Female. Calix: one-leafed. Corolla : none. Lemon Tree. See Citrus.
Style: one. Capsule: one-celled. These plants are all an- Lentil. See Ervum.
nual, and float on stagnant water. They were long thought Lcontice; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogy-
by some to be cryptogamous plants ; but their fructifications nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth six-leaved,
are now well ascertained. The species are, caducous ; leaflets linear, expanding, the alternate ones
1. Lemna Trisulca; Ivy-leaved Duck's-meqt. Leaves smaller. Corolla: petals six, ovate, twice the length of the
petioled, lanceolate; stem dichotomous, filiform, flatted, pro- calix nectary of six scales, which are semi-ovate, spreading,
;

liferous. It flowers from June to September. Native of foot-stalked, inserted into the claws of the petals ; equal.
most parts of Europe, in ditches and stagnant waters. Stamina: filamenta six, filiform, very short; antheree upright,
2. Lemna Minor; Least Duck's-meat, or Duckweed. two-celled, two-valved, gaping at the base. Pistil: germen
Leaves sessile, flattish on both sides ; roots solitary. The oblong-ovate; style short, somewhat columnar, obliquely
leaves are very small, collect into heaps by twos and threes, inserted into the germen; stigma simple. Pericarp: berry
and form extensive green plats on stagnant waters, covering hollow, globose-acuminate, inflated, one-celled, subsucculent.
the ditches. Each leaf drops a single radicle. This plant Seeds: few, globose. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
affords nourishment not only to ducks, but to the Fresh-water six-leaved, deciduous. Corolla : six-petalled. Nectary : six-
Polype, the Phalsena Lemnata, &c. Its quick and extensive leaved, placed on the claws of the corolla, spreading.
propagation make it troublesome in some cases ; but it The species are,
should always be borne in mind that it has been proved to 1. Leoiitice Chrysogonum ; Pinnated Lion's Leaf. Leaves
arrest a vast quantity of inflammable air from putrid water, pinnate; commonpetiole simple. Both this and the next
which it converts into vital elastic air fit for respiration. Hill species have large tuberous roots about the size of those of
in a dose of four or covered with a dark brown bark. The flowers of
says that the juice of this plant, taken Cyclamen,
five drops upon sugar, works powerfully by urine, and opens both also are upon naked peduncles; in the first yellow, in
obstructions of the liver; jaundice is said to have been cured the second smaller and paler. Native of the islands of the

by it alone. It flowers from June to September Linneus says, ; Archipelago, and of the corn-fields about Aleppo; flowering
in the dog-days; and is common in most parts of Europe. at Christmas. They seldom flower here till the beginning of
3. Lemna Gibba; Gibbous Duck's-meat, or Duckweed. April, and do not produce seeds in our climate.
To propa-
Leaves sessile, hemispherical underneath; roots solitary. The gate them, the seeds should be procured from abroad
in sand,

leaves are generally tinged with purple, the upper surface and sown as soon as they arrive, and covered with glasses in
convex and white. It flowers in July and August. winter. In spring, after the plants appear, let them have free
very
Native of several parts of Europe, in ditches and ponds. air in mild weather. If they are not too close, let them

4. Lemna Polyrhiza; Greater Duck's-meat, or Duckweed. remain unremovcd till the second year; but where they are
Leaves sessile; roots clustered. The leaves are much larger very close, take up a part of the roots in October,
and plant
than those of the common sort; they are thick, succulent, them close to a warm wall. In November lay some old tan-
and inflated. Linneus says it floats on the surface of the ner's bark over the surface, three or four inches thick; remove
water on the appearance of the swallows, and sinks again at this in March, before the roots begin to push, leaving a thin
their disappearance. All the species sink in the winter, and covering to prevent the spring winds from drying t'ne ground.
rise again in the It flowers in July and August. These roots should have a dry loose soil, and must be seldom
spring.
Native of most parts of Europe, in ditches and ponds. removed. October is the best time for removing them.
5. Lemna Obcordata. Leaves sessile, obcordate roots These, like most other tender bulbs, do best in a south
;

clustered. Native of the East Indies. border, in front of a green-house or stove covered with glasses,
6. Lemna Arhiza. Leaves in pairs, rootless. This minute They are very difficult to preserve, for the roots will not
species is not bigger than
an ordinary pin's head. Native of thrive in pots and in the full ground, the frost frequently
;

the East Indies. destroys them in winter, especially

when young.
 LEO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LEO 31

Common Lion's Leaf. Leaves Dent de Lion, from the toothing of the leaves. It is a com-
2. Leontice Leontopetalum ;
For further particu- mon weed in gardens, flowers from April to September, and
decompound; common petiole trifid.
is common all over Europe, in meadows, on walls, dry banks,
propagation, and culture,
lars, see the preceding species.
Native of the Levant, Tuscany, and Apulia. &c. Leontodon Palustris is probably a mere variety.
Leontodon Bulbosum ; Bulbous Dandelion.
2. Leaves
3. Leontice Thalictroides ; Columbine-leaved Lion's Leaf.
Stem-leaf triternate; floral-leaf biternate; stem simple. oblong-ovate, somewhat toothed, smooth calix even
; scape ;

Native of North America. See the first species. rough-haired at top, Root tuberous. Native of Montpellier
4. Leontice Triphylla ; Three-leaved Lion's Leaf. Leaves in the south of France, and of Italy.
3. Leontodon Aureuni; Golden Dandelion. Leaves run-
radical, ternate, bluntly toothed stalk radical, simple ;
;

flowers spiked. Perennial. Gathered by Mr. Menzies on cinate stem one-leafed calix hispid.
; ;
Root perennial, end-
the West coast of N. America. bitten, the thickness of a reed or of the human finger, with
blackish
Leontodon; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- long white fibres, white on the inside, bnt usually
gamia jEqualis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common without; scape, one or two, round, striated, upright, smooth
imbricate, oblong; scales, interior linear, parallel, equal; below, but hispid towards the top, with black hairs, and
it is from
exterior, fewer, often reflex at the base. Corolla : compound having a small scale or two at different heights ;

imbricate, uniform ; corollets

hermaphrodite, numerous, three to ten inches high, and has one flower at the top ;
sometimes there is a branch with a second flower. The
equal; proper one-petalled, strap-shaped, linear, truncated,
five-toothed. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, very short; flower is elegant, each floret being yellow on the inside, but
antherae cylindric, tubular. Pistil : germen subovate ; style saffron-coloured on the outside, both colours turning deeper.
filiform, length of the corollet; stigmas two, revolute.
Peri- Native of Switzerland, Austria, and Italy.
none. Calix: at reflex. 4. Leontodon Muricatum ; Prickly Dandelion. Leaves
carp: oblong, straight, length
down calices muricated, imbricate, loose, some-
Seeds :
solitary, oblong, rough ; capillary, foot-stalked. runcinate, rugged ;

naked, dotted. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. what reclining. Root perennial, fusiform, almost simple;
Receptacle:
Calix: imbricate, with loosish scales. Down: capillary. stems diffused, a foot and half high, branched, round, flexu-
Receptacle: naked, dotted. species that have
Most of the ose, somewhat striated, muricated, milky, red ; flowers yel-
been ranged by Linneus under this genus,have been separated low, two inches in diameter. The whole plant is rugged and
Native of the coast of the Mediterranean, near Tunis
by subsequent authors, on account of a difference in the calix, milky.
down, and receptacle. Perhaps none of the species ought and Algiers.
to have remained under this genus except the first. The Leonurus; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno-
following are the generic characters of the three genera
into spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. perianth one-
Calix:
which this has tTeen divided. 1. APARGIA. Calix: subim- leafed, tubular, cylindric-cornered, pentagonal, five-toothed,
bricate, with linear, parallel, unequal scales. Down plu- permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent; tube narrow;
mose, subsessile. Receptacle, naked, subvillose. 2. HEDYP- border gaping; mouth long; upper lip longest, semicylindric,
NOIS. Calix : calicled, with short scales. Down, none to the concave, gibbose, rounded, obtuse at the tip, entire, villose ;
outer seeds ; the inner have five almost erect awned chaffs. lower lip reflex, three-parted; divisions lanceolate, about
3. LEONTODON. Calix, imbricate Stamina : filamenta four, covered beneath the upper
Receptacle, naked. equal.
with loosish scales. Down, capillary. Receptacle, naked, lip,of which two are shorter ; antherae oblong, compressed,
dotted. The bifid in the middle, incumbent, sprinkled with very small
species are,
1 . Leontodon Taraxacum ; Common Dandelion. Lower elevated, globose, glossy, solid points. Pistil: germinafour;
calicine scales reflex ; leaves runcinate, even. toothletted, style filiform, of the length and situation of the stamina ;
Root perennial, tapering, milky, pale brown. In a very dry stigma bifid, acute. Pericarp: none; calix unchanged, con-
situation, the leaves vary from pinnatifid or deeply runcinate taining the seeds, which are shorter than it. Seeds : four,
to nearly entire ; in a very moist one, generally smooth, but oblong, convex on one side, cornered on the other. ESSEN-
sometimes a little rough. A single large yellow flower is sup- TIAL CHARACTER. Anthera: having shining clots sprinkled
ported on a hollow milky scape, covered with a kind of down over them. The species are,
towards, the top. The flowers expand about five or six in 1.Leonurus Cardiaca; Common Motherwort. Stem-leaves
the morning, and close early in the afternoon. Early in the lanceolate, trifid. The root seems to be perennial, though
spring, while the leaves are hardly unfolded, they are not an most authors mark it as biennial ; stem upright, hard, from
unpleasant ingredient in salads, and are said to be a powerful two to three feet high leaves somewhat like those of the
;

antiscorbutic. The French eat the roots, and the leaves Gooseberry whorls of flowers numerous corolla whitish on
; ;

blanched, with bread and butter. At Gottingen the roots the outside, elegantly stained with paler and darker purple
are roasted and substituted for coffee by the poor, who find within. The herb is bitter and tonic, with no very pleasant,
that an infusion prepared in this way can hardly be distin- though pungent smell. The whole plant may be used dried,
guished from that of the coffee-berry. A strong decoction is but the tops are best fresh cut. It is a
good medicine in
found serviceable in the stone and gravel whence it has, on ; hysteric disorders, and promotes the menstrual discharges;
account of its powerful diuretic enacts, obtained the vulgar it is likewise an excellent thing for palpitations of the heart,

name of Piss-a-bed among most European nations, as well as when they arise from hysteric causes. The best way of giving
the English. The expressed juice has been given to the quan- it is in form of a conserve, made from the
young tops ; or
tity of four ounces, three or four times a day; and Boerhaave it
may be given in decoctions, or a strong infusion, but is
had a great opinion of the utility of this and other milky very unpleasant to take that way. It cleanses the breast from
plants in visceral obstructions. When a swarm of locusts had tough phlegm, kills worms in the stomach and intestines, and
destroyed the harvest in the island of Minorca, many of the helps in the cramp and other convulsive disorders. The
inhabitants subsisted upon this plant. Goats eat it; swine Germans call this plant, herzgespaum or herzkraut ; the
devour it greedily; sheep and cattle are not fond of it; horses Danes, hiertespan; the Swedes, bonassla; the French,
refuse it; but small birds are fond of the seeds. Our com- agripawne, cardiaque, la cordiale ; the Italians, Spaniards,
mon name is well known to be a corruption of the French and Portuguese, ayripalma and cardiaca. Native of many
VOL. ii. 68.
 32 LE P THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; LEP
parts of Europe, on banks or under hedges, in a gravelly or 1.
Lepidium Perfoliatum; Various-leaved Pepperwort.
calcareous soil. It has been observed near Combe Wood in Stem-leaves pinnate-multifid branch-leaves cordate, embrac-
;

Surry, and in Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suf- ing, entire. Root annual; stem about a foot high, round,
folk, and Monmouthshire. This and the following species, upright, smooth, tinged with purple, dividing into many
when once planted in a garden, will soon multiply, especially slender branches ; from the ends of which
hang the flowers
if the seeds be
permitted to scatter. The roots will continue in long loose
spikes ; they are small and compressed, and
for many years. appear in July ; petals yellow* Native of Austria, &c.
2. Leonurus Crispus Curled Motherwort. All the leaves 2. Lepidium Vesicarium;
;
Bladdery Pepperwort. Joints
acutely serrate, very much wrinkled, unequally reflex at the of the stem inflated ; flowers white. Stem two or three feet
edge stem-leaves five-lobed. Stems several, from two to
;
high, remarkably inflated at the joints ; leaves pinnate, with
three feet high, upright; branches scarcely any at bottom, long narrow leaflets. Annual. Native of Iberia and Media,
but decussately opposite at top, slender, the length of a foot in
dry places, and flowers there in July.
or more ; whorls very numerous, terminating, distant, com-
Lepidium Nudicaule Naked Pepperwort. Scape naked,
3. ;

posed of many axillary flowers, heaped together in four divi- quite simple; flowers four-stamined; leaves pinnatifid. An-
sions flowers sessile, white.
; This is very nearly allied to nual. Native of Spain and the south of France.
the preceding species which see. Biennial. Native of
; 4. Lepidium Procumbens Prostrate Pepperwort.
; Leaves
Switzerland and the south of France. sinuate-pinnatifid, the outmost larger; scape naked stems ;

3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum
Small-flowered Motherwort.
;
prostrate, racemiferous. Petals wedge-shaped, white. Annual.
Leaves ovate and lanceolate, serrate calices sessile, spiny. Native of the South of France, and the
;
county of Nice.
From a branched fibrous, whitish root, a stem rises three feet 5. Lepidium Alpinum; Alpine
Pepperwort. Leaves pin-
high, and almost twice as high in gardens, upright, leafy, nate, quite entire ; scape subradicate ; silicles lanceolate,
branched corolla flesh or saffron coloured. It flowers from
; mucronate. Root perennial, slender. The whole plant is
It is found in Austria,
July to August. Hungary, Bohemia, very smooth, and has the same taste with cress flowers ;

Germany, Piedmont, the Ukraine, on the eastern coast of tetrandrous ; petals milk white, quite entire, wide. Native
Africa, in Zanguebar, and even in the island of Java. The of the Alps, of Germany, Switzerland, and
Italy. It flowers
seeds of this, and the two following species, should be sown from April to June, and in the Alps from May to August.
in the spring, upon a bed of common earth, and require no 6. Rock
Lepidium Petraeum; Pepperwort. Leaves pin-
other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin them nate, quite entire ; petals emarginate, smaller than the calix.
where they are too close. In autumn they may be transplanted Root biennial, taper, and fibrous ; stem much and alternately
where they are designed to flower and seed. branched ; leaves dark green, elegantly pinnate, with an odd
4. Leonurus Tataricus Tartarian Motherwort. Leaves lobe; flowers in a close corymb, gradually out
;
lengthening
three-parted, jagged; calices villose. Corolla flesh-colour. into a spike, very minute, erect; silicle exactly oval, flat.
Mr. Miller says there are two distinct varieties, one with It flowers in March and
April. Native of Oeland, Austria,
smooth stalks and leaves, and the other very hairy. It is a Switzerland, Dauphiny, Silesia, England ; and, according 10
biennial plant, native of Russia ; and Gmelin says, growing Loureiro, of China. With us it is found on St. Vincent's
all over Siberia. Rocks, and on the walls near Bristol ; at Uphill in Somerset-
5. Leonurus Sibiricus ; Siberian Motherwort. Leaves shire ; near Pembroke, &c.
three-parted, multifid-linear, bluntish. Stems several, from 7.
Lepidium Cardamines. Root-leaves pinnate; stem-
eighteen inches to about a yard in height, tinged with purple; leaves lyrate. Stems a span high, branched. Native of
branches seldom more than two or three pairs ; flowers in Spain, by way-sides, in a dry clay soil.
close whorls; corolla red. Gmelin asserts that it is a mere 8. Lepidium Spinosum ; Prickly Pepperwort. Leaves
variety of. the preceding, with much larger flowers, and the pinnate; leaflets lunate, the outer elongated; branches mu-
upper lip almost equal to the lower. Native of Siberia and cronate. Stem a span high, stiffish, thickish, awl-shaped,
China. branched at bottom ; branches awl-shaped, quite simple,
Leopard's Bane. See Doronicum. sirT, spiny at the end ; flowers scattered, white, on a very

Lepidium ; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Sili- short stiff' peduncle. Annual. Native of the Levant.
culosa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four- 9. Lepidium Sativum ; Garden or Common Cress. Flowers
leaved leaflets ovate, concave, deciduous.
;
Corolla : four- tetradynamous ; leaves oblong, multifid ; root annual, white,
petalled, cross-shaped; petals obovate, twice the length of fusiform, slender. Stem upright, round, smooth, from a foot
the calix, with narrow claws. Stamina : filamenta six, awl- to two feet in height, branched at top; both stem and branches

shaped, length of the calix, the two opposite ones shorter ;

terminated by loose narrow spikes of small flowers, which
antherae simple. Pistil: germen heart-shaped ;
style simple, have white petals ;
silicle roundish, without any style ;
seeds
length of the stamina; stigma Pericarp: obtuse. silicle small, rufescent, ovate, marked with lines, having a sharp
heart-shaped, emarginate, compressed, sharp on the margin, taste like Mustard. Of this plant, so much used in winter
two-celled ; valves navicular, keeled, opposite the lanceolate and spring salads, there are several varieties ; one with broad
dissepiment. Seeds : some ovate-acuminate, narrower at the leaves, another with curled leaves, and the common sort.
base, nodding. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Silicle: emar- The young plant, though inferior to Scurvy Grass, (see Coch-
ginate, cordate, many-seeded; valves keeled, contrary. If learia Officinalis,) may, however, be of some use as a diuretic
the seeds of the annual sorts be sown in autumn, the plants and antiscorbutic, if taken
largely. The seeds are sown in
will appear in April, May, and June, and the seeds will ripen pretty close drills during the winter on moderate hot-beds,
a month after. If these be permitted to scatter, the plants in spring and autumn on borders, and are soon fit for use.
will come up in autumn and require no other care but to
; It should be cut young, otherwise it will be too rank.
thin and weed them. The perennial sorts are easily propa- 10. Lepidium Lyratum. Leaves lyrate, curled. Stalks a
gated, for every piece of root will grow and multiply wher- foot high, dividing into a great number of slender branches,
ever it is
planted, and will be difficult to root out of a garden having small oblong leaves on them, which are cut on their
when once established. The species are, sides, and a little curled on their edges. The stalks and
 LE P OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LE P 33

leaves are of a gray colour, inclining towards hoariness. The coast ; at Maldon in Essex Wisbeach in Cambridgeshire
; ;

flowers, which are very small and white, appear in July. near Yarmouth, Lynn, and Clay, in Norfolk ; by the Severn
It is biennial ; native of Spain and the Levant. above Worcester; near King's Weston below Bristol; near
11. Lepidium Latifolium; Broad-leaved Pepperwort, Poor Truro in Cornwall ; and upon the coast of Scotland.
Man's Pepper, or Dittander. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 18. Lepidium Virginicum
; Virginian Pepperwort. Flow-
entire, serrate. Root perennial, long, branching, spreading ers tetrapetalous stem-leaves lanceolate-linear, serrate, pin-
;

very far ; stems erect, a yard high or more, alternately natifid lower ones pinnate.
; Root annual, single, white, an
branched, leafy, round, smooth, frequently flexuose, pani- inch long; stalk round, whitish, gree-n, a foot and half high;
cled at top, with numerous branches of small white flowers, flowers small, white, four-petal led. The inhabitants of the
in little corymbs. The young leaves are sometimes eaten in West Indies eat the leaves of this species in their salads as we
salads ;
they have a pungent acrid taste. This plant is one do those of the Garden Cress. It flowers in June and July.
of the ancient antiscorbutics, and was formerly used instead Native of all the Caribbee islands, and Virginia.
of Horse-raxlish. An infusion of the whole plant vomits but ; 19. Lepidium Divaricatum ; Divaricated Pepperwort.
an infusion of the fresh -gathered leaves is a good diuretic, Leaves pinnatifid ; stem very much branched ; silicles ovate,
and cleanses the kidneys and bladder from gravel it likewise ;
subemarginate. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. It

promotes the menses, and the necessary evacuations after flowers from May to August.
delivery. The leaves chewed in the mouth, excite a dis- 20. Lepidium Iberis Bushy Pepperwort, or Sciatica
;

charge of watery humours from the head, and cure the tooth- Cress. Flowers two-stamined., four-petalled lower leaves
;

ache. As the leaves possess a hot biting taste like pepper, lanceolate, serrate; upper leaves linear, quite entire. This
instead of which they have been often used by the country has a long fleshy root, which runs deep into the ground, and
people, it has obtained the name of Poor Man's Pepper. It sends out many oblong leaves spreading flat on the ground ;

is a native of several parts of Europe. In England it is found stalks slender, stiff, branching out horizontally on every side,
at Hythe near Colchester; Haybride near Maiden; in the about two feet high. The flowers are diandrous, and come
marshes near Grays, and other parts of Essex below Shering- ; out in small close clusters at the ends of the branches they ;

hatn cliffs in Norfolk; between Beningborough and Mitton in are white, and appear in June and July. This plant, says
the North Riding of Yorkshire; plentifully near Seaton about ;
Meyrick, has been long noticed for its efficacy in the sciatica,
the castle of Weems :and in Fifeshire. It flowers in July. or hip gout. The method of using it is as follows : bruise a
12. Lepidium Oleraceum; Notch-leaved Pepperwort. good quantity of the root in a mortar, and mix it into an
Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, serrate; flowers four-stamined, ointment with hogs-lard. Let the hip and adjoining parts be
white, two lines in diameter. Stem perennial, herbaceous, well nibbed with this ointment, and afterwards covered with
round, from upright ascending, with panicled branches, a thick plaster of the same, which must remain upon the part
from a foot to a yard in height. This plant, with Apium or till it becomes inflamed. It is then to be removed, and after

Smallage and Tetragonia Halimifolia, was of considerable the parts have been anointed with a mixture of oil and wine,
service to the ships' crews of the lamented Captain Cook, the patient must go into a warm bath; which generally com-
when they lay in Charlotte Sound ; of which place, and of pletes the cure. But if any of the pain remains, or the dig-
New Zealand, it is a native. orders threatens a return, the whole process is to be repeated
13. Lepidium Subulatum; Awl-leaved Pepperwort. Leaves in a fortnight or three weeks' time. Native of the south of
awl-shaped, undivided, scattered ; stem suffruticose. Root France, Italy, Sicily, Germany, Spain, and Siberia. The
perennial petals white
; racemes terminating, simple.
; roots will abide several years in a dry soil. If the seeds be
Native of Spain. This may be increased by seeds or cuttings. permitted to scatter, they will come up early in the spring
14. Lepidium Graminifolium ; Grass-leaved Pepperwort. without care.
Leaves linear, the upper ones quite entire; stem panicled, 21. Lepidium Bonariense. Flowers two-stamined, four-
wandlike; flowers six-stamined, small, white. Root perennial. petalled; petals minute; all the leaves pinnate-multifid.
Native of the south of Europe. The flowers are so small that they cannot be seen with the
15. Lepidium Suffruticosum; Shrubby Pepperwort. Leaves naked eye. Native of Buenos Ayres, Brazil, and other parts
lanceolate-linear, slender, quite entire; stem suffruticose, two of South America it has also been found in the southern
;

feet high; Sow the seeds on a moderate hot-bed

corymbs small, white. Native of Spain. extremities of Africa.
16. Lepidium Didymum; Procumbent Pepperwort. Flow- in the spring, and when the plants have obtained
strength,
ers two-stamined Root annual, transplant them on a warm border.
; leaves pinnatifid ; fruits twin.
small, fibrous stems procumbent, hairy, alternately branched,
; 22. Lepidium Chalepense. Leaves sagittate, sessile,
leafy, a foot long flowers
; small, with two or four sta-
very toothed. Roots creeping flowers in loose bunches at the
;

mina; silicle very distinctly two-lobed, rugged. This plant ends of the branches, small, and white. Native of the Levant,
escaped Ray and Dillenius. Hudson mentions it as a native about Aleppo. This is a perennial plant, which plentifully
of Devonshire and Cornwall, among rubbish near Exeter, ; increases by its creeping roots.
Truro, and Penryn; and at Dale near the entrance of Milford 23. Lepidium Piscidium. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute,
Haven. It flowers in July. flowers tetradynamous. Stem herbaceous, two
quite entire ;

17. Lepidium Rudera'le; Narrow-leaved Pepperwort. feet high, with the branches spreading at bottom, and thence
Flowers two-stamined, apetalous; root-leaves
tooth-pinnate; ascending, round and even peduncles round, even, almost
;

branch-leaves linear, quite entire. Root annual, or biennial,

upright, two hands in length ; flowers small, and white.
long, fibrous; stem a foot high, usually crooked, woody, stiff, Native of Botany island. Teautea, and Huaheine, in the South
branched; leaves fleshy, smooth; peduncles slender; flowers Seas. It is used by the inhabitants for taking fish by inebriating
white, very small, in clustered spikes or racemes; calices pale them and, though very acrid, was used by our navigators in
;

yellow; silicles numerous, small, much compressed; seed their salads along with the twelfth species, which it resembles,
one in each cell. This plan thas a pungent taste, and a fetid
though differing in essential marks. It is perennial, and will
smell like the fox. It flowers in June and July. Native of increase abundantly by its
creeping roots.
most parts of Europe in waste places, especially near the sea-
Leptospermum ; (South Sea Myrtle,) a genus of the class
34 LEP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LEU
Icosandria, order Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. villose. Flowers small, solitary, terminating the short sub-
Calix : perianth half superior, in five deep, ovate-oblong, or divisions of the branches, and remarkable for the
very long
roundish, often coloured segments. Corolla: petals five, and fine white spreading hairs, like a spider's web, which
with claws, roundish, equal, twice the size of the calix, and clothe the germen and whole calix. Brought from New
much longer than the stamina. Stamina : filamenta numerous, South Wales.
inserted into the calix, awl-shaped, incurved, shorter than the 8. Leptospermum Juniperinum. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
corolla; antherae small, roundish, two-lobed. Pistil: germen sharp-pointed; branchlets silky; calices smooth; teeth mem-
half inferior, turbinate style simple, columnar, erect, about
; branaceous, coloured, naked. Flowers numerous, white,
the length of the stamina ; stigma capitate, umbilicate, undi- solitary, at the ends of the leafy shoots. Imported from New
vided. Pericarp: capsule roundish, coated in the lower part, South Wales.
of three, four, or five cells, and as many valves, bursting at 9. Leptospermum Baccatum. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
the upper part, the partitions from the middle of each valve sharp-pointed ; bractes smooth ; germen and calix-teeth,
opposite to each calix-tooth. Seeds: numerous, linear, some- downy; capsule with a pulpy coat. This is a low depressed
what angular, tapering at each end, very small, inserted into shrub. The flowers seem to be yellow, and by the appear-
the central column. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: ance of the dried fruit it must be very pulpy. Native of New
five-cleft, half-superior. Petals: five, with claws, longer than South Wales.
the stamina. Stigma: capitate. Capsule: three to five celled. 10. Leptospermum Ambiguum. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
Seeds : angular. The species are, recurved at the point; calices smoothish; teeth leafy, lanceo-
1. Leptospermum Scoparium; New Zealand Tea, or Com- late, naked ; stamina longer than the corolla. It forms a
mon South Sea Myrtle. Leaves ovate, mucronate, obsoletely handsome bushy evergreen shrub, blossoming plentifully in
three-nerved ; smooth
calices teeth membranaceous, co- the green-house in summer. The branches are
;
downy ; leaves
loured. This is a small tree or shrub, sometimes growing numerous, crowded, dark-green, channelled, dotted, recurved
to a moderate height, and generally bare on the lower at the tip. Flowers white. Received from New S. Wales.
part, with a number of small branches growing close together 11. Leptospermum Virgatum. Leaves opposite, linear-
towards the top the younger ones silky.
;
The under- oblong, bluntish ; stalks axillary, three-flowered; umbels ter-
wood in Adventure Bay and Van Diemen's Land, chiefly minating. The under surface of the leaves is covered with
consists of this shrub. It grows commonly in dry places dark resinous spots. Gathered by Forster in New Caledonia.
near the shores in New Zealand. The leaves were used by 12. Leptospermum Triloculare. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
Captain Cook's ships' crews as tea ; whence they named it sharp-pointed; calix silky; teeth coloured, minutely fringed;
the Tea-Plant. The leaves have a very agreeable bitter fla- stamina fifteen ; capsule three-celled. Native of New Hol-
vour, with a pleasant smell when fresh but lose something
; land.
of both when dried. The infusion made strong proved emetic Lerchea; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Pentan-
to some in the same manner
as green tea. It was also used dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
with spruce leaves in equal quantity, to correct their astrin- tubular, five-toothed,
permanent. Corolla: one-petalled,
gency in brewing beer from them ; and they rendered the funnel-form tube longer than the calix ; border five-parted,
;

beer exceedingly palatable. This plant is easily kept in our rather erect. Stamina: filamenta scarce any, but the tube
and is covered in summer with elegant white of the germen antherae five, oblong, seated on the tube of
green-houses, ;

blossoms, whose calix-teeth, stamina, and style, are purplish. the germen. Pistil: germen subovate, superior, terminated
2. Leptospermum Aromaticum. Leaves linear-lanceolate, (within the corolla) by an obtuse tube ; style within the
nerveless, quite entire ; calicine segments coloured, decidu- tube of the germen, filiform, length of the stamina ; stigmas
ous. It flowers in July. Native of New Zealand. two or three, rather obtuse. Pericarp: subglobose, torulose,
3. Leptospermum Flavescens. Leaves linear-lanceolate three-celled, sometimes two-celled. Seeds: very many.
obtuse, nerveless ; calices smooth ; teeth membranaceous, ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-toothed. Corolla:
coloured, naked. Petals white, often with a purple tinge, funnel-form, five-cleft. Antheree : five, placed on the tube
turning yellowish in drying. Dr. Smith received it from New of the germen. Style: one. Capsule: three-celled, many-
South Wales. seeded. The only known species described is,
4. Leptospermum Attenuatum. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 1. Lerchea Longicauda. This is an irregular growing
acute, three-nerved ; calices silky, villose ; teeth membrana- shrub, with sordid jointed branches ; leaves opposite, lan-
ceous, coloured, almost naked. The flowers of this seem to ceolate, petioled, even, quite entire, a foot long; stipules
have been white, and generally grow two together on short ensiform, shorter than the petioles ; spike terminating, fili-
flower-stalks, which are silky like the calix. This was also form, a foot in length; with remote, scattered, minute flowers.
received by Dr. Smith from New South Wales. Native of the East Indies.
5. Leptospermum Lanigerum. Leaves obovate, lanceolate, Leskia; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci, or
obscurely three-nerved ; calices clothed with long shaggy hairs. Mosses. GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsule: oblong; peri-
This species varies with smooth and downy leaves ; and the stome double; the exterior with sixteen teeth, which are
calix is sometimes merely silky, sometimes clothed with long acute the interior membranaceous, divided into equal seg-
;

and thick projecting down. Some of the varieties are to be ments. Males: gemmaceous in different individuals. This
met with in Kew Gardens. Imported by Dr. Smith from genus is united to as agreeing therewith entirely in
Hypnum,
New South Wales. habit, and the uncertain character of the
differing only in
6. Leptospermum Parvifolium. Leaves obovate, nerveless ; inner fringe, which is furnished with sixteen simple teeth, in-
branchlets and calices silky, villose ; teeth membranous, co- stead of double or compound ones.
loured, naked. Flowers terminal, solitary, small, white. The Lettuce. See Lactuca.
leaves are not a quarter of an inch long, flat, thickish, Lettuce Lamb's. See Valeriana.
dotted, smooth, on short stalks. Imported from N. S. Wales. Leucoium ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
7. Leptospermum Arachnoideum. Leaves awl-shaped, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe oblong,
sharp-pointed ; branchlets rough-haired calices and teeth
; obtuse, compressed, gaping on the flat side, withering.
 LEU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY LEW 35

Corolla: bell-shaped, expanding; petals six, ovate, flat, con tinguished by four or five capillary leaves, which begin
its

joined at the base; \vitli the tips thickisli and stiffish. Sta to spring up the flower is past, when the seeds are
after
mina: filamenta six, setaceous, very short ; antherae oblong ripening, and sometimes after the heads are ripe. They
obtuse, quadrangular, upright, distant. Pistil: germen abide all the winter and spring following, and wither away
roundish, inferior; style clavate, obtuse; stigma setaceous in the beginning of summer, leaving the scape to appear

upright, sharp, longer than the stamina. Pericarp: capsuh naked. The flowers are a little reddish at the bottom next
top-shaped, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: several, round the stalk. It flowers in September, and is a native of Por-
ish. Observe. The third species has a filiform style. Es tugal and Spain.
SENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: bell-shaped, six-parted, 4. Leucoium Strumosum. Spathe two-leaved, many-flow-
thickened at the tips ; stigma simple. These bulbs are ered flowers erect; style inflated at the base, globular;
;

increased by offsets, which the two first sorts put out pretty bulb roundish, white, less than a hazel-nut; scape flexuose,
plentifully in a favourable situation, where they are not too erect, slender, about half a foot high, roundish, terminated
often removed. They should have a soft loamy soil, and an by a spreading umbel of from three to seven flowers; flowers
exposure to the east. Plant the roots six inches asunder without scent, coming out successively petals white within,
;

and four or five inches deep. They should not be trans- purplish without. It flowers in November, and is a native

planted ofteiier than every third year. A north or east border of the Cape of Good Hope, and must be housed and treated
is best for them and the proper soil a mixture of loam and
; in the same way as other Cape bulbs.

bog-earth. In different aspects, however, their flowering Levisanus; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
may be forwarded or protracted, and thus a longer succession gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth common
of ihese and other (lowers produced.- The species are, hemispheric, imbricated, many-flowered leaflets linear peri-
; ;

1. Leucoium Vernum ; Great Spring Snowdrop. Spathe anth proper, one-leafed, superior, five-toothed, sharp, upright,
one-flowered; style club-shaped; leaves flat; bulb oblong, permanent. Corolla: petals five; claws slender; borders
shaped like that of Daffodil, but smaller; scape angular, oblong, shorter. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, inserted
near a foot high, hollow, and channelled ; corolla much larger into the bottom of the perianth; antherx oblong. Pistil:
than that of the Common Snowdrop; and the ends of the gernien top-shaped, inferior; styles two, conjoined into one,
petals are green. The flowers, which at first sight resemble or else distinct and approximated, capillary ; stigma simple.
those of the Common Snowdrop, are easily distinguished by Pericarp : berry corticated, ovate, incrusted by the calix,
the absence of the three-leaved nectary. They do not come with the tip free, two-celled. Seeds : five or six, oblong,
out so soon by a month. This plant being of a different compressed. Receptacle of the seeds: fungous, large in the
genus from the true Snowdrop, ought certainly to have middle of the partition. Receptacle: common, globose, vil-
another English name; Mr Curtis therefore calls it Spring lose, chaffy. Observe. The fruit of all the species is not
Snow/lake. Parkinson had already called it Great Early yet known. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Flowers aggregate,
Bulbous Violet ; and Gerarde, Lale-Jlowering Bulbous Violet. Calix: one-leafed, superior, five-cleft. Corolla: five-petalled.
Native of Italy, the south of France, Germany, Austria, uperior. Filamenta: superior; filamenta inserted into the
and Switzerland. base of the perianth styles two, conjoined ; berry two-celled.
;

2. Leucoium .Estivum ; Summer Snowdrop. Spalhe Seeds: five or six, compressed. The species are,
many-flowered ;
styles club-shaped ; leaves flat ; bulb the 1. Levisanus Nodiflorus. Leaves imbricate, three-sided,
size of a chesriut, somewhat ovate, brown, acute ; calix five-parted ; petals five, linear, having a chink
outwardly pale
inwardly white ; coats numerous, thin, and closely com- on each side of the claw, with a converging margin ; recep-
pacted ; flowers pendulous, growing all one way, having little acle double. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
scent ; petals while, finely grooved within, not at all 2. Levisanus Paleaceus. Leaves in five rows, imbricate,
uniting
at bottom, the tips, thickisli, a little
puckered, and marked >ressed close ;
corymb terminating ;
chaffs of tUe heads
with a green spot; seeds large, black, and The
glossy. landing out; flowers many, panicled; styles two; recepta-
flowers appear at the end of
April or the beginning of May, cle hairy. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
and there is a succession of them during three weeks, or ;5. Levisanus Abrotanoides. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
longer in cool weather. Mr. Curtis, to distinguish it from preadiug, three-sided, callous at the tip beads of flowers
;

Galanthus, names it Summer Snowjlake: in the gardens it globular, terminating, subumbelled, on round peduncles;
is known
by the name of Great Summer Snowdrop; Late or orolla white. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
Tall
Snowdrop : Parkinson calls it Great Late flowering Bui- 4. Levisanus Radiatus. Leaves linear, three-sided ; calix
bom Violet ; and Gerarde, Great Many the inner leaflets coloured ; stem from a foot to two
-flowering Bulbous ayed ;
Violet. Native of Hungary, Austria, Caruiola, and eet in height, the size of a swan's quill, upright, round, leafy,
Tuscany,
Silesia.Mr. Curtis first 'observed it in carred, determinately branched, dichotomous or trichoto-
England between
Greenwich and Woolwich, about half a mile below the for- nous ; the branches rod-like, hairy; common corolla dusky,
mer place, close by the Thames side, just about high water ot at all glutinous. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
mark, along with Ueed, Marsh Marigold, and other common 5. Levisanus Glutinosns. Leaves linear, three-sided ; calix
water-plants, and in a similar situation to that in which it is ayed, all the leaflets coloured ; stem from a foot to two feet
found wild iii Austria. It has also been found wild in the n height, the^size of a swan's quill, upright, round, grooved,
Isle of
Dogs, which is the opposite shore, and grows more carred, very much branched ; branches proliferous, hairy ;
luxuriantly in those places than in gardens, where it seldom oininon corolla dusky, very glutinous receptacle chaffy.
;

has a soil or situation Mr. Gough found Vative of the Cape of Good Hope.
sufficiently moist.
it on a small island about three miles
south of Kemtal, upon Lewisia ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogy-
the dam of a gunpowder mill. ia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: coloured, scario.se,
3. Autumnale; Autumnal Snowdrop. Spathe
Leiicoiiini rom seven to nine-leaved, patent. Corolla: containing from
two-leaved, many-flowered; styles and leaves filiform bulb ; ourteen to eighteen petals, white, lanceolate, patent. Stu-
thick for the size of the
plant, composed of many glutinous inia : filamenta from fourteen to eighteen, inserted on the
coats, bitter, covered with a whitish membrane. It is dis- eceptacle, opposite to the petals, filiform, shorter than the
69. K
36 LI A THE UNIVEKSAL HERBAL; LI A
calix; anthric oblong, erect. Pistil: style filiform, a little igid, straight, not branching except at top; flowers in a sort
longer than the stamina, three-cleft above; stigmata three, if umbel, or corymbed at top; the florets are of a deep
bifid; gcrmcu above ovate, glabrous. Pericarp: capsules >urple colour; and the calix is tinged with purple. -Native
oblong, triloeular; locules Impenmms. Seeds: lenticular, not only of New York, but of Virginia, Carolina, and other
shining black. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: seven to jarls of North America.
nine-leaved, scariose. Petals: from fourteen to eighteen. 2. Liatris Praealta Tall Lialris. Leaves lanceolate-oblong,
;

Style: trifid. Capsule : trilocular, polyspermous ; seed shin- serrate, spreading, hirsute underneath root perennial, large, ;

ing. There
only one species known.
is
striking deep into the ground stems branching ocily at top, ;

1. Lewiiia Rediviva. Root fusiform, branchy, and of a seven or eight feet high, purplish, straight, deeply striated ;

bloody hue ; radical leaves linear, subcarnose, somewhat Sowers in loose erect bunches at the ends of the branches;
obtuse; pedicel geniculated at the base. The calix is ele- florets pale purple; receptacle naked. It flowers from
Sep-
gantly red-veined, of a consistency like paper. It flowers in tember to November. Native of Virginia, Carolina, and other
July, iind was found by Lewis on the banks of Clarck's river. parts of North America.
l.eyxera ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga- 3. Liatris Glauca; Glaucous Liatris. Leaves ovate-oblong,
inia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common acuminate, serrate; flowers corymbed calices roundish root ; ;

ovate, imbricate: scales obtuse, concave, harsh. Corolla: perennial stems six or seven feet high, purple and chan-
;

compound, rayed ; corollets hermaphrodite, tubular, several nelled ; florets dark purple, inclining to violet. Native of
in the disk; females strap-shaped, several in the ray proper ;
Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina.
of the hermaphrodite, funnel-form, five-toothed, rather upright; 4. Liatris Squarrosa Rough headed ; Liatris. Leaves
female strap-shaped, lanceolate, entire. Stamina: in the linear; calices squarrose, subsessile, acuminate, lateral; root
hermaphrodites, filumenta five, capillary, very short; aulherte tuberous; steins simple, from two to three feet in height;
cjlindric, tubular. Pistil: lit the hermaphrodites, germen peduncles an inch long, alternate from the upper axils ;
siriall; stigma bifid. Pericarp: none; calix
style filiform; heads of flowers squarrose, with leafy scales standing out and
unchanged, tiettl : in the hermaphrodites solitary, oblong; bent back. It flowers in July and August. Native of Caro-
down five-bristled, feathery, long, within which is a very lina, and most of the provinces of North America.
short chaffy crown in the females very similar; down with
;
5. Liatris Scariosa Pugged'cvpped Liatris. Leaves lan-
;

the chaffy crown alone, without feathers. Receptacle: naked; ceolate, calices squarrose, peduncled, blunt;
quite entire;
chuffs of the rays alone, separating the flowers. ESSENTIAL. root large, tuberous stem one, strong, channelled, three or
;

CHARACTER. Calix: scariose; down chaffy; in the disk fea- four feet high flowers purple, in a lung loose spike, at the
;

thery also. Rectptade: subpaleaceous. The speties are, upper part of the stem, on pretty long blunt peduncles; they
1. Leysera Gnaphalodes; Woolly Leysera. Leaves scat- have large rough calices, composed of wedge-shaped scales ;
tered flowers peduncled.
; This is an evergreen shrub, with the flowers at the top of the spike open first. It flowers in

a balsamic smell; the /trunk and older branches are leafless August, but the seeds do not ripen here. Native of Virginia.
and brown; the younger ones verv closely covered with leaves, G. Lialris Pilosa Hairy-leaved Liatris. ;Leaves linear,
and spreading out very wide; peduncles filiform at the ends hairy; flowers axillary, on long peduncles; stem hairy, from
of the branchlets, solitary, one-flowered corolla yellow
;
three to five feet in height flowers purple, sessile, subim- ;

seeds brownish. It 6owers from

July to September. Native bricate, in spikes; calices many-flowered, with the scales
of the Cape of Good Hope. pressed close stems simple. ;
It flowers in
September and
2. Leysera Callicornia. Leaves in three rows; flowers October. Native of North America.
suhsessile; receptacle flat, with raised dots in the middle 7. Liatris Speciosa 11/iiry-cvpped Liatris. Leaves linear-
;

naked, rugged, and having a single row of chaffs in circum sickled flowers sessile, in spikes; calicine leaflets rough-
;

fereuce. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. haired, acute inner elongated, coloured at the tip
;
stem up- ;

right, two feet high, tomentose;

calices five-flowered, red at the
JJ.
Leysera Paleacea. Leaves three-sided, callous at tin
tip, and curved back. The whole receptacle covered will tip. It flowers in October. Native of Carolina and Georgia.
chaff's almost the length of the flowers; the whole crown o Lialris Spicata ; Spiked Liatris.
*. Leaves linear, ciliate
the seed inoKbraoaccons, a aid none downy. Hence it agrees at he base; flower:* in spikes, sessile, lateral
I stem simple; ;

in character with Buphliiahnuin but it resembles the pre-

; root tuberous; stem smooth, three fert high flowers purple, ;

Mihimbricaic, on short peduncles. It flowers from August

ceding so much, as scarcely to be distinguished from it in
Native of the Cape <.f Good Hope. to October. -Nati ih America, where it is called
appearance.
Liatrin; a genus of the class Syngenesis, older Polygymia Throat wort, the roi< iiscutient.

.EquaHs. GENERIC CHARACTER.' Calix: common ol> !>. Liatris Stalk simple, glabrous; leaves
ileterophylia.
long, imbricated, with several subovate unarmed coloured lanceolate, glabrous. M; )lh ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate,

scales. Corolla: compound, tubular, uniform; corollets her- very much smaller ihan Hie lower ones; calix spicate, slightly
maphrodite, equal; proper one-petalle(i, funnel form tube ; pedunculate, Mihrxjita'
->
squames lanceolate, acute, naked.
:

index ; border five-cleft ; divisions recurvid. Stamina: fila- It gr<ms in South Carolina and Georgia.
menta five, capillary, very short anther* cylindric, tubular.
;
10 l.ialris Cylindracea. Leaves grassy squames rounded ;

Pistil: germen oblong; style filiform, very long, bifid to the at the top, abruptly miicroualed ; calix subsessile, cylindrical,

stamina, straight; stigmas rather sharp. Pericarp: none; with few flowers, which appear from August to October, and
culix Seeds: solitary, cornered ; down feathery,
unchanged. is a native of South Carolina and the Illinois.
sessile. ESSENTIAL ] I. Lialris Gracilis. Stalk simple, glabrous leaves linear,
coloured, Receptacle: naked, flat. ;

CHARACTER. Calix: oblong, imbricate, awnless, coloured. naked ; calix racemose, subglobose ; pedicels elongate, patent,
Down: feathered, coloured. Receptacle: naked, hollow, oblong. It flowers from
squaniose-uractcolaU- ; squames
dotted. The species are, August to October. Native of Georgia.
1. Liatris Noveboracensis Stalk simple, pubescent; leaves
Long-leared Lialris. Leaves
;
12. Liatris Sphaeroidea.

lanceolate-oblong, serrate, pendulous; stems several, ten 01 smooth upper leavei lanceolate-linear; lower ones petiolate,
;

twelve feet high, smooth, deeply striated, pale green, stout, lato-lanceolute ;
calices racemose, solitary, alternate, subglo-
1
I

_
-
h
B
r-

tJ
 L I C OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LI C 37

In large doses it operates by purging and vomiting, and

bose squames ovate, erect, ciliate at the margin. The flow-
;

ers are large and handsome. Native of the high mountains destroys worms.
of Virginia and Carolina. Lichen Ca/careits. So called because it is peculiar to
10. Lialiis Pauciflora. Stalk simple, glabrous; leaves limestone rocks: when dried, powdered, and steeped in urine,
linear; panicles virgated, leafy; branches with few flowers; is used to dye scarlet, by the Welsh and the inhabitants of
calices stibsessile; squames lanceolate, erect, acute, glabrous. the Orkneys. The colour is said to be very fine.
It grows in Georgia. Lichen Canimu ; called also Lichen Cinert-us Terrrstris, or
14. Linlris Tpnicntosa. Stalk very simple leaves cuneate- Ash-cohiiired Ground Lirerwort.
;
This species is one of the
lanceolate, nniijh corymb with few flowers, depressed, diva- articles in tlif crlebrated Dr. Mead's prescription for the cure of
;
" I can
ricated calix tomentose; squames ovate, acute.
;
It grows Hydrophobia, concerning which he says, safely affirm
to the height of about eighteen inches, and is found in the that I have never known this method to fail ot success where it
has been followed before the hydrophobia began: although
open swamps of Virginia and Carolina.
Lichen; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Algae. in the course of about thirty years, besides the experience
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Flowers: Vesicles con- made by others both in town and country, I have used it a
1 have often wished that I knew so certain
glomerated, extremely small, crowded or scattered on the thousand times.
disk, margin, or tips of the fronds. Female. Flowers on a remedy in any other disease." The method is as follows.
the same or on a distinct plant, ttcceptar/e: roundish, flat- Let the patient be blooded at the arm, nine or ten ounces.
tish, convex. Tubercle: concave. Scvttlla: subrevolute, Take of ihe herb called in Latin, Lichen Cinereus Terrestris,
affixed to the margin. Pelta: often differing from the frond or in English, Ash-coloured Ground Lirerworl, cleaned,
in colour, within
containing the seeds disposed in rows. dried, and powdered, half an ounce. Of black pepper pow-
Observe. The powder adhering to some Lichens seems dere<l two driic'jms. Mix these well together, and divide the
rather to be of the nature of buds than of male Fructifications. whole into tour doses, one of which must be taken every
The extremely numerous species of this genus may be con- morning fasting, for four successive mornings, in half a pint
veniently divided into the following sections, some of which of cow's milk warm. After these four doses are taken, the
by some author^ are made distinct genera. patient must go into the cold bath, or a cold spring, or river,
Lepra: a dusty crust. Fructification;-, hardly any. every morning, fasting, for a month he must be dipped all
:

Tubercularia ; a leafless crust: the fructifications tubercles. over, but not st.iy in (with his head above water) longer than
Sculellaria : a leafless crust. Frs. Sculellae or shields. half a minute, if the water be very cold. After lliis he must
Collema. Fronds foliaceous, gelatinous. Frs. Sciitellse or go in three limes a week for a fortnight longer. Later writers
shields. have declared that this remedy has been tried without success;
Imbricala fronds subfoliaceous, membranaceous, imbri-
: but as Dr. Mead was no quack, but the most eminent phy-
cated, depressed, flexile. Frs. Scutellse. sician of his lime, and as no certain cure for hydrophobia .

Phytria. Fronds foliaceous, membranaceous, depressed, has yet been found, we think it would be some consolation
or ascendant, tubular within. Frs. Scutellae sessile or to those who may be umier the melancholy necessity ot' endea-

pedunculatcd. vouring to prevent or cure that dreadful calamity, and even

Lobaria. Fronds foliaceous, membranaceous, ascending, lo the poor sufferers themselves, to have done every thing in
flexile. Frs. Scutellre sessile or pedunculated. their power, by employing the best means known to avert the
Cornicularia. Fronds foliaceous, mcmhranaceous, or car- awful catastrophe. It is of course understood that Dr. Mead's
tilaginous, somewhat upright, narrowed, stiff, with somewhat prescription is intended for those only who have been bitten
sharp ''xtremilies; scutellae sometimes terminal, transverse. t>\ a rabid animal, and have either neglected to cut out the
Slricta. Fronds foliaceous, subcoriaceons, scattered over wounded part through ignorance, or from a doubt whether
beneath with white excavated points. Frs. Scutellas or
pelise.
the animal were really mad ; and also where the removal of
Peitigeree. Fronds foliaceous, coriaceous, ascending, the affected part would endanger the patient's life: for it
soft. Frs. Fella;. cannot be too universally made known, that for the bad effects
Umbilicnria. Fronds foliaceous, upright, stiff, shielded. of Ihe bile of rnad doj>s or venomous reptiles, excision of the
Frs. Scutelhe. bit!< n part is the only certain preventive, and should be

Pyxidittm. Stems upright, funnel form, hollow within; instantly performed wherever death is not likely
to be the
tubercles fungifnrm, unequal, marginal. to do this, has cost thousands their
consequence. Hesitating
C/urlnia. Steins uuriglit, somewhat columnar,
branchy, lives. An instance of the fortitude and presence of mindr
hollow within, with the
appearance of a shrub; the axillae necessary on these occasions, we shall subjoin. In Bengal,
often perforated. Frs. some years ago, when Capt. Hutchitison, on returning home
Fungiform tubercles.
Sttrrocnuton. Sums erect, rather columnar, simple or in the night, attended by a servant with a torch, casually
branchy, solid. Frs. Tuben les. trod on a cobra de capella, which instantly bit him on the
Usnea. Stems erect or pendulous, filamentous, calf of his leg: the poison of this snake being more immedi-
simple
or branched. Frs. Scutellae. mortal than ihe bite of any other, Capt. H. with great
ately
Of this very numerous genus Dr.
Withering, in the third presence of mind cut out with his knife a large portion of the
edition of his Arrangements, has enumerated no fewer than calf of his leg, and applied the burning torch to cauterize the
two hundred and sixteen species, besides a great nuinbn of wound, which prevented the poison from having its usual effect.
varieties. of these are of considerable use for
Miiy Lichen /.landirus. The Icelanders boil this in broth, or
dyeing,
and other (Economical purposes: the most remarkable are the
dry and convert it into bread. They likewise make gruel
following. Doubtless if more accurate and extensive trials with it to mix with milk; but the first decoction is always
were made on these neglected other (economical thrown away, for it is apt to purge. It has recently obtained
plants, many
uses for them might be detected; or at 'least a reputation for cuung consumptive complaints.; but upon
muny more of
the same species
might be applied to the same purposes. what foundation that reputation rest, we cannot determine.
Lichen Apthonus. The country people make an infusion Lichen Omphalodes, dyes wool of a brown reddish colour,
f it in milk, and
give it to children who have the thrush. or a dull but durable crimson, paler, but more lasting than
38 LI C THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LI G
that of Orchall. It
prepared by the country people in
is Lichen Rangiferhms. This is well known to be the chief
Ireland, by steeping it
adding a little salt to
in slale urine, food of the Rein Deer, which will grow fat upon it; and that
it, and afterwards making it up into balls with lime. Wool animal supplies the contented Laplander with
every article
dyed with it, and then dipped iu the blue vat, becomes of a of life, as is set forth by Linneus in his Flora
Lapponica.
beautiful purple. With rotten oak it makes a good daik Lichen Rotcella, or Orchall, is of very great importance
brown frieze. Wool dyed with red wood or sanders, and as an article of commerce, being extremely valuable for
dye-
afterwards in this, which is called Cork, Corker, or Arcell, ing wool or silk any shade of purple or crimson. For this
becomes of a dark reddish. It has also been used as a styptic purpose it is steeped in volatile alkali, commonly distilled
Lichen Parellus. Litmus is prepared from this species. from urine. In times of scaicity it has been sold at a thou-
For this purpose it is gathered from the rocks in the uorlh sand pounds sterling per torn It conies chit-fly from the
of England, and sent to London in casks. Levant, but has been lately discovered to grow in the British
Lichen Plicalus, called Hairy Tree, is a very singular dominions.
plant of the mosses; it grows to the branches of old oaks and Lichen Tartareita. This is common on rocks in the north
oilier trees, and
hangs down from them in tufts composed of F.nsjlaud and Scotland. It may be known by its
peculiarly
of long strings, which are frequently a foot or more in length, pungent alkaline smell when moistened. Peasants who can
and the whole of them together two or three inches thick : collect twenty or thirty pounds a day, gather it for the dyers,
each cluster consists of a great number of stems and branches, and sell it for a
penny a
pound. They choose such specimens
the largest of which do not exceed a small packthread in as are of a firm dense texture, and never
scrape the same rock
thickness ; they are of a greyish colour, and consist of soft oftener than ouce in five years. It is prepared for use with
bark, and a firm white fibre within; the bark often appears volatile alkali and alum, but the exact process is
kept a secret
crooked, and the branches exhibit an appearance of being by the manufacturers at Glasgow. When sold to the dyers,
jointed. The whole plant, as it grows, appears sapless, and it
appears in the form of a purple powder, called Cudbear, a
is destitute of leaves, or
any other appearance of vegetation. corruption of Cuthbert, the name of the inventor. This pow-
It is found in some of our largest forests, but is seldom to be der, being boiled with woollen yarn", communicates a purple
met with any where else. The powder of this moss is an colour to it, hut not to vegetable substances and the colour
;

excellent astringent: it should be dried in an oven, and, after is far from being
permanent.
being beaten in a mortar, passed through a sieve; the white Licuala; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
fibres will remain after the other parts have gone through the GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth three-parted,
sieve, and are of no manner of use, the other parts possessing outwardly hairy, permanent. Corolla: three-parted, almost
all the virtues. It is good against the whites, immoderate to the base; divisions ovate, acute, concave, deciduous;
menstrual discharges, bloody fluxes, and spitting of blood ; nectary sertiform, truncated, as short again as the corolla.
and deserves to be much more regarded than it is at present. Stamina : filamenta six, inserted into the nectary, upright,
The dose is half a drachm, or two scruples. very short anther* oblong, twin.
;
Pistil: germen superior,
Lichen Prunastri, has a remarkable property of imbibing convex, three-parted, sulcated, smooth ; style simple stig- ;

and retaining odours, and is therefore the basis of many per- mas two. Pericarp: drupe globose, (he size of a pea, one-
fumed powders. celled. Seed: a hard nut. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Lichen Pulmonarius. This dyes woollen cloth of a durable Flowers : all hermaphrodite. Calix and Corolla : three-
orange. In Herefordshire they dye stockings with it of a parted. Nectary: serliform ; drupe. The only known
durable brown and it has obtained a name for curing the
:
species is,

consumption, but probably without reason. 1. Licuala Spinosa. Trunk an ell in height, scarcely so
Lichen Pustulalus. Linneus says, that a beautiful red thick as the human arm, jointed, dividing at top into about
colour may be prepared from this. It
may be converted into six branches, each six ells long, hardly a finger in thickness,
an exceedingly black paint.. triangular, grooved above, flat beneath, the lower half sharply
Lichen Pyxidatus. This little plant is common on ditch- serrate at the angles, and the teeth or spinules closely joined.
banks, by the sides of woods or heaths, and in most other Each of these has a leaf at top spreading like a fan, and
dry barren places it consists of a thin leafy substance, which
; divided into rays, all separated to the base. When the plant
spreads on the surface of the ground, and a kind of little cup, is mature, the flower-stalk
emerges from the middle of the
resembling wine-glasses rising from it. The leafy part is-dry, rays, as long as the branches or leaf stalks, involved in
and without juice, divided into several segments or portions, sheaths at the bottom, dividing into five smaller flower-stalks
which are irregularly notched, grey or greenish on the upper at top, about a hand in length, bearing green heads in three
side, and whitish underneath. The cups are in general about ro\vs expanding Into flowers. Rumphius says, that the nut
half an inch high, and are each of them supported on thick is oblong, very hard, and striated longitudinally. It is .a

clumsy stems; they are open at the mouth, of a gray colour, native of Macassar and Celebes where they make much use
;

with a mixture of green and other colours, sprinkled over with a of the narrow leaves for tobacco pipes, and of the middle
fine mealy substance on the surface; sometimes they grow one broad one for wrapping up fruit, Ac. The wood is of little
from the edge of another, three or four stages high, and we use, not being durable.
order Diwcia.
frequently see many other accidental varieties; they likewise JJgktfootia ; a genus of the class Polygamia,
bear at certain seasons little brown lumps, w hich are supposed, GENERIC CHARACTEH. Hermaphrodite. Calix: peri-
and not without a degree of probability, to be the seeds of anlli four-leaved leaflets s>\ate, concave, expanding. Corolla:
;

the plant. The whole of this moss, when used, is to be taken none. Stamina: filamenta numerous, filiform, seated on the
fresh from the ground, bhaken clean, and boiled in water, receptacle, permanent; antlierae roundish. Pistil: germen
very siiong; there is then to be added louudish, style none; stigma sessile, somewhat headed,
till the decoction is fur-
an equal quantity of milk to the liijuor, which is then to be rowed. Pericarp: berry ovate, uinhiliruted, one-celled.
sweetened with honey; and will afterwards fora an excellent Seeds: from three to six, oblong, compressed, cornered,
medicine for coughs in children, particularly for the chin- glossy. Males on different individuals. Calix: perianth
cough or hooping-cough. four-leaved ; leaflets oblong, concave, equal, coloured. Co-
 LI G OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY, LI G

rol/a: none. Stamina: filamenla numerous, (twenty four,) wine, or a decoction of the seeds with wine or mugwort-waler,
filiform, longer than the calix, inserted into the receptacle:
was said by Forestus to be a secret remedy of extraordinary
antherae roundish. Pistil: none. Females on different indi- efficacy in slow or laborious parturition. The leaves, eaten
viduals; calix as in the mate, but larger. Corolla: none. as salad, are accounted an emmenagogue. The root and
Pistil: germen oblong; style none; stigma elevated, quad- seeds are of a cordial sudorific nature, and many authors of
credit recommend the use of them in pestilential disorders.
rangular-howled, furrowed, with convoluted margins, per-
manent. Pericarp: berry oblong, seated on a very small An infusion of the root increases the urinary discharge,
one ceiled. Seeds: three, five, to removes obstructions of the viscera, brings away gravel, and
receptacle, umbilicated,
six, as above. Observe. This genus is allied to Prockia, helps thr jaundice: the seeds produce the like effects, and
with which they agree in calix, stamina, and habit, but dift'er are potent dispeisers of wind in the stomach. The roots of
in the stigma.' ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four- Common Lovage abide nian^ years, and where the seeds
will

leaved. Female and Hermaphrodite. Stig-

Corolla: none. are permitted to scatter, the plants will come up without
ma: sessile;
berry umbilicated, one-celled, with from three care. This plant flowers in June and July, and the seeds
to six seeds. The species are, ripen in autumn. Native of the Alps of Italy, the south of
1. Lightfootia Serrata. Leaves oblong-ovate, serrate, acu- Franct and Siiesia.
,
It is
planted in our gardens for its medi-
minate; peduncles lateral, aggregate, one-flowered. Native cal qualities.
of Montserrat. 2. Ligusticum Scoticum ; Scotch Loeage: Leaves biter-
2. Lighffootia Theasformis. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, nate ; about a foot high, and sustains a small umbel of
stalk

serrate, bluntish; peduncles axillary, subsolitary, one-flow- yellow flowers, shaped like the preceding: most authors say
ered; branches and all the other parts smooth. It has the the root is perennial. It is much valued in the Isle of
Sky.
habit of the Tea-shrub. Native of the Isle of Bourbon. The root is reckoned a good carminative; and an infusion of
3. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong the lea\es in whey, a good purge for calves. It is aUo used
Lightfootia Integrifolia.
and obovate, emargiuatc, almost quite enlire; peduncles
for food, either as salad or boiled like greens. Native of
lateral, subaggregate, one-flowered. This is also a shrub, North America, Sweden, Denmark, and Scotland, where it

with round smooth branches, covered with an ash-coloured isfound upon the rocks near the coast.
bark. Flowers larger than in the oilier sorts. Native place 3. Ligusticum Peloponnense ; Hemlock-leaved Lovage.
unknown. Leaves manifold-pinnate leaflets piunately gashed
; ;root
Lignum Campechianum. See Hccmatoxylum. thick, fleshy, like that of the Parsnep, striking deep into the

Lignum Colubrinum. See Strychnos. ground. When bruised, the leaves emit a fetid odour. Steins
three or four feet high, large, and hollow, sustaining large
Lignum Corneum. See Garcinia.
Lignum Lccvf. Sec Glabraria. umbels of yellowish flowers. Native of Switzerland, Austria,
Lignum Moluccense. See Croton. Dauphiny, Silesia, Italy, Peloponnesus, and Siberia.
Lignum Vitee. See Gvaiacvm. 4. Ligusticum Austriacum ; Austrian Lovage. Leaves
Ligusticum ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Diay- bipiinmte ; leaflets confluent, gashed, quite entire; root half
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel universal mani- a foot long or more, the thickness of the human thumb,
fold ; partial manifold ; involucre universal membranaceous, often branched, yellowish brown on the outside, pale within,
seven-leaved, unequal; partial scarcely four-leaved, membra- and spongy stem upright, from two to three feet high,
;

naceous; perianth proper, five-toothed, obscure. Corolla: grooved, hollow, without any partitions at the joints; flowers
universal uniform; florets all fertile; proper of five petals, strong-smelling, large, all fertile; petals white. The whole
which are equal, involute, flat, entire, inwardly keeled. Sta- plant is smooth. It flowers from June to August. Native
mina: filamenta five, capillary, shorter than ihe corolla; of Austria, Silesia, and Italy.
antherae simple. Pistil: germen inferior; styles two, approx- 5. Ligusticum Cornubiense; Cornish Lovage. Root-leaves
imated stigmas simple.
; Pericarp: none; fruit oblong, decompound, gashed; stem-leaves ternate, lanceolate, entire;
cornered, five-furrowed, bipartite on each side. Serds: two, root perennial, spindle-shaped ; stem from two to three feet
oblong, smooth, marked on one side
with five elevated stria;, in height, erect, branched, many-flowered, round, striated,
flat on the other side. Observe. Male flowers have also been roughiah, purple at the base, annual flowers white, equal,
;

remarked. ESSKNTIAI. CHARACTER. Fruit: oblong, five- all hermaphrodite. The root contains a yellow resinous
with involute entire juice. This plant, as its name imports, is peculiar to Corn-
grooved on both sides. Corolla: equal,
petals The seeds of the plants of this genus should be sown wall, where it grows in thickets, among bushes, and in hedges.
in autumn, soon after they are ripe, for when they are kept It eluded the researches of modern botanists, till Mr. Pen-
out of the ground till spring, they seldom grow the first year. iiington found it in 1788 in great plenty near Bod m in, where
When the plants are fit to remove, transplant them into a it was also gathered in the following year, though five years
moist rich border at three feet distance. They all love a afterwards not a single plant could be discovered in that
moist soil and shady situation. The species are, field ; but Dr. Withering found it in another place, farther
1. Ligusticum Leviaticum Common Lovage. Leaves from Bodmin, among furze. Cattle are so fond of it that
;

manifold leaflets gashed at top

;
root strong, fleshy, peren- they eat it down wherever they can get at it.
;

nial, striking deep into the ground; stems six or seven feet (>. Ligusticum
Peregrinum ; Par airy- leaved Lovage. Invo-
high, large, and channelled, divided into several branches, lucre of the primary umbel scarcely any, of the lateral ones
each terminated by a large umbel of yellow flowers. The membranaceous at the base; rays somewhat branched root ;

odour of this plant is very strong, and peculiarly ungrateful; biennial ; stem two feet high, rigid, angular, even petals ;

its tasle is warm and aromatic. It abounds with a yellowish It resembles Parsley even in
yellowish, inflex-emarginate.
gummy resinous juice, very much resembling Opoponax. Its smell and taste, but all the parls are thicker and more rigid.
qualities are supposed to be
similar to those of Angelica and It flowers in June and Native of Portugal.'
July.
Mastervvort, in expelling flatulencies, exciting perspiration, 7. Ligusticum Balearicuin. Leaves pinnate lowest leaflets
;

and opening obstructions ; it is therefore chiefly used in augmented with a leaflet ; root biennial ; stem round, some-
terine obstructions. A tea-cup full of the juice with Rhenish what striated, small in comparison with the umbel, a foot
09. u
40 LI G THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LI L

high flowers in an umbellet, eight or ten, yellow, all

; fertile. appearance when clipped. The Germans, Dutch, Danes,
Native of Majorca and Minorca, and about Rome. and Swedes, call it Ligttster the Freu h, Troent ; the Ita-
;

!$.
Lifustictiin Candicaus Pale L-ovage. Superdecom-
; lians, Lirvetro ; in Spanish, Alktnu : in Portuguese, Alfena:
P'.'und ; leaf!. -is wedge-form, sashed, smooth; universal invo- and in Kussian, Srkost. This shrub is easily propagated
lucre two-leaved, subfoliaceous; ribs of the seeds membra- by laying down the tender .shoots in autumn. In one year's
naceods, smooth. It flowers in July and August. Native time they may be removed where they arc to remain, or
place unknown. planted in a nursery for two or three years, where the> may
9. Ligusticum Actaeifolium. Leaflets oval, equally den- be trained for the purposes designed. Also, by suckers,
tated iiivolucels selaceous
;
fruits oblong-oval. ;
It grows to which it sends forth in
great plenty. But these arc not easily
the height of more than three feet, and is found on the river kept within bounds, nor do they rise so high as hose whichI

St. Lawrence, and in -Virginia near Staunton. are increased by layers. Thirdly, by cuttings, planted in the
Ligustrum; a genus of the class Diandria, order Mono- autumn on a shady border, and in a loamy soil. But the
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one- strongest and best plants are raised from seeds. Gather the ,

leafed, tubular, very small mouth four-toothed, erect, obtuse.

; berrits when ripe, put them into a pot with sand,
bury them
Corolla : one-petalled, funnel-form ; tube cylindric, longer in the ground, as is practised with Holly- berries and Haws.
than the calix ; border four-parted, spreading divisions ;
After they have laid a year in the ground, take them up,
ovate. Stamina: filamenta two, opposite, simple; antherae and sow them in the autumn on a border exposed to the east,
upright, almost the length of the corolla. Pistil: germen where the plants will come up in the following spring. The
roundish ; style very short ; stigma two-cleft, obtuse, thickish. varieties with striped leaves may be increased by budding or

Pericarp: berry globose, smooth, one-celled. Seeds: four, inarching upon the plain sort ; or by laying down the branches,
convex on one side, cornered on the other. Observe. Accord- hut they seldom shoot so fast as to produce branches proper
ing to Gaertuer, the berry is two-celled ; the cells coated for this purpose. Being more tender, they should have a
with a thin membrane. The seeds are two in each cell. dry soil, and a warm situation. In a rich soil, they soon
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: four-cleft. Berry: lose their variegation, and become plain. The Italian or
four-seeded. The species are, Evergreen Privet, is now generally found in the nurseries
1.
Ligustrum Vulgare Common Privet. Leaves ovate,
; instead of the common one. It is equally hardy, and will
obtuse ; panicle simple, trichotomous. This shrub is usually thrive in almost any situation. It is increased in the same
about six feet hih, branched, the branches opposite, the manner; but as it seldom produces berries here, they must
young ones flexible and purplish. The flowers are sweet- be procured from Italy.
scented corolla white, but soon changing to a reddish
;
2. Ligustrum Japonicum ; Broad-leaved Priret. Leaves
brown. This plant varies in many respects. The leaves ovate-acuminate panicle decompoundedlv trichotomous ;
;

sometimes grow by threes, and sometimes are enlarged at the stem arboreous, very much branched, a fathom and half in
base; they frequently continue green great part of the winter height ; branches opposite, roundish ; panicle spreading. It
is also a variety, and rises with
like the Italian Privet, which flowers in June and July. Native of Japan.
a" stronger stem, less pliable and more erect branches, and 3. Ligustrum Sinense. Leaves lanceolate ; racemes oblong,
bark of a lighter colour. The regular number of stamina is lateral, and terminating. This is a small tree, about eight
two, but sometimes there are three or four in a flower, and feet high flowers white, small ; corolla bell-shaped.
; Native
they have been found with white berries. Thunberg says, of China about Canton.
that in Japan the leaves are somewhat broader and more Lilac. See Syringa.
blunt than in the European shrub. In point of utility and Lilium ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
ornament, few shrubs are preferable to the Common Privet. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: six-
Its chief use is to form such hedges as are required in dividing petalled, bell-snaped, narrowed beneath petals upright,
;

gardens for shelter or ornament and for this the Italian or; incumbent, obtusely carinated on the back, gradually more
Evergreen variety is usually preferred. It bears clipping expanding, wider, with thick reflex obtuse tips; nectary a
well, not liable to be eaten by insects, and having only
is longitudinal tubular line, engraven on each petal from the
fibrous roots, it robs the ground less than any other shrub. base to (lie middle. Stamina: filamenta six, awl-shaped,
It is one of the few plants that will thrive in the smoke of upright, shorter than the corolla; anther* oblong, incumbent.
London, though it seldom produces any flowers in the closer Pistil: germen oblong, tylindric, striated with six furrows;

parts after the first year. It also grows well under the drip style cylindric, length of the corolla; stigma thickish, tri-
of trees. The leaves are bitter and slightly astringent a ; angular. Pericarp : capsule oblong, six-furrowed, with a
strong infusion of them in water, with the addition of a little three-cornered hollow obtuse tip, three-celled, three- valved;
red wine and honey, is an excellent gargle for the mouth and the valves collected by hairs, disposed in a cancellated man-
throat when they are sore, or for the gums when they become ner. Seeds: numerous, incumbent, in a twin order, flat out-
spongy, and are apt to bleed. From the pulp of the
berries wardly, semiurbicular. Observe. The nectary in some is
a rose-coloured pigment may be prepared. With the addition bearded, in others beardless petals in some totally revolute,
;

of alum, they dye wool and silk of a good durable green, and in others not so. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: six-
for this purpose must be gathered as soon as they are ripe. petallfd, bell-shaped, with a longitudinal nectareous line.
They continue on the shrub till spring, and in times of scar- C'apaule : the valves connected by cancellated hairs. The
different sorts of birds, particularly the
city are eaten by species are,
bulfinch. The wood is bard, and fit for turning. It is not 1. I. ilium Candidum ; Common White Lily. Leaves scat-
Linueus says, kinp, sheep, and tered corollas bell shaped, smooth within; bulb large, from
generally eaten by cattle. ;

goals,
will eat it; but horses refuse it. The Sphinx Ligustri, which proceed several succulent fibres stem stout, round,
;

or Privet Hawk-moth, and Phalaena Syringaria, feed on it in upright, u.tuuliv about three feet in height; flowers large,
the caterpillar stale ; and Meloc Vesicatorius, Cantharides white, terminating, the stem in a cluster, on short peduncles;
or Blister Beetle, is found on it. Our old English authors call petals within of a beautiful shining white, on the outside
it, Prim, Print, and Primprint, probably from its regular rigid and less luminous. The principal varieties of this
 LI L OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LI L 41

species are, 1. Vith the flowers striped or blotched

,
petals turn back in a graceful manner, and are tapering, termi-
with purple. This is become very common but the purple ; nating in points, and edged with small indentures; and that the
stain giving the flower a dull colour, the common white is whole flower is variously shaded with red, orange, and lemou
2. With variegated or striped leaves, or with the colours. It flowers in July and August; native of South
preferred.
leaves edged with yellow. This is chiefly valued for its Carolina. This may be raised from seeds or offsets, which,
appearance in winter and spring : for the leaves coming out however, are not very plentifully produced, and will not grow-
in perfection without great
early in the autumn, spreading themselves flat on the ground, care; the roots in particular are
and being finely edged with a broad yellow band, make a to be guarded against frost.

pretty appearance during the winter and spring months. It 4. Liiium Bulbiterum Bulb-bearing or Orange Lily.
;

flowers earlier than the plain sort. 3. With double flowers. Leaves scattered corollas bell-shaped, erect, rugged within;
;

This variety is of little value, because the flowers never open bulb subovate, consisting of thick white loosely imbricate
well, unless they are covered with glasses; nor have they any scales, putting out a few thick fibres from the bottom stem ;

of the rich colour of the common sort. 4. With pendulous upright, a foot and half high, striated, angular; flower with-
flowers; which Miller and others consider as a distinct spe- out scent, red-orange within, pale-orange on the outside;
cies. It came originally from Constantinople. The stalk is all the petals, from the base to beyond the middle, are rugged
much more slender; the leaves are narrower and fewer in with little scales and apophyses, wiih a few black dots.
number the flowers are not so large, and the petals more
; There are many varieties, in size, leaves, and flowers. Mr.
contracted at the base; they always hang downwards. The Miller mentions the following: 1. Orange Lily with double
flowers of the Lily were formerly considered as antiepileptic flowers. 2. Orange Lily with variegated leaves. 3. Smaller
and anodyne; a distilled water of them was employed as a Orange Lily. 4. Bulb-bearing Fiery Lily. These seldom
cosmetic; and oil of lilies was supposed to possess anodyne ri^e more than Imlf the height of the others; the leaves are
and nervine powers: but their odorous matter, though very narrower; the flowers smaller, and of a brighter flame colour,
powerful, is and entirely carried
totally dissipated in drying, few in number, and more erect. They come out a month
oil' with spirit or water, and no essential
in distillation either before those of the common sort, and the stalks put out bulbs
oil can be obtained from them. The roots only are now in at most of the axils, which, if taken off when the plants
use; they are extremely mucilaginous, and are chiefly em- decay, and planted, will produce plants. There are also
ployed in emollient and suppurating cataplasms, boiled with several subordinate varieties, but not worth enumeration.
milk or water. Physicians, however, are generally of opinion The Orange Lily is found wild in Austria: it also grows in
that bread or meal poultices possess every advantage of those Italy, and other southern regions of Europe; in Siberia, and
prepared from the lily-root. Meyrick, however, says that in Japan. This sort is
grown so common, and increases so
the root bruised and applied to hard tumors, softens and readily by offsets, that almost rejected.
it is It should not,

ripens them sooner than almost any other application. Made however, be excluded from large gardens, since, when pro-
into an ointment, they take away corns, and remove the pain perly disposed, it makes a handsome appearance while in
and inflammation arising from burns and scalds. Country flower. The stalks decay in September, the roots may be
people sometimes, continues he, make an oil from the flowers then transplanted, and the offsets taken off; but as it does
by infusing them in oil of olives, and apply it to any part not put out new leaves till toward spring, this may be done
affected with pain and inflammation with great success. It till near Christmas. It should be repeated once in three
years.
is likewise an excellent
application to contracted tendons. It will thrive in
any soil or situation; but will be strongest
Native of the Levant: Linnrus says, of Syria; and Thunberg, in a soft, gentle, and not too moist loam. The bulb-bearing
of Japan. It flowers in June and
July. This plant, with all varieties may also be increased without taking up the plants,
its varieties, and in short with all the
plants of the genus, by means of the little bulbs that are put forth in plenty from
may easily be increased from offsets, which the bulbs of this the axils of the leaves. Both these sorts, with their varieties,
sort send out in such great
plenty, as to make it necessary will thrive under the shade of trees, and are therefore
proper
to lake them off every other, or at most every third year, to to be introduced into plantations, and on the borders of woods.
prevent their weakening the principal bulb. The time for 5. Liiium Foinponiuin; Pomponian Lily. Leaves scattered,

removing them is the end of August, soon after the slalks awl-shaped ;flowers turned back corollas rolled back. This
;

decay. They will thrive in almost any soil and situation, has a pretty large scaly root, from which rises an upright stalk
and as they grow tall and spread, they must be allowed room, nearly three feet high. The upper part of the stalk divides
and in large borders they are verj ornamental. They are so into four or five peduncles, each sustaining a single flower of a
hardy that no frost injures them; and
increasing very fast, fine carmine colour, with a few dark
spots scattered over it.
are so very common as lo be little regarded, notwith-
become They appear in July, and in hot seasons continue a consider-
standing the great beauty of the flowers, and their rich odour, able time in beauty. The peduncles are very long, so that
which is too
powerful for many persons. the flowers spread out very wide. Native of the Pyrenees,
2. Ldium Japonicum; Japan While Lily. Leaves scat- Japan, and China. This, and the four following species,
tered, lanceolate; corollas drooping, subcampanulate; stem may be propagated by offsets, which some produce in great
round, smooth, and even, two feet high; flowers terminating, plenty, but others send out very few, and are therefore more
reflex, and hanging down; corolla white. Native ot Japan. scarce. The roots may be taken up when the stalks decay,
3. Liliinn Cates>ba;i; Catesby's Lily. Leaves scattered, and if there be a necessity for keeping them out of the ground
lanceolate; corollas upright, bell-shaped; petals with claws. to remove them to a distant place, they should be
wrapped
Of all the lilies cultivated in this country, this is the least; in dry moss, which will preserve them for two months. The
the whole plant, when in bloom, being frequently not more best time to replant them is at the beginning of October, but
than a -foot high, (hough it is said to
to the height of
grow if the ground be not
ready to receive them, they should be
two feet in its native soil. Theterminated by one
stalk is covered with dry sand or wrapped in moss, to prevent the
upright flower, which has no scent. It was first observed scales from shrinking, which weakens the bulbs, and often
by Catesby on open moist savannas in many parts of Caiokina. occasions them to be mouldy and rot. The roots should ba
He says that the bulb is about the size of a walnut; that the planted five or six inches deep in the ground, if
especially
 LI L THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L I L

the soil be light and dry; but where it is moist, raise the twds, and .-ift a little fresh earth over them but in doing this,
:

borders five or six inches; lor if Hie water come near the do not disturb or injure the bulbs. Keep them clear from
roots in winter, it will rot them uii.-i
;
\viiere tht> soil is stiff weeds; wntei them gently in dry weather, and in very hot .

and binding, mix a good quantity of sea-coal ashes or rough days shade them from the sun. When their leaves are quite
sand vilh it. decayed, stir the surface of the beds again and in September
;

6. Liliiiin Chalcedonieum; Scarlet Martagon Lily. Leaves sift ;nore fre-di earth over the beds. During winter and spring
scattered-, lanceolate flowers tinned bark
; ; corollas rolled manage them as before directed. In September following,
back. It is from three to four feet high ; the leaves are much
transplant the birlb* to a greater distance, on beds prepared
broader than those of the preceding, and appear as if they as above place them about eight inches asunder, with the
;

were edged with white they are placed very closely upon the bads' Uppermost, and font inches deep: this should be done
;

stalks. The flowers are of a bright scarlet, and seldom more in moist weather. T!ie second year after being planted in
than five or six in number. It flowers late in
July, and in these beds, the strongest bulbs will be^-in to flower; then
cool seasons continues in beauty great part of August. There place a stick wherever you observe any peculiar varieties;
are some varieties of this species in the size and colour of the and when the leaves arc decayed, remove these bulbs into
flowers, which are sometimes of a blood red. Native of lie other beds ai a "'"eater distance, or into the borders of f'he
I

Levant, and the mountains between Carniola and Cariuthia. flower uarden Iml nevt r reject any till they have flowered
:

See the preceding species. two years: fi ei|iientlv some will make a mean appearance
'

7. Lilium Stiperbum; Great Yellow Mnrtagon Lily. Leaves the fir.sl yeai, n :afterwards become fair handsome flowers,
t

scattered; flowers in a branched pyiamid, turned back; when they h;i\e obtained strength. When such have been
corollas rolled back; stem round, very smooth and even, selected as are worth preserving, the rest may be planted in
panicled at top, two feet high and more; branches alternate, shady* outer :ilk- <>r :!i HIP borders of plantations. See the
divaricatin;;, upright, like the stem, reflex at lop, flower- three pieced and ihe first species.
bearing ; one flower at the end of each branch corollas large
; 9. Lilium Canadense Canada Martugon Lily. Leaves in
;

and handsome; petals oblong, acute, white, with large pur- whorls: fl'Avers turned back corollas resolute, bell-shaped;
;

ple .spots and smaller black ones from the middle to the base. bulbs oblong and large stems from four to five feet high ;
;

See the fifth and eighth species. flowers Kiige, yellow, spotted with black; they come out in
8. Lilium Martagon Purple JMnrlagon Lily. Leave* in fie beginning of August, and, when the roots are large, in
:

whorls; flowers turned back; corollas rolled back. This great numbers, making a fine appearance. There is a variety
rises with a strong stalk from three to four feet high ; flowers of it with larger and deeper-coloured flowers. -Native of
dark purple with some spots of black; they are produced in Canada; observed also in Pennsylvania and Japan. Seethe
loose spikes, appear iu June, and have a disagreeable odour four preceding species, and also the first species.
when near, but not so offensive as the preceding; stem straight, 10. Lilium Kamsclialceu.se ; Kamtsckatka Lily. Leaves
round, shining, from a foot and half to four feet in height. in whoils; flower erect corolla bell-shaped; petals sessile;
;

Native of the south of Europe, and of Siberia. There is a bulb roundish, small; stem quite simple, round, even, a foot
variety which flowers early in June, known in old gardens by high; flowers terminating, few, an inch and half in diameter,
the name <>f Turk's Caps. In Holland they raise a great on very short, naked, almost upright peduncles. Native of
variety of Martagons: those most commonly found in the Kamtschatka, and also of China and Cochin-china.
English gardens are, 1. The Common Msiriaj;"" with double 11. Lilium Philadelphicum; Philadelphian Martagon Lily.
flowers; 2. The White; 3. The Double White 4. The White
; Leaves in whorls; flowers erect corolla bell-shaped petals
; ;

Spotted: 5. Imperial ; 6. The Enih Scarlet; 7. The

The with claws; root smaller than in other sorts, scaly and white;
Constantinople Vermilion Martauon The way of oittaiiiinr stem single, upright, nearly a foot and half high, terminated
these and other varieties is, by sowing the seeds of the IMS by two flowers, which stand erect upon short separate pedun-
flowers in square boxes, six inches deep, with holes bored in cles: they are shaped like those of the Bulb-bearing Fiery
their bottoms, and filled with light sand;, earth the bci<im>ig Lily; bn! the petals are narrower at their base; towards
:

of October, soon after the seeds are ripe, is the proper seasoii. which they are marked with several dark purple spots, their
Sow them pretty thick, covering them about half an inch with general colour being a bright purple. It flowers in July, and
light sifted earth; place the boxes where they may have the 'be seeds ripen at the end of September. Native of North
morning sun only, and refresh them with water often, if the America : observed also in Japan. This species growing in a
season prove dry. In November remove them to where they small compass, and the flowers having no ill smell, is
proper
may have as much sun as possible, and be screened from wind" for the borders of small gardens. The stalks decay soon after
About the beginning of April restore them to their former the seeds are ripe: then is the proper time to remove the
position : for now the young plants, which are impatient of roots, which do not put out new fibres till after Christmas.
heat, will appear; and the soil will dry too fast, if exposed The bulbs do not put out many oft'scts.
to the full sun at noon. Keep them entirely free from weeds, 12. Lilium Umbellatmn. Leaves linear, short; top-leaves
aud refresh them gently and cautiously with water in dry verticillated, shorter than the peduncles; flowers from three
seasons. Let the boxes remain till the beginning of August; to five, umbellatcd, erect petals recurvo-patent, subequal,
;

then prepare some beds of fresh light earth, level them, and ovate-oblong, snbunjiuiculate; the flowers are of an uniform
take the earth out of the boxes with the small bulbs, and strew deep seal let colour, and are highly ornamental. It was found
it
equally over the beds, covering it half an inch thick with upon the banks of the Missouri by Messrs. Lewis and Nuttall.
fine sided earth. If the seasoii prove hot and dry, shade (he Pursh conjectures it to be the same with the one figured in the
beds in the middle of the day, and refresh them with water. Parndisux Lflndinertsis, under the name of Lilium Concolor.
If the following winter season be severe, cover the beds with Lily, Day. Sec HcmerocalKs.
pease-haulm, or other light covering, to keep out the frost ;Lily, Guernsey. See Amaryllis.
but this would injure the bulbs in mild weather. At the end Lily, May. See Convallaria Maialis.
of February, or the beginning of March, when the hard frosts Lily, Persian. See Fritillaria.
are over, gently clear off the earth upon the surface of the Lily, Superb. See Gloriosa.
 LI M OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LI M 43

See Catesbeea. a stomachic. Native of the West Indies; particularly of

Lily, Thorn.
Lily of the Falley. See Conaallaria. Jamaica, in the cooler parts of the mountains. This and all
See he following species are much too tender to thrive in the open
Lily, Water. Nymphaa.
Lime Tree. See Citrus and Tilia, air of England, and seldom flower even in a green-house :

Limttim ; a genus of the class Heptanclria, order Digynia. they are therefore kept in the tan-bed in winter; and if in
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved; summer the pots be plunged in a tan-bed under a deep frame,
leaflets ovate, acuminate, keeled, membranaceous on the mar- the plants will thrive, and flower strongly- They are propa-
gin, two exterior, permanent. Corolla : petals five, equal, gated by offsets from the roots, which are sent out pretty freely
ovate, somewhat clawed, obtuse, shorter than the calix ; while the roots are in vigour. They should be taken off and
nectary,
"
a margin surrounding the germen, bearing the sta- transplanted, at the time when the plant is most destitute of
mina. Stamina: fiiamenta seven or fewer, awl shaped, leaves ; and must have a soft loamy soil, with but little water-
shorter than the corolla; antherae ovate. Pialil: germen ing, especially in winter.
globose; style parted, cvlindric, shorter than the stamina; 3. Limodorum Tankervilliie; Chinese Limodorum. Flowers
racemes. It flowers in March and April.
stigmas rather obtuse. Pericarp: none; fruit bipartite into beardless, in
Seeds: two, hemispheric, hollow, naked; according toGaert- Native of China. See the preceding.
ner, shaped like a meniscus. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. 4. Limodorum Utriculatum. Root tuberous; root-leaves
Calix: five-leaved; Petals: live, equal; Capsule: globular, twin-sheathed ; radical sheath inflated ; scape sheathed ;
two-celled. The species lire, flowers sessile. Native of Jamaica and St. Domingo. See
1. Linieum Afrieanum ;
African Limeum. Leaves oblong, the second species.
petioled ; (according to Thunberg, ovate-lanceolate, sub- 5. Limodorum Gentiauoides. Root tuberous; leaflets

petioled ;) stems prostrate, weak, a span long, angular, naked, stem-sheathed; flowers ped uncled. Native of Jamaica. See
perennial at the base; corymbs terminating, solitary, com- the second species.
pound, naked, on long peduncles. Native of the Cape of (i. Limodorum Striatum. Scape angular, smooth ; leaves
Good Hope. ensiform, nerved ; petals lanceolate, with an oblong flat lip.
2. Limeum Iiicanum ; Hoary Limeum. Leaves ovate, with See Epidendrum Slriatum.
a strong midrib underneath ; tomentose. Native of the Cape 7. Liuiodorura Eiiisatum. Scape round, even; leaves ensi-
of Good Hope. form, striated petals lanceolate
; ;
lip recurved, broader.
S. Limeum thioptctm. Leaves linear-lanceolate. -Native Native of China and Japan. See Epidendrum Ensifvlium.
of the Cape of Good Hope. 8. Limodorum Falcatum. Horn filiform, very long leaves ;

Limnopcuce. See Hippuris. ensiform, channelled, sickled ; scape upright, smooth, shorter
Limotlcrum ; a species of the class Gynandria, order Di- than the leaves ; flowers in spikes, terminating. Native of
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathes vague; Japan. See the second species.
spadix simple; perianth none. Corolla: petals five, ovate- 9. Limodorum Monile. Scape round, striated,. jointed like
oblong, about equal, spreading, the superior ones converg- a necklace, simple ; leaves linear, simple. See Epidendrum
ing nectary one-leafed, concave, foot-slalked, within the
;
Munilijormt. It is. not parasitical ; but grows on walls, and
lowest petal the length of the petals.
; Stamina: two; fila- in hedges.
mentuin an oblong ascending body, the length of the corolla ;
10. Limodorum Virens. Root scaly ; scape branched,
antheraj two, ovate, looking forwards. Pistil: germen co- spoiled; bractes acute; flowers remote, greenish yellow;
lumnar, the length of the corolla, inferior; style filiform, bulbs many, connected near the base, conical, pointed ;
growing to the body of the fiiamenta; stigma funnel-form. scape axillary, erect, often branched, from one to two feet
Pericarp: capsule columnar, three-valved, one-celled, gaping high, round, smooth, coloured with purple spots; flowers
at the corners. Seeds: numerous, sawdust-like. Observe. striated ; petals nearly equal, erect or ascending. Native of
Swartz says it is scarcely different from the Serapias, except Coromandel, on dry uncultivated ground; flowering during
in the inflorescence or scape. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. the dry season. See the second species.
Nectary: one-leafed, concave, pedicelled, within the lowest 11. Limodorum ilecurvum. Root tuberous; scape bend-
petal. The species are, ing, nodding, shorter than the leaves; leaves broad -lanceolate,
1. Limodorum Tuberosum; Ttiberoux-rooted Limodorum. five-nerved; spike globular, nodding; bulbs striated, nearly
Flowers subspiked, bearded; root tuberous; stem a foot and round, surrounded with one or two rings, and having man;
half high the number of (lowers not exceeding five, dark
; thick fleshy fibres from their lower parts; stem from the side
purple. Native of Virginia and South Caioliiia. From the or base of the bulb; flowers numerous, crowded, white, with
little experience we have had of the a small tinge of yellow.
management of this spe- Native of Coromandel, in moist val-
cies, it
appears to be scarcely hardy enough for the open leys, among the hills; flowering at the beginning of the rainy
border, yet not tender enough to require a stove. The first season. See the second species.
plants were produced here by planting the roots in pots filled 12. Limodorum Nutans. Root tuberous; scape arched,
with bog-earth, arid plunging them into a tan-pit which a hH longer than the leaves, ovate, five-nerved ; spike oblong, pen-
gentle heat, for the purpose of raising plants or seeds, and dulous. This differs from the preceding, in having the bulbs
for striking cuttings. smooth, the leaves oval, the scape longer than the leaves,
2. Uraotloruni Altum
Tail Limodorum.; Flowers beard- the spike oblong and pendulous, with the flowers at som*
less spikes subpauicled ; root shaped like that of the true
; distance from one another, of a beautiful rose-colour, and
Saffron, but the outer cover of a darker brown colour: the the under lip of the nectary sharp-pointed. Native of Coro-
flower-stalk arises immediately from the root, on oue s .!e ot maadel; flowering as the preceding. See the second species.
the leaves ; it is naked, smooth, and of a purplish colour 13. Limodorum Aphyllum. Plant without leaves; root
towards the top, nearly a foot and half high, and terminated fibrous ; flowers solitary, naked, sessile stems perennial, ;

by a loose spike of purplish red tiowers on short peduncles several, most simple, spreading or pendulous, as the situation
According to Swartz, this is the plant whkh Browne calls admits ; flowers generally issuing single from the joints of the
Jamaica Salop; and recommends the root, properly cured, as stems. Native of Coromandel, but very rare, on dry rockv
GO. M
44 LIM THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LI N
hills ;
flowering in the beginning of the hot season. See the Limosella ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Ansjio-
second species. spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: utrianth one-
Limonia ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Monogynia. leafed, five-cleft, upright, sharp, permanent. (,V?v//a: one-
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, three petalled, bell shaped, upright, equal, five-cleft, acute, small ;
or five clef I, acute, very small, permanent. Corolla: petals divisions spreading. Stamina: filamenta four, of upright;
three to rive, oblong, obtuse, upright, spreading at the tip. which two are approximated to the same side, shorter than
Slamitia : tilamenta six to ten, awl-shaped, upright, shorter the corolla; a ntheraj simple. Pistil: germen oblong, obtuse,
than the corolla; antherae linear, upright. Pistil: germen two-celled ; style simple, length of the stamina, declinate ;
oblong, superior; style cyliiidric, length of the stamina; stigma globose. Pericarp: capsule ovate, half involved by
stigma headed, flat. Pericarp: berry ovate or subglobose, the calls, one-celled, divided below by the partition, twd-
three-celled; partitions inembranaceous. Seeds: solitary, valved. Srcds: very many, oval; receptacle ovate, large.
ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Culix: five-cleft. Corolla: five-
Petals: five. Berry: three celled. Seeds: solitary. The cleft, equal. Stamina: approximating by pairs. Capsule:
species are, one-celled, two-valved, many-seeded. The species are,
1. Liiiioniu ; Simple-leaved Limonia.
Monophylla Leaves 1. Limosella Aquatica; Common Mudwort, or liastard

simple spines solitary

; trunk irregular, with, a smooth green-
; Plantain. Leaves lanceolate; root annual, throwing out
ish ash-coloured bark branches numerous, very irregular
; ; naked cylindrical prostrate runners, which take root at their
racemes short; corolla four or five-petalled. Native of Coro- extremities and form new plants; flowers small, radical, on
mandcl in the forests on the coasts, where it
grows to a small simple flower-stalks, which become inflexed, as the fruit
tree, though ohener found in the state of a large shrub. ripens. Native of most parts of Europe, in muddy and gra-
2. Limonia Liicida. Unarmed leaves simple; peduncles :
velly places liable to be flooded, and where water has stood
axillary. Native of the Island of Mallicolla in the South during the winter. It flowers from
July to September.
Seas. 2. Limosella Diaudra. Leaves sublinear. This has the
3. Limonia Trifoliata
; Three-leaved Limonia. Leaves ter- same habit as the preceding, but is only one-fourth of the
nate spines in pairs
;
spines stipular, longer than the petiole.
; size: hence it is one of the smallest plants we know. It
This has the appearance of an orange-tree, with flexuose increases by very short runners. Found by Koenig on the
branches. Jussieu says the whole tree is smooth, the height coast at the Cape of Good Hope.
of a man in the stove, with a trunk the thickness of a human Linconia; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
arm, covered with a brownish ash-coloured hark, very much GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth interior, four-
branched the branchlets alternate, spreading; flowers sweet-
;
leaved ;
leaflets ovate, the inferior opposite pair
permanent ;

smeHing, on very short peduncles, axillary, in pairs, or three shorter. Corolla: petals five, lanceolate, sessile, upright;
together, slowly succeeding each other; corolla and tilamenta nectary a dell impressed on the bottom of the petal, begirt
white; fruit red, very soft, the size of a hazel-nut; pulp beneath by the margin. Sfamitta: filamenta five, al-shaped,
colourless, very sweet, with a slight taste of turpentine. It margined upright, middling; antherae obtuse, sagittated with
is a native both of China and Cochin-china, where it is much nutant gaping auricles. Pistil: germen half inferior, with
cultivated both for its beauty and fragaiice, as well as the respect to the corolla; with respect to' the cnlix, superior ;
pliancy of its branches. Burinan says it is also a native, of styles two, filiform, striated; stigmas simple. Pericarp: cap-
Java. sule two-celled. Seeds: two. Obsene. The perianth might
4. Limonia Pentaphylla; Five-hared Limonia. Unarmed: perhaps be taken for bractes; and then the flower would be
leaves commonly quinate oblong, entire; trunk
leaflets ;
entirely superior. ESSENTIAL CHAR ACTKU. Petals: five,
scarcely any, with an ash-coloured bark ; branches numerous, with a nectareous excavation at the base capsule two-celled.
;

nearly erect flowers white, very fragiant.

;
This is an elegant The only known species is,

fragrant shrub, very common in most uncultivated lands in 1. Linconia Alopecuroidea. Leaves scattered in a sort of
Coromandel but chiefly under large trees, where birds have
; whorl, five or six together subpetioled, linear, three-sided,
;

dropped the seeds: it flowers there all the year. The whole blirtish, shining, an inch long, rugi'cd at the angles the upper- ;

plant, when drying in the shade, diffuses a pleasant permanent most ciliate. This is a shrub with wiind-like branches, which
scent; the flowers are exquisitely fragrant ; and birds eat the are few in number, and determinate, irregular from the base
berries greedily. of the fallen leaves, as in the fir tree; flowers -at it:< ends of
5. Limonia Acidissima. Leaves pinnate; spines solitary. the branches, not however in bundles, hut se|i;i.a'i, lateral,
This tree is said to atv.iin the height of thirty feet, with a sessile, the length of the Itaus; corollas icnacii.us, flesh-
trunk ten inches in diameter: the leaves and fruit have the coloured, or white. Native of the Cape of Good Hope, in
smell of Anise. Native of the East Indies. watery places among the mountains.
0. Limi-nia Arborea. Stem arboreous, unarmed; leaves Linilera; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
quinate ;linear, serrate.
leaflets The berries are eaten by gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cati.i : none. Corolla:
birds; and flowers are equally fragrant with those of llie
tin: petals six, ovate, obtuse. Stamina: filamenla six, many
fourth sort. These two agree in habit the sorrate leaves are : times shorter than the corolla; anther* minute. Pistil:
the cfeicf distinction. Native of the mountainous pails of the germen ovate, smooth, superior; style upright, railter shorter
Circars, where it grows to a middle-sized tree, with a large than the corolla; stigmas two, reflex. Ptrittirp: capsule
branching head. two celled. SeKt,i: nndescrib'Ml. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
7. Limonia Crenulata. Leaves alternate, fascicled leaflets ; Corolla : six-pelailed. -The only known species is,
two or three with broad-winced petioles ; spines soli-
pairs, 1. Lindera Umhrllata. Leaves aggregate at the ends of
tary; flowers white, small, fragrant,
collected in small um- the branchlets, pttioled, oblonsr, acute, entire, above green
bels or racemes, over various parts or the bnnchleU. Native. and smooth, underneath pale and vilioie, HII inch long;
of Coromandel, on the low lands near the coast. It is there petioles scarcely a line in lenlh, villoM- alum- stem hrubby,
:

11 shrub, but in the mountains it grows to a middle-sized tree ; loo-e; branches and branchlets alternate, flcM..> a e, smooth,
Uowvring in the hot season. spieading very much; flowers terminating in it
simple many-
 LI N OK, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L I N 45

flowered tun bel; peduncles a little hairy, unpuicular; pedicels calix, smooth and white on the outside, having a few hairs
tomentose about half the length. The Japanese use the wood scattered over it within, with blood rid leins within the
for making soft brushes to clean their teeth with. Native of cavity, which are yellow on the lower side. The smell of the
Japan. flowers approaches to lint of Ulnmrin, or Meadow Sweet;
Lindernia ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio- and is so strong during the night, as to discover tin's little
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cali.i perianth five- plant at a considerable distance. In Sweden, where the plant
.-

parted; divisions linear, sharp, permanent. Corolla: one- is common, an infusion of the leaves in milk is employed in
petalled, ringent, two-lipped under lip very short, concave, the rheumatism.
;
In Norway they cure the itch with a decoc-

emarginated lower lip upright, three-cleft; the middle one tion of it.
;
And in Ostrobothnia they apply il in a cataplasm,
rather larger. Stamina: filamenta four, twin the superior or by fomentation, to disorders of the feet in sheep. Native
;

ones simple; the two inferior ascending, with a terminal of Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Silesia, Italy, Russia,
upright tooth; untlienv. twin, the inferior ones sublaieral. Siberia, and Canada, in large forests and woods, especially
Pistil: germen ovate; style filiform stigma etnargmated. where moss abounds; and flowers in June.
;
It has been dis-

Pericarp: capsule oval, one-celled, two-valvcd. See/is: covered in an old fir-wood at Mearns, near Aberdeen in
numerous. Receptacle cylindric. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- Scotland.
TER. Calif: live parted. Corolla: ringent, with the upper Linociera ; a genus of the class Diandria, order Mono-
lip very short. Stamina: the two lower with a terminating gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth very
tooth, and a suhlateral anthcrst*. Capsule: one-celled. The small, four-toothed, obtuse, permanent. Corolla: petals four,
species are, equal, linear, channelled, upright, spreading at lop, manv
1. Lindernia Pyxidaria. Leaves sessile, quite entire times longer than the calix.
; Stamina: filamenta two, very
peduncles solitary; root annual stem smooth, square, brittle, short, rather broad antheraj linear, two-furrowed, length of
; ;

sometimes branched, and putting forth runners; tlowers axil- the corolla, upright, each adhering slightly to the other side
lary, solitary, on a long slender peduncle ; corolla pale blue. of the two petals. Pistil: germen superior, ovate, four-
-Native of Virginia, in watery and boggy places flowering cornered; style short
; stiirma oblong, two cleft. Pericarp:
;

in July and August. Hence it has migrated into Europe; berry ovate, sharp-pointed, two-celled. Seeds: solitan,
and is now found in similar situations in Alsace and Piedmont. oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix; four-toothed.
2. Lindernia Dianthera. Leaves petioled, ovate, round Corolla: four-petalled. Antheret : connecting two opposite
is!i, subset-rate; stem creeping. Annual, and a native of petals at flic base. Kerry: two celled. Dr. Smith suggests,
St. Domingo. that by examining the fruit in an early state, it will be found
3. Lindernia Japonk-a. Leaves obovate, toothed, the lowest that the Linociera of Schreber is not distinct from Chionanthus.

petioled; root annual; stem herbaceous, branched, weak; See Chionanthus. There is but one species, Linociera Ligus-
blanches alternate, somewhat villose, from an inch to a span trina, a native of open places in the West Indies.
in length; flowers at the ends of the branches in racemes; Linum; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Pentagynia.
corollas rnfescent. Native of Japan. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved, Ian-
Linntta; (so named by Gronovius, in honour of the illus- ceolate, upright, small, permanent. Corolla: funnel-form.
trious Carlvon Linne or Linnaeus,- a native of Sweden, and Petals: five, oblong, gradually wider above, obtuse, more
the prince of botanists;) a genus of the class Didynamia, spreading, large. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, up-
order Angiospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: peri- right, length of the calix ; (also five rudiments, alternating f)
anth double. Piriattth nf the fruit : inferior, four-leaved; antherae simple, arrowed. Pistil: germen ovate; styles five,
the two opposite leaflets very small, acute; the remaining filiform, upright, length of the stamina stigmas simple, reflex.
;

two concave, upright, hispid, embracing the germen,

elliptic, Pericarp: capsule globose, rudely pentagonal, ten valved,
converging, permanent. Perianth of t/ie Jlowtr: superior, gaping at the tip; partitions membranaceoiis, very thin, con-
one-leafod, five parted, upright, narrow, sharp, equal. Co- necting the valves. Seeds: solitary, ovate-flatfish, acumi-
rolla: one-petalled, bell-shaped, half five cleft, obtuse, sub- nated, smooth. Observe. In many species, if not in all, the.
equal, twice as large as the calix of the flower. Stamina : filamenta are united at the base: in the twenty-third, a fifth
liianienia four, awl-shaped, inserted into the bottom of the part is excluded. ESSENTI AI. CHARACTER. Calix: five-
corolla; of which two are very small, the two nearest longer ;
leaved. Petals: five. Capanle : ten-valved, ten celled.
shorter than the corolla; aniheiae compressed, versatile. Seeds: solitary. The species are,
Pistil: germen roundish, inferior; style filiform, *
straight, With alternate Leaves.
Irilgth of the corolla, declinate; stigma globose. Pericarp: 1. Linum Usitatissimum ; Common Flax. Calices-and
berry juiceless, ovate, three-celled, coveted by the hispid capsules mucroiiHte; petals eremite; leaves lanceolate ; stem
glutinous perianth of the fruit, deciduous. Seeds: two, generally solitary roots annual, simple, fibrous,
;
pale brown;
roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: double, of stem upright,' eighteen indies, two fret, and even more, in
the fruit two leaved, of the flower five-parted,
superior. height, round, smooth, leafy, branched only at top; flowers
Corolla: bell-shaped. Berry: dry, three-celled. The large, growing in a panicle, on round smooth peduncles ;

only known species is, petals wedge-shaped, deciduous, sky-blue, streaked with
1. Linuxa Borealis; Twojlcni-ered Linncea. Root peren- deeper-coloured lines, white at the "claws, and somewhat
nial, fibrous; stems filiform, from three to six feet long, gnawed at the tip. Flax is now found wild in many parts
loose, creeping, round, perennial, ferruginous, with a few of Europe, in corn-fields. In England we cannot assert it
while hairs scattered over them ; leaves opposite, roundish, to be aboriginal, though it is said to be
very common in the
ovate, spreading, attenuated into the petioles; branches alter- western comities, not only in corn fields, bat in pastures and
n lie, simple, upright, with six or eight leaves on them; on downs. It flowers in June and July. The plants of Flax,
peduncles terminating the older branches, solitary, a finger's \\h.Mi crowded together in cultivation, rise
only a foot and
length, upright, having different hairs sniftered over them, half high, with a slender uttbranched stalk
yet when liiev ;

some very minute, reHex-pellucid, others spreading, secreting are allowed room, will rise more than two feet*
high, and pu't
a glutinous juice ; corolla ttirbinate, three times as out two or three side-branches towards the
long as the top, especially in
4
1(5 LI N THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LIN
a good soil. There is a dwarf variety, which has stronger and or when the crop is attacked by a small white slug; or when
shorter stalks, branching out more, the leaves broader, the the ground being full of clods, the seeds are not evenly dis-
flowers larger, with the petals iudeuled at the extremity, the persed, and not being able to pierce Ihe clods, come up in
seed-vessels much larger, and the peduncles longer. This circles round them, leaving vacancies in the centre favouring
valuable plant is supposed to have been derived originally their early branching, than which nothing is more detrimen-
from those parts of Egypt which are exposed to the inunda- tal to the crop, the
goodness of it
depending much on its
tions. In the earliest record we have, E.wdim ix. 31. flax is running up with a single stalk, for wherever it branches, the
mentioned as a plant cultivated in that country on which ; fibres terminate, and they are worked off in dressing. If the
account antiquaries have been surprised to find the vestments crop be intended for thread of the first quality, the time of
of mummies made of cotton. It is highly probable, however, pulling it is when the seeds are formed but if they be suf-
;

thatmankind made thread of cotton before the use of flax fered to ripen, the advantage gained by the seed is balanced
was discovered; the former being produced in a state ready by the inferior quality of the flax, the filauienta being harsh,
for spinning, whereas the latter requires a long process before and the cloth made from them not taking a good colour in
it can be brought to that state. It is difficult, or perhaps whitening. It is also a great exhauster of the soil, when it

impossible, to determine when the culture of flax was first stands for the seed to ripen. The flax crop interferes with
introduced into this country- In the simplicity of ancient harvest, and therefore ought to be confined to rich grass-
times, \vheu families provided within themselves most of the land districts, where harvest is a secondary object, and where
necessaries and conveniences of life, every garden supplied exhaustion may be rather favourable than hurtful to succeed-
a proper quantity of hemp and flax. The macerating or ing arable crops, by checking the too great rankness of the
steeping necessary to separate the fibres, by. rotting the rest rich fresh-broken ground. It has been strongly recommended,
of the stalk, was found to render water so offensive, that "by instead of steeping the flax in ponds or other cold water, to
the 33rd of Henry VIII. it was enacted that no person should separate the boon or pulp of the stalk, from the harle or
water any Hemp or Flax, in any river or stream, or in any fibrous part, which constitutes the flax, by boiling it in water.
common pond, where beasts are used to be watered. The If this process should be found to answer as well as the com-
seeds of flax, called Linseed, yield, by expression only, a large mon one, much time and labour would be saved, and the
air and waters would not be poisoneti, as they now are where
proportion of oil, which is an excellent pectoral, as is like-
wise the mucilaginous infusion. The oil is of a healing bal- flax and hemp are steeped. The flax would also in all pro-
samic nature, and very useful in coughs, attended with spit- bability be of a finer colour, and the operation of bleaching
ting of blood, in colics, and obstinate costiveness. Out- safer and less tedious; but whether the strength of the thread

wardly applied, it softens and eases pain. The seeds in sub- would be improved or diminished, experience only can decide.
stance are used as poultices, to soften and ripen inflammatory The common mode of cultivating flax is as follows. In
tumors, and are well adapted for that purpose. The infusion order to have the ground as clear from weeds as possible,
is likewise a good medicine in the strangury, heat of urine, it should be fallowed two winters, and one summer, and har-

thin sharp deductions on the lungs, and other similar disorders. rowed between each ploughing, particularly in summer, to
An ounce of the seeds is a sufficient, quantity for a quart of destroy the young weeds soon after they appear. This will
water; for if added in a larger quantity, they render the liquor also break the clods by separating their parts, so that
they
After the oil is expressed from the seeds, will full to pieces on being stirred. If the laud should require
disagreeably slimy.
the remaining farinaceous part, called oil-cake, is given to dung, that ought not to be laid on till the last ploughing,
oxen, who soon grow fat upon it. This oil differs in several when it must be buried in the ground but this dung should
:

other expressed oils : it does not congeal in be clear from seeds of weeds, which it may be by laying it
respects from
winter, nor does it form a solid soap with fixed alkaline salts, in a heap, and fermenting it well. Just before the season for
and it acts as a menstruum upon sulphure-
more powerfully sowing the seed, the land is well ploughed, and laid very
ous bodies. When heat
applied during the expression, it
is even. The seeds are sown at the end of Match, or the
acquires a yellowish colour, and a peculiar smell. In this beginning of April, when the weather is mild and warm.
state it is used by painters and varnishers. It is well known
,
The seed is sown broad-cast, two to three bushels to an acre;
that the fibres of the stem are manufactured into linen, and but from many repeated trials, says Mr. Miller, 1 have found
that this linen, when worn to rags, is made into paper. Flax it a much better method to sow the seed in drills, at about

in German is called Flacks, or Lein ; in Dutch, Vlasch ; in ten inches' distance from each other, by which half the quan-
Danish, Horr or Hiirr ; in Norwegian, Liin ; in Swedish tity of seed usually sown will produce a greater crop ; and
and French, Lin; in Italian and Spanish, Lino; in Portu- when the flax is thus sown, the seed may be easily hoed to
guese, Linho ; in Russian, Polish,
and all the languages from destroy the weeds if this operation be twice repeated in
:

the Slavonian, Len, or Lan. All the Europeans, except the dry weather, it will keep the ground clean till the flax is
Danes, use Lin, when speaking of the seed. Flax requires a ripe ; this may be done at half the expense which hand-weed-

rich dry soil, or fat sandy loam, particularly that which is ing will cost, and will not tread down the plants nor harden
formed from the sediment of great rivers ; hence old grass- the ground, which by the other methods is always done ; and
land of this description is its most proper matrix. It is, how- it is
absolutely necessary to keep the flax clean from weeds,
ever, not (infrequently sown on arable land ; and, when the otherwise they will overbear and spoil the crop. Towards the
soil is in heart,dry, friable, and clean, with good success. end of August, or the beginning of September, the flax will
Much depends on the state of the soil at the lime of sowing. begin to ripen, and it must not stand to be over-ripe, but be
It should neither be wet uor dry, and the surface ought to pulled up by the roots as soon as the heads begin to change
be made as fine as- that of a garden bed. For the crop brown, and hang downwards, otherwise the seeds will soon
should all rise tORr'her, and the surface should be evenly scatter and be lost so that the pluckers must be nimble in
;

seeded. If the p, .n'> come up at several times, or if by tying up the plants in bandfuls, and setting them upright, till
accident or mismanagement they be thin upon the ground*, they are dry enough to be housed. If the flax be pulled when
the crop is irreparaK'y injured. This will be the case in a it first
begins to flower, the thread will be whiter, but then the
severe season of drought, or when spring frosts are severe, seed will be lost. The thread, however, will be stronger when
 LIN OH, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LIN 47

Ihe flax is left till the seed is ripe, provided it does not stand too purple, or white, nearly twice as long as the calix. Native

long; but the colour of it will not be

so good. Some recom- of the south of Europe.
mend sheep-feeding with the flax, when it is a good height, 9. Linum Angustifolium ; Narrow-leaved Flax. Calix
and affirm that they will eat the weeds and grass, and do obsoletelv three-nerved ;
leafletsand capsule acuminate;

the flax good ; and that if they should beat it down, that it leaves linear-lanceolate, three-nerved; stems numerous, a
will rise again with the next rain. But this is a very wrong littleinclined. This is very much allied to the first species.
the flax, it will shoot up very Native of Cornwall and Devonshire, in dry sandy pastures,
practice, for if the sheep gnaw
It is also found at Dorsham in
weak, and never attain to half the size it would have done especially near the sea.
if it had not been cropped ; and if the sheep like the crop Suffolk Minster in the isle of Sheppey ; at Beacon Hill, and
;

better than the weeds, they will devour that, and leave the Deal in Kent ; and near Hastings in Sussex.
weeds untouched. 10. Linum Gallicum ; Annual Yellow Flax. Calices awl-
2. Linum Perenne ; Perennial Flax. Calices and capsules shaped, acute; leaves linear-lanceolate; peduncles of the
blunt leaves lanceolate, quite entire.
;
From its perennial panicle two-fl.iwered ; flowers subsessile ; root annual ; flow-
root arise three or four inclining stalks, having short narrow ers yellow. Native of the south of France.
leaves towards their base, but scarcely any about the top. 11. Linum Maritimum ; Sea Flax. Calices ovate-acute^
The flowers are produced at the ends of the stalks, sitting awnlcss ; leaves lanceolate, the lower ones opposite; root
very close; they are of a delicate texture, and very elegant perennial; stems herbaceous, round, almost upright, glaucous;
blue colour. Mr. Miller distinguishes the upright Siberian petals yellow. It flowers in July and August. Native of the
The stems of this are strong, in number according south of Europe and the Levant.
plants.
to the size of the root, in height from three to five feet 12. Linum Alpinum ; Alpine Flax. Calices rounded-,
according to the soil ; they divide into several branches at blunt; leaves linear, sharpish; stems declinate; root peren-
top. The flowers are large, of a fine blue, appearing in nial, branched; stems herbaceous, simple, half a foot or
June, and are succeeded by obtuse seed-vessels, ripening in more in length flowers peduucled, large ; petals pale blue.
;

September. He recommends the cultivating it for use; being Native of Austria, Piedmont, Dauphiny, and Silesia.
perennial, earlier, more productive, and yielding a stronger 13. Linum Austriacum; Austrian Flax. Calices rounded,
though not so fine a thread. Native of Cambridgeshire, blunt ; leaves linear, sharp, straightish; root perennial, woody;
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Northamptonshire, on calcareous pas- stems herbaceous, annual, from six to eighteen inches long ;
tures. This flax has been tried, and answers very well for peduncles one-flowered ; petals white, purplish, blue or violet,
making common strong linen, but the thread is not so fine or with darker lines and a yellow claw. It flowers in June and
white as that which is produced from the common sort; but July. Native of Austria and the Palatinate.
as the roots of this will continue many years, it will require 14. Linum Virginianuni ; Virginian Flax. Calices acute,
little other culture, but to keep it clean from weeds, which alternate ; capsules awnless ; panicle difform ; leaves lanceo-
cannot well be done, unless the seeds be sown in drills, that late ; root-leaves ovate ; stem filiform, a foot high, panicled ;
the ground may be constanlly kept hoed to destroy the weeds flowers on very short peduncles ; corollas yellow. Native of
when young. This sort must have the stalks cut off close to Virginia and Pennsylvania.
the ground when ripe, and then managed in the same way as 15. Linum Flavum ; Perennial Yellow Flax. Calices sub-
the common sort ; but it seldom produces more than three scrrate-rugged, lanceolate, subsessile ; panicle with dichoto-
crops that will pay for standing. moiis branches ; root perennial, woody ; stems herbaceous,
3. Linum Monogynuui One-styled Flax. Calices acute
; ; upright, from ; six to eighteen inches high ; flowers elegant,
leaves even
linear-lanceolate, stem round, shrubby, and
;
upright, on short peduncles, at the end of the branches, and
branched at the base flowers one-styled. Native of New
; at Ihc divisions of them. The flowers open most in the
Zealand, in Queen Charlotte's Sound. morning, when the sun shines, and continue in succession
4.. Linum Viscosum Clammy Flax. Leaves lanceolate,
;
during June, July, and part of August.
hairy, five-nerved ; root woody, perennial. Native of Ger- 1C. Linum Strictum Upright Flax. ; Calices awl-shaped;
many. leaves lanceolate, mucronate, rugged at the edge. This
stiff,
5. Linum Hirsutum; Hairy Flax. Calices hirsute, acu- is an annual
plant, with an upright stalk nearly a foot and
minate, branch-leaves opposite ; root woody,
sessile, alternate; half high. Native of the south of France, Spain, and Sicily.
perennial; stems round, simple, hairy, from a foot to two 17. Linum Suffruticosum ; Shrubby Flax. Leaves linear,
feet in height ; flowers on very short peduncles ; petals blue, acute, rugged stems suffruticose. This has a shrubby stalk,
;

marked with lines. Native of Austria and Hungary. a foot high, sending out several branches flowers at the ends;

0. Linum Narbonnense ; Nar bonne Flux. Calix acuminate; of the branches, erect, on long slender peduncles; petals
leaves lanceolate, stiff, rugged, acuminate stem round, ;
large, entire, white, but before the flowers open pale yellow.
branched at the base; filameuta connate ; root perennial stem ;
They appear in July, but the seeds seldom ripen in England.
from a foot to eighteen inches high, branching out almost to Native of Spain, about Aranjuez, but common in the king-
the bottom into many long slender branches; flowers at the dom of Valencia.
ends of the branches. Native of the south of France, Swit- 18. Linum Arboreura Tree Flax. Leaves wedge-shaped ;
;

zerland, and Italy. It flowers from

May to July. stems arborescent. This beautiful species forms (if not a
1. Linum Reflexuin; Reflex-leaved Flax. Calices acu- tree, as its name imports,) a shrub of the height of several
minate ; ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, reflex, even
leaves ; feet. begins to flower in March, and continues flowering
It
filatnenta connate ; stem a foot high, round,
woody, branched to the close of summer, but has not yet produced seeds in
from the base ; flowers in a sort of umbel, large, blue. It England. Native of the island of Candia.
flowers in July. Native of the south of Europe. 19. Linum Campanulatum. The base of the leaves dotted
8. Linum Tenuifolium; Fine-leaved Flax. Calices acumi- glandular on both sides ; stem simple, a finger long. Native
nate ; leaves linear, setaceous, rugged backwards root per- ;
of the south of France, and of Russia.
** With
eiuiial, woody, branching; stems ascending at the base flow- ; opposite leaves.
ers in a sort of panicle, peduncled; petals rose-coloured, 20. Linum Africanum; African Flax. Leaves linear-Ian -
70. N
 LI P THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LI P
ceolate flowers terminating, pedunclrd stem siiffruticose, Corolla.- wings two-lobed below. Stamina: the
larger, with
; :

a foot high, round, with branches; flowers in a three shorter teeth.

stiff, simple Legume: ovate. For their propagation
terminating umbel; petals yellow, with villose claws, anil and culture, see Borbonia. The species are,
turning lawny. It flowers in June and Native of 1. Liparia Sphverica Flowers
July. Globe-flowered Liparia.
;

Africa. in heads leaves lanceolate, nerved, smooth

; stem four feet;

21. Linum Nodiflorum Knotted Flax. Fioriferous leaves high, stout, smooth and even
; corolla tawny.
; The manner
opposite, lanceolate flowers alternate, sessile
; calices the in which the wings wrap round each other before the flower,
;

length of the leaves; stem angular, even, bifid, or Iritid which is remarkably handsome, opens, is very singular head
;
;

root perennial; corolla yellow. Native of Italy. terminating. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
22. Linum Catharticum Purging Flux. Leaves ovate-
; 2. Liparia Graminifolia Grass-leaved Liparia.
; Flowers
lanceolate stem dichotomous corollas acute root annual, in heads leaves linear, alternate, acute, sessile calices vil-
; ; ; ; ;

very small flowers terminating, solitary, pendulous before lose

; stem shrubby, determinately branched, smooth and
;

they open, then erect; petals white. It sometimes varies even, angular; head made up of a raceme corolla yellow.
;

with four stamina and four styles. This small delicate spe- Native of the Cape, of Good Hope.
cies of flax, called also in some places Mill Mountain, is very 3. Liparia Umbellata; Umbelled
Liparia. Flowers urn-
common throughout England in dry hilly pastures, and flowers belled; leaves lanceolate, smooth. and even; corollas smooth;
from the end of May to August. Gerardc celebrates this calices and bractes hairy. It is the same with Borbonia
little plant as a
purge. His receipt is a handful of the herb Leevigata, which see.
infused in a pint of warm white wine all night, and taken in 4. Liparia Villosa; Woolly Liparia. Flowers in heads;
the morning. Lewis prescribes an infusion in water or whey leaves ovate-acute, villose branches round
; corolla red. ;

of a handful of the fresh leaves, or a drachm in substance of Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
them dried. Dr. Withering recommends an infusion of two 5. Liparia Sericea Silky Liparia. Flowers subspikcd,
;

drachms or more of the dried herb, as an excellent purge in axillary leaves oblong-ovate, acute, villose. Allied to the
;

many obstinate rheumatisms and adds, that it frequently acts preceding. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
;

as a diuretic. Native of most parts of Europe. Lippia; a genus of the class Didynatuia, order Angiosper-
23. Linum Radiola; Least Flax, or All-seed. Stem dicho- mia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
tomous; flowers four-stamiued, four-styled; root annual; compressed, four-toothed, bivalved when mature valves ;

leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate flowers upright, solitary, mcmbranaceous, acuminate, keeled, upright, permanent.
;

small, white. With us it is called All-seed and Least Rup- Corolla: one-petalled, unequal; border four-cleft divisions ;

ture Wort, and is found on moist sandy heaths; flowering in rounded, the inferior and superior one larger, the
superior
July and August. Native of many parts of Europe. erect. Stamina : fiiamenta four, shorter than the corolla,
24. Linum Quadrifolia; Four-leaved Flax. Leaves in two of them longer than the others autherre simple. Pistil:
;

fours. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. germen ovate, compressed, flat; style filiform, of the situa-
25. Linum Verticillatnm Whorl-ltaved Flax. Leaves in tion and length of the stamina; stigma oblique.
;
Pericarp:
whorls. Annual stems round, branched, not more than a none ; valves of the calix the seeds. Seeds : solitary,
;
oblong.
foot high; flowers violet or bluegray. Native of Italy, near Observe. Several fructifications are collected into a little
Rome. head. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four toothed,
20. Linum Lewisii. Leaves of trie calix ovate-acuminate roundish, upright, compressed, meuibranaceous.
;
Capsule:
petals cuneate, rounded at the top; leaves lanceolate-linear, one-celled, two-valved, two-seeded, straight. Seed : two-
nmcronate; stems lofty, numerous. Found by Lewis in the celled. The species are,
valleys of the Rocky Mountains, and on the banks of the 1. Lippia Americana. Heads pyramidal; height sixteen
Missouri. The flowers are large and blue it is a very or eighteen feet, with a rough bark branches and leaves in
; ;

good perennial; and Pursh thinks it would be useful if pairs; peduncles axillary, sustaining many pyramidal .scalv
cultivated. heads, about the size of a large gray pea, in which are many
27. Linum Rigidnm. Leaves of the calix ovate, acuminate, small yellow flowers between the scales Found at La Ver
three-nerved, c'liate pt-tals oblong,
;
very narrow; leaves Cruz. These shrubs, being natives of the continent and
stiffly erect, linear, short flowers sulphur yellow coloured. islands of the West Indies, must be preserved in a bark-stove.
;

This plant was discovered on the banks of the Missouri by The seeds should be sown on a hot-bed, and the plants
Mr. Thomas Nutlall, to whose unwearied diligence the de- treated as other shrubby plants from the same country by ;

lightful science of Botany is already greatly indebted. keeping them always in the stove, plunged in the bark bed,
Lion's Foot. See Catananche. observing to give them a large share of air in warm weather,
Lion's Leaf. See Ltontice. and to refresh them frequently with water. In winter they
Lion's Tail. See Phlomis Leonurus. must he watered more sparingly, and be kept in a moderate
Liparia ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria. degree of warmth; otherwise they will not live through the
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, very winter, especially when young: but when they have acquired
.obtuse at the base, half five-cleft, acute the lowest division strength, they may be preserved with a less share of warmth.
;

very long, elliptic, petal-like. Corolla : papilionaceous, As the plants advance in their growth, shift them into larger
without processes of the keel or wing; standard oblong, con- pots; but this should not be too often repeated. Once evrry
duplicated, straight, the sides reflex wings oblong, straight, spring will be sufficient, for these and many other exotic
;

narrower at the base, two-lobed at the lower margin. Keel: plants do not thrive so well when frequently removed, as \\hen
lanceolate, subascending, two-parted at the base. Stamina: they are permitted to fill the pots with their roots. Shift
filamenta diadelphous, simple and nine-parted, filiform, three them in April; at which time the tan of the hot-bed should
shorter than the rest atithcne ovate.
; Pistil: germen sessile, he stirred, and fresh tan mixed with it, to increase the heat.
very short; style filiform, middling; stigma simple. Peri- The earth in which these plants are placed should be light
carp: legume ovate. Seeds: few. ESSENTIAL CHAHAC- and fresh, but not too rich.
TEU. C.ulix : fivs-clefr, with the lowest segment elongated. 2. Lippia Hemispiiaerica. Heads hemispherical. This it
 LI Q OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LIR 49

a shrub ten feet high, the w hole odoriferous and aromatic; before the plants come up so that the surest way to raise
;

flowers small corolla white.

; Native of Carlhagena, in New them, is to sow the seeds in boxes or pots of light earth ;

Spain. which may be placed in a shady situation during the first

5. Lippia Ovata. Heads ovate; leaves linear, quite entire. summer, and be removed in autumn to where they can have
Native place unknown. more sun but if the winter should prove severe, it will be
:

4. Lippia Hirsuta. Hirsute: leaves oblong, wrinkled, ser- proper to cover them with pease-haulm, or other light cover-
rate, tonientose underneath ; panicles axillary heads ovate
; ;
ing which ought constantly to be lemoved in mild weather.
;

stem four-cnrnered ; flowers minute, white. Found in Ame- In the succeeding spring, if these boxes or pots be placed
rica by Mu I is. upon a moderate hot-bed, it will cause the seeds to come up
6. Lippia Cymosa. Flowers cymed ; leaves ovale, almost eaily, so that the plants will have time to gel strength before
entire. This shrub lias often several steins from the same the winter; but during the two first winters, it will be proper
root, each no larger than a goose quill, round, and woody; to screen them from severe frost, as they will afterwards bear
the flowers come out at the top, they are small, and many the cold very well.
together. Native of Jamaica. 2. Liquidambar Imberbe; Oriental Liquidambar. Leaves
Liquidambar ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Poly- palmate-lobed, with the sinuses of the base of the*'eius smooth.
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers: numerous, Native place unknown.
on a long conical loose ament. Calix: involucre common Liquorice. See Qlycyrfhae*.
four-leaved; leaflets ovate, concave, caducous; the nlternate Liquorice Vetch. See Astragalus.
ones shorter. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta numerous, Liquorice, Wild. See Abrus.
very short, on a body convex on one side, flat ou the other; Liriconfancy. See Coneallaria Maiulis.
antiK"-ic upright, twin, four-furrowed, two-celled. Female Liriodendron ; a genus of the class Polyaudria, order
Fwinrn: at the base of the male spike, heaped into a globe. Polygynia. GEN ERIC CHARACTER. Calix: involucre pro-
Cali.r: involucre as in the male, but double; perianths pro per two-leaved; leaflets triangular, fiat, deciduous; perianth
per bell (hoped, conn-red, several, connate, warty. Corolla: three-leaved leaflets oblong, concave, spreading, petal-form,
;

none. Pistil: getnien oblong, growing to the perianth: deciduous. Stamina: filamenta numerous, shorter than the
slv'i-stwo, nwi-shftped stigmas growing on one side, length corolla, linear, inserted into the receptacle of the fructi-
;

of the style, recurved, pubescent. Pericarp: capsules as fication; anthem- linear, growing longitudinally to the sides
many, ovate, one-celled, bivalve, at the tip acute, disposed of thefilameiiliiiii. Pistil: germina numerous, disposed into
cone style none sliyma to each globose.
into a globe, woody. Seeds: several, oblong, glossy, with a a ; ; Pericar-p :
inenibrune at the point, mixed with a yreat many chatty cor- none: seeds imbricated into a body resembling a strobile.
puscles. GaM'liu-r ha> furnished us with the following Emen- Seeds: numerous, ending in a lanceolate scale, emitting an
dations, I'ixlii : germina two, conjoined between each other, acute angle towards the base of the scale from the inner side,
and with ihr perianth style to each long, awl-shaped; stigma
;
compressed -at the base, acute. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
recurved. Pericarp: capsules twin, leathery, beaked, one- Calix: three-leaved. Petals: six seeds imbricated into a
celled, gaping inuards. Seeds: several, oblong, glossy, strobile. The species are,
compressed, ending in u little membrane. ESSENTIAL CHA- 1. Liriodendron Tulipifera Common Tulip Tree.
; Leaves
RACTER Male Calit: common, four leaved. Corolla: lobed. Mr. Marshall describes the tulip-tree as seventy or
none. Filamenta : numerous. Female. Culix : in a globe, eighty feet in height. He mentions two varieties, one with
four leaved. Corolla: none. Stylm: two. Capsules:
many yellow, and the other with while wood the first soft and:

in a globe, two-valved, man\ -seeded. The specit s are, biittle, much used for boards, and heels of shoes, also for
1. Liquidambar Styraciflua;
Mttplr-lrarrd Liquiilambar, turning into bowls, trenchers, &c. the white heavy, tough,
or Street Gum. Leaves palmute-lobed, with I he sinuses of and hard, sawed into joist boards, &c. for buildings. lie
the base of the veins villose. The trunk of this tree is usually remarks that the flower has sometimes seven petals, or more.
two feet in diameter, straight, and free from branches to the The young shoots of this tree are covered with a smooth pur-
height of about fifteen feet; from which the branches spread plish bark they are garnished with large leaves, the foot-
;

and rise, in a conic form, to the height ol forty feet and stalks of which are four inches long. The flowers are pro-
upwards from the ground. The leaves of this species are duced at the end of the branches; they are composed of six
distinguished from those of the second, by the little tufts of petals, three without, and three within, which form a sort of
hairs placed where the veins divide from the midrib. From bell-shaped flower: whence the inhabitants ef North America
between the wood and the bark issues a fragrant gum, which give it the title of Tulip. These petals are marked with
trickles from the wounded trees, and, green, yellow, and red spots, nuking a fine appearance when
by the heat of the sun,
congeals into transparent drops, which the Indians chew the trees are well charged with flowers. The time of this
as a preservative to their teeth. It is un excellent balsamic tree's flowering is iu July; and when the flowers drop, the
medicine, inferior to none, for the whites, and weaknesses germen swells, and forms a kind of cone but these do :

occasioned by venereal disorders it operates by urine, brings

: not ripen in England. Catesby, iu his Natural History of
away gravel, and is beneficial in disorders of tile lungs: "it Carolina, says, there are some of these trees in America,
ma> be chewed in small quantities, like Gum Arabic and ;
which ore thirty fei t in circumference, making several bends
smells so like Ifcilsam of Tolu, that it is not or elbows; which render the trees dislinmiishable at a great
easy to distinguish
them. The baik of this tree is of singular use to the Indians, distance, even when they have no leaves on them. They .are
for covering their huts: the wood has a fine
urain, and is found in most parts of the northern continent of America, from
but when wrought too yreen, is the Cape of Florida to New England ; where the timber is of
beautifully variegated ;
;ipi to
shrink to prevent which, no less than
eight or ten years is great use, particularly lor making of periauguas, their trunks
:

sutiicieiit to season the

plants; after vihicb, it forms excellent being large enough to be hollowed into the shape of those
timber, and is used in wainscoting. It is a native of
clayey boats; so they are of one piece. Kalrn observes, that it is
ground in North America. The seeds of this tree, if sowii iii very agreeable at the end of May to see one of UKSC large
the spring, commonly remain in the ground it whole trees with its singular leaves, and covered for a fortnight togt-
year,
 LIR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LIR
ther with flowers, which have the shape, size, and partly tlit the plantsmake great progress the first summer, they may be
colour, of tulips; the wood is used for canoes; whence thr transplanted again the following spring; part of them may be
Swedes in North America call it Canoe-tree. He speaks oi planted in the places where they are to remain, and the other
having seen a barn of considerable size, the sides and roof u' should he planted in a nursery, where they may grow two or
which were made of a single tulip-tree split into boards. But ihrce years to acquire strength, before they are planted out
one inconvenience attends it, for there is no wood that contracts for good: though the younger they are planted in the places
and expands itself so much as this. The bark is divisible into where they are to stand, the larger they will grow, for the
very thin laminae, which are tough, like fibres of bass-mats it roots run out into length, and when they are cut, it greatly
:

is pounded, and given to horses that have the hots. The roots retards their growth: so that these trees should never be
are supposed to be as efficacious in agues as Jesuit's hark. removed when large; for they rarely succeed, when they are
One of the handsomest trees of this kind is in the garden of grown to a large size, before they are transplanted. When
Mr. Jones, at Waltham Abbey. This tree is propagated by the seeds are sown upon a bed in the full ground, the bed
seeds, which are annually imported in great plenty from should be arched over with hoops, and shaded in the heat of
America. They may either be sown in pots or tubs filled the day from the sun, and frequently refreshed with water;
with light r:\f\li from the kitchen-garden, or in a bed in the as also should the plants when they appear: for when they
full ground : those which are sown in the first way may be are exposed much to the sun,
tliey make small progress. The
placed on a gentle hot-bed, which will forward their growth, care of these in summer must be to keep them clean from
so that the plants will acquire more strength before winter. weeds, supplying them duly with water, and shading them
When they are thus treated, the glasses of the hot-bed should from the sun in hot weather: but as these seeds will not come
be shaded from the sun every day, and the earth in the pots tip so soon as those which were placed on a hot-bed, they
should be frequently refreshed with water for unless it is generally continue growing later in autumn, and will there-
;

kept moist, the seeds will not grow : but this must be done lore be sheltered from the early frosts; for as their shoots will
with care, so as not to make it too wet, which will rot tin be much softer than those of the plants which had longer time
seeds. When the plants appear, they must be still shaded in to grow, so if the autumnal frosts should prove severe, they
the heat of the day from the sun ; but fresh air must be will be iu danger of being killed down to the surface of the
admitted daily, to prevent their drawing up weak; and as thr ground ; by which the whole summer's growth will be lost,
season advances, they must be gradually hardened, to bear and the unprotected plants are sometimes entirely killed by
the open air. While the plants are young, they do not require the first winter. As these plants will not have advanced so
much sun, and should be either shaded, or placed where the much in their growth as the other, they should remain in the
morning sun only shines upon them ; they must also be con- seed-bed, to have another year's growth, before they are
stantly supplied with water, but not have it in too great removed ; therefore all that will be necessary the second year,
plenty. As the young plants commonly continue growing late is to keep them cleau from weeds. After the plants have
in the summer, so when there happens early frosts in autumn, grown two years in the seed beds, they will be strong enough
it often kills their tender
tops, which occasions their dying to remove; therefore in the spring, just at the time when
down a considerable length in winter; therefore they should their buds begin to swell, they should be carefully taken up,
be carefully guarded against these first frosts, which are always and transplanted into nursery beds, and treated in the same
more hurtful to them than harder frosts afterwards, when their way as has been before directed for the plants raised upon a
shoots are better hardened : however, the first winter alter hot-bed. There are SOUIP persons who propagate this tree by-
the plants come up, it will be the better way to shelter them layers, which are commonly two or three years before they
in a common hot-bed frame, or to arch them over with hoops, take root ; and the plants so raised seldom make such straight
and cover them with mats; exposing them always to the open air trees as those raised from seed, though indeed they will pro-
in mild weather. The following spring, just before the plants duce flowers sooner as is always the case with stinted plants.
;

begin to shoot, they should be transplanted into nursery-beds, This tree should be planted on a light loamy soil; on which,
in a sheltered situation, where they are not too much exposed when not too dry, it will thrive much better than upon a strong
to the sun. The soil of these beds should be a soft gentlt clay, or a dry gravelly ground: for in America they are
loam, not too stiff, nor over light this should be well wrought, chiefly found upon a moist light soil, growing to a prodigious
;

and the clods well broken and made fine. Great care must size. It will not however be proper to plant these trees in a
be taken not to break the roots of the plants, in taking them soil which is too moist in England, which might rot the fibres
up, for they are very tender; they should be planted again as of the roots, by the moisture continuing too long about them ;
soon as possible ; for if their roots are long out of the ground, especially if the bottom be clay, or a strong loam, which will
they will be much injured thereby. These may be planted in detain the wet. To raise them in the open ground, at the
rows at about a foot distance, and at six inches' distance in beginning of March prepare a bed of good mellow rich earth
the rows : for as they should not long remain iu these nursrry- well mixed with old rotten cow-dung, exposed to the sun,
beds, so this will be room enough for them to grow ; and by and sheltered from cold winds: place an old frame over the
having them so close, they may be shaded in the summer, or bed ; and having sown the seeds, sift over them, half an inch
sheltered in the winter with more ease than when they are thick, a soil composed some months before, of one load of old
farther apart. When the plants are thus planted, if the sur- pasture earth, one of well rotted cow-dung, and half a load
face of the beds is covered with rotten tanner's bark, or with of sea or fine pit sand. Some of these seeds will probably
moss, it will prevent the earth from drying too fast; so that make their appearance in nine or ten weeks, but much the
the plants will not require to be so often watered, as they greater part will lie in the ground till next spring. Water the
must be where the ground is exposed to the sun and air: after beds therefore no more than barely sufficient to cherish the
this, the farther care will be to keep them clean from weeds ; plants that have appeared : for four or five weeks screen them
and if the latter part of summer should prove moist, it will from the sun during the heat of the day, but afterwards let
occasion the plants to grow late in autumn; so the tops will them receive its full influence. During bad weather in winter
be tender, and liable to be killed by the first frosts in this throw double mats over the frames. Iu March, the succeeding
:

case they should be covered with mats, to protect them. If year, pick off all mossy hard-crusted earth from the bed.
2
 LIS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LIT
smooth it, and sift on some fine rich mould. At the end of corolla very short, blunt, upright. Native of Jamaica. See
April, or the beginning of May, plants will appear in abun- the first species.
dance ; when they must be
frequently, but gently, watered. 6. Lisianthus Frigidus. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cori-
Till the beginning of August, they must be screened from a aceous; panicle terminating, trichotomous; corollas ventri-
mid-day sun by part of an old reed-fence, or by nailing some cose, with rounding segments. Native of the mountains of
thin boards together, high enough to shade the bed after :
Guadeloupe. See the first species.
this, it will only be necessary to give them frequent moderate 7. Lisianthus Sempervirens. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic;
Sem~
waterings, and to throw a mat over the frame during any segments of the corolla ovate, blunt. See Bignonia
severe winter storm. At the beginning of April, in the next pervirens: it is the same plant.
season, take up the plants with a trowel, without bruising 8. Lisianthus Glaber. Smooth : leaves ovate, petioled ;

the roots; and if they cannot be planted immediately, mix a corymbs terminating; stem upright, branched, round, leafy;
pailful of sifted mould and water to the consistence of pap; flowers on few-flowered simple umbels; corolla yellow.
draw the plants through it, till as much adhere as will cover Found by Mutis in South America. See the first species.
their roots and fibres: in this condition they may be kept 9. Lisianthus Chelonoides. Smooth: leaver opposite, sub-
several days out of the ground. Cut only a little of the tap- connate, oblong; panicle terminating, dichotomous, racemose;
roots smoothly off, but let all the fibres remain and then ;
stem herbaceous, simple, round, smooth, from two to three
plant them in drills cut out with the spade, at a foot distance feet high ; flowers alternate, remote, directed one way, pen-
row from row, and six inches in the row plant five of these: dulous, yellow. The herb is very bitter, and strongly pur-
lines, and then leave an alley three feet wide; water them gative. Native of Surinam. See the first species.
frequently and plentifully during the summer months; throw Lit a ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogynia.
mats over them, in case of very severe frost in the first winter, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
and let them remain two years. Then remove them to another tubular, erect, coloured, five-cleft, sharp, permanent. Co-
nursery, in rows three feet and a half distant, and eighteen rolla: one-petalled, salver-shaped; tube cyliudric, very long,
enlarged at the base and tip; border five-cleft;
inches in the row, and let them continue three years ; at the divisions
end of which, they will be of a good size for planting where ovate, spreading. Stamina: filamenta none; antherae five,
they are to remain. No tree bears pruning its roots and twin, in the throat of the corolla. Pistil: germen oblong;
branches worse than this none however surpasses it in beauty
; style filiform, length of the tube ; stigma headed, truncated.
and statelincss : so that it deserves a place in all noble and Pericarp: oblong, one-celled, two-valved. Stetfs: numerous,
elegant plantations. sawdust-like, affixed to the margins of the valves. Observe.
2. Liriodendron Liliifera. Leaves lanceolate. This is a This is allied to to Gentiana, but differs in the corolla,
genus
middle-sized tree, with spreading branches; flowers pale, pistil, and fruit. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-
large, scentless, heaped at the ends of the branches, one oil a cleft, with two or three scales at the base. Corolla: salver-
peduncle. Native of China near Canton, and of Amboyna. shaped, with a very long tube, dilated at the base and throat;
Lisianlhus ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mo- border five-cleft ; anther* twin, inserted in the throat ; cap-
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five- sule one-celled, two-valved. Seeds: numerous. The spe-
parted leaflets lanceolate, keeled, membranaceous on the
; cies are,
margin, very short, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, fun- Lita Rosea.
1 . Flowers in pairs ; segments of the corolla
nel-form ; tube long, somewhat ventricose, straitened at the acute; root tuberous, fibrous, about a foot deep in the
base within the calix ; border five-parted ; divisions lanceolate, ground ; stem knobbed, quadrangular ; corolla rose-coloured.
shorter than the tube, recurved. Stamina: filaraenta five, It grows wild in Guiana, where the root, which much
filiform, longer than the tube; antherae ovate, incumbent. resembles potatoes, is eaten by the inhabitants. It flowers
Pistil: germen oblong, sharp-pointed ; style filiform, in May.
length
of the stamina, permanent; stigma headed, two-plated. 2. Lita Coerulea. Flowers in pairs ; segments of he corolla I

Pericarp : capsule oblong, acuminate, two-celled ; the mar- rounded; colour of the corolla blue. It flowers in May.
gins of the valves intorted. Seeds: numerous. ESSENTIAL Native of Guiana.
CHARACTER. Calix: keeled. Corolla: with a ventricose Lithophila ; a genus of the class Diandria, order Mono-
tube, and recurved divisions. Stigma: two-plated; capsule gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth three-
two-celled, two-valved ; the margins of the valves intorted. leaved; leaflets lanceolate,
sharp. Corolla: petals
t^hree,
Thespecies are, ovate-lanceolate, upright, converging, length of the leaflets
1. Lisianthus Longifolius. Leaves lanceolate segments of ;
of the calix ; nectary two-leaved ; leaflets opposite, smaller
the corolla lanceolate, acute. This than the corolla, keeled, acute, upright, compressed. Sta~
elegant little plant rises
generally to the height of fourteen or sixteen inches, or more : mina: filamenta two, awl-shaped, upright from the base of
the flowers are large, and appear at the ends of the branches. the germen, of the length of the nectary; antherce roundish.
Native of Jamaica, iu a dry, sandy, but cool soil. All the Pistil:
germen roundish, superior; style upright, length of
plants of this genus require to be kept in the bark-stove. the stamina; stigma obtuse, emarginate. Pericarp: two-
2. Lisianthus Cordifolius. Leaves cordate segments of celled.; Seed: undivided. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Ca-
the corolla lanceolate, acute. This is said to be a Corolla: three-petalled. Nectary: two-
variety of lix: three-leaved.
the preceding. Native of Jamaica. See the preceding. leaved. The only species known is,
3. Lisianthus Exsertus. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pedun- 1. Lithophila Muscoides.- Native of Navaza.
cles trichotomous genitals Native of Jamaica. a genus of the class Pentandria, order
;
very long. Litfiospermum ;
See the first
species. Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth
4. Lisianthus Latifolius. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, acumi- five-parted, oblong, straight, sharp, permanent ; divisions
nate; peduncles trichotomous; segments of the corolla erect, awl-shaped, keeled. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form,
genitals included. Native of Jamaica. See the first species. length of the calix; tube cylindric; border half five-cleft,
6. Lisianthus Umbellatus. Leaves elongated, obovate ; obtuse, upright; throat perforated, naked. Stamina: fila-
flowers terminating, peduncled, umbelled; menta
segments of the five, very short ; autherse. oblong, incumbent, covered.
70.
52 LIT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LO A

Pistil: germina four; style filiform,

length of the stamina; shrubby, from two to three feet high, pretty closely set with
stigma obtuse, emarginate. Pericarp: none; calix grown hairs. Native of the south of Europe, and the Levant. See
larger, upright, containing the seeds in its bosom ; seeds four, the first species.
rather oblong, obtuse, gibbous. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Leaves lanceolate-linear,
10. Lithospermum Callosum.
Calix: five-parted. Corolla: funnel-form, perforated at the callous, warted, hispid ; stem suffruticose, hispid. Native
throat, naked. The species are, place unknown. See the first species.
1.
Lithospermum Officinale Common or Officinal Grom-
; 11. Leaves ovate, hoary, callous
Lithospermum Ciliatum.
tcell, Gromill, or Graymill. Seeds smooth and cvm ; at the edge, ciliate; stem suffruticose, innricated, hispid. It
con scarcely longer than the calix; leaves lanceolate;
lias is a small, stiff, Native
upright shrub, a span in height.
root perennial, strong; stems erect, roundish. The seeds place unknown. See the first species.
operate powerfully as a diuretic, and are said to be service- 12. Seeds only two; calicen
Lithospermum Dispeimum.
able in the stone, gravel, and most other obstructions: the root annual; stem herbaceous, a hand high;
spreading;
best method of giving them is in barley-water, after having corolla bluish white, small. Native of Spain, between
reduced them to a fine powder. Native of most parts of Madrid and Cadiz. See the first species.
Europe, in dry, gravelly, and chalky soils. It flowers in 13. Lilhospcrmum Lutifolium. Seeds turgidly ovate, lucid,
May and June. All the plants of this genus may be culti- cavo-punctate leaves ovate-oblong, nervous; flowers pale ;

vated, by sowing their seeds soon after they are ripe in a bed yellow. round in shady woods from Virginia to Kentucky.
of fresh earth, allowing them room, and keeping them clear 14. Lilhospcrmuni Angustifoliuni. Seeds the same as the
from weeds. They will thrive in almost any soil aud situation preceding; flowers lateral, white; leaves linear, adpiesso-
;

and where the seeds are. permitted to scatter, generally rise pubesceut stem prostrate. It grows in shady woods in the ;

without care. The sixth aud seventh are handsome) and

ficinity of the river Ohio.
worth cultivating. 15. Lithospermum Aptilum. Seeds inuricate; spikes ter-
2. Lithospermum Anense; Corn or Bastard Gromwell. minal, fruitful; bractes lanceolate; leaves linear-hinceolate,
Seeds ovate, wrinkled; calicine leaflets lanceolate; corollas acute; flowers It grows in the dry woods
yellow, very small.
scarcely longer than the calix; leaves lanceolate, sharpish, of Virginia, and ill the neighbourhood of the rivers Ohio and
hispid root annual, small, and not much branched: its bark
;
Mississippi.
abounding with a deep red dye, which stains paper and linen, Litlorella; a genus of the class Monojcia, order Tetran-
and is easily communicated to oily substances hence it is dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. ; Mule. Calix: perianth
sometimes called Bastard Alkanet. Linneus, in his Flora four-leaved, upright. Corolla: one-petalled tube the length ;

Suecica, informs us, that the country girls in the north of of the calix; border four-parted, upright, permanent. Sta-
Sweden use the root to slain their faces on days of festivity. mina: filamenta four, filiform, very long, inserted into the
It is common in corn-fields, and waste places; flowering from receptacle anthene heart-shaped. Female, in the same plant.
;

May to July. See the first species. Calix: none. Corolla: one-pelalled, conic, with slightly four-
3. Lithospermum Incanum Hoary Gromwell. ; Seeds cleft mouth; permanent. Pistil: permcu oblong style fili- ;

rough ;spikes terminating, compound, contracted ; leaves form, very long; stigma acute. Pericarp: the investing
linear, villose. This is a shrubby species, found in Teautea corolla. 'Seed: nut one-celled. Observe. The flower is that
and Savage Islands. See the first species. of Plantain, but the fruit different. ESSENTIAL CHA-
4. Lithospermum Virginianum ;
Virginian Gromwell. Co- RACTER. Male. Calix: fair leaved. Corolla: four-cleft.
rollas larger than the calix, acute, rough-haired on the out- Stamina: long. Female. Calix: none. Corolla: slightly
side; leaves ovate, acute, hispid, nerved; root perennial; four-cleft. Styles: long. Seed: a nut. The only known
corolla white. Native of Virginia and Maryland. See the species is,
first species. 1. Littorella Lacustris; Plantain Shore trerj. The roots
Lithospermum Tinclorum; Dyer's Gromwell. Seeds
5. shoot out long running fibres, which take root afresh, aud
smooth and even; spike solitary, terminating, directed one thus in a short lime cover the brink of the lakes with tufts of
way; bractes lanceolate; leaves linear-lanceolate, blunt; semi cylindrical, linear, acute leaves, about two indies long.
root fusiform, two inches long, annual; stems several. Native of the north of Europe, on the shores of lakes. It has

Native of Egypt. been observed on Hounslow Heath; near l.owesloff, in Suf-

at Hoseley lough, in Northumberland is common in
Lithospermum Orientale; Yellow Gromwell, or Bugloss.
0. folk ; ;

Flowering branches lateral bractes cordate, embracing

; stem ; Scotland, and some parts of Wales, and on the margins of all
barren, upright perennial. It flowers in
:
May and June; the gravelly-shored lakes in Ireland.
and is a native of the Levant. See the first species. Lire-in-Jd/tnetig.See Viola.
Lithospermum I'urpuro-ccehile'tim ; Creeping Gromu-ell.
7. Lifflons:- See Telephium.
Seeds smooth and even; corollas twice as long as the calix; Liver Wort. See Lichen Caniinn.
leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy the long woody perennial ; Lizard's Tail. Sec Saururux.
root produces many round, hairy, leaf'v stems, most of which Loaxa ; i\ genus of tlie class Polyandria, order Monogynia.
are procumbent, and throw out roots; corolla first purple, G EN ERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth live leaved,
then blue, with a pale reddish tube. Native of most of the superior, permanent; leaflets lanceolate, very gpnaifing, with
temperate parts of Europe: found near Taunton, in Somer- reflex sides. Corolla: petals five, obnvate, hooded, large,
setshire, and near Denbigh, in North Wales also in a chalky ; extremely spreading, narrowed at tlie base into claws nectary ;

soil near Grccnhithe, in Kent. See the first species. of live leaflets, alternating wilh the petals, converging imo
ail acute cone, rather shorter than the ciilix, lanceolate, rugose,
It. Lithospernium Tenuiflorum. Corollas filiform ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, strigose; stem upright. Native of Egypt. awned with a double filamentum. Stamina : filiiuieiita numer-
See the first species. ous, capillary, longer than the nectary, from fifteen to seven
9. Lithospermum Fruticosum; Shrubby Gromwell. Shrubby: teen to each petal; anlheriK incumbent, roundish. Pistil:
Leaves linear, hispid; stamina equalling the corolla; rout germen subovale, seed -bearing ; style filiform, upright, the
perennial, running deep into the ground ; stem upright, length of the ktamiir.i; stigma simple, obtuse. Peiicarp:
 LOB OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LOB
capsule top-shaped, one celled, three-valved at t!ie tip ; valves 7. Lobelia Kalmii. Stem upright ; leaves lanceolate-linear,
serai-ovate, acute, spreading. Seeds: a great many, ovate, blunlish, alternate, quite entire; raceme terminating, afoot
small ; receptacles three longitudinal lines running from the high corolla blue.
; Annual, and a native of Canada. See
bottom of the capsule to the incisures of the valves. Observe. the twenty-fourth species.
In point of affinity it approaches Mentzelia; in habit and . Lobelia I'aniculata ; Panicled Lobelia. Leaves linear,
situation of the germen and seeds, it approaches the Cucurbi- quite entire, panicled, dichotomous. Native of the Cape ot
laccous plants. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five- Good Hope. See the thirty-eighth species.
leaved, superior. Corolla: tive-petalled ; petals hooded; !). Lobelia Graudis; Great. Lobelia. Leaves oblong, quite
nectary five-leaved, converging ; capsule turhinate, one-celled, entire, smooth; corymbs bracted; corollas hispid. Native
three-valved, many-seeded. The only known species is, of South America.
i. Loasa Hispida. This an elegant annual plant, rising
is 10. Lobelia Ferrnginea; Rust-coloured Lobelia. Stem
from a fibrous white root, the thickness of the little finger; villose;leaves lanceolate, serrate, acute, where the veins
stems round, v. hitish-gree.il, maiked here and there with short aoaslomoze ruit-coloured-toinentose on both sides ; genitals
brown longitudinal lines; flowers handsome, but scentless; elongated. -Native of America.
petals yellow. Native of Sout.li America. 11. Lobelia Chineusis; Chinese Lobelia. Leaves lanceolate,
Lobelia; a genus of the class S>ngenesia, order M.moga quite entire; flowers solitary, terminating;
stem creeping;
rnia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, corolla pale blue. Native of China, near Canton.
live-cleft, very small, growing round the germen, withering; 12. Lobelia Cornuta; Horned Lobelia. Leaves ovate,
toothlets nearly equal, the two superior ones looking more petioled ;
ttaminuvery long. It is distinguished by its horned
upward. Corolla: one-petallrd, irregular; tube cviindric, form, and the great length of the stamina. Native of Cayenne.
longer than the calix, divided longitudinally above; border 13. Lobelia Fulgens. Plant erect, simple, subpubescent ;
five-parted ; divisions lanceolate, of which the two superior leaves elongate-lanceolate, attenuate, very entire; raceme
ones are smaller, less reflex, more deeply divided, constituting multiflorous. It grows on the banks of the Mississippi. This
mi upper lip, the three inferior ones more spreading, frequently species exceeds in splendour of colour, and size, the Lobelia
larger. Stamina: lilamenla five, awl-shaped, the length of Cardinally.
** With an
the lube of the petal, connate above; authene connate into
upright Stem, and gashed Leaves.
an oblong cylinder, gaping five ways at the base. Pistil: 14. Lobelia I'hyteuma. Leaves ovate-oblong, crenate;
gerimri sharp-pointed, inferior: style cylindric, length of tile stem almost naked, spiked ; antherae hirsute, distinct. Native
stamina; stigma obtuse, hispid. Pericarp: capsule ovate, of the Cape of Good Hope. Seethe thirty-eighth species.
two or three celled, two or three valved, gaping at the top, 15. Lobelia Bulbosa; Tuberous -rooted Lobelia. Stem
girt by the calix; dissepiments contrary to the valves. Seeds: upright ; lower leaves pedate. Native of the Cape of Good
a great many, very small; receptacle conic. ESSENTIAL Hope. See the thirty-eighth species.
CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft. Corolla: one petalled, irre- 16. Lobelia Triquetra; Tooth leaved Lobelia. Stem up-
gular. Capsule: inferior, two or three-celled. The spe- right; leaves lanceolate, toothed raceme terminating, leafless.
;

cies are, It-flowers from May to September. Native of the Cape of

*
With entire Leaves. Good Hope. See the thirty-eighth species.
1. Lobelia Simplex ; Slenrler Lobelia. Stem upright 17. Lobelia Longiflora ; Long-Jlowered Lobelia.
; Leaves
leaves linear, quite entire ;peduncles solitary. It is a small lanceolate, toothed; peduncles very short, lateral; tube of
innual plant, scarcely a hand high. Native of the Cape of the corolla filiform, very long. This is an annual herbaceous
Good Hope. See the thirty-eighth species. elegant plant, seldom above fourteen or sixteen inches high ;
2. Lobelia Coliumure ; Mealy Lobelia. Leaves oblong, stem upright; corolla handsome, white. It is altogether very
blunt, revolute, very much wrinkled, shilling above, tomenlose poisonous, and brings on an invincible purging. If, after
beneath; branch or stem somewhat woody, angular, tomen- handling il, the hand be unawares applied to the eyes or lips,
lose, mealy. Native of New Granada. it
brings on an inflammation. Horses are said to burst with
3. Lobelia Bellidilblia; Daisy-leaved Lobelia. Stem up- eating it whence in the Spanish Yv'est Indies it is called
:

right, panicled ; leaves obovale, crenate. Native of the Cape Reveal a CacaJlos. It is well known in Dominica under the
of Good Hope. See the thirty-eighth species. name of Quedec. It is also a native of Jamaica, Cuba, and
4. Lobelia Pinifolia; Pine-leared Lobelia.
Shrubby: leaves Marlinico, by rivulets, and in moist cool shady places. It
linear, clustered, quite entire ; flowers many, smail, blue; flowers from June to August. The seeds of this plant should
they are found at the tops of the twigs, among the leaves. be sown, after it is ripe, in pots filled with rich earth, and
TS'aiive of the Cape of Good
Hope. See the thirty-eighth plunged into the tan-bed in the stove, observing to refresh
species. the earth frequently with water. In the spring, these pots
5. Lobelia Dortmanna; Water Lobelia, or Gladiulr. Leaves may be removed, and plunged into a hot-bed, which will soon
linear, two-celled, quite entire; stem almost naked, erect,
bring up the plants : when they are fit to remove, they should
round, hollow, smooth; flowers about nine, in a loose .spike, be each transplanted into a separate small pot filled with rick
above the water; corolla white, fainlly tinged with blue. earth, and
plunged into a fresh hot-bed, shading them from
Linni'iis remarks, ihat the whole the sun till they have taken new root; then they may be
plant, even the leaves beneath
the water, are milky, and that the
flowering-stalk is of a length treated in the bame way as olh< tender plants from the same
i

proportional to the depth of water in which the plant grows. country, in allowing them a large share of air in warm wea-
It flowers in July and August. Native of the norlh of ther, and frequently refreshing them with water. In autumn
Europe, in mountain lakes hence it is found in Wales, VVe.it- the plants must be plunged into the tan bed of the stove,
:

moreland, Cumberland, and Scotland. See the twenty-fourth where they will flower the following summer, and
produce
species. ripe seeds; soon afterwhich the plants will decay. If the
(>. Lobelia Tupa. Leaves lanceolate, quite entire ; raceme seeds of this plant are brought from the West Indies,
they
spiked. The root and herb of this species are a viohut poi- should be sown, as soon as they arrive, in pots filled with rich
son. Native of Peru. earth: and if il happen in the winter, the pots should be
 4 LOB THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LOB
plunged into the tan-bed in the stove ; but if it be in the spring earth, or into an east border, covering them close with glasses.
or summer, they' may be in the com-
plunged into a hot-bed They frequently take root, but are not so good as seedlings.
mon frames. These seeds, when sown in the spring, seldom 25. Lobelia Siphilitica ; Blue Lobelia, or Cardinal Flower.
grow the same year; therefore, the following autumn, the Stem upright; leaves ovate-lanceolate, subserrate ; sinuses
pots should be removed into the stove, and managed according of the calix reflex ; root perennial stem from a foot to two
;

to the above directions. feet in

height; flowers axillary, solitary, numerous, large:
18. Lobelia Tomentosa; Downy Lobelia. Straight, tomen- corolla blue, varying in shades from a rich violet to a
pale
tose; leaves linear, toothed; peduncles terminating, very blue. It flowers from August to October, and is a native of
long, one or two flowered. Native of the Cape of Good Virginia. Every part of the plant abounds with a milky
Hope. See the thirty-eighth species. juice, and has a rank smell. The root, which is the part
19. Lobelia Secunda. Upright, smooth lower leaves
; prescribed for medical use, resembles tobacco in taste, and
oblong, toothed; upper lanceolate, entire ; peduncles racemed, tends to excite vomiting. It derives its trivial name from its
directed one way. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. See efficacy in the cure of siphilis, as experienced by the North
the twenty-fifth species. American Indians, with whom it was a secret. Sir William
SO. Lobelia Assurgens; Tree Lobelia. Leaves broad-lan- Johnson purchased the secret ; which has been published,
ceolate, serrate, toothletted, and decurreut below ; racemes and is as follows: A decoction is made of a handful of the
compound, terminating; root perennial; stem herbaceous, roots in three measures of water. Of this, half a measure is
three or four feet high ; flowers numerous, heaped, blood-red, taken in the morning fasting, and repeated in the evening :
very large. Native of the cooler mountains of Jamaica. For the dose is gradually increased till the purgative effects become
its propagation and culture, see the sixteenth too violent, when it is to be omitted for a day or lw<>, and
species.
21. Lobelia Patula; Spreading Lobelia. Herbaceous, then renewed, till a perfect cure is effected. During the use
diffused, virgate, smooth : leaves ovate-toothed ; peduncles of this medicine, a proper regimen is enjoined ; and the ulcers
lateral. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. See the thirty- also are to be frequently washed with the decoction, or, if
fourth species. deep and foul, to be sprinkled with the powder of the inner
22. Lobelia Acuminata ; Pointed-leaved Lobelia. Stem bai k of the New Jersey Tea Tree, (see Cennothus Americanus.)

upright, suftruticose ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated, serru- But although this plant is said to cure the disease in a very
late; raceme terminating, many-flowered; flowers yellow. short time, its virtues have not been confirmed by any instances
Native of the lower shady hills of Jamaica. For its propaga- of European practice. For its propagation and culture, see
tion and culture, see the seventeenth species. the preceding species.
23. Lobelia Stricta. Stem sufFruticose ; lower leaves ovate- 26. Lobelia Lactescens. Shrubby : leaves smooth, ellip-
lanceolate, smooth, toothletted, and prickly at the edge; tic-lanceolate, serrate peduncles axillary, solitary, without
;

raceme terminating, spiked.- Native of'the island of Guada- bractes ; calices smooth. Native of St. Helena.
loupe. See the seventeenth species. 27. Lobelia Surinamensis. Suffruticose leaves oblong,
:

24. Lobelia Cardinalis ; Scarlet Lobelia, or Cardinal's Flower. serrate, smooth; peduncles axillary, solitary, bracted at the
Stem upright, herbaceous ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, base; calices torulose. It flowers in April. Native of the
somewhat villose; flowers in a sort of spike ; calices smooth; West Indies. See the seventeenth species.
segments quite entire. The stalk is terminated by a spike or 28. Lobelia Inflata ; Bladder-podded Lobelia. Stem
raceme of flowers of an exceedingly beautiful scarlet colour. upright; leaves ovate, subserrate, longer than the peduncle;
They appear at the end of July and in August, when they capsules inflated; flowers small; corolla light blue. Native
make a fine appearance for a month or more; and, when the of Virginia and Canada. Sow the seeds in autumn, in pots
autumn proves favourable, they will produce good seeds here. filled with rich earth, and treat the plants in the same
way
It grows naturally by the side of rivers and ditches in North as above directed under the twenty-fourth species.
America. Both this and the next are propagated by seeds, 29. Lobelia Cliffbrtiana Purple Lobelia. Stem upright;
;

which, when they ripen in England, should be sown in autumn leaves cordate, even, obsoletely toothed, petioled ; corymb
in pots filled with rich kitchen-garden earth, and placed terminating; flowers small, purplish. Native of America.
under a common hot-bed frame; or, if the seeds come from When the seeds are permitted to scatter on pots which stand
their native countries, sow them as soon as they arrive, for near them, and these are sheltered from frosts, the plants will
if kept out of the ground till spring, they will lie a year in come up plentifully in the following spring or if they be :

the earth before they will vegetate. The pots in which these be sown in pots in autumn, and sheltered in winter, the plants
seeds are sown should be exposed to the open air at all times will rise in the following spring and should be transplanted
;

in mild weather, and screened from hard rain and frost. In into small pots, placed under a frame.
the spring, the plants will appear. They must have fresh air 30. Lobelia Urens; Stinging Lobelia. Stem upright,
in mild weather, and be refreshed with water in dry seasons. smooth, angular ; leaves lanceolate, toothed, smooth ; racemes
As soon as they are fit to remove, let each be planted in a spike-shaped ; calicine segments awl-shaped, even ; corolla
small pot, filled with the same rich earth, and placed in the bright blue. The whole plant is milky, of a warm taste, and
shade till they have taken new root ; then they may be set so the root, especially if chewed, excites a pungent sense of
as to enjoy the morning sun till autumn. Water them during burning in the tongue. Native of France, Spain, and Eng-
the dry weather in summer, and when their roots have rilled land it has been found on Shute Common, between Axmin-
:

the small pots, remove them into larger. In autumn, put them ster and Honiton, flowering in July and August. Sow the
under a common frame to screen them from winter frost, taking seeds in autumn, on a warm border, or in pots filled with
care that they have fresh air in fine weather. Next spring, new loamy earth, and placed under a common frame in winter.
pot them, placing them in the morning sun, and taking care to
When they come up in the spring, transplant them into a
water them in dry weather, which will cause their stalks to border of soft loamy earth, or into other pots, shading them
be stronger and produce larger spikes of flowers in August. till
they have taken new root, and duly watering them in dry
There are many who propagate them by cutting their stalks weather, which will cause them to flower strong, and produce
into proper lengths, which they plant in pots fi|led with good good seds annually.
2
 LOB OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY LO L

31. Lobelia Minuta; Least Lobelia. Root-leaves ovate; sules subvillose; flowers blue. Native of China, in watery
scapes axillary. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. See the and shady places.
43. Lo'belia Lutea; Yellow Lobelia. Steins procumbent ;
thirty-eighth species.
32. Lobelia Volubilis; Twining Lobelia. Stem twining. leaves lanceolate, serrate ;
flowers sessile, subspil.ed. It

Native of the Cape of Good Hope. See the thirty-eighth flowers in June and July. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
See the thirty-eighth species.
species.
3:3. Lobelia Atncena. Plant erect, very smooth ;
leaves 44. Lobelia Hirsuta. Shrubby, hirsute, prostrate leaves :

lato-lanceolate, serrate; spikes multiflorous; lacinia: of the ovate, toothed peduncles lateral, very long, two or three-
;

calix very entire ; dowers of a beautiful sky-blue. This flowered. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. See the

grows to the height of from two to three feet, and is found thirty-eighth species.
on the mountains of Virginia and Carolina. 45. Lobelia Coronopifolia. Leaves lanceolate, toothed ;

34. Lobelia Glandulosa. Plant erect subraccmose, sub-

; peduncles very long. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
See the thirty-eighth species.
pubescent, lucid; leaves lanceolate, glandulous-serrate, snb- **'* With a
rarnous; flowers racemose, on short footstalks; laciniae of prostrate Stem, and entire Leaves.
the calix revolute, dentated ; flowers dark blue. It grows 46. Lobelia Depressa. Depressed: leaves lanceolate; stem
from eight inches to a toot high, 'and is found in Pine-swamps fleshy; flowers dark purple. Native of Ihe Cape of Good
from Virginia to Florida. Hope. See the thirty-eighth species.
35. Lobelia Puberula. Plant erect, very simple, pubes- Loblolly Bay. See Gordonia.
cent; leaves oblong-oval, repand-serrulate; flowers spicated, Locfctr-Goulans. See Trollius.
alternate, subsestile; germen hispid; calix ciliate; flowers Locust Tree. See Hymenaa.
middle size, sky-blue. It grows from one to two feet
high, Loeflingia ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mono-
and is found in the range of mountains from Virginia to gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
Carolina. leaved, upright leaflets lanceolate, marked on each side
;

'* the base with a toothlet, sharp-pointed, permanent,

With a prostrate Stem, and gashed Leaves. at

36. Lobelia Laurentia Italian Annual Lobelia.

; Stem Corolla: petals five, very small, oblong-o\ate, converging
stem branched; into a globe, round. Stamina: filamenta three, length of
prostrate; leaves lanceolate-oval, crenate ;

Native of Italy the corolla; antherie roundish, twin. Germen: superior,

peduncles solitary, one-flowered, very long.
about Pisa also of the islands of Elba, Corsica, and Sicily.
; ovate, three-corhered ; style filiform, rather wider above ;

37. Lobelia Repanda. Stem prostrate, quite simple leaves ; stigma a little obtuse. Pericarp capsule ovate, somewhat
:

roundish, repand toothed peduncles axillary, solitary, one-

; three-cornered, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds : a great
flowered. Native of New Zealand. many, ovate, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
38. Lobelia Erinus; Small Spreading Lobelia. Stem five-leaved. Corolla: five-petalled, very small. Capsule:
patulous leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed
;
peduncles ; one-celled, three-valved. The only known species is,
very long ; flowers small and blue, appearing in July. Native 1. Loetlingia Ilispanica. Root annual; branches prostrate,
of the Cape of Good Hope. If the seeds of this and of the alternate; corolla white. It flowers in June. Native of Spain,
next species, together with the seeds of all those which are on open hills.
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, be sown in autumn, they Loesdia ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
will succeed much better than when they are sown in
spring. spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
They may be sown in pots, and placed under a common hot- leafed, tubular, four cleft, sharp, short, permanent. Corolla:
bed frame in winter, always exposing them to the open air one-petalled, unequal; tube ihe length of the calix ; border
in mild weather, but screening them from the frost. In the five-parted ; all the divisions deflected to Ihe lower side,
spring, they should be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, ovate-lanceolate, equal. Stamina: filamenta four, length of
which will soon bring up ihe plants; and when they are fit Ihe corolla, of which two are -shorter; all opposite the divi-
to remove, they should be each planted in a separate small sions of Ihe petals, and reflected in a contrary situation to
pot, filled willi rich earth, and replunged into a moderate the corolla; antherae simple. Pistil: germen ovate; style
hot-bed. Here they should be shaded from the sun till ihey simple, situated as Ihe stamina stigma thickish.
; Pericarp:
have taken new root, and afterwards must have a large share capsule ovate, three-celled. Seeds: solitary or two, obscurely
of air mild weather.
in Then they should be gradually hard-
cornered. Obserre. Gaerlner remarks, that the stamina are
ened to bear the open air, into which they ought to be five, one of which is shorter than the rest, and fastened to
removed in June, placing them in a sheltered situation, where the nearest segment of the corolla, the rest inserted into the
they will flower in July: and if the season should prove favour- tube. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-cleft; accord-
able, the seeds will ripen in September; but if the season ing to Gaertner, five-toothed. Corolla: with all the segments
should prove cold, it will be proper to remove one or two directed one way; Gaertner says, deeply five- cleft, with
plants into a glass case, to ob'ain good seeds. oblong ciliated segments. Stamina: opposite lo ihe petal;
39. Lobelia Erinoides; Trailing Lobelia. Stems prostrate, according to Gaertner, five, unequal. Capsule: three-celled ;
filiform leaves petioled,
;
oblong, toothed. Native of the gaping at top, according to Gaertner. The only known
Cape of Good Hope. See the preceding species. species is,
40. Lobelia Anceps. Leaves lanceolate, decurrent root ;
1. LoeseliaCiliata. Stem upright; leaves opposite.
annual. Native of the East Indies. Found at La Veia Cruz in South America.
41. Lobelia Pubescens; Downy leaved Lobelia. Stems Logwood. See H<ematoxylum.
angular, prostrate; leaves lanceolate, toolhed, rough-haired; Lolium a genlis of ihe class Triandria, order Digynia.
;

peduncles axillary, one-flowered. It flowers from

May to GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: receptacle common, elon-
August. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. See the thirty- gated into a spike, pressing the flowers, distichally spiked to
eighth species. the angle of the culm ; glume univalve, opposite the shaft,
42. Lobelia Zeylanica. Stems procumbent ; leaves ovate, awl-shaped, permanent. Corolla: bivalve; valvule inferior
serrate, acute, lower obtuse; peduncles one-flowered; cap- narrow-lanceolate, convolute, sharp-pointed, the length of
70. P
50 LOL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LO N
the calix valve superior, shorter, linear, more obtuse, con-
; rake them oft' the ground : if they are then made into hay,
cave upwards; nectary two-leaved; leaflets ovate, obtuse, it will serve for cart-horses or
dry cows in the winter. This
gibbous at the base. Stamina : filmiienla three, capillary, plant is common in most parts of Europe, by way-sides, and
shorter than ihe corolla antherae oblong.
;
Pistil: germen in pastures, flowering in June. If is called
Ray Grass from
top-shaped; styles two, capillary, reflex; stigmas plumose. Ir.rair, the name given to the third species by the French,

Pericarp: none. Corolla cherishes the seed, gapes, lets it who Ray calls it, Red Darnel Grass ;
call this Fatisst frraie.
fall. Seed: single, oblong, convex on one side, furrowed, it issometimes called ('raft; in Devonshire, Eaver ; in Nor-
flat on Ihe other,
compressed. Observe. The sessile spikes folk, ll'hite Nonesuch. The Germans give it many names,
are placed in the same plane with the culm hence the stem
; Perrnnirendf, or Dauernde L,olc/t, Winlrr Lolch, Swsner Lolch,
Dears the office of a second calicine valve, deficient and oppo- Eng&XcAf Rrygrasi, &c. the Danes call it, Raigrtes; the
;

site.- The species are, Swedes, Renrepe, Engelmans Kijt'gros ; the Italians, Log/io
1. Lolium Pereune Perennial Darnel, or Ray Grass.
; Virare, Loglio Salratiro, Fenice ; the Spaniards, JiiiUico,
Spikes awnless; spikelets compressed, longer than the calix, Vallico ; the Portuguese, Joyo Vivace; and the Russians,
and composed of several flowers; root perennial, creeping; Pschanez.
stems several from the same root. They are frequently rus- 2. Lolium Tenue. Spike awnless, round spikelets three- ;

set-coloured at the joints. The spike is -generally flat, but flowered. This is smaller than the preceding, and is distin-
sometimes nearly cylindrical. The number of flowers in each guished by the tenuity of the culm and spike. Native of
spikdet varies from three or four, to six, seven, or eight, and Frahce and Germany.
even sometimes nine, ten, and eleven; but six or seven is ;5. Lolium Temulentum Annual Darnel, or R/iy Grass.
;

the most common number. This species was probably Spike awned spikelets compressed, many-flowered
; root ;

selected for cultivation because it is common, and the seuds annual; steins or culms fiom two to three fret high, upright.
are easily collected. In reply to the objections brought There is a variety without awns, and with a smooth culm,
against this grass, Mr. Curtis judiciously remarks, that which Withering makes a distinct species, under the name of
although jt may not possess all that is desirable in a grass, it White- Darnel. Though there can be no doubt that the Peren-
ought not therefore to be indiscriminately rejected. The nial and Annual Daniel are distinct species,
yet we are at a
complaint so generally urged against it, of its producing little loss lor specific distinctions; for the first has sometimes awns
more than stalks or bents, will be only found valid when the to the flowers, and the latter very often none. It is, however,
plant grows in upland pasture : in rich moist meadows its besides being annual, taller and larger in everv respect, and
foliage is more abundant, and it seems to be the general of a paler hue. Its place of growth is also different ; for it is

opinion of Agriculturists, that it is highly nutritious and a weed among corn, especially wheat and barley ; and also
acceptable to cattle. Certainly it is not adapted to all soils among flax: flowering in July and August. The flour of the
and situations equally. Several sorts may even be preferable seeds,mixed with wheat-flour, disorders the human body, pro-
toil; and though early, it is not the first that springs; not ducing vomiting, purging,' and violent colics; but it has not

only the Vernal; but ihe Fox-tail and Meadow Grasses, all a sensible effect unless taken considerable quantity ; or,
in
excellent in their kind, appearing earlier than this. Ray as Linneus says, unless it be eaten hot. The seed, malted
Grass is, notwithstanding, valuable both as 'an early seed, and with barley, soon occasion drunkenness: hence the French
as belli" fit to mow for hay a fortnight before tnixt grasses. name Jar ait ; and, by corruption, our English flay. In York-
For the latter use, the abundance of stalks is an excellence, shire, it is called Drake; and in Ireland, Sturdy. The Ger-
provided the grass be cut whilst the sap is in them, the chief mans Lolch, and Grrmaine Lolch, with about
call it ,/akrige
nutriment of hay residing in these. This grass is usually thirty other names; the Danes, Heyre and llei/regrtrs, &c,
sown with clover, upon such lands as arc designed to be the Swedes, Darrepe ; the Italians, Loglifl, Gioglio, and Zi-
ploughed again in a few years, and the common method is to -aniu; the Spaniards, Joyo, Cizana, and Zizana ; the Portu-
sow it with Spring Com; but from many repeated trials, it guese, Joyo, Ziznnia Bnstarda, and the Russians, Kvkol. In
has always been found, that by sowing their seeds in August, this enlightened age, it can scarcely be necessary to correct an
'when a few showers have fallen, the crop has answered much old vulgar error, that wheat degenerates into this grass. The
tetter than any sown in the conimon way ; for the grass has fact is, that in very wet seasons, and among very bad hus-
often been so rank, as to afford a good feed the same autumn: bandmen, the Darnel has so far prevailed, as to suffocate the
and in the following spring there has been a ton and half of wheat, and to take its place. Celsus recommends the meal
hav per acre mowed very early in the season, and tMs lias of Lolium to be used in poultices, in conimon with that of
been upon cold sour land this proves it to foe tile best season
: wheat, fur bailey and lentil. Those who do not keep theit
for sowing these grasses, though it will be very difficult to wheat free from this Darnel, which is sown along with the
persuade those persons to adopt this practice who have been seed of wheat, and may be separated from it by the sieve, are
long wedded to old customs. The necessary quantity of seed guilty of unpardonable negligence ; as it is very injurious, and
is about two bushels, and eight pounds of the common clever, may be easily extirpated.
to an acre. This will produce as good plants as can be 4. Lolium Bromoides; Sea Darnel. Panicle simple, point-
desired ; but is not to be practised upon lands where the ing one way spikelets awned
; root annual ; culms several,
;

from six inches to a foot high. It flowers in June and

beauty of the verdure is principally regarded, but only where July.
profit is the main end iti view. When this grass is fed, mow- Native of England, in loose sand on the sea coast.
oft' Ihe bents in the beginning of June, otherwise they will 5. Lolium Distacbyon. Spikes in pairs; calices one-
dry upon the ground, and have the appearance of a stubble ilnwfied; culms decumbent, branched at
corollas woolly;
field all the latter part of summer; and they "'ill not only the base. Native of Malabar.
be disagreeable to the siyht, but troublesome to the cattte, Lonchitis; a jjenus of the class Crvptogamia, order Filices.
wtio will not touch them. By permitting them to stand, the GENERicCnARACTKB. Capsules : disposed in lumilated
after growth of the grass is greatly retarded, and the beauti- lilies, lying cnder the sinuses of the frond. These Fefns, being
ful verdure lost for three or four months; so that it is good natives of very hot climates, must be planted in pots, nud
husbandry to mow tbe bents before they grow too dry, and plunged into the bark-pit: they way be increased by parting
 LON OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LON 57

the roots. In summer they should have plenty of free air, principal stall, must be trained to the intended height of the
iiiiflbe frequently watered. The species are, stem, and should then be shortened, to force out lateral
1. Lonchitis Ilirsula. Fronds pinnalifid, blunt, quile branches, which should be stopped, to prevent their growing
entire shoots branched, hirsute, four feet high.
;
Native of too long; by constantly repeating this, as the shoots are pro-
South America and Jamaica. duced, they may be formed into a sort of standard but if :

2. Loncliilis Aurita. Fronds pinnate, the lowest pinnas any regard he had to their flowering, they cannot be formed
two-parted; shoots undivided, prickly. Native of South into regular heads for by constantly shortening their branches,
;

America. the flower-bjids will be cut oft* so that few flowers can be
:j. Lonchitis Kepens. Fronds pinnate pinnas alternate, ;
expected: and as it is an unnatural form for these trees, but
sinuate shoots branched, prickly.
;
Native of South America. few of them should be so sacrificed for w hen they are planted
;

4. Lonchitis Pedata. Frond pedate; pinnas pinuatifid, lit ar other bushes,

among the branches of which tlie shoots
serrulate. Native of Jamaica, in the mountains of New of the honeysuckles may run and mix, they will flower much
LtgHMMti. better, and have a finer appearance lhan where more regularly
:". Lonchitis Tenuifolia. Arborescent fronds decom-
: trained. When the plants are in the nursery, if two or three
leaves pinnate pinnas linear-oblong, serrate, the of the principal shoots are trained up to the stakes, and the
pounded ; j

lower pinnatitid. Native of the Isle of Tanoa, in the South others are entirely cut oft", they will he (it to transplant in the
Seas. following autumn to the places where they are to remain; for
London Pride. See Saxifraga. though the roots may be transplanted of a greater age, yet
Lonicera ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogy- they do not thrive so well as when they are removed while
uia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted, they are young. When these plants are propagated by cuttings,
superior, small. Corolla: one-petalled, tubular;
tube oblong, they should be planted in September, as soon as the ground
gibbous border five-parted divisions revolute, one of which
; ;
is moistened
by rain. Three of the four joints of the cuttings
is more cleeplv separated. Stamina: filainenta awl-shaped, should be buried in the ground from the fourth, remaining
;

nearly the length of the corolla; antherse oblong. Pistil: above the surface, the shoots will be produced. They may
germen roundish, inferior; style filiform, the length of the be planted in rows, at about a foot distance row from row,
corolla; stigma obtuse-headed. Pericarp: berry nmbilicated, and four inches asunder in the rows, treading the earth close
two-celled. Seeds: roundish, compressed. Observe. The to them and as the Evergreen and late Red Honeysuckles arc
;

first species has the inferior division of the corolla separated a little more tender than the other sorts, if the ground between
twice as deep; berries distinct: the sixth has the divisions the rows where these are planted i? covered with tanner's
of the corolla cut almost equally deep; berries distinct: the bark, or other mulch, to keep out the frost in winter, and
eighth Ims the lower division of the corolla twice as deeply the drying winds of the spring, it will be of great
advantage
cut; two berries sealed on the same base: the tenth has the to the cuttings: and if the cuttings have a small
piece of the
divisions of the corolla almost ec|ully cut two berries on ; two years' wood at their bottom, there will be no haxnrd of
the same base: the twelfth and fourteenth are singular, in their taking root. The plants w hich are raised from cuttings
having one germen for two floscules, like Mitrhflla: the are preferable to those which are propagated by
layers, as
sixteenth has the corolla nearly bell-shaped ; fruit two-celled, they have generally better roots. They may also be propa-
half four-celled seeds solitary. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
; gated by seeds but unless they are sown in the autumn, soon
;

Corolla: one-petalled, irregular. Bfrry: many-seeded, two- after they are ripe, the plants will not come
up the first year.
celled, interior: according to Gartner, in the tenth, one- They will grow in any soil or situation. Few shrubs deserve
celled, and in the twelfth, three-celled. The species are, to be cultivated before those of this genus; for their flowers
*
Pe.ricli/mena, with a twining Stem. are very beautiful, and perfume the air to a great distance
1. Lonicera Caprit'olmni Italian /lonei/suckle.
; Flowers with their odour, especially in the mornings and
evenings,
ringent, in terminating whorls leaves deciduous, the upper
; and in cloudy weather, when the sini does not evaporate their
ones connate-pcrfoliate. This is a very smooth shrub, in its odour, and raise it too high to be perceptible: so that in ail
natural state twining round trees, with its long, round, oppo- retired walks there cannot be too many of them intermixed
site branches flowers about six in a whorl, slender and deli-
;
with other shrubs.
cate, white, reddish-white, red, or yellow, extremely fragrant. 2. Lonicera Dioica ; Glaucous floney stickle. Whorls sub-
There are three varieties. Native of the south of Europe. capitatr, braeted leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, the
;

The Germans
call it Gtisblatt ; the Dutch, HuMaMeke upp-T ones connate-perfoliate corollas ringent, gibbous at
:

Kemperjolie the Danes, Italiceruk Gedtblad ; the Swedes,

; the base. Native of North America.
italirnst (irtblud; the French, Cherrefeuille des Jardiris, Lonicera Sempcrvireiis; Trnmprt Honeysuckle. Spikes
3.
or 1)' finite; the Italians, Atadreselro, ( 'aprijoglio : the Spa- naked, terminating; the upper leaves connate-perfoliate;
niards, Madreselra ; the Portuguese, Matrisyira. A strong corollas almost regular; tube bellying at top. There are
decoction of Honeysuckle-leaves is no despicable remedy in two varieties, if not distinct species, of this one much hardier
;

complaints arising from obstructions of the liver. It opeiates lhan the other. It has been long known in our
gardens by
by urine, and is a
good ingredient in gargles for sore throats. lhe name of Virginia Trumpet Honeysuckle. The flowers
The distilled water of the flowers is much esteemed by many have no odour; but for the beauty of their flowers, and their
as an excellent cosmetic. All the sorts of Honeysuckle are long continuance together, with their leaves being evergreen,
propagated either by layers or cuttings: when by layers, the they are preserved in most curious gardens. This is usually
young plants only should be chosen. They should he laved planted against walls and pales, to which their branches are
in the autumn, and by the following autumn will have taken trained for they are too weak and
;
rambling to be reduced to
root when they should be cut oft' from the plants, and either
; heads, and are liable to he killed in severe winter. Hence it
planted where they are to remain, or into a nursery, to be ought to have a warm aspect, where it will begin to flower at
trained up for standards, which must be done by fixing the end of June, and there will be a succession of flowers till
down stakes to the stem of each plant, to which their prin- autumn. It may be trained like the other honeysuckles, and
cipal stalk should be fastened, and all the others cut off; the will flower among otlier shrubs hi the south border of a
pkm-
 LON THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LON
in a -warm
tatiuii, till injured or killed
soil, by an unusually terminating in pairs, sessile; all the leaves distinct; stem
severe winter. It propagated by laying down the young
is
twining. Native of Japan.
branches, which will easily take root; and may be after- ** Chamaecerasawith two-flowered Peduncles.
wards treated like the common honeysuckles. See the first 8. Black-berried Upright Honey suckle
Lonice'ra Nigra;
species. Peduncles two flowered; berries distinct; leaves elliptic,
4. Lonicera Grata;
Erergrten Honeysuckle. Flowers in quite entire height three or four feet; corolla purple on the
;

terminating whorls; leaves perennial, obovate, glaucous be- outside, white within, or quite white, pubescent. It flowers in
neath, the upper ones connate, superfolidte; corollas ringent; Match, April, and May. Native of France, Switzerland,
colour of the flowers red outside, and yellow within, of a Austria, Silesia, and Piedmont.
strong aromatic flavour. Native of North America. This 9. Lonicera Tartarica Tartarian Upright Honeysuckle.
;

will not thrive where it is too much exposed to the cold in Peduncles two-flowered; berries distinct; leaves cordate,
winter, but flourishes best in a soft sandy loam, and will retain obtuse. This is a tree, often six feet high, rising with several
its leaves in greater verdure in such
ground than in a drv trunks, frequently thicker than the wrist, spreading, branched
gravelly soil, where, in warm dry seasons, the leaves often very much from the bottom corollas before they open
;
paral.
shrink, and hang in a very disagreeable manner ; nor will I
lei, club-shaped, of a deep rose-colour, when open flesh-
those sorts which naturally flower late in the autumn continue ;

coloured. In shady groves it varies with a while flower,

and
so long in beauty on a dry ground, unless the season should in autumn the leaves put and become quite
oft" their fringes
prove moist and cold, as those placed in a gentle loam. smooth. Native of Russia, but not beyond lat. 55. N. It
5. Lonicera I mplexa ; Minorca, Honeysuckle. Powers rin- flowers in April, and the fruit is ripe in July. It is infested
gent in whorls; brae tea even: leaves perennial, smooth, by the insect called Meloe Vesicatoria, and the insect is col-
oblong, the upper ones connate perfoliate, the uppermost lected from this shrub for the apothecaries. The berries of
dilated. Native of Minorca. this plant are eatenby the common people of Russia, though
6. Lonicera Periclytnenum Common Honeysuckle. Flowers
;
they are nauseously bitter, and purgative. The flowers have
ringent, in terminating heads; leaves deciduous, all distinct. hardly any smell. The wood is very hard and solid, of a
This species trails over bushes, and twines round the
boughs yellowish gray colour, beautifully veined, and used to make
of trees, with its very slender hairy or smooth branches; the walking sticks, and the handles of tools.
corollas are usually red on the outside, and yellowish within, 10. Lonicera Xylosteum; Fly Honeysuckle. Peduncles
but they vary much in colour, between red, purple, and yellow, two-flowered ; berries distinct leaves quite entire, pubescent.
;

and are very pale in the shade. They are exceedingly sweet, It rises with a strong
woody stalk, six or eight feet high,
especially in the evening. In climbing, it turns from east to covered with a whitish bark, dividing into many branches.
west, with most of our other English climbers ; and, in com- The flowers come out on each side of the branches opposite,
mon witli them, it bears clipping and pruning well. When on blender peduncles, each sustaining two white flowers stand-
placed near buildings, it is liable to be disfigured and injured ing erect. Linneus says, that this shrub makes excellent
by aphides, vulgarly called blights. These insects are not !
hedges in a dry soil; that the parts between the joints of the
very numerous in spring; hut as the summer advances, they shoots are used in Sweden for Tobacco pipes; and that the
increase in a surprising degree: their first attacks therefore wood, being extremely hard, makes teeth for rakes. Gmelin
should be watched, and the branches they first appear on cut says, that the Russians prepare an empyreumatic oil per de-
off and destroyed; for when they have once gained ground, see nsnni from the wood, which they recommend for cold
they aie defended by their numbers. Small plants may be tumors and chronical pains. Animals seldom touch Ihe
cleared from them by tobacco dust, or Spanish snuff; but this leaves. Birds eat the berries only in hard weather they are ;

is not practicable for large trees. The leaves are likewise reputed to be purgative and emetic. It is common in the

liable to be curled up, by a small caterpillar, which produces more northern parts of Russia, and in Siberia as far as llu*
a beautiful little moth, Phalcena Tottrix. In the evening, river Jenisea, and even in Hungary, the south of France,
some species of Sphinges or Hawk-moths, are frequently and Italy Dr. Withering says it is a native of England. See
:

observed to hover over the blossoms, and with their long the first species.
tongues to extract the honey from the very bottom of the 11. Lonicera Pyrenaica; Pyrenean Upright
Honeysuckle.
flowers. A considerable quantity of nectareous juice may Peduncles two-flowered berries distinct
; leaves oblong, ;

sometimes be discerned in the tube. Insects that are too

'

smooth. Native of the Pyrenees, and of Siberia.

large to penetrate into the narrow pait of the tube, and have 12. Lonicera Alpigena; Red-berried Upright Honeysuckle.
not a long tongue, like the Sphinges, to reach the juice, let it Peduncles two-flowered berries coadunate-twin
; leaves ;

out by making a puncture towards the bottom, and so fairly oval -lanceolate. This has a short, thick, woody stem, which
tap the liquor. There are several varieties : that called the divides into many strong woody branches, growing erect;
Late Red Honeysuckle produces a greater quantity of flowers flowers red on the outside, pale within. Native of the south
together than cither ihe Italian or Dutch Honeysuckle; so of Europe. See the first species.
that it makes a finer appearance than any of them during the 13. Lonicera Caucasica. Peduncles two-flowered berries ;

time of flowering. There is also a variety with variegated coadunate-twin; leaves ovate-lanteolate, quite entire; height
leaves. The English call this plant Woodbine, Suckling, rive feet; trunk covered with a whitish bark; branches
and Caprifoly, as well as Honeysuckle; the Germans, among spreading, red or hoary, testaceous; corolla irregular, red.
a host of ther names, call it Speckiitit, Geinlilie; the Dutch,
i The wood is hard, weighty, like ivory, beautifully
veined with
Geivoonn Kamperfolie : the Danes, GeJrblad; the Swedes, green, much esteemed for walking-sticks, which are .^eut to
AiathtiJ'i ad ; the French, Le Cherrejiuitle des bois ; the Ita- Petersburg. The Russians call it Toguatun, and the Tartars
lians, (.'aprifoglio and Vincibvsco : the Spaniards, iVTadreselfa, Tukus-tuun, which signifies nine-skins, because this shrub
Virginia, and Periciime no ; and llie Portuguese, Matrisylca every year casts its epidermis, which adheies copiously to the
do A'or/f. For its medical uses, and method of propagation twigs. Native of Caucasus.
and culture, see Ihe first
species. 14. Lonicera Ccerulea; Blue-berried Upright Honey-suckle.
7. Lonicera Japouica; Japanese Honeysuckle. Flowers Peduncles two-flowered; berries coadunate-globiilar ; styles
5
 LOP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. LOR
undivided. It seldom rises more than four or five feet high ; or three. As large boughs, clumsily taken off, often spoil
flowers white ; wood hard, beautifully veined with gray and the trees, they should always be spared, except in a case of
Berries dark blue, with a purple juice, absolute necessity; but when they must be cut off, it should
pale yellow. large,
which stains paper of a strong colour, and perhaps might be be close and smooth, and not in a slanting manner, and the
useful in dying. Native of Switzerland, Austria, &c. wound ought to be covered with loam and horse-dung
*** Stem mixed, to prevent the wet from entering the body of the tree.
upright, peduncles many-flmvered.
15. Lonicera Mongolica Russian Honeysuckle. Peduncles ;
When trees are at their full growth, there are several signs
of their decay as, the withering or dying of many of their
many-flowered berries simple, one-flowered
; ovate, ; leaves ;

serrate, pubescent stem upright; corolla yellowish white.

; top branches or if the wet enters at any knot or they are
; ;

Grows in the desert of the Mongols, and in Dauria. anywise hollow or discoloured if they make weakly shoots ;
;

16. Loiiicera Symphoricarpos Shrubby St. Peter'swort. ;

and when the woodpeckers drill holes in them. This lop-
Heads lateral, peduncled; leaves petioled. Height about ping of trees is only to be understood for pollard trees ; be-
four feet, sending out many slender branches; flowers of an cause nothing is more injurious to the growth of timber-trees,
herbaceous colour, in whorls. They appear in August and than that of lopping or cutting off" great branches from them:
September. Native of Virginia and Carolina. whoever will be at the trouble of trying the experiment upon
17. Lonicera Bubalina. Heads terminating, peduncled; two trees of equal size and age, growing near each other, to
leaves oblong, quite entire, smooth branches round, smooth. ; lop off the side branches from one of them, and suffer all
Found by Sparrmann at the Cape of Good Hope, where the the branches to grow upon the other, will in a few years
Dutch call it Buffelfiarn. find the latter to exceed the other in
growth in every way,
18. Lonicera Diervilla; Yellow-flowered Upriyht Honey- and that it will not decay so soon. All sorts of resinous
suckle. Racemes terminating leaves serrate. This is a low ; trees, or such as abound with a milky juice, should be
shrub, seldom rising more than three feet high; flowers small, lopped very sparingly, for they are subject to decay when
pale yellow. Native of North America. often cut. The best season for lopping these tree*, is BOOH
19. Lonicera Corymbosa, Corymbs terminating; leaves after Bartholomew tide, at which time they seldom bleed
ovate-acute. Native of Peru. much, and the wound is commonly healed over before the
See Campanula. cold weather comes on. But very few sorts of ornamental
Looking Glass, Venus's.
Loosestrife. See Aiiayallis and Lysimachia. trees should be lopped, as it
greatly injures their beauty and
Loosestrife, Codded. See Epilobium Hirsutum. appearance the only thing necessary is to take off such
:

Loosestrife, Spiked.See Lythrum. straggling branches as may grow out in an awkward direction,
Lopezia; a genus of the class Monandria, order Monogy- and render them less ornamental.
nia. ESSUNTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: superior, of four Loranthus; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
unequal leaves. Corolla: irregular, of four petals. Nectary: gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth of the
stalked, folded, opposite to the stamen. Capsule: of four fruit inferior margin entire, concave
; of the flower superior,
;

cells ami four valves. Seeds: numerous. The species are, or the margin entire, concave. Corolla: petals six, oblong,
1. Lopezia Hirsuta; Hairy Lopezia. Leaves ovate, downy; revolute, equal. Stamina: filamenta six, awl-shaped, fastened
stem round, hairy. The plant is annual, kept in the stove, to the bases of the petals, the
length of the corolla ; antherse
and flowers from September to November. The stem is two oblong. Pistil: germen oblong, between the two calices,
feet high, branched, pale green, clothed with longish soft or inferior; style simple, the length of the stamina;
stigma
hairs; leaves alternate, stalked, about an inch long-; clusters blunt. Pericarp: berry oblong, one-celled. Seed: oblong.
solitary, at the end of every little branch, somewhat corym- ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Germen: inferior; calix none.
bose, leafy flowers spreading, prettily variegated with pink,
; Corolla : Stamina
six-cleft, revolute. tips of the : at the
deep red, and white, in shape not unlike some sort of little petals. These are mostly parasitical
Berry: one-seeded.
flies :when touched, they exhibit a striking elasticity, if not shrubs, the leaves thickish, often opposite, but sometimes 1

irritability. Native of Mexico. alternate; flowers axillary, sometimes, but seldom, terminat-
2. Lopezia Racemosa Smooth Lopezia. Stem square,
;
ing, corymbed or spiked, or on one-flowered pedicels.
smooth, as well as the leaves floral leaves minute. This ; The species are,
much resembles the first species, but differs in the squareness 1. Loranthus Tetrapetalus. Peduncles one-flowered, sub-
of the stem. Native of Mexico. solitary; leaves ovate, obtuse, subsessile. Native of New
3. Lopezia Coronata Coronet-flowered Lopezia.
; Leaves Zealand.
smooth and shining; stem angular, from the decurrent foot- 2. Loranthus Scurrula. Peduncles one-flowered, heaped ;

stalks; floral leaves mostly longer than the flower-stalks. leaves obovate.- Native of China and the Philippine Islands.
Native of Mexico. 3. Loranthus Uniflorus. Racemes quite simple. Native
Lopping. It ;s
very observable that most old trees are of St. Domingo, in woods, flowering in November and
hollow within which does not proceed from the nature of the
, December.
trees, but is the fault of those who suffer the tops to grow 4. Loranthus Glaucus. Peduncles axillary, one-flowered;
large before they lop them, as the Ash, Elm, and Hornbeam, leaves ovate, glaucous. Native of the Cape.'
and persuade themselves that they may have the more great 5. Loranthus Europseus. Racemes simple, terminating ;
wood ; the mean time do not consider that the cutting
but in flowers dioecous. Native of Austria, parasitical on oaks; and
off great tops or branches endangers the life of a tree, or at also of Siberia.
least wounds it so that the trees which are thereby 6. Loranthus Americanus. Racemes somewhat branched^
yearly
decayed in their bodies, the amount to much more than cymed flowers nodding; leaves ovate, diftbrm.
; This spe-
quantity of tops produced ; hence it is to the loss of the cies ramps over the highest trees in Jamaica, Martinico, &c.
owner to have them so managed. But the lopping of young It
especially climbs the Coccoloba Grandifolia, with the root
trees at ten or twelve years old, in general will preserve adhering firmly to the bark like Misselto. If a large bough,
them much longer, and will occasion the shoots to grow on which it grows, be cut off, the next day it withers and
more into wood in one year, than they do in old tops in two perishes.
VOL ii. 7!. Q
 60 LOT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LOT
7. Loranthus Emarginatus. Racemes axillary, simple ; 3. Lotus Tetragonolobos Winged Bird's-foot Trefoil.
;

leaves wedge-shaped, ovate, emarginate. Native of Hispa- Legumes solitary, membranaceous-quadrangular bractes ;

niola. ovate. Root annual stems several, upright, about a foot

;

8. Loranthus Occidentalis. Racemes simple; flowers irre- long, having at each joint a ternate leaf. It flowers in June

gular. They appear and May. It is found upon

in April and July, and the seed ripens in autumn. It was formerly
trees. Native of South America and the West Indies. cultivated as an esculent plant, for the green pods, which
Loranthus Loniceroides. Flowers aggregate-capitate.
9. are still said to be eaten in some of our northern counties,
Native of the East Indies. but they are very coarse. Native of Sicily. This plant is
10. Loranthus Stelis. Racemes trichotomous peduncles ; now chiefly cultivated in flower-gardens for ornament. The
three-cornered flowers equal.
;
Native of South America, seeds are sown in patches, five or six together, where they
and the Society Isles. are designed to remain: if they all grow, some of the plants
11. Loranthus Parvifolius. Peduncles axillary, trifid ;
may be pulled up, leaving only two or three in a patch, and
pedicels one-flowered leaves ovate, entire.
;
12. Loranthus afterwards they will require no other care but to keep them
Pauciflonis. Peduncles trichotomous, shorter than the clean from weeds.
leaves leaves obovate.
;
Both natives of Jamaica. 4. Lotus Conjugatus ;
Twin-podded Bird's-foot Trefoil.
13. Loranthus Pentandrus. Racemes simple; flowers five- Legumes conjugate, membranaceous-quadrangular; bractes
cleft; leaves alternate, petioled. Native of the East Indies. oblong ovate. Stems branching, a foot long. It differs from
14. Loranthus Falcatus. Racemes few-flowered, axillary; the preceding having corollas only half as large.
in Native
leaves linear, blunt, laterally sickled, glaucous. Found upon of the south of France. See the first species.
trees near Madras. 5. Lotus Tetraphyllus Four-leaved Bird's-foot
;
Trefoil.
15. Loranthus Spicatus. flowers Legumes leaves ternate, obcordate, wedge-shaped;
Spikes quadrangular; solitary ;

small, inodorous, red; leaves quite entire, blunt, smooth. stipule solitary, similar; bractes one-leafed. Stems filiform;
This branching shrubby plant grows upon other shrubs. It corolla yellow, with the back of the banner dark purple.
flowers in April and May. Native of Carthagena. Native of Majorca.
16. Loranthus 'Cochinensis. Peduncles many-flowered, 6. Lotus Edulis; Esculent Bird's-foot Trefoil. Legumes
curved in. An annual, with several trail-
heaped; leaves acute; stem woody, twisted, short, very solitary, gibbous,
much branched. It grows upon the branches of trees in the ing stalks. The Candians eat the pods when young.
Native of Italy and Candia. It flowers with us in
July, but
gardens of Cochin-china.
. 17. Loranthus Pedunculatus. Racemes simple, solitary ; seldom ripens seed. See the first species.
flowers in threes, peduncled. Native of Carthagena, in woods, 7. Lotus Peregrinus Flat-podded Bird's-foot Trefoil.
;

especially in salt-marshes. Legumes subbinate, linear, compressed, nodding. Native of

18. Loranthus Sessilis. Racemes simple, solitary; flowers the south of Europe. See the first species.
in threes, sessile. Native of the woods in Carthagena. 8. Lotus Angustissimus Narrow-podded Bird's-foot Tre-
;

.
Lotus; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria. foil. Legumes subbinate, linear, stiff, upright; stem upright;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel simple; perianth 'peduncles alternate. Root weak, branched stems straight, ;

teeth acute, equal, erect, numerous, a foot high. Native of the soutli of France.
one-leafed, tubular, half five-cleft ;

Corolla : banner roundish, bent 9. Lotus Glaucus; Glaucous Bird's-foot Trefoil. Legumes
permanent. papilionaceous ;

down; claw oblong, concave wings roundish, shorter than subbinate, cylindrical, smooth; leaflets somewhat wedge-
;

the banner, broad, converging upwards; keel gibbous below, shaped, fleshy, hoary; stipules leaf-form. Biennial, flower-
closed above, acuminate, ascending, short. Stamina : fila- ing from June to August. Native of Madeira.
menta diadelphous, simple, and nine-cleft, ascending, with 10. Lotus Arabicus Rcd-ftoivered Bird's-foot Trefoil.
;

broadish tips; antherce small, simple. Pistil: germen colum- Legumes cylindrical, awned steins prostrate; peduncles ;

bractes one-leafed. Root perennial stems

nar, oblong; style simple, ascending; stigma an inflected three-flowered ; ;

stiff and straight, stuffed, several. Native of Arabia.

point. Pericarp: legume cylindric,
longer than the calix, many-celled,
two-valved. Seeds: 1 Lotus Ornithopodioides
1 .
Claw-podded Bird's-foot Tre- ;

several, cylindric. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: tubu- foil. Legumes subternate, bowed, compressed stems dif- ;

fused. Peduncles axillary, two or three inches long, termi-

lar. Wings: converging longitudinally upwards. Legume:
The are, nated by a cluster of yellow flowers, which sleep during the
cylindric. species
* With them. Native of Sicily, Pro-
few Legumes, not forming a head. night with the bractes covering
1. Lotus Maritimus; Sea Bird's- foot Trefoil. Legumes vence, and Siberia. See the first species.
leaves smooth; 1 2. Lotus Jacobseus Dark-flowered Bird's-foot Trefoil.
solitary, membranaceous, quadrangular;
;

bractes lanceolate. Root perennial stems several, decumbent, Legumes subternate; stem herbaceous, upright; leaflets
;

slender, half a foot long; corolla large, yellow. Native of linear. Flowers three to five together, of a very rich brown
of on the sea-coast, as Sweden, Denmark, purple. --Native of the Cape de Verd Islands. It is too ten-
many parts Europe
the south of France, the county of Nice, &c. flowering in der to live abroad ; the plants therefore are kept
in pots,
in a warm airy glass-case, or dry
October. This, which those species that are referred to it, which in winter are placed
but in summer are placed abroad in a sheltered situa-
may be propagated by seeds, which should be sown early in stove,
an bed or border to the sun, where tion. It may be easily propagated by cuttings during the
April, upon open exposed
the plants are to remain: when they come up, they must be summer season, and also by seeds; but the plants which have
thinned, them
leaving two feet asunder, and afterwards been two or three times increased by cuttings are seldom
nearly
to off all at once, and
weeding will be the culture they require.
all fruitful. They are subject clyiiii;

2. Lotus Siliquosus ; Square-podded Bird's-foot Trefoil.

therefore new ones should be constantly raised, especially as
membrauaceous-quadrangular stems pro- this is a very beautiful sort, and almost always in flower.
Legumes solitary, ;

cumbent ; leaves pubescent underneath. Flower solitary, ter- 13. Lotus Creticus; Silvery Bird's-foot Trefoil. Legumes
Native of moist meadows in subternate; stem suffrutescenf, leaves silky, shining. Native
minating, large, pale yellow.
the south of Europe. See the preceding species. of Spain and the Levant. This will not endure the open air
 LOT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L U D 61

of our climate, and must be treated in the same way as the 22. Lotus Medicaginoidi'S. Legumes umbelled, bowed ;

It may be increased by seeds, sown on a leaflets obcordate, toothletted. Root annual; stem prostrate,
preceding species.
bed of light earth in April. grooved, rough-haired; peduncles axillary, with five or six
14. Lotus Dioscorides. Stem upright, branched ; pedun- small yellow flowers. Native of Siberia.
cles subbiflorous ; legumes columnar, ovate torose. Root 23. Lotus Oligoceratos. Legumes binate, round, straight,
annual ; stems a palm and half in height, round ; flowers striated, villose, dotted with white. Root annual ; stems from
yellow, small. Native ofthe county of Nice. ascending upright, branched, villose, half a foot or more in
15. Lotus Arboreus ; Tree Bird's-foot Trefoil. Legumes height; corrrtla~yeHow, not longer than the calix. It flowers
quinate; leaflets obcordate; stem arboreous. Native of New at the beginning of July. Native of Italy.
**
Zealand. Peduncles axillary, uniftorous.
Witn many-ftoivcred Peduncles, forming a head.
''*
24. Lotus Sericeus. Leaves subsessile, oblong, acute seri-
16. Lotus Hirsutus Hairy Bird's-foot Trefoil.
; Heads ceo-villose ; peduncles axillary, uniflorous, longer than the
roundish; stem upright, rough-haired; legumes ovate. Stalk leaf; flower unibracteate, yellow ; lacinise of the calix linear;
perennial, three feet high corollas dirty white, with a few
;
legume glabrous, very long. Found on the banks of the
marks of pale red. It flowers from June to August. Native Missouri.
ofthe south of France, Italy, Sicily, and of^the Levant. It Lovage. See Ligiisticum.
is propagated by seeds in the same way as the 12th species :
Love-Apple. See Solatium Lycopersicum.
the plants will live through the winter in the open air in mo- Lnve-lies-a-bleeding. See Amaranthus Caudatus.
derate winters, but it will be proper to keep one or two Louichea ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order
plants in pots? to be sheltered in winter, lest those abroad Tetrandria. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Receptacle: common
should be destroyed by severe frost. peduncle-shaped, trichotomous, producing the flowers. Peri-
17. Lotus Graecus Five-leaved
;
Bird's-foot Trefoil. carp: proper four-parted; segments concave, subulate-acu-
Heads roundish ; stem upright, round-haired; leaves quinate; minate, irregular, growing together. Corolla: none. Fila-
legumes ovate. Annual; flowers white. Native of the Levant. menta : four, connate, inserted into the receptacle. Germen :
18. Lotus Rectus; Upright Bird's-foot Trefoil. Heads superior. Style: bifid. Seed: single, arilled, within the
subglobular ;
stem upright, even ; legumes straight, smooth. calix. The only known species is,
Root strong, perennial ; corolla pale flesh-colour. Native of 1. Louichea Cervina. This is an annual very branching
the south of Europe. It may be cultivated for cattle, in the stem almost upright, round branches in
plant, a span high ; ;

same manner as Lucerne. from seeds,

It rises easily is
very whorls, the upper ones opposite; leaves six, in whorls, the
hardy, and will thrive on any light poor ground. two outer opposite flowers terminating, coming out succes-
;

19. Lotus Corniculata; Common Bird's-foot Trefoil. sively, sessile, close ; the middle one solitary, herbaceous,
Stems prostrate ; heads of flowers flat ; legumes cylindric, two or three lines broad. SeeCamphorosma.
spreading. Root perennial, tapering, striking deeply into the Lousewort. See Pedicularis.
earth ; corolla, before it opens, of a bloody red on the out- Lucerne. See Medicago.
side, and of a yellowish green within ; when expanded, of a Ludwigia; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
full yellow; leaves ternate, petioled, one at each joint. This gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
is cultivated in Hertfordshire as a pasturage for
sheep. It leafed, four-parted, superior, permanent, segments lanceo-
makes extremely good hay ; and in moist meadows grows to late, spreading very much, length of the corolla. Corolla :
a greater height than the Trefoils, and, in quality, seems to petals four, obcordate, flat, spreading very much, equal.
equal, if not surpass, most of them. In common with several Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, upright, short; antheree
other leguminous plants, it gives substance to the hay, and simple, oblong, upright. Pistil: germen four-cornered,
perhaps contributes to render it more palatable and whole- covered with the base ofthe calix, inferior; style cylindrical,
some for cattle. It is found in most parts of Europe, in length of the stamina; stigma obsoletely four-cornered, capi-
meadows, pastures, heaths, by road sides, in hedges, among tate. Pericarp : capsule four-cornered, blunt, covered and
bushes, and in woods flowering from June to August.
; crowned by the calix, four-celled, four-valved; partitions
Withering calls it Bird's-foot Claver ; in Yorkshire they opposite to the valves. numerous, small receptacle
Seeds : ;

term it Cheesecake Grass; and in some other counties, Butter- columnar, membranaceous, four-winged wings in the angles ;

jags, and Crow-toes. Mr. Curtis observes, that, whether this of the partitions, seed-bearing on each side. ESSENTIAL
plant be deserving of the encomium bestowed upon it by CHARACTER. Calix: four-parted, superior. Corolla: four-
different authors, the practical farmer must determine. petalled. Capsule: inferior, four-cornered, four-celled. Re-
There appears no reason why seed might not be obtained ceptacle: distinct from the axis ofthe fruit, bearing the seeds
from it; and it should seem that land, not strong enough to on each side. These plants must be raised from seed in a hot-
bear Clover, might be improved by its introduction. bed, in the spring, and treated as directed for Amarantlnis.
20. Lotus Cytisoicles Downy Bird's-foot Trefoil. Heads If not brought forward in the spring, they seldom
;
produce
halved ; stem diffused, very much branched leaves tomen- ;
good seeds in England. The species are,
tose. This is a perennial plant, sending out many stalks from 1. Ludwigia Alternifolia ; Alternate-leaved Ludwigia.
the root. Native of the south of Europe, on the sea-coast. Leaves alternate, lanceolate ; stem upright, annual flowers ;

See the first species. small corolla yellow. It flowers in June and Native
;
July.
21. Lotus Dorycnium; Shrubby Bird's-foot Trefoil. Heads of Virginia and South Carolina.
leafless; leaves sessile, quinate. Stalks weak, shrubby, three 2. Ludwigia Oppositifolia; Opposite-leaved Ludwigia.
or four feet high ; flowers in heads, at the Leaves opposite, lanceolate; stem diffused, procumbent, a
extremity of the
branches, very small, and white, appearing in June, July, and span long; flowers solitary, axillary; corolla yellow. Native
September. Native of the south of Europe. This will live of the East Indies.
in the open air, if it be planted in a dry soil, and warm situ- 3. Ludwigia Repens Leaves oppo-
Creeping Ludwigia.
;

ation. It is
propagated by seeds, which will come up in a site, ovate; peduncles solitary, axillary; stem creeping.
common border. Annual. Native of Jamaica.
62 LUN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; LUP
Ludwigia Erigata ; Upright Ludwigia. Leaves oppo-
4. long, inserted into the lateral sutures. ESSENTIAL CHA-
site,lanceolate stem upright
; corolla scarcely visible.
; RACTER. Silicle: entire, elliptic,compressed-flat, pedi-
Annual. Native of the East Indies. celled; valves equal, and parallel to the partition, flat.
5. Ludwigia Pedunculosa. Plant creeping, pubescent ; Calix: with bagged leaflets. The species are,
loaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, glabrous peduncles axil- 1. Lunaria Recliviva; Perennial Silicles lance-
;
Honesty.
lary, uniflorous, very long; capsules clavate-oblong, crowned; olate ; root perennial. This is a very large plant ; stem three
lacinise of the calix lanceolate ; flowers large, yellow. It to four feet high ; petals purple, -odorous. Native of the
grows in swamps near the sea-coast, from Virginia to South south of France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, &c. This and the
Carolina. next species are propagated by seeds sown in the autumn :
Ludwigia Glandulosa. Leaves alternate, spathulate->
6. those sown in the spring often miscarry, or lie a long time in
oboval plant procumbent, very smooth
; flowers sessile,
; I the ground. They will grow in almost any sbil, but love a
axillary, solitary capsules very small, crowned
; lac-mite of ; shady situation ; and require only to be kept clean from
the calix round, acuminate. Grows in the swamps of Lower weeds if the seeds be permitted to scatter, the plants will
:

Carolina. rise without further care; and if they be left unremoved,

they
7. Ludwigia Mollis. Plant erect, branchy, pubescent ; will grow much larger than those which are
transplanted.
leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong; flowers sessile, alternate, 2. Lunaria Annua; Common Honesty, or Moottwort. Silicles
superior, heaped together capsules subrotund.
; Grows in roundish ; root biennial. Native of Germany. See the
the swamps of Lower Carolina. preceding species. This plant has acquired the name of
8. Ludwigia Virgata. Plant erect, virgated, glabrous ; White Saiin : it used to be dried and preserved to place in
leaves alternate, linear, obtuse ; flowers terminal, subspicate, chimneys. The name Honesty seems to have, been given to
pedicellate. small; capsules globose tetragonal. It grows in these plants, from the transparency of the seed-vessels ;
the dry sandy woods of Lower Carolina. in which the whole may be seen without
any optical deception.
9. Ludwigia Decurrens. Plant erect, very branchy, gla- The Germans call it Silberblume ; the Dutch, Zilverbloem;
brous; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, decurrent; flowers the Danes, Manneviol; the Swedes, Manefioler; the French,

axillary, subsessile, solitary, alternate capsules clavated,

; Satin-blanc ; and the Italians, Lunaria.
crowned; lacinise of the calix oval-lanceolate. This plant 3. Lunaria jEgyptiaca
Egyptian Honesty. Silicles oblong,
;

rises to the height of about a foot, and bears large yellow pendulous; leaves superdecompound, with trifid leaflets.
flowers. It grows in shady woods, near ponds and ditches, Annual, with a smooth branching stalk little more than a foot
in Virginia and Lower Carolina. high. It flowers here in June and July. Native of Egypt.
lu. Ludwigia Capitata. Plant erect, glabrous; leaves Sow the seeds in an open border, where they are to remain :
alternate, lato-linear, acute, rounded at ;
the base
petals if
they be sown soon after they are ripe, the plants will come
shorter than the calix ; capsules subglobose, crowned ; laci- up in the autumn, and live through the winter in a sheltered
nise of the calix dilatated, short ; the infertile branches with situation. These will flower early the following summer;
short obovate leaves flowers small, yellow.
;
It
grows in the whereby ripe seeds may be obtained they may also be sown
:

swamps of North and South Carolina. in the spring. Keep them clean, and thin them where they
11. Ludwigia Macrocarpa. Plant erect, ramose, sligbtly are too close. If the seeds be permitted to scatter, they will
glabrous leaves alternate, lanceolate, hoary on the under-
;
rise without care.
side ; peduncles uniflorous, axillary ; capsules globose-tetra- Lungwort. See Pulmonaria.
gonal ; lacinise of the calix great, coloured, crowned; flowers Lungwort, Cow's. See Verbascum.
yellow stem purple.
;
It grows in wet
pastures and swamps, Lupine. See Lupinus and Trtfolium.
from New
England to Florida. Lupinus; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria.
Ludwigia Hirsuta. Plant erect, ramose, rough; leaves
12. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
alternate, oblong, sessile, rough on both sides; peduncles bifid. Corolla: papilionaceous; banner cordate-roundish,
uniflorous, axillary; capsules globose-tetragonal, crowned, ernarginate, bent back at the sides, compressed; wings sub-
bibracteaied at the base. It grows in ditches and ponds, on ovate, almost the length of the banner, not fastened to the
a sandy soil, from New Jersey to Carolina. keel, converging below keel two-parted at the base, sickle-
:

Ludwigia Linearis. Plant erect, virgated, glabrous,

13. shaped upwards, acuminate, entire, the length of the wings,
very branchy; leaves alternate, linear, acute; flowers axil- narrower. Stamina: filamenta ten, united, somewhat ascend-
capsules oblong, turbinate; lacinite of
lary, solitary, sessile; ing, distinct above; antherse five, roundish, and as many
the calix semi-lanceolate flowers small, yellowish brown.
; oblong. Pistil: germen awl-shaped, compressed, villose;
It grows from two to five feet high, and is found near ditches style awl-shaped, ascending; stigma terminating, blunt.
and ponds, irrsandy soils, from Virginia to Carolina. Pericarp: legume large, oblong, coriaceous, compressed,
Lunaria; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Silicu- acuminate, one-celled. Seeds: several, roundish, compressed.
losa. GKNEUIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leaved, ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-lipped. Anthera:
oblong; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, converging, deciduous, five oblong, five roundish. Legume: coriaceous. These
of which the two alternate ones are gibbous, and bagged at plants are cultivated for ornament in the borders of the flower-
the base. Corolla: four-petalled, cruciform; petals entire, garden, where they are sown in patches with other annuals in
blunt, large, the length of the calix, ending in claws of the the spring, where they are to remain, thinning them where
same length. Stamina : filamenta six, a\vl-shaped, four the too close, and keeping them clean from weeds. To have a
length of the calix, two a little shorter ; anlheree from upright succession of flowers, the seeds may be sown at different
spreading. Pistil: germen pedicelled, ovate-oblong; -style times, as in April, May, and June ; but the seeds of those
short; stigma blunt, entire. Pericarp: silicle elliptic, flat, sown in April only They all make a
will ripen. pretty ap-
entire, upright, very large, pedicelled, terminated by the pearance when in flower. The species are,
style, two-celled, two-valved ; partition parallel, and equal Perennis; Perennial Lupine. Calices alter-
to 1. Lupinus

the valves, flat. Seeds: some, kidney-shaped, compressed, nate, without appendicles; upper lip ernarginate, lower entire.
marginal, in the middle of the silicle ; receptacles filiform, Root perennial, creeping; stalks erect, channelled, a foot and
>
1
 L U P OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L Y C 63

half high, sending out two or three small side branches, with of a pale flesh-colour. It flowers in July and August.
Native of the south of Europe.
digitale leaves, of from five to ten spear-shaped
leaflets :

the flowers grow in loose terminal spikes, of a pale blue 6. Lupinus Angustifolius ;
Narrow-leaved Blue Lupine.
colour, on short peduncles. Native of Virginia, and other Calices alternate, appendicled ; upper lip two-parted, lower

parts of North America. This is propagated by seeds sown entire. Flowers blue ; seeds ovate, globular. Native of
where the plants are to remain. If in a dry soil, the root will Spain and Sicily.
continue several years, and produce many spikes of flowers ; 7. Lupinus Luteus ; Yellow Lupine. Calices in whorls,
and though the usual season of flowering is in June and July, appendicled ; upper lip two-parted, lower three-toothed.
yet when rain falls in August, fresh stalks arise from the roots,
Stem a foot high, branching; leaves digitate, composed of
which flower at the end of September, or the beginning of seven, eight, or nine narrow hairy leaflets, nearly two inches
October. long ; flowers yellow, odorous, in loose spikes at the end of
2. Lupinus Albus ; White Lupine. Calices alternate, the branches. This is very much esteemed for its sweetness,
without appendicles ; upper lip entire, lower three-toothed. though the flowers are of short duration, especially in warm
Stalk upright, about two feet high, dividing towards the top weather ; therefore the seeds should be sown at several times,
into several smaller hairy branches ; leaves digitate, composed that there may be a succession of flowers through the season,
of seven or eight narrow oblong leaflets, joining at the base, for they will continue flowering till they are stopped by hard
hairy, of a dark grev colour, and have a silvery down.
The frost ; and those which come to flower, will continue in beauty
flowers are produced* in loose spikes at the end of the branches; a longer time than the early ones,
they are white and sessile, appearing in July, and ripening 8. Lupinus Cochin-chinensis ;
Single-leaved Lupine. Ca-
seeds in autumn. The leaves have the sides contracted at night, lices appendicled, in spikes ; upper lip bifid, lower three-
and hang down, being sent back to the petiole. It grows toothed ; leaves simple, oval. Stem herbaceous, annual ;
naturally in the Levant, and is cultivated in some parts of flowers yellow. Native of Cochin-china, and BengaJ.
Italy, as other pulse, for food : likewise in the south of France, 9. Lupinus Africanus. Calices appendicled, five-cleft ;
in poor dry extensive plains, as a meliorating crop, to be peduncles many-flowered, terminating ; leaves ternate, lan-
ploughed in where no manure is to be had, and the ground ceolate ; stem shrubby, diffused ; flowers yellow. Native of
is too barren for clover or other better
plants. A decoction the eastern coast of Africa.
of the seeds of this plant increases the urinary secretions, 10. Lupinus Trifoliatus. Calices five-toothed ; legumes
removes obstructions of the menses, and is frequently found in spikes, upright ; leaves ternate, ovate ; stem herbaceous ;
serviceable in the jaundice, and the beginning of dropsical flowers blue. Native of Mexico.
complaints. It is likewise an excellent lotion for children's 11. Lupinus TSootkatensis. Stalk and stalk-leaves rough ;

sore heads, speedily cleansing and disposing them to heal. leaves digitate ;folioles seven or eight, lanceolate, obtuse ;
Sweetened with honey, it destroys worms in the intestines. calix vcriicillate; upper lip emarginate, lower one entire.
3. Lupinus Varius ; Small Blue Lupine. Calices half- Found on the north-west coast of America.
whorled, appendicled ; upper lip bifid, lower slightly three- 12. Lupinus Sericea. Stalk and leaves sericeo-tomentose ;
toothed. Annual stalk firm, straight, channelled, nearly leaves digitate ; folioles seven or eight, lanceolate, acute ;
:

three feet high, divided towards the jop into several branches ; calix subverticillate, inappendiculate ; upper lip cut, lower
corolla light blue. It flowers in
July. Native of the south of one entire ; flowers pale purple, or rose-coloured. Found on
France, Spain, Italy, and Sicily. the banks of the Kooskoosy, in North America.
4. Lupinus Hirsutus ; Great Blue Calicles alter- 13. Leaves digitate; folioles from
Lupine. Lupinus Argenteus.
nate, appendicled ; upper lip two-parted, lower three-toothed. five to seven, linear-lanceolate, acute ; calix alternate, in-
Annual : stalk strong, firm, channelled, from three to four feet appendiculate ; upper leaf obtuse, lower one entire; flowers
high, covered with a soft brownish down, dividing upward into small, cream-coloured. -Grows on the banks of the Koos-
several long branches, garnished with digitate leaves, com- koosy, iu North America.
posed of nine, ten, or eleven wedge-shaped hairy leaflets. 14. Lupinus Pusillus. Plant perennial,
very villose; leaves
The flowers are placed in whorls round the stalks above simple, oblong ; spikes elongated ; calices alternate, inappen-
each other, forming a loose spike, which proceeds from diciihite ; upper lip bifid, lower one entire, The
elongated.
the ends of the branches ; they are large, and of a beau- flowers are
very variable in colour ; white, rose-red, and pur-
tiful blue colour, but have no scent. This and the next ple. A beautiful plant, but very difficult of cultivation. It
species are generally lute in ripening the seeds, so that grows in the dry sand-fields of Carolina and Florida.
unless the autumn prove warm and
dry, they do not ripen ; Lychnis ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Pentagynisi.
therefore the best
way to have good seeds is to sow them in (h.N'Kiuc CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
September, close to a warm wall, on dry ground, where they oblong, membranaceous, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla :
will live through our
ordinary winters ; and these plants will petals five ; claws the length of the calix, flat, margined ; bor-
flower early in the following summer, so that there will be time der often cloven, flat. Stamina: (ilamenta ten, longer than
for the seeds to
ripen before the rains fall in the autumn, the calix, alternately shorter, each of these fixed to a claw
which frequently rots those seeds which are not ripe. If a of each petal antheree incumbent.
; Pistil: germen subovate ;
few of the seeds of both be sown in small pots the beginning styles five, awl-shaped, longerthan the stamina;
stigmas reflex
of September, and, when the frosts
begin, the pots be removed against the sun, pubescent. Pericarp : capsule approaching
into a common hot-bed frame, where
they may be protected to an ovate form, covered, one, three, or five celled, fivc-
from hard frost, but enjoy the free air in mild weather, the valved. Seeds: very many, roundish. ESSF.NTIAL CHA-
plants may be thus secured in winter ; and in the spring they RACTKK. Calix: one-leafed, oblong, even. Petals: five,
may be shaken out of the pots, preserving the earth to their with claws, and a subbifid border. Capsule : five-celled ;
roots, and planted in a warm border, where they will (lower Gtcrtner says, in most one-celled. The species are,
early, and produce very good seeds. 1.
Lychnis Chalcedonica ; Scarlet Lychnis. Flowers fas-
.5.
Lupinus Pilosus ; Rose Lupine. Calices in whorls, cicled, fasligiate. Root perennial; stems three feet high,
appendicled ; upper lip two-parted, lower entire. Corollas upright, stiff, round, jointed, hairy, at every
joint two large
VOL. II. 71. R
 64 L YC THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L YC
leaves of a brownish green colour flowers terminating, in
; flowers white, in a dichotomous panicle. Native of Switzer-
large flat-topped tufts, consisting of several bundles corolla; land and Austria.
of a scarlet or bright red orange colour, varying to white, blush, 4. Lychnis Quadridentata; Four-toothed Lychnis. PetftJs
and variable, that is, pale red, growing paler till it becomes four-toothed ; stem dichotomous ; leaves smooth, recurved.
almost white. Native of Russia and Japan. There are three Steins a span high. Native of Austria.
varieties that with double flowers is a valuable plant.
: The 5. Lychnis Coronata; Chinese Lychnis. Smooth: flower*
root has two, three, or four strong erect hairy stalks, gar- axi'llaryand terminating, solitary petals laciniated. Stem
;

nished the whole length with spear-shaped leaves sitting simple, round, upright, a foot high. It flowers in June and
close to them. The flowers, which are of a most beautiful July. Native of China and Japan.
scarlet colour, are produced in close clusters sitting at the 6'.
Lychnis Viscaria; Viscous Lychnis, or Catchfly. Petals
top of the stalk; and when the roots are strong, the clusters nearly equal. Root perennial, yellowish on the outside, white
of flowers will be very large, and make a fine appearance. within ; stem round, not grooved ; flowers terminating, in
They appear at the latter end of June, and in moderate close whorls, all together forming a spike. It is called Nar-
seasons continue nearly a month in beauty. The stalks row-leaved Catchfly, or Limewort, Red German Catchfly,
decay in autumn, and new ones rise in the spring. The sin- Catchfl.y Cuckow flower, and Viscous Lychnis. It is scarce
gle Lychnis are easily propagated by seeds, sown on a border in Great Britain, but has been found in Wales upon the ;

exposed to the east, in the middle of March. They will rocks in Edinburgh Park ; and near Croydon, in Surry. It

appear in April, when, if the season be dry, they should be flowers in May and June. This plant has the name of
refreshed with water two or three times a week. By the Catchfly, from exuding a glutinous liquor, almost as clammy
beginning of June the plants will be fit to remove, when there as birdlime ; so that any insect attempting to creep up to
should be a bed of common earth prepared to receive them ;
the flowers, is fastened to the stalk. Native of most parts
into which they should be planted at about four inches apart, of Europe, in dry and mountainous pastures, especially among
observing to water and shnde them till they have taken new bushes. This plant is propagated by parting the roots in
root; after which they will only require to be weeded until autumn, at which time every slip will grow or if the seeds
;

the following autumn, when they should be transplanted into be sown in the same manner as is directed for the first sort,
the borders of the pleasure-garden, where they are to con- the single flowers may be produced in plenty the double :

tinue. The summer following, these plants will flower, and flowers, however, have almost excluded them from our
produce ripe seeds; but the roots will abide several years, gardens. These never produce seeds, and can only be pro-
and continue to flower. It may also be propagated by offsets ; pagated by parting and slipping the roots the best time for
;

but as the seeds ripen freely, few persons trouble themselves which is autumn, when every slip will grow. If this be per-
to propagate the plants any other way. The double-flowered formed in September, the slips will have taken good root
variety is propagated by slips taken from the roots in autumn; before the frost, and will flower well the following summer;
but as this is a slow method of increasing the plants, the best but if they are expected to flower strong, the roots must not
way to have them in plenty, is to cut off the flower-stalks in be divided into small slips, though for multiplying the plants
June before the flowers appear. These may be cut into small it matters not how small the slips are. They should be
lengths of three or four joints each, which should be planted planted on a border exposed to the morning sun, and shaded
when is warm till
on an east border of soft loamy earth, putting three of the the sun they have taken root. If the

joints into the ground, leaving one eye just level with the slips are planted in the beginning of September, they will be
surface; these must be watered, and then covered close with rooted strong enough to plant in the borders of the flower-
bell or hand glasses, excluding the outward air, and shaded garden by the middle or latter end of October. The roots
with mats when the sun shines hot upon them. The cuttings of this multiply so fast, as to make it necessary to transplant
so managed will put out roots in five or six weeks, when they and part them every year ; for when they are let remain
must be exposed to the open air, and in very dry weather longer they are very apt to rot.
should be now and then refreshed with water, but it must not 7. Lychnis Alpina ; Alpine Lychnis. Petals bifid ; flowers
be repeated too often, nor given in large quantities, for too four-styled. Root perennial; petals purple ; anthers red.
much moisture will cause them to rot. These roots will make Native of the Alps in Europe, and Siberia. It flowers in

good plants by the following autumn, when they may be trans- May. This, and the ninth species, are propagated by seeds,
planted into the borders of the pleasure-garden, and will and also by parting the roots. The roots may be parted,
flower there in the next summer. and the plants removed, in autumn. The seeds may be
2. Lychnis Flos Cuculi Red-flowered Meadow Lychnis.
;
sown upon a shady border in March, keeping the ground
Petals quadrifid ; fruit roundish, one-celled. Root perennial, moist in dry weather. When the plants are of a size to
brownish white, subacrid ; stems from one to three feet high, remove, transplant them into a shady border, where they
somewhat angular and grooved, swelled at the joints, pur- may remain to flower.
plish ; corolla pink or purplish red, varying sometimes to 8. Lychnis Laeta; Small Portugal Lychnis, or Campion.
white. It flowers in May and June. Native of most parts Petals bifid; flowers solitary; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth ;
,uf Europe in moist meadows. This plant has a variety of caliccs ten-keeled. -Annual, and a native of Portugal. This
names in English, as Meadow Pink, Wild Williams, Cuckow- is increased by slips, in the same manner as above, but com-

flower, Ragged Robin, Crow-flower. A variety with double ing from a warm country, it is impatient of cold, and will
flowers is frequently cultivated in flower-gardens for orna- not live through the winter in an open border, nor does it
It succeeds best when planted close to
ment. It only differs from the single in the multiplicity of thrive well in a pot.
and is commonly known by the title of Double
the petals, a south wall in dry undunged earth, or brick-rubbish; for
in rich or moist ground the root presently rots, as they also
Ragged Robin. Found sometimes wild in England, as, near
Bungay in Suffolk. This plant is increased by slipping the do when they are watered.
roots in September. 9. Lychnis Sibirica ; Siberian Lychnis. Petals bifid ; stem
3. Lychnis Alpestris. Petals four-cleft, crowned : leaves dichotomous ; leaves somewhat rough-haired. Root perennial ;
recurved. Root perennial ; stems a span high, upright, smooth; petals white. Native of Siberia. See the seventh species. _
 L Y C OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L Y C 65

10. Lychnis Rose-flowered Lychnis, or Wild Red

Diurna ;
be shaken out of the pots, and each planted in a small sepa-
capsules one-celled, roundish.
Flowers dioecous rate pot, filled with loamy earth, and placed in the shade till
Campion. ;

Root perennial, the thickness of the little finger; stalks several, they have taken new root, when they may be removed to a
It flow- sheltered situation, where they may remain till the autumn
upright, from one to three feet high petals purple. ; ;

ers in May and June. Native of many parts of Europe, in then they should be removed either into the green-house, or
moist shady ditches, by the sides of hedges, and sometimes placed under a hot-bed frame to shelter them from hard frost:
in woods. A variety of this with double flowers is cultivated for these plants being too tender to live in the open air in
m gardens by the name of Red Bachelor's Buttons
It is England, they must be kept in pots, and treated in the same
an ornamental plant, and continues long in flower. The way as Myrtles, and other hardy green-house plants but ;

double varieties, both red and white, are propagated by slips when the plants are grown strong, there may be a few of them
in the beginning of August, in a shady border of loamy earth, planted in the full ground in a warm situation, where they
where they will take root in six weeks or two months, and will live in moderate winters. If the cuttings of these plants
may then be transplanted into the borders of the flower-garden. b.e planted in a shady border in July, and duly watered, they
These roots should be annually removed, otherwise they fre- will take root, and may then be treated in the same
way as
quently rot : and young plants must be propagated by slips the seedling plants.
to supply the decay of the old roots, which are not of very 2. Lycium Barbatum. Unarmed ; leaves ovate, smooth :

long duration. The red thrives best in a soft loamy soil, and branches flexuose; flowers panicled. Native of the Cape.
in a shady situation, where it has only the morning sun: the 3. Lycium Africanum; African Box-thorn. Thorny: leaves
double white does not make so good an appearance as the linear, fascicled branches stiff"; stem straight, rigid.
; Native
red, but will thrive in a drier soil, and a more open ex- of the Cape. There is a variety with purplish white flowers ;

posure. native of France, Spain, and Italy, in hedges.

11.Lychnis Vespertina White-flowered Lychnis, or Wild
; 4. Lycium Ruthonicum. Thorny leaves linear, fascicled
: ;

White Campion. Flower dioecous capsules one-celled, ; branches hanging down. This is a shrub six feet high ;

conical. This is distinguished from the preceding by its flowers two or four together, outwardly pale, and of a green-
calix, which is thicker, harder, almost cartilaginous, covered ish purple. This, with the eighth and ninth species, are
with veins forming a net; the stalks are branched out much hardy, and may be increased by cuttings or layers. Native
more than in it; the leaves are longer, and more veined; country unknown.
and the flowers stand singly upon pretty long peduncles, 5. Lycium Tetrandrum.
Thorny leaves ovate, obtuse
:
;

and not in clusters, appearing a month after the red. Com- branches angular; corollas four-cleft. Native of the Cape of
mon in Sweden, Silesia, at the foot of the Alps, and with us Good Hope. See the first species.
in Cambridgeshire. For cultivation, &c. see the preceding. 6. Lycium Boerhaavisefolium Glaucous-leaved Box-thorn.
;

12. Lychnis Apetala. Calix inflated corolla shorter than ; Thorny leaves ovate, quite entire, acute, glaucous flowers
:
;

the calix flowers hermaphrodite, one or two oil the stem.

;
panicled. Stem upright, round, branched, full of chinks, ash-
Root fibrous stem single, upright, a span high, entire. A
; coloured ; branches alternate,
corolla blue, sweet-smelling
;

single flower generally terminates the stem, nodding horizon- spreading, smooth. Native of Peru. See the first species.
tally. Native of the mountains of Lapland and Siberia. 7. Lycium Barbarum ; Willow-leaved Box-thorn.
Thorny :

Lycium a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogy-

; leaves la-nceolate ; branches loose ; calices bifid. This is a
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth subquin- weak, nodding, and decumbent shrub. Native of Europe,
quefid, obtuse, erect, very small, permanent. Corolla : Asia, and the Cape. It is increased by cuttings
planted in
monopetalous, funnel-form tube cylindric, spreading, in-
; the spring, before they begin to shoot, in a border exposed
curved border five-parted, obtuse, spreading, small.
; Sta- to the morning sun.
They should not be removed till the
mina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, from the middle of the autumn, when they may be planted to cover walls; for the
tube, shorter than the corolla, closing the tube with a beard ; branches are too weak to support themselves.
antherse erect. Pistil: germen roundish
style simple, ; 8. Lycium Europaeum ; European Box-thorn. Thorny :

longer than the stamina; stigma bifid, thickish. Pericarp: leaves oblique ; branches flexuose, round. The Spaniards
berry roundish, two-celled. Seeds: several, kidney-form; eat the tender shoots of this shrub with oil and vinegar and :

receptacles convex, affixed to the partition. ESSENTIAL Michael says, that it is used for hedges in Tuscany, where
CHARACTER. Corolla: tubular, closed at the throat by the they call it
Spina da corone di crocifissi; supposing it, in
beard of the filamenta. Berry: two-celled, common with several other prickly shrubs, to be that of which
many-seeded.
The species are, our Saviour's crown of thorns was made. Native of the south
1.
Lycium Japonicum; Japan Box-thorn. Unarmed: of Europe, Spain, Portugal, France, and
Italy.
leaves ovate, nerved, flat; flowers sessile. This shrub is 9. Lycium Tataricum ; Tartarian Box-thorn. Thorny :
scarcely a fathom high, very much branched, upright. It is leaves linear, fascicled ; branches supine. This is an elegant
frequently planted for hedges in Japan, where it is a native. shrub, on account of the whiteness of the branches, rods, or
This, with the second, third, fifth, sixth, eleventh, and twigs, which are many, a foot or eighteen inches long, or
twelfth, may be increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers. If more, branched, ascending tube of the corolla white.
;

by seeds, they should be sown in the autumn, soon after they Native of Tartary, about the Volga.
are ripe for if they are kept out of the 10. Lycium Capsulare.
;
ground till spring, Thorny: leaves lanceolate, thin,
they seldom come up the first year. If the seeds be sown smooth peduncles and calices pubescent pericarps capsu-
; ;

in pots, the pots should be

plunged into some old tan in the lar. Native of Mexico.
winter, and in very severe frost covered with pease-haulm or 11. Lycium Cinereum. Leaves lanceolate, smooth; branches
straw, but in mild weather should be open to receive the spinescent peduncles very short. Native of the Cape.
;

wet. In the spring, the pots ought to be 12. Lycium Horridum.

plunged into a Thorny leaves obovate, fleshy, :

moderate hot-bed, which will soon bring up the plants, which smooth; branches
spinescent; peduncles very short ; flowers
must be inured to bear the open air as soon as the danger of white. Native of the
Cape.
frost is over; and when they are three inches 13. Lycium Cochin-chinense. Unarmed: leaves oblong
high, they may
 L Y C THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L Y M
blunt; cymes terminating. A
shrub four t'eet high; flowers Leaves lanceolate-ovate, hispid, bladdery; stem procumbent.
white. 'Native of Cochin-china, in woods. Probably this is a variety of the preceding root annual, sim- :

14. Lycium Carolinianum ; Carolina Jinx-thorn. Leaves ple. Common on waste grounds about Naples.
spatulate-oblong; branches without spines; flowers four- 6. Lycopsis Orientalis Oriental Wild Bugloss.
; Leaves
cleft. Native of rushy marshes in Carolina, Georgia, and ovate, quite entire, rugged calices upright ; annual.
; Native
Florida. of the Levant.
Lycoperdon; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Fungi. 7. Lycopsis Virginica ;
Virginian Wild Bugloss. Leaves
GENERIC ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fungus: roundish, linear-lanceolate, clustered, tomentose, soft ; stem upright.
fleshy, firm, becoming powdery, and opening at the top. Perennial. Native of Virginia.
.Seeds: fixed to filamenta, connected with the inner coat of Lycopus ; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogynia.
llie
plant. These singular Fungi are described by Dr. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix
one-leafed, :
perianth
Withering, who enumerates 25 British species: see his tubular, half five-cleft; segments narrow, acute.
Corolla:
Arrangement. There is also an elaborate dissertation on the one-petalied, unequal; tube cylindrical, the length of the
British Stellated Lycoperdons, by Mr. Woodward, in the calix ; border four-cleft, blunt, spreading ; segments almost
second volume of the Transactions of the Linncean Society of equal, upper broader, emarginate, lower smaller. Stamina:
London. filamenta two, commonly longer than the corolla, inclining
Lycopodium ; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order to the upper segment ; antherae small. Pistil: germen four-
Musci. GENERIC ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fructifications: cleft; style filiform, straight, the length of the stamina; stigma
in the axils of the scales, digested into long imbricate spikes, Pericarp: none; calix containing the seeds in
bifid, reflex.
or of the leaves themselves, sessile. Capsule : kidney-shaped, its bottom.
Seeds: four, roundish, retuse. ESSENTIAL
two-valved, elastic, many-seeded. Veil: none. This genus CHARACTER. Corolla: four-cleft, with one division, emar-
holds as it were an intermediate place between the Ferns ginate stamina distant. Seeds: four, retuse.
; The spe-
and Mosses. Only six species of Club Moss are natives of cies are,
Great Britain ; but the total number is 05. See Murray's Lycopus Europaeus Water Horehound. Leaves sinu-
1. ;

edition of the Systema Vegetabilium. ate-serrate. Root perennial, creeping stalk square flowers ; ;

in dense whorls, numerous, small corolla white, with a

Lycopsis ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogy- ;

nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calir : perianth five-parted; tinge of purple. The leaves vary, more or less hairy, and
segments oblong, acute, spreading, permanent. Corolla: one- divided. It
dyes black, and gives a permanent colour to
petalled, funnel-form; tube cylindric, from Curved bent;
wool and silk. Gypsies are said to stain their skins with it;
border half five-cleft, blunt; throat closed with five convex, and it would probably be essentially useful to dyers, if more
prominent, converging scales. Stamina, filamenta five, very regarded. Common in all parts of Europe, in meadows, and
small, at the bending of the tube of Uie corolla; antherse on the banks of streams and ponds flowering from July to ;

small, covered. Pistil: germina four; style filiform, the September. The Germans call it Wolfsfuss, &c. the French,
Marrube Acjuatigue, Patte de Loup ; and
the Italians, Licopo.
length of the stamina; stigma blunt, bifid. Pericarp: none;
ciilix very large, inflated. Seeds: four, longish. Observe. 2. Lycopus Virginicus ; Virginian Water Horehound.
The essence of this genus consists in the curvature of the tube Leaves equally seriate, lanceolate. Native of Virginia.
of the corolla. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: with 3. Lycopus Exaltatus ; Lofty Water Horehound. Leaves
the tube bent in. The plants of this genus are hardy, and pinnatirid-serrate at the
base ; stem the height of a man ;

will generally rise from scattered seeds, but do not bear trans- corollas four-cleft, white. Native of Italy.
planting well ; they are, Lycopus Pumilus. Leaves lanceolate, subserrate, gla-
4.
brous flowers solitary stem low.
1. Lycopsis Vesicaria ; Bladder-podded Wild Bur/loss. stolones procumbent
; ; ;

Leaves quite entire ; stem prostrate; fruiting calices inflated, Found in Canada.
pendulous. Root annual ; flowers axillary, appearing in June
5.Lycopus Obtusifolius. Leaves lanceolate, obtusely ser-
and July. Native of dry hills in the south of Europe. rated. Found at Huason's Bay.
2. Lycopsis Pulla; Dark-flowered Wild But/toss. Leaves Lygcian ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia.
quite entire stem upright; fruiting calicos inflated, pendu-
;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe one-leafed, con-
lous. Pei-nnial: corolla small, dark, blackish, purple. volute, ovate, acuminate, opening downwards, permanent.
Native of dry pastures in Austria and Germany. Corolla: in pairs, placed on the germen, equal all ways;
3. Lycopsis Variegata Variegated Wild Buyloss.
; Leaves glume of the corollet two-valved, outer valve convex, oblong,
repand-toolhed, callous; stem decumbent; corollas drooping. acute, smaller, inner linear, narrow, twice as long, bifid,
A low trailing plant: the flowers small, bright blue, collected acute.' Stamina: (to each) filamenta three, very slender,
into small bunches at the extremityjof the branches. It flattish, long; antheree linear. Pistil: germen common to
varies with red flowers elegantly streaked with white. both, hirsute, inferior to the corollas ;
style simple, flattish,
Native of Nice and the ishmd of Candia, on the walls of
; Ions;; stigma simple. Pericarp: nut oblong, extremely hir-
the city : observed also on mount Hymettus, near Athens. sute, two-celled, not opening. Seeds: solitary, linear-oblong,
4. Lycopsis Arvcnsis ; Small Wild Bugloss. Leaves lan- convex on one side, flattish on the other. ESSENTIAL CHA-
ceolate, hispid, flowering calices upright. Root annual, sim-
;
RACTER. Corolla: two on the same germen. Nut two- :

whitish. It is an extremely harsh, rough, and celled. The only known species is,
ple, fibrous,
a foot or more high; flowers in Rush-leaved Lygcum, or Bastard
bristly plant; stems thick,
i. Lygeum Spartuin ;

spikes, all on one side ; corolla sky-blue, varying

to red and Matweed. The Spaniards use it for making baskets and
white. It has lately been recommended as a remedy for ropes, and also for tilling their palliasses, or lower mattresses.
the anthrax, or corrossive ulcer, commonly called a Car- They call both this and Stipa Tcnacissima, which is used for
buncle, by laying the bruised plant on the tumor. It flowers the same purposes, by the name of Esparto. It is a native

from to July. Native of most parts of Europe, in corn- of Spain, in clayey iields, where it flowers in March and
May ;

with sandy soil, and on dry banks.

fields with us in May and June.
5. Lycopsis Bullata; Bladdery -leaved Wild Buglvss. Lymc Grass. See Elymus.
 L YS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L Y S 67

order Mono- 4. Lysimachia Dubia; Purple-flowered Loosestrife. Ra-

Lysimachia; a genus of the class Pentandria,
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five- cemes terminating; petals converging; stamina shorter than
gynia.
acute, erect, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, the corolla; leaves lanceolate, petioled. It flowers in July
parted,
; tube
none border five-parted, flat ; divisions and August. Native of the Levant. It is propagated by
wheel-shaped ;

Stamina filameuta
: five, awl-shaped, opposite seeds sown on a moderate hot-bed in the spring; often water-
ovate-oblong.
to the divisions of the corolla; antheree acuminate. Pistil: ing the ground, to bring up the plants, if the season should
germen roundish; style filiform, the length of the stamina ; prove warm. The glasses of the hot-bed should be shaded
stigma obtuse. Pericarp : capsule globular, mucronate, one- in the heat of the day. When the plants are up, they should
; according to Geertaer,
celled, ten-valved five-valved. Seeds: have a large share of fresh air admitted to them, and ought
dotted. to be frequently refreshed with water when they are fit to
:
very many, angular; receptacle globular, very large,
Observe. In some species the stamina are united at the base. remove, plant each in a separate pot, plunging them into a
The ninth species has a five-cleft corolla, and a five-valved moderate hot-bed, to forward their taking new root; after
fruit. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: wheel-shaped. this, them gradually to bear the open air, into which
inure

Capsule: globular, mucrouate, ten-valved; according

to they should be removed at the begining of June, and remain
Geertner, five-valved; with Receptacle, free; and Seeds with tillOctober, when they should be placed under a common
a ventral navel, opposite to the embryo. The species are, frame, where they may be sheltered from frost in winter; but
1.
Lysimachia Vulgaris; Common Loosestrife. Panicled :
always partake of free air in mild weather. The spring fol-
racemes terminating. Root perennial, creeping; stem three feet lowing, some of the plants may be shaken out of the pots,
or more high; leaves in pairs, or three, four, or five together, and planted in borders; but a few should be put into larger
sessile, ovate, or lanceolate; corolla yellow. Native of most pots, where they may flower and seed.
parts of Europe, on the banks of streams, and in Lysimachia Thyrsiflora; Tufted Loosestrife. Racemes
marshy 5.

meadows; flowering from the end of June to September. peduncled. Root perennial, creeping and spreading in
It lateral,
derives the English name Loosestrife, from the quality ascribed the mud, bearded with long fibres; stems in tufts, porous,
to it by the ancients, of quieting oxen when put upon their jointed, round, succulent; flowers in racemes; corolla small,
yokes. This herb is of an
astringent balsamic nature, and yellow. Native of many parts of Europe, in bogs, marshes,
has the credit of being so excellent a vulnerary, that if the ponds, ditches, and banks of rivers. Though not common in
young leaves are bound about a fresh wound, they will imme- England, it has been found near King's Langley, in Hertford-
diately check the bleeding,
and perform a cure in a very short shire; inYorkshire; and in the isle of Anglesea, North Wales:
lime. Hill says, the root dried and given in powder is good also along the banks of the river Ballynahinch, above the

against the whites, immoderate menstrual discharges, the bridge, near Belfast, Ireland.- See the first species.
bloody flux, and purgings. The Germans call it Gelbe Wei- 6. Lysimachia Quadrifolia Four-leaved Loosestrife. Leaves
;

derich; the Dutch, Gemeene Weiderich; the Danes, Fredlos ; in fours, ovate-acute; peduncles in fours, one-flowered;
the French, Lisimaqwe Vulyaire; and the Italians, Lisimachia. flowers yellow. Native of Virginia.
This, together with the fifth and eighth species, though not 7. Lysimachia Punctata; Dotted Loosestrife. Leaves in
often admitted into gardens, because their creeping roots are fours, subsessile; peduncles in whorls, one-flowered. Flowers
troublesome, deserve cultivation, for the beauty of their
still small; corolla yellow. Native of Holland, among reeds;
large flowers; especially as they will grow in moist places, Austria, Silesia, &c.
where nothing better will thrive. 8.
Lysimachia Ciliata; Ciliated Loosestrife.
Petioles cili-
2. Lysimachia Ephemerum; Willow-leaved Loosestrife. ated flowers drooping.
; Stalks many, erect, about two feet
Racemes terminating; petals obovate, spreading; leaves li- high ; flowers like those of the common sort, but smaller,
near-lanceolate, sessile. Root perennial; stems several, up- hanging down. Native of Canada and Virginia.
right, more than three feet hi<j;h flowers in a long close up-
;
Lysimachia Linum-Stellatum; Small Loosestrife.
9. Ca-
right spike; corolla white. Native of Spain. This, which is licesexceeding the corolla; stem upright, very much branched.
the finest plant of the genus, may be propagated by parting This is an annual plant, two inches, seldom three, high, from
the roots in autumn; but this method increases it slowly; so a slender whitish hair-like root. The leaves are short, ending
that the best way is to sow the seeds upon an eastern-aspected in a fine
point; flowers small, pale green, or herbaceous, stel-
border soon after they are ripe, in autumn, then the plants late. Native of France and Italy; flowering in the spring.
will come up the following spring; but those which are sown Lysimachia Nemorum; Wood Loosestrife, or Yellow
10.
in the spring will not grow the same year. When they come Pimpernel. Leaves ovate, acute; flowers solitary; stem pro-
up, they should be kept clean from weeds; and if they are cumbent. Root perennial, with whitish fibres; stems several,
too close, some of them may be drawn out, and transplanted roundish, grooved on each side alternately, smooth, red, root-
on a shady border; which will give the remaining plants ing from the lower joints corolla yellow.
; When the flowers
room to grow till autumn, when they may ba transplanted into are expanded, they somewhat resemble in shape those of
the borders of the flower-garden, where they are designed to Anagallis Arvensis, or Common Red Pimpernel: and hence
flower: after which, they will require no other culture but the botanists of former times considered it as an Anagallis. It
to keep them clean from weeds, and dig the ground between differs from the next species, to which it bears no small
affinity
them every spring. It is very ornamental for shady borders, in its general habit, in
having the leaves more pointed, the
and deserves a place in every pleasure-garden, delighting in flowers smaller, less bell-shaped, and on much
longer pedun-
a moist soil, where it will continue long in beauty. cles, and the stalks generally redder. Native of many parts
3. Lysimachia Stricta; Upright Loosestrife. Racemes of Europe, in moist woods; flowering from June to
Septem-
terminating; petals lanceolate, spreading; leaves lanceolate. ber found in Charlton wood
: near Woolwich ;
Hanging-wood,
;

Stem erect, four-cornertr'd, smooth. After flowering, it throws Shooter's -Hill wood; between Dartford-road and Leeson-
out bulbs from the axils, which falling off in October, pro- heath; also between Muswell-hill and Highgate; in Cane-
duce young plants in the ensuing spring. Native of swampy wood at Scarlet Spring, near Harefield ; in Stow and Stoken-
;

ground in North America. It increases by its bulbs; and church woods, in Oxfordshire; at Pychley, in Northampton-
requires a very moist situation. shire; and near Nottingham.
VOL. n. 71.
68 L YT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; L YT
11. Lysimachia Nummularia; dens and plantations, and may be easily cultivated,
Creeping Loosestrife, or by part-
Moneywort. Leaves subcordate flowers solitary stem creep-
; ;
ing the roots in autumn but should be planted in a moist
;

ing-. Root perennial, with simple fibres, striking downwards; soil.

corolla yellow, about the same size with the leaves. The 2. ; Fine-branched Willow-herb. Leaves
Lythrum Virgatum
whole plant is smooth. The leaves of this plant are subas- opposite, lanceolate panicle virgate ; flowers twelve-stamined,
;

tringent, and slightly acid hence Boerhaave recommended

; in threes. Root perennial, thick; stems upright, panicled,
them in the hot scurvy and heemorrhasres: they are best given from a foot to two feet in length. Native of Austria, Silesia,
in powder, in doses often
grains. The juice of the leaves and Siberia. This, with the other hardy foreign sorts, No.
is a well-known 4, 5, and 6, may be increased by parting the roots.
remedy among country people for overflowing When
of the menses; and the roots dried and powdered are good raised from seed, they should be sown in autumn ; otherwise
in purgings. It is also a
good antiscorbutic; and the leaves they will remain a year in the ground.
bruised, and applied to green wounds, speedily heal them. It 3.Lythrum Fruticosum Shrubby Willow-herb. Leaves oppo-
;

is called Nummularia, from the leaves subtomentose underneath flowers ten-stamined; corolla
being shaped like site, ;

money; hence our Moneywort, Herb Two-pence, and Two- shorter than the calix calix shorter than the genitals.
; This
penny Grass : which names are translated into all the lan- shrub has a lacerated bark; flowers
solitary, peduncled, sub-
guages of modern Europe. Native of most parts of Europe, terminating. Native of China. This, and most of the follow-
in moist meadows, on the sides of ditches, and under Sow the
hedges, ing species, are too tender to live in the open air.
in moist situations: flowering in June and seeds in pots, and plunge them into an old hot-bed:
July. they
12.
Lysimachia Japonica; Japan Loosestrife. Leaves sub- will not rise, unless
they are sown in autumn. Shelter them
cordate flowers axillary; peduncles shorter than the leaf.
;
through the winter, and in spring place them in a fresh hot-
Root annual, fibrous; stem filiform, decumbent; flowers two bed after which, treat them as other tender plants from hot
:

together. Native of Japan. countries.

13.
Lysimachia Angnstifolia. Leaves opposite and verti- 4. Lythrum Verticillatum; Whorled Willow-herb. Leaves
cillate, longo-linear,punctated; raceme terminal, short; laci- opposite, tomentose underneath, subpetioled flowers in whorls,
;

nie of the corolla oblong; flowers yellow, very small. Found lateral, pale purple; peduncles many-flowered, very short.-
in Lower Carolina. Native of Virginia.
14. Lysimachia Heterophylla. Leaves opposite, linear, 5. Lythrum Petiolatum; Footstalk-leaved Willow-herb.
sessile, ciliated at the base; root-leaves suborbiculate; flowers Leaves opposite, linear, petioled flowers twelve-stamined;
;

stooping. Grows in wet meadows, from Virginia to they are axillary, solitary, small, and of a pale purple colour,
Georgia. appearing in July. Native of Virginia.
Ly thrum; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Mono- 6. Lythrum Lineare; Linear-leaved Willow-herb. Leaves
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- opposite, linear flowers opposite, six-stamined, white ; stem
;

leafed, cylindric, striated; with twelve teeth, alternately slender, about a foot high. It flowers in June; and is a
smaller. Corolla: petals six, oblong, bluntish, spreading, native of Virginia.
with the claws inserted into the teeth of the calix. Stamina: 7. Lythrum Parsonsia. Leaves opposite, oval; flowers
filamenta twelve, filiform, the length of the calix, the upper alternate, six-stamined, sessile; stem diffused. Roots filiform;
ones shorter than the lower; antherse simple, rising. Pistil: stem slender, prostrate, or creeping; flowers pale red. Na-
germen oblong; style awl-shaped, the length of the stamina, tive of Jamaica and Hispaniola; flowering the whole year.
declined; stigma orbiculate, rising. Pericarp: capsule ob- 8. Lythrum Melanium. Leaves opposite, ovate; flowers
long, acuminate, straight, two-celled, or one-celled. Seeds: alternate, mostly ten-stamined; stem prostrate. This is a
numerous, small. Observe. In some species, one-sixth part weakly plant, with a slender stem, well supplied with branches
of the number is taken from the flower; others have only six towards the top; and having a disagreeable smell, approach-
stamina. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: twelve-toothed. ing much to that of Guinea-hen Weed, but more subtile, and
Petals: six, inserted into the calix. Capsule: two-celled, less perceptible when placed close to the nose. Swartz dis-
many-seeded. The
species are, tinguishes it by the alternate situation of the flowers. Native
1. Lythrum Salicaria; Common or Purple Willow-herb. of Jamaica, in the cane-pieces.
Leaves opposite, cordate-lanceolate ; flowers in spikes, twelve- 9. Lythrum Cordifolium; Heart-leaved Willow-herb. Leaves
stamined. Root perennial, thick, branched, somewhat woody, oppositie, insubsessile, cordate, acute, rugged racemes termi- ;

widely extended; stem from two or three to four or six feet nating and axillary; flowers ten-stamined. Native of Hispa-
high, upright, tinged with red; flowers in clusters, placed at niola.
a little distance from each other, in the axils of the leaves, 10. Lythrum Ciliatum; Ciliated Willow-herb. Leaves
each consisting of about eight flowers, forming a long leafy opposite, petioled, ovate, smooth, ciliated racemes termi- ;

spike; corolla red-purple. Native of most parts of Europe, nating; flowers mostly pointing one way, ten-stamined.
in marshes, and on the banks of rivers, ponds, and ditches; Native of Jamaica.
flowering late in the summer. It is
astringent and is ; 11.Lythrum Cuphea; Clammy Willow-herb. Leaves oppo-
recommended by De Haen, and several other foreign physi- ovate-oblong, somewhat rugged; flowers twelve-
site, petioled,

sians, in long-protracted diarrhoeas and dysenteries. A de- stamined. Root fibrous, annual stalk delicate, slender, round,
;

coction, or the expressed juice, is given from one to three upright, ten inches or a foot in height, pubescent, purple;
ounces. When dried and powdered, it imbibes a great quan- branches few, alternate, simple; petals unequal, the two
tity of water, before
it loses its
glutinosity. It has been suc- upper ones larger. It flowers in July and August. Nativ*
and seems of Brazil and Jamaica. See the third species.
cessfully used in tanning leather; in general to
remain untouched by cattle; though Schreber asserts that 12. Lythrum Triflorum Three-flowered Willow-herb. Very
;

they feed upon it. The Germans call it Braune Weiderich; smooth: leaves opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, entire; pedun-
the Dutch, Partyke; the French, Salicaire: the Italians, Sali- cles axillary, opposite; head three-flowered. Root perennial.
c'tria; and the Russians, Plakun. There are several varieties This species is easily distinguished from the rest, by its filiform
of this handsome plant; which deserve a place in large gar- peduncles, terminated by two lanceolate, channelled, spreading
 L Y T OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. L Y T 69

bractes, longer than the flower, and between

these three water stagnates in winter ; but it does not seem to be very
regular flowers, on short pedicels, blue,
and small. Jussieu common any where. With us it is found on Hounslow Heath ;
however doubts whether to this genus. between Staines andLaleham; on Histon, Hinton, and Fe-
it really belongs
Native of America. versham Moors and at Oakington, in Cambridgeshire on ; ;

13. Lythrum Pemphis. Shrubby, hirsute :

Banbury Road, from Oxford, near the first turnpike-
leaves opposite, the
entire flowers capsule gate at Feversham, in Kent, in the ditches near the abbey-
oblong, ; axillary, peduncled, solitary ; ;

cut round horizontally, one-celled. This is a hoary shrub. pond near the Wheat-sheaf, five miles beyond Huntingdon,
;

Found on the coast of Ceylon ; and by Forster, in the island of on the north'road and about Wiiford, in Northamptonshire. ;

Teautea, in the South Sea. It flowers in July. Being annual, it must be raised from seeds,
14. Lythrum Racemosum. Diffused leaves opposite, pe- like the next species but they are bog-plants, and seldom
: ;

racemes terminating; flowers opposite.

tioled, ovate;
Native admitted into gardens.
of South America. 17. Lythrum Thymifolia; Thyme-leaved Willow-herb.
15. Lythrum Dipetalum. Hispid-viscid leaves in threes, : Leaves alternate, linear flowers four-stamined. Root annual,
;

or opposite, sessile, ovate ; flowers axillary, nodding, two- very like the preceding, but only half, or one-third of the size ;
petalled ; petals large, inserted
into the upper margin of the petals commonly four, rose-coloured. It flowers in August.
calix, erect, obovate, violet or blue. The flowers, which are Native of the south of France, Italy, and Silesia, in moist
handsome, render this a very distinct species. Native of meadows and ditches. See the preceding species ; of which
South America. Krocker suspects it to be a variety.
16. Lythrum Hyssopifolia ; Hyssop-leaved Willow-herb. 18. Lythrum Americanum South American Willow-herb.
;

.eaves alternate, linear; flowers six-stamined. Root annual; Leaves oblong-ovate, below opposite, above alternate; flowers
items prostrate, stiffish, simple, or branched, and only near the six-stamined. The root is woody from which arise two or ;

oot, rod-like ; colour of the flowers blue. Linneus says, three slender stalks upwards of two feet high ; flowers small,

urple, and white at the base;

Mr. Miller, light purple; and white. Found at La Vera Cruz, in swamps.
\rocker describes the petals as rose-coloured. Villars says, 19. Lythrum Alatum. Plant very smooth leaves oppo- ;

he leaves are very bitter. It is generally called Grass Poly, site, ovate-oblong, acute, subcordated at the base ; flowers
>t Small
Hedge Hyssop. Native of many parts of Europe, solitary,
axillary, sessile, hexandrous, small, purple. It

is Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy ; and Eng- grows from three to four feet in height and is found ;
in

and, in wet meadows, watery places, and especially where Lower Georgia.

M AB MAC
MAE A a genus of the class Dioecia, order Triandria.
; upright, five-toothed, acute^ Corolla : none. Pistil :
gennen
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth semi- oblong, subtrigonal, longer than the calix ; style long, (Jussieu
trifid : divisions acute, villose. Corolla : one-petalled, tubu- asks, if it be not rather three styles glued together?) stigmas
lar, villose on the outside; tube cylindric, longer than the three, filiform, revolute, or twisted spirally. Pericarp: cap-
calix ; border trifid ; divisions ovate, thickish, upright. Sta- sule covered with a thick bark, roundish, tricoccous, three-
mina: filamenta three, filiform, shorter than the calix; antherse celled ; cells bivalve, bursting elastically. Seeds :
solitary,
erect, ovate. Pistil : rudiment globular, subsessile, in the roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Male. Calix: one-
centre of the flower. Female. Calix: perianth inferior, per- leafed, five-toothed. Corolla: none. Filamenta: nine to
manent, as in the males. Corolla and Pistil: undescribed. twelve, inserted into the bottom of the calix. Female. Stig-
Pericarp : drupe sugerior, ovate, oblong, two-celled ; cells mas: three, revolute. Capsule: covered with a thick bark,
two-seeded. Seeds nuts two, oblong, three-sided, some-
:
three-celled, three-seeded. The species are,
what convex at the back, with two plane sides. ESSENTIAL 1. Leaves ovate-oblong, accuminated. A
Mabea Piriri.
CHARACTER. Male. Calix: trifid. Female. Corolla: I
shrub, with the trunk six feet high, and about six inches in
trifid.
Drape :
superior, two-celled. The only known diameter from this trunk rise, to a great height, several
:

species is, twiggy branches, which spread and catch upon the neigh-
1. Maba
Elliptica. This is a very smooth tree, with the bouring trees. The flowers are borne in great numbers on the
twigs and young leaves hairy. Leaves alternate, on very short j
tops of the branches, ranged in along panicle; the upper part
petioles, elliptic, veined, very smooth ; peduncles axillary, of which sustains the male, and the lower the female flowers,
short, often three-flowered ; flowers small, and singular, hav- which are about six or eight in number. All the parts of this
ing the outside of the ealix and corolla more villose than any shrub yield a milky juice. The Creoles and Negroes use the
of the plant. There is another species, or variety, which smaller branches for pipes hence the tree is called Pipe-
;

Forster calls Maba Major, because the drupe or fruit is three wood, (Bois (I Calumet.) Native of Guiana.
times the size of the other having three-sided kernels in the
; 2. Mabea Taquari. Leaves ovate, obtuse, marked with
cells, which are tough and insipid they are however eaten by
: red veins beneath. It differs from the
preceding, in having a
the inhabitants, and were brought for sale to our people. reddish bark, and larger leaves and fruit but in other
respects ;

Native of the Friendly Islands. much resembles it. Native of Guiana, where it is used for the
Mabea ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Polyandria. same purposes as the former.
-
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth, one- Macedonian Parsley. See Bubon.
leafed, five-toothed, acute. Corolla: none. Stamina : fila- Mucrocnemum ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order
inenta nine to twelve, inserted into the bottom of the calix ;
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
autheroe roundish. Female, Calif: perianth one leafed, leafed, superior, turbinate, fire-toothed, permanent. Corolla ;
70 MAG THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MA G
ene-petalled, somewhat bell-shaped, five-cleft, divisions petals nine, oblong, concave, blunt, narrower at the base.
ovate, upright. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, villose, Stamina: filamenta numerous, short, acuminate, compressed,
shorter than the corolla; antherae ovate, compressed, in the inserted into the common receptacle of the pistilla below the
jaws of the flower. Pistil: germen inferior, conical; style germina; antherse linear, fastened on each side to the margin
simple, the length of the stamina; stigma thickish, two-lobed. of the h'lameuta. Pistil :
germina numerous, ovate-oblong,
Pericarp: capsule oblong, turbinate, two-celled, two-valved. two-celled, covering a club-shaped receptacle; styles re-
Seeds: very many, imbricate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. curved, contorted, very short; stigmas longitudinal of the
?
Corolla: bell-shaped. Capsule: two-celled, two valved, with style, villose. Pericarp : strobile ovate, covered with capsules,
the valves gaping outwardly at the sides. Seeds: imbricate. which are compressed, roundish, scarcely imbricate, clustered,
The species are, acute, one-celled, two-valved, sessile, opening outwards, per-
1. Macrocnemum Jamaicense. Corymbs on long axillary manent. Seeds : two or one, roundish, berried, hanging by a
stalks; calix without any appendage. A small tree, with a thread from the sinus of each scale of the strobile. Observe.
branching smooth trunk; branches long, loose, round, and The germina are two-celled and two-seeded; the ripe capsules
warted leaves approximating towards the upper part of the
; one-ceiled, two-valved. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
branchlets,petioled, opposite, large, oblong, with a short point, three-leaved. Petals: nme. Capsule: one-celled, two-valved.
entire, nerved, smooth on both sides flowers in a sort of pani-
; Seeds: berried, pendulous. The species are,
cle corollas rather large, of a yellowish green.
Tulip Tree. Leaves
;
It generally 1. Magnolia Grandirlora; Laurel-leaved
rises to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. Native of the perennial, oblong, tomentose underneath; petals obovate.
southern part of the island of Jamaica, on the banks of rivulets. The trunk of this tree is straight, two feet or more in diame-
2. Macrocnemum Coccineum. Racemes with elliptic ter, rising to above seventy or eighty feet, dividing into many
coloured leaves leaves lanceolate, elliptic, one to two feet
; branches, which form a large regular head. The flowers are
long. This is a tree, with hairy branches ; eoj-olla funnel- produced at the ends of the branches; they are very large,
form. Found in the island of Trmidad by Von Rohr. and composed of eight or ten petals, narrow at their base,
3. Macrocnemum Candidissimum. Corymbs trichotomous, but broad, rounded, and a little waved at their extremities ;
with roundish leaves leaves ovate.
; This is a tree, with they spread open very wide, six to nine inches, are of a pure
round, smooth, opposite branches, jointed at top, compressed, white colour, and have an agreeable scent. In its native
dilated under the leaves ; capsule oblong. Found by Von country it begins to flower in May ; the flowers continue a long
Rohr in the neighbourhood of St. Martha. time, perfuming the woods with their odour during the
4. Macrocnemum Speciosum. Corymbs shorter than the greatest part of the summer; but in England it seldom begins
leaves, hairy calicine bractes roundish ovate, its stalk shorter
;
to flower till the middle or end of June, and does not continue
than the corolla. A beautiful shrub, five feet high. Native long in beauty. Native of Florida and Carolina. This, with
of the Caraccas. all the other species, is
propagated by seeds, layers, and cut-
Macrolobium; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mono- tings of the shoots : if by seeds, they should be procured
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth double, from the places of their natural growth, which should be
outer two-leaved; leaflets opposite, ovate-oblong, fastened to put up in sand, and sent over as soon as possible for if ;

the base of the inner; inner one-leafed, turbinate, short; they are kept long out of the ground, they rarely grow. It
mouth oblique, five-toothed. Corolla: five-petalled, unequal ;
is a
good way to sow them in pots, and plunge them into
upper petal very large, upright, clawed, oblong, blunt, con- an old hot-bed of tanner's bark. To increase them by
cave, waved, inserted into the inner perianth; lower petals layers, choose the young pliable shoots, giving them a gen-
four, small, ovate, spreading, fastened to the inner perianth tle twist, or a slit. It
may be done either in spring or autumn.
above. Stamina : filamenta four, inserted into the inner Some may root the first year, but more probably not till
perianth ; one short, barren, under the great petal ; three the second. Then take them ofT, plant them in pots, in the
very long, filiform, anther-bearing, fastened below the smaller early spring, and plunge them in a moderate hot-bed for a
petals; antherse four-cornered. Pistil: germen pedicelled, month or two, and thus they will make good plants by
ovate style filiform ; stigma blunt.
;
Pericarp : legume ovate, autumn. Shelter them during winter fpr a year or two, and
compressed, coriaceous, one-celled. Seed: single, roundish, then plant them in the full ground. For cuttings, take
compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: double; young shoots of the preceding year; in March or April,
outer two-leaved; inner one-leafed. Petals: five; upper plant them in pots up to the rims in a hot-bed ; water and
very large, the four other very small, equal. Germen : pedi- shade them occasionally; and when they are rooted, inure
eelled. -The species are, them by degrees to the open air.
1. Macrolobium Vouapa. Leaves binate; Legume sharp 2. Magnolia Plumieri; P/umier's Magnolia. Leaves per-
on one side, and two-winged. This is a branching tree, sixty ennial, ovate-roundish, smooth on both sides. Native of the
feet high, with flowers of a pale violate colour at the ends of island of St. Lucia, Martinico, and Guadaloupe.
the branches. Found in the large forests of Guiana. 3. Magnolia Glauca Swamp Magnolia-; Leaves ovate-
"
2. Macrolobiufn Simira. Leaves binate legume rounded oblong, glaucous underneath.
; It grows about fifteen or six-

on all sides. This tree is much branched, has a thick trunk, teen feet high. The flowers are produced in May and June,
and rises to the height of eighty feet. The bark is reddish, at the extremity of the branches ; they are white, and have
thick, and wrinkled. Native of South America. an agreeable sweet scent and have only six concave petals
; :

3. Mnerolobium Outea. Leaves two-paired. This tree, after-these are past, the fruit increases to the size of a walnut,
which is vow branchy at top, rises to the height of fifty feet, with its cover of a conical shape (he seed is about the size of
;

with u smooth grey bark. Native of the forests of Guiana. a kidney-bean. In America this tree is known by the names
Mrtd'lrr. See Rubiu. of White Laurel, Swamp Sassafras, and Beaver Tree. It has

Mndwort. See Alyssum. the last name, because the root is eaten as a great dainty by
Mnr/noUn a genus of the class Polyandria, order Polygynia. beavers, which are caught by means of it. These trees are
;

(ii'.NERic CHARACTER. Calix: perianth three-leaved; natives of the woods of America, and may be discovered by
leaflets ovate, concave, petal-shaped, deciduous. Corolla: the scent of the blossoms at the distance of three quarters of
 MAH OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MA L 71

a:mile, wind be favourable ; and while they are in

if the gynia. GENERIC CHAR'ACTEH. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
flower, exceedingly pleasant to travel in the woods,
it is bell-shaped, with awl-shaped longer teeth perma-
five-cleft, ;

especially in the evening

:
they retain their flowers three nent. Corolla : petals five, heart-shaped, oblong, spreading,
weeks, and even longer. The berries also look very handsome twice as long as the calix nectaries five, obcordate, pedi-
;

when they are ripe, being of a rich red colour, and hanging celled, surrounding the germen, shorter than the calix. Sta-
in bunches on slender threads. Coughs, and other diseases mina : filamenta five, capillary, placed on the nectary, united
of the breast, are said to be cured by putting these berries at the base, -shorter than the calix; antherse oblong, acumi-
into brandy, and giving a draught of the liquor every morn- nate, erect. Pistil :
germen subpedicelled, obovate, five-

ing; which is also reputed to be salutary

in comsumptions. angled styles five, bristle-shaped, erect, the length of the
;

A decoction of the bark also, or an infusion of it in brandy, petals; stigmas simple. Pericarp: capsule ovate, five-celled,
Seeds: few, kidney-form. Observe. It has a
only supposed to cure pectoral diseases, but to assuage
is not five-valved.
internal pains and heat, and cure dysenteries. For colds, very great affinity to Hermannia, but their nectaries cannot
they commonly boil the branches in water. The wood,
which be combined in the same character. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
is white and
spongy, is used for joiners' planes. This tree, Cafe: five-toothed. Petals .-five. Nectaries: five, obcordate,
in our climate, requires a moist loamy soil. placed under the filamenta. Capsule: five-celled. These
4. Magnolia Obovata Purple Magnolia. Leaves obovate,
; may be increased by planting cuttings of the young branches
in the summer season, singly, in pots of light mould, water-
parallel, nerved, and netted undernath.
-Native of Japan.
5. Magnolia Tomentosa. Slender Woolly Magnolia. Leaves ing and plunging them in a hot-bed; to be removed after
elliptic, tomentose
underneath. This and the preceding rooting; into the green-house. The species are,
the Japanese for the elegance of 1. Mahernia Verticillata; Whorl-leaved Mahernia. Leaves
specie's are cultivated by
their flowers. Native of Japan. in whorls, linear. Stem shrubby, diffused, with filiform
6. Magnolia Acuminata; Blue Magnolia. Leaves ovate- branches corolla yellow. Native of the Cape.
;

oblong, acuminate. The flowers appear early in spring, they 2. Mahernia Pinnata; Wing-leaved Mahernia. Leaves
are composed of twelve large bluish-coloured petals; the fruit three-parted, pinnatifid. Stem shrubby, near three feet high,
is about three inches long, somewhat resembling a small sending out many delicate branches, covered with a reddish
cucumber whence the North Americans call it Cucumber
;
bark ; the flowers come out from the side of the branches
Tree. The wood is of a fine grain, and an orange colour. in small clusters, they are of a lively red when they first open,
Native of North America. and hang down like little bells, commonly two together,
Magnolia Tripetala; Umbrella Magnolia, or Umbrella
7. appearing from June to August and September. Native of
Tree. Leaves lanceolate petals nine, the outer ones hang-
;
the Cape.
Trunk slender, from sixteen to twenty feet high; 3. Mahernia Incisa; Cut-leaved Mahernia. Leaves lan-
ing down.
the leaves are often from twelve to fifteen inches long, and ceolate, gashed. In point of size and mode of growth, this
five or sixinches wide, narrowing to a point at each extre- beautiful species comes near
to the preceding ; but differs

mity, placed at the ends of the branches in a circular man- essentially in the singular hispidity of its stalks, the form of
ner, somewhat like an umbrella ; and hence the name the : its leaves, and the colour of its flowers. The flowers, when
flowers are upright, large, and white : the wood is soft and in bud, are of the richest crimson ; as they open, they incline
spongy and the leaves drop off at the beginning of winter.
;
to a deep orange, and finally become yellowish. Native of
Native of North America. the Cape.
8. Magnolia Macrophylla Long-leaved Magnolia. Branches
; 4. Mahernia Glabrata ; Smooth-leaved Mahernia. Leaves
pithy, fragile; leaves very large, glaucous underneath; petals lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed ; stalks very long, bearing
six, ovate, obtuse. This small stately tree has white flowers, two flowers, which are yellow, fragrant like the Jonquil.
tinged with red at the bottom, and larger than those of the Grows at the Cape.
first species. It grows in the deep forests of Tenassee, Mahogany Tree. See Swietenia.
and is one of the most ornamental trees America produces, Maidenhair. See Adiantium and Asplenium,
flowering in June and July. Maithes. See Anthemis and Adonis.
9. Magnolia Cordata. Leaves cordate, subtomentose ; Malabar Nightshade. See Basella.
petals lanceolate-oblong, acute ; flowers yellow. Found on Malabar Nut. See Justicia.
dry ridges of mountains, in Upper Carolina and Georgia. Malachodendrum. See Stuartia.
10. Magnolia Auriculata; Ear-leaved Magnolia. Leaves Malachra; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly-
large, obovate-lanceolate, acute, glaucous underneath, andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth com-
cordated at the base, auriculate; lobes approximate; petals mon mostly five-flowered, three or five leaved, large; leaflets
ovate, acute, subunguiculate flowers yellowish-white, large.
; cordate, acute, permanent chaffs bristle-shaped, set round
;

Found in the Allegheny mountains, from the head-waters the proper perianths perianth proper one-leafed, bell-shaped,
;

of the Susquehanna to Carolina. The bark of this species is small, five-cleft, permanent. Corolla: proper, petals five,
esteemed a valuable medicine, particularly in intermitting obovate, entire, fastened at bottom to the tube of the sta-
fevers from which circumstance it is, in some places, known
: mina. Stamina: filamenta many, conjoined below into a
by the name of Indian Physic. tube, above loose, gaping along the whole surface of the
1
Magnolia Pyramidata. Leaves rhomboidal-oboval, ab-
1 .
cylinder; antherae kidney-form. Pistil; germen orbicular;
ruptly acute, subcordate, auriculate ; lobes divaricate ; petals style cylindric, ten-cleft stigmas globular.
;
Pericarp: cap-
lanceolate, somewhat acute. Pursh observes, that this tree sule roundish, divisible into five cells, compressed on one
has been generally confounded with the preceding; from which side, gibbous on the other. Seeds : solitary, roundish, angu-
it not Observe. The divisions of the style, and the stigmas, are
only differs as above, but in habit, being of a more lar.

upright pyramidal growth, and the leaves not one-fourth the twice as many as the capsules. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
size of that species. Native of the western parts of Carolina Calix: common three-leaved, many-flowered, larger. Arils:
and Georgia. one-seeded. The
five, species are,
Mahernia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Penta- 1. Malachra Capitata; Heart-leaved Malachra. Heads
VOL. ii. 72. T
72 M AL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MA L

peduncled, three-leaved, seven-flowered. Stem thick, erect, almost kidney-form. Pistil: germina roundish ; style simple,
two feet high, rough, as is the whole plant; flowers aggregate, the length of the stamina ; stigmas many, simple, bristle-
peduncled ; corolla yellow, spreading petals roundish. ;
shaped. Pericarp : capsule roundish, many-celled ; cells a*
Native of marshy places in the Caribbee islands. many as there are stigmas, conglomerated into a head. Seeds :
2. Malachra Radiata. Heads peduncled, five-leaved, many- ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
solitary, kidney-form.
flowered leaves palmate. Stem tender, round, whitish-green,
; double, outer three-leaved. Arils: glomerated, one-seeded.
covered with rufous pungent hairs, as is the whole plant, The species are,
which is about six feet high corolla purplish. Native of
;
Malope Malacoides. Leaves ovate-crenate, smooth
1.

marshy places in St. Domingo. above. The whole plant much resembles the Mallow but ;

3. Malachra Bracteata. Leaves palmate heads many- ; differs from it, in

having the cells collected into a button,
flowered flowers very small, and bracteated.
; The whole somewhat like a Blackberry. The branches spread, and lie
plant is
very hairy. Native of America. flatupon the ground, extending a foot each way the flowers ;

4. Malachra Fasciata. With serrate three-lobed leaves, in shape and colour are like-those of the Mallow. Native of
the lowest five-lobed ; the common involucre three-leaved, Tuscany and Barbary. It is propagated by seeds sown in
and about five-flowered. Stem single, six feet high, and twice the place where they are designed to remain for it does not ;

the thickness of the thumb heads of flowers axillary, small,

; bear transplanting well. If these seeds be sown
upon a
rose-coloured outward, within whitish, with purple streaks. warm border in August, the plants will frequently stand
Native of America. through the winter, and flower early the following season ;

5. Malachra Aleseifolia. With five-lobed leaves, cordate so that good seeds may be obtained but those which are :

at the base; the common

involucre five-leaved, and about sown in the spring rarely ripen the same
year in England.
ten-flowered. Stem
single, six feet high, upright, an inch In winter they should lie sheltered under a frame. The
thick, covered with glistening pungent hairs ; flowers two or other species may be propagaled nearly in the same manner.
three together, rather small, and of a deep yellow. Native 2. Malope Parviflora Calicos simple; leaves subcoidate,
of Martinico. x even; peduncles scarcely longer than the petiole. Root annual;
Malaxis; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Diandria. stem very much branched, spreading, red, subvillose, a foot
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix spathes none; perianth :
high; flowers axilla'-y; coiolla hemispherical. Native of
none. Corolla petals five, three outer, of which two upper,
: Peru.
one lower, lanceolate, blunt, spreading; two inner linear, 3. Malope Multiflora. Leaves roundish, undivided, notched,
acute, reflex about the germen nectary in the middle of the
; villose ; stalks three or four together, axillary ; flowers small,
corolla, less than the petals, concave, with concave margins, and white. Native of Spain.
cordate, acuminate behind, bifid in front. Stamina: antheiae 4. Malope Trifida. Leaves oblong, three-lobed, pointed,
two, ovate, scarcely pedicelled, inserted into the pitcher of toothed, smooth; stalks solitary, axillary. ---Found in mea-
the pistil, at the edge, sitting on two little excavations at the dows, both in Spain and Barbary.
bottom. pedicelled, somewhat cylindric,
Pistil: germen Malpighia ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Trigy-
inferior ; style a pitcher in the middle of the nectary, halved, nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved,
very short, spreading, bearing the stamina on its hinder mar- erect, very small, permanent, converging. There are two
gin ; stigma before the little excavations, near the antheree. melliferous glands, oval and gibbous, fastened to the calicine
Pericarp : capsule pedicelled, oblong, three-keeled, one- leaflets, on the outside, and at the bottom. Corolla: petals
celled, opening under the keels, cohering at top and bottom. five,kidney-form, large, plaited, ciliate, spreading, concave,
Seeds: extremely minute. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Nec- with long linear claws. Stamina: filamenta ten, broadish,
tary one-leafed, concave, cordate, acuminate backwards,
:
awl-shaped, erect, placed in a cylinder, united below, small ;

bifid in front, cherishing the genitals in the middle. The an there cordate. Pistil: germen roundish, very small;

species are, styles three, filiform; stigmas blunt. Pericarp: berry glo-
Malaxis Spicata. Scape quadrangular; flowers in spikes.
1. bular, torulose, large, one-celled. Seeds: three, bony, oblong,
Perennial. Native of Jamaica. blunt, angular, with an oblong blunt kernel. ESSENTIAL
2. Malaxis Umbelliflora. Scape quinquangular flowers ;
CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved, with melliferous pores on
umbelled. Native of Jamaica. the outside, at the base. Petals: five, roundish, with claws.
3. Malaxis Ophyoglossoides. Leaf solitary, ovate, clasp- Berry: one-celled, three-seeded. The species are,
ing the stem stalk with many angles
; lip cloven at the ex- ; 1. Malpighia Glabra. Smooth-leaved Barbadoes Cherry.
tremity. Native of shady woods in North America. Leaves ovate, quite entire, smooth; peduncles umbelled.
Male Balsam Apple. See Momordica. This tree grows to the height of fifteen or sixteen feet, erect,
Mallow, See Malva* divided into very delicate slender branches flowers in axil-
;

Mallow, Jews'. See Corchorus. lary and terminating bunches or umbels, on peduncles half
Mallow, Marsh. See Alt/uca. an inch long, and about four flowers on each; petals rose-
Mallow, Rose. See Alceea. coloured, or bright purple ; fruit red, round, smooth-skinned,
Mallow, Indian. See Sida. the size of a cherry, containing within a reddish, not unplea-
Mallow Tree. See Lavatera. sant, copious, juicy pulp. This tree is planted in most gar-
Mallow, Syrian. See Hibiscus. dens of the West Indies, where the fruit is esteemed. This,
a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Polyan- with all its congeners, are propagated by seeds, which must
Malope i

dria. GENERIC
CHARACTER. Calix: perianth double, be sown upon a good hot-bed in the spring ; and when the
outer three-leaved, broader; leaflets cordate, acute, perma- plants are fit to transplant, they must be each put into a
nent, inner one-leafed, half five-cleft, more erect, permanent. separate small pot filled with rich earth, and plunged into a
Corolla :
petals five, obcordate, preemorse, spreading, fast- hot-bed of tanner's bark ; where they must be treated in the
ened to the tube of the stamina at the base. Stamina: fila- same manner as other tender plants from the same country.
menta numerous, at the bottom united into a tube above, at, ;
For the first two winters it will be proper to keep them in
and below the apex of the tube, separate and loose antherse ; the bark-bed in the stove but afterwards they nmy be
;
 M AL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MA L 73

placed upon stands in the dry-stove in winter, where they 18. Malpighia Altissima. Leaves lanceolate, ferruginous
may be kept in a temperate warmth ; in which they will underneath, smooth above, quite entire; racemes terminating,
thrive much better than in a greater heat. They must be upright. This tree is thirty feet high, or more, with an
watered two or three times a week, while placed in the dry- upright trunk, and a pyramidal elegant head ; flowers yellow,
stove; but it must not be given to them in large quantities. sweet, in long racemes, not unlike those of the Horse Chest-
2. Malpighia Punicifolia ; Pomegranate-leaved Barbadoes nut. Berries yellow, acid, but not unpleasant. The wood
Loaves ovate, quite entire, smooth peduncles one- is white. It is common in Martinico, where the natives call
Cherry. ;

This rises with a shrubby stalk, ten or twelve feet it Bois Tan, the bark
flowered. being fit for tanning leather.
high, dividing into several slender spreading branches, Malva ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Polyan-
covered with a light brown bark corolla 'pale rose-coloured. ;
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth double;
Native of the West Indies. outer three-leaved, narrower ; leaflets cordate, acute, per-
3. Malpighia Nitida; Shining-leaved Barbadoes Cherry. manent ; inner one-leafed, half five-cleft, larger, broader,
Leaves lanceolate, quite entire, smooth spikes lateral. This ; permanent. Corolla : petals five, obcordate, prcemorse, flat,
fixed to the tube of the stamina at the base. Stamina: fila-
is a shrub, six feet
high; stem upright, round, even; branches
decussated, upright, round, covered with a shining bark; menta numerous, united below into a tube, seceding, and
flowers peduncled, yellow. Native of the West Indies. loose at the top and surface of it ; antheree kidney-form. Pis-
4. Malpighia Faginea. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire, silky, til: germen orbicular; style cylindric, short; stigmas very
shining underneath peduncles three-parted, umbelled.
;
many, bristly, the length of the style. Pericarp: capsule
Native of the West Indies. roundish, composed of very many cells, (as many as there are
5. Malpighia Lucida. Leaves obovate, wedge-form, quite stigmas,) two-valved, placed in a whorl about a columnar
entire, nerveless, shining ;
peduncles terminating, many-flow- receptacle, finally falling. Seeds : solitary, very seldom two
ered. Native of the West Indies. or three, kidney-form. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calijc :

6. Malpighia Urens ;
Stinging Barbadoes Cherry. Leaves double: outer Capsule: many, united in a
three-leaved.
oblong-ovate, with rigid decumbent bVistles underneath ; depressed whorl, one-celled, one-seeded. Sow the seeds of
peduncles one-flowered, aggregate. This shrub rises with a the hardy sorts at the end of March, upon a bed of fresh light
strong upright stem about three feet high, covered with a earth; and when the plants are three or four inches high,
brown bark, sending out several side-branches, which grow transplant them where they are to continue, allowing them
erect. Native of the West India Islands. sufficient space. They appear best when intermixed with
7. Malpighia Angustifolia Narrow-leaved Barbadoes other flowers of the same growth. The seeds may also be
;

Cherry. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with rigid decumbent sown in August, on a dry soil, and these plants will grow larger
bristles on both sides peduncles umbelled.
; Stalk shrubby, and flower sooner than those which are sown in the spring :

seven or eight feet high. Native of the West Indies. or, if the seeds be permitted to scatter, they will come up,
8. Malpighia Crassifolia Thick-leaved Barbadoes Cherry. and thrive equally with those which are sown.
; The seeds of
Leaves ovate, quite entire, tomentose underneath racemes those species which come from hot countries, must be sown
;

terminating. -Native of the West India Islands and Guiana. upon a hot-bed in the spring. When the plants are fit to
9. Malpighia Coriacea. Leaves ovate, acute, entire, smooth remove, plant each in a small pot filled with light fresh earth,
on both sides racemes terminating, spiked.
; This tree rises and plunge them into a new hot-bed, shading them until they
frequently to the height of thirty or forty feet, or more. have taken fresh root; then admit free air to them in pro-
Native of Jamaica, where it is common on the lower hills of portion to the warmth of the season, and at the end of June
Liguanea. Brown calls it the Locust Berry Tree. they may be placed in the open air in a sheltered situation,
10. Malpighia Canescens; Downy-leaved Barbadoes
Cherry. where they will flower, and produce ripe seeds. Some species
Leaves oblong, blunt, pubescent; racemes axillary, com- require the protection of the bark-stove. The species are,
Native of the West Indies. *
pound. With undivided Leaves.
Mullein-leaved Barbadoes 1. Malva Leaves cordate, do-
11. Malpighia V'erbascifolia; Spicata Spiked Mallow. ;

Cherry. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tomentose, quite entire; nate, tcmentose; spikes oblong, rough-haired. Stem pale
racemes terminating. Native of South America. green, two or three feet high, branched; flowers orange-co-
12. Malpighia Aquifolia; Holly-leaved Barbadoes Cherry. loured, in a thick spike, with very hirsute calyxes. It flowers
Leaves lanceolate, tooth-spiny, hispid underneath. Found in September and October. Native of Jamaica.
in the isle of Cuba. 2. Malva Tomentosa ;
Downy-leaved Mallow. Leaves
13. Malpighia
Coccigera. Leaves subovate, tooth-spiny. cordate, crenate, tomentose; flowers lateral, heaped; stem
Stalk thick and woody, two or three feet Native of shrubby; petals short; stamina five; styles many. Native
high.
the West Indies. of the East Indies and Cochin-china.
14. Malpighia Martinicensis. Leaves ovate, with decum- 3. Malva Gangetica; Indian Mallow. Leaves cordate,
bent rigid bristles underneath. A small tree found by obtuse, rugged; flowers sessile, glomerate; arils ten, awnless,
;

Jacquin in Martinico. crenulate. Flowers yellow. -Native of India.

15. Malpighia Diphylla. Leaves oval, smooth; racemes 4. Malva Coromandeliana Cnromandel Mallow. Leaves ;

terminating. An upright shrub, eight feet high : flowers oblong or cordate, serrate peduncles axillary
; flowers ;

yellow; berries red. Found near Carthagena. glomerate; arils cusped stem a foot high, round, hispid.
;

16. Malpighia Odorata. Leaves ovate, emarginate, tomen- Common in Jamaica, among grass.
tose on both sides racemes axillary. It is an 5. Malva Scoparia Small ^fellow -flowered Upright Mal-
;
upright shrub, ;

eight feet high flowers sweet, smelling like those of low. Leaves ovate, crenate-serrate flowers axillary, clus-
;
yellow ;

Lupine; petals yellow; berries orange-coloured. Found near tered stems shrubby branches rod-like. This is a shrub,
; ;

Carthagena. a fathom in height flowers yellow, marked with red spots.

;

17. Malpighia Grandifolia. Leaves lanceolate-oblong; The Spaniards of South America call it Escoba Cimarrona, or
racemes corymbed, axillary. This is a small tree, ten feet Wild Broom ; they make common besoms of the branches.
high, upright. Native of Martinico. Native of Peru.
74 M A L THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; A L
6. Malva Angustifolia ; Narrow-leaved Mallow. Leaves round, putting out roots at the lower joints, hairy; leaves 1

lanceolate ; flowers axillary, in pairs ; peduncles shorter than villose,soft; flowers axillary and terminating, on almost
the petiole outer calix bristle-shaped, deciduous. Stem suf-
;
upright peduncles, from an inch to an inch and half in
f'ruticose, round, branched, three feet high; corolla pale length, small, the colour of Burgundy wine; the claws of a
violet. It flowers in August. Native of Mexico. darker red. Native of Carolina.
7. IVtalva Americana; American Mallow. Leaves cordate, 19. Malva
Parviflora. Stem spreading; flowers axillary,
crenate ; lateral flowers
terminating flowers in
solitary ; sessile, glomerate ; calices smooth,* spreading. Annual.
spikes. Root annual; stem a foot high, stiff, round, some-- Native of Barbary.
what hairy ; branches few, short, upright, from the lower 20. Malva Nieseensis. Stem decumbent; calices glome-
axils corolla yellow.
; Native of North America. rate, both hairy leaves five-lobed.
; Root annual stems ;
*
With angular Leaves* decumbent, scarcely branched corolla pale red, a little
;

Malva Peruviana; Peruvian Mallow. Stem upright, larger than the caiix petals emarginate.
; Found in the
herbaceous leaves palmate spikes directed one way, axil-
; ;
county of Nice.
lary seeds toothletted.
; Stem from two to three feet high, 21. Malva Pusilla; Small Mallow. Stem declining; leaves
with hairs thinly scattered over it, usually in pairs leaves ; roundish, heart-shaped, slightly five-lobed ; flowers pedun-
seven-lobed, sharply serrate ; corollas small, purple. Na- cled, generally in pairs ; petals the length of the calix.
tive of Peru. Root annual, or perhaps biennial. Observed at Hithe in
9. Malva Limensis ; Blue-flmvered Mallow. Stem upright, Kent, and in Pembrokeshire. It differs from the other Mal-
herbaceous ; leaves lobed spikes directed one way, axillary;
; lows, in having the seeds wrinkled.
seeds even. Flowers blue, appearing in July. Annual. 22. Malva Rotundifolia Round-leaved or Dwarf Mallow.
;

Xative of Peru, about Lima. Stem prostrate ; leaves cordate-orbiculate, obsoletely five-
10. Malva Bryonifolia; Bryony-ieaved Mallow. Stem lobed ; fruiting, peduncles declining. Root annual, whitish,
shrubby, tomentose; leaves pinnate, rugged; peduncles many- striking deep ; stems several, branched corolla white, with
;

flowered. Miller describes it as having a shrubby woolly stalk, purple veins, and purple towards the top. Native of most
four or five feet high, branched on every side, with woolly parts of Europe, on dry banks, by way-sides, under walls,
rough leaves ; peduncles axillary, supporting four or five and other fences; flowering from June to September.
flowers; bright purple, shaped like those of the Common 23. Malva Sherardiana. Stems prostrate leaves orbicular,
;

Mallow they appear in July, and ripen seed in autumn. This

:
plaited, tomentose, crenate ; peduncles solitary, one-flow-
plant is handsomely echinated on the disk of the leaf. It ered, bowed. Perennial. Native of Bithynia.
seldom continues more than two or three years. Native of 24. Malva Sylvestris ; Common Mallow. Stem upright,
Spain. herbaceous ; leaves five-lobed, acute ; peduncles and petioles
11. Malva Lactea; Panided Mallow. Stem shrubby; hairy. Root perennial, whitish, the thickness of a finger,
leaves acute, cordate, villose petals obcordate, shorter than
;
striking deeply, thinly furnished with large fibres, not creep-
the calix; peduncles panicled. Native place unknown. ing, sweetish, and viscid; leaves five-lobed, hairy on both
12. Malva Vitifolia; Vine-leaved Mallow. Stem upright, sides corolla bluish-purple.
; Common in most parts of
branched ; leaves five-lobed, crenate, villose ; axils many- Europe, by hedges, roads, and in waste places, flowering
flowered. Stem six feet high, round ; corolla white, a little from June to September. Cattle do not appear to be fond
larger than the calix. Native of Mexico. of this plant every part of which abounds with a mild muci-
;

13. Malva Umbellata; Umbelled Mallow. Stem shrubby: lage. The boiled root is much used as an emollient cata-
leaves cordate, five-lobed ; flowers umbelled. Stem shrubby, plasm and an infusion of it is generally prescribed in all
;

round, two feet high, tomentose ; corolla bell-shaped, twice cases wherein mild mucilaginous substances are useful; as in
as large as the calix, very deeply divided into five rounded disorders of the urinary passages, and in coughs and hoarse-
striated segments, of a fiery violet colour, with the base by nesses. The use of it, however, has been much superseded
which they are united white; style purple rose-coloured, by Altheea, or Marsh-mallow, which possesses its valuable
hollow. Native of Mexico. qualities in a superior degree. The leaves also are not
14. Malva Capensis
Gooseberry-leaved or Cape Mallow.
; unfrequently used in fomentations and clysters. Woodville
Leaves cordate, five-lobed stem arborescent. This rises
; says, that the roots of Malva are useless, whilst those of
with a woody stalk about ten feet high, sending out branches Althsea are of more efficacy than any other part of the plant.
the whole length and covered with hairs the flowers come
; ; It iswell known that this plant was an esculent vegetable
out from the side of the branches, upon peduncles an inch among the Romans. Prosper Alpinus informs us, that a
long; they are of a deep red colour, shaped like those of the plant of the mallow kind is eaten by the Egyptians ; and the
Common Mallow, but smaller it flowers great part of the : Chinese use some sort of Mallow in their food.
year. There are several varieties. Native of the Cape. 25. Malva Orientalis ; Oriental Mallow. Stem upright,
15. Malva Virgata. Leaves narrowed at the base, multi- herbaceous; leaves lobed, blunt, crenale. The uprightness
form, parted; divisions gash-crenate ; peduncles one-flowered; of the plant, with the colour of the flowers, immediately dis-
stem frutescent. Trunk very small, branching almost imme- tinguish this from the Common Mallow, which in many
diately from the root; corolla purple, streaked
with deep respects it much resembles. Found in the Levant.
purple- or red spots at the base. 26. Malva Mauritiana; Ivy-leaved Mallow. Stem upright,
16. Malva Balsamica. Leaves subcordate, sublobate, un- herbaceous ; leaves five-lobed, blunt ; peduncles and petioles
equally serrate, glutinous ; stem shrubby. A shrub about smoothish. Annual. Native of the south of Europe.
four feet high ; petals pale rose-coloured. Native country 27. Malva Fragrans. Sweet Mallow. Stem upright, frutes-
unknown ; probably the Cape. cent ; leaves roundish-cordate, half five-lobed. Native place
17. Malva Abutiloides. Leaves deeply lobed and sinuated ; uncertain. The whole plant has a strong aromatic smell.
stems shrubby, hoary ; corolla white. Native of the Cape. 28. Malva Hispanica; Spanish Mallow. Stem upright;
Malva Caroliniana; Creeping Mallow. Stem creeping;
18. leaves semiorbiculate, crenate ; outer calix two-leaved. Co-
leaves multifid. Root annual. Stem eighteen inches or longer, rolla flesh-coloured. Native of Spain.
 MAM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN 75

Stem In Martinico they distil the flowers with spirit, and make a
29. Malva Verticillata; Whorl-flowered Mallow.
liquor \vhich they call Eau Creole. The English
leaves flowers axillary, glomerate, sessile; and Spaniards
upright; angular;
calices rugged. Root annual ; flowers whitish-red, small, on call the fruit Mamei, or Mammee; and the French, Abricot-

one-flowered peduncles. It Mowers in June and July. sauvage, from the yellowness of the pulp, like that of the
Native of China and Cochin-china. Apricot. To propagate this tree, set the stones or seeds as
30. Malva Crispa; Curled Mallow. Stem upright; leaves fresh as possible from the West Indies, in pots filled with
flowers axillary, glomerate. Annual stem fresh light earth, and plunge them into a hot-bed of tanner's
angular, curled
;
;

four or five feet high. Native of Syria. bark observing to water the earth whenever it appears dry.
;

31. Malva Alcea; Vervain Mallow. Stem upright; leaves In about a month or six weeks the plants will appear above

many-parted, somewhat rugged.

Root long, branched, per- ground : after which they must be frequently refreshed with
ennial ;corolla bright purple. Native of Europe. water ; and in hot weather the glasses of the hot-bed should
32. Malva Moschata; Musk Mallow. Stem upright; root- be raised, to let in frc:.-,h air. In two months the roots of the
leaves kidney form, gashed; stem-leaves five-parted, pinnate- plants will have filled the pots, when you should provide
multirid. Stem round, much branched, slightly hairy flowers ;
some pots of a larger size; into which transplant them, taking
crowded on the top of the stem and branches on short pedun- care to preserve as much earth to their roots as possible, fill-
cles, and single ones from the axils of the upper leaves; ing up the pots with light earth, and replunging them into
petals heart-shaped, divided nearly
to the base, pale red or the bark-bed observing to water and shade them until they
;

flesh-coloured, with deeper veins. The flowers have an have taken root: after which they should he constantly re-
ambrosial or musky scent, which, however, is not always to freshed with water, as you find they want it, and must have
be perceived. Native of many parts of Europe. In England air in hot weather. In this bed they may remain till Michael-
it is
by no means uncommon, particularly in the
midland mas, when they must be removed into the bark-stove, and
counties, in Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Derbyshire, and constantly kept there, observing to refresh them with water
in the north. It is sometimes observed in Norfolk, Suf- but sparingly at this season ; as also to clean their leaves from
folk, and Cambridgeshire; on Cullum heath, South Leigh,
the filth they are apt to contract in the stove. The spring
and between \Vitney and Burford, in Oxfordshire. Mr. Curtis following they should be shifted into fresh earth, and, if they
mentions its growing plentifully near Coomb wood. It has require it, into larger pots: but by no means over-pot them;

also been found near Balham, in Surrey. Mr. Goodyer found for they do not send forth many roots, and will not thrive
it with white flowers in a close called Aldercrofts, near when the pots are too large. They must be constantly kept
in the bark-stove, and treated as directed for the Coffee Tree.
Maple-Durham, in Hampshire.
33. Malva Tournefortiana. Stem decumbent ; root-leaves If, when the stones of the fruit are brought over, they are put

thrce-lobed, linear; peduncles longer than the into the tan-bed, under the bottom of any of the pots, they
five-parted,
stem-leaf; corolla blue. Native of Provence and Spain, on will sprout sooner than those which are planted in the earth.
the sea-coast. Manchineel. See Hippomane.
34. Malva YEgyptia; Palmated Mailow. Stem upright; Mandrake. See Atropa.
leaves palmate, toothed; corollas smaller than the calix. Manettia ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
Native of Egypt. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth eight-
Maminea a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
;
leaved ; leaflets linear, concave, hirsute, permanent. Corolla :
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite. Calix: one-petalled, salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, longer than the
perianth one-leafed, two-parted; divisions roundish, concave, calix, scored on the inside with four lines; border four-parted;
coriaceous, coloured, spreading very much, deciduous. divisions shorter than the tube, ovate, obtuse, bearded within ;

Corolla: petals four, roundish, concave, spreading very nectary a rim surrounding the receptacle, quite entire, con-
much, subcoriaceous, longer than the calix. Stamina: fila- cave. Stamina: filamenta four, filiform, very small, inserted
nienta numerous, bristle-shaped, erect, very short, inserted into the throat; antherse linear, incumbent, two-celled. Pis-
into the receptacle, ending in oblong, blunt, erect antherse. til
:
germen inferior, turbinate, compressed; style filiform,
Pistil: germen roundish, depressed; style cylindric, erect, declining, the length of the tube ; stigma bifid, thickish, blunt.
longer than the stamina, permanent stigma capitate, convex.
;
Pericarp: capsule turbinate, compressed, grooved on both
Pericarp: berry roundish, fleshy, very large, acuminate with sides, one-celled, two-valved, or separable as it were into two
part of the style, with a coriaceous rind, one-celled. Seeds: capsules. Seeds: few, flat, winged, orbiculate with a central
four, suhovate, rugged, distinct from the flesh. Male: on seedlet, imbricate at a pulpy oblong pillar. ESSENTIAL
the same, or a different tree. Calix, Corolla, and Stamina: CHARACTER. Calix: eight-leaved. Corolla: four-cleft.
as in the hermaphrodite. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: Capsule: inferior, two-valved, one-celled. Seeds: imbricate,
one-leafed, two- parted. Corolla: four-petalled. Berry : very orbicular, with a central seedlet. The specias are,
large, four-seeded. The only known species is, 1. Manettia Reclinata. Leaves ovate, acute, pubescent;
1. Mammea Americana; American Mammee. Leaves oval stem reclining, herbaceous. Koot annual ; flowers white.
or obovate, quite entire, blunt; flowers sweet, white, an inch Native of Mexico.
and half in diameter; fruit roundish, or obsoletely three or 2. Manetlia Lygistum. Leaves ovate, acute, veined ; stem
four cornered. It is a tall, upright, handsome tree, with a
twining, sufFrutescent. This weakly shrub rises to the height
thick, spreading, elegant head growing to the height of
; of about seven feet. Native of Jamaica.
sixty or seventy feet in the West Indies. The fruit is co- 3. Manettia I. anceolata. Leaves lanceolate; flowers five-
vered with a double rind ; the outer one leathery, a line in stamined. Stem shrubby; peduncles terminating, often in
thickness, tough, brownish-yellow, divided by incisures longi- threes. Native of the West Indies.
tudinally decussated the inner thin, yellow, adhering strongly
; 4. Manettia Coccinea. Leaves ovate, acuminate clusters;

to the flesh, which is firm, bright yellow, has a stem twining, shrubby. Root perennial
pleasant sin- many-flowered ; ;

gular taste, and a sweet aromatic smell; but the skin and tube of the corolla white, marked with red dots limb of a
;

seeds are very bitter and resinous it is eaten raw alone, or

: scarlet colour above,
downy mouth closed with yellow hairs.
;

cut in slices with wine and sugar, or preserved in sugar. Native of Guiana.
VOL. ii. 72. U
76 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAN
Mangifera; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- Stamina: filamenta three, filiform, standing out; antherse
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five- oblong, incumbent. Pistil: germen ovate; styles two, short,
parted; divisions lanceolate. Corolla: petals five, lanceolate, filiform stigmas oblong, bearded, spreading, standing out
;

longer than the calix. Stamina : filamenta five, awl-shaped, on both Pericarp : none. Calix : cherishing the seed ;
sides.
spreading, the length of the corolla; anthcrse subcordate. Seed: single, ovate. Male Flowers: marginal, alternate, in
Pistil : germen roundish ; style filiform, the length of the the back of the spike on each side. Calix: glume
one-flowered,
calix; stigma simple. Pericarp: drupe kidney-form, oblong, roundish, two-valved; valves parallel, ovate-lanceolate, blunt,
gibbous, compressed. Seed: kernel oblong, compressed, striated, leathery, augmented by a membrane, almost equal.
lanuginose. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: five- Corolla : glume two-valved, membranaceous, thin, almost the
petalled. Drupe: kidney-form. The species are, size of the calix outer valve ovate, blunt, convolute ; inner
;

1. Mangifera Indica; Mango Tree. Leaves simple; flowers lanceolate, plaited, scarcely longer; nectary a membranous
five-stamined. The wood of this large spreading tree is brown, scale. Stamina: filamenta three, very short, or none; an-
brittle, and used only for indifferent works. The bark be- therse as in the hermaphrodites. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
comes rugged by age. The leaves are seven or eight inches Hermaphrodite Calix: glume two-valved, one-flowered; outer
long, and two or more broad, of a shining green, and a valve emarginate at the top and sides. Corolla : less than the
sweet resinous smell, on short petioles, growing in bunches oalix. Stamina: three. Style: bitid. Male, as in the her-
at the extremity of the branches. The flowers are produced maphrodites, but with the flowers in the lower side of the
in loose bunches at the end of the branches. The fruit, same spike, standing out more. The species are,
when fully ripe, is yellow and reddish, replete with a fine 1. Manisuris Myuris Mousetail Scaly Grass.
;
Spikes late-
agreeable juice : some are full of fibres, and the juice rmis ral; outer valves flat, ovate-emarginate at the
top and sides;
out of these on cutting, or with a little handling ; but those culm ascending. Native of the East Indies.
which have few or no fibres are much the finest; they cut 2. Manisuris Granularis Granulated Scaly Grass. Spikes
;

like an apple, but are more juicy ; and some are as big as a lateral ; outer valves orbicular, callous, dotted sheaths ;

large man's fist. It is a very wholesome fruit, and, excepting hairy ; culm erect. Native of Jamaica.
the finest pine-apples, is the best fruit in India ; where Manna Ash. See Fraxinus Rotvndifolia.
gentlemen eat little other fruit in the hot months. When no Manulea; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
wine is drank with it, the Mango is apt to throw out trouble- spermia. GENE-RIG CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
some boils, especially with new comers ; but even those parted; leaflets linear, erect, equal, permanent. Corolla:
boils are conducive to health. In Europe we have only the one-petalled, irregular; tube cylindric, with the throat rather
unripe fruit brought over in pickle. Loureiro remarks, that wider; border five-parted, awl-shaped, spreading; the four
there are many varieties, differing chiefly in the figure, size, upper divisions more connected at the base, the lowest reflex.
colour, and taste of the fruit as apples and pears do in
;
Stamina : filamenta four, very short ; antheree, the two upper
in the throat, the two lower somewhat
Europe. Native of India, the Brazils, Cochin-china, Pegu, oblong, within the tube.
&c. The readiest method to obtain plants of Mango in Pistil: germen superior, roundish; style filiform, the
length
of the lower stamina ; stigma simple.
Europe is, to set a quantity of nuts in a tub of earth, in the Pericarp : capsule
country where they grow naturally ; and when the plants are ovate, the length of the calix, two-celled, two-valved the ;

grown a foot high, to ship them, placing a covering over valves, when ripe, semibifid; partition doubled, by the inflex
them, to defend them from the spray of the sea, being very margins of the valves. Seeds : very many, small ; receptacle
careful not to water them too much in the passage. When oblong, compressed, in the axis of the capsule. ESSENTIAL
the ship arrives in a cold climate, they should be screened CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. Corolla: with a five-
from the cold. It will not thrive in the tan-pit : set the parted, awl-shaped border ; the four upper segments more
plants therefore in pots filled with light kitchen-garden earth, connected. Capsule: two-celled, many-seeded. The spe-
and place them in a dry-stove; where, in warm weather, cies are,

they should have fresh

air daily; and in winter the air 1. Manulea Cheiranthus. Leaves naked; stems almost
should be kept up to temperate, as marked on the thermo- leafless; pedicels alternate, one-flowered. An annual shrub:
meter. It may afterwards be propagated from cuttings. corollas deep yellow. Native of the Cape.
2. Mangifera Pinnata ; Wing-leaved Mango Tree. Leaves 2. Manulea Tomontosa. Leaves tomentose ; stems leafy ;

pinnate; flowers ten-stamined. Native of the East Indies. peduncles many-flowered. Root biennial; stem eighteen
3. Mangifera Foetida ; Stinking Mango Tree. Racemes inches high, woolly. The variety of pleasant colours so
elongated; petals entire and reflex; drupe cordate, pubescent. conspicuous in the flowers, renders this a very desirable

This large tree has ascending branches, and a rugged bark. plant; the flowers are in a long thyrse, first greenish-yellow,
The wood, though not very good, is used for floors; and lasts finally a deep orange. Native of the Cape.
very well, be soaked a considerable time in muddy water.
if it 3. Manulea Microphylla. Leaves ovate, in bundles, smooth,
Native of the East Indies and Cochin-china. entire. Native of the Cape.
Mango Tree. See Mangifera. 4. Manulea Integrifolia. Leaves ovate, scattered, smooth,
Manisuris a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monoe-
;
entire. Native of the Cape.
c ia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite flowers: in 5. Manulea Heterophylla. Leaves linear, scattered, villose,
the adverse side of the flexuose jointed spike, imbricate, alter- entire, or toothed. Native of the Cape.
immersed in each joint, which excavated on one 6. Manulea Ccerulea. Leaves linear, opposite, tomentose,
nate, each is

side. Calix: glume one-flowered, two-valved ; outer valve toothed ; flowers racemed. Native of the Cape.
in the middle, emargi- 7. Manulea Cuneifolia. Leaves elliptically ovate, smooth,
larger, coriaceous, roundish, rugged
nate or entire at the top and sides ; inner smaller, broad lan- toothed ; spikes oblong. Native of the Cape.
ceolate, membranaceous, pressed close to the outer. Corolla: 8. Manulea Capillaris. Stem-leaves obovate, smooth, tooth-
ed ; of the branches, linear spikes ovate. Native of the
glume two-valved, membranaceous, thin, diaphanous, smaller ;

than the calix, included; the outer with its margins embracing Cape.
the inner, which is smaller ; nectary a membranous scale. 9. Manulea Plantaginea. Leaves ovate, somewhat toothed,
 MAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN 77

or entire, smooth; heads ovate; branches diffused. Native must be allowed, therefore, that all manures operate by en-

of the Cape. larging the vegetable pasture. They are applied either to
supply the detective ingredients of a soil, to improve
heads its
10. Manulea Capitata. Leaves ovate, serrate, villose;
branches diffused. Native of the Cape. texture, or to correct its vices. For Clayey Soils, the best
globular;
11. Manulea Antirrhinoides. Leaves ovate, toothed, smooth ;
manure is marl ; and that which is most calcareous should be
in constitution and
flowers alternate. Native of the Cape. preferred. These soils are defective both
12. Manulea Leaves obovate, tomentose, texture; they want the calcareous ingredient and coarse sand.
Thyrsifiora.
Stem Calcareous marl supplies the first chiefly; limestone gravel
toothed; corymb terminating, elongated, compound.
somewhat shrubby. Native of the Cape. will supply both. A mixture of marl and dung is still more
13. Manulea Corymbosa. Leaves oblong, toothed, smooth ; advantageous, because the dung supplies the carbonaceous
the Cape. but the same quantity of marl must be used, as
corymb fastigiate. Native of
:
ingredient
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat if no dung had been applied; or else the operation must be
14. Manulea Altissima.
Native of the Cape. more If marl cannot be had, a mixture
toothed, villose ;
spike ovate. frequently repeated.
15. Manulea Rubra. Leaves lanceolate, villose, serrate; of coarse sand, and lime perfectly effete or extinguished, or
flowers racemed, remote. Native of the Cape. chalk, will answer the same purpose, as it will supply the
16. Manulea Argentea. Leaves obovate, wedge-form, ser- defective ingredient, and open the texture of the clay ; so
flowers axillary. Native of the Cape. also sand alone, or chalk, or powdered limestone, may answer,
rate, silver-dotted ;

17. Manulea Pinnatifida. Leaves ovate, gash-pinnatifid ; though less advantageously. Lime alone seems less proper,
-Native of the Cape. as it is apt to cake, and does not sufficiently open the soil.
pinnas toothed.
18. Manulea Hirta. Rough-haired ; leaves obovate; spikes Where these manures cannot be had, coal-ashes, chips of
very long. Native of the Cape. wood, burned clay, brick-dust, gravel, or even pebbles, are
Manure. It is a fundamental mistake, to suppose, that useful for all these improve the texture
: and the former
;

tillage may be substituted place of manure.

in the Without supply also the carbonaceous ingredients. Nothing is per-
will be of little avail: but although to stable and for strong
tillage, indeed, manures haps equal good fold-yard dung,
because it opens this heavy soil, at the same
good tillage, by separating the soil, may bring a greater num- tillage laud ;

ber of nutritious particles within the reach of the crop, yet time that it supplies the richest nutriment. But dung is a
the soil cannot possibly continue to be so completely divided, proper ingredient in the appropriated manures of all sorts of
as it is by the fermentation excited by dung and other soils, as it supplies the carbonaceous principle. Clayey Loam,
manures which are found to enrich the best pulverized soil is defective, either in the calcareous ingredients, or in the
;

again and again, after it is exhausted by crops, and therefore sandy, or in both if in the first, the proper manure is chalk ;
:

increasing the quantity of vegetable if the second, sand ; if in both, siliceous marl, or lime-
in
promote vegetation, by
food. Some manures lose part of their strength, by long stone gravel, or effete lime and sand. Chalky Soil, wants
both the clayey, and the stony, sandy, or gravelly ingredients:
exposure to the air. Thus, after dung is sufficiently fer-
mented, the longer it lies, the less is its value. Cow-dung the best manure for it, therefore, is clayey loam, or sandy
dried on the pasture, gathered and laid upon other land, has loam but when the chalk is so hard, as to keep of itself the
:

whereas the same quantity carried from soil then clay is the best manure ; for in
scarcely any effect ; sufficiently open,
the cow-house, or collected by folding the cattle, enriches the such cases the coarse sand or gravelly ingredients of loams
land. Other manures, on the contrary, operate sooner, and are of no use. Some indeed think that pebbles in a field
with greater violence, the longer they are exposed to the air serve to preserve or communicate heat : this use however is
before they are used. Lime and marls are of this kind. They not sufficiently ascertained they detain moisture ; and thus
:

are observed to have a strong power of attracting certain on chalk-lands a complete covering of great black flints insures
qualities from the atmosphere; and operate, by communicating
a tolerable crop in a dry season. Chalky Loam. The best
to the soil with which they are mixed, a power of attracting manure for this soil is clay, or clay marl because it is prin-
;

vegetable food from the air. Again, some manures exhaustland cipally defective in the clayey ingredients. Light limestone
of its vegetable food, and do not restore it again when imme- soils, not differing essentially from these, require the same

diately applied ; which is thought to be the case with lime. manure. Sands. The best manure for these is calcareous
Land thoroughly limed, after having carried many very good marl, for they want both clay and calx; and this marl sup-
crops, seems to be exhausted, and reduced to a worge condition plies both the next best is clay marl; and next to these, clay
:

than before. When in this case lime has been applied a mixed with lime, or calcareous or clayey loams. Lime or
second time, its effects have been found to be far inferior to chalk are less proper, because they do not give sufficient
what they were when first applied. This manure, therefore, coherence to the soil however, when mixed with earth or
:

seems to operate by dissolving the vegetable food which it dung, these answer well; because they form a sort of marl,
meets with in the soil, and fitting it for entering the roots of or compound, comprehending the defective ingredients.
It should however be kept in mind, that exhaustion
plants. Sandy Loams, are defective chiefly in the calcareous ingre-
of land by lime is owing to bad management, and unmerciful dient, arid in some degree also in the argillaceous their :

forcing of it with continued white crops. It is not certain texture also is imperfect, as they abound both in fine and
that land will not bear a second liming ; but it is certain, that coarse sand. Chalk or lime would supply the first defect,
the effects of the lime may be long kept up, by the proper but leave the texture unamended. Calcareous or argillaceous
application of dung and other oily manures ; and there have marls are most proper. Clay, after land has been chalked,
been instances of the effects of lime continuing forty, fifty, or answers well, because it remedies the texture. Gravelly
even a hundred years. All kinds of manures certainly con- Loams, are benefited by the application of marl, whether
tribute to open the soil. Any one may be convinced of this, argillaceous or calcareous. If the gravel be calcareous, clay
who will take the trouble to compare a piece of land on which may be employed. A mixture of effete lime and clay should
dung or any other manure has been laid, with a piece con- answer in all cases. Ferruginous Loam, or Till, and ViliioLic
tiguous that has not been manured he will find the former
:
Soil, necessarily require the calcareous ingredient to neutra-
:nuch softer, much more free and open, that the latter. It lize their peccant acid : hence chalk, limestone, gravel, and
78 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERtUL; MAN
calcareous marl, are most advantageously-applied to them. - find that the vegetables, of which it was
originally com-
Bogs, or Boggy Soils, must be first drained ; and then the pounded, are decomposed, and in a situation to nourish new
nature of the soil being explored, an appropriate manure must plants. The more completely therefore these substances are
be applied. In general they should be burned, and then submitted to the process of fermentation, the more beneficial
covered with limestone, gravel, or lime mixed with coarse will be their effects
upon the soil. Hence it is an object of
sand or gravel, because they are usually of a clayey nature ; the first importance to farmers to have their
dunghills so situ-
if
they are more sandy, lime may answer well, or calcareous ated and constructed, as to promote their fermentation, and
marl. If their tipper parts contain a sufficiency of the car- retain all the useful parts of them. These circumstances
bonaceous principle, as it often happens, they need not be have been very little attended to; the greater part of
dung-
burned. For all moorish and cold soils, gravel, road dirt, hills being either placed in hollows, and surrounded with
small stones, coal ashes, soaper's ashes, hog-dung, &c. are water, which effectually checks fermentation by chilling them ;
good. But in cold wet lands, no manure can be effectual or upon declivities, where every drop of water runs
away:
without draining. Heathy Soils, should first be burned, to cattle are allowed to spread it by
trampling, weeds to exhaust
destroy the heath, and increase the carbonaceous principle. it, and carts and waggons are driven over it. Thus the mid-
Lime also will destroy heath. Limestone gravel is the fittest dle, from being hard pressed, will be imperfectly fermented;
manure, when the soil is clayey; lime, when it is gravelly. and the sides, from being scattered about and dried, will not
Gypsum also answers remarkably well when the soil is
dry. be fermented at all, but in a condition little better than
dry
Manure usually applied in three different ways.
is The straw. To promote fermentation in dung, air and moisture
first and most common is that of ploughing it in, and thus are necessary. It is well known to gardeners, that in
making
mixing it with the whole soil. This is the best system, where hot-beds, by laying the dung lightly in heaps, and watering it
it is necessary to enrich the field for a succession of exhaust-
gently, fermentation is immediately brought on ; and that
ing crops ; and also heavy lands, which require to
in strong hot-bed dung is as completely fermented in a fortnight, as
have their parts separated as much as possible which effect
;
that in a farm-yard generally is in six or eight months. The
is
produced by nothing better than by ploughing in long dung farmer should imitate this practice as nearly as the nature of
or green crops. The second is spreading or scattering the his situation will admit; and instead of having his dunghill
manure upon young crops, which is called top-dressing or in the yard, and allowing carts, cattle, &c. to disturb it, he

hand-dressing. This mode is confined to particular sub- should place it in some distinct situation, convenient for his
stances, as soot, rape cake, pigeon's dung, ashes, &c. and offices, where the urine may be kept with it, or else run into
has been found to answer, especially with crops which a receptacle, whence it may be thrown back into the dung to
tiller, as wheat and barley. Even dung well rotted, and enrich it and promote the fermentation, or be carried off in
made into a compost with earth, lime, or other active sub- carts to manure his land. When dung is taken to the dung-
stajices, may be thus employed, and being applied on the hill, it should not be driven over the heap, as is commonly

surface, and at a season when the crop stands most in need practised; because the feet of the horses and the weight of
of it, a much less quantity of manure will be sufficient; but the carriage will press it so hard as to exclude the air, and
then it will be of little or no use to succeeding crops, and thereby prevent the fermentation when the quantity also is
:

the expense of preparing it will be greater. When crops are considerable, the horses are strained and the harness damaged
sickly or backward in the spring, top-dressings are certainly by the exertions necessary to drag a loaded carriage over
of great use, except the season should prove uncommonly a hill of such loose materials. Every load ought therefore to
dry. The third way of applying manure, is laying it into be laid down by the side of the dunghill, at least after the
drills, and sowing the crop upon it. This is used only for woik has made such progress as to render passing over it a
particular crops, as potatoes, turnips, &c. which thus receive matter of difficulty, and afterwards thrown up lightly with a
the whole benefit of the manure in all stages of their growth. fork the labour of which is trifling, compared with the advan-
;

tage resulting from it. If dung laid up in this manner con-

Dung, is the most common, general, and upon the whole
the most efficacious of all manures. It promotes vegetation, tain a sufficient proportion of moisture, it will immediately

by increasing the vegetable food, by enlarging the pasture begin to ferment; if therefore it be too dry, it should be
of plants, by communicating to the soil a power of attracting watered, and in summer this will frequently be found neces-
the vegetable food from the air, and by prepaiing the vege- sary it will thus be completely fermented in six or seven
:

table food for the nourishment of plants. It is properly the weeks, and will be more valuable by half than that made in
excrement of animals but is used also to signify all rotten
;
the common slovenly manner. The situation best calculated
when used as manures. Dung of quadrupeds is the for a dunghill is that which is nearest to a level, with a bot-
vegetables,
most common manure in use Stable-dung is used either fresh tom capable of retaining moisture, and covered with a shed.
or putrified the first is called long, the second short dung.
;
If the whole be enclosed with a wall, except an open space
It abounds in animal matter, easily putrifies, and serves to at one end for carting away the dung-, it will be a great
hasten the decay of other dead vegetable substances. Its improvement. The wall on the south side should be of such
fermentation is promoted by frequent turning and exposure a height as entirely to prevent the sun's rays from reaching
to the air: yet it should be covered, to prevent water from the duna;; on the other three sides, six feet high from the

carrying off most of its important ingredients or. at least, the

:
ground will be sufficient. The roof may be thatched, and
water that imbibes them should not be lost. Farm-yard-dung supported on pillars. If the bottom be not clay or chalk

consists of various vegetables, chiefly straw, sometimes weeds, naturally, it must be laid with one of those substances, and
leaves, fern, &c. impregnated with animal matter it fer-
: the upper part should be paved with broad flags or common
ments more slowly than stable-dung, should be piled ill heaps, paving-stones. At the end opposite to the opening, a reservoir
and stirred from time to time: fern in particular putrifies very may be dug to receive the moisture; it should be water-tight,
slowly. Manar/ement. When any considerable quantity of and a pump should be put into it to draw off the moisture
stable or yard dung, or other mixture of animal and vegetable daily. This may be thrown back on the dung-heap, or
substances, is collected together in a heap, and ferments; drawn into a barrel on a cart, and either spread immediately
this process is completed, if the mass be examined, we on the land, or mixed with other substances in a compost.
 MAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN 79

Application. Dung is applied indiscriminately upon all soils, summer as good as two or three at Christmas. The fresher
at almost any season, and for every crop. Of all manures thedung is used, the better he thinks it for any crop, even
commonly in use, none can be considered as a more imme- for grass, provided it be laid on early in autumn. He has
diate food for plants; and when applied to vegetables in a found long dung, of only one or two months old, to be better,
growing state, they immediately begin to thrive. On this load for load, than black spit dung, for Turnips. In forming
theory, seems absurd that great quantities of rich dung
it a dunghill, he says, the dung will not rot if the carts drive
should be laid upon the fallows at the end of autumn, and on to it; but if the dung be shot out of the carts at the side
still worse about Midsummer, there to remain till the ensuing of the hill, and then thrown up, without any trampling, it will
it can be of
any use to the plants: for if the rot much sooner and better. This also is the Norfolk prac-
spring before
fallow be sown with wheat, or any other winter crop, the tice. At whatever time the dung is carried on the land, it
growth of the plants being stationary, they need little nou- should be spread, and ploughed in as soon as possible. It is
rishment; in the mean time, the salts contained in the dung, said to be a wrong practice to lay dung upon Clover-leys in
after having been spread abroad a month, or perhaps six autumn; for if the field has to remain another year in grass,
weeks, dissolving readily in water, are carried off by the win- not only a part of the dung is washed away by the winter
ter rains; and when the spring arrives, and the plants begin to rains, but the remainder injures the plants; it being well
vegetate, a great part of what was destined for their nourish- ascertained that the action of dung upon broad Clover, when
ment has been washed away and lost where fallows have
: the plants are not in a growing state, is fatal to them. But
been well wrought, and the soil thus completely reduced, in the spring, a light top-dressing of dung is highly useful to
mixing it with state prevents it from acquiring
dung in that broad Clover, though soot is preferable. If the
Clover-ley
a sufficient degree of compactness to shelter the roots of the is to be
ploughed for Wheat, and dung be laid on, if the
plants, especially if the soil be naturally of a light open tex- grass crop has been good, the furrow will be turned over
ture, and the dung full of half-rotted straw, as is com- entire, and the dung laid flat under it; and as the roots of
monly the case. The operation of the winter's frost renders the Wheat must penetrate through the sod before it can reach
looser, so that in spring it is nearly in the state of a
it still the dung, little benefit can be expected from it, allowing the
mole-hill ; the baneful effects of which, to a wheat crop, are qualities of the dung to remain unimpaired but in this case
:

obvious. Now, were a portion at least of the dung withheld the loss from the winter rains will be greater than when
tillthe spring, the land would be more compact, the plants dung is laid on fallow ; for these being incorporated with the
less liable to be thrown out of the ground by frost, and the soil, a part of the salts will be entangled with the earth; but
dung being applied as a top-dressing at the time when vege- upon ley, it is either laid in the bottom of the furrow, or, if
tation was commencing, the useful parts of the dung would the sod be set on edge, it remains crammed into the inter-
be taken up by the plants, every time il was moistened, as spaces through which the whole of the rain passes. When-
the crop in its progressive growth most wanted it. In this ever Wheat therefore is sown upon ley, the dung ought to-be
mode of application no part of the dung would be lost, and used as a top-dressing in the spring, when every part of the
a less quantity being required for the dressing, three times crop will have the benefit of it; and the harrows having
the quantity of the land might be dressed annually; and loosened the top of the furrow, so that the moisture of the
being applied in a quantity sufficient only for the nourishment dung will readily enter the land, no part of the dung will be
of the crop, the plants are fed in the same manner as the lost. If the ley is to be ploughed for Oats, provided the land
animal body, every small dose operating like a meal. Some was well laid down, there is no occasion for dung; but if the
are of opinion that the first rank quality of dung is highly land be poor, and dung is required, it cannot be employed
beneficial, and its principal virtue. Mr. Belcher, on the con- in
any way so useful as in the form of a top-dressing at the
trary, is inclined to think that it is more or less injurious; time when the seed is sown. Perhaps there is no way in
greatly so in horse-dung, which is evidently unfit for plants which dung is used, where its effects are so certain and visible
when new. In his opinion, the best mode of using all dung, as upon Potatoes and Turnips. For Potatoes, it is laid on
except in compost, on cold stiff ground especially, is to carry when the spring is pretty far advanced, after which there are
it on rough, and to fallow that and the soil together: few heavy rains; of course the strength of the dung is not
whereby,
at the same time that they are incorporated, the seeds of impaired by washing, and the crop is left in quiet possession
weeds are forced into vegetation, and completely destroyed. of the whole of its fertilizing powers. For Turnips, the case
The common practice is to set the dung upon the land in is
nearly the same; indeed the advantage is still greater,
small heaps or hillocks, and to spread it by a man standing dung not being laid upon Turnip land sooner than June, after
on the ground. In some of the midland counties, the pre- which there is seldom much wet weather till autumn, and by
vailing custom is to spread it out of the carriage, as it is that time the crop is in full vigour. As to laying dung upon
brought into the field, by a man or men standing in the meadows, farmers differ in opinion: some preferring the spring
carriage. Dung should never be moved in summer. The for producing an early vegetation and a plentiful crop; others
immediate action of the sun's rays exhausts it of its moisture ;
thinking, that though dressings of soot and fine ashes at that
and it is an erroneus idea that this evaporation carries season are of much use, yet that dung ought to be laid on at
off merely aqueous particles, for the salts, the oils rendered the end of autumn, not to taint the juices of the ensuing
miscible with water by alkaline salts or calcareous earth, crop. It is thought to be a good
practice by some, to spread
and the inflammable air, are all dissipated with the water. To the dung as soon as the hay is cleared. If laid on in the
turn a dunghill over, then to '.hrow it into carts, exposed in winter, or early in the spring, the frost will take effect upon
heaps, and to spread it a second time in summer, is to give the manure before the grass can reap any advantage; and
the sun a power of nearly exhausting its virtues. A Hert- the rains coming whilst the manure is exposed on the surface,

fordshire farmer, on the contrary, never carries dung out by washes away its virtues before vegetation is awakened by the
choice in winter, thinking that the rains, &c. damage it sun. But in July, if there be
any showers, the quick growth
much but in summer he docs not think its being exposed to
; of the after-grass will shelter and protect the manure; and
the sun a detriment, supposing the heat to exhale only the nothing is to be feared but a severe drought. In this case,
watery particles. He has found one load laid on at mid- however, the after-growth should be left through winter to
VOL. ii. 72.
 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAN
be fed in the spring, when the value of such feed will be dust, &c. Hogs' or Swine's dung is the fattest and most bene-
great, and the dung, by means of such
a covering, will be ficial of the animal dungs; one load, it is said, will go as
all

guarded against the frost in the best possible manner. Mr. far as two loads of other dung. It is
commonly asserted, that
Miller/4iowever, reprobates the dressing of grass ground in the dung is richer in proportion as the animal is fatter; and
summer, soon after the crop of hay is taken off the land: being of an oily and saponaceous quality, is excellent for
because before Michaelmas the sun will have exhaled most arable lands, but should be used cautiously, because it is apt
of the goodness, if the dressing be of dung, or any other to be full of weeds. It is the best suited for fruit-trees,
espe-
soft manure. It is mostly the custom to collect manure of
cially apples and pears iri a light soil, and a very rich manure
every description into one heap. Hence substances very for grass. Mr. Miller declares he has often used it to fruit-
opposite in their nature, and which may be wanted at dif- trees when it was well rotted, and found it the most bene-
ferent times and for different purposes, are laid together, and, ficial of any manure. Rabbits' dung, appears, by an expe-
instead of forming a useful combination, perhaps prevent the riment of Mr. Arthur Young, to be superior even to that of
dung from fermenting as it ought. Every farmer therefore pigeons, and to last the longest. But this experiment should
should have at least two or three dunghills, to be prepared be repeated, before we can give credit to what seems impro-
for use, according to the time at which the contents of each bable. Dung of Birds. Pigeons' dung is certainly a rich
may be wanted, and the articles of which they are respectively manure, but not lasting; it must therefore be renewed the
composed. If earth, moss, shovellings of highways, &c. oftener. It is most applicable to cold and deep stiff land.
can be procured, the bottom of any dunghill composed of Sometimes it is sown upon wheat-crops in the spring. It
rank stable-dung, or short excremental dung, may be laid should always be broken very small, and sown during moist
three or four feet deep with these substance's. This will weather; and if circumstances will admit of its being har-
increase ihe quantity of manure, for the moisture that is rowed in, so much the better. Poultry manure is of the same
pressed out during the fermentation will sink into the earth, nature, and, where it can be had in any quantity, is an excel-
i.e. and impregnate it with its salts ; and if the whole be after- lent top-dressing, particularly for cold land. The dung of
wards turned and incorporated, what was laid in the bottom pigeons, poultry, and geese, is also a great improver of mea-
will be found of nearly equal value with the dung itself. dow lands: but before it is used, it
ought to lie abroad some
Some distinctions are to be made respecting the different time, that the air may sweeten a little, and mollify the
it

sorts of animal dung. Horse-dung, is more distinguished fiery heat of these dungs. They should be dried before they
for the readiness with which it ferments, than for its intrinsic are strewed, being apt to clod in wet; and they ought to be
richness. Stable-muck, or horse-dung mixed with straw, mixed with sand, earth, or ashes, to keep them from clinging
properly fermented, is of primary use in the kitchen-garden, together, that they may be strewed thin, being naturally very
where it supplies the want of the sun's heat in winter; afford- hot and strong. They are recommended as the best manure
ing at an early season many esculent plants, which we could for Asparagus, Strawberries, and any sort of flowers; but
otherwise have only for a short time in the middle of summer, for the latter, they should be well rotted, and mixed with
and others which our moist and cold climate could not pro- earth. They are also said to be good for trees, the leaves of
duce at all in any perfection; as Asparagus, Cucumbers, which are apt to turn yellow; and for this purpose should be
Melons, Colliflowers, Salad-herbs, &c. &c. See Hot-beds. spread an inch thick at the foot of the tree in autumn. Con-
Horse-dung is certainly one of the best improvements for siderable quantities of valuable manure might be raised by
cold lands that can be procured in any quantity, yet alone, those who, living near large commons, keep great flocks of
when it is too new, it is prejudicial to some plants; and if geese, they were regularly housed at night, and the place
if

it be
spread thin over lands in the summer, it is of very little were littered with straw, fern,
saw-dust, ashes, or sand. The
service, because the sun draws all the goodness out of it, same advantage might be reaped by littering the places where
and it becomes little better than thatch or dry straw. Although other kinds of poultry roost. Every three or four weeks the
too much of it can scarcely be used in a kitchen-garden, yet places should be cleaned out, and the dung laid in heaps to
it may be a fault to lay too much on corn-land, because it (erment, either alone or mixed with soil. Night Soil, or
may be apt to make the corn run too much to straw. In Privy Manure, says Mortimer, is of all sorts of dung the
very moist cold land, crops will succeed better if new horse- greatest improver of land, especially if mixed wifh other
dung, as it comes from the stable, be buried in it, than if the dung, straw, or earth, to give it a fermentation, and to ren-
ground be dressed with very rotten dung. Horse-dung in a der it convenient for carriage. It sells in foreign parts at a
raw state is well calculated for Potatoes, because it leaves much greater rate than any other sorts of manure, and may be
room for the roots of that plant to spread; but if it be not bou-ght in London for five shillings a load. In China and
fermented, it contains much undigested vegetable matter, and Japan, wonderful attention is paid to saving this manure,
consequently the seeds of many weeds which may have been which in those countries is preferred to all others, both on
mixed with the food of the animal. Cow-dung, is very useful account of its richness, and its being free from weeds: inso-
for lean, dry, hot, shady, or gravelly soils. The excre-ment much that Thunberg, the famous botanist, passing through
of a ruminating animal is held to be preferable to that of Japan with the Dutch embassy, could scarcely find any other
horses at grass, owing to the quantity of animal juices mixed plants in the corn-fields but the corn itself. In those countries
with t'heir food in chewing; but since it does not contain the law prohibits the waste of human excrement; and every
much undigested matter, it will hardly heat. The best way house has reservoirs for it, to the great annoyance of the
of managing it, is to lay it
together, and keep it moist till it traveller through their towns. Mr. Young has found the
be sufficiently putrified. Mixed with mud,
makes a good it effect of night-soil (from 160 to 320 bushels per acre) pro-
manure for some soils; and for almost any, when mixed with digious, trebling the produce on lands unmanured: and he
horse-dung. -Sheep's dung and Deer's dung do not differ asserts, that in all the experiments he has made with this
much in quality, and are esteemed by some persons as the manure, he has found the result almost uniform. In a mea-
best manure for cold clays. Others recommend them to be dow lately laid down, and in very poor condition, two acres
used as top-dressings to autumn and spring crops, four or of the worst part being covered after hay-time with four wag-
five loads to an acre, in the same manner with ashes, malt- gon loads of night-soil, unmixed with any thing, and spread
 MAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN
directly, the herbage thickened surprisingly, and grew most or thirteen shillings per quarter, and are much the most
The cattle neglecting the rest of the field, were useful the large ones
: are refuse pieces of horn, costing about
luxuriantly.
perpetually feeding on this part; so
that by autumn it was two shillings less per quarter, and are generally ploughed in
pared down like a fine green lawn, the
other part being a three months before sowing Wheat or Barley. They both
answer in most soils and seasons, except very dry seasons.
dusky, rough, rugged pasture. The part of the field manured
with night-soil continued excellent. How strange then does Hoofs are of the same nature with horns, and answer the
it seem, that this manure has been neglected in most parts of same purpose. The offal of fish would be worth attending
Europe, and particularly in England, where the greater part to, especially where they are cured in considerable quantities,
is suffered to run to waste, besides poisoning our rivers. Lime as at Yarmouth. All Recent Animal Substances, as blood,
thrown into the privy, will make an excellent mixture with the and the whole refuse of slaughter-houses, shambles, &c. afford
excrement, and at the same time removes the ill smell and a very rich manure: mixed with earth, and fresh horse-dung,
noxious vapours of it. Saw-dust, peat-moss, or any common they make a very rich compost. Blood mixed with saw-dust
earth, will be highly useful in absorbing the urine. Lime will makes a good land-dressing, to be sown upon wheat in the
also render the excrement so short and dry, that it
may be spring. Putrid Animal Substances, are good manures, if pro-
used as atop-dressing. Two cart-loads of ordure, mixed with perlymanaged when used alone, they should always be laid
:

ten loads of earth and one of lime, will be a sufficient top- upon the most active noils, such as chalk, limestone, &c. The
dressing for an acre, and is excellent upon light lands for most proper way of preparing them for use is, to mix them
wheat and barley: for the former of which, it should be used with chalk and quick lime; the mixture should be laid in
early in the spring; and for the latter, it may be either scat- heaps of three or four cart-loads each, and covered with earth :

tered upon the young crop, or harrowed in with the seed. It after remaining in this state for eight or ten days, the heap
is particularly convenient for all drill crops. Urine, of every should be turned over, and ten cart-loads of earth added to
sort, is found to be of great use, when laid upon grass or young each cart-load of the mixture. It should then remain a month
crops early in the spring. The most convenient way of apply- in the heap, and may afterwards be applied as a top-dressing, or

ing it seems to be in the form of a compost, with earth and a harrowed in with the seed. REFUSE OF MANUFACTURES.
small proportion of lime. In this shape it is a good manure for Under this head, a variety of articles may be enumerated.
moist soils, particularly such as are light, sandy, or gravelly. Fellmongers' Cvttings'or Pouke, is used in Surrey and Kent,
Great quantities of this article might be saved; and, judiciously and about Dunstable, where the price is sixpence a bushel;
used, would ensure one or two good crops: about all farms, and they use from twenty to forty bushels an acre. It is
and great towns, it might be collected into reservoirs, with composed of sheep's trotters, hair, scrapings of the pelts,
other excrements, without much trouble. In some countries lime, &c. There are two sorts, the white and the brown :

this is an object of police, especially in the towns, where the white is much the best, having more oil, lime, and hair,
reservoirs are established for collecting it; the farmers carry in it; but they are both good, and go farther in dressing land
it
away in barrels, and either sprinkle it immediately upon than almost any manure, in the proportion of four to one.
their fields, or mix it into composts. Bones, are used as a Furriers' Clippings, are sown by hand, from the seed-scuttle,
manure, both by themselves and with other substances. The on land intended for wheat and barley, and immediately
common way of preparing them is, to break them with a mill ploughed in the pieces that are left above ground are pricked in
:

into pieces about the size of a marble or nutmeg; they are by a stick, to prevent their being devoured by dogs or crows:
afterwards laid upon the field in small heaps, at regular from two to three quarters are used on a statute acre. They
distances, and covered with earth: after remaining in this answer well on light dry chalk or gravelly soils; where they
state for some time, they are spread on fallows, on grass, or hold moisture, and help the crop greatly in dry seasons.
on turnip-land. Of all manures, bones are probably the most SEA WEED. Ware, or Ore, is used as a manure upon almost
permanent; and when used in their simple state, without the every part of the coast where it can be obtained in sufficient
addition of earth or lime, they ought never to be laid upon quantity. In several parts of the kingdom, the value of land
any but the sharpest and most active soils such as limestone,
; has increased six-fold, from the circumstance of the proprietor
chalk, or gravel: upon all these they will meet with more or or occupier having easy access toil. Upon lands situated on
less calcareous earth; which will, in some degree, disengage a dry limestone bottom, it has produced the most surprising
their fixed air, and dissolve the oil contained in them but : effects. The sea-weed commonly used in Scotland, is of three
upon deep clays, or loams, they should never be
tills, applied different sorts: the best is that which is cut from the rocks,
in that state. But when made into a compost, they may be and of which kelp is made; the second is called the peasy
applied with advantage upon soils of every description, by sort; the worst is that with a long stalk. The common prac-
laying them upon or near the surface, when the crop is in a tice is, to spread the weed, immediately after it is brought
growing state. Upon wheat, it should be used early in the from the shore, either upon the stubbles or grass lands: when
spring, without harrowing; upon barley and oats, it 'may be laidupon the stubbles, it is generally ploughed in as soon as
harrowed in along with the grain. For drill crops, such as possible. Farmers who can use it fresh do not lay it in heaps
Turnips, Beans, &c. they are particularly convenient, as they to ferment; because a load of fresh ware will be of more ser-
admit of being put into the drill at the same time with the vice fresh, than two loads laid in aheap to ferment. In most
seed, more readily than most other manures. Horns, of every cases sea-weed may be conveniently used in this way; for
kind, are useful in manure, when cut into small pieces; in where a farm is under proper rotation, there will always be
their natural state they produce little effect: the
proportion ground to lay it upon. During the winter months, it may be
proper to be employed varies with the size of the chips or put upon the ley and stubble fields; in jthe spring, upon the
shavings fewer being necessary, when small but the effect
;
; bean and barley lands ; during summer, the fallows will
of the larger are longer felt. If they are of a
middling size, require all that can be collected; and by the time these are
about sixty stone to an acre is a reasonable
quantity; if more sufficiently manured, the clover fields, after the first cutting,
be used, the grain is apt to be too luxuriant, and too in will be ready to receive the remainder; through the autumn,
long
ripening: it is also liable to be injured by mildew. The the stubble fields will require all that can be collected. Thus,
mall pieces are chiefly turner's
shavings, bought at twelve throughout the year this valuable manure may be used at
 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAN
soon as thrown upon the beach; and experience proves
it is laid on fresh, or as soon as it is dry; but it should be well
that its greatest valueis in that state.
If, moreover, more turned over, and fermented with dung, or mixed with lime,
weed is thrown up than is wanted for immediate use, it is an to make the seeds in it vegetate, or to
destroy their vegetation.
object of importance to preserve its qualities as much as pos- Innumerable seeds fall, or are carried into the water, sink to
sible. This is best done by making it into a compost, with the bottom; and not being aquatics, if they have much oil in
earth, and a small proportion of lime. If the quantity of earth them, are embalmed in the mud for years or ages, to
vegetate
be great enough to absorb and retain the juices and salt of whenever they shall happen to come within reach of the atmo-
the sea-weed, the proportion of lime moderate, the whole sphere, in a proper matrix. It may be dug between
hay-time
well incorporated, and protected from heavy rains, it will be and harvest; and either made into a compost when dry, or,
found nearly as valuable as in a fresh state. After the com- being turned over and levelled, and exposed to a winter's
post is properly mixed, lay it up in the form of a ridge, with frost, may be dug in spring, and planted with Potatoes. In
a pretty sharp angle at top, covered two or three inches with Cheshire, the soil deposited at the extremity of salt-marshes,
earth, well beat with the back of a spade, and defended from commonly known there under the name of Sea-sludge, after
the rains with straw. This compost will be found a good it has been grassed over for a few years, is said to be the
dressing for young crops of every description, and may be most productive and lasting of any sort of manure; containing
used either at the time of sowing the grain, and harrowed in all the
strength of marl, and the richness of black dung.
-

along with it, or after the plants have made some progress. Street Sweepings. This is a mixture of most substances
Upon wheat, it should always be used to the young crop early valuable in agriculture, and needs the assistance of ferment-
in the spring; upon rich deep land, it is bad husbandry to ation less than any of them, to render it fit for use;
lay being
sea-weed, or indeed any heavy rich manure: lime, chalk, and made up principally of the offal of houses, dung of horses and
shells, are the proper substances. This manure seems peculiarly cattle, ashes, &c. It may be either
ploughed in as dung,
adapted to lands that have been hurt by over-liming: the bad or used in the spring, to invigorate wheat that is weak, from
effects of which it will more readily correct, than any other, not having been sufficiently manured, or from any other cause.
except oil and animal substances. River Weed. In summer It may be employed in general as a
top-dressing, or put into
great quantities might be gathered, in lakes, in rivers where the furrow with drilled crops. Road Sweepings. The dung
the water is deep and has no current, and in all wet ditches. and sand swept up, or dirt shovelled up, on turnpike roads,
Its effects upon wheat and other grain, as well as upon Tur- would make an excellent manure, and at the same time
nips,Cabbages, and other green crops, are well ascertained. remove a great annoyance to travellers. Where roads are
It laid on the land green, and ploughed in; or it may
may be mude with limestone, this manure will be particularly valu-
be mixed with earth and dung. The best way of preparing it able; and where they are made with flints, it answers for
for manure is, to let it lay in small heaps for a day or two, to grass land. Rubbish. The backs of ditch-banks, the borders
drain the superfluous moisture.
off' It may then be put into of fences in general, the sides of lanes, and the nooks of
large heaps, of three or four cart-loads each, till the ferment- yards, which are suffered to remain from generation to gene-
ation is over: each heap should then have three times the ration the nursery of weeds, turned up into ridges to rot the
quantity of earth or mud mixed with it. Incorporate them roots, &c. make an excellent manure; as also does the rub-
well, and let them remain for a week or ten days; turn them, bish of old buildings. Sea-stone walls afford a great quantity
adding at the same time a quantity of hot new-slacked lime. of this valuable article; which, from its immediate effect and
This compost will be ready for use in a month. Other Weeds. duration jointly, is considered by some as superior to marl,
Gotten vegetables, of most sorts, will enrich land. Not only mould, or even dung itst'lf, especially upon scalds and hot-
the weeds of ponds, lakes, rivers, or ditches, but any other burning soils. The rubbish of old lath and plaster buildings
sort of weeds, laid in heaps to rot, will make good manure : is incomparable manure for Clover leys,or grass lands, two loads

such as the weeds which too commonly disgrace the head- to an acre; and is said to last twenty years. Lime-rubbish
lauds and balks of arable lands, commons, &c. the re-fuse of is used by gardeners to bottom gravel-walks, to mix with

kitchen-gardens, &c. Whenever any weeds are used for earth for Tulips, &c. and to plant Vines and Figs. Mud or
manure, they should be cut down as soon as they begin to earth walls acquire considerable fertility and as they moulder,
;

flower, tor it' they be suffered to stand till their seeds are or fall away, become useful in the compost dunghill. Malt-
ripe, the land will be stored with weeds, which cannot easily dust, Comb, or Coombs, is the dust that separates from the
be destroyed : and some kinds of weeds, if permitted to form malt in the act of drying; and is used as a top-dressing for
their seeds, will perfect them after they are cut down. The Bailey, Clover, Turnips, &c. This is reckoned one of the
surest method, therefore, is to cut them just as they begin to most efficacious manures. Mr. Miller says, it is a great
flower, when they are in the greatest vigour, and fuller of enricher of barren ground, having a natural heat and sweet-
juice than when they are farther advanced. In rotting these ness in it; which imparts to the soil a proper fermentation,
weeds, it will be proper to mix earth or mud with them, to especially where grounds are a natural clay, and have con-
prevent their taking fire; as they are apt to do, when laid in tracted a sourness and austerity; whether from having long
large heaps. When they are well rotted, they form a solid lain unfilled and exposed to the air, or from water
having
mass; which will cut like butter, and be very full of oil. stagnated upon them. Oak Bark, or Tanner's Bark, after
Fern mowed whilo it is green and tender, and laid in heaps to the tanners have used it for tanning leather, when laid in a
rot, will make a good manure or it may first serve the pur-
:
heap and rotted, is an excellent manure, especially for stiff
pose of litter in the stable or yard, and thus increase the cold land; in which, one load of this manure will improve the
quantity of dung. This, with thistles and other large weeds, ground more, and last longer, than two loads of the richest
may be laid in heaps and burnt to great advantage; the ashes dungs: and yet it is very common to see large heaps of this
being an excllent top-dressing for any crops. MUD, whe- remaining for many years in the tanners' yards where manure
;

ther from the sea, rivers, or ponds, is an excellent manure, of other kinds is very scarce, and often carried to a great
on any soil, with or without lime. Its greatest value is upon distance. Of late years this has been much used for hot-
thin soils; the fertility of which it increases amaEingly, at the beds in several parts of England, and is found greatly to
same time adding to the staple of the land. It should not be excel horse-dung for that purpose; the fermentation being
 MAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN 83

moderate, and of long continuance: so that a bed of tan, one load of lime to five loads of moss ; the whole
being well
when rightly made, will continue in a moderate temper of broken, and accurately mixed. The addition of the lime will
heat three or four months ; and when the heat begins to hasten the putrefaction of the moss, dissolve the oil contained
decay, if it be stirred up with a dung-fork,
and some fresh in it, and give a due degree of
activity to the whole. Another
tan added to it, the heat will renew again, and will last for way of effecting this is, to pour the urine of cattle, the
some months : so that these beds are by far the most kindly moisture of the dunghill, soap-leys, and offal of the house,
for exotic plants : and whatever plants are plunged into these upon peat-moss ; and afterwards to mix it with stable-dung
beds, if they are permitted to root through
the bottom of the and lime. Ploughing in Green Crops. Many sorts of ve-e-
in one month after, than they did in tables may be sown, in order to be
pots, they will thrive more ploughed in when they are
four months while they were confined to the pots. Many in full growth, to enrich the land. The ancients ploughed in
plants that root through the pots
into the tan, send forth Lupines for this purpose ; and that practice is still continued
roots upwards of twelve feet each way, in less than three in Italy,and the south of France, but they are too tender for our
months; and the plants advance in proportion. After the climate ; and we have better plants for the
purpose, as Pease,
tan is used for a hot-bed, it may be spread on the ground for Beans, Buckwheat,Turnips,Vetches,Clover, Spurrey, and other
manure, and will greatly enrich it; because it is of a warm moist and juicy plants, as Mustard, Coleseed, and other
large-
nature, and will loosen and separate the earth. When this growing plants, which are cut before they form their seeds,
manure is laid upon grass, it should be done soon after when they are in full bloom, and abound most in sap. When
Michaelmas, that the rains may wash it into the ground for ; we consider at what small expense 'of prime cost, carriage,
if it be laid on in the spring, it will burn the grass, and, and other charges, this manure is obtained, and how com-
instead of improving, will greatly injure it, at least for that pletely smothers the weeds, it is wonderful that it has not
it

season. Where it is used on corn-land, it should be spread more generally been adopted. It might, no doubt, be used
on the surface before the last ploughing, that it may be turned on many occasions, in place of a complete summer fallow, as
down, for the fibres of the corn to reach it in the spring for : a preparation for wheat in which case the price of the seeds,
:

if it lie too near the surface, it will forward the growth of the which is almost the only expense, would be amply
repaid by
corn in winter ; but in the spring, when nourishment is chiefly the saving in the article of labour. Their value might be
wanted, it will be nearly consumed, and the corn will reap much improved by laying on a certain quantity of lime, chalk,
but advantage from it. Nor will it be proper to have
little or marl, according to the nature of the soil; which would
this manure lie too near the roots of any plants ; as in that tend greatly to hasten the fermentation, and bring the land
case it is injurious to most of them, but especially to bulbous sooner into a proper state for affording nourishment to the
and tuberous rooted flowers. But when it is buried just deep succeeding crop of wheat. EARTH. Maiden or untried
enough for the fibres of the roots to reach it in the spring, earth, such as is" found six or seven inches deep under turfs
the flowers have been exceedingly improved by it and in : or commons, headlands, and by the sides of roads in
many
some places where this manure has been used
in kitchen-gar- places, where it is of good quality, is of inestimable value as
dens, it has greatly improved the vegetables. Soot, is used a manure for fruit-trees, raising shrubs and trees in nurseries,
as a manure in almost every part of OUT island, where it can all sorts of
crops in kitchen-gardens, and ornamental flowers,
be procured in sufficient quantities, and is applied in every as well as corn and grass. The nurserymen near London
different shape,and to all crops. Used in its simple state, it send many miles for a loamy maiden earth, as
absolutely
answers best upon light gravel, chalk, or limestone soils if :
necessary for their purpose. It is recommended in
preference
in a compost, the proper proportions are, two loads of soot, to dung, for both fruit and kitchen
gardens, particularly for
the.same quantity of lime, and ten loads of earth. The soot Asparagus, laid a foot and half deep, without any dung what-
and earth should be well incorporated, and remain in a heap soever: mixed with dung or lime, it makes excellent manure
a week or ten days, then turned, and the lime added in strata for Corn or Turnips. Doubtless there are many sorts of earth
as it is turned over; in this state it may remain a month that might be employed with success, besides those in common
01 six weeks, and be again turned, taking care to break every use, if they were examined by men skilled in their respective
part of it as small as possible, by working it well with the properties, and applied by persons versed in their operations.
spade in a week or two more it will be ready for use. This
:
Chalk, is in high esteem in the southern counties of Eng-
compost may be applied upon every sort of grain, especially land, where it abounds its best effects are upon deep soils,
:

Wheat or Barley and if rain fall soon after it is laid on, it which contain no calcareous earth, and is observed to have
;

will immediately
begin to operate. It answers best on light, very little effect upon lands where the substratum is chalk ;
dry, chalky soils, and in moderately wet seasons it does little and even does mischief, where the soil is thin.
:
When used
good on strong or wet land, or in very dry seasons, unless upon light soils, it is made into compost with earth and dung.
sown earlier than usual. The London coal-soot is generally When this is well mixed, and duly proportioned, it
produces
mixed with cork-dust, coal-ashes, or sweepings of the streets valuable crops: and the effects continue for many years.
;

even in this adulterated state, it is found to answer much The common method of using this
yet compost is, either to lay
better than country soot from wood. It is an excellant manure it upon fallows for wheat, and mix it
intimately with the soil,
for pasture land, in the quantity of forty bushels to an acre. or upon grass, as a top-dressing ; in both cases it answers
Peat Moss, can only be made useful by fermentation; to well; in the latter, it destroys moss-rushes, and all coarse
bring on which, dry the peat-moss well, break it into small aquatic plants that grow in sour or wet lands ; in the former,
pieces, and lay it on the ground to the thickness of three or it
opens and pulverizes the soil, and never fails to produce
four inches. Let the whole of the dung from the stables be good crops. Chalk should be broken as small as possible,
laid over it. The moisture of the dung will sink down, and and in no case ploughed in till its parts are properly separated ;

not only correct the acidity, but saturate the peat-moss com- and then it should be completely harrowed in, and well mixed
pletely with the valuable properties of the dung. Turn the with the soil. Lime. Respecting the proper quantity of lime,
dunghill over, and mix the dung and peat-moss carefully it
may be observed in general, that the
greatest should be
together, throwing them up lightly; and a gentle fermentation used upon the deepest and richest soils ; and the least,
upon
will come on. After a few weeks turn it over again, adding those that are thin and light. Upon strong clays and deep
VOL. ii. 73.
 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MA N
loams there is a substantial body for the lime to operate upon, the marl is often buried and lost before it mixes
properly
containing abundance of rich substances ; and considerable with the soil, especially if turned in too
deep in the first earth,
quantity will be required, to pervade and give due acti- of which great care should betaken.
Marling, therefore, can
vity to the whole : but as the soil is lighter, the quantity only or chiefly answer on inclosed land, that can be managed
must be less, and the after-management, with regard to the as the occupier pleases. In that case, it should be laid down
crops, extremely cautious. In liming a single field, an atten- with Clover, Ray-grass, and Trefoil, the spring twelve-months
tion to the quantity will often be found necessary ; the soil of before laying on the marl, and remain at least six months after,
the higher parts being for the most part more light and free, that it may have time to sink into the
flag before it is ploughed
and that of the lower more deep and compact, where the up ; and then there will be little danger of losing it, as it will
ground is unequal. On some soils, particularly where the be in some measure incorporated with the soil. No pains
bottom is chalk, limestone, or marl, lime will be pernicious, should be spared to break all the
lumps, and to get it fine by
especially if the soil be thin. Lime is found to produce the repeated harrowings and rollings, and to have the stones
best effects upon fallows, when laid on early in the season, picked and carried away, that the grass may get through, for
and well incorporated with the soil. By the assistance of stock to be grazing upon it ; which is the
great and finishing
lime, whole districts, formerly useless, have been made to improvement. After the land has been got fine, and laid six
produce not only good crops of Turnips, but also valuable or eight months longer ; in February, or the
beginning of
crops of Corn and broad Clover. Its greater value, however, March, break it up, and sow it with Pease; then fallow for
seems to be upon light soils for those crops; insomuch, that Turnips, giving it four or five earths, with harrowings, &c.
where lime is the principal manure, they seldom sow Turnips, After feeding off the Turnips upon the land, sow Barley, and
Clovers, Pease, or Beans, except upon lands that have been lay it down again with Clover, Trefoil, and Ray-grass. Let it
previously limed. Instances of this are often met with on the l^.y two summers; after which, by either folding or dunging
up-lauds where if any of the broad-leaved crops are sown it, if not too poor a sand, there will be a good chance for a
;

where a part has been limed, and a part not, the parts where the crop of Wheat; after which, fallow again for Turnips and Bar-
lime has been laid will produce a valuable return ; while that ley, or Rapeseed and Oats, and so on always bearing in mind,
;

which has been dunged only, will hardly repay the expense of that taking two following crops of corn, without a fallow,
seed and labour. Farmers differ in their methods of using or summer grazing, will soon bring newly improved land to its
lime upon Turnip lands : some lay it on only before the last former impoverished state. Crag, is a sort of shell marl,
ploughing, and plough it in withoistt harrowing they also lay it being chiefly shells whole, or in a decaying state, mixed with
;

in heaps, hot from the kiln, without being slaked. But the calcareous earth; which probably is nothing but the shells
sooner it is laid upon the land, and the more ploughings and perfectly decayed. For Turnips, the benefit has been found
harrowings it receives before the seed is sown, the better it equal to that of dung, in Suffolk yet the greatest effect was
;

will be incorporated with the soil, and the more certain and on a moory bottom. The Sandlings, a tract of land in that
valuable will be its effects. Upon Clover-ley, for Oats, is per- county, nearWoodbridge, seem to be upon a foundation of this
haps the worst way in which lime can be used. It is generally red shell marl or crag; the use of which is, however, discon-
laid on in the autumn, and ploughed down in the spring; and tinued, except for taking in walk land, as they call it, for sheep.
the returns are inadequate to the expense. Lime is used as Upon old improved lands they never lay it singly, but mix it
a top-dressing, in spring, upon Grass, or Wheat, and other with dung, earth, or ouze thinking that it makes light lands
;

grain. Upon the latter it is dangerous, unless the lime be blow more. Mr. Young, in his Eastern Tour, says, that crag
made into a compost with dung or earth in this form it will is dry, and not in the least soapy that it does not effervesce in
: ;

not only be safe, but profitable. Upon the former it is no acids, and does not fall in water; that notwithstanding this, all
better, except upon coarse meadows, abounding with rushes the effects, and even more, produced in Norfolk by sixty, eighty,
and weeds, which it destroys. Upon light soils, if several or one hundred loads of marl, are gained in Suffolk by ten or
white crops be taken in succession after liming, the land will twelve of crag; and that it lasts even longer which they have
:

be worn out. A white and a green crop should be taken discovered from an idea, probably unfounded, that land once
alternately. Upon clay lands, a summer fallow is sometimes cragged will not bear a repetition of it, except in a compost
with dung; and accordingly, in many cases, it has lasted,
indispensable ; in that case the lime should be laid on
in July
or August, and completely harrowed in before ploughing: with such additions, fifty, sixty, and even one hundred years.
two or three ploughings at least are required to incorporate The nature of the poor sands in that county is quite changed
it well with the soil, and a suitable harrowing with each. with it; and they gain an adhesion, which they retain for
Marl, has been long celebrated as a manure. Barren sands, ever. Crag is a great fertilizer, as appears from the sudden
and poor heaths, have been rendered productive by marl, increase of the crops after its application. Shells and Sea
but at a great expense indeed there is reason to believe that Sand, are used to great advantage in several parts of England,
:

the greatest part of the southern district of Lancashire has especially in Devonshire; where they are at the expense of
been reclaimed by it but it will not produce its full effects fetching the sand and shells, on horses' backs, twelve or four-
;

upon the soil, till it is incorporated with it by several plough- teen miles. The land on which they lay this manure, is a
ings, and dung, or other oily manure,
mixed with it. Mr. strong loam, inclining to clay. Where the land lies near the
Coke, of Holkam, in Norfolk, who has marled many hundred sea, so that either sand, shells, corals, wrack or sea-weeds,
acres, always spreads the marl on the new ley, that is, on the can be obtained at an easy expense, they are by far the best
seeds, after the barley harvest, from eighty to one hundred kinds of manure, because they enrich the land for several
loads an acre and on these dry soils it does little injury to years for as their salts are closely locked up, they are com-
; ;

the grasses. By this mode, the marl is on the ground at least municated by degrees to the land, as the heat and cold causes
three years before the plough enters which is far. better, and the various bodies to pulverize, and fall into small parts: so that
;

more durable, than ploughing it directly. In open fields, where sands, and smaller kinds of sea-weeds, are used, if they
marling seldom answers the expense for this is only a begin- are laid on land in proper quantities, it will enrich it for six
;

ning of improvement by going on directly with a course of or seven years; but shells, corals, and other hard bodies, will
:

ploughing, which cannot well be avoided in shiftable fields, continue many years longer. All shells are principally cal-
 MAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN 85

careous earth, and, when burnt, afford the best of lime. In land. Pot-ash, or fixed Vegetable Alkali. In places far
a recent state they are of little value as a manure, unless they removed from the means of improvement, a substitute for
are broken very small but in a decayed state they resemble
;
common manures, that is of easy carriage, and can be had at
shell-marl. Upon deep loams and strong clays their operation is a moderate expense, must be valuable. From experiments
similar to chalk or marl; but upon light gravels or sands, little that have been made, it appears that two hundred pounds
benefit is to be expected from them, unless they are previ- of pot-ash are sufficient for an acre of strong land for lighter
;

ously made into a compost with dung, clay, or loam.

When soils, much less is required, if laid on by itself on these,
;

such lands are in grass, by top-dressings of any of the different however, a compost of this and oil, incorporated with mould,
earths, their value will be much improved; and the thinner will be the best way of employing it. Upon strong clays, and
the soil,the greater will be the profit arising from this deep loams, however, it ought always to be applied by itself.
management. On clay pastures, shells in their simple state When tke expense of carriage is considered, pot-ash will often
will correct acidity, destroy rushes, and render the soil less be found a cheaper manure than lime. In one respect it is
retentive of moisture. Sea-sand is an excellent manure on a superior, for the union of pot-ash with all the different acids
summer fallow for Wheat; but being repeated two or three form a neutral, which is in some degree useful in vegetation;
times, loses much of its good effects, without a change of til- whereas when lime meets with the vitriolic acid, it is almost
lage. Straw being scarce at Yarmouth, they litter their entirely lost. Kelp. The operation of kelp depends upon
stables with sea-sand; as the bed becomes soiled or wet, the same principles as lime, pot-ash, &c. Like them, it
fresh sand is scattered on, until the whole is in a manner produces the best effects on deep loams or clays; and the
saturated with dung and urine; the stall is then cleared, and benefit will be still farther increased, if lime be made use of
afresh bed of sand laid in. Thus muck of a singularly excel- along with it. Kelp should be broken very small with large
leat quality is produced. Sea-sand is much used by florisfe hammers, or by passing it through a mill. Bleacher 's Ashes,
in Holland, where they draw their parterres into ridges before or Refuse, consists principally of the hard undissolved parts
winter, and spread it on the tops of them. Common Sand. of pot-ash, kelp, weed-ash, and barilla. Alone, they are too
This can scarcely be considered as a manure; it is, however, stimulating, and ought never to be used but with earth, or
beneficial upon all clays, and other tenacious stiff land, by earth and dung; they answer well with blood, garbage, and
separating their parts, and destroying their cohesive quality; putrid animal substances. They are generally laid upon fal-
by which means the sun, air, and frost, penetrate them the lows for Wheat. The greatest advantage derived from them
better. It is likewise of great use upon rough coarse mea- is
upon clay or deep loams. Upon rushy grounds, or coarse
dows nothing fines the surface more, or produces a thicker wet meadows, they will be found particularly useful. Soap
:

sward of Dutch Clover. The best sand is that which is Ashes, which are in some measure the same as the refuse of
washed out of highways or from hills, by rains, or that bleach-fields, are generally made into composts with earth
which lies in rivers. Clay. As sands are an improvement and well-fermented dung, in the proportion of two loads of
to clays, so, on the other hand, clays are an improvement to dung to one of earth; the ashes are then added, in the quan-
gravelly and sandy lands; yet we have frequently observed tity of one load to ten of this mixture, turning and incorpo-
clayey and sandy grounds lying almost contiguous, without rating the whole completely. The quantity necessary for
any attempt having ever been made to make an experiment strong clays or deep loams is ten cart-loads to an acre. It"
on this obvious interchange of soils. It must be remembered the dung has been well fermented, perhaps the most profit-
that marl and clay are often confounded, and that marling is able way of using this compost, will be as a top-dressing har-
frequently called claying. The extent to which claying has rowed in with the grain taking care, however, that the
;

been carried in the sand districts of Suffolk, is very consider- caustic quality of the ashes is properly blunted by a sufficient
able. An excellent cultivator near Bury, though not on a mixture of dung and earth. These ashes, when beaten small,
very large farm, has carried 140,000 loads. But when this may be made into a rich compost with oil and earth, and
clay is not of a good sort, that is, when it has very little used as a top-dressing for young crops. They will destroy
clay in it, but is rather an imperfect hard chalk, there are slugs and vermin of every description and are therefore
;

great doubts how far it answers, and in many cases it has highly valuable on lands where the early Wheat is injured by
certainly been spread to little or no profit. The usual quan- the worm. Laid upon grass-lands in the end of autumn, this
tity is from sixty to eighty, and sometimes one hundred manure produces a deep verdure during the winter, and an
loads, of thirty-two bushels, to an acre. The duration, and early vigorous vegetation in the spring; it is therefore par-
indeed the whole effect, depends much on the course of ticularly calculated for cold wet pastures. Peat-ashes.
crops. If the plough be too
frequently used, and corn sown Eight or ten bushels of rich peat-ashes are sufficient to dress
too often, it answers badly, and the effect is soon lost; but an acre. They should be laid on in the spring, before the
with management it lasts twenty years. In many cases, a plants have attained any great size, in wet, or at least cloudy
course of fallow and Rye, or light Oats, is converted to fine weather. Or, they may be sown and harrowed in with the
Barley, Clover, and Wheat, and the produce multiplied twenty- grain in which case a greater quantity will be requisite than
;

fold; but the cases in which the return has been inadequate when they are used as a top-dressing. They greatly improve
are not a few: and on soils that will yield Saintfoin, it is grass lands, particularly Clover and Saintfoin; the quantity is
more profitable to cultivate that, than to clay the land for from fifteen to twenty-five bushels, according to the condition
corn. Probably this clay was more properly a'marl. In stiff of the land. Peat-dust, or peat ground to powder, answers
deep clays, where manure is not to be had in sufficient quan- equally well with the ashes in the same quantity. It is
tities, and fuel is cheap, it may be no bad process to burn esteemed the best manure for Asparagus, Onion beds, and
some of the clay, which will not only break the cohesion of flowers, mixed with dung; and destroys thistles, if laid on
the soil, and make it more easily cultivated, but will also in sufficient quantity, or repeated. Wood-ashes, are useful
render it less retentive of moisture, and thus more friendly as a manure, principally upon account of the pot-ash which
to vegetation; but upon thin soils, it is evident, any attempt they contain. The ashes of fir, pine, &c. have very little of
at burning would be highly improper. Ashes, of all kinds it; but oak, ash, and most of the hard woods, abound in
of vegetables, are an excellent manure or top-dressing for pot-ash. Except upon the strongest and most tenacious soils.
86 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAN
the rich kinds of wood-ashes are too stimulating, and are ficient. These, when well incorporated, and the parts divided,
best used in a compost with earth and dung, or any animal will require no other mixture, unless the- earth be inclinable
substances. They effectually correct sour soils ; conse- to bind, in which case it will be proper to add some sand,

quently upon poor meadows, or rushy grounds, they produce or sea-coal ashes, to it if sea-sand can be procured, that is
:

effects similar to lime; and if mixed with quick lime, their best, and the next to it is drift-sand; but the sand procured
beneficial effects will be heightened. Coal-ashes, are well from pits is by no means proper. The proportion of this
adapted to clays and deep loams, by breaking the tenacity must be according to the nature of the earth, for if that be
of the soil. On light soils they should never be used but in stiff there must be a greater proportion used, but this should
the form of a compost with earth, or earth and dung. From not exceed a fifth part, unless it is very strong, in which case
fifty to sixty bushels
is a
complete dressing for a statute acre; it will require more, and a longer time to lie, and must be
and they are of great use in a kitchen-garden, where the often turned over before it is used. The next compost, which
natural soil is too strong and stubborn. COMPOSTS, are is designed for plants which do not require so good earth,
rarious, and ought to be different according to the different and naturally grown on loose soils, should be half of the before-
nature or quality of the soils which they are designed to meli- mentioned earth from a pasture, or that from a kitchen-garden ;
orate ; and according as the land is either light, sandy, and if these are inclinable to bind, there should be a third part
loose, heavy, clayey, or cloddy. A light loose sand requires sand, the other part rotten tan, which will be of great use to
a compost of a heavy nature, as the scouring of deep ditches, keep the parts divided, and let the moisture pass off. The
ponds, &c. A heavy land requires a manure of a lighter composition for most of the succulent plants, is prepared with
nature, that will insinuate itself into the lumpish clods. the following materials the earth from a common, where it is
:

For Gardens. The great use of composts in gardening is for light, taken on the surface, one half, the other half sea or
such plants as are preserved in pots or tubs; or in small drift sand, and old lime-rubbish screened, of equal parts;
beds, or borders of flower-gardens. As some plants delight these, well-mixed, and often turned over, form the best of
it a rich light soil, others in a poor
sandy soil, and some in all composts for the very succulent plants. The other sort
a loamy soil, there should be different composts prepared in of compost, which is designed for plants that delight in a
all those gardens, where a great variety of plants are culti- very loose, light, rich earth, should be made of light earth,
vated; and this is much more necessary in countries at a taken from a kitchen-garden which has been well dunged
great distance from London, than in the neighbourhood of and thoroughly wrought, like those near London, one half;
it, because there is so great a variety of lands within ten miles of rotten tanner's bark, one-third ; and the other part mud
round London, which have been so long dressed and culti- from the scouring of ditches, or from the bottom of ponds
vated, that a supply of earth fit for all sorts of plants may be where the soil is fat; but this mud should lie exposed in small
easily procured; but in some places which are at a distance heaps a whole year, and be often turned over, before it is
from large towns, it is very difficult to procure a quantity of mixed with the other, and afterwards frequently turned and
earth proper for the choicer sorts of flowers and plants; mixed for eight months or a year, before it is used. In all
therefore the composts will require more care, and should be mixtures, where rotten wood may be required, if the rotten,
mixed a considerable time longer before they are used, that tanner's bark, taken from old hot-beds, be used, that will
they may have the advantage of heat and cold to soften answer every purpose of the other: and wherever sand is
and improve them; and should be frequently turned over, necessary in any compost, the sea-sand should always be
that the parts may be well mixed and incorporated, and the preferred to all other; but this should not be used fresh,
clods well broken and divided. Almost every one who has because the salts should be exposed to the air, which will
written upon this subject has directed the procuring the loosen the particles, and thereby render them better adapted
upper surface of earth from a pasture ground, as one of the to the nutriment of vegetables. There are some who have
principal ingredients in most composts for plants; which is directed the use of rotten leaves of vegetables as an excellent
certainly a very good one, provided it has time to incorporate ingredient in most composts; but they are of little use, and
before it is used: for if this be mixed up hastily, and put into contain the least quantity of vegetable pasture of any kind of
pots or tubs before it has had a winter's frost, and summer's dressing. Others, who never had any experience in the
heat, to loosen the parts effectually, it will unite and cake culture of plants, have directed different composts for almost
together so hard as to starve the plants that are put into it. every plant ; and these composts consist of such a variety of
For all earth, when put into pots or tubs, is much more apt ingredients as greatly to resemble the prescriptions of a quack
to bind than when it is in beds ; therefore it should be in doctor: no person conversant in the business of gardening,
proportion made looser, according to the nature of the plants could commit such gross absurdities, for it is well known
for which it is designed, than when it is intended for beds or that a few different composts will be sufficient for all the
borders. So that if this earth from a pasture cannot be pre- known plants in the world. Those who pretend to give
pared and mixed at least one year before it is used, it will be direction for the culture of plants from theory only, begin at
much better to take the earth of a kitchen-garden which has the wrong end; for the true knowledge of gardening or agri-
been well wrought and dunged; but this should be clear culture must be from experience. In making any compost,
from all roots of trees and bad weeds. If this earth be well great care should be had that the several parts are properly
mixed with the other composts six months, and often turned mixed together not to have too much of any one sort
; :

over, it will be better for pots and tubs than the other will therefore when three or four several sorts are to be mixed
in twice that time. This earth, being the principal ingre- together, there should be a man or two placed to each sort,
dient in those composts designed for such plants as require in proportion to the quantity for if two parts of any one sort
;

a rich soil; the next is to have a quantity of very rotten are requisite to be added, there should be two men put to
dung, from old hot-beds; or for those plants which delight that, and but one to each of the other: and these men must
in a cool soil, a quantity of rotten cow-dung is preferable. be instructed carefully to spread each sort in such a manner
The proportion of this must be according; to the quality of over the other, as that they may be exactly mixed together.
the earth; for if that be poor, there should be one third part Another thing which should be observed is, never to lay
of dung; but if it be rich, a fourth part or less will be suf- these composts in too large heaps but rather continue them
;
 MAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAN 87

in length, laying them up in a ridge, so that thesun and air quantity of compost manure is, to bed the farm-yard about
through it; and as these composts two feet deep with earth ; and on this, to cleanse the stables,
may more easily penetrate j

should, if possible, be made a year before they are used, they cow-houses, hog-sties, &c. and to move the cribs, in which
'

hould be frequently turned over; which will prevent the loose cattle are fed with straw, about it. This bed of earth
of the heap equally will retain the urine; so that when the whole is mixed
growth of weeds, and expose every part toge-
to the sun and air: and the more they are exposed to the ther, it will all be nearly of equal goodness, and admirably
influence of these, the better they will be prepared for vege- adapted to gravelly and loose soils in general; through which
tation. Field Composts, are usually made, by mixing various the essence of dung alone will be washed in one season: a
substances with stable or yard dung and hence in some
:
top-dressing of soot, pigeons'-dung, &c. will last but one crop;
counties they are called Mixens. The most common materials and very rotten pure dung is little better. Another method
for this purpose are, turf pared from waste places, virgin earth, of making compost dunghills is, by making them into clamps.

peat earth, lime, the scourings of brooks, ponds,

and ditches, Make a layer of hedge-earth, from a grubbed border, two
weeds, rubbish of buildings, coal-ashes, &c. That dung feet deep, and about twelve feet square, in the
beginning of
alone, properly managed and applied, is a most valuable November : the quantity of earth will be about twenty-six
manure, is unquestionable; yet it is not equally useful in loads, of sixteen bushels each : on this clean all the yards
all soils and situations. It is much better calculated for active and sheds. The yard, not being bedded with earth, should
than inactive soils. On limestone, chalk, &c. it meets with be well littered, to soak up the urine, and to be made into
abundance of active materials ; but upon clays, deep loams, dung by the hogs and loose cattle this may be cleaned once
:

&c. it operates best in conjunction with lime, or some other a fortnight, and the sheds once a week and piled
;
regularly
stimulating substance. When dung is intended for a compost, on the foundation of earth, until the heap is about seven feet
no attempt should be made to add a large quantity of lime, high and when one clamp is thus filled up, another foun-
;

earth, &c. till it is properly fermented ; every addition of this dation of earth may be laid adjoining. In order to enrich
kind checking the fermentation. The lime, earth, &c. should the compost, the flowings of the heap should be prevented
be added after the fermentation is finished and the whole
; from running off, and thrown up occasionally on the heap.
then carefully mixed and laid up together. In a few days, a By thus piling the compost in clamps, it will be in very good
second fermentation will come on; and if the mixture has order for arable land early in the spring: which will not be
been properly turned over, and thoroughly incorporated, it the case, if it be left to be trodden flat over the whole
yard,
will be fit for use in a month or six weeks. Some judgment and every particle to be washed by the rain. Fermentation
and attention will be requisite, with regard to the quantity of goes on much quicker in this method ; and it would be better
lime and other active principles employed : for if the quantity still, if the heap were made under a roof, to keep off all
employed be small, their action upon the rich substances in moisture but what is thrown up. Another advantage of this
the dung will be partial and imperfect; and if too great, a method is, that any part of the compost may be used, by
considerable loss may be sustained by their over-action. taking a division of the hill that has been the longest finished.
If
the quantity of earth also be such as to press the dung too Where there is a deficiency of materials for making good
hard, the air will be excluded, and the second fermentation composts proper for the soil, in many cases a mixture of dif-
b<!
impeded or prevented. It is certainly a right method to ferent soils may answer the purpose. Thus, where clay pre-
lay, a good coat of
earth as a foundation for the dunghill, dominates, the addition of sand, where it is
happily within
into which the moisture of the dung may soak down: and it reach, is often sufficient to ensure
fertility; and where sand
is no bad way to make a heap of such substances as can be prevails, the addition of clay or chalk will answer the
readily obtained, apart from the dung ;and to throw the same purpose. Gravel enriches peat-moss ; and that in
moisture of the dunghill, and the urine of the cattle, over it. return improves gravel. The farmer, therefore, should search
The following is a good method of making a compost in a every where above ground, and below, for such substances as
:

field conveniently situated, plough and harrow a head-land, may improve his several soils, by a due mixture. TOP-
till the soil is well divided and in fine tilth then take a cart- DRESSINGS, answer
;
particularly well on crops that tiller, as
load, or forty bushels of lime, fresh from the kiln, and place Wheat and Barley and when these are sickly and backward
;

it in little
heaps, about a bushel in each, along the middle of in the spring, in consequence of a bad seed-time, immoderate
the head-land, at four feet distance from each other cover wet, severe frosts, and other causes,
help them prodigiously,
:

the heaps with four or five times their quantity of pulverized by quickening their vegetation; and thus
enabling them to
earth, and pat it down close with the back of a shovel, so as cover the soil from the ensuing drought of summer.
They
to exclude both rain and air. In a few days the moisture of are peculiarly applicable to
poor, light, sandy and gravelly,
the earth will have dissolved the lime, and reduced it to a or limestone lands. The advocates for top-dressings, in pre-
powder. If the heaps have any fissures in them, they should ference to ploughing in manure, assert, that when a consider-
from time to time be filled up, by having more earth thrown able quantity of dung is laid upon land, and mixed with the
upon them, and patted down close. When the lime is per- whole soil, a great proportion of its richest salts may be car-
fectly reduced to a powder, that and the earth must be chopped ried down by rains and not only be lost to the present
;
crop,
down with a spade, and intimately blended together. This but if the sub-soil be of a loose and porous nature, will
very
is most conveniently done, in the form of a
long bank or soon escape beneath the reach of the plough whereas, if
;

ridge ; in the middle of which, a large furrow or opening stable-dung, and other enriching manures, were mixed with
must be made, sufficient to receive five cart-loads, of forty lime, or other active substances, into a
compost, and thus
bushels each, of good spit dung; when the earth and lime employed as a top-dressing, a much smaller
quantity than it
must be thrown over the dung, so as to cover the whole. In usually applied might probably be found sufficient.
By thus
this manner it must lie some months, or till the dung is in a laying manures upon or near the surface, they sink by slow
state of dissolution when it must be turned over again, well degrees their beneficial effects are exerted
; ;
upon the crop in
mixed, and formed into a heap or clamp, to be kept for use. their passage downwards and very little, if any, of the fer-
;

Earth, lime, and dung, thus managed, constitute an unctuous tilizing parts penetrate beyond where they are useful.
Top-
mass, of great fertility. An effectual mode of raising a large dressings, however, are frequently attended with great
expense:
VOL. II. '.1.
 MAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAR
their effects also are not permanent; and in dry seasons they of organized substances in the free atmosphere, are noxious
do or no good.
little In applying them, the nourishment of processes beneath the surface of the ground, they are salu-
:

the plants only is considered ; no regard being had to loosen- tary operations. In this case, the food of plants is prepared
ing the earth : they are not, therefore, sufficient for heavy where it can be used; and that which would offend the
lands. Stiff loams and clay require lime and dung, to break senses, and injure the health, if exposed, is converted, by
the cohesion of their parts. Beans also, and tap-rooted plants, gradual processes, into forms of beauty and of usefulness ;
in general require such manures as are worked into the land the fetid gas is rendered a constituent of the aroma of the
by the plough : for top-dressings operate but a little, way flower ; and what might be poison, becomes nourishment to
within the surface, except on thin soils, where they certainly animals, and to man."
are of great use ; and are also beneficial to Turnips, by push- Mappia ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
ing the young plant hastily into rough leaf, and thereby gynia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-
securing it against the fly ; but they are of no farther utility. leafed, five-parted, permanent ; parts roundish, concave,
FOLDING. This is resorted to by all open field farmers, coloured within. Corolla : petals five, roundish, having claws,
as the preparation for Wheat ; and their chief dependence is spreading, scarcely larger than the calix. Stamina: filamenta
upon this species of top-dressing, where the quantity of farm- numerous, (sixty,) capillary, broader at the tip, the length of
yard dung is insufficient for their purpose. This mode of the corolla, inserted into the receptacle ; antheree ovate.
manuring is peculiarly adapted to farms of considerable Pistil: germen globular, superior; style columnar, incurved,
extent of hill or common pasture, or grass-lands that never permanent; stigma capitate. Pericarp: berry ovate, one-
come under the plough. In such farms, by bringing the celled. Seed: single, ovate, large, involved ina thick viscid
sheep in the evening to the fold, a considerable quantity of aril. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. Co-
manure will be made, that would otherwise be lost. If the rolla: five-petalled. Germen: superior. Berry: one-seeded.
pasture, upon which the sheep feed through the day, be good, Seed: arilled. The only known species is,

they may be folded, without much detriment to the animal, 1, Mappia Guianensis. This is a shrub, with branches
for a great part of the year : but where the pasture is scanty, full of little turbercles, ramping over trees to their very tops,
this cannot well be done ; for the sheep will not be able to and dividing into many alternate branchlets, which are long,
pick up a sufficiency of food through the day, to enable them and hang down upon these are alternate leaves, smooth,
;

to bear the fatigue of travelling to and from the fold, and tliick, and narrowing at the base, six inches long, and half

fasting all night. And unless the sheep have turnips or hay that wide, petioled flowers in little bunches; corolla white;
;

during the winter, their dung will be of small value. It is a berry red, the size of a cherry ; the skin fleshy, firm, slightly
bad practice to crowd more sheep into a fold than can lie acid. Native of Guiana, on the banks of the river of Sine-
down at their ease ; and it is equally bad to confine young mari flowering and fruiting in May.
;

and old, strong and weak, in the same fold. It is far better Maranta; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono-
to afford them room enough, and to let them remain on the gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth three-
same spot two or three nights, till it be sufficiently manured. leaved, lanceolate, small, superior. Corolla: one-petalled,
Feeding sheep in a fold can only be practised on light dry ringent ; tube oblong, compressed, oblique, bent in ; border
soils. Here it is still more necessary, neither to crowd the six-cleft; alternate outer segments ovate, equal, smaller; one
stock, nor to put in the weak with the strong : for they will of these the lowest, two the uppermost; two alternate lateral
tread down and waste the food ; and in the contention for it, very large, roundish, representing the lower lip uppermost ;

the strong will deprive the weak of their proper share. On small, two-parted. Stamina: filamentum inembranaceous,
light dry soils, sheep will do good, by giving it cohesion with resembling a segment of the corolla antherse linear, fastened
;

much treading; but on clays or strong loams this does much to one edge of the filamentum. Pistil: germen roundish,

injury to the land : turnips, &c. cannot

therefore be fed off inferior; style simple, the length of the corolla stigma obso- ;

in such soils, except in dry seasons but must be pulled and

;
letely three-cornered, bent in. Pericarp: capsule roundish,
eaten upon a dry stubble or pasture. If folding be supposed obsoletely three-cornered, three-celled, three-valved. Seed:
necessary on account of the manure, where farm-yard dung single, ovate, wrinkled, hard. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
is not made in a sufficient quantity, and other manure is not Calix: three-leaved. Corolla: tiifid. Nectary : three-parted,
readily to be obtained ; might not a greater
stock of muck be the third part bearing the antherae on its upper side. The
raised, by littering a dry part of the yard, or a warm corner generic or natural character of Marauta, is given differently
of some pasture, with straw, fern, or whatever litter could be from Schreber's, as above, by Swartz, in his observations.
had in greatest plenty? penning them there in hard weather, Calix: perianth three-leaved, superior; leaflets lanceolate,
and letting them run into the adjacent pasture only during longer than the tube of the corolla, contiguous. Corolla:
the day in fine weather. A great quantity of manure might one-petalled, ringent; tube cylindric, compressed, oblique,
thus be raised in winter from a flock; and, provided they gibbous; border trifid ; divisions equal, lanceolate-ovate, one
had ample room in the pen, and were to be well supplied with lowest, two lateral ; nectary three-parted, connate with the
in thus lying tube ; two lower divisions oblong, lateral, larger, representing
dry litter, the sheep might sustain less injury
warm and dry, than from being folded on naked land, often a lower lip; the third upper larger, vaulted, serving for a
wet, and in an open exposure. To conclude, " The filamentum. Stamina: filamentum none; antheree linear,
doctrine of the proper application of Manures from orga- fastened to the upper edge of one of the segments of the nec-
" offers an is crooked in
nized substances," says Sir Humphrey Davy, tary ; the rest as before, except that the style
illustration of an important of the economy of nature, the middle. The species are,
part
and of the happy order in which it is arranged. The death 1. Maranta Arundinacea; Indian Arrow-Root. Culm
and decay of animal substances tend to resolve organized branched, herbaceous leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat
;

forms into chemical constituents; and the pernicious effluvia hairy underneath. This has a thick, fleshy, creeping root,
disengaged m the process, seem to point out the propriety of which is very full of knots from which arise many smooth
;

burying them in the soil, where they are fitted to become leaves, standing upon reed-like footstalks, which arise imme-
the food of vegetables. The fermentation and putrefaction diately from the roots between these come out the stalks,
:
 MAR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAR 89

near too feet high, having at each joint a leaf. The ends of 4. Marattia Salicina. Frond simply pinnate ; stalk smooth,
the stalks are terminated by a bunch of small white flowers. simple, two feet long ; leaflets alternate, stalked, linear, very
It is called Arrow-root, from its curing wounds inflicted by slightly crenate, with several points. Capsules excessively
and pounded in numerous, forming a close row on each side of the leaflet.
poisoned arrows. The roots being washed,
wooden mortars, and macerated in water, yield a flour of a Native of New South Wales.
snowy whiteness, which no worms will touch made into a :
Marcyravia; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
jelly with boiling water,
it is a most cordial and nourishing gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth six-leaved,
food, that will remain on the stomach when nothing else imbricate, permanent; leaflets roundish, concave, the two
will ; and a pudding made of it is most excellent for con- outmost larger. Corolla: one-petalled, conic-ovate, entire,
valescents. It is also used for starch, which is far superior closed like a calyptre, parting at the base, caducous. Sta-
in quality to that made of wheat flour, one pound being mina: filamenta very many, awl-shaped, short, spreading,
half of that prepared from wheat.
equal to two pounds and a deciduous; antheree upright, large, ovate-oblong. Pistil
Its medical virtues are astringent, cordial, diaphoretic, and germen ovate; style none; stigma headed, permanent. Pen-
said by Dr. Barham to be in some degree an emmenagogue :
carp : berry coriaceous, globular, many-celled, many-valved.
a decoction of the fresh roots makes an excellent ptisan or Seeds : numerous, small, oblong, nestling in soft pulp. ESSEN
cooling drink in acute diseases. When prepared with milk TIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: one-petalled, calyptre-shaped
for children, if it ferment on the stomach, the addition of a Calix: six-leaved, imbricate. Berry: many-celled, many
little animal jelly will prevent it. The fresh expressed juice seeded. The only known species is,
of the root with water, is a powerful antidote to vegetable 1. Marcgravia Umbellata. This is a shrubby creeping
poisons, such as the Savanna flower, taken inwardly; the plant, but not properly parasitical. Native of the West
bruised root, outwardly applied, is a cure for the wounds of Indies, in the cool woody mountains. Browne says, it is
poisoned arrows, scorpions, or black spiders ; and arrests frequent in the woods of Jamaica; and appears in such various
the progress of gangrene. It is made for sale in consider- forms, that it has been mistaken for different plants, in the
able quantities in the West Indies, for about a dollar per different stages of its growth.

pound. It has thriven in America, in the states of South Marchantia; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order
Carolina and Georgia, and produced 1840 pounds per acre; Hepaticse. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix : salver-
and perhaps would be well worth attention in the East Indies. shaped ; antherse numerous, annulated, imbedded in its disk.
Native of South America. This, with the other plants of Female. Calix : peltate, flowering on the under side. Cap-
this genus, are very tender; and therefore will not live in this sules: deflexed,opening at top. Seeds: fixed to elastic
climate, unless they are preserved in stoves. They may be fibres. Seven species of this genus are enumerated
in the

propagated by their creeping roots, which should be parted Systema Vegctabilium. Five of them are natives of Britain.
in the middle of March, just before they begin to push out Maranta Polymorpha is very common in wet places as on ;

new leaves. These roots should be planted in pots filled with shady walls, and by the sides of wells and springs. In
light rich earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tan- figure it somewhat resembles an oak-leaf. The peduncles
ner's bark, observing now and then to refresh them with are in the angles of the lobes, from one to three inches
high ;
water; which must not be administered to them in large capsules greenish, dividing into eight or ten segments on ;

quantities, as it would rot the roots in an inactive state. the upper surface are here and there glass-shaped conical
Where they are constantly kept in the tanner's bark, and have cups, on short pedicels, with a wide scalloped margin, and
proper air and moisture, they will thrive. inclosing about four little bodies, very finely serrated at the
2. Maranta Galanga. Culm simple raceme terminating,
;
edges. Mr. John Lindsay, surgeon, in Jamaica, sowed that
loose, with alternate flowers ; lip of the nectary emarginate ;
part of the fructification of this Alga composed of fine
leaves lanceolate. Native of South America. elastic filamenta and small globules, heretofore considered
3. Maranta Tonchat. Stem branched, shrubby, perennial ;
as the male parts, where none of the
plants had ever been
leaves elliptic-ovate, smooth ; flowers panicled. Native of seen before and in a short time raised several
;
young
the East Indies, Cochin-china, the Island of Cayenne, and Marchantite, which grew freely.
Guiana, where it is used for making baskets. Margaritaria: a genus of the class Dioecia, order Octan-
4. Maranta Malaccensis. Culm simple ; leaves oblong, dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth one-
petioled, silky, pubescent underneath. This is a doubtful leafed, four-toothed, minute, permanent. Corolla: petals
plant. Mr. Roscoe refers it to Alpinia. four, roundish, inserted into the calix. Stamina: filamenta
5. Maranta Comosa.
Stemless : scape spiked, comose ; eight, bristle-shaped, patulous, longer, inserted into the recep-
leaflets of the coma Native of Surinam.
reflex. tacle ; antherse roundish, small. Pistil: germen superior,
Marattia; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Filices. roundish ; style bristle-shaped, the length of the stamina ;
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Capsules oval, gaping longitu- stigma blunt. Female: on a distinct individual. Calix: as
dinally at top, with seven cells on each side. The spe- in the male, permanent. Corolla: as in the male. Pistil:
cies are,
germen superior, globular; styles four or five, filiform stig- ;

Marattia Alata. Rachises scaly, the partial ones winged;

1. mas simple, permanent. Pericarp: berry globular, crowned
leaflets sharply serrate; frond bipinnate, with the with short patulous styles. Seed: aril four or five grained,
pinnas gene-
lally opposite. Native of Jamaica. four or five celled, cartilaginous, with two-
very shining ;

2. Marattia Lcevis. Rachises even, the

partial ones winged; valved lobes; seeds ovate, compressed inwards. ESSENTIAL
leaflets bluntly serrate at top, the uppermost confluent; frond CHARACTER. Male. Calix: four-toothed. Corolla: four-
subtri pinnate, with the lower pinnas alternate. Native of petalled. Female. Calix and Corolla: as in the male.
St. Domingo. Styles: four or five. Berry:' cartilaginous, four or five
3. Marattia Fraxinea. Rachises even, simple leaflets lan-
;
grained. The only known species is,
ceolate, serrate, all distinct. This is a very hard fern, with a 1. Margaritaria Nobilis. In the male, the branches are
handsome leaf, like that of the ash ; frond unequally bipin- round, brachiate, flexuose leaves opposite
; in the female,
:

nate, with the pinnas alternate. Native of the Mauritius. branches alternate; leaves alternate. Grows in Surinam.
90 MAR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAR
Marica ; Triandria, order Mono-
a genus of the class Leaves wedge-shaped, five-toothed, plaited; whorls without
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathes bivalve. any involucre. Root biennial stems about eighteen inches
;

Corolla: six-parted; petals, three outer ovate, three inner high; flowers large, of a dark purple colour. It flowers in

smaller, all connate at the claws. Stamina : filamenta three, July and August. Native of Spain and Italy.
very short, inserted into the tube of the corolla; antherse 2. Marrubium Peregrinum. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ser-
oblong, erect. Pistil: germen inferior, angular; style three- rate ; toothlets of the calices bristle-shaped; stems
nearly
cornered stigmas three, petal-form, simple, acute. Peri-
;
three feet high, branching much more than the common sort.

carp: capsule oblong, angular, three-celled. Seeds: several, Native of the Levant, Austria, Sicily, &c.
angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: six-parted, 3. Marrubium Candidissimum
Woolly WJiite Horehound.
;

with three alternate segments as small again as the others. Leaves subovate, woolly, emarginate, crenate at top; calicine
Stigma: petal-form, trifid, with the three divisions simple, toothlets awl-shaped. This has stalks about a foot to a foot
acute. Capsule: three-celled, inferior. The species are, and half high flowers at the end of the stem and branches,
;

1. Marica Northiana. Stalk sword-shaped, winged. Na- in close whorls, white. It flowers from
July to September.
tive of Brazil. Native of the Levant.
2. Root a fleshy bulb, covered with
Marica Paludosa. 4. Marrubium Astracanicum. Leaves ovate, crenate, to-
several membranes as in Saffron stem stout, with two leaves
; mentose, very much wrinkled; calicine teeth awl-shaped;
at the top. It flowers in August. Native of the moist mea- upper segments of the corolla acute. Stems several, perennial,
dows of Guiana, at the foot of the mountain Courou. half a foot high, branched and procumbent. Native of
Marigold. See Calendula. Astracan flowering in May.
;

See Caltha. 5. Marrubium Supinum ; Procumbent White Horehound.

Marigold, Marsh.
Marigold, African and French. See Tagetes. Calicine teeth bristle-shaped, straight, villose. Stems seldom
Marigold, Fig. See Mesembryanthemum. above eight or nine inches long, covered with a soft hoary
Marila ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogynia. down. It flower-s from August to October. Native of Spain
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved; and the south of Europe.
**
leaflets oblong, blunt, spreading. Corolla : petals five, obo- With ten-teethed Calices.
vate, waved at the edge, spreading, longer than the calix. 6. Marrubium Vulgare Common White Horehound. Teeth
;

Stamina: filamenta very numerous, inserted into the recep- of the calix bristle-shaped, hooked. Root perennial; the
tacle, a little connate at the base, filiform, the inner ones the whole plant white with down ; stems upright, a foot or eigh-
same length with the corolla, the outer gradually shorter; teen inches high, branching towards the top ; whorls very
antherse ovate. Pistil: germen linear, four-cornered, supe- close, consisting of 40 or 50 sessile flowers ; corolla small,
rior ; style short, thick ; stigma blunt, subcapitate. Peri- white, compressed. The whole plant is bitterish, and has a
carp: capsule subcolumnar, incurved, four-cornered, four- strong, but not altogether unpleasant, smell. It was a famous
celled, four-valved.Seeds: very numerous, like saw-dust, medicine, with the ancients, for obstructions of the viscera;
ciliate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. and, taken in large doses, operates as a gentle purgative: it is
Corolla: five-petalled. likewise a principal ingredient in the negro Caesar's antidote
Capsule: four-celled, many-seeded.
-The only species is, for vegetable poisons. A young man, says Linneus, who had
Stigma: simple.
1. Marila Racemosa. Native of the West Indies. occasion to take mercurial medicines, was brought into a sali-
Marjoram. See Origanum. vation, which continued for more than twelvemonths; and
every means tried to remove it only served to make the com-
'

Marrubium; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gym-

nospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- plaint worse : at length an infusion of this plant was ordered
leafed, salver-shaped, rigid, ten-streaked ; mouth equal, patu- him; by the use of which, he got well in a very short time.
lous, often ten-toothed ; toothlets alternate, smaller. Corolla : A strong decoction of the young tops, boiled into a thin syrup
border gaping, with with honey, is an excellent medicine for colds, coughs of long
one-petalled, ringent ; tube cylindrical;
a long tubular opening; upper lip erect, linear, bifid, acute; standing, hoarseness, and all other disorders of the breast and
lower reflex, broader, half three-cleft; the middle segment lungs. The leaves, dried and reduced to powder, are sup-
broader, emarginate ; the lateral ones acute. Stamina: fila- posed to destroy worms in the stomach and intestines. Two
menta four, shorter than the corolla, concealed beneath the or three ounces of the juice taken frequently for a dose, is
four- efficacious in menstrual obstructions, and all other disorders
upper lip, two longer; antheree simple. Pistil: germen
cleft ; style filiform, of the same length, and in the same situ- which proceed from a thick viscid state of the fluids, or
ation with the stamina ; stigma bifid. Pericarp: none; calix obstructions of the viscera. A drachm of the dried leaves, or
contracted at the neck, spread out at the mouth, inclosing an infusion of a handful of the green leaves, is a sufficient
the seeds. Seeds: four, somewhat oblong. ESSENTIAL dose. Native of most parts of Europe, by road sides, and in
CHARACTER. Calix: salver-shaped, rigid, ten-streaked. waste places; flowering from June to September.
Corolla : upper lip bifid, linear, straight. Most of the plants 7. Marrubium Afncamim; African White Horehound,
of this genus are easily propagated by seeds, which should Leaves cordate, roundish, emarginate, crenate. Root peren-
be sown on a bed of poor earth in the spring and when the
;
nial. Stem two feet high, upright, subtomentose, deeply
plants come up, they must be kept clean
from weeds ; and grooved on the opposite sides. It flowers from July to Sep-
where they are too close, they should be thinnecl, leaving tember. Native of the Cape.
them a foot and half asunder, that their branches may have 8. Marrubium Crispum; Curled White Horehound. Leaves
room to spread : after this, they require no other culture. cordate, roundish, crenate, subdentate; calices ten-toothed,
awnless. Stem sufFrutlcose, upright, rough-haired.
They may also be propagated by cuttings, in the same man- Native of
ner as the tenth and eleventh species. If these plants are Italy, Sicily, and Spain.
9. Marrubium Spanish White Horehound.
upon a dry poor soil, they will live several years ; but in rich Hispanicum ;

land, they 'seldom last above three or four.- The species are, Borders of the calices spreading; toothlets acute. Stalks more
* With erect than those of the common sort; the whole plant very
Jive-teethed Calices.
1 Marrubium Alyssum ; Plaited-leaved White Horehound.
.
hairy. Native of Spain.
 MAR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAR 91

10. Marrubium Pseudo-dictamnus; Shrubby White Hore- 1. Marsilea Natans. Leaves opposite, simple; branches
hound. Borders of the calices fiat, villose leaves cordate,
; floating. Native of Italy, in stagnant and slow-flowing marsh
concave; stem shrubby, two feet high, dividing into many ditches, as near Pisa ; also in North America.
branches; flowers white. Native of the island of Candia. 2. Marsitea Qnadrifolia. Leaves in fours, quite entire ;

The whole of tins plant is very hoary, with a dense compact stem creeping, rooting. Native of the south of Europe, as
cotton. 1-lolh it and the next make an agreeable variety well as in New South Wales, in watery places.
when intermixed with other plants: but as they seldom pro- 3. Marsilea Minuta. Leaves wedge-shaped, toothletted.
duce seeds in England, they must be propagated by cuttings, Native of the East Indies.
They are rather tender; 4. Marsilea Hirsuta. Leaflets wedge-shaped ; somewhat
planted in a shady border in April.
and in very severe winters ;ire killed, unless they are screened rounded, nearly entire, hairy, as well as the footstalks ;
from the hard frosts especially those plants which grow in
: fruit nearly sessile. Found in New Holland.
good ground, where, becoming luxuriant in summer, their 5. Marsilea Angustifolia. Leaflets lanceolate, somewhat
branches are more replete with juice, and very liable to suffer toothed at the extremity smooth when full grown.
; Found
in New Holland.
by cold: but when they are in a poor dry rubbish, the roots
being short, firm, and dry, are seldom injured by cold, and Martynia ; a genus of the class Diclynamia, orderAngio-
will continue much
longer than those in better ground. spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
11. Marrubium Acetabulosum ; Saucer-leaved White Hore- cleft,unequal, shrivelling. Corolla: one-petalled, bell-shaped ;

hound. Borders of the calices longer than the tube, membra- tube spreading, ventncose, gibbous below at the base, melli-
naceous; the greater angles rounded. Stems hairy, about two ferous; border five-cleft, obtuse, spreading; segment almost
feet high; whorls large; corolla small, pale purple. Native equal, the lower straight, the lowest more erect, concave,
of the island of Candia. See the preceding species. crenate. Stamina: filamenta four, filiform, curved inwards;
Marsdenia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia. the rudiment of a fifth filamentum within the upper pair of
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth inferior, of one stamina, short, like a cusp; antheree connected, converging.
leaf, in five acute equal segments, rather small, permanent. Pistil: germen oblong; style short, simple, the length of
Corolla : of one petal, pitcher-shaped, or nearly wheel-shaped, stamina; stigma two-lobed. Pericarp: capsule woody, ob-
in five bluntish segments ; crown of the stamens of five com- long, gibbous, quadrangular, two-furrowed on each sidt,
pressed simple undivided leaves, without any internal teeth. acuminate, with the tip bent back, opening two ways, four or
Stamina: filamenta five, broad, flat, cloven at the top; an- five celled, inclosing the seeds, as in a four-celled nucleus.
therte sessile on the inside of the filament, of two separate Seeds: several, oblong, berried. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
cells, terminated by a common membrane; masses of pollen Calix: five-cleft. Corolla: ringent. Capsule: woody, cor-
projected from the antherre upon the stigma in pairs, erect, ticate,with a hooked beak, four-celled, two-valved. - The
sticking by their base. Pistil: germens two, superior, ovate; species arc,
styles combined, very short; stigma single, generally simple. 1. Martynia Perennis ; Perennial Martynia. Stem simple;
Pericarp: follicles two, ovate oblong-, smooth. Seeds: nu- leaves serrate. Root perennial, thick, fleshy, divided into
merous, imbricated, comose. The species are, scaly knots, somewhat like those of Tooth wort; stems annual,
1. Marsdenia Velutina. Stem twining; leaves heart- about a foot high, thick, succulent, purplish. Native of Car-
shaped, broadly ovate, pointed, downy, and soft; cymes thagena, in New Spain. This species dies to the root every
umbel-shaped; mouth of the flower naked. Found in the winter, and rises again the succeeding spring: it must be con-
tropic:il part of New Holland. stantly preserved in the bark-stove, and plunged into the,
2. Marsdenia Tinctoria. Stem twining; leaves heart- bark-bed otherwise it will not thrive in this country. During
;

shaped, ovate-oblong, pointed, nearly smooth, glandular in the winter season, when the plants are
decayed, they should
their fore-part ; tufts lateral mouth of the flower bearded.
; have but little water; as at that time it will rot the roots. In
This plant is said to afford the best indigo in Sumatra. the middle of March, just before the plants
begin to shoot, is
Native of Sumatra. the proper season to transplant and part the roots; when they
3. Marsdenia Clausa. Stem twining; leaves lanceolate, should be transplanted into middle-sized pots, filled with a
acute at each end, smooth, slightly rugose on the upper side; light rich earth, and then plunged into the bark-bed, which,
mouth of the flower densely bearded. Found in Jamaica. at this time, ought to be renewed with some fresh tan. When
Three other species of Marsdenia are described by Brown, the plants come up, they should be frequently refreshed with
found growing in New Holland. water and as the warmth of the season increases, it will be
;

Marsh Citiquefoil. See Comarum. proper to admit a large share of fresh air.
Marsh Mallow. See Altha>a. 2.
Martynia I.ongiflora; Long-flowered Martynia. Stem
Marsh Marigold. See Caltha. simple; leaves roundish, repand ; tube of the corolla gibbous
Marsh Trefoil. See Menyanthcs. at the base, and flatted. Native of the Cape of Good
Hope.
.Marsilea; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Mis- This, and the three following species, must be propagated by
cellanea. GENERIC CHARACTER. CaKx: common oval, seeds, sown in pots filled with light rich earth, and plunged
gubcompressed, coriaceous, hairy, gaping at the base, inter- into a hot-bed of tanner's bark; where, if the earth be
duly
nally divided into several (fourteen or fifteen) cells, in two watered, the plants will appear in three weeks or a month":
longitudinal rows, separated by a membranaceous partition. transplant them in a little time after
they come up, each into a
Corolla : none. Stamina: filamenta none antheree several,
;
separate pot, and plunge them into the hot-bed again, water-
inserted round each pistil, very small, obovate, sharp below,
ing them well, and shading them, until they have taken new
one-celled, gaping transversely, exploding a spherical pollen. root; after which, they should have a large share of fresh air
Pistil: in each cell several, co-ordinate in a transverse row, admitted to them in warm weather, by raising the
glasses of
oval; style none; stigma short, blunt. Pericarp: none. the hot-bed every day with this management, the
:
plants will
Seeds: as many as there are pistilla. Receptacle: membrane make great progress, so as to fill the pots with their roots in
somewhat fleshy, clothing the cells internally. The spe- about a month or six weeks' time; when they should be shifted
cies are, into pots, about a foot diameter at the
top, filled with light
VOL. ii. 73 * A
92 M AT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MAT
rich earth, and then piunged into the hot-bed in the bark- for many other purposes in the different garden compartments.
stove where they should be allowed room, because they put
;
They are found to differ greatly in regard to size and sub-
out many side-branches, and will grow three feet high or stance, there being small, middling, and large sizes ; but for
more, according to the warmth of the bed. general use, those called Russia mats are superior, both in
3. Martynia Diandra ; Tivo-stamined Martynia. Branches dimensions, substance, and durability. It may also be pro-
dichototnous ; leaves cordate-orbicular, toothod; flowers two- per to have some of the smaller or middling sizes for particular
stamined. This is a large handsome plant, two feet high ; occasions, and small gardens ; in which, for some purposes,
stem single, round, reddish-green ; corolla inferior, five times they may be more convenient than large ones. They were
the length of the calix ; tube white, tinged with purple, and sold formerly by most of the principal nursery and seedsmen
spotted red and yellow. Miller says, the corolla is shaped at from six to eight, twelve, or fifteen shillings the dozen,
like the Fox-glove, but of a paler purple-colour. The flowers according to size and strength; but for some years past the
at the divisions of the branches may be brought forward in prices have been much higher. These mats also are of
July ; those at the extremities come afterwards: so that there essential use in all hot-bed works, for covering or spreading
is a succession of flowers on the same plant till October, over the lights or glasses of the frames in the nights, in winter
when the plants decay. This has been much confounded and spring, to exclude the external night cold; also occasion-
with the fifth species. Native of La Vera Crux, in New ally in the day-time, in very severe weather, and heavy falls
Spain. See the preceding species. of snow or rain: and likewise for occasionally covering several
4. Martynia Craniolaria; White-flowered Martynia. sorts of small young esculent plants, in the full ground, in
Branches dichotomous leaves half five-lobed ; calix with a
;
beds and borders, in these seasons; as young Lettuces, Cauli-
one-leafed spathe. See Craniolaria, which is the same plant. flowers, small salad herbs, early Radishes, &c. in the open
5. Martynia Proboscidea Hairy Martynia.
;
Stem branch- beds, and under frames and hand-glasses, to defend them
ed ; leaves quite entire, cordate ; sinuses dilated. This is a from cutting frosts, snow, and other inclement weather; and
large plant, two feet high, flexuose, herbaceous, villose, vis- sometimes in raising, transplanting, or pricking out small or
cid; root-leaves none. It flowers from June to August. moderate portions of particular sorts of plants, both of the
Native of America. hardy and tender kinds, whether of the esculent or annual
6. Martynia Fruticosa; Shrubby Martynia. Shrubby: flowery kinds in the spring, on beds or borders of natural
leaves lanceolate-serrate, toothed ; upper lip of the corolla earth, or in hot-beds without frames, by being arched over
with numerous curled segments. This plant belongs to the with hoops or rods. They are likewise extremely useful in
genus Gesneria ; which see. spring and summer, in hot, dry, sunny weather, for shading
Marvel of Peru. See Mirabilis. several sorts, both in seed-beds before and after the young
Massonia ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono- plants are come up, and in beds of pricked out small young
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: plants, to shade them from the sun till they take fresh root;
petals six, lanceolate, spreading, upright, placed externally as also for shading the glasses of hot-beds occasionally, when
on the nectary; which is inferior, cylindrical, membranaceous, the sun is too powerful for particular sorts of plants in the
six-streaked, six-toothed. Stamina: six, filiform, incurved, heat of the day, as in Cucumbers, Melons, and various other
a little longer than the petals, inserted into the teeth of the kinds. For kitchen and other garden districts furnished with
nectary; antherse ovate, upright, yellow. Pistil: germen wall trees, they are of great use in spring, to cover the seeds
superior (in respect of the nectary) ; style awl-shaped, de- of particular sorts when in blossom, and when the young fruit
is setting and advancing in its early growth, after the decay
clining, the length of the stamina; stigma simple, acute.
Pericarp: capsule three-sided, thickening above, obtuse, and fall of the bloom ; by which assistance, in cold winters
smooth, three-celled, three-valved, opening longitudinally at and springs, when sharp frosts sometimes prevail, a tolerable
the corners. Seeds: very many, angular, globular, smooth. good crop is often saved, while in trees fully exposed the
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: inferior, with a six- whole is cut off by the severity of the weather. In the flower-
parted border; filamentum on the neck of the tube. Capsule: garden, and pleasure-ground, they are also found useful on
The species, different occasions in the former, in sheltering beds of curi-
three-winged, three-celled, many-seeded. :

(which are all propagated like Htemanthus,) are, ous sorts of choice flower plants, both in their advancing
1 .Massonia Latifolia ; Broad-leaved Massonia. Leaves growth, and to protect them from cold in winter and spring;
roundish, smooth, spreading; segments of the corolla spread- and when in full bloom, to shade and screen the flowers from,
ing. Native of the Cape. sun and rain, to preserve their beauty more effectually, and
2. Massonia Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Massonia. Leaves to continue them longer in blow of a fine lively appearance,
lanceolate, smooth, upright; segments of the corolla reflex. as well as to cover beds, &c. in raising various tender annual
Native of the Cape. plants from^seed in the spring: and in the latter, occasionally
3. Massonia Undulata ; Wave-leaved Massonia. Leaves in winter to defend some kinds of curious evergreens, &c.

lanceolate, waved, smooth. Native of the Cape. such as some of the Magnolias, broad-leaved Myrtle, Olive,
4 Massonia Echinata; Rough-leaved Massonia. Leaves Tea-tree, &c. when standing detached, and trained against
ovate, muricated, hairy. Native of the Cape. walls and other places. And, besides, in nurseries they are
There are four other species, Prickly-leaved, Shagreen- utility in the propagation and culture of
ot considerable

leaved, Few-flowered, and Trumpet-flowered Massonia, numerous sorts of tender exotics in defending them from
all ;

natives of the Cape. cold, and shading from scorching sun, while they are in their
Masterwort. See Astrantia and Imperatoria. minor growth, &c. They are necessary also in tying round
Mastic Tree. See Pistacia Lentiscus. bundles or baskets of tender or curious plants, when conveyed
Mat, Garden ; a kind of coarse mat or covering formed of to a distance. They are also occasionally of great use, in
bass, which is much used in gardening for sheltering various severe winters, on such glass-works as green-houses, hot-
sorts of plants in winter and spring, during cold and frosty houses, forcVig-frames, &c. in covering the glasses alternately
weather; and in summer, for shading many sorts of young or in the nights, and occasionally in the day-time. In using
tender kinds occasionally from the sun ; besides being used them when the seeds are open or loose, they should be secured
 MAT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MAT 93

by tying the end threads or strings of the bass close and firm; autumn be favourable, will produce ripe seeds the same year.
otherwise they will soon ravel out loose in that part, and are But it is not advisable to permit them to seed which often ;

spoiled. they are used for covering and shading, when

Where weakens and decays the roots therefore, when their flowers
:

wetted by rain or snow, they 'should be spread across some are past, you should cut down the.ir sterns, which will cause
rail-hedge or fence to dry, before folded together ; without them to push ^out fresh heads, whereby the roots may be
which, they will soon rot, and cannot last long. maintained. When the different varieties of these plants
Mat Grass. See Nardus. are intermixed with other plants of the same growth, they
Matricaria ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- make a handsome appearance during the season of flowering;
gamia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common which commonly continues a full month, or more. But as
hemispherical ; scales linear, imbricate, almost equal, not sca- their roots seldom abide more than two, or at most three years,
riose. Corolla: compound radiate corollets hermaphrodite,
;
fresh plants should be raised from seeds to supply their places;
tubular, numerous, in a hemispherical disk; females in the but as the second variety seldom produces good seeds,
ray, several ; proper
of the hermaphrodite funnel-form, five- it must be propagated by planting cuttings, or parting their
cleft, spreading; female oblong, three-toothed. Stamina: to roots, in the spring or summer months.
the hermaphrodites^ filamenta five, capillary, very short; Matricaria Maritima; Sea Feverfew. Receptacles hemi-
2.
antheree cylindrical, tubular. Pistil: to the hermaphrodites, spherical leaves bipinnate, somewhat fleshy, convex above,
;

germen oblong, naked style filiform,

; the length of the sta- keeled underneath. The stulks of this plant branch out pretty
mina; stigma bifid, spreading; to the females, germen naked ; much, and spread near the ground root woody, running ;

style filiform, almost the length of the hermaphrodite; stigmas deep, apparently perennial ; flowers white, several on a stem.
two, revolute. Pericarp: none; calix unchanged. Seeds: In smell it approaches to the true Chamomile, but is much

solitary, oblong, without any pappus or down,

to both sorts weaker, and grows so luxuriantly in gardens, as to seem a
of florets. Receptacle: naked, convex. ESSENTIAL CHA- different species.. -Native of tlie sea-coast of Britain ; flower-
RACTER. Calix: hemispherical, imbricate ; the marginal ing in July. It is seldom cultivated, except in botanic
gar-
scales solid, sharpish. Down : none. Receptacle : naked. dens. Sow (he seeds of this, and the next, in autumn, soon
The species are, after they are ripe, or in the spring, upon a bed of common
1. Matricaria Parthenium ; Common Feverfew. Leaves earth, in almost any situation when the plants come up, thin
:

compound, flat; leaflets ovate, gashed; peduncles branched. them where they are too close, and clear them from weeds.
Root biennial or perennial, composed of a great number of 3. Matricaria Suaveolens Sweet Feverfew.
;
Receptacles
fibres, and spreading wide on every side ; stem from two to conical rays bent down ; calicine scales equal at the edge.
;

three feet high, erect, firm, round, striated, slightly hairy, Some think this a mere variety of the next species. The
branched on every side ; flowering-heads solitary, sometimes scent is sweet and pleasant; and it resembles the Anthemis
on simple, but oftener on branched peduncles. The whole Nobilis, in its qualities. The Philanders use an infusion of it
plant has a strong, and, to most persons, an unpleasant smell, in consumptive cases. Cows, goats, and sheep, eat it; horses
and a bitter taste. It yields an essential oil by distillation; and are not partial to it, and swine wholly refuse it. It flowers
has always been esteemed a good emmenagogue. It is also from May to August. Native of Siberia, Germany, Sweden,
serviceable in hysteric complaints. The best way of taking and Great Britain.
it is, a
slight infusion. The expressed juice is said to kill 4. Matricaria Chamomilla; Corn Feverfew^ Receptacles
worms in the bowels and it has been recommended as a
:
conical; rays spreading; calicine scales equal at the edge.
febrifuge; whence the English name Feverfew. It is an Root annual ; stem green, striated, smooth, branched flow- ;

agreeable carminative and bitter, strengthening the stomach, ering heads solitary. Mr. Curtis remarks, that the florets
and dispersing flatulencies. Mr. Miller enumerates the fol- begin to hang down in the evening, and continue to do so
lowing varieties of this plant:!. With very double flowers. till
morning, both in this and Anthemis Cotula, which it
2. With double flowers, having the florets of the resembles most of all the many plants with which it is con-
ray plane ;
3. With very small founded, under the common name of Mayweed, Maithes, or
rays. 4. With very
of the disk, fistular.
5. With naked heads, having no
short fistular florets. Dog-Fennel. It differs, however, from the Stinking Mayweed,
rays.
f>.With naked sulphur-coloured heads. 7. With elegant by its scent, for the heads of its flowers, bruised, smell like
curled leaves. They flower in June, and ripen seeds in the real Chamomile, only not so pleasant ; but those of the
autumn. Native of many parts of Europe, in waste places, Stinking Mayweed are very disagreeable, and the plant will
under hedges and walls, in church-yards, sometimes in corn- blister the skin on being much handled. It is a common
fields, in gardens, where it is also cultivated in a double weed among slovenly cultivators of arable land.
state. The Germans call it
Mutterkrm.it, Multcrkamille, 5. Matricaria Argentea;' Silvery-leaved Leaves
Feverfew.
Fiebcrkraut, &c. the Dutch, Moederkruid; the Danes, -Mode- bipinnate; peduncles solitary. Stem a foot high; leaves of
rurt; the Swedes, Matram; the French, Matricaire, Espar- a silver colour; flower white. Native of the Levant.
goutlc; the Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese, Matricaria; 6. Matricaria Asteroides; Star wort-flowered Feverfew.
and the Russians, Matoschnaja Trawa. This plant is fre- Leaves lanceolate, entire, smooth, oblique. It is the same
quently cultivated in the physic gardens near London, to with Boltonia Asteroides; which see. Sow the seeds in
supply the market. Some of the varieties are pretty con- autumn soon after they are ripe, in the full
ground ; and when
stant, if care be taken in saving the seeds but where these ; the plants are fit to remove, if
they are planted in the borders
are suffered to scatter, it is almost impossible to of the flower-garden, they will continue some
preserve the years without
varieties without mixture. The seeds should be sown in protection, and annually produce flowers and seeds.
March, upon a bed of light earth, and, when they are come 7. Matricaria Prostrata. Leaves simple, ovate, toothed ;
up, should be transplanted out into nursery-beds, at
fchey peduncles lateral, one-flowered; branches decumbent.
about eight inches asunder ; where they may remain till the Native of Curasao.
middle of May, when they may be taken up, with a ball of 8. Matricaria Cantoniensis. Lower leaves serrate, upper-
earth to their roots, and planted in the middle of most quite
large bor- entire
peduncles one-flowered florets of the ray
; ;

ders, where they will flower in July and August, and, if the entire ;
receptacle convex. Native of China, near Canton.
94 MAY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; ME A
Matthiola; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- May wort. See Artemisia.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth cylindric, Meadows. Under this title all pasture-land is
commonly
quite entire, erect, short, permanent. Corolla: petal one, comprehended, or at least all
g^rass-land
which is
for mown
very long, from a slender tube ending gradually in an entire hay. By this appellation we shall distinguish such land as is
border, with a repand mouth. Stamina : filamenta five, too moist for cattle to graze upon in winter,
being generally
awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; antheree simple. Pis- too wet to admit heavy cattle, without poaching and
spoiling
til: germen globular, inferior;
style filiform, the length of the the sward ; and for those grass-lands which are drier, we
corolla; stigma thickish, blunt. Pericarp: drupe globular, refer the reader to the article Pasture, 254.
p. There are two
crowned with the calix, one-celled. Seeds: nut globular; meadows in England, one of which is styled Water
sorts of
nucleus globular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: entire. Meadows, and the other are simply called Meadows. Water
Corolla: tubular, superior, undivided. Drupe: with a glo- Meadows are those which lie contiguous to rivers or brooks,
bular nucleus. The only species is, from whence the water can be carried to overflow the grass at
1 Matthiola Scabra.
. This tree rests on the authority of pleasure. Of these there are large tracts in several parts of
Plumier, and requires farther inquiry before any thing can be England, which, if
managed, would become much
skilfully
determined about it. Found in the West Indies. more profitable to theirowners than they are at present for :

Mattuschkcea ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order nothing can be more absurd than the common practice of
Monogyuia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cafe: perianth four- plowing these low grounds all the winter, whereby the roots
parted ; segments ovate, acute, villose. Corolla: one-petalled ; of all the sweetest kinds of grass are destroyed, and those
tube long; border four-cleft. Stamina: filamenta four, almost only left, which, being natives of marshes, are sour and coarse.
equal, the length of the segments of the corolla ; antheree If cultivators were curious to examine the
herbage of these
roundish. Pistil: germen superior, four-cleft style filiform;
;
water meadows, they would find the bulk of them composed
stigma simple. Pericarp: none. Seeds: two or four, very of bad weeds, such as grow by the sides of rivers, brooks,
small, naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: four-parted, and ditches, of which the several sorts of docks make no
with linear leaflets. Corolla: one-petalled, with a long tube, small share; and although many of these produce a great
and four-cleft border. Germen: superior, four-cleft. Seeds: burden of what the country people call hay, yet it is only fit
four, naked. The only known species is, for cows, cart-horses, and other animals which by hard labour
1. Mattuschkaea Hirsuta. Stem filiform, erect, frequently and hunger are. driven to eat it. After the grass is mown off"
quite simple, hirsute, as is the whole plant, especially the these meadows, and cattle turned in to graze, how common
calix ; flowers in a terminating sessile head, the size of a pea. is it to see the land almost covered with these rank weeds, the

Native of Guiana. seeds of which ripen in autumn, and, falling into the water, are
Maudlin. See Achillea. carried by the stream, and deposited on the flowed land, where
Maurandia; a genus of theclass Didynamia, order Angio- they grow, and fill the ground in every part but so incurious
:

spermia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: inferior, in five are the generality of farmers in this respect, that if the ground
deep segments. Corolla: ringent; tube bell-shaped, furrowed. be but well covered, they care not what it is, few of them ever
Capsule: of two cells, opening by five teeth at their summit. taking any pains to weed or clean their pastures. The best
Thereis but one
species, method for the management of these meadows is, never to flow
1Mauraijdia Semperflorens Bastard Foxglove. It is a
. ; them till the middle or latter end of March, excepting once or
native of Mexico, and an elegant greenhouse plant, flowering twice in winter, when there may happen floods, bringing down
for months together in the summer. The flowers are of a a great deal of soil from the upper lands ; at which times it will
beautiful lilac, or purple and white colour. Root perennial. be of great service to le.t water upon the meadows, that the
Mauritia; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Hexandria. soil may settle there ; but the sooner the wet is drained off
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers: in an oblong when this is lodged, the greater advantage the meadows will
sessile ament, covered all round with flowers closely ap- receive by it; but from the end of March to the middle of May,
in dry seasons, by frequently letting on the water, the
proximating, with blunt scales between the flowers. Calix: growth
perianth one-leafed, cup-shaped, truncated, entire, three- of the grass will be greatly encouraged ; and at this season
sided, short. Corolla: one-petalled; tube short, the length there will be no danger of destroying the roots of the grass ;

of the calix; border three-parted; segments equal, spreading, and after the hay is carried ott'the ground, if the season should
a little lanceolate, rigid, apparently woody, blunt. Stamina: prove dry, it will be of great service to the grass if the mea-
filamenta six, inserted into the throat of the tube, thick, very dows are flowed again; but when this is practised, no cattle
short; antherse linear, angular, the length of the segments of should be turned in till the surface of the ground is become firm
the corolla; three alternate ones extended between the seg- enough to bear their weight without poaching the land, for
ments of the corolla, and horizontal; the three others erect, otherwise the grass will suffer more from the treading of the
pressed close to the channel of the segments. Female Flowers: cattle, than it will receive benefit by the flowing but these are
:

unknown. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male Flowers: in an things which the country people seldom regard; so that the
oblong sessile ameot. Calix: one-leafed, cuD-shaped, entire. meadows are generally very unsightly, and rendered less pro-
Corolla: one-petalled, with a short tube, and a three-parted
fitable. These meadows should be weeded twice a year the ;

The only known species is, first time in April, and

border. Filamenta : six.- again in October ; at which times,
if the roots of docks, and all bad weeds, are cut
1. Mauritia Flexuosa. This is a singular tree, almost up with a
without leaves; branches angular, flexuose, smooth, with short spaddJe, the meadows will soon be cleared of this trumpery,
somewhat recurved, terminated and the herbage greatly improved. Another great improve-
joints, thickening upwards,
by embracing sheaths, with a cup-shaped and sharper knee-
ment of these lands might be procured by rolling them with a
joint. Native of the woods of Surinam. heavy roller in spring and autvnn. This will press the sur-
See Podophyllum. face of the ground even, whereby it may be mown much
May Apple.
See Convallaria. closer, and it will also sweeten the grass ; and this piece of
May Lily.
Mays. See Zea. husbandry is of more service to pastures than most people
May-weed. See Anthemis, Cotufa, and Matricaria. are aware. WATERING of' MEADOWS. There being no
 ME A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ME A 95

part of the kingdom where the system of watering meadows much manual labour is required to throw the water over
less
is so well understood, and carried to so great perfection, as it and particularly to get it off again, than it the
regularly,
in Wiltshire, the account of that practice, as delivered by flowing meadows. The expense of making such a meadow
Mr. Thomas Davis, in his general View of the Agriculture of is
usually from three to five pounds per acre; the improve-
that country, drawn up for the Board of Agriculture, is here ment frequently from fifteen shillings an acre to at least forty .

subjoined. of the most valuable and best-formed

Many The annual expense of keeping up the works, and watering
meadows were made at the beginning of this century. An the meadow, which is usually done by the acre, seldom
imperfect scheme of watering had been practised before that amounts to seven and sixpence per acre. The Flowing
period; but the regular mode in which this system, as con- Meadows require much more labour and system in their
nected with sheepfolding, is now conducted, is not more formation. The land applicable to this purpose being fre-
ancient. At present there is scarcely a river or brook in the quently a flat morass, the first object to be considered is
district, that is not applied to this purpose. It has been how water is to be got off when it is brought on ; and in
always observed, that winter floods produce fertility, pro- such situations this can seldom be done, without throwing
vided the water does not remain too long on the land. But up the land in high ridges, with deep drains between them.
the taking off the water, and bringing it on again at will,
it is A main carriage being then taken out of the river at a higher
thatis the great business of irrigation; and thus making a level, so as to command the tops of these ridges, the water
water meadow a hot-bed for grass. The knowledge of the is
by small trenches or carriages along the top of
carried
proper time and manner of doing this, is the result of obser- each ridge, and by means of moveable stops of earth is
vation. Provided this great object can be accomplished, thrown over on each side, and received in the drains below,
namely, the bringing on and carrying off the water at plea- from whence it is connected into a main drain, and carried
sure, it is not material what the shape of a water-meadow on to water other meadows, or lower parts of the same mea-
is, or that the disposition of the trenches should be uniform. dow. One tier of these ridges being usually watered at once,
But as very little land can be entirely commanded by water, is commonly called a pitch of work. The ridges are com-
unless its inequalities are reduced by manual labour, it has monly made thirty or forty feet wide, or, if water be abun-
been found expedient to adopt two different kinds of water- dant, perhaps sixty feet, and nine or ten poles in length, or
meadows; one for land lying on declivities, and which must longer, according to the strength and plenty of the water.
in general be watered from springs or small brooks, and the It is obvious from this description, that as the water in this

othe/ for low lands near rivers, to be watered from those kind of meadow, is not used again and again in one pitch, as
rivers. The first kind is called in Wiltshire Catch-work in the catch-meadows, that this meadow is only applicable to
Meadows, and the latter Flowing Meadows, which are by large streams, or to valleys subject to floods; and as these
for the most general in this district. To elucidate the dis- ridges must be formed by manual labour, the expense of this
tinction between the two kinds of meadow, and to give some kind of meadow must necessarily exceed the more simple
idea what are the situations in which they may be intro- method first described and the hatches that are necessary
:

duced, it may be necessary to remark that the Catch-work to manage and temper the water on rivers, must be much
meadow is made by turning a spring or small stream along more expensive than those on small brooks. The expense
the side of a and thereby watering the land between the
hill, therefore of the first making of such a meadow as this, will
New Cut, or, as it is provincially termed, Main Carriage, and be from twelve pounds to twenty pounds per acre, according
the original water-course, which now becomes the main drain. to the difficulty of the ground, and the quantity of hatch-
This is sometimes done, in particular instances, merely by work required: but the improvement in the value of the land
making the New Cut level, and stopping it at the end, so that
by this operation is astonishing. The abstract value of a
when it is full, the water
may run out at the side, and flood good meadow of this kind may fairly be called three pounds
the land below. But as the water would soon cease to run per acre; but its value when taken as part of a farm, and
out equally for any great length, and would wash the land particularly of a sheep-breeding farm, is almost beyond com-
out in gutters, it has been found necessary to cut small paral- putation: and when such a meadow is once made, it may be.
lel trenches or carriages, at distances of
twenty or thirty feet, said to be made for ever, the whole expense of keeping up
to catch the water again: and each of these being likewise the works, and watering it frequently, not exceeding five
stopt at its end, lets the water over its side, and distributes shillings per acre yearly, and the expense of the hatches, if
it until it is
caught by the next, and so on over all the inter- well done at first, being a mere trifle for a number of years
mediate beds, to the main drain at the bottom of the mea- afterwards. It has been alleged by those who know very
dow, which receives the water, and carries it on to water little of water-meadows, that
they render the country unwhole-
another meadow below, or, if it can be so contrived, another some, by making the water stagnant. Daily observation
part of the same meadow on a lower level. To draw the proves the fact to be otherwise in Wiltshire ; and the reason
water out of these parallel trenches or carriages, and lay the is obvious. It has been already said that a water-meadow
intermediate beds dry, a narrow deep drain crosses them at is a hot-bed for
grass; the action of the water on the land
right angles, at about every nine or ten poles length, and excites a fermentation; that fermentation would certainly in
leads them from the main carriage at top, to the main drain time end in a putrefaction; but the moment putrefaction
at the bottom of the meadow. When this meadow is to be begins, vegetation ends. Every farmer knows the commence-
watered, the ends of the carriages adjoining the cross-drains ment of this putrefaction, by the scum the water leaves on
are stopt with turf dug on the spot, and the water is thrown the land; and if the water is not then instantly taken off, the
over as much of the meadow as it will cover well at a time, grass will rot, and the meadow be spoiled for the season.
which the watermen call a pitch of work; and when it is The very principle of water-meadows will not permit water
necessary to lay this pitch dry, they take out the turves, and to be stagnant in a water-meadow country it must be always
;

let the water into drains, and be of any service; besides,

proceed to water another kept in action, to
many of the best
pitch. This kind of water-meadow is seldom expensive: the water-meadows were, in their original state, a stagnant
stream of water being usually small and manageable, few unwholesome morass. The draining such land, and making
hatches are necessary; and the land lying on a
declivity, it so firm, that the water may be taken off at will, must con-
VOL. ii. 74. 2 B
 M EA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M E A

tribute to the healthiness of the country, instead of injuring that is, to make good all the water-carriages that the cattle
it. We are frequently asked, how it comes to pass, thai have trodden down, and open all the drains they may have
although water-meadows are so useful, as to be almost indis- trodden in, so as to have one tier ar pitch of work ready for
pensable in South Wiltshire, yet in other counties, where drowning; and which is then put under water (if water is
they are not known, the want of them is not felt; nay, that plenty enough) during the time the drowners are righting up
there are even in this district many parishes who have none the next pitch. In the flowing meadows, this work is or ought
and even breed lambs without them? To this, says Mr. to be done
early enough in the autumn, to have the whole
Davis, I answer, that the fair question is not how do other mead ready to catch the first foods after Michaelmas, the
countries do without them, but how would the farmers of this water being then thick and good, being ihejirst washing of
district, who are happy enough to have water-meadows, the arable land, on the sides of the chalk hills, as well as of
pursue their present system of sheep-breeding, if those mea- the dirt from the roads. The length of this autumn water-
dows were taken away ? A system which I do not hesitate to ing cannot always be determined, as it depends on situations
say, is more profitable to themselves, their landlords, and
and circumstances; but if water can be commanded in plenty,
the community at large, than any other that could be sub- the rule is to give it a thorough good soaking, at first
perhaps
stituted in its room; and perhaps this question cannot be of a fortnight or three weeks, with a dry interval of a or day
answered better, than by exhibiting the contrast between two, and sometimes two fortnights, with a dry interval of a
those who have water-meadows, and those who have none, week, and then the works are made as dry as possible, to
in the same district. Every farmer who keeps a flock ol encourage the growth of the grass. This first soaking is to
sheep, and particularly a breeding flock, in so cold and late- make the land sink and pitch close together; a circumstance
springing a district as South Wilts, knows and feels the con- of great consequence, not only to the
auantity, but the qua-
sequences of the month of April; that month between hay lity of the grass, and particularly to favour the shooting of
and grass, in which he who has not water-meadow for his the new roots which the grass is continually forming, to
sup-
ewes and lambs, frequently has nothing. The ewes will port the forced growth above. While the grass grows freely,
bring a very good lamb with hay only perhaps a few tur-
: a fresh watering is not wanted ; but as soon as it flags, the
nips are preserved for the lambs, which in a very favourable watering may be repeated for a few days at a time, whenever
season may last them through March but if they are then
; there is an opportunity of getting water; always keeping this
obliged to go to hay again, the ewes shrink their milk, the fundamental rule in view, to make the meadows as dry as
lambs pinch and get stinted, and the best summer food will possible between every watering, and to stop the water the
not recover them. To prevent this, recourse is had to feed- moment the appearance of any scum on the land shews that it

ing the grass off those dry meadows that are intended for hay, has already had water enough. Some meadows that will bear
the young clovers, and frequently the young wheat, in fact, the water three weeks in October, November, or December,
every thing that is green. And who will pretend to estimate will perhaps not bear it a week in
February or March, and
what isthe loss that a farmer suffers by this expedient ? The sometimes scarcely two days in April or May. In the catch-
ray-grass, on the exposed parts of this district, is seldom a meadows watered by springs, the great object is to keep the
bite for the till near
May-day. If the season should works of them as dry as possible between the intervals of
sheep
permit any turnips to be kept till that time, which can sel- watering; and as such situations are seldon affected by floods,
dom be depended upon, they are not only of little nourish- and generally have too little water, care is necessary to make
ment to the stock, but they exhaust the land so as to pre- the most of the water by catching and rousing it as often as
judice the succeeding crop. And it ought to be remarked possible; and as the top-works of every tier or pitch will be
liable to get more of the water than those lower down, care
by the way, that in many parts of this district, the soil is
not at all favourable to the production of turnips. It there- should be taken to give to the latter a longer time, so as to
fore necessarily follows, that a farmer, under these circum- make them as equal as possible. It has been already said,
stances, has no certain resource, to support his stock during that the great object in this district of an early crop of water-
this month, but hay; and even in that he is sometimes disap- meadow grass, is to enable the farmer to breed early lambs.
pointed, by having been obliged, in the preceding spring, to As soon as the lambs are able to travel with the ewes, per-
feed off the land which he had laid out for a hay-crop: he haps about the middle of March, they begin to feed on the
is then obliged to buy hay, and that frequently at the dis- water meadows. Care is or ought to be taken, to make the
tance of many miles. And, to add to his distress at this cri- meadows as dry as possible for some days before the sheep
tical time, his young ewes are then brought home from win- are let The grass is hurdled out daily in portions,
in.

tering, to be kept nearly a month on hay alone. In this according to what the number of sheep can eat in a day, to
month, which so often ruins the crops, and exhausts the prevent their trampling the rest; at the same time leaving a
pockets of those sheep-breeding farmers who have no water-
few open spaces in the hurdles, for the lambs to get through
" and feed forward in the fresh grass. One acre of good grass
meadows, the water-mead farmers may be truly said to be in
clover." They train up their dry meadows early, so as almost will suffice five hundred couples for one day. On account of
to insure a crop of hay they get their turnips fed off in time
;
the quickness of this grass, it is not usual to allow the ewes and
to sow barley, and have the vast advantage of a rich fold to lambs to go into it with empty bellies; at least not before the
manure it. They save a month's hay, and have no occasion dew is off in the morning. The hours of feeding are usually
to touch their field grass, till there is a good bite for their "rom ten or eleven o'clock in the morning till four or five in
.he evening, when the sheep are driven to fold, being gene-
sheep: and their lambs are as forward at May-day, as those
of their less lucky neighbours are at Midsummer: and after rally at that time of the year on the barley fallow; and the
all, they are almost certain of a crop of hay on their water- ;reat object is to have water-mead grass sufficient for the
meadows, let the season be what it will. MANAGEMENT ewes and lambs till the barley sowing is ended. As soon as
OF WATER-MEADOW. As soon as the after-grass is eaten ,his first crop of grass is eaten off by the ewes and lambs, the

off as bare as can be, the manager of the mead, provincially water is immediately thrown over the meadows, (at this time
called the drowner, begins cleaning out the main drain, then of the year, two or three days over each pitch is generally
he main carriage, and then proceeds to right up the works, sufficient,) and it is then made perfectly dry, and laid up for
 M E A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M E A 97

a hay-crop: six weeks are usually sufficient for the growth of from their arable ground. But this is a very imprudent
the crop; it seldom requires eight; and there have been in- piece of husbandry, for if land is to be annually mown for
stances of great crops being produced in five. The hay of hay, it cannot be supposed that it will produce a good crop
water-meadows being frequently large and coarse in its nature, long, unless proper dressings are allowed it; and when land
is once beggared for want of manure , it will be some years
it is
necessary to cut it young; if made well, it then becomes of
a peculiarly nourishing milky quality, either for ewes or dairy before it can be recovered again. See Pasture. The scour-
cows. The water-meadows are laid up for a second crop in ing of ditches, mud of ponds, and almost any earth, form
some instances; but this is only usual when hay is scarce: good dressings for meadow lands, if suffered to lie, and well
not that it is supposed to hurt the land, but the hay is of turned over. These, together with alternate mowing and
that herbaceous soft nature, and takes so long time in drying, feeding, will in general keep meadows in heart, without rob-
that it is seldom well made. It is usually of much greater bing the arable land. DRAINING. The draining of land
value to be fed with dairy cows, and for that purpose a flush is another great improvement, for though meadows which can
of after-grass, so early and so rank, will be precisely of the be overflowed produce a much greater quantity of herbage,
same comparative service to the dairy, as the spring feed has yet where the wet lies too long upon the ground, the grass
been described to be for ewes and lambs. The cows remain in will be sour and coarse, and so overrun with rushes and flags
the meadow till the drowner begins to prepare for the winter as to be of small value. Cold stiff clays are most liable to
watering. Water-meadows are reckoned to be perfectly safe this, where the water cannot penetrate, but is contained as
for sheep in the spring, even upon land that would rot sheep, in a dish; so that the wet which it receives in winter con-
if it was not watered; but in the autumn the best water-mea- tinues till the heat of the sun exhales it. The method of
dows are supposed to be dangerous. But the circumstance draining such lands is to cut several drains across them
is rather an
advantage than a disadvantage to this district, where the water lodges; and from these cross-drains to make
as it obliges the farmers to keep a few dairy cows, to feed others, to carry off the water to ponds, brooks, or rivers,
the water-meadows in autumn, and to provide artificial in the lower parts of them. These drains need not be made
grasses, or other green crops, for their sheep during that very large, unless the ground be very low, and so situated
period. From what has been so repeatedly urged, on the as not to be near any outlet; in which case large ditches
necessity of making water-meadows dry, as well as wet, every should be dug at proper distances, in the lowest part of the
reader must have inferred the advantage of having them, if ground to contain the water; and the earth which comes out
possible, on a warm absorbent bottom. The bottom or sub- of these ditches, should be spread on the land to raise the
soil of a water-mead, is of much more consequence than the surface. But where the water can be conveniently carried
quality or the depth of the top soil; not but the lands on off, under-ground drains should be made at proper distances,

peaty or clay bottoms may be considerably improved by which may empty themselves into the large ditches. The
watering; and there are many good water-meadows on such usual method of making under-ground drains, is to dig
soils, but they are not so desirable, on account of the difficulty trenches, and fill the bottoms with stones, bricks, rushes, or
of draining the water out of them, and making them firm bushes; covering them over with the earth dug out of the
enough to bear treading. A loose gravel, or, what perhaps trenches. But when there is a flood, these drains are often
is still better, a bed of broken flints; with little or no inter-
stopped by the soil which the water brings down. The best
mixture of earth, wherever it can be obtained, is the most method of making these drains is, to dig the principal ones
desirable bottom. As to those meadows which cannot be three feet wide at top, sloping them down for two feet in
flowed, there should be the same care taken to weed depth, where there should be a small bank left on each side,
and roll them as the water-meadows; as also never to let upon which cross-stakes or bearers should belaid; and below
heavy cattle graze upon them in winter when they are wet, this set-off, an open drain should be left, at least one foot
for the cattle will then poach them, and
greatly injure the deep, and ten or eleven inches wide. Smaller drains of six
grass; therefore these should be fed down as soon as possible or seven inches wide, and the hollow under the bushes eight
in the autumn, before the heavy rains fall to render the or nine inches deep, should be cut across the ground, to
ground soft; and those pastures which are drier, may be discharge the water into the large drains. The number and
kept to supply the want of these in winter; and where there situation of these must be in proportion to the wetness of the
are not cattle enough to eat down the grass in time, it will land, and the depth of earth above the bushes must be pro-
be much better to cut off what is left, than to suffer it to rot portioned to the intended use of it; for if the land is to be
upon the ground, for that will prevent the grass from shooting ploughed, the drain must not be shallower than fourteen
early in the spring; but where people have not cattle enough inches, but for meadow land, one foot will be enough for :

of their own to eat down the grass in time,

they had much when the bushes lie too deep in strong land, they will have
better take in some of their neighbours', than suffer their little effect, the ground above binding so hard as to detain
fog,
as it is called, to remain all the winter. When these mea- the wet on the surface. The drains being dug, the larger
dows are fed in the autumn, the greater
variety of animals sticks of the brush-wood should be cut out, to pieces of six-
are turned in, the closer they will eat the
grass; and the teen or eighteen inches in length, to lay across upon the side-
closer it is eaten, the better the grass will come banks of the drain, at about four inches' distance; and the
up the fol-
lowing spring; and if during the time the cattle are feeding, smaller brush-wood, furze, broom, heath, &c. should be laid
the meadows be well rolled, the animals will eat the
grass lengthwise pretty close over these, with rushes, flags, &c.
much closer than they otherwise would. Those persons who on the top of them, and then the earth to cover the whole.
are best skilled in this part of Such drains
husbandry, always dress their will continue good
many years, and the water will
meadows every other, or at least every third year, without find an easy passage through them. Where there is plenty
which it is vain to expect any good crop of hay; but the of brush-wood, they are made at an easy expense; but where
generality of the farmers are so much distressed for dressing brush-wood is scarce, they are very chargeable. In this case
to supply their corn-land, as not to have
any to spare for their cuttings of willow or black poplar might be planted in moist
meadows; they are therefore content with what the land will places, which would furnish brush-wood for this purpose in
naturally produce, rather than take any part of their manure four or five years. In countries where there is plenty of stone,
98 M E A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M EA
that is the best material for under-ground drains; for when at least twelve inches, will effectually prevent
ground being
these are properly made, they will never want repairing. their removal by any weight on the surface and secure them
;

The best time for making these drains is about Michaelmas, from all effects of the weather. When a bog or morass is to
before the heavy rains of autumn fall; because the land be drained, the direction in which the trench is to be dug is
being
then dry, the drains rrfty be dug to a proper depth. When first to be ascertained. This is the most difficult part of the
the drains are finished, and the water carried off the land, whole business, and cannot be fully understood but from
pare off the rushes, flags, &c. lay them in heaps to rot, and much practice. The following rules, however, may be of
they will afford manure. Plough the ground to destroy the service: 1. The whole depending upon the nature of the
roots of noxious weeds; and if it be laid fallow for one sea- bog to be drained, and the state of he adjacent country,
son, and ploughed two or three times, it will greatly mend the neighbouring strata must be ascertained as far as possible
the land. Spread the rotten rushes and flags over it, and whether they be of stone, gravel, sand, or marl; for the
sow grass seeds. Some persons burn the rubbish that is water must be lodged in one of these, and it is necessary to
pared off the land, and spread the ashes. When bricks are ascertain in which. 2. The trench must be directed so as
used for drains, if the ground be soft and spungy, the bottom to fall in with the bottom of the bed which occasions the
of the drain is laid with the bricks placed across; tiles or mischief, and the particular spot where the main spring lies.
slates will answer the purpose. Over these, on each side, One spring may probably occasion the whole bog, which,
two bricks are laid flat, one upon the other this is covered
:
having no proper vent, forces the water through many sma+1
with bricks laid flat. The bricks should be ten inches long, veins, even to a great distance, making the whole a swamp.
four broad, and three thick; but this work is too expensive, By draining the main spring, the others follow of course.
unless a drawback might be allowed from the heavy tax 3. If there are various beds through which water issues, stone

upon the material. When the bottom of the trench is firm is to be

preferred for draining the whole; the water being
and solid in clay or marl, no bricks need be laid in the bot- much more easily drawn through that, than through gravel,
tom the sides are then formed by placing one brick edge-
:
sand, and marl; consequently by draining the spring there,
wise, instead of two laid Hat. This is much cheaper, and the whole water which communicates therewith flows to it,
in such land equally durable. Double bricks, with a hollow water always preferring a straight or clear to a crooked chan-
drain through the middle, form a good drain, which is laid nel. But in stone beds, the trench ought to be made from
very expeditiously. Where stone is plentiful and near at six or eight yards from the tail of the bed, or the place
hand, no material is superior to it for this purpose. These where the rock ends, because in limestone, and other rocks,
drains are in general made larger than those with brick, the the tail is harder than any other part of the rock, and there
bottom being at least eight inches wide. In Wiltshire their are few, if any, fissures in it; but by going a few yards
stone drains are in general ten or twelve inches in width, above, you get into a softer part of the bed, and the water is
with perpendicular sides. Sometimes the stones are so placed more accessible. The tail of these beds may often be found
as to leave a water-course at bottom, by setting two flat at a point or promontory jutting out from the adjacent
stones triangularly, lo meet at the points; but it is a better heights. 4. The trench in general should be directed in a

way to cover the bottom with a flat stone, and then to put line with the bottom of the hill, because it makes the best
three other flat stones, upright, leaving the water to find its separation between the upland and the meadow inclosures,
way between them; in both cases filling up the residue of the and the spring can best be intercepted. The trench, how-
drain to the top, or near it, with loose stones. Where only ever, must be carried in the line of the spring, or near it;
small round stones can be got, the drain may be made taper, for if it diverges from it any distance, all prospect of reach-
from nine inches at top to nothing at bottom, and about three ing the spring, by tapping or otherwise, is lost. 5. It is bet-
feet deep; filling it up with the small stones first, and finish- ter to make a new trench, than to tap the spring in any old

ing with a thin turf at top. Where gravel is more plentiful, brook or run of water, where that may be practicable; for
it is found to answer the purpose very well, if screened or though the spring, when once it bursts out, has force enough
washed. In all cases, the general opinion is, that those to throw up any stones, sand, &c. that may accidentally fall
drains last longest, which have the least or narrowest water- into it, yet brooks in a flood may bring
down such immense
way left at bottom; the force of the water being then suffi- quantities as completely to choak up the spring ; and so
cient to clear away any little obstacles. Where none of the much caution is necessary to prevent any risk of such a cir-
above materials are to be had, there is still another sort of cumstance, that when the trench crosses any runlet of water
covered drain, which may be adopted in a stiff tenacious soil. proceeding from a small brook, or from a collection of surface
This is made with turfs or sods, and, besides being the cheap- water, the trench is puddled so as to receive it, lest it should
est, is as lasting as any, where the land is sufficiently cohe- blow up, and destroy the works. Lastly, the general line
sive. The inverted turf is either put upon a shoulder, leaving of direction being fixed on, and the trench marked out,
a hollow part under it, and the remainder of the drain is begin at the bottom, or lowest level, carrying the trench
filled up with the earth that came out of it; or the drain is gradually up, under the guidance of the spirit level: a few
cut out in a wedge, or the form of the letter V, and when the inches fall in a hundred yards will be sufficient. In digging
earth is taken out, six or eight inches of the bottom part of the the trench, no tools but those of the common sort are made
wedge are cut off, and the remainder is filled up. If a few use of; and common labourers can carry it on, under an expe-
rushes were put round the bottom of this wedge, so as to rienced foreman or overseer. The auger, which must often
keep the lower part from dropping, and the ends of the be used for tapping the spring, may be from an inch and
rushes were drawn upwards, between the sides of the drain half to two inches diameter, and is applied in the ordinary
and the wedge, it would be an improvement. Care must be manner: if, in boring, a stone be met with, the auger must
taken to keep off all cattle till these drains have had time to be taken off, and a chisel or punch screwed on, to penetrate
settle. The entrances should have a fence of brick or stone so hard a substance. Sometimes the spring is cut off by the
to secure them. Their aperture at top should be eighteen trench alone; but in many cases k lies greatly below the
inches, their depths thirty inches. The strength with level of the trench, and then it is necessary to use the auger
wmch the sods are supported, and their depth in the for tapping the spring. The trench being made, and th
 MED OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MED 99

spring cut off, either by tapping or otherwise, it is then tained, there will be no necessity of sowing their seeds, which
necessary to determine whether the drain should be open or commonly lie a year in the ground, and the plants will not be
covered. If it can at the same time be made a fence, it had strong enough to flower in less than two years more; whereas
better be open; if not, it should be covered. No appre- the offsets will flower the following season. The time for
hension need be entertained of the holes made by the auger transplanting and parting the roots is in July, when their
being filled up, in either case, unless other waters be admit- stalks are entirely decayed, for they begin to shoot towards
ted; because such is the force of the spring, that it will the end of August, and keep growing all the winter, and de-
throw up any stones, earth, or other substances, that might cay in the spring. They should be plantedjn pots filled with
accidentally get into it, and can be injured by nothing but good kitchen-garden earth, and may remain in the open air
great quantities coming upon it at once. This system of till there is
danger of frost, and must then be removed into
draining is sometimes attended with extraordinary conse- shelter, as they are too tender to live tr .ough the winter in
quences: by it not only the land below the natural spring, the open air. As the flowers make no great appearance, the
or even above the artificial spring, is drained, but the waters plants are not preserved for their beauty, but on account of
from the neighboring heights, finding a new and readier their climbing stalks and leaves, that are in full
vigour in
channel, abandon the places to which they formerly went, winter, as an addition to the variety of the green-house.
and thus a tract of country may be drained without any appa- 3. Medeola Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Shrubby Medeola.
rent communication with the spring intended to be drained, Leaves alternate, ovate, lanceolate. This has a root like the
or the trench made to it. Nay, a drain made on one side of preceding, but the stalks are not so strong, though they climb
a hill has been known to make springs and wells on the other higher. Native of the Cape.
side quite dry, by opening a channel to which the water Medicago; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-
more naturally draws. This practice may not only serve the dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
purpose of draining land, but the complete command of a straight, campanulate-cylindrical, half five-cleft, acuminate,
treasure of water being thus obtained, it is probable it may equal. Corolla papilionaceous
: banner ovate, entire, the
;

in many cases be used for flooding land, for mills and navi-
margins bent in, the whole bent back; wings ovate-oblong,
gations, for supplying private houses, and even villages and affixed by an appendage to the keel, with the sides
converg-
towns, with wholesome water. A country thus loses that ing under the keel keel oblong, bifid, spreading, blunt,
;

dampness which is so pernicious to the health of its inha- bent down from the pistil, and gaping from the banner.
bitants, and is also at the same time freed from its trouble- Stamina: filamenta diadelphous, united almost to the tops ;

some attendant, a foggy atmosphere. The produce of the antherae small. Pistil: germen pedicelled, oblong, curved
soil is considerably increased in quantity, and improved in in, compressed, involved in the filamenta, starting from the
quality; while the rot, that destructive malady, to which so keel, bending back the banner, ending in a short awl-shaped,
many millions of sheep fall a sacrifice, is prevented. In almost straight style; stigma terminating, very small. Peri-
short, the advantages of draining are so many, that it is carp: legume compressed, long, bent in. Seeds: several,
astonishing that the principles of the art have not been better kidney-shaped or angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
understood, and that greater and more extensive exertions Legume: compressed, bent in. Keel: bent down from the
have not been made in so salutary and beneficial a practice. banner. The species are,
Meadow Grass. See, Poa, Cynosurus, and Grass. 1.
Medicago Arborea Tree Medick, or Moon Trefoil
;

Meadow Rue. See Thulictrum. Legumes crescent-shaped, quite entire about the edge; stem
Meadow Saffron. See Colchicum. arboreous. This shrub, which is also called Moon Trefoil,
Meadow-Saxifrage. See Peucedamtm and Sescli. from the shape of the pods and its trifoliate leaves, bids the
Meadow Sweet. See Spircea. fairest of any to be the Cytisus of
Virgil, Columella, and the
Medeola; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Trigynia. other ancient writers on husbandry and being celebrated
;
by
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none, unless the corolla them, has been recommended for cultivation here. But how-
be called so. Corolla : petals six, ovate-oblong, equal, ever useful it may be in Candia, Rhodes, Sicily, and other
spreading, revolute. Stamina : filamenta six, awl-shaped, warm countries, it will not thrive in England so as to furnish
the length of the corolla; antherse incumbent. Pistil: ger- food for animals, nor is it worth the trial, as we have so
many
mina three, horned, ending in styles stigmas recurved,
; other plants preferable to it. Yet though of no use to us as
thickish. Pericarp: berry roundish, three-cleft, three-celled. fodder, the beauty of its hoary leaves, which abide all the
Seeds: solitary, heart-shaped. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. year, together with its long continuance in flower, render it
Calix: none. Corolla: six-parted, revolute. Berry: three- deserving of a place in every good garden and plantation
seeded. The species are, with shrubs of the same growth. It grows from four to
eight
1. Medeola Virginiana ;
Virginian Medeola. Leaves in feet high, dividing into many branches, with ternate leaves
whorls; branches unarmed. It has a small
scaly root, from at each joint, several together, the whole shrub covered with
which arises a single stalk about eight inches. Corolla four- them flowers on peduncles from the sides of the branches,
;

It flowers in June. Native of Virginia. This is four or five together, of a bright yellow.
petalled. It
may be propagat-
hardy enough to live in the open air; but producing no seeds ed by sowing the seeds upon a moderate hot-bed, or a warm
here, can be increased only by offsets. border of light earth, in the beginning of April, and when the
2. Medeola Asparagoides ; Broad-leaved Shrubby Mede- plants come up, they should be carefully cleared from weeds;
ola. Leaves alternate, ovate, subcordate, at the base oblique. but must remain undisturbed, if sown in the common ground,
This has a root composed of several oblong knobs, which till
September following; if on a hot-bed, they should be
unite at the top, like that of the Ranunculus, from which
transplanted about Midsummer into pots, placing them in the
arise two or three stiff winding stalks, shade until they have taken root, after which they may be
dividing into brandies;
the flowers come out from the side of the stalks, removed into a situation wlrcre they may be screened from
singly, or
two on a short slender peduncle; petals dull white. Native strong winds, and abide till the end of October, when they
of the Cape. This and the next species propagate must be put into a common garden frame, to shelter them
freely by
the offsets from the roots; so that when they are once ob- from hard frosts. In April following, these
plants may be
VOL. ii. 74. 2 C
100 MED THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MED
shaken out of these pots, and placed in the full ground where principal green fodder for horses in Persia to this The
day.
they are designed to remain, which should be in a light soil Germans and other northern nations have adopted the modern
and a warm situation, in which they will endure the cold of name Lucern from the French, who also call it, Trefle, or Foin
our ordinary winters extremely well, and continue to produce de Bourgogne, and Grand Trefie; the Italians name hMedica,
flowers most part of the year. Those also which were sown Lucerna, and Erba Spagna; the Spaniards, Alsatfa, Mielga,
in an open border may be transplanted in August following, and Medico. ; the Portuguese, Luzerna, and Medicagem dos
in the same manner; but in doing this, be careful to take pastosi and the Persians, Gunscha. It has not been cul-
them up with a ball of earth to their roots, if possible, as also tivated in England in very considerable quantities,
though
to water and shade them until they have taken root; after it is evident that it willsucceed here as well as in France or
which they will require little more care than to keep them Switzerland, and that it resists the severest cold of our climate.
clean from weeds, and to prune off the luxuriant branches Propagation and Culture. A
rich loamy earth is
certainly
to keep them within due compass; but never prune them an excellent soil for Lucern, but not being the most common,
early in the spring, nor late in autumn, for if frost should we must frequently be contented with such soils as are worse.
happen soon after they are pruned, it will destroy the tender Rocque says, that the strongest is to be preferred; and Mr.
branches. They may also be propagated by cuttings, which Belcher, that although it will succeed on middling sorts of
should be planted in April upon a bed of light earth, and land, it should, if possible, have a soil both stiff and dry, or,
watered and shaded until they have taken root, after which as he elsewhere says, such as is close, firm, and sound; in
they may be exposed to the open air; but they should remain opposition to the foreign writers, with Tull and Miller, who
in the same bed till
July or August following, before they are recommend a light, loose, sandy soil. The right soils,
transplanted, by which time they will have made strong roots, according to others, are deep, rich, friable loams, whether
und may be removed with safety to the places where they are sandy or gravelly, or flexible loams, dry, deep, and rich;
to remain. You may train them up with straight stems, by in a word, all rich soils that are dry. In Kent, it is sown
fastening them to sticks, otherwise they are apt to grow in dry lands. Under the South Downs of Sussex, in the
crooked and irregular; and when you have reared their stems vicinity of Eastbourn, where Lucern is a common article
to the intended height, they may be reduced to regular heads, of cultivation, they rarely sow it upon any but the richest
and with pruning their irregular shoots every year, may be and deepest soils, thinking that it does not answer on any
kept in very good order. other. Their land is such a happy mixture of the calcareous
2. Medicago Virginica; Virginian Medick. Stem upright, and argillaceous, and is of so deep a staple, that any thing
very much branched; flowers in terminating bundles. The will grow upon it; and Lucern, Saintfoin, and Clover, may
corolla is red and white variegated. Native of Virginia. be found side by side. Good crops of Lucern have, how-
3. Medicago Radiata ; Ray-podded Medick. Legumes ever, been produced in gravelly, sandy, and stony loams,
kidney-form, toothed at the edge; leaves ternate. Flowers which were by no means rich, and even upon poor sandy
small, yellow. Native of Italy and the Levant. This, and gravel apt to burn. It has a better chance on thin loams,
the two following species, are annuals, and preserved in the on rock, and on poor sands, (though no man would choose
gardens of those who are curious in botany. The seeds such soils for it if he had better,) because the roots of Lucern
should be sown upon an open bed of fresh ground, in the will travel far in search of nutriment. The great business of
places where the plants are to remain, because they do not the culture is to keep it free from weeds, especially whilst
bear transplanting well, unless where they are very young. it is
young; much depends upon preparing the soil in such a
As the plants spread their branches on the ground, they manner that all sorts of useless plants shall be killed. It is
should not be sown nearer than two feet and a half asunder: much cheaper to prevent weeds than to destroy them and ;

when the plants come up, they will require no other care but every shilling laid out in cleaning the land, will save a crown
to keep them clean from weeds. In June they will begin to in hoeing the crop. For this reason two successive crops of
flower, and as the stalks and branches extend, there will be a Turnips or Carrots prepare the land well for it: but as Turnips
succession of flowers till autumn; but the early flowers will upon good loams, if carted in a wet season, are apt to pre-
only have good seeds succeed them; for those which come vent that friability which is necessary for Lucern, the Turnips
late in summer, have not time to ripen before the cold weather should be fed off in autumn, and the land immediately
comes on. ploughed. Carrots are not liable to any objection, for they
4. Medicago Circinata Kidney-podded Medick.
;
Legumes should always be drawn and laid up before winter; and the
kidney-form, toothed at the edge ; leaves pinnate. The incessant hoeing which they require, cleans the land admira-
whole plant is pubescent. Native of Spain and Italy. bly. If the land be prepared by a fallow, let a man with a
5. Medicago Obscura ; Doubtful Medick. Peduncles basket and four-pronged fork follow the plough in every
racemed; legumes kidney-form, quite entire; stem diffused, furrow, and the harrows whenever they work, to pick up
Root annual; stems decumbent, long, four- all roots and weeds, and to clear away such knots and tufts
rough-haired.
cornered. Probably a native of Germany. as the plough does not go deep enough to eradicate. Carrots,
6. Medicago Saliva; Cultivated Medick, or Lucern. Pe- Turnips, or Cabbages, may be made the preparatory crops;
duncles racemed; legumes contorted; stem upright, smooth. at least there should be two hoeing crops in succession. In
Root perennial; stalks annual, smooth, and striated, one to the second spring, previous to the sowing, there should be
two or three feet high; leaves ternate ; flowers in thick spikes ; three ploughings, and harrowings enough to pulverize the
corolla purple, varying with pale blue, and with variegated soil well. In Kent, the common tillage is a good summer
flowers. This plant has been greatly celebrated for increas- fallow, ploughed as deep as possible, with a good covering
ing the milk of cows; though Haller, who was certainly well of manure. Circumstances must decide whether broad-cast
asserts that the cattle are liable to be or drilling should be preferred in sowing the seed. If the
acquainted with it,

blown by it, and soon grow tired of it. It may possibly have
3
farmer be doubtful whether he shall be able to give a regular
been a native of Europe, continuing to be disregarded till it and constant attention to hand and horse hoeing, or if he
was imported into Greece from the East, after Darius had dis- be satisfied with his crop lasting eight or ten years, then the
covered it in Media, whence its name. It is said to be the broad-cast may be preferred. But if he be willing and able
 MED OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MED"
to have the crop perfectly well managed in respect to hoeing, and the young plants may be much assisted in their growth'
and if he be desirous to have it twenty or thirty years,
last with a small hand-hoe, such as gardeners use among onions.
he will then probably prefer the drill culture. Both have The management of transplanted Lucern while growing, must
their advantages and disadvantages ; but whichever method be the same as the drilled crops; only the first season, it
be adopted, the time of sowing is chiefly during the month being set in August, will require one or two hoeings in the
of April. The end of March is commonly too early: and autumn. Transplanted Lucern has two advantages over that
the chance of a failure is greater in May than in April, both which is drilled, and still more over broad-cast: first, that
on account of the drought and the fly. It should be sown each root -will stand at a proper distance from its neighbour,
later on heavy than on light lands ; and if possible in dry and receive its due proportion of nourishment ; or if a few
weather, when there is a prospect of showers. Twenty pounds sets chance to fail,
they way be supplied from the nursery, any
of seed to an English acre is generally allowed to be the moist day, from April to the middle of September :
secondly,
proper quantity. As to the distance between the rows, some by cutting the tap-root, it is prevented from penetrating ten
respect should be had to the quality of the land. The rows or twelve feet perpendicular into the ground, which it natu-

may be closer on land that is less rich. Thus some recom- rally does in three or four years, except it be obstructed by
mend one-foot rows on soils worth thirty shillings an acre, a stratum of rock, or chilled at root by weeping springs, or
and nine-inch rows on those worth only twenty shillings find admission into a bed of cold
:
clay ; in all which cases the
reputing soils of less value as in general not to be much crop makes a poor appearance, or goes off all at once. The
recommended for Lucern. Two-feet rows will admit of early springing of Lucern is one of its most valuable proper-
horse-hoeing; and the plants cannot be kept clean without ties. It
may be depended on for much earlier food for
it, except at too great an expense. Mr. Miller was a decided sheep and lambs than any grass, and in rich warm land will
enemy to sowing this or any other leguminous crop with corn, yield a feeding of some account by the middle of March,
though many others are advocates for the mixture. If the and continue very productive all April, in which season the
Lucern be sown with corn, and that be suffered to stand for sheep-master is more distressed than at any other time of the
a crop, as soon as the harvest is over, nothing is to be done year Sheep must not, however, be kept on it in such num-
except keeping out cattle ; or at least the stubble should be bers, and so long, as to make them eat into the crown of the
fed only by calves and young cattle, and that in dry weather. plants, which damages them much they will not, however, do
;

The weeds should be collected and carried off, and then it this while there any young shoots remaining. The proper
may be levelled for the scythe with a barley roller. Half a time of cutting grasses, and this, with other leguminous plants,
growth in autumn, instead of being mown, may be fed off with vulgarly called artificial grasses, is when they are in full
cattle. Before every harrowing, if there be any thin places, blossom ; but this rule can only be followed for hay. The
some seed may be scattered into them. I do not see why, best use of Lucern is for soiling, and consequently such por-
says Mr. Young, in sowing Lucern broad-cast, the plants may tions of it should be set out for every day as will ensure a
not be singled out and kept clean with the hand-hoe, in the constant supply. Broad-cast crops will not grow so fast as
same manner as Turnips. After the frosts are over, and those which are drilled or transplanted, nor usually yield
vegetation begins, the land may be harrowed, if foul but if ; more than three full growths in the six growing months.
clean, that operation will not be required till after the first Drilled and transplanted crops, on good land, may be dis-
cutting. In the drilled culture, when the rows are come up, tributed into forty divisions; but on very fine land, into
and weeds being to appear, in dry weather a shim should be thirty By this means, which of course is to be varied as
run between them, to cut up the weeds and loosen the soil; the cultivator finds the growth of his crop, he will
always
and a hand-hoeing and picking should follow, to clear them have a succession ready for the scythe. The growth on well-
perfectly. These operations must be repeated as they are cultivated rich land is very great, rising to eighteen inches
wanted. The year following, so soon as the land is dry in thirty or forty
days, and yielding five good cuttings
enough in the spring, and through the whole summer, it between April and September. The reaping hook or sickle
must be a constant conflict between the shim or hoe and any has been recommended for cutting it, in preference to the
weeds that may appear. The crop must be kept constantly scythe this may do where small parcels are cultivated, and
:

and absolutely clean; but the principal attention is to be where the rows are forty inches asunder; but in broad-cast
given immediately after every cutting, the weeds being then and closer drilled Lucern, the scythe will do the work very
best discovered, and most easily destroyed, particularly by well, and for less than a fourth of the expense. The Lucern
the horse-hoe, where the rows are wide enough to admit of should be gathered into a one-horse skeleton cart, and carried
that instrument. If the rows be
very straight, the shim is of directly to the stable door, if it be fof soiling horses. Broad-
great use, because it may be directed so near the rows as cast Lucern, with good management, may last seven or eight
to save much hand-hoeing, and for
getting out such weeds years. does not attain its full vigour before the third, or,
It
as grow among the plants, a pronged hoe is of much service.
according to others, not until the fifth year. This therefore
Every one knows the precariousness of annual grasses but ; is an
objection to sowing broad-cast, which declines, and
in Lucern the farmer has a provision for his cattle, nutritious, even wears out, fast after the seventh or eighth year. Upon
plentiful, early, and sure. Still to enhance it,
part of the soils that are not remarkably fertile, manure should be occa-
plantation may be sown with Tares, and part with white Oats :
sionally given to this crop. Rotten dung is the best spread
in order to cut for the first crop, the part under which are the
upon it early in winter; about twenty tons to an acre, once
Tares, before they are advanced for the second, that with the
; in five or six years, will be an ample allowance. If dung
Oats and thirdly, that with the Tares the second time. This
; cannot be spared, soot or ashes may be substituted. Pro-
last will be a prodigious crop, and by matting together, pow- duce. The produce of a Lucern crop, like that of all others,
erfully subdue the weeds. It must be a very indifferent acre will depend qn soil and
management. They reckon in some
that will not keep a horse the summer, and a
very good one parts of France, that an acre of it produces more than six
will maintain two. The seed for transplanting should be acres of good grass ; in others, as much as three
only; and of
sown early in the spring, in order that the plants may be hay, more than four tons. Some of their crops have risen to
sizeable in the following August. It is best sown in drills, nine tons. Mr. Wynne Baker mentions eight tons of hay to
105; .-M. E -D THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MED
the Irish acre, which is five to the English measure. Others of the latter. The home seed was larger, did not come up
state good crops at from twenty to forty tons, and twenty- so soon by two days, and then not near so thick ; however,
five at an average. Duliamel mentions forty tons; and near the produce being weighed, was nearly equal in both whence
:

Barcelona the produce of green fodder amounts to fifty tons it

appears that the difference was entirely at starting, and
on an acre in one season. Rocque, at Walham Green, got they were equal afterwards. One main obstruction to the
<
ight loads an acre at five cuttings and to the value of thirty-
; more general cultivation of Lucern, seems an idea of the great
five pounds for soiling. Mr. Harte, the first year after expense attending it. Mr. Young observes, that plants sown
transplanting, had about eight tons from an acre. Mr. on well-cleaned land, and kept clean by hoeing afterward,
Baldwin had above fourteen tons from four cuttings. Some is
procured at an expense which is seldom calculated fairly.
persons are of opinion that constant mowing exhausts the Besides the annual expense of probably three pounds per acre,
crop; that, however, does not appear to be the case, but, a crop of corn on good land cannot be estimated at less than
on the contrary, agrees better with it than leaving it for a five pounds; and to balance this, the produce the first year
full crop of hay : yet even thus the advantage is considerable ; is
very inconsiderable. The second year must be very good,
for at three mowings, a good acre will produce four tons of to pay its own charges, and the drawback of the preceding

dry hay, and sometimes even five which, though it does not
; year. Now a cultivation, which at the end of two years shall
greatly exceed two cuttings of Clover, yet considering that have paid nothing in profit, is not worth attention. If it can
the latter is exhausted in one year, and that Lucern lasts as be got with corn, the case is different; and foreign Lucern
" is all sown with corn. When Lucern, however, is sown
long as you please, is a very great superiority. Horses,
(says Monsieur Duhamel,) fed with Lucern, except
when broad-cast, a small crop of Barley or Oats may be obtained,
employed in journeys, or other hard work, require neither sufficient at least to pay all expenses, without much injuring
oats nor beans." No food makes their coats so smooth and the Lucern, in favourable seasons. Between the rows of
well-coloured. But when a horse begins this succulent food, drilled or transplanted Lucern, any of the crops usually
he should have a small quantity, as ten pounds, which should drilled may be put in, as Beans, Cabbages, &c. or Vetches
be gradually increased for three weeks to twenty, thirty, and may be sown at intervals; or, Broad Clover may be mixed
with broad-cast Lucern, or sown in the spaces of that which
perhaps forty pounds. It should also be given in small
quantities, and slightly moistened with water,
to such horses is drilled or
transplanted. This practice may in some degree
as are touched in their wind. It is too full of nourishment meet. the above objection to the culture of this valuable
for hunters, and should be given in less quantities to saddle plant, and render it worth the attention of the farmer for
horses, than to coach and cart-horses. When they are first profit as well as convenience. And even admitting it not to
fed with it in the spring, it may not be amiss to take a little be so profitable as its too sanguine friends believe ; still it
blood from them and if those who feed them can be per-
; may be convenient to have a quantity for ewes and lambs
suaded to give them a little, and often, they will eat with early in the spring, for soiling horses occasionally, and sup-
more appetite, and make no waste. Lucern is excellent for plying the deficiencies of other foddering crops.
in a farm-yard, and for working 7. Medicago Falcata; Yellow Medick. Peduncles racem-
soiling cows and young cattle
oxen. A middle-sized cow will eat from ninety to a hundred ed ; legumes crescent-shaped stem prostrate. Root peren-
;

and ten pounds in twenty-four hours ; but the same caution nial ;stems round, smooth, slightly striated, procumbent,
is necessary to prevent their hoving or being blown, as with but ascending or bending upwards towards the end, branching
Clover. This plant appears to be admirable for fattening two, three, and sometimes four feet in length; flowers in
beasts. Mr. Young remarks, from an experiment of his own, short loosish racemes, each on a pedicel. Corolla yellow,
that the effect of it in fattening is a proof of its great value ; varying much in the colour, which is sometimes white, quite
that its
superiority over Tares is prodigious ;
and that, when white, or greenish, as well as of different shades of yellow.
once established, "it is far cheaper. With respect to sheep, The roots strike very deep, and are difficult to eradicate. It
there is some doubt whether they are not apt to damage the is common in the south of Europe, by way-sides and in dry
crown of the root, and thereby to prevent, or at least weaken, pastures. With us it is also common in the sandy grounds
the shoots that should furnish the succeeding cuttings. This near Bury in Suffolk. It has been observed near Norwich

should be a caution not to let sheep lie on Lucern too long. and Yarmouth, between Watford and Bushy; and at Quey,
The first growth in the spring is of great use for ewes and Bournbridge, Wilbraham, and Linton, in Cambridgeshire.
lambs. Mr. Baldwin fattened Welsh weathers on it with The Variegated Medick, which appears to be a variety of
It is best given them in racks. It may be this species, is less erect and less succulent than Lucern
great success. ;

fed after the last cutting, in dry weather, with any kind of but more succulent, and much more luxuriant, than the
stock in wet weather, with sheep, to whom no plant is more Yellow Medick.
;
The flowers are beautifully varied in every
agreeable or nourishing. There is no doubt that Lucern shade of blue and greenish yellow, and some are almost
is excellent food for swine, who do it no damage, as they do white and Mr. Young thinks it may bid fair to rival Lucern
;

not bite closely like sheep but it is better to soil them with itself.
;
The Yellow Medick is hardier than Lucern, roots
it in the
yard or sty, on account of the great value of their stronger, grows in drier soils, yields abundance of fodder
rlung, Lucern makes excellent hay, and should not be very nearly allied to Lucern in quality, and loses less in dry-
stirred about, much, that the leaf may be preserved. Rocque ing. See the preceding species.
directs that it should be mown for hay as soon as the bloom 8. Medicago Lupulina ;
Hop or Black Medick. Spikes
in the swath, and be oval ; legumes kidney-form, one-seeded stems procumbent.
appears, or sooner that it should lie
; ;

turned as Olover. With respect to saving the seed of the Root annual, or biennial, with few fibres, and penetrating
plant, Mr. Miller, from his own experience, commends Eng- deeply
into the earth; stems about a foot long, numerous,
lish seed in preference to foreign; others say that the seed trailing unless supported; flowers small, yellow, from thirty
is not worth saving in England. Rocque directs it to be to forty and upwards in a head, which is at first roundish,
saved, not from the first, but from the second growth. The afterwards oval. The ripeness of the seeds is known by the
difference of Lucern from English seed and French, sown on blackness of the seed-vessels, from which it has obtained the
rtie same day upon the same soil, was prodigiously in favour names of Bluck-seed and Black Nonesuch, among some culti-
 MED OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MEL 103

valors. grows naturally on dry banks and hilly pastures,

It denominated paregorics; if they altogether remove or destroy
chiefly in a sandy or dry soil, and is common in New Eng- pain, they are called anodynes; if they take oft' spasm, anti-
land, 'flowering in June and July. This plant has been much spasmodics if;
they procure quiet sleep, hypnotics if a ;

sown of late years for sheep-feed in open fit-Ids, where it is very deep ud unnatural sleep, together with considerable
a considerable improvement, first for the sweet food, and stupefaction of the senses, narcotics. Tonic medicines obtain
then to help the land by ploughing; it in, getting a good crop the name of corroboratives, analeptics, or nervines, when
of wheat after it on different soils. The seed falls so rea- they slightly increase the contractile power of the solids; but
dily, that great loss ensues
from moving it; and in threshing, of astringents or adstringents, if they do this in a great degree.
the least stroke clears it. The best way therefore is to Some of this order of medicines have been supposed to pro-
thresh it in the field on" a cloth, which is moved to the seed, mote the growth of flesh, to consolidate wounds, and restrain
arid not the seed to the cloth. haemorrhages, and hence the name of sarcotics and traumatics,
9. Medicago Marina; Sea Medick. Peduncles racemed; or vulneraries. Other astringents again are called repellent,
i ^umes spiral, spiny; stem procumbent, tomentose. Miller discutient, stimulant, or alterative, according to the respect-
describes as a perennial plant, with trailing woolly branches
it ive modes by which they are conceived to promote one com-
about a foot long, divided into many small branches; leaves mon effect. Medicines of the inflammatory tribe, are in like
small, downy, on short footstalks at each joint; flowers from manner divided into vesicatories or blisters, if by their appli-
the side and at the ends of the branches, in small clusters, cation they raise watery bladders on the skin; cathwretics,
of a bright yellow colour. They appear in June and July, escharotics, or corrosives, if they eat into and destroy the
and the seeds ripen in September. Native of the shores of substance of the solid parts themselves; and rubefactive or
the Mediterranean. This plant is propagated by seeds, sown rubefacient, if, possessed of less power than the vesicatories,
upon a warm border of dry soil in the spring, where the plants they merely produce redness on the part to which they are
aie designed to remain. When the plants are come up, two applied. The alterant tribe is divided into absorbents, anti-
or three of them may be transplanted into small pots, to be septics, coagulants, resolvents, calefiants, and refrigerants,
sheltered in winter, because in very severe frosts those which according to the peculiar mode by which they are supposed
are in the open air are frequently destroyed; though it will to operate. The evacuants are called emetics, when they
endure the cold of our ordinary winters, in a dry soil and evacuate the contents of the stomach by vomiting; cathartics,
sheltered situation. The remaining plants require only to be if
they induce purging; laxatives, if they produce a moderate
thinned and kept clean. It may also be increased
by cut- discharge of feces. Again, they are named diaphoretics, if
tings, planted in June or July, in a shady border, covering they promote the expulsion of humours through the pores of
them close with a glass, to exclude theexternal air: they will the skin, with only a small increase of action; sudorifics, if
take root in about six weeks, and may then be either planted the increase of action be greater, and the discharge more
in a warm border or in
pots, and treated in the same way as copious. Such as excite urine are called diuretics; such as
-I'edlings. produce evacuation from the glands of the palate, mouth,
10. Medicago Polymorpha ; Variable Medick. Legumes and oalivary ducts, salivating medicines; those that promote
spiral ;
stipules toothed ; stem diffused. Root animal, oblong, the discharge of mucus from the throat, apophlegmatics ;
branched. Linneus justly names this species Polymorpha; those that evacuate by the nose, ptarmics, errhines, sternu-
and remarks, that, like the dog among the animals, this plant tatories; and those which promote the menstrual discharge,
produces numerous varieties, though not in the same country. emmenagogues. Those medicines which expel worms are
Some of these varieties are erected into species by Gerard, sometimes called anthelmintics; those that are supposed to
Miller, Geertner, and others, but they are not worth enume- remove or dissolve stones in the bladder, lithorrtriptics and ;

ration here. Some of them are common in flower-gardens those that remove wind, carminatives.
among other annuals, under the names of Snails and Hedge- Medick. See Medicago.
hogs, from the singular form of their seed-vessels. Native of Medlar. See Mespilus.
the south of Europe, Great Britain, &c. They are propa- Medusa's Head. See Euphorbia.
gated by seeds sown in the middle of April, where they are Meesia; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci.
to remain; they require no culture but to be thinned and GENERIC CHARACTER.
kept Capsule : oblong ; peristome
clean. The variety called Heart Trefoil, or Heart Clover, double; outer with sixteen short blunt teeth; inner with ar
but more properly Heart Medick, or Spotted Medick, is fre- many sharp cilias, distinct, or connected by net-work. Males:
quently very luxuriant among Lucern, Saintfoin, and Trefoil, approaching the females, or discoid on a different plant.
and might be cultivated for the same purpose as the latter; Three species are all that have been referred to in this genus
but on account of its hairiness, and the roughness of the
by Hedwig, and these have been reduced to Bryum.
seeds, it should be cut or pastured when young. Melaleuca; a genus of the class Polyadelphia, order Icoa-
1 1. Medicago Prostrata ; Prostrate Medick. Legumes andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth turbi-
spiral, unarmed ; leaves ternate, wedge-shaped, toothed at nated, five-cleft, half superior. Corolla: petals five, rounded,
the top; stipules bristle-shaped, quite entire; stem diffused. inserted into the inner margin of the calix. Stamina: fila-
This very small plant has a small fruit, and is nearly allied menta many, rery long, united in five bundles ; antherse
to the preceding, although perennial. Native of exposed incumbent. Pistil: germen turbinate, fastened to the bot-
stony ground in Hungary and Italy. tom of the calix; style one, filiform, upright; stigma simple.
Medical Terms. In order to explain the difficult medical
Pericarp: capsule subglobular, half inferior, or half covered
terms used in the various prescriptions with which this work with the calix, three-celled. Seeds : oblong, when unripe
abounds, we have introduced the following elucidations. linear-chaffy; when ripe, usually winged. ESSENTIAL CHA-
Relaxing medicines, when externally applied, and supposed RACTER. Calix: five-cleft, half superior. Petals: five-
to soften the parts, are called emollients; while others, which Filamenta :
many, very lon, in five bodies. Style : one.'
are supposed to possess the power of augmenting the secre- This a fine genus of aromatic trees
Capsule: three-celled.
tion of pus in inflamed parts, are termed suppurative. Seda- knd shrubs, with lateral inflorescence, and simple entire leaves ;

tive n>edicines, that have the power of aH growing in New Holland, except the first. Eighteen specie*
assuaging pain, are
VOL. it. 74. a D
104 M EL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MEL
have already been described, among v.hiu'u urc il.e follow- laleuca. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, one-nerved; flow-
ing: ers clustered; filamenta very long, linear-radiate, multih'd at
1. MelaleucaLeucadendron; Aromatic Melaleuca. Leaves top. The flowers grow in a cylindrical form round the
branches. It is the most beautiful
alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, obliquely siekled, five- plant of its genus, abounds
nerved; branchlets and petioles smooth. This tree has a in theEnglish gardens, and was generally taken for an Hype-
black trunk and white branches, whence the name Melaleuca. ricum, till it
produced its elegant flowers. Native of New
The cajepul oil is not produced from this, but the next species. South Wales.
Native of some parts of the East Indies, and Cochin-china. Melampodium ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order
2. Melaleuca Minor; Smaller Cajeput-tree. Leaves scat- Polygamia Necessaria. GENERIC CHARACTER. . Calix :
tered, elliptic-lanceolate, bluntish, straight, five-ribbed ;
young- common five-leaved, flat; leaflets subovate, the length of the
branches and germens downy. Native of Amboyna. This is flower, spreading very much. Corolla: compound, radiated;
the species which yields the cajeput oil. It is imported from corollets hermaphrodite, in the disk: female about five in
the East Indies, and is distilled chiefly in the island of Banda: the ray ; proper of the hermaphrodite one-petalled, funnel-
from its exorbitant price, it is frequently adulterated; and is form, five-toothed, erect of the female ligulate, ovate,
;

therefore seldom found perfectly pure in Europe. This oil entire, or three-toothed. Stamina: in the hermaphrodites;
appears to be a powerful medicine, and is much esteemed in filamenta five, very small anthens cylindrie, tubular. Pis-
;

Germany, as well as in India, as a general remedy in chronic til: in the hermaphrodites;

gennen very small; style bristle-
and painful complaints. Taken into the stomach, in the dose shaped, the length of the corolla; stigma obsolete. In the
of five or six drops, it heats and stimulates the whole system, females; germen subovate, compressed, with rugsred sides,
proving at vhe same time a very certain diaphoretic. It has the top flat and membranaceous; style very short. Peri-
been used both internally and externally with much advantage carp: calix unchanged. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites none;
in several obstinate disorders, as palsy, hypochondriacal and in the females
solitary, obovate, compressed, four-cornered,
hysteric affections, deafness, defective vision, tooth-ach, prickly at the sides, crowned with a heart-shaped, involuted,
gout, rheumatism, menstrual obstructions, herpetic eruptions, converging calicle.
Receptacle: chaffy, conical; chaffs lan-
&c. The dose is from two to six, and even twelve, drops. ceolate, coloured, the length of the florets. ESSENTIAL CHA-
3. Meluleuca Viridiflora ; Green-flowered Melaleuca. RACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Receptacle: chaffy, conical;
Leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, five-nerved; down one-leafed, involuted, converging. The species are,
branchlets and petioles pubescent. The flowers are of a pale 1.
Melampodium Amevicanum. Stem upright, herbaceous,
yellowish green. Native of New South Wales. villose; leaves linear, lanceolate, pinnatifid, hairy on both
4. Melaleuca Lanrina ; Spurge-laurel-leaved Melaleuca. sides; corolla yellow. Native of La Vera Cruz.
Leaves alternate, obovate, lanceolate, one-nerved; peduncles 2. Melampodium Australe. Stem decumbent; leaves oval,
axillary, dichotomous, pubescent. This species is not aro- serrate. Native of South America.
matic. Native of New South Wales. 3. Melampodium Humile. Stem upright; leaves lyrate-
5. Melaleuca Stypheloides ; Styphelia-like Melaleuca. toothed, sessile.- Native of Jamaica and San Domingo.
Leaves alternate, ovate, mucronate-pungent, many-nerved; This, with the two preceding species, are propagated by sow-
8owers lateral; calicine teeth striated, mucronate. Gathered ing the seeds on a hot-bed in the spring.
near Port Jackson. Melampyrum ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order
6. Melaleuca Ericifoiia; Heath-leaved Melaleuca. Leaves Angiospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth
scattered or opposite, linear, nerveless, subrecurved, awn- one-leafed, tubular, four-cleft; 'divisions slender, permanent.
less; flowers lateral, clustered towards the top of the branch- Corolla: one-pfttalled, ringent; tube oblong, recurved bor-;

lets. Native of New South Wales. der compressed; upper galeated, compressed, emarginate,
lip
7. Melaleuca Armillaris; Diosma-like Melaleuca. Leaves the lateral little margins reflex; lower lip flat, upright, the
scattered, linear, mucronate, recurved at top; flowers lateral ; length of the other, half three-cleft, equally blunt, marked
filamcnta very long, linear, radiate-multifid at top. Native with two risings in the middle. Stamina: filamenta four,
of NewSouth Wales. awl-shaped, curled, concealed beneath the upper lip, two
Melaleuca Genistifolia ;
8. Broom-leaved Melaleuca. shorter; antherse oblong". Pistil: germen acuminate; style
Leaves scattered, lanceolate, mucronate, three-nerved, many- simple, situation and length of the stamina; stigma blunt.
dotted flowering branchlets terminating, loose
; ; filamenta Pericarp: capsule oblong, oblique, acuminate, compressed;
radiate-multifid at top. Native of Port Jackson. upper margin convex; lower straight, two-celled, two-valved,
0. Melaleuea Linariifolia ;
Toad-flax-leaved Melaleuca. opening by the upper suture ; partition contrary. Seeds:
Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, three-nerved, many-dotted solitary,
or one in each cell, (according to Linneus, two,)
beneath; flowering branchlets terminating, loose; filamenta ovate, gibbous, elongated at the base. ESSENTIAL CHA-
pinnate. This is a large tree, the bark of which is very thick RACTER. Calix: four-cleft. Corolla: upper lip compressed,
arid spongy, serving the purpose of tinder. The leaves have with the edge folded back. Capsule: two-celled, oblique,
a flavour like nutmeg. Native of New South Wales. opening on one side. Seeds: two, gibbous. These plants
10. MelaleucaThymifolia; Thyme-leaved Melaleuca. Leaves are seldom cultivated gardens, some of them indeed are
in

opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, nerveless; flowering branchlets

common weeds, but not noxious in England. The seeds of
lateral,very short, few-flowered ; filamenta branched to the all sown in autumn soon after they are
the sorts should bo
middle ; flowers purple, ranged along the branches of a year or seldom grow the first year. When the
ripe, otherwise they
two old, in little, short, opposite spikes, which soon, however, plants come up, weed them in the spring whilst young. .As

prove to be branches by the leaves shooting out at their ends. soon as they begin to shew their flowers, cattle may be
The teeth of the calix are permanent, and the whole of that turned in upon a space hurdled off; for if they are permitted
to run over the whole field, they would trample down the
part, as well as the back
of the leaves, abounds with a fra-
grantessential oil, lodged in pellucid prominent dots. Native crop, and destroy a great part of it. The species are,
of New South Wales. 1. Melampyrum Crisiatum; Crested Cow-wheat. Spikoi
11. Melaleuca Hypericifolia; St. John's Wort-leaved Me- quadrangular ; bractes heart-shaped, compact, toothlettrd,
 M EL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M EL 105

imbricate. The whole plant is nearly smooth, extremely spreading, with linear longer claws, permanent. Stamina:
branched; branches opposite; leaves opposite, sessile, linear, filamenta six, filiform, erect, the length of the corolla, into
but tapering to a point; Howers in closely imbricated spikes, which they are inserted above the claws ; anlherse globular.
forming heads, terminating the stem and branches; they are Pistil: germen conical, striated ; styles three, distinct, curved ;

reddish, others say yellow and white. In the autumn they stigmas blunt. Pericarp: capsule ovate, three-cornered,
grow eighteen inhces or two feet high and where there are
;
three-grooved, three-celled, composed of three capsules united
numbers together, the numerous diverging branches are so en- within. Seeds: very many, compressed, half ovate. ESSEN-
tangled that it is very difficult to extricate them. It flowers TIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: six-petalled. Filamenta:
in June and July, and is common in the woods of Bedford- from the elongated claws of the corolla. The species are,
shire; and in Madingly and Kingston Woods, Cambridge- 1. Melanthium Virginicum; Virginian Melanthium. Flow-
shire. Found also among corn in VYr alton-field, near Wake- ers panicled petals with claws, hirsute on the outside ;
;

field, Yorkshire; and in Braybrook Wood, and at Newton corolla of a dusky colour. Native of Virginia, and other
and Yarwell, in Northamptonshire. Ray observed it in parts of North America.
mountainous woods near Geneva; and it is found on many 2. Melanthium Leetum ; Spear-leaved Melanthium. Ra-
other parts of the Continent. cemeoblong; petals sessile; leaves smooth, lanceolate>-linear;
2. Melampyrum Arvense ;Purple Cow-wheat. Spikes stem-leaves remote. It flowers in June. Native of North
conical, loose; bractes tooth-bristled, coloured stem upright,
;
America.
slightly hairy, branched; corolla yellow, and dusky purple. 3. Melanthium Sibiricum; Siberian Melanthium. Panicle
The seeds, when ground with corn, give a bitterish and a very long; petals sessile; leaves linear, acuminate. Rootbul-
grayish cast to the bread, but do not render it unwholesome. bous, oblong; stem naked, a foot high, round, surrounded by
It is a corn-weed in
many parts of Europe; among wheat a single linear short leaf. Native of Siberia.
Jin the more southern parts, and among rye in the northern. 4. Melanthium Capense ; Spotted-flowered Melanthium.
Found also in Denmark and Japan. It is a delicious food Petals dotted; leaves lanceolate, cowled; stems quite simple.
for cattle, and might be cultivated for fattening oxen. Native of the Cape.
3. Melampyrum Nemorosum; Wood Cow-wheat. Flowers 5. Melanthium Indicum ; Indian Melanthium. Petals
directed the same way, lateral; bractes toothed, the upper- linear-lanceolate; leaves linear. Root bulbous; stem simple,
most coloured, barren; calices woolly. Root small, annual; upright, smooth and even ; flowers shorter than the leaves,
stem a foot and half high, upright, brachiate, four-cornered ; dark purple.- -Native of Tranquebar in the East Indies.
bractes blue violet, laciniated at the base, or toothed, woolly 6. Melanthium Cochin-chinense ; Cochin-chinese Melan-
underneath ; corolla herbaceous, yellow, with the origin of the thium. Petals sessile; leaves three-sided; flowers solitary,
throat and gape deeper yellow; the tube purple, and curved axillary. Root consisting of a bundle of oblong, fleshy, red-
inwards ;
lower lip trifid, more lengthened out than in the dish brown tubers ; stem six feet high, shrubby, round, slen-
other species, orange-coloured. Native of woods in the north der, branched, procumbent, with short scattered prickles.
of Europe. Linneus, who appears to have been struck with Common in the dry hedges of China and Cochin-china.
the beauty of the plant and the splendour of the flowers, re- 7. Melanthium Viride ; Green -flowered Melanthium.
marks that it is not a native of England, nor of several pro- Leaves ovate,' lanceolate ; corolla reflex ; petals white, lan-
vinces of Sweden. It makes a Native of the Cape.
pretty appearance with its ceolate.
purple tops, in the months of July and August, and deserves 8. Melanthium Ciliatum ;Fringe-leaved Melanthium.
a place in the flower-garden
among other annuals. Leaves ensifosm, cowled ; flowers in spikes petals with ;

4. Melampyrum Pratense; Meadow Cow-vJicat. Flowers claws, white. Native of the Cape.
directed the same way, lateral; leaves in distant pairs; corol- 9. Melanthium Triquetrum Rush-leaved Melanthium.
;

las closed. Stem feeble, cylindrical towards the bottom, four- Leaves three-cornered, smooth; flowers in spikes. Native
cornered upwards; flowers yellow, solitary, leaning one wav. of the Cape.
Linneus observes, that where this plant abounds, the butter 10. Melanthium Monopetalum; One-petalled Melanthium.
is
yellow and uncommonly good; that cows are very fond of Corolla one-petalled; leaves cowled, lanceolate. Root glo-
it, though they refuse the Arvense. Sheep and goats eat it; bular, smooth; stem none, or a finger's length, round, simple,
horses and swine refuse it, though the latter are Native of the Cape.
very fond of sheathed, striated.
the seeds. It is
frequent in the woods of Norfolk and Suffolk, 11. Melanthium Monoicum. Panicles with male flowers
and other parts of the kingdom, in a clayey soil, and was long below; female panicles above, branchy; petals oblong, plain,
confounded with the following species. short-unguiculate, bimaculate; style one, half the length of
5. Melampyrum Sylvaticum; Yellow Cote-wheat. Flowers the germen. It flowers in July. Found on the mountains
directed the same way, lateral ; leaves in distant of Virginia and Carolina.
pairs ;
corollas gaping wide, yellow. Native of many parts of Eu- 12. Melanthium Hybridum. Petals subrotund, unguicu-
It is much rarer in
rope in woods. England than the preced- late, plicate-undulate,scarcely maculate, rough on the outer
ing species, if it be really distinct from it, and if the trueSyZ- side; flowers small, pale white, appearing in June and July.
vaticum of foreign authors be found with us. Observed at It grows on the sides of hills in Virginia and Carolina, in a
Wick Whitewood, and Hartley-wood, in Cambridge-
Clifts, moist fertile soil.

way from Tay-mouth to Lord Breadalbane's

shire; also in the Melastoma a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
;

cascade, and about Finlarig at the head of Loch-Tay. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
6. Melampyrum Lineare. Lower leaves linear, entire; leafed, bell-shaped, ventricose at the base, four or five cleft,
flowers axillary, distinct, yellow; stem about six inches Corolla: petals four or five, roundish, inserted
high, permanent.
round, erect. particularly on the into the throat of the calix. Stamina: filamenta eight or
It grows in shady woods,
mountains from Canada to Carolina. ten, inserted into the calix, short,; antherce long, somewhat
.Melanthium; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Tri- curved, upright, one-celled, gaping at top with an oblique
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none, unless the hole: scalelets two, very small, diverging, annexed to each
corolla be so called. Corolla: petals six, ovate-oblong, filamentum below the antherae, the rudiment of another
106 MEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MEL
cell. Pistil: germen roundish, in the belly of the calix; 15. Melastoma Crispata. Leaves quite entire, five-nerved,
style filiform, straight; stigma blunt or headed. Pericarp: in fours; branches curled. Native of Amboyna.
berry two, three, four, or five celled, wrapped up in the 16. Melastoma Glabra. Leaves quite entire, three-nerved,
calix, roundish, crowned with a cylindric rim. Seeds: very elliptic-lanceolate, rugged; calices cut round. Native of the
many, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five- Society Isles.
cleft, bell-shaped. Petals:
inserted into the calix.
five, 17. Melastoma Grandiflora. Leaves cordate, five-nerved,
Berry: five-celled, wrapped up in the calix (according to :
serrulate, both they and the stem rough-haired peduncles ;

Gsertner, Capsule with a soft pulp, five-celled, opening in bifid, stamina barren branches herbaceous, four-cor-
five ;

five parts at top.) The best way to obtain the numerous nered. The whole plant hairy. Native of Cayenne.
plants of this genus, is to have the entire fruits put up in 18. Melastoma Septemnervia. Leaves seven-nerved, quite
dry sand as soon as they are ripe, and forwarded to England entire, lanceolate-ovate, hispid; stem shrubby, six feet high,
by the quickest conveyance. They should be taken out as upright. Native of Cochin-china.
soon as they arrive, and the seeds sown in pots of light earth, 19. Melastoma Dodecandra. Leaves five-nerved, quite
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanner's bark. When entire, smooth ; flower twelve-stamined. This is a small
the plants are fit to remove, plant each in a small pot of shrub, about ten inches high, upright, even. Native of
light earth, plunging them into the tan-bed; afterwards treat China about Canton, and also of Cochin-china.
them as other woody stove-plants. They may also be pro- *Ten-stamined, with three-nerved Leaves.
pagated by cuttings and layers. The species are, 20. Melastoma Prooera. Stem arboreous leaves three- ;

1. Melastoma Acinodendron. Leaves toothletted, with nerved, somewhat toothletted, smooth; raceme terminating;
thijee nerves or thereabouts, ovate-acute. This becomes a spikes simple, erect; calices truncated. Native of the West
large tree, having many crooked branches, with a brown Indies.
bark. The fruit grows in loose spikes at the end of the 21. Melastoma Patens. Leaves three-nerved, somewhat
branches, is thinly placed in the spikes, and of a violet-colour. toothletted, cordate, hirsute ; raceme terminating, patulous ;
Native of South America. flowers distinct, twelve-stamined. Native of the West Indies.
2. Melastoma Grossulariodes. Leaves toothletted, triple- 22. Melastoma Rigida. Leaves three-nerved, somewhat
nerved, ovate, acuminate. Native of Surinam. toothletted, ovate, subcordate, rigid, rugged behind; panicles
3. Melastoma Scabrosa. Leaves triple-nerved, toothletted, terminating, ferruginous, hirsute. Native of the W. Indies.
ovate, rugged, hirsute ; flowers axillary, aggregate, sessile, 23. Melastoma Quadrangularis. Leaves three-nerved,
eight-stamined. Native of the cooler mountains of Jamaica. entire, ovate-lanceolate,smooth nerves coloured branches
; ;

4. Melastoma Hirta. Leaves toothletted, five-nerved, ovate- quadrangular ; racemes straight, terminating. Native of the
lanceolate; stem hispid. Native of the woody mountains of West Indies.
Jamaica, flowering in spring and autumn. 24.Melastoma Scandens. Leaves three-nerved, tooth-
5. Melastoma Leaves serrate, five-nerved, net-
Fragilis. letted, ovate,acute, smooth; raceme terminating; gpikes
ted ; racemes with sessile
flowers, all directed one way. mostly pointing one way; stem climbing. Native of the
This is a stiffish shrub. Native of Surinam. West Indies.
6. Melastoma Aspera. Leaves quite entire, three-nerved, 25. Melastoma Montana. Leaves three-nerved, toothlet-
lanceolate, rugged Native of the East Indies. ted, oblong, acute, smoothish ; racemes terminating, with
7. Melastoma Holosericea. Leaves entire, three-nerved, patulous spikes ; petals retuse ; calix truncated. Native of
sessile, ovate-acute, villosersilky racemes brachiate
; ;
the West Indies.
branches two-parted; stem acutely quadrangular; corollas 26. Melastorqa Trinervia. Leaves three-nerved, without
large; petals violet-purple. Native of Jamaica and Brazil. any marginal nerve, oblong, attenuated at the base and tip,
&, Melastoma Strigosa. Leaves quite entire, three-nerved, entire, smooth on both sides, thinner; racemes almost simple,
strigose, ovate ; flowers solitary. A shrub, with purple terminating. Native of the West Indies.
corollas. Found by Mutis in New Granada. 27. Melastoma Ramiflora. Leaves three-nerved, entire,
9. Melastoma Sessilifolia. Leaves quite entire, triple- ovate-lanceolate, somewhat rugged; branches flower-bear-
nerved, spatulate, sessile, tomentose underneath. Native of ing; flowers peduncled, somewhat clustered. Native of the
Jamaica. West Indies.
10. Melastoma Malabathrica. Leaves quite entire, five- 28.Melastoma Aromatica. Leaves ovate, shining, some-
nerved, lanceolate-ovate, rugged. This is a tree, with rug- what hairy underneath nerves and stems strigose ; calices
;

ged branches. Native oT the East Indies. with imbricate bractes at the base. Native of Guiana.
11. Melastoma Leevigata. Leaves quite entire, five-nerved, 29. Melastoma Crenata. Hispid : leaves subcordate, ob-
ovate-oblong, levigated, acuminated, even about the edge. long, crenate, acuminate; racemes axillary, few-flowered, the
This is an upright shrub, about the height of a man stem ; length of the petiole. Native of South America.
smooth and even. Native of Jamaica. 30. Melastoma Decussata. Leaves lanceolate-oblong,
12. Melastoma Discolor. Leaves quite entire, five-nerved, serrulate, ciliate, very smooth above ; spikes racemed, two-
oblong, acuminate, smooth and even at the edge racemes ;
parted; flowers clustered. Native of Cayenne.
cymed; flowers eight-stamined. This tree is about fifteen 31. Melastoma Prasina. Leaves triple-nerved, quite entire,
feet high, withsubreclining ash-coloured branches, the
younger broad, lanceolate, smooth ; panicle terminating, spreading
ones tomentose ; flowers small, scentless, yellow. Native of very much. Native of the West Indies.
the West March.
Indies, flowering in **Ten-stamined, with five-nerved Leaves.
13. Melastoma Octandra. Leaves quite entire, three- 32. Melastoma Elegans. Hispid: leaves cordate, une-
nerved, ovate, smooth, hispid at the edge. Native of the qually crenate- toothed racemes in the forkings and termi-
;

East Indies. nating, few-flowered. Native of Cayenne.

14. Melastoma Grossa. Leaves quite entire, five-nerved, 33. Melastoma Physiphora. Leaves ovate, attenuated,
subcordate, rugged. This tree has stiffish, round, hispid, toothletted, ciliate; petioles hispid, bladdery at the tip.
branches. Found in New Grajiada by Mutis. Found in Cayenne and Guiana.
 MEL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MEL 107

34. Melastoma Capitata. Leaves broad-lanceolate, quite 52. Melastoma Hirtella. Leaves three-nerved, hispid at
entire ; heads terminating, involucred branches four-cor-
;
the edge ; peduncles very short, axillary, three-flowered.
nered ;
filamenta appendicled. The branches appear to be Native of Jamaica.
scandent. Native of the West Indies. 53. Melastoma Microphylla. Leaves three-nerved, some-
35. Melastoma Argentea.Leaves five-nerved, somewhat what toothletted, ovate-obtuse, hispid above, tomentose
toothletted, ovate, smooth, tomentose, and
white underneath ;
underneath ;
peduncles trifid, axillary. Native of the West
panicles terminating, spreading
Trunk thick as a man's Indies.
Native of the West Indies. 54. Melastoma Tetrandra. Leaves three-nerved, entire,
thigh ; flowers white.
36. Melastoma Elata. Leaves five-nerved, serrate, tooth- oblong, acuminate, emarginate at the base, smooth, somewhat
letted, oblong, coriaceous, ferruginous-tomentose underneath;
convex ; raceme erect, terminating ; flowers four-stamined.
Native of Native of Jamaica.
panicles terminating, spreading ; flowers sessile.
Jamaica. 55. Melastoma Triflora. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, quite
37. Melastoma Tamonea. Leaves five-nerved, oblong-lan- entire; branches, petioles, and calices, strigose; flowers axil-
ceolate, acute, entire, tomentose-hoary underneath ; racemes lary, subpeduncled, in threes. Branches obtusely quadran-
gular, covered at top. Native of the Caribbee Islands.
compound, terminating; racemelets brachiate; bractes
in
****
pairs, under the flowers. This is a middle-sized tree, with a Eight-stamined, with triple-nerved Leaves.
trunk four or five feet high, covered with a grey bark. Na- 56. Melastoma Virgata. Leaves triple-nerved, entire, ovate,
tive of Cayenne and Guiana. lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth branches flower-bearing;
;

38. Melastoma Albicans. Leaves five-nerved, entire, ovate, racemes decussated, diffused, scattered. Native of Jamaica.
acute, smooth above, tomentose, whitish-ferruginous under- 57. Melastoma jEleagnoides. Leaves triple-nerved, entire,
neath; racemes terminating, erect; flowers clustered, sessile. broad-lanceolate, whitish-tomentose underneath ; peduncles
Native of Jamaica. terminating, trichotomous ; flowers solitary. Native of the
39. Melastoma Impetiolaris. Leaves five-nerved, tooth- West Indies.
letted, subsessile, oblong, acuminate, coriaceous-tomentose- 58. Melastoma Acuminata. Leaves ovate, outwardly tooth-
ferruginous underneath ; panicles terminating and axillary, letted, acuminate, hoary underneath ; corymbs terminating,
erect. Native of the West Indies. fastigiate. Native of Montserrat.
40. Melastoma Splendens. Leaves five-nerved, entire, 59. Melastoma Verticillata. Leaves ovate, oblong, atte-
oblong, acuminate, smooth on both sides, shining above; nuated, toothletted, villose, rugged above ; racemes axillary ;
panicles terminating above. Native of Hispaniola. flowers in whorls. Native of the Caribbee Islands.
41 . Melastoma Coriacea. Leaves five-nerved cartilaginous- ,
60. Melastoma Lateriflora. Leaves obovate, acuminate,
toothletted, ovate, wrinkled, smooth, coriaceous ; branches setaceous-subserrate, smooth ; peduncles intrafoliaceous, ag-
and petioles strigose ; branches of the panicle four-cornered. gregate, one-flowered. Stem from two to three feet high.
Native of Montserrat. Found by Ryan in the island of Montserrat.
*****
42. Melastoma Strigillosa. Leaves five-nerved, somewhat Eight-stamined, with Jive-nerved Leaves.
toothletted, acuminate, strigose-hairy above, tomentose under- 61. Melastoma Umbrosa. Leaves five-nerved, toothletted,
neath ; racemes axillary, solitary ; flowers pedicelled, clus- broad-ovate, acuminate, rough-haired on both sides ; branch-
tered. Native of the West Indies. letsflower-bearing; racemes dichotomous, spreading; branches
*** and Native of St. Christopher's.
Eight-stamined, with three-nerved Leaves. petioles hirsute.
43. Melastoma Fascicularis. Leaves three-nerved, entire, 62. Melastoma Pilosa. Leaves five-nerved, toothletted,
ovate, acute, rugged ; branches flower-bearing; flowers shortly oblong, acute, hirsute underneath ; racemes lateral, hirsute.
peduncled, clustered. Native of Jamaica. Native of Jamaica.
44. Melastoma Angustifolia. Leaves three-nerved, linear- 63. Melastoma Hispida. Leaves five-nerved, somewhat
lanceolate, entire, hoary underneath; branches wand-like; pa- toothletted, ovate-acute, strigose-hirsute above, netted-
nicles terminating; flowers erect. Native of the West Indies. tomentose underneath panicles terminating, divaricated.
;

45. Melastoma Micranthus. Leaves three-nerved, tooth- Native of the West Indies.
letted, oblong, acute, smooth racemes axillary, reclining
; ;
64. Melastoma Aquatica. Leaves five-nerved, cordate-
flowers acuminate. Native of the West Indies. acute, crenulate, rough-haired above, even underneath pani- ;

46. Melastoma Capillaris. Leaves three-nerved, somewhat cles terminating, trichotomous, diffused. Height about three
toothletted, broad-lanceolate, attenuated, smooth; peduncles feet; stem four-cornered. Native of Cayenne and Guiana.
capillary, three-flowered, axillary. Native of the West Indies. 65. Melastoma Coccinea. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
47. Melastoma Rubens. Leaves three-nerved, toothletted, smooth, quite entire; thyrse terminating; peduncles and
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth branches and peti- ; pedicels knotted, hispid. This is a very beautiful shrub,
oles coloured raceme terminating; flowers clustered, dicecous.
; from four to six feet high, with a regular head like an Orange-
Native of the West Indies. tree. The large scarlet flowers, in thyrsea, cover the whole
48. Melastoma Purpurascens. Leaves three-nerved, entire, head. The leaves are wrinkled, and the flowers are some-
oblong, acute, striated, very smooth racemes lateral, patulous;
; times white. Discovered by Ryan in Montserrat.
flowers distinct. Native of the West Indies. 66. Melastoma Sessiliflora. Villose-subtomentose
leaves :

49. Melastoma Glabrata. Leaves three-nerved, somewhat lanceolate-ovate, toothletted, subpetioled ; flowers axillary,
toothletted, ovate, acute, smooth, coriaceous peduncles ter- ; sessile, in a sort of whorl. Native of the West Indies.
minating, solitary, one-flowered. Native of Jamaica. There are many more species of this genus ; some with ten
50. Melastoma Alpina. Leaves three-nerved, entire, ovate, stamens, and three and five nerved leaves, and others with
coriaceous, smooth ; peduncles simply trichotomous; flowers twelve stamens. More might have been added, but the
distinct. Native of the West Indies. above are amply sufficient. Too much dependence must not
51. Melastoma Hirsuta. Leaves three-nerved, somewhat be placed upon the smoothness or hairiness of the leaves, as
toothletted, broad-lanceolate, attenuated, hirsute ; peduncles they vary in that respect with soil and situation. There is
axillary, three-flowered, divaricated. Native of Jamaica. great beauty in the diversity of tht: leaves, many of which are
VOL. ii. 75. 2 E
 108 MEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MEL
different colours on the two suspected to be a variety of the preceding species.
very large, and most of them of Native
is

surfaces, their under side being white, gold colour, or russet, of the East Indies.
and their upper of different shades of green. The flowers have 3. Melia Azedirachta; Ash-leaved Indian Bead-tree.
no great beauty ; but for the singularity of the leaves, these Leaves pinnate. This becomes a large tree in India ; the
trees and shrubs deserve a place in all curious collections. stem is thick ; the wood of a pale yellow ; and the bark of a
Metia; -a of the class Decandria, order Monogynia.
genus dark purple colour, and very bitter. Native of the East
GENERIC CHARACTER. Culix: perianth one-leafed, Indies. This sort is now very rare in England and also ;

in the Dutch gardens, where some years

very small, five-toothed, upright, blunt. Corolla: petals past it was more
five, linear-lanceolate, spreading, long; nectary cylindric, common : it is
propagated by seeds in the same way as the
one-leafed, the length of the corolla, with a ten-toothed other sort, but being much tenderer, the plants should be
mouth. Stamina: filamenta ten, very small, inserted within kept constantly in the tan-bed while young. In the summer
the apex of the nectary ; antherce not exceeding the nectary, they may be placed under a frame, but in winter they must
oblong. Pistil: germen conical style cylindric, the length
;
be removed into the bark-stove, and treated in the same way
of the nectary ; stigma capitate, with five converging valves. with other plants from the same countries. When they
Pericarp: drupe globular, soft. Seed: nut roundish, five- have acquired strength, they may be treated more hardily,
grooved, five-celled. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: by placing them in winter in a dry-stove, and in the middle of
five-toothed. Petals i five. Nectary : cylindric, bearing the summer they may be placed abroad for two or three months in
antherse at its mouth. Drupe: with a five-celled nucleus. a warm sheltered situation; and during the winter season
they
. The species are,
should be sparingly watered: with this management the plants
1. Melia Azedarach; Common Bead-tree. Leaves bipin- will produce flowers annually, and, as they retain their leaves
nate ; leaflets flat, shining, with ferruginous dots underneath. all the year, they are ornamental in winter in the stove.
In warm countries this grows to a large tree, spreading out Melianthus; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
into many branches. The flowers come out from the side of spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth large,
the branches, in long loose bunches petals blue.
; Fruit five-parted, coloured, unequal ; the two upper segments
the size of a small cherry ; nut four or five celled, oblong, erect; the lowest very short, like a bag, gibbous
oblong,
with an oblong seed in each cell. The pulp surrounding the downwards the middle segments opposite, inferior, lanceo-
;

nut is poisonous, and, when mixed with grease, it is said late the uppermost simple, erect.
; Corolla : petals four,
to kill dogs. The Roman Catholics bore and string the lanceolate-linear, with the tops reflex, from parallel spreading,
nuts for beads. Native of Syria; and now common in Spain turned outwards, forming the lower lip, as the calix itself
and Portugal. It propagated by seeds, which may be
is does the upper, connected at the sides in the middle ; nectary
obtained from Italy or Spain, where these trees annually one-leafed, placed within the lowest segment of the calix,
produce ripe fruits in the gardens where they are planted. and fastened to it with the receptacle, very short, compressed
The seeds or berries should be sown in pots filled with good at the sides, gashed at the edge, turned downwards
by the
light rich earth in the spring, and plunged
into a moderate back. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, upright, the
hot-bed of tanner's bark, where, if the seeds be fresh, they length of the calix ; the two lower shorter, united at the base ;
will come up in about a month or five weeks' time. When antheree cordate-oblong, four-celled in front. Pistil: ger-
the plants are come up, they should be frequently watered, men four-cornered, gibbous, four-toothed; style upright, awl-
and should have a large share of free air by raising the shaped, of the same length and in the same situation with the
glasses every day. In June they should be exposed to the stamina; stigma four-cleft, with the upper segment larger.
open air, in a well-sheltered situation. In October the pots Pericarp: capsule quadrangular, half four-cleft; angles
should be removed under a hot-bed frame, where they may sharp, distant; cells inflated; partitions open in the centre
for a receptacle of the seeds, gaping between the angles.
enjoy free open air when the weather is mild, and be covered
in hard frost. During the winter season they must be Seeds: in fours, subglobular, annexed to the centre of the
refreshed gently with water, but not too often, nor in large capsule. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved,
quantities. In March following you may shake out the the lower leaf gibbous. Petals: four, with the nectary
plants from the seed-pots and divide them, planting each within the lowest. The species are,
into a separate small pot, filled with light fresh earth, plung- Melianthus Major; Great Honey-flower. Stipules soli-
1.

ing them into a moderate hot-bed, which will greatly pro- tary, fastened to the petiole. Root woody, perennial, spread-
mote their rooting and increase their growth, but they must ing stems many, woody, four or five feet high, herbaceous
;

not be drawn too much ; and in June you should remove towards the top leaves large, embracing the stem at the base
; ;

them out into the open air as before, and during the three spikes long; corolla brown. Native of the Cape. This
or four winters, while the plants are young, you must shelter which if in flower distils a shower of nectar when
plant,
them, to secure them from the cold ; but when they are shaken, was formerly preserved in the green-house as a te-n-
grown pretty large and woody, they will endure to be der exotic, but if planted in a dry soil and warm situation, it
planted in the open air against a south wall. The best season will endure the cold of our ordinary winters very well ; and if
for this is in April, at which time you should shake them out in a severe frost the tops should be destroyed, yet the roots
of the pots, being careful not to break the earth from their will abide, and put forth again in the succeeding spring. It

roots, but only pare off with a knife the outside of the ball may be propagated by taking off its suckers or side shoots,
of earth then open your holes and put in the plants, closing
;
any time from March to September, observing to chuse such
the earth to their roots, observing, if the weather be dry, to as are furnished with fibres ; and, after they are planted and
give them some water, which should be repeated twice a week have taken root, they will require no further care but to keep
until the plants have taken root ; but you must observe to them clear from weeds : they may be also propagated by
plant them on a dry soil, otherwise they will be liable to planting cuttings, during any of the summer months, which,
miscarry in severe frosty weather. if watered and shaded, will root very well, and may afterward*
2. Melia Sempervirens ; Evergreen Bead-tree. Leaves be transplanted where they are designed to remain.
bipinnate ; leaflets somewhat wrinkled, commonly seven. This 2. Melianthus Minor; Small Honey-flower. Stipules in
 MEL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MEL 109

piirs, distinct; racemes axillary, elongated;

flowers in whorls; rugged, striated, somewhat angular, below purplish. It flow-
bractes linear, elongated. The stem, which is shrubby, and ers in July and August. Native of many parts of Europe,
from three to five feet high, during the flowering season is particularly the northern countries, in rocky and shady situa-
then fewer leaves It is found in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Cum-
apt to exhibit a naked appearance, having
tions.
on it, and those not of their full size; the foliage has an berland and also in Scotland.
;

Melica Uniflora; Single-flowered Wood Melic Grass.

unpleasant smell, and the nectar does not flow so copiously
7.

as in the preceding sort, but is retained at the bottom of the Panicle thin calices two-flowered, one floret hermaphrodite,
;

corolla. Native of the Cape. This is not spreading like the the other neuter. Root perennial culm simple, a foot and
;

first, andnot propagated so easily but cuttings planted

is ;
half or more in height, where it is covered with the sheaths
of the leaves, somewhat angular, rugged, and striated, at bot-
upon aa old hot-bed, the heat of which is over, and covered
close with bell or hand glasses to exclude the air, will take tom of a dull purple colour. The delicacy and striking colour
root pretty freely; these may be planted in pots, and sheltered of the panicle, joined to its
place of growth in woods, rea-
iu the winter under a common frame for a year or two, till dily distinguish this from all our other grasses. Native of
they have obtained strength ; then they may be planted
in Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, France, and England it is :

a warm border, and treated in the same way as the former found in most of the woods near London; and in Mungewell,
sort ; with which management they flower much better than Ardley, and Stokenchurch woods, in Oxfordshire, &c.
8. Melica Ramosa
any of those which have been more tenderly treated. All the Branching Melic Grass.
; Corollas
sorts succeed best in a dry soil, and warm situation. smooth, awnless; panicle contracted; culm branched.
3. Melianthus Comosus Tufted Honey-flower.
; Stipules Native of the Cape.
distinct; racemes infrafoliaceous flowers alternate; bractes
;
9. Melica Capensis ; Cape Melic Grass. Corollas smooth,
cordate leaves villose above.
; Stem upright, branched, four awnless panicles spreading very much ; leaves subfiliform.
;

feet high, round ; flowers in pendent clusters, of a yellow Native of the Cape.
colour. Native of the Cape. 10. Melica Minuta; Small Melic Grass. Culm branched;
Melica; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia. leaves bristle-shaped ; petals beardless. Native of Italy.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume two-flowered, two- 1 1 Melica Coerulea ; Purple Melic Grass. Panicle con-
.

valved valves ovate, concave, nearly equal.

;
Corolla: two- tracted; flowers cylindrical. Root perennial, thick, whitish, or
valved ; valves ovate, awnless one concave, the other flat
; brownish, flexuose, and villose. This grass is easily known by
and smaller; a corpuscle between the florets, turbinate, pedi- its having only one knot, and that near the base ; and by the

oelled ; nectary one-leafed, horizontal, surrounding the ger- stamina and stigma being of a deep purple colour. Merret's
men, fleshy. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary, thickened name of Gramen Spica Lavendula: is very expressive of its
at the base, connate, the length of the flower; antherse appearance when in flower. It varies greatly in size, and
oblong, forked at each end. Pistil: germen obovate, tur- being harsh and late, does not seem adapted to agricultural
binate styles two, bristle-shaped, spreading, naked at the
; purposes. The fishermen in the isle of Sky make ropes for
base; stigmas oblong, feathered. Pericarp: none; corolla their nets of this grass. It is common on wet moors and
enclosing and dropped the seed. Seed : single, ovate, grooved heaths, flowering from July to the end of September.
on one side. Observe. The peduncled corpuscle, which is 12. Melica
Papilionacea ; Pea-flowered Melic Grass.
the rudiment of a flower, gives the essential character; it Lower valve of the calix very large, coloured : outer petal
consists of two rudiments, or truncated alternate florets, with subciliate. Native of Brazil.
convoluted pellucid glumes. The stamina also are dilated at 13. Meliea Altissima; Tall Melic Grass. Petals beardless ;
the base, and connate with a one-leafed nectary- ESSENTIAL panicle contracted, directed one way. Native of Siberia.
CHARACTER. Calix: two-valved, two-flowered; with the 14. Melica Falx. Spike directed one way, compressed,
rudiments of one or two florets that are abortive between the imbricate ; leaves on the culm two, alternate. Flowers pu-
two others. These Grasses are easily propagated by seed, or bescent, with a white edge. Native of the Cape.
by parting the roots in autumn. None of them are cultivated 15. Melica Mutica. Panicles loose, with few flowers ;
for feeding cattle, though some say that the first and sixth branchlets simple flowers obtuse; stalk erect, glabrous.
;
It

species are both very agreeable to sheep. The latter, and flowers in July. Found in shady places from Virginia to
also the seventh species, together with some of the Cape spe- Florida.
cies, are elegant Grasses, and deserve a place in curious gar- Melicocca; a genus of the class Octandria, order Monogy-
dens. The species are, nia ; or, according to Swartz, of the class Polygamia, order
1. Melica Ciliata; Fringed Melic Grass. The outer petal Dioacia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-
of the lower floret ciliate. Root perennial ; culms several, parted ; leaflets ovate, concave, blunt, spreading. Corolla :
upright, from two to three feet high, round, smooth, with petals four, oblong, equal, bent back entirely among the
seven smooth purple joints. Native of the North of Europe. leaflets of the calix. Stamina: filamenta eight, awl-shaped,
2. Melica Gigantea; Gigantic Melic Grass. Corollas hirsute, Pistil: germen
upright, short; antherse oblong, upright.
awned; panicle whorled; culm upright. Native of the Cape. ovate, almost the length of the corolla; style very short;
3. Melica Geniculata; Jointed Melic Grass. Corollas stigma large, subpeltate, extended on both sides, oblique.
rough-haired; panicle contracted ; culm decumbent. Native Pericarp: drupe barked, roundish, bluntly acuminate. Seed:
of the Cape. nut coriaceous, roundish, smooth. (Gartner.) ESSENTIAL
4. Melica Decumbens ; Prostrate Melic Grass. Corollas CHARACTER. Calix : four-parted. Petals : four, bent back
hirsute; flowers racenied, nodding; culm decumbent. Native below the calix. Stigma; subpeltate. Drupe or Berry:
of the Cape. coriaceous. The only species known is,
5. Melica Racemosa; Racemed Melic Grass. Corollas rough- 1. Melicocca Bijuga. This is a tree, with a middle-sized
haired; racemes drooping; culm erect. Native of the Cape. unarmed trunk branches spreading drupe twice as large as
; ;

6. Melica Nutans ; Mountain Melic Grass. Petals beard- a nutmeg, with a thin and somewhat brittle bark covering
less panicle nodding, simple.
; Root perennial, somewhat the nut, which has a sweet and gelatinous substance ia it,
creeping; culms a foot or a foot aod half high, simple, upright, like the yolk of an egg. Jacquin was informed at Curacoa
no MEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MEL
that there were male and female trees ; but Swartz has ascer- Pericarp: none. Calix: larger, unchanged, fostering the
tained that one tree bears hermaphrodite flowers, another seeds in its bosom. Seeds: four, ovate. ESSENTIAL CHA-
male flowers, and that the latter are most common. They RACTER. Calix: dry, flattish above; upper lip subfasti-
flower in April, and the fruit is ripe about Midsummer. giate. Corolla : somewhat arched, bifid lower lip
upper lip ;

Native of South America; and cultivated in the East Indies. with the middle lobe heart-shaped. The species are,
Browne says it was brought to Jamaica from Surinam that
; 1 Melissa Officinalis Officinal or Common Garden Baum,
.
;

it thrives well in the low lands about Kingston, rising some- or Balm. Racemes axillary, whorled pedicels simple. Root
;

times to the height of sixteen or eighteen feet, or more ; that perennial ; stalk annual, square, branching, from two to three
the fruit is very mellow, and grows to the size of a large feet high ; leaves by pairs at each joint ; flowers in loose
plum ; and that it seldom brings more than one stone or seed small bunches from the axils, in whorls, white or yellowish,
to perfection. He calls it Genip Tree, which is derived from appearing in July. The herb in its recent state, has a weak,
the Dutch knippen: the Spaniards call it, Monos. roughish, aromatic taste, and a pleasant smell, somewhat of
Melicope ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Monogy- the lemon kind, and hence this species has been denominated,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, Melissa odore Citri. On distilling the fresh herb with water,
four-parted, permanent. Corolla: petals four, ovate-oblong, it
impregnates the first runnings pretty strongly with its
acute, longer than the calix ; nectary glands four, large, twin, grateful flavour ; and when large quantities are employed in
surrounding the germina. Stamina: filamenta eight, awl- this way, there separates and rises to the surface of the

shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla, inserted into the aqueous fluid, a small portion of essential oil, in colour yellow-
receptacle on the outside of the nectary; antherse subcordate, ish,and of a very fragrant smell. Balm was formerly esteemed
erect. Pistil: germina four, superior; style filiform, longer of great use in all complaints supposed to proceed from a dis-
than the stamina, deciduous ; stigma four-cornered, flatted, ordered state of the nervous system, according to Paracelsus,
concave at the centre. Pericarp: capsules four, elliptic, Hoffman, and Boerhaave, who inclined to the opinion of the
compressed, divaricated, one-celled, gaping at the upper Arab physicians, and deemed it an efficacious remedy. Others
margin, Seeds: solitary, elliptic, compressed. ESSENTIAL speak of its effects as an emmenagogue but neither this nor
:

CHARACTER. Calix: inferior, four-leaved. Petals: four. any other medicinal power is now attributed to Balm. As
Nectary: glands four, twin. Capsule: four, one-seeded. tea, however, it makes a grateful diluent drink in fevers, and
The only known species is, is thus used, either by itself or acidulated with lemons. The
Melicope Ternata. A shrub, with smooth round leafy
1. essential oil probably possesses no qualities different from
branches. Native of New Zealand. many other aromatics and cordials. From the fondness of
Melicytus ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Pentandria. bees for this plant, it has been named Apiastrum Melissa,
Male. Calix: perianth five-toothed, very short. Corolla: Melissophyllum, and by contraction Melispkyllum, and was
petals five, ovate, acute, horizontal, longer than the calix; directed by the ancients, among other herbs, to be rubbed
nectary, scales five, clubbed, cup-shaped, excavated at top, upon the hive to render it agreeable to the swarm. It is
staminiferous on the inside, upright. Stamina: filamenta known by its Greek name Melissa in all the languages of
none ; antherse five, ovate-roundish, four-grooved in front, Europe, except the Danish, in which it is called Hiertensfryd.
fastened longitudinally to the nectaries within, and a little Mr. Miller makes a distinct species of the Roman Baum,
longer. Female. Calix and Corolla: as in the males; nec- which grows naturally about Rome and in other parts of Italy.
tary, five scales, triangular, acute, incumbent on the germen, The stalks are slender, the leaves much shorter, the whole
shorter than the calix. Pistil : germen ovate ; style very plant hairy, and of a strong disagreeable odour : the flowers
short ; stigma flat, four or five lobed ; lobes rounded, small. grow in whorls, sitting pretty close to the branches, and are

Pericarp: capsule berried, globular, smooth, coriaceous, smaller than those of the common sort. Balm is a native of
one-celled, four or five valved. Seeds: about five, convex the southern parts of Europe, especially in mountainous
on one side, angular on the other, nestling in the pulp. situations, as in Switzerland, Carniola, Silesia, the south of
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-toothed. Corolla: France, and in Italy. It was introduced into our gardens at

five-petalled, three times as long as the calix. Nectary: five an early period. This and the next plant are easily propa-
scales. Male. Anthera: five, without filamenta, fastened gated by parting the root in October, time enough for the
to the inside of the nectary. Female. Stigma: flattened out, offsets to be established before the frosts come on. The roots
four or five lobed. Capsule : berried, one-celled. Seeds : may be divided into small pieces with three or four buds to
nestling. The only known species is, each, and planted two feet apart in beds of common garden
Melicytus Ramiflorus.
1. A shrub or tree with round earth. The only culture they require is to keep them clean
smooth leafy branches, and numerous whitish flowers. Na- from weeds, and to cut off the decayed stalks in autumn, and
tive of New Zealand. then stirring up the ground between them.
Melilot. See Trifolium. 2. Melissa Grandiflora; Great-flowered Balm. Flower-
Melissa; a genus of the class Dklynamia, order Gymno- stalks axillary, forked, longer than the footstalks; bractes
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- lanceolate, sessile ; leaves ovate, serrated. Root perennial ;
leafed, subcampanulate, dry, scariose, spreading a little, stalk annual, rising about a foot high ; flowers large, purple
angular, striated, permanent, with a two-lipped mouth; upper coloured. It flowers in June, and the seeds ripen in August.

lip three-toothed, reflex, spreading, flat; lower lip shorter, The leaves when bruised have the smell of Garden Baum.
sharpish, two-parted. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent; tube There is a variety with white, and another with red flowers, both
cylindrical; throat gaping; upper lip shorter, erect, arched, much and it also has variegated leaves
inferior to the purple
;

roundish, bifid ; lower lip trifid ; middle segment larger, like the preceding. Native of the southern parts of Europe.
cordate. Stamina : filamenta four, awl-shaped, two the length 3. Melissa Calamintha ; Mountain Balm, or Calamint.
of the corolla, two shorter by halt"; antherte small, converg- Peduncles axillary, dichotomous, the length of the leaves;
ing, in pairs. Pistil: germen four-cleft; style filiform, the lower lip of the calix longer than the upper segments. Root
length of the corolla, inclining along with the stamina, beneath perennial ; stem upright, four-cornered, woolly. A strong
the upper lip of the corolla; stigma slender, bifid, reflex. infusion made of the dried leaves of this plant is serviceable
 MEL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MEl 111

in weakness of the stomach, and removes the pains and ob- only apparent for a short time. Most authors describe the
structions of the bowels it is likewise good in hysterical com- Melittis as having an
:
unpleasant smell : the fresh herb when
plaints, and suppressions
of the menses. A conserve made bruised partakes of the scent of Balm and of
Stinking Hore-
of the young tops may be used for the same purposes, and hound, (see Bullota;) but when dried it becomes delightfully
will be found equally efficacious. It flowers in August. fragrant ; the flowers, when they first open, are odoriferous.
Native of many parts of Europe, as in Italy, Spain, France, Much honey is secreted from a gland that encircles the base of
Switzerland, Austria, and England, by the sides of walls and tl>e
germen ; hence this is a favourite plant with bees, and it ac-
rh corn-fields. It may be increased and treated nearly in the cords well with its name Melittis. It flowers in
May or June,
same manner as the first and is a native of several parts of Europe. It occurs
species. only in the
Melissa Nepeta; Field Balm, or Calamint. Peduncles west of our island, as about Totness,
4. Barnstaple, &c. in Devon-
axillary, dichototnous, longer
than the leaf; calicine segments shire; in the New Forest, Hampshire; and about Haverfordwest

equal. Root perennial, somewhat oblique, crooked, round, in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, in woods and shady places.
woody, brown; stems woody, divided just above the base It is a handsome plant, continuing in flower three weeks or a
nito branches, which are from one to two feet in length, month, unless the season be very hot. As it rarely produces
ascending, obscurely quadrangular, reddish towards the base, good seeds in the gardens, it is usually propagated by part-
beset with soft horizontal hairs. Both this and the preceding ing the roots; but where the plants are intended for ornament,
species seem to have been used indifferently
in the old prac- the roots should not be disturbed oftener than
every third
tice of medicine, under the name of Calamintha. They have year nor should they then be divided into small parts, lest
;

a strong aromatic smell, approaching to that of Pennyroyal, it

prevent them from flowering the first year. The best time
and a moderately pungent taste, somewhat like Spearmint, to remove and part the roots is the
beginning of October,
but warmer. Infusions of the leaves, given as tea in weak- that they may have time to get root before the frosts come
nesses of the stomach, flatulent colics, and uterine obstruc- on. They should have a loamy soil, and an eastern exposure,
tions, are very useful. Propagated nearly in the same man- where they will thrive and flower plentifully.
ner as the first species. 2. Melittis Japonica. Leaves alternate, ovate, obtuse,
5. Melissa Cretica ; Cretan Balm. Racemes terminating; unequally serrate calix villose. Stem upright, villose, sim-
;

peduncles solitary, very short. Stems slender, a little woody ; ple, a span high. Native of Japan.
flowers small. Native of the south of Europe. If the seeds Melochia; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Pent-
of this be permitted to scatter, there will be a sufficient sup- andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: .perianth often
ply of young plants. double; outer one-sided, three-leaved; inner one-leafed,
6. Melissa Fruticosa; Shrubby Balm. Branches attenu- half five-cleft ;
segments half ovate, acute, permanent. Co-
ated, rod-like; leaves tomentose underneath; stem shrubby. rolla :
petals five, obcordate, spreading, large. 'Stamina :
The whole plant has a strong scent of Pennyroyal, and is of filamenta five, awl-shaped, united at the base into a pitcher,
short duration. It may be increased by seeds, or by cut- the antheree Pistil
involving germen ;
simple. :
germen
tings, planted inany of the summer months, and shaded from roundish ;
styles five, awl-shaped, erect, the length of the
the sun. On a warm border they will frequently live through stamina, permanent stigmas simple. Pericarp : capsule
;

the winter; but it is prudent to keep a plant or two in pots, roundish or five-cornered, five-celled, five-valved; valves acute ;
sheltered under a frame in winter. partitions contrary, doubled. Seeds: solitary, or in pairs, on
MelitHs a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno-
; one side roundish, on the other angular, compressed. Observe.
spermia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- The calix in some species is double, in others single. ESSEN-
leafed, bell-shaped, round, straight, with a two-lipped mouth ; TIAL CHARACTER. Styles: five. 'Capsule: five^celled, one-
upper lip higher, emarginatc, acute lower shorter, bifid,
; seeded. To propagate the plants of this genus, sow the seeds
Ucute, with the divisions gaping. Corolla: one-petalled, on a hot-bed and when the plants come
;
up, treat them in
ringcnt; tube much narrower than the calix opening scarcely ;
the same manner as is directed for Sida. The shrubby sorts
thicker than the tube upper lip erect, roundish, entire
; ;
may with care be preserved through the winter in a stove,
lower spreading, trifid, blunt; middle segment larger, flat, whereby good seeds may be obtained; for they seldom
entire. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, under the upper ripen their seeds well the first year, unless the plants be
lip, the middle ones shorter than the two outer ; antheree con- brought forward early in the spring, and the summer proves
verging by- pairs in form of a cross, bifid, blunt. Pistil: ger- warm. The other sorts generally ripen their setds the same
nien blunt, four-cleft, villose ; style filiform, the length and year they are sown. The species are,
'situation of the stamina; stigma bifid, acute. Pericarp: Melochia Pyramidata; Pyramidal MelocJaa. Flowers
1.
none ; calix unchanged, containing the seeds at the bottom. umbelled capsules pyramidal, five-cornered angles mucro-
; ;

'Seeds : four. Observe. The lower lip of the calix is some- rrate ; leaves naked. Stem shrubby at the base, branched, a
times crenated. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: wider foot high; corollas small, blood-red, frequently closed.
than the tube of the corolla. 'Corolla: upper lip flat, lower Browne fit-scribes as -a very elegant little
it
plant, about three
Crerrated. 'Antliera:: crosswise. The species are, feet high. Native of Brazil and Jamaica.
1. Melittis Melissophyllum ; Bastard Balm. Leaves ellip- 2. Melochia Tomentosa ;
Downy Melochia. Flowers um-
tic. Root perennial, sending up in the spring three, four, or belled, axillary; capsules pyramidal, five-cornered; angles
more stems, a foot and half high or more, upright, with a mucronate ; leaves tomentose. This is an upright shrub,
few branches at the base. Flowers large, handsome, growing little branched, only three feet
high in open situations,
rocky
chiefly on one about six flowers together
side, in half whorls, ; but seven feet high in woods. Native of Jamaica, Martinico,
corolla slightly villose, white stained with purple. Clnsius St. Martin's, and other islands of the West Indies.
mentions a variety in all respects smaller it is a native of : 3. Melochia Crenata; Notch-leaved Melocldu. Leaves
Switzerland and Austria. Mr. Curtis remarks, that the cruci- roundish, crenatf, tomentose, marked with lines; umbels
form 'appearance of the anthera^ ought not to form -a part of axilfnry and terminating, pednncled. This shrub has a pur-
the essential character, being common to many of tho didy- plish bark, and alternate, villose-tomentose, hoary blanches.
namous plants : we may add, that it is a character -which- is Native of South- America.
VOL. ii. --75. 2 F
112 MEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M EL

4. Melochia Depressa; Fhtt-fruitcd Melochia. Flowers dung, straw, litter, and other materials, both in the making
capsules depressed, five-cornered of the beds and after culture, which
solitary ; angles blunt,
;
by this means being
ciliate ; stalk shrubby. Browne says, it commonly rises to confined to a particular part, the whole is
performed more
the height of two or three feet, throwing out a few slender conveniently, and without incommoding the economy of the
flexile branches on all sides; the leaves spread themselves other parts of the garden. They are also very useful when
every day about noon, to receive the heat of the sun more properly chosen in the driest and warmest situations, in ;he
freely, but as the
air grows cooler, they generally rise upright, advantage of having the hot-beds on dry ground, and shel-
and stand almost parallel to the stem or branches ; this tered from cutting winds, with the full benefit of the whole
mechanism of the leaves is greatly forwarded by the knee in day's sun, as well as in being more secure. In considerable
the footstalk of each. Found in Jamaica, &c. gardens, the places allotted for this use are sometimes of such
.5. Melochia Venosa ; Veiny-leaved Melochia. Peduncles extent, as to have the hot-houses, or forcing-houses, and
distinct, terminating, many-flowered ; leaves ovate, serrate, other appurtenances of that kind, where culture by artificial
veined, tomentose underneath stem hairy, four feet high ;
;
heat is required, near together, by which time arid trouble
flowers in clusters, yellow. Found in South America, &c. is saved, and
great advantage in other respects gained. In
6. Melochia Concatenat-a. Racemes clustered, terminat- the choice of a place for this purpose, some
part of the
ing; capsule globular, sessile. A perennial upright smooth warmest, best-sheltered, dry quarter of the garden, which is
plant, with stiff branches. Native of the East Indies. well defended from the
northerly and north-easterly winds,
7. Melochia Nodiflora. Flowers conglobate, axillary cap- ;
not liable to inundation or the stagnation of water, and con-
sules globular ; leaves ovate, acuminate, smooth. Native of veniently situated for bringing in dung, tan, earth, &c. should
most of the West India Islands. be selected. It will be more
proper still, if, with these ad-
8. Melochia Lupulina. Racemes clustered, axillary cali- ; vantages, it lie a little higher, or very gently sloping towards
ces inflated, membranaceous leaves ovate cordate, gash-
; some lower part, especially when towards the full sun from
serrate, tomentose underneath. Native of Jamaica. rising to setting, so as to admit of ranging the hot-beds
9. Melochia Corchorifolia Red Melochia.
; Flowers in ses- longitudinally east and west, or as nearly in that direction
sile heads;
capsules roundish; leaves subcordate, sublobate. as possible. With respect to the extent or dimensions,
An annual plant; with hardish, and diffused, rugged, rod- they muct be according to the quantity of hot-bed framing
like branches corollas pale, with a yellow bottom.
; Native required, as from two or thre to five or ten rods square, or to
of the East Indies. that of a quarter or half an acre, or more ; in which, besides
10. Melochia Supina; Prostrate Melochia. Flowers in the part immediately allotted for the hot-beds, it is convenient
heads; leaves ovate, serrate; stems procumbent. An annual to have room for the previous preparation of the
dung, &c.
plant, with trailing stalks. Native of the East Indies. for earthing the beds. The most eligible form is an even or
11. Melochia Odorata; Sweet-scented Melochia. Panicles an oblong square. When enclosed, the fences may be six,
peduncled, compound; leaves ovate, subcordate, sublobate, seven, or eight feet high, in the northerly or back part, and
biser-rate, smooth. Forster's specific character is: Cymes five or six in front, the sides
corresponding, though when
corymbed, axillary leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate. A
; extensive they may be nearly of equal height all round. The
smooth plant; flowers large. Native of the islands of Tanna internal part, or place where the hot-beds are, even when
and Tongataboo in the South Seas. dry, should be a little elevated, to throw off the water in
Melodinus; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia. heavy rains, and, when unavoidably low or liable to be wet
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, five- in winter or spring, be raised, with some
dry materials, con-
parted, permanent; leaflets ovate, lying over each other at the siderably above the general level, that the hot-beds may
edge. Corolla : one-petalled, salver-shaped ; tube cylindrical, stand dry, as well as to afford advantage in performing the
three times as long as the calix; border five-parted, flat; business of cultivation. The ground for the immediate place
segments sickle-shaped, crenulate, twisted to the right, shorter of the hot-beds may generally remain even or level ; some
than the tube ; nectary in the mouth of the tube, stellate ; however form shallow trenches the width and the length of the
segments five, cloven, lacerated. Stamina: filamenta five, intended hot-beds, as from six to twelve inches deep, and
awl-shaped, very short, in the middle of the tube antherse ; make the lower part of the bed in the trench ; which, how-
ovate. Pistil: germen globular, superior; style round, the ever, is more proper in a dry or somewhat elevated situation,
length of the calix, bipartile stigma conical, acute.
; Peri- than in low or wet ground, as water is apt to settle in the
carp: berry fleshy, globular, many-seeded, with a fleshy bottom, and chill the beds by suddenly
reducing the heat.
partition. Seeds: numerous, ovate-roundish, flatted a little, Besides, by having the beds wholly above the ground, there
nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: contorted. is a better
opportunity of applying the occasional linings quite
Nectary: in the middle of the tube, stellate. Berry: two- from the bottom upwards. By proper attention in the con-
celled, many-seeded. The only species is, struction of the different parts of these grounds, and in the
1. Melodinus Scandens. A very smooth shrub with a building of the fence, they may be also rendered highly use-
climbing stem leaves oblong, ovate veined, quite entire,
; ful in raising varous kinds of fruit, which could not other-

very smooth, opposite It has great affinity to Rauwolfia. wise be the case.
Native of New Caledonia. Melon Thistle. See Cactus.
Melon. See Cucumis. Melothria ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogy-
Melonary, The
portion of ground in the kitchen garden nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
and general hot-
principally allotted for the business of early bell-shaped, ventricose, five-toothed, superior, deciduous.
bed work, in the culture of Melons and Cucumbers, as well Corolla : one-petalled, wheel-shaped ; tube the length of the
as occasionally in other framing culture. These Compart- calix, and fastened all round to it ; border five-parted, flat ;
ments are mostly enclosed by some sort of fence, and are segments broader outwards, very blunt. Stamina: filamenta
particularly convenient and useful, as in the practice of hot- three, conical, inserted into the tube of the corolla, and of
bed culture there is unavoidably a considerable littering occa- the same length ; antherse twin, roundish, compressed. Pis-
sioned at times, by means of the necessary supplies of hot til:
germen ovate-oblong, acuminate, subinferior; style cylin-
 MEN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MEN 113

dric, the length of the stamina; stigmas three, thickisli, antheroe awl-shaped, at the throat of the corolla. Pistil.:

oblong. Pericarp: berry ovate-oblong, internally without germen roundish; style filiform, the length of the tube;
the partitions, three-parted. Seeds: several, oblong, com- stigmas two, oblong. Pericarp: berry globular, four-celled.
pressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: bell-shaped, Seeds: solitary, subovate, sharp at one end. ESSENTIAL
five-cleft. Corolla:
wheel-shaped, one-petalled. Berry: CHARACTER. Calix : three-leaved, Corolla: salver-shaped.
three-celled, many seeded. The only known species is, Berry : four-celled. Seeds : solitary.- The only known
1. Melothria Pendula; Small Creeping Cucumber, or Ame- species is,

rican Bryony. It grows wild in the woods of Carolina, Vir- 1. Menais Topiaria. A shrub, with alternate, ovate, entire,
ginia, and also in many
of the American islands; creeping rough leaves and round, somewhat villose stems. Native
;

of South America.
upon the ground with slender vines, having angular leaves,
somewhat resembling those of the Melon, but much smaller. Meniscium; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Filices,
These vines strike out roots at every joint, which fasten or Ferns. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Capsules neaped in cres-
themselves into the ground, and thereby a larger share of cents, interposed between the veins of the fronds. There
nourishment is drawn to the plants, by which means their are five species, the first of which only we shall describe:
stalks extend to a great distance each way, and closely cover 1. Meniscium Reticulatum. Root fibrous, black; fronds
the ground. The flowers are very small, in shape like those several, pinnate, four feet
long; stipe black, grooved in
of the Melon, and of a pale sulphur colour. The fruit in front, angular, brown, appearing somewhat villose when mag-
the West Indies grows to the size of a pea, of an oval figure, nified; pinnas very many, alternate, with an odd one, on short
and changes black when ripe, and the inhabitants sometimes petioles, from an ovate base, long, lanceolate-acuminate,
In England, the fruit are much
pickle them when green. crenate, a little sickle-shaped at the end, smooth above,
smaller, and are so hidden by the leaves, that it is difficult somewhat villose along the nerves underneath, from six to
to find them. The plants will not grow in the open air of nine inches long, an inch or an inch and half wide. The
our climate, the seeds must therefore be sown upon a hot- midrib is prominent at the back, and at a very obtuse angle
bed, and if the plants be permitted, will soon overspread the puts forth on both sides towards the edges numerous parallel
surface of a large bfd; and when the fruit is ripe, if it scatter nerves, which are also prominent: these are connected by
the seeds, the plants will come up where the earth happens several arched veins; whence the pinnas seen against the
to be used on a hot-bed again, and if they are supplied with light appear like beds in a parterre. On these veins are
water, will require no further care. placed as many arched, oblong, parallel, dark, rufous fructifi-
Memecylon; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono- cations, composed of very minute shining globules, those
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth undi- which are next the midrib larger. They are not so close
vided, superior, bell-shaped, turbinate, quite entire, with a upon the whole as in most of the Aspleniumg ; and even
pitcher-shaped, striated base, permanent. Corolla : petals sometimes exhibit distinct globules thinly placed. Native of
four, ovate, acute, spreading. Stamina: filamenta eight, Martinico, Brazil, &c.
erect, widened and truncated at top; antherse simple, inserted Menispermum ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Dode-
by their sides into the apex of the filament. Pistil: germen candria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male: Calix: perianth
turbinate, inferior: style awl-shaped stigma simple. Peri-
; two-leaved; leaflets linear, short. Corolla: petals, outer six,
carp: berry crowned with a cylindrical calix. Seeds: not ovate, spreading, equal; inner eight, obcordate, concave,
described. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: superior, smaller than the outer, four of them in the inner row wider.
with a striated base, and the margin quite entire. Corolla : Stamina : filamenta sixteen, cylindric, a little longer than
four-petalled. Antherce: inserted into the side of the apex the corolla ; antherse terminating, very short,
bluntly four-
of the filament. Berry: crowned with a cylindrical calix. lobed. Female. Calix and Corolla: as in the male. Sta-
The species are, mina : filamenta eight, like those of the male ; antheree pel-
1.
Memecylon Capitellatum. Leaves ovate, bluntish ; lucid, barren. Pistil: germina two or three, ovate, curved
heads subpeduncled.
axillary,
This is a tree, with round inwards, converging, pedicelled ; styles solitary, very short,
branchlets. Native of Ceylon. recurved; stigmas bifid, blunt. Pericarp: berries two or
2. Memecylon Grande. Leaves ovate, acuminate; pedun- three, roundish kidney-form, one-celled. Seeds: solitary,
cles axillary, with many-flowered pedicels. This is a large kidney-form, large. Observe. The above character is taken
tree, with round branches. Native of the East Indies. from the Menispermum Canadense, and should be compared
3. Memecylon Umbellatum. Berry inferior, globular, with the fructifications of the other species the calix being
:

crowned with the calix, permanent, tubular, eight-streaked six-leaved, the corolla six-petalled, six stamina, and three
within ; cuticle coriaceous, thin pulp watery, fugaceous.
; pi-stilla, according to Willich, Miller, and others ; or, accord-
Native place not stated. ing to Walter, the calix three-leaved, petals three, scales of
4. Memecylon Edule. Leaves ovate, acute; umbellets the nectary six, six stamina, six germina, without any styles,
compound, naked. This is a very common tree, or large shrub, and six berries. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Petals:
in every jungle on the coast of Coromandel. It flowers about four outer, eight inner. Stamina: sixteen. Female. Corolla:
the beginning of the hot season. The ripe berries are eaten as in the male. Stamina: eight, barren. Berries: two, one-
by the natives : they contain a large quantity of bluish black seeded. Gsertner remarks, that the species of this genus
pulp of an astringent quality. vary much in their number, in the flower and fruit ; but that
Four other species of Memecylon have been described by they all not only agree in the position of the cotyledons, but
Botanists; which we omit. differ from all other plants in
having a distinct cell for each
Menais; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogy- cotyledon. The species are,
nia, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth three-leaved; 1. Menispermum Canadense Canadian Moon-seed. Leaves
;

leafletsconcave, lax, acuminate, small, permanent. Corolla: peltate, cordate, roundish-angular. Root thick, woody stems ;

one-petalled, salver-shaped ; tube cylindrical, longer than many, climbing, becoming woody, and rising to the height
the calix; border flat, five-parted, with rounded segments. of twelve or fourteen feet, twisting themselves about the
Stamina: filamenta five, very short, inserted into the tube; neighbouring plants for support. It flowers in June and
 Ill MEN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MEN
Native of Virginia, Canada, and Siberia. This and time after, as to swim on the surface of the water with their
July.
the next species are easily propagated by laying down the bellies upwards, and suffer themselves to be taken out with
branches in autumn. They will have made good roots by the the hands.
following autumn, when they may be separated from the old 6. Menispermum Crispum; Curled Moon-seed. Leaves
plant,and transplanted where they are designed to remain. cordate; stem quadrangular, curled. Native of Bengal.
Their branches oeing slender and weak, require support. 7.
Menispermum Acutum Sharp-leaved Moon-seed. Leaves
;

They thrive better near trees than in an open situation. cordate, behind angular, acuminate; stem round, striated.
2. Menispermum Virginicum; Virginian Moon-seed. Up- Native of Japan.
per leaves undivided ; lower peltate, cordate-lobed. This 8. Menispermum Orbiculatum; Round-leaved Moon-seed.

differs from the preceding in the shape of the leaves, which Leaves orbicular, villose underneath; stem round, twining,
are angular, and sometimes heart-shaped, but not peltate, with alternate branches like the stem ;flowers axillary, pani-
having the footstalk at the base. The stems become woody, cled, dicecous. Native of the East Indies and Japan.
and ris,e nearly as. high as those of that first sort. The flowers 9. Menispermum Hirsutum ;
Hairy-leaved Moon-seed.
and berries do not differ. Native of Virginia, &c. Branch-leaves ovate stem-leaves cordate, villose, tomentose
3. Menispermum Japonicum; Japanese Moon-seed. Leaves underneath. Native jf the East Indies.
.peltate, rounded-ovate,, entire. Stems herbaceous, twining, 10. Menispermum Edule; Eatable Moon-seed. Leaves
Striated with several angles, smooth in all parts, simple. oblong, smooth; flowers six-stamined. This much resembles
Native of Japan. the preceding. Native of Arabia.
,4. .Menispermum Carolinum; Carolina Moon-seed. Leaves 11. Menispermum Myosotoides. Leaves linear-lanceolate,

cordate, villose underneath. This differs from the second hirsute. Native of the East Indies.
species in the branches not becoming woody as in that ; steins 12. Menispermum Trilobum. Leaves three-lobed; stem
herbaceous. Native of Carolina. It may be propagated by twining. Native of China and Japan.
the foots, which out on one side, so that the 13. Menispermum Fenestratum. Drupe berried, obovate,
.parting spread
re st of them Native of Ceylon.
may be cut off every other year; the best time for solitary, pubescent, hoary.
doing this is in the spring, a little before the plants begin to 14. Menispermum Lyoni. Leaves cordate, palmate-lobate,
shoot; these should be 'planted, in a warm situation, and have with very long footstalks; racemes simple; flowers
hexapeta-
a light soil, for in strong land, where the wet is detained in ,lous, dodecaridrous berries large, black, one-seeded ; stem
;

winter, the roots are apt to rot; therefore if they are planted climbing to the height of twenty feet. Grows in Kentucky
close to a wall exposed to the soujh .or west, their stalks may and Tennessee, and flowers in June and July.
be fastened against the wall to prevent their trailing upon the Mentka; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno-
ground; and in this situation the plants .will flower frequently, spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
and by having a little shelter in severe frost, their stalks may leafed, tubular, upright, five-toothed, equal, permanent.
be preserved from injury. Corolla: one-petalled; petals upright, tubular, a little longer
,>., Menispermurn Cocculus Jaygcd Moon-seed. Leaves
;
than the calix border four-parted, almost equal ; the upper
;

cordate, retuse, mucronate; stem jagged. The twisting stems segment wider, emargiriate. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-
arp, .usually tj)e thickness of the human arm, or thicker, irre- shaped, upright, distant, the two nearest longer ; antherse
gular, ,a#d covered a thick, lacerated, wrinkled bark;
vyith roundish. Pistil: germen four-cleft; style filiform, upright,
the branches, terminate ,jn strong, simple tendrils; bunches of longer than the corolla; stigma bifid, spreading. Pericarp:
flowers a. foot and ha,lf Jong, dividing into several lateral ours; none; calix upright, with the seeds in the bottom. Seeds:
.jje^als six, whit^,, reflex; fruit in bunches
like grapes, but four, small. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: almost
.ma||er, ...first w|iite, then red, and finally blackish purple; equal, four-cleft, the broader segments emarginate. Stamina:
All the plants of this genus are easily pro-
usually ,\\vo, pf;. three, seldom four together, on a thickish, upright, distant.
pyramidal, wrjnkled pe,dunple.; pulp soft; stone round, like pagated by parting their roots in spring, or by planting cut-
tha,t pf a cherry, but a Ijttle, larger, wrinkled, and granulated,
, tings during any of the summer months, but they should
havirjg a fissure or aperture on one side, arid a while bifid
have a moist soil and after the cuttings are planted, if the
;

kernel within. In the East Indies, where this plant is a season should prove dry, they must be often watered until
native, Uie berries are used to intoxicate fish, birds, &c. in they have taken root after which they will require no farther
;

order to, take them, being made into a paste for that purpose. care but to keep them clear from weeds they should be
:

.; ju,,Ei)gland, the brewers have gof into a practice of putting

, planted in beds about four feet wide, allowing a path about
these berries into malt liquors to Increase their strength and ;
two feet broad between the beds, to water, weed, and cut the
these, with many oflfer, equally, noxious ingredients, are in-
, plants. The distance they should be set is four or five inches
troduced jnto die London porter whiph from a .highly
;
or more, because they spread very much at their roots for ;

nutr.itjous an.d wholesome beverage, )ias, through such vile which reason, the beds should not stand longer than three
practices latterly degenerated into u deleterious and stupify- years before you plant them again, for by that time the roots
.jftg liquor; towards which the British farmer and the hop- will be matted so closely as to rot and decay each other, if

merchant, contribute nothing, in comparison with the nujnerqus permitted to stand longer. Some persons are very partial to
liiftporters .ojf foreign drugs. See the latter part of the article mint-salad in winter and spring; in order to obtain which,
.

Hop, under Huraulus Lupulus. Vol. l.p. 715. Hill observes; they take up the roots before Christmas, and plant them upon
, that the berries are of a poisonous, nature, and, taken inter- a moderate hot-bed, pretty close, covering them with rim:
nally in considerable doses, wpuld l^e attended with fatal earth about an inch thick, and cover the beds either with
effects reduced to powder, and strewed on children's
: mats or frames of glass. In these beds the Mint will come
heads, -they destroy vermin the most .effectually, of any up in a month's time, and will soon after be lit to cut. When
thing. Made into a paste) with flour and water, with the the herb is wanted for medicinal use, it should be cut in a
addition of a little, red lead, .to give it a colour, and thrown very dry season, just when it is in flower; for if it stand
in wjicre there ar,e .fish kept, longer, it will not be, so well tasted; and if it be cut when
little it
pellets, in.to ppnds,,.^q.
they will take it
greedily, arid be so intoxicated in a short is wet, it will
change black, and be little" worth trnV should
:
 MEN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MEN 116

be hung up to dry in a shady place, where it may remain Mint leaves were set to macerate, did not coagulate near so
until it be used. If the soil in which they are planted be soon as an equal quantity of the same milk kept by itself.
good, it will afford three crops every year : but after July, Dried Mint, digested in rectified spirits of wine, gives out a
Mint seldom proves good, therefore the shoots produced after tincture, which appears by day-light of a fine dark green, but
that time should be permitted to remain till Michaelmas, by candle-light of a bright red colour. The fact is, that a
when they must be cut down close; and after having cleared small quantity of this tincture is green, either by day-light or
the bed from weeds, you should spread a little fine rich earth candle-light, but a large quantity seems impervious to com-
all over them, which will greatly forward them against the mon day-light; however, when held between the eye and a
next spring. The species are, candle, or between the eye and the sun, it appears red so :

1. Mentha Auricularia; Ear Mint. Spikes cylindrical; that, if put into a flat bottle, it appears green ; but when
leaves oblong, acute, serrate, hairy, subsessile ; stem strigose ; viewed edgewise, red. The distilled water, or infusion, is
stamina longer than the corolla. This herb is celebrated as much used in crudities and weaknesses of the stomach,
a powerful remedy for deafness. Native of the East Indies. heaving or retchings, hiccup, windiness, and burning heat.
2. Mentha Niliaca; Egyptian Mint. Tomentose-hoary : It is likewise good in griping pains of the stomach and bowels,

spikes oblong; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, sessile; stems and in giddiness and swimmings of the head. Applied ex-
villose, branched, weak, a foot high. Native of Egypt. ternally, it takes away hardness of the breasts, and cures the
3. Mentha G\&bra.ta.; Smooth-spiked Mint. Flowers racem- head-ach. A stong decoction is an excellent wash for erup-
ed, verticillate ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, tions on the skin, chaps, and sore heads.
smooth; peduncle terminating. Native of Egypt. 7. Mentha Rotundifolia Round-leaved Mint.
;
Spikes
4. Mentha Stellata; Stellated Cluster-spiked Mint. Spikes long; leaves
roundish, rugged, shagged, sharply crenate,
heaped, terminating; leaves stellate, serrate; stem herbaceous, sessile ; bractes lanceolate ; stamina longer than the corolla.
upright, four-grooved, one foot high. This is the ran ngu Stems from two to three feet high, erect, hairy, or shaggy,
hoang of the Cochin-chinese. Native of Cochin-china. the hairs pointing more or less downwards. Native of several
5. Mentha Sylvestris; Horse Mint. Spikes hairy, slightly parts of Europe. It is rather rare in England ; but is found

interrupted ; leaves oblong, serrate, tomentose, sessile ; sta- at Shingham in Norfolk; near Faulkburn Hall in Essex; in
mina longer than the corolla. Stem upright, four-grooved, Cambridgeshire; near Ross in Herefordshire; and in Hornsey
branched at top, smooth at bottom; calix hardly a line long, and Harefield church-yards, Middlesex.
lioary; corolla twice as long, pale purple; filamenta twice or 8. Mentha Crispa Curled Mint.
;
Flowers in heads ; leaves
thrice as long as the corolla. It varies with filamenta cordate, toothed, waved, sessile stamina equalling the corolla.
equal ;

only to the corolla. Native of many parts of Europe, Den- Stems hairy, about the same height with common Spearmint.
mark, Germany, Switzerland, France, and England, in hedges, Native of Siberia, China, and Cochin-china.
ditches, and watery places. It is common in Lincolnshire, 9. Mentha Hirsuta ; Round-headed Mint, or Hairy fater
Cambridgeshire, Essex, Suffolk, and Kent. Mint. Flowers in dense, compound, terminating heads; leaves
6. Mentha Viridis ; Spear Mint. Spikes oblong ; leaves ovate, serrate, subsessile, pubescent; stamina longer than
lanceolate, naked, serrate, sessile ; stamina longer than the the corolla. Roots long, branched, creeping under water ;
corolla. This is very nearly allied to the preceding, but is stem branched, very generally purplish, rough, with deflex
smaller and smoother; the corolla is purplish red. Native of hairs scattered all over it; flowers lilac-coloured. The degree
Germany, Switzerland, France, and England, in watery places, of hairiness throughout the whole plant varies very much.
and on the banks of rivers, as on the Thames, and near Ex- When out of the water, it grows much smaller, more purple,
mouth in Devonshire. This species is not so hot to the taste and with a simple head of flowers. It flowers in August, and
as Peppermint, and, having a more agreeable flavour than is
very common in clear ditches, rivulets, and other watery
most of the others, is generally preferred for culinary and places, growing sometimes among large grasses and reeds,
medical purposes. The leaves or tops are used in spring sometimes by itself.
salads, and eaten dried as sauce with Iamb, and in soups. 1 0. Mentha Aquatica Water Mint. Flowers in heads
; ;

The preparations of Spearmint are more pleasant than those leaves ovate, serrate, petioled ; stamina longer than the co-
of Peppermint, but perhaps less efficacious. This herb, and rolla. Corolla pale red. This is not a rough-haired plant.
indeed all the species, contains much essential oil, but of 11. Mentha Piperita; Pepper Mint. Flowers Jn heads;
a less agreeable odour than that of Lavender or Marjoram. leaves ovate, petioled ; stamina shorter than the corolla.
It is less employed as a cephalic; but it acts
very powerfully This species has smooth purple stalks. The stem and leaves
on parts to which it is immediately applied, and therefore con- are beset with many very minute glands, containing the essen-
siderably on the stomach; and as it operates especially as an tial oil, which rises plentifully in distillation. It has the most

antispasmodic, and therefore relieves pains and colics arising penetrating smell of any of its genus, and
also the strongest
from spasm, it will also put a stop to vomiting, arising from taste, pungent and glowing like pepper, sinking as it were
the same cause; but if it arise from inflammation in the sto- into the tongue, and followed a sensation of coldness. Its
by
mach itself, or in other parts of the body, it aggravates the stomachic, antispasmodic, and carminative qualities, render
disease. The infusion of Mint in warm water agrees better it useful in flatulent colics, hysterical affections, retchings,
with the stomach than the distilled water. The officinal
pre- and other dyspeptic symptoms, acting as a cordial, and
parations are, an essential oil; a conserve, very grateful; and often producing immediate relief. The officinal preparations
the distilled waters, both simple and spirituous, which are are an essential oil, a simple water, and a spirit. The essence
generally thought pleasant. Lewis observes, that Mint is of Peppermint is an elegant medicine, and seems to be the
said to prevent the coagulation of milk ; and hence it has rectified oil dissolved in spirits of wine. Meyrick observes,
been recommended to be used with milk diets, and even in it is a valuable medicine in flatulent colics, hysteric de-
cataplasms and fomentations for resolving coagulated milk pressions, and other complaints of a similar
nature ; exert-
in the breasts upon experiment, the curd of milk, digested
:
ing its salutary effects as soon as it arrives in the stomach,

in a strong infusion of Mint, could not be perceived to be

any and diffusing a glowing warmth throughout the whole body,
otherwise affected than by common water; but milk in which and yet without heating the body near so much as might be
VOL. ii. 75. 2 G
116 MEN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MEN
expected from the great warmth and pungency of ils taste. ministered is promoting the uterine evacuation. For this
Native of watery places in various parts of England; but purpose Haller recommends an infusion of the herb with
seems not to have been found wild any where else. steel in white wine. In the opinion of Dr. Cullen, however,
12. Mentha Sativa; Marsh Whorled Mint. Flowers in Mint is more effectual than Pennyroyal, and nothing, he
whorls; leaves.ovate, sharpish, serrate; stamina longer than says, but the neglect of established principles, could have
the corolla. Stem upright; leaves on winged footstalks, ovate, made physicians regard this as a peculiar medicine distinct
serrate, pubescent; peduncles and calix hairy; root throwing from the Mints; and accordingly this plant is less frequently
out long, creeping, horizontal shoots, and one erect hairy used now than formerly. Lewis says, it is not so proper as
stem, furnished all the way up to the flowering part with Mint to be administered in common sicknesses or weaknesses
shortish, axillary, leafy branches. This is suspected to be a of the stomach, but is much more efficacious in windy com-
variety of the ninth species, (the Round-headed Mint.) It plaints, hysterics, and disorders of the breast. Meyrick
flowers in August and September. adds, the distilled water, a strong infusion, or the juice fresh
13. Mentha Gentilis ; Bushy Red Mint. Flowers in whorls; expressed from the plant, is excellent for obstructions of the
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, nearly sessile, scarcely hairy; menses. A conserve of the young tops acts as a diuretic, has
peduncles perfectly smooth; teeth of the calix hairy. Stems been many times very serviceable in the gravel, and is also
several, erect, growing in tufts, about eighteen inches high, useful for the jaundice, and all other complaints arising from
with harsh and somewhat hairy angles corolla pale purple.
; obstructions of the viscera. This, and the next species, both
There is a variety of this species, having the same delightful propagate very fast by their creeping stems, which may be
scent as Basil Native of several parts of Europe, in watery cut off and planted in fresh beds, allowing them at least a
places, and by the sides of rivulets. Found near Waltham- foot distance every way : or, the young shoots planted in
stow, and on a small common at Saham in Norfolk. the spring will take root like Mint. The best time for this
14. Mentha Arvensis; Corn Mint. Flowers in whorls; work is in September, that the plants may be rooted before
leaves ovate, acute, serrate; stamina equalling the corolla; winter.
stem much branched, diffuse. The whole
plant is covered with 18. Mentha Cervina; Hyssop-leaved Mint. Flowers in
soft white hairs pointing downwards. It prevents the coagu- whorls ; bractes palmate ;
stamina longer than
leaves linear ;

lation of milk ; and when cows have eaten it, as they will do the corolla. Stems erect, nearly two feet high, sending out
largely at the end of summer when pastures are bare, their side-branches all their length whorls large, dense, many-
;

milk can hardly be made to yield cheese ; a circumstance flowered. There is a variety with white flowers, which grows
which sometimes puzzles the dairy maids. Native of many taller than the common one with purple flowers. The scent
parts of Europe, in watery places and moist corn-fields. is not
quite so strong as that of Pennyroyal, but it is by gome
Mentha Austriaca; A ustrian Mint. Flowers in whorls,
15. preferred to it for medicinal uses; it is called Hart's Penny-
allthe segments of the corolla blunt; leaves subovate, villose; royal. Native of the south of France, and Italy.
stamina shorter than the corolla. This very much resembles 19. Mentha Borealis. Leaves petiolate, oval-lanceolate,
the preceding, but differs from it in being of a lower stature,
very acute; flowers verticillate; stamina standing out: flowers
in its smell, the shortness of the stamina, its greater hoariness, pale purple, appearing in July and August. Grows on the
&c. Stems half a foot high and more, upright, almost simple. banks of rivers and springs, from Canada to Pennsylvania.
It flowers in
July and August. Native of Austria, in the 20. Mentha Tenuis. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, subsessile;
islands of the Danube ; and probably of Piedmont. spikes slender, interrupted with very small whorls stamina
;

16. Mentha Canadensis; Canadian Mint. Flowers in not standing out; flowers white, appearing from June to
whorls; leaves lanceolate-serrate, petioled, hairy; stamina August. Native of wet places near springs, from Pennsyl-
equalling the corolla. Native of Canada. vania to Georgia.
17. Mentha Pulegium Flowers in whorls Mentzelia; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogy-
Pennyroyal.
; ;

leaves ovate, blunt, subcrenate; stems roundish, creeping nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved,
;

stamina longer than the corolla. Root fibrous, perennial. spreading, superior, deciduous leaflets lanceolate, concave, ;

This is much smaller than any of the preceding, and is known acuminate. Corolla: petals five, obovate, acuminate, a little
by its prostrate stems, and numerous dense whorls of purplish longer than the calix, spreading. Stamina: filamenta many,
flowers, sometimes white, without bractes. Native of watery (thirty,) the length of the calix, erect, bristle-shaped, the
places in various parts of Europe. There is a variety called ten outer membranaceous at top; antheree roundish. Pistil:
Spanish Pennyroyal, with erect stems and larger whorls of germen cylindric, very long, inferior style filiform, the length ;

flowers, and longer and narrower leaves, which has almost of the stamina; stigma simple, blunt. Pericarp: capsule
superseded our wild one in the markets, because the erect cylindric, long, one-celled, three-valved at top. Seeds:
stems are more easily tied in bunches, and it comes earlier about six,
oblong, angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
to flower, and has a brighter Capsule: infe-
appearance. Pennyroyal has Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: five-petalled.
a warm pungent flavour resembling Mint, but more acrid and rior, The species are,
cylindric, many-seeded.
less agreeable. Its active
principle is an essential oil, of a 1. Mentzelia Aspera; stem branched; flowers axillary;
more volatile nature than that of Mint, coming over hastily petals notched, obtuse. Brown says this plant is very com-
with water at the beginning of the distillation, and and that it seems
rising also mon in all the dry savannas about Kingston,
in great 'part with highly rectified to be an annual, and seldom rises above three or four feet in
spirit; in taste very pun-
gent, and of a strong smell; when newly drawn, of a yel- height. He describes the fruit as a succulent cylindric cap-
lowish colour with a cast of green, turning brownish
by age. sule, well furnished with short, rough, uncinated bristles,
It certainly possesses the general or four
properties of Mint, but is like the rest of the plant, and containing only three
supposed to be of less efficacy as a stomachic, but more use- rugged seeds, compressed on one side, and disposed at some
ful as a carminative and
emmenagogue, and more commonly distance from each other in the pulp. As this, and the next,
employed in hysterical affections. We are told by Boyle and are annual plants, which perish soon after the seeds are
others, that it has been successfully used in the hooping- ripe, the seeds must be sown on a hot-bed early in the spring,
cough ; but the chief purpose to which it has been long ad- that the plants may be brought forward early in the season,
 MEN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M ER 117

otherwise they will not produce ripe seeds in this country. active and eccophrotic bitter, it seems not ill adapted to
When the plants are come up about an inch high, they should supply the want of bile in the primce vice ; and thus may be
be each transplanted into a separate halfpenny pot filled with of use in protracted jaundice, and other biliary obstructions.
rich earth, and into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, Cullen mentions several instances of its good effects in some
light plunged
from the sun until they have cutaneous diseases of the herpetic and seemingly cancerous
being careful to shade them
taken new root after which time they must be constantly
;
kind. It
may be necessary for delicate stomachs to join
watered every other day in warm weather, and should have some grateful aromatic with the infusion. In a scarcity of
fresh air every day admitted to them, in proportion to the hops, this plant is used in the north of Europe to give a bitter
warmth of the season, and the heat of the bed in which they to beer; two ounces will supply the place of a pound of
are plunged. In about six weeks or two months after trans- hops. The powdered roots are sometimes used in Lapland
planting, if the plants have made a good progress, they will instead of bread, but they are unpalatable. Some say that
have filled the pots with their roots, and should be' shifted sheep will eat it, and that it cures them of the rot. Meyrick
into filled with light rich earth, and then plunged observes, that it promotes the fluid secretions of the body,
larger pots
into the bark-bed in the stove, that they may have room to loosens the belly, and is good in the jaundice, dropsy, scurvy,
1

grow in height, observing as before to water them duly, as also rheumatism, ague, and scrofulous disorders. For the dropsy,
to admit fresh them every day in warm weather. With
air to the best method is to bruise the plant, and extract the juice
this will grow three feet high, and produce with a little white wine. In scorbutic complaints, a strong
management they
infusion should be drank for a considerable time, to the
ripe seeds at the end of August
or beginning of September.
2. Mentzelia Hispida. Stem forked; flowers solitary, at amount of three half pints or a quart a day. For the ague,
it must be dried and
the forks of the stem petals entire, acutely pointed.
;
Native finely powdered, in which state half a
of Mexico. drachm is a full dose, and, if
properly repeated, will /re-
Menyantlies ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- quently effect a cure when most other means prove ineffec-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, tual. Boerhaave says, the juice of the leaves mingled with
five-parted, erect, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled,
funnel- whey is serviceable in the gout. This was formerly called
form ; tube cylindric, funnel-form, short; border five-cleft Marsh Trefoil, and Marsh Claver or Clover. The Germans
call it Bocsbohne ; the Danes, Bukkeblade. It flowers from
beyond the middle ; clefts reflex-spreading, blunt, conspi-
cuously shaggy. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, short; May to July, and is found in wet boggy meadows, in ditches,
antherse acute, bifid at the base, erect. Pistil: germen and upon the sides of ponds and lakes as in Battersea
:

conical ; style cylindric, almost the length of the corolla ; meadows; about the island of St. Helena; near Rotherhithe;
stigma bifid, compressed. Pericarp: capsule ovate, sur- about Staines on Bromley Common between Farnborough
; ;

rounded by the calix, one-celled. Seeds

many, ovate, small.
: and Caston Mark; at Csesar's Camp near Bromley; upon
Observe. The first species was distinguished by the petals Hayes Common, Hampstead Heath, Harefie4d Moor, and at
being not shaggy.
ciliate, ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Co- several pl;ce8 in Cambridgeshire. This plant is frequently
rolla: shaggy. Stigma: bifid. Capsule: one-celled. rooted out by the simplers. This plant has not been culti-
The species are, vated in gardens: it deserves cultivation, however; and to
1. Menyanthes Nymphoides; Fringed Buckbean, or Small such as wish to have it flower in perfection, Mr. Curtis re-
Yellow Water Lily. Leaves cordate, quite entire corollas ; commends to collect the roots in spring or autumn, to put
ciliate. Root perennial, long, and stringy, as are also the them pot having a hole in the bottom, and filled
in a large
stems these are smooth, round, and jointed. It flowers from
;
with bog-earth, and to immerse the pot about two-thirds of
June to August. Native of Denmark, Holland, Germany, its depth in water.

Piedmont, Siberia, and England, in large ditches and slow 5. Menyanthes Hydrophyllum Water-leaf Buckbean.
;

streams. It is found in little recesses upon the banks of the Leaves cordate, quite entire flowers axillary, heaped^, nec-
;

Thames, as near Walton bridge, Botley bridge, Godstow bridge, tariferous. Native of Cochin-china.
and Hinksey ferry, in Oxfordshire and in the river Cam, at ; Mercurialis ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Ennean-
Streathem ferry ; and very commonly in the fens of Ely. dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth
2. Menyanthes Indica ; Indian Buckbean. Leaves cor- three-parted; parts ovate-lanceolate, concave, spreading.
date, subcrenate petioles floriferous ; corollas hairy within.
; Corolla: none, except the calix. Stamina: filamenta nine
Native of both Indies. Sir William Jones, in his Select or twelve, capillary, straight, the length of the calix ; antheree
Indian Plants, describes another species, probably only a globular, twin. Female. Calix: perianth as in the male.
variety, with ten stamina, five of which are fertile. He calls Corolla : none ; nectaries two, awl-shaped points, one on
it Cumada, or Delight of the Water, which seems to be a each side of the germen, impressed on the groove of the
general name for beautiful aquatic flowers. germen. Pistil: germen roundish, compressed, scored on
3. Menyanthes Ovata; Cape Buckbean. Leaves ovate, each side, hispid ; styles two, reflex, horned, hispid ; stigmas
petioled stem panicled.
; This has the appearance of Alisma. acute, reflex. Pericarp: capsule roundish, shaped like the
Native of the Cape. scrotum, twin, two-celled. Seeds: solitary, roundish. ES-
4. Menyanthes Trifoliata; Common Buckbean, or Marsh SENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: three-parted. Corolla:
Trefoil. Leaves ternate ; corolla extremely hairy on the none. Stamina : nine or twelve. Antherce: globular, twin. Fe-
upper side. Root perennial, creeping, long, jointed, and male. Calix : three-parted. Corolla : none. Styles : two. Cap-
fibrous ; stem procumbent, various in length according to sules: dicoccous, two-celled, one-seeded. The species are,
situation, covered by the sheaths of the leaves, which are on 1. Mercurialis Perennis ; Dog's Mercury. Stem quite
round striated petioles ; corolla outwardly rose-coloured, in- simple ; Root perennial, creeping, white, very
leaves rugged.
wardly white. An infusion of the leaves is
extremely bitter, fibrous. The male and female plants are rarely found inter-
and of late years has been in common use as an alterative mixed, each sort usually growing in large patches; whence it
and aperient in impurities of the humours, and some hydropic is
probable that this plant, which increases by the root, rarely
and rheumatic complaints. A drachm in powder purges and produces perfect seeds. In the third edition of Ray's Synopsit
vomits. It is sometimes given to destroy worms. As an there is a very circumstantial relation from Sir Hans Sloane,
118 M ES THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M ES
of a man with his wife and three children experiencing highly nuals, though most are perennials. Some are stemless. Some
deleterious effects from eating this plant fried with bacon ; are lax, with a pendulous stem or branches ; and the rest are
but as Mr. Miller asserts the same thing without citing any shrubby, with a woody hard stem. The greater part hare
instance, it would be well to ascertain the fact, for this is a opposite leaves, but some have them alternate. Most of
common plant, very much resembling the third^pecies, which them have five styles, some four, and others ten ; and the
is used for a pot-herb, and sometimes as an emollient. Lin- number varies in several of the species. Among the spe-
neus says it is injurious to sheep ; but with us, no quadruped cies are the following :
*
appears to eat it. In drying, it turns blue ; and steeped in With white Corollas.
water, yields a fine deep blue colour, which is said to be un- 1.
Mesembryanthemum Nodiflorum Egyptian Fig Mart-
;

fortunately destructible both by acids and alkalies, and not gold. Leaves alternate, roundish, blunt, ciliate at the base.
recoverable by any means yet discovered. It is common in Stems decumbent and diffused; the whole plant papulose.
woods and hedges, flowering from the end of March to the Native of Egypt, where they cut up the plants, and burn them
middle of May. It is easily propagated by the roots, and it is esteemed the best sort for
for pot-ash ;
making hard
requires a warm situation and a dry rubbishy soil. It is often soap, and the finer glass. It also grows wild in
Italy about
killed by hard frosts. Naples, on high sea-banks exposed to the spray. In the
2. Mercurialis Ambigua ; Doubtful Mercury. Stem bra- stove the stalks grow long and slender, and are not productive
chiate ; leaves smoothish ; flowers in whorls, female and male. of flowers. Raised in a hot-bed, and afterwards exposed to
Root fibrous ; annual. Native of Spain, on the walls of Cadiz the open air, it flowers freely.This, with the other annuals
and Gibraltar. of this genus, is
propagated by seeds, sown upon a hot-bed
3. Mercurialis Annua; Annual or French Mercury. Stem early in the spring. When the plants come up, plant them
brachiate ; leaves smooth ; flowers in spikes. Root annual, on a fresh hot-bed to bring them forward. After they have
fibrous, white. This may be distinguished from the first species taken root in the hot-bed, they should have very little water.
by its annual root, branched stem, more numerous flowers, its When they are large enough to transplant again, plant each
want of nectaries or barren stamina, and its smaller hairy in a small pot filled with light fresh earth, but not rich, and
seed-vessels. It also flowers late in the summer, whereas plunge them into a hot-bed of tan, shading them in the heat
Dog's Mercury flowers only in the spring. This plant is of the day, until they have taken new root, and then giving
mucilaginous, and was formenly much employed as an emol- them plenty of fresh air. At the end of June, some of the
lient. Tournefort informs us, that the French made a syrup plants be inured to the open air, and afterwards may be
may
of it, two ounces of which was given as a purge and that
; turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm border, where
they used it in clysters and pessaries, mixing one part of they will thrive and spread, but will not be very productive of
honey with one and a half of juice. The seeds taste like flowers. Some therefore must be continued in the pots, and
those of hemp. It is now disregarded in England. Native of removed to the shelves of the stove, that they may flower
many parts of Europe. Found in Great Britain, upon waste plentifully, and produce good seeds.
places and dunghills about towns and villages, but seldom at 2. Mesembryanthemum Ciliatum ; Ciliated Fig Marigold.
a distance from inhabited places. It scatters seed, and in- Leaves opposite, connate, half round stipules membrana- ;

creases so much as to be a common weed in gardens. ceous, reflex, jagged, ciliary. This is a beautiful little shrub,
4. Mercurialis Tomentosa; Woolly Mercury. Stems suf- with a perennial fibrous root, and slender, but firm, nearly
fruticose ; leaves tomentose. Native of the south of France, upright, straight branches ; thickly adorned with green, dotted,
Spain, and Italy. If the seeds be permitted to scatter, they very small triquetrous leaves. Native of the Cape.
will come up in the following Caducum
spring ; if they are sown, it 3.
Mesembryanthemum ; Small-flowered Fig
should be in autumn. It requires a dry rubbishy soil. Marigold. Leaves filiform, half round, distinct; teats ovate,
5. Mercurialis Afra ; Cape Mercury. Stem prostrate, lateral ; flowers sessile, terminating ; flowers surrounded by
herbaceous ; leaves ovate, subtomentose ; flowers androgy- a parr of leaves. Native of the Cape.
nous. Found at the Cape. 4.
Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum ; Diamond Fig Mari-
6. Mercurialis Indica. Stem shrubby, branched ; leaves gold, of Ice Plant. Leaves alternate, ovate, papulose; flowers
lanceolate, even ; flowers three-styled. The fresh leaves sessile ; calices broad ovate, acute, retuse. This plant is an
boiled in soup purge gently. Native of Cochin-china. annual, and is distinguished by its leaves and stalks, being
Mercury, English. See Chenopodium. closely covered with pellucid pimples full of moisture, which
Mesembryanthemum ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order when the sun shines on them reflect the light, and appear like
Pentagynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- small bubbles of ice; whence it has been called by some the
leafed, five-cleft, superior, acute, spreading, permanent. Co- Ice Plant, and by others the Diamond Plant, or Diamond Ficoi-
rolla: one-petalled petals lanceolate-linear, very numerous,
; des. It flowers in July and August. Native of Greece, near
in several rows, a little longer than the calix, slightly united Athens. For its propagation and culture, see the first species.
at the claws into one. Stamina: filamenta numerous, capil- 5. Mesembryanthemum Humifusum; Narrow-leaved Icy
lary, the length of the calix; an there incumbent. Pistil: Fig Marigold. Leaves embracing, spatulate, keeled ; teats
germen inferior, with five blunt angles styles four to ten,
; conical, rugged; petals very minute. This shrub is a
commonly five, awl-shaped, upright, and then bent back ; native of the Cape. This, like all the perennial and shrubby
stigma simple. Pericarp: capsule fleshy, roundish, the navel sorts, may be increased very readily in a stove, either from
marked with rays, the cells corresponding with the styles in seeds or cuttings not covered by bell-glasses. Sow the
number. Seeds: very many, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHA- seed as soon as procured, unless it be in the depth of
RACTER. Calix: five-cleft. Petals: numerous, linear. Cap- winter, in a poor, light, sandy soil, kept damp, but not wet :
sule: fleshy, inferior, many-seeded. This is a vast genus of its germination will be much assisted by the bark-bed.
succulent plants, formerly known by the name of Ficoides, They all remain a long time in the seed-leaf. When the
from its affinity to the Indian Fig. The new Edition of young plants appear, they should have rather more water and
they have four or five leaves, when they may
Hortus Kewensis enumerates 175 species. They are nearly all air, until be
the production of the arid sands of the Cape Some are an-
:
transplanted into the smallest pots, kept in the same gentle
 MES OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MES 119

hot-bed until they have got fresh roots, when they should be two or three in the afternoon, and smelling like those of
May
if it be suuraer, or placed or White-thorn.
gradually hardened to the open air, They appear from June to September.
near the old plants in the dry-stove in winter. When they Native of the Cape. See the fifth species.
have filled the small pots with their roots, they should be 12.
Mesembryanthemum Expansum; Houseleek-leaved Fig
If raised from cuttings, the shoots Leaves flattish, lanceolate, undotted, spreading,
supplied with larger ones. Marigold.
need not be large, and the youngest are the best; they should distinct, opposite and alternate, remote. Stems and branches
be divested of a few of the old leaves, and, if very succulent, irregular and distorted. The dots upon the leaves shine like
laid in a dry shady place, from one to twenty-four hours, to silver in the sun. Native of the Cape. It flowers in
July
heal their wounds; after which, plant them in a light, sandy, and August. See the fifth species.
unmanured soil, which will not bind, with the earth pressed 13. Mesembryanthemum Testiculare; Short White-leaved
close; water them very sparingly, and shade them from the Fig Marigold. Leaves four, decussated, flat above. Stem-
sun until they have stricken root, but without covering them less, very white and short. Native of the Cape.
with a hand-glass. Their striking will be greatly accelerated 14. Mesembryanthemum Criniflorum; Hairy-flowered Fig
by plunging them into a gentle hot-bed, though most of them Leaves ovate; scapes one-flowered. This plant
1

Marigold,
will succeed very well without that assistance if kept in the is the size of a common Native of the Cape.
daisy.
house; and many will do well during the summer even in 15. Mesembryanthemum Tripolium; Plane-leaved Fig
open borders, proivded they are gently watered when dry. Marigold. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, flat, undotted steins ;

May is the most favourable season for striking them; but they loose, simple; calices five-cornered. Root biennial; stems
may be struck at almost all times of the year, in a very mode- prostrate, smooth, finally terminating in flowers; leaves many,
rate stove. Some strike in ten days, some take a fortnight, almost as long as the stems, succulent. This, and the other
and others require a month or six weeks. succulent sorts, may be propagated by cuttings taken from
6. Mesembyranthemum Copticum; Coptic Fig Marigold. the plants ten days or a fortnight before they are
planted
Leaves half round, papulose, distinct; flowers sessile, axil- that they may have time for their wounded part to heal over
lary; calices five-cleft. Annual; and a native of Egypt. and dry. The lower leaves should be stripped off, that their
See the first species. naked stalks may be of a sufficient length for planting. As
7. Mesembryanthemum Apetalum; Dwarf Spreading Fig they are mostly plants of humble growth, so if their stalks be
Marigold. Leaves embracing, distinct, linear, flat above, divested of their leaves an inch and half, it will be sufficient.
longer than the internodes, papulose; papulae oblong; flow- The cuttings require to be covered with glasses, to keep oft'
ers peduncled; calices five-cleft. Annual. Stem herbaceous, the wet; they must also have less water than the other, but
round, red, and, like the whole plant, covered with obsolete, in other particulars
require the same treatment. They must
papulose, shining dots. It flowers in
July and August. not have much water in summer, and still less in winter. If
Native of the Cape. See the first species. these succulent sorts are placed in an open airy glass-case in
8. Mesembryanthemum Geniculiflorum; Jointed Fig Ma- winter, where they may have free air admitted plentifully to
rigold. Leaves half round, papulose, distinct; flowers ses- them in mild weather, and be at the same time screened from
sile, axillary: calices four-cleft. Herbaceous while young, frost,they will thrive better than when more tenderly treated.
becoming shrubby by age; flowers small, making a poor They require to be shifted twice a year.
appearance. Native of the Cape. This plant strikes readily 16. Mesembryanthemum Calamiforme; Quill-leaved
Fig
from young shoots, but with difficulty from old ones, and is Marigold. Stemless: leaves roundish, ascending, undotted,
apt to lose its leaves, and then looks like a different plant. connate flowers eight-styled.
; Flowers solitary, on a short
See the fifth species. scape from the centre of the plant, large; petals very narrow,
9. Mesembryanthemum Noctiflorum :
Night-flowering Fig white, shining like silver in the sun, void of scent, opening
Marigold. Leaves semi-cylindric, undotted, distinct; flowers about noon in July, August, and .September. Native of the
peduncled; calices four-cleft. The trunk becomes about the Cape. See the preceding species.
thickness of a little finger, is smooth and even, covered -with 17. Mesembryanthemum Digitatum; Blunt-leaved Fig
a bay-coloured bark, and has frequent joints where branches Marigold. Almost stemless: leaves round x blunt;
alternate,
have fallen. The flowers are closed during the day, open in flowers axillary, sessile. Native of the Cape. See the fif-
the evening, and continue open during the night, when teenth species.
they
smell very sweet. There is a variety with larger flowers, out- 18. Mesembryanthemum Fallens Pale or Channel-leaved
;

side of a pale yellow colour. Native of the Cape. See the Leaves opposite, embracing, distinct, oblong-
Fig Marigold.
fifthspecies. lanceolate, acute, bluntly keeled teats minute.
; Native of
10. Mesembryanthemum See the fifteenth species.
Splendens; Shining Fig Mari- the Cape.
gold. Leaves roundish, undotted, recurved, distinct, heaped ; **Wilh red Corollas.
calices finger-shaped, terminating. Stems woody, a foot and 19. Meaernbryanthemuin Papulostim Angular-stalked Fig
;

more high, with many short branches, and clustered leaves; Mangold. Leaves opposite, distinct, ovate-spatulate; teats
flowers solitary, at the end of the branchlets, large, whitish
subglobular; calices angular, five-cleft; branches angular.
or very pale yellow; appearing in
July and August. They Root biennial; stem short, nearly the thickness of the little
open before and after noon when the sun shines, opening finger. The flowers have no scent, and are open from three
and shutting several times, and finally closing about the fruit. to six in the afternoon. It flowers from
April to October.
Native of the Cape. See the fifth species. Native of the Cape. See the fifteenth species.
11.
Mesembryanthemum Umbellatum; Umbelled Fig Ma- 20. Mesembryanthemum Cordifolium; Heart-leaved Fig
rigold. Leaves awl-shaped, rugged, dotted, connate, with Marigold. Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate calices four-
;

a patulous tip; stem upright; corymb trichotomotis. Stems cleft; stem round. Root perennial; stem rather shrubby,
woody, forming a regularly branched handsome shrub, stand- fleshy, upright, much branched, roundish, smooth, covered,
ing without support, with a stout stem, from two to three as well as the leaves and calix, with depressed dots. Flowers
feet high, and even more; flowers
terminating, white, opening solitary, pednncled, erect; petals numerous, reddish purple,
when the sun shines, from seven or eight in the morning to white at the base. It flowers from Mav to September. Native
VOL. ii. 76. 2 H
120 M ES THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MES
of the Cape. If planted in a south border, it will cover many length, numerous, spreading every way, slender, the lower
feet of ground, and flower and perfect seeds. joints swelling out into knots, an inch or more distant; leaves
21. Mesembryanthemum Limpidum ; Transparent Fig dark green, shining with innumerable icy globules closely
Marigold. Leaves opposite, spatulate, blunt, rugged; teats heaped together. Peduncle very rugged downwards, rather
contracted in the to the sight than the touch; calix awnless; flower sweet-
oblong; calicine leaflets oblong, blunt,
middle. Root annual ; stems round, branching, purple, half smelling, very like that in the preceding species, from wriich
a foot long or more, procumbent, the whole covered with icy perhaps it originally sprung, losing the beard of the leaves,
blebs like the fourth species ; flowers elegant, an inch and and having it scattered over the stem. There are several
half in diameter, void of scent. It flowers in
July. Native varieties one in which the gobules are less protuberant in
:

of the Cape. See the fifth species. this than in the third hereafter mentioned, and more confluent,
22. Mesembryanthemum Bellidiflorum ; Daisy-flowered so that the leaves appear wrinked with them. The second
Fig Marigold. Stemless: leaves three-sided, linear, undot- variety is lower, more branched and upright, than the pre-
ted, toothed in three rows at the tip. Flowers solitary, ter- ceding; flowers pale purple. A third variety with flowers of
minating, the form and size of a daisy, whitish with a tinge the same size, but of a paler colour: this is very often in
of purple, and streaked with a purple line along the middle bloom it opens its gay striated flowers in the forenoon,
;

of each petal both within and without. They open about which being numerous, make a fine appearance when ex-
noon, and appear from June to August. Native of the Cape. panded, but are handsomest the first time of opening, for they
See the fifth species. lose their gayest colours long before they fade quite away.
23. Mesembryanthemum Deltoides; Delta-leaved Fig It flowers a great
part of the year. Native of the Cape. See
Leaves deltoid, three-sided, toothed, undotted, the preceding species.
Marigold.
distinct. This grows two feet or more in length, with a round 26. Mesembryanthemum Villosum; Hairy-stalked Fig
stem, and opposite branches covered with thick leaves; flowers Marigold. Leaves pubescent, connate, undotted; stem hairy ;

in a sort of umbel at the ends of the branches; corollas pale branches in pairs. The flowers are solitary, terminating,
purple, sweet-smelling, not longer
than the calix; stamina rarely seen, opening only in the forenoon to a very warm sun.
white, upright, and forming a cone; antherse yellow. In Native of the Cape. See the fifth species.
warm weather the flowers continue open day and night. 27. Mesembryanthemum Bracteatum; Bracteated Fig
There are two varieties the first has larger and paler flowers,
; Marigold. Leaves somewhat sabre-shaped, dotted, recurved
rather inclining to violet, and appearing three or four weeks at the tip; bractes embracing, broad-ovate, keeled. Stem
later. The second variety has flowers of a pale rose-purple not very shrubby nor very thick, from a foct and half to two
colour, numerous: they open in a morning as soon as the feet high; branches woody. The flowers smell like those of
sun shines strongly upon them. These varieties all agree the Hawthorn, remaining from July to October in succession,
in having triquetrous leaves shaped like the Greek delta A, and being open both day and night. Native of the Cape.
of a smooth and even surface, appearing porous when held See the fifth species.
up to the light. Native of the Cape. 28. Mesembryanthemum Scabrum; Rugged Fig Marigold.
24. Mesembryanthemum Barbatum; Bearded Fig Mari- Leaves awl-shaped, distinct, muricate, dotted all round un-
gold. Leaves subovate, papulose, distinct, bearded at the derneath calices awnless. ; Stems woody, at bottom bay, the
tip. The least interior petals which surround the stamina branches yellowish brown, procumbent; flowers solitary, (two
are white. There are several varieties: the first has stems or three,) violet purple and shining, but becoming paler,
somewhat woody and slender. The flowers open when the opening two or three times, before and after noon. Native of
sun shines from seven or eight in the morning till noon, but the Cape. See the fifth species.
shut soon after noon although the sun still shines they : 29. Mesembryanthemum Reptans; Creeping Fig Mari-
open several days successively, and have a scarcely per- gold. Leaves three-sided, acute, rugged; stem creeping.
ceptible Hawthorn smell. The second variety is sessile or In the open air it will extend the branches above a foot and
stemless the first and second year, but afterwards acquires a half every way, and they will be firmly fixed to the ground
low stem and resupine branches. The flowers come out by strong fibres at every joint. Native of the Cape of Good
later, namely, in September and October; they are somewhat Hope. See the fifteenth species.
smaller, a pale purple tending to pale violet, and shining. 30. Mesembryanthemum Emarginatum; Notch-flowered
A third variety might be taken for a younger plant of the Fig Marigold. Leaves awl-shaped, heaped, somewhat rug-
other; however, the cuttings never protrude such thick and ged calices spiny petals emarginate.
; ;
Shrubby but procum
long leaves. It flowers from June to August. Native of bent; even when tied up, its irregular twisted branches will
the Cape. This, as well as the twenty-fifth, thirty-first, hang down. Flowers several, middle-sized, with scarcely
thirty-ninth, fifty-ninth, and sixtieth species,
will sometimes any odour, on slender long peduncles; petals very many,
abide several winters, on a dry artificial rock, or upon the top lying one over the other, of a most vivid violet colour but ;

or at the foot of a dry wall. These plants thrive best in the flowers only expand at noon when the sun is hot. Native
winter in a dry, light, airy stove or large glass-case, not over- of the Cape. See the fifteenth species.
stocked with plants, especially such as cause watery vapours 31. Mesembryanthemum Uncinatum; Hook-leaved Fig
by casting their leaves. The flues should be gently worked Marigold. Joints of the stem terminated by connate, acumi-
in cold and damp weather, and the plants should not be nate, dotted leaves, toothed underneath. Stems slender, round.
placed too near each other, but ought to have as much free There are Native of the Cape. See the
several varieties.
air as possible when the weather is dry and favourable, and twenty-fourth species.
should be watered only sparingly in cold weather. Those 32. Mesembryanthemum Spinosum Thorny Fig Marigold.
;

which hold water within the centre should not be watered Leaves from round three-sided, dotted, distinct; thorns
over the tops in winter time. branched. Flowers small, pale violet purple, on slender, leaf-
It is an upright thorny shrub, from
25. Mesembryanthemum Hispidum ;
Bristly Fig Mari- less, green peduncles^
gold. Leaves cylindric, papulose, distinct; stem hispid. two to three feet high, much branched. Native of the Cape
Stems and branches from a foot and a half to two feet in See the fifth species.
 M ES OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MES 121

33. Mesembryanthemum Tuberosum Tuberous-rooted Fig

; shrub, two feet high, or more. It assumes very different

Marigold. Leaves awl-shaped, papulose, distinct, patulous appearances, according to its age and the treatment it receives.
at the tip ;root headed. This forms a low, much branched, In the full ground under a south wall, in a poor soil, the
and spreading shrub and when old has a very large tuberous
;
leaves will be above an inch in length and nearly semicylin-
root, sometimes as big as a man's head, partly protruded dric, and the young shoots will be covered with pilescent
above the surface. It "flowers about noon. Native of the papulae, pointing downwards, and appearing in a microscope
See the fifth species. like minute hooks of glass or ice. Whereas the leaves in the
Cape.
34. Mesembryanthemum Tenuifolium Slender-leaved Fig
; stove, when not luxuriant, are seldom a quarter of an inch in
Marigold. Leaves subfiliform, smooth, distinct, longer than length, and the papulae are not pilescent. Native of the
the internodes; stems procumbent. Stems woody, slender, Cape. See the fifth species.
round, with a yellowish bark; flowers at the ends of the 43. Mesembryanthemum Loreiim ;
Leathery-stalked Fig
branches, solitary, on long slender peduncles they are large, ; Marigold. Leaves semicylindric, recurved, heaped, gibbous
especially on young plants, pale scarlet, shining,
and at the inner base, and connate ; stem pendulous. Native of
appearing powdered with gold dust in full sun-shine they are : the Cape. See the fifth species.
abundant, and open several days successively about noon, 44. Mesembryanthemum Filamentosum ; Thready Fig
especially in June. Native of the Cape. See the fifth species. Marigold. Leaves equilaterally triangular, acute, somewhat
35. Mesembryanthemum Stipulaceum ; Upright Shrubby dotted and connate ;
angles rugged ; branches hexangular ;
Fig Marigold. Leaves subtriquetrous, compressed, curved plant trailing on the ground ; flowers purple, pretty, not
inwards, dotted, distinct, heaped, margined at the base. showy, on peduncles two inches long, with a pair of leaves
Plant upright, woody, firm, growing to a larger size than on each side.
most of the species ; flowers terminating in a sort of corymb, 45. Mesembryanthemum Acinaciforme Cimetar-leaved Fig
;

large, showy, and purple. Native of the Cape. See the fifth Marigold. Leaves cimetar-shaped, undotted, connate, rug-
species. ged at the angle of the keel ; petals lanceolate. Flowers
36. Mesembryanthemum Leave Upright White-wooded
;
large, three inches in diameter, handsome, of a very vivid
Leaves cylindric, blunt, embracing, even; It seldom
Fig Marigold. shining purple. produces flowers.
calices five-cleft; segments oblong, blunt. Native of the 46. Mesembryanthemum Forficatum; Forked Fig Mari-
Cape. See the fifth species. gold. Leaves cimetar-shaped, blunt, undotted, connate,
37. Mesembryanthemum Deflexum; Bending Fig Mari- thorny at the tip, ancipital. This is a decumbent plant, and
gold. Leaves three-sided, acute, glaucous ; dots obsolete, almost herbaceous while young, but becoming shrubby by age.
somewhat rugged ; interior calicine segments membranaceous. Native of the Cape. See the fifth species.
This is a very low, small, spreading, or trailing shrub. It 47. Mesembryanthemum Spectabile Showy or Great Pur-
;

flowers from July to October. Native of the Cape. See the ple-flowered Fig Marigold. Leaves perfoliate, very long,
fifth species. glaucous, dotted, quite entire, three-sided, awl-shaped at
38. Mesembryanthemum Australe ; New Zealand Fig Ma- the tip ; stem woody, ascending. This is a shrubby plant,
rigold. Leaves subtriquetrous, small-dotted, connate, blunt- not erect; flowers solitary, very large, bright purple, making
ish; stem round, creeping; peduncles bluntly ancipital, soli- a fine contrast with the very glaucous leaves and deep brown
tary. Native of New Zealand, flowering in July and August. branches. Native of the Cape. See the first species.
***
39. Mesembryanthemum Crassifolium Thick-leaved Fig
; With yellow Corollas.
Marigold. Leaves semicylindric, undotted, connate, three- 48. Mesembryanthemum Edule ; Eatable Fig Marigold.
sided at top. This is a handsome plant, with creeping stems Leaves equilaterally triangular, acute, strict, undotted, con-
a span long, thickly furnished with leaves ; and the branches, nate, subserrate at the keel ; stem ancipital. Flowers three
which sometimes hang a full yard from the pot, are naturally inches in diameter, yellow, shining in the sun ; capsule eight
prostrate and reptant, angular and slender. Native of the and sometimes ten or eleven celled. It is called Hottentots'
Cape. See the fifteenth species. Figs, being eaten by the Hottentots, and also by the Dutch
40. Mesembryanthemum Falcatum Sickle-leaved Fig Ma-
; inhabitants of the Cape ; of which it is a native.
rigold. Leaves somewhat sabre-shaped, curved inwards, 49. Mesembryanthemum Bicolorum; Two-coloured Fig
dotted, distinct; branches round. It is a very low,
bushy, Marigold. Leaves awl-shaped, even, dotted, distinct; stem
divaricating, almost decumbent shrub, rarely above six or frulescent corollas two-coloured.
;
Shrubby, two feet high.
eight inches high; leaves very minute and much crowded, Native of the Cape. See the fifth species.
glaucous, with smooth pellucid dots; flowers purple, large, 50. Mesembryanthemum Aureum; Golden Fig Marigold.
solitary, opening in the
morning. It flowers abundantly great Leaves cylindric, three-sided, dotted, distinct; pistils black
part of the summer. Native of the Cape. See the fifth species. purple. Shrubby, scarcely capable of supporting itself up-
41. Mesembryanthemum Glomeratum; Clustered Fig Ma- right when tall. Native of the Cape, See the fifth species.
rigold. Leaves roundish, compressed, dotted, distinct; stem 51. Mesembryanthemum Serratum Serrate-leaved Fig
;

panicled, many-flowered. This is a small, very bushy, and Marigold. Leaves awl-shaped, three-sided, dotted, indis-
rather glaucous shrub, from six inches to a foot high. It is tinct, serrate backwards at the angle of the keel. This is an
a very variable little plant, but not in the least liable to be elegant species, three quarters of a yard in height, with woody
taken for any other species it assumes different appearances,
; stems not so thick as the little finger, and not much branched,
according to its treatment, and the different stages of growth. procumbent, covered with an ash-coloured bark ; flowers on
The very numerous beautiful purple flowers, covering the the upper branches, solitary, terminating, large, of an elegant
whole plant, and produced every season, make this a valua- yellow colour. They open several times from eight in the
It flowers from June to August.
ble species. Native of the morning to three or four in the afternoon, if the sun shines,
Cape. See the fifth species. and have a. little smell. Dillenius received it from Holland,
42. Mesembryanthemum Brevifolium ; Short-leaved Fig and gives a caution constantly to raise young plants, because
Marigold. Leaves cylindric, very blunt, papulose, spread- the old ones are very apt to perish and it is probably for
:

ing ; branches diffused. This is a slender, branched, woody want of attending to this caution, that this species can hardly
122 M ES THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M ES
be found in any of our collections. Native of the Cape. See Marigold. Leaves flattish, oblong-ovate, subpapillose, clus-
the fifth species. tered connate ; two-horned stem short,
calices three-leaved, ;

52. Mesembryanthemum Micans ; Glittering Fig Man- thickish. See the first species.
Native of the Cape.
gold. Leaves subcylindric, papulose, distinct stem rugged ; ; 64. Mesembryanthemum Glabrum Smooth-leaved Fig ;

two or three feet high ; leaves in pairs, overspread with glit- Marigold. Leaves embracing, distinct, spatulate, very smooth ;
tering spangles of a greenish yellow colour ; flowers large, peduncles the length of the leaves^ calices hemispherical.
concave; the narrow middle petals next the white filamenta Annual. Native of the Cape. See the first species.
being very dark, by which it is easily distinguished from all 65. Mesembryanthemum Helianthoides ; Spatula-leaved
the other sorts. It varies with paler smaller flowers. Native Fig Marigold. Leaves spatulate, flat, even ; peduncles very
of the Cape. long ; calices flat at the base, angular. Annual. Native of
53. Mesembryanthemum Grossum; Gouty Fig Mangold. the Cape. See the first species.
Leaves subcylindric, clustered, papulose ; trunk thickened at 66. Mesembryanthemum Pomeridianum ; Great-flowered
the base; branches diffused, smooth. Native of the Cape. Leaves broad-lanceolate,
Fig Marigold. flattish, even,
54. Mesembryanthemum Brachiatum Three-forked Fig
;
subciliate, distinct stem, peduncles, and germ, rough-haired.
;

Marigold. Stem and leaves cylindric, papulose; branches Root annual ; stem herbaceous, a span high, scarcely thicker
trichotomous. Native of the Cape. than a goose-quill ;. flowers upright, the size of the common
55. Mesembryanthemum Rostratum ; Heron-leaved Fig Marigold; corolla sulphur-coloured, shining, spreading very
Marigold. Stemless leaves semicyliudric, connate, exter-
: much. Native of the Cape. See the first species.
nally tubercled. Dillenius remarks that this species is distin- 67. Mesembryanthemum Echinatum; Echinated Fig Ma-
guished from all others by the central leaves being long and rigold. Leaves oblong-ovate, subtriquetrous, gibbous, ramen-
narrow, not ill representing a heron's bill. 'Native of the taceous-hispid ; calicine segments leaf-shaped. Native of
Cape. See the fifteenth species. the Cape.
56. Mesembryanthemum Compactum; Dotted or Thick- 68. Mesembryanthemum Ringens Ringent Fig Marigold. ;

leaved FigMarigold. Stemless leaves connate, dotted, half

: Almost stemless leaves ciliate-toothed, dotted. There are
:

round, three-sided at the tip, somewhat reflex, sharp flowers ; several varieties of this species. That called the Dog-chap
sessile ; calix subcylindric, six-cleft. Native of the Cape ;
Fig Marigold is stemless while young, but acquires by age
flowering in November. considerable trailing woody stems, with large showy yellow
57. Mesembryanthemum Veruculatum
Spit-leaved Fig ; flowers, opening in the afternoon, and closing in the evening.
Marigold. Leaves three-sided, cylindric, acute, connate, The Cat-chap Fig Marigold is entirely sessile, of a whitish
bowed, undotted, distinct. Stem woody, a foot or two in glaucous colour ; corolla golden-coloured within, not having
height, covered with an ash-coloured bark, deformed by age any tinge of red, yellow with a tinge of red on the outside.
with irregular wide fissures ; flowers in a sort of umbel at the Native of the Cape flowers from May to June.
;

ends of the branches from the axils of the leaves, small, pale 69. Mesembryanthemum Dolabriforme ; Hatchet-leaved
yellow, smelling very sweet. Native of the Cape; flowering Fig Marigold. Stemless leaves hatchet-shaped, dotted.
:

in
May and June. This is a low plant at first, but grows larger and stronger ;
58 Mesembryanthemum Molle Soft Fig ;
Marigold. flowers of a pale yellow colour. Native of the Cape.
Leaves three-sided, connate, erect, glaucous, undotted ; 70. Mesembryanthemum Diffbrme ; Various -leaved Fig
branches half round ; peduncles axillary, compressed. Stemless : leaves dirForm, dotted, connate.
Marigold.
Native of the Cape. Native of the Cape. See the fifteenth species.
59. Mesembryanthemum Glaucum ; Glaucous-leaved Fig 71. Mesembryanthemum Albidum; White Fig Marigold.
Marigold. Leaves three-sided, dotted, indistinct ;
acute, Stemless leaves three-sided, quite entire.
: Flowers large,
calicine leaflets ovate-cordate. Stems a foot and half
high, or yellow, on long peduncles. Native of the Cape.
more, woody ; flowers large, pale yellow or sulphur-coloured 72. Mesembryanthemum Linguiforme ; Tongue-leaved Fig
on both sides, sometimes slightly tinged with red on the out- Stemless : leaves tongue-shaped, thicker at one
Marigold.
side. They remain expanded only a few hours, and contract edge, undotted. The leaves of this species in all the varieties
about noon; but open several times, and have a succession (of which there are three) are not decussated, but lie in the
during the summer months. It is a
strong upright shrub. same oblique plane. Native of the Cape.
Native of the Cape. See the twenty-fourth species. 73. Mesembryanthemum Pugioniforme; Dagger-leaved Fig
60. Mesembryanthemum Corniculatum Horned Fig Ma- ;
Marigold. Leaves alternate, clustered, awl-shaped, three-
rigold. Leaves three-sided, semicylindric, rugged-dotted, sided, very long, undotted. This species grows up into a
with a raised line above the base, and connate stems half ; stem an inch and more in thickness, and two or three feet in
erect or reclining, scattered, round at top. The flowers height with a crown of clustered leaves a span in length at
;

continue some days, and expand about noon. Native of the top, and branches a foot long at the base, hanging
down with
Cape. See the twenty-fourth species. the multitude of leaves. Flowers large, expanding when the
61. Mesembryanthemum Pinnatifidum Pinnated Fig ; sun shines, straw-coloured above, tinged with red trader-
leaves flat, oblong, pinnatifid. Root annual,
Marigold, neath, composed of numerous slender cusped petals, gradually
uot much branched, of short duration. Flowers small, soli- smaller, and the inner ones filamentose. The flowers open
tary, ou longish peduncles, yellow; expanding in the after- from eight or nine in the morning to four or five in the after-
noon. The whole plant is sprinkled over with glittering noon. It flowers from May to August. Native of the Cape.
**** With
particles like the Ice Plant, to which it bears some affinity in Corollas.green
its duration. Native of the Cape. See the first species. 74. Mesembryanthemum Viridiflorum; Green-flowered Fiji
62. Mesembryanthemum Sesgiliflorum; Sessile-flowered Fig Leaves semicylindric, papulose, hairy; calice*
Marigold.
Marigold. Leaves flat, spatulate, both these and the stems five-cleft, hirsute. Native of the Cape.
papulose branches divaricate flowers sessile.
; ; Annual. 75. Mesembryanthemum Capillare. Leaves connate, round,
Native of the Cape. See the first species. papulose; stem upright; branchlets one-flowered, filiform,
63. Mesemhryautbuemum Tortuosum ; Twisted-leaved Fig smooth. Native of the Cape.
 MES OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MIS 123

Mespilus; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Pentagy- more than five or six feet high in Virginia, where it is found
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, in moist woods.
concave-spreading, five-cleft, permanent. Corolla: petals 4. Mespilus Amelanchier; Alpine Mespilus. Unarmed:
five, roundish, concave, inserted into the calix. Stamina: leaves oval, serrate, hirsute underneath. This rises with
filamenta twenty, awl-shaped, inserted into the calix; antherse many slender stems, three or four feet high. The wood of
Pistil: inferior; styles five, simple, erect this shrub is very hard, and the bark black. The flowerg
simple. germen ;

stigmas headed. Pericarp: berry globular, umbilicated, are white, and larger than in those of the other
species.
closed by the converging calix, but almost perforated by the The fruit is
good to eat; sweet, and reputed wholesome.
navel. Seeds: five, bony, gibbous. Observe. The genera Native of the south of Europe.
of Cratax/us, Sorbus, and Mespilus, are so very nearly allied 5. Mespilus Chamse-Mespilus ; Bastard Quince or Mes-
as scarcely to be distinguished, except by the number of styles. pilus. Unarmed:
leaves oval, acutely serrate, smooth; flow-
The leaves in Sorbus are pinnate, in Cratccgus angular, and ers corymb-capitate. Stalk smooth, four or five feet high ;
in Mespilus commonly entire. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. fruit small, red. Native of the Pyrenees, the mountains of
Calif: five-cleft. Petals -.five. Berry: inferior, five-seeded. Austria, and found by Ray on the higher parts of Mount
All the plants of this genus are hardy enough to thrive in Jura, near Geneva.
the open ir in
England, and some of .them are very orna- 6.
Mespilus Canadensis; Snowy Mespilus. Unarmed:
mental plants gardens, where, during the season of their
for leaves ovate-oblong, smooth, serrate, sharpish. A low shrub.
flowering, they will make a fine appearance ; and again in Native of Canada and Virginia.
autumn, when their fruit is ripe, they will afford an agree- 7. Mespilus Japonica;
Japan Mespilus. Unarmed : leaves
able variety, and their .fruit will be a food for deer and birds: oblong, blunt, serrate at the tip, tomentose underneath.
and clumps of each sort planted in different parts of the garden This is a large lofty tree. The fruit seems rather to be a
are exceedingly ornamental. The American kinds are usually pome, with from one to five cells and the taste of it ap-
;

propagated in the nurseries,

by grafting or budding them upon proaches to that of the apple; it is ripe in May and June.
the Common White Thorn, but the plants so propagated will Native of Japan.
never reach half the size of those which are propagated by seeds; 8. Mespilus Cotoneaster ; Dwarf Mespilus. Unarmed :

so that those plants should always be chosen which have not leaves ovate, quite entire, sharpish, tomentose underneath ;
been grafted or budded, but are upon their own roots. But germina smooth ; berries two-seeded, or three-seeded. This
there are many who
object to raising the plants from seeds, is a low
spreading shrub, not more than two or three feet
on account of their seeds not growing the first year, as well high. Native of many parts of Europe and Siberia.
as on account of the tediousness of their growth afterwards: 9. Mespilus Tomentosa ; Quince-leaved Mespilus. Un-
but where a person can furnish himself with the fruit in autumn, armed : leaves ovate, quite entire, blunt, tomentose under-
and take out the seeds soon after they are ripe, putting them neath ; germina woolly ; berries five-seeded. Stalk smooth,
into the ground immediately, the plants come up the will about eight feet high. The fruit is large and roundish, and
following spring. If they are kept clean from weeds, and in of a fine red colour when ripe. It flowers in April and
May.
very dry weather supplied with water, they will make good Messerschmidia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order
progress; but if they are planted in the places where they are Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
to remain, after two years' growth from seeds,
they will suc- leafed, five-parted; segments sublinear, erect, permanent.
ceed much better than when the plants are of greater age ; Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; tube cylindric, rude,
the ground should be well trenched, and cleansed from the longer than the calix, globular at the base; border five-cleft,
roots of all bad weeds. The best time to transplant them is plaited, membranaceous at the sides; throat naked. Stamina:
in autumn, when their leaves fall off;
they should be con- filamenta five, minute, in the lower part of the tube; anther
stantly kept clean from weeds, and if the ground between the awl-shaped, upright, within the middle of the tube. Pistil:
plants is dug every winter, it will greatly encourage the growth germen subovate ;
style cylindric. very short, permanent ;
of the plants, so that if they are cleaned three or four times stigma capitate, ovate. Pericarp: berry dry, suberous, cylin-
in the summer, it will be sufficient. All the sorts of Mespi- dric-rounded, with a retuse umbilicus, surrounded with four
lus and Cratffigus will take, by budding or grafting upon each blunt teeth, bipartile. Seeds: two, within each part of the
ether; they will also take upon the Quince or Pear stocks, pericarp, oblong, bony, incurved, outwardly rounded, in-
and both these will take upon the Medlars; so that these have wardly angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: fun-
great affinity with each other. -The species are, nel-form, with a naked throat. Berry : suberous, bipartile,
1.
Mespilus Pyracantha; Evergreen Thorn or Mespilus. each two-seeded. The species are,
Thorny: leaves lanceolate-ovate, crenate; calices of the fruit 1. Messarschmidia Fruticosa. Stem shrubby leaves peti- ;

blunt. This is a bushy irregular shrub ; flowers white., oled corollas salver-shaped. This is a tall, rugged, rough-
scarcely ;

larger than those of Elder; fruit globular, fulvous, the size haired, branching shrub, with the branches panicled at the
of a pea, pulpy, five-seeded. It flowers with us in Native of the Canary Islands.
May. top
Native of the south of Europe. 2. Messersch-midia Arguzia. Stem herbaceous; leaves
2. Mespilus Germanica ; Dutch Medlar. Unarmed leaves : sessile corollas funnel-shaped.
;
Root creeping stem up- ;

lanceolate, tomentose underneath ; flowers sessile, solitary. right, a span high corolla white.
; Native of Siberia.
This is a small or middle-sized branching tree. There are Mesua; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Polyan-
several varieties: that called the Great-leaved Dutch Medlar, dria. GENERIC CHAKACTER. Calix: perianth four-
bearing the largest fruit, is now generally cultivated but the
; leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, blunt, permanent, the two
Nottingham Medlar is of a much quicker and more poignant outer smaller ones opposite. Corolla: petals four, retuse,
taste. The other varieties are now little noticed. waved. Stamina: filamenta numerous, capillary, the length
Mespilus Arbutifolia; Arbutus-leaved Mespilus.
3. Un- of the corolla, united at the base into a pitcher; antherae
armed: leaves lanceolate, crenate, tomentose underneath. ovate. Pistil: germen roundish; style cylindric; stigma
Fruit small, roundish, a little compressed, purple when thickish, concave. Pericarp: nut roundish, acuminate, with
ripe.
It varies with red, black, and white
fruit, and seldom rises four longitudinal raised sutures. Seed: single, roundish.
VOL. ii. 76. 2 I
124 MET THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M 1C
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix :
simple, four-leaved. mucronate ; flowers lateral, clustered, sessile, pubescent.
Corolla: fonr-petalled. Nut: four-cornered, one-seeded. This a beautiful shrub.
is Native of New South Wales.
The only known species is, 12. Metrosideros Saligna. Leaves alternate, lanceolate,
1. Mesua Ferrea; Indian Rose-chestnut. Rheede says, it attenuated to both ends, mucronate flowers lateral, clustered,
;

i much cultivated in Malabar, for the beauty of the flowers, sessile, smooth. Native of New South Wales.
which come out there in July and August ; and that it bears 13. Metrosideros Capitata. Leaves scattered, obovate,
fruit in six
years from the nut, continuing frequently to bear mucronulate ; heads terminating ; calices and branchlets
during three centuries. He describes it as a very large tree, hairy. Native of New South Wales.
spreading like the Lime, with flowers the size and shape of Meutang. The name of a flower much esteemed by the
the Sweet-briar or Eglantine, but with only four white Chinese, and which they call King of Flowers. It is larger
petals;
fruit when it begins to
ripen smooth and greenish, but rufous than our rose, resembles it in figure, and is more
expanded ;
and wrinkled when ripe, with a rind like that of the Chest- yet falls short of it in fragrance, but exceeds it in beauty.
nut, and three or four kernels within, the shape and size, sub- It has no
prickles, and its colour is a mixture of white with
stance and taste, of Chestnuts. It
may be increased by seeds, purple, but so as to incline most to white, though sometimes
layers, and cuttings. they are found of a reddish and of a yellow colour. The tree
Metrosideros ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Mo- it
grows upon is not unlike our Alder tree, and is cultivated
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- with great care all over China, being covered in the summer
leafed, five-cleft, half superior. Corolla: petals five, con- time with a shade, to defend it from the scorching beams of
cave, nearly sessile, deciduous. Stamina : very long, stand- the sun. We are not aware that botanical writers have as-
ing out, free or separate ; antherae incumbent. Pistil: ger- signed it a place in the systematical arrangement.
men turbinate, fastened to the bottom of the calix ; style Mazereon. See Daphne.
stigma simple, small, scarcely dilated. Peri-
filiform, erect; Mice, are highly destructive to several sorts of garden crops,
carp : capsule three-celled, (sometimes four-celled,) three- such as pease, beans, &c. in the early spring ; and Lettuces,
valved, (sometimes four-valved,) partly covered with the Melons, and Cucumbers, in frames in the winter season. It
belly of the calix. Seeds : very numerous, when unripe is supposed also that the destruction of
grain after it is sown,
linear, chaffy when ripe very few, rounded or angular.
; is in some seasons
very great, owing to the field mice. Hence
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft, half-superior. the tussocks of wheat, seen to arise in many fields, are pro-
Petals: five. Stamina: very long, standing out. Stigma: duced from the granaries of these diminutive animals; which,
simple. Capsule : three-celled. The species are, when they are accidentally destroyed, grows into a tuft,
1. Metrosideros Leaves opposite, cordate at the and have been found to contain nearly a handful of corn.
Hispida.
base, embracing ; branchlets, peduncles, and calices hispid. Their habitations are detected by small mounds of earth
Stem usually four or five feet high; flowers large, and white. being thrown up, on or near the apertures of their dwellings,
This is a magnificent species. Native of New South Wales. or of the passages which lead to their nests and granaries ;
2. Mestrosideros Floribunda. Leaves opposite, petioled, by following the course of which, they and their progeny
ovate-lanceolate ; panicle brachiate ; pedicels umbelled. may be found and destroyed. It is found that acorns when
Flowers copious, white. Native of New South Wales. sown, as well as garden beans and peas, are liable to be dug
3. Metrosideros Costata. Leaves opposite, petioled, linear- up or devoured by these voracious little animals. They may
lanceolate, acuminate, oblique ; panicle brachiate, decom- be destroyed by traps baited with cheese, and also by the
pound ; pedicels subumbelled. Flowers yellowish-white, poisonous substance usually called nux vomica, which should
larger than those of the preceding. Native of New South be finely rasped down, and mixed with some sort of meal,
Wales. or other similar material of which they are fond ; but the
4. Metrosideros DifFusa. Leaves opposite, ovate, veined, easiest, cheapest, and most effectual mode of extirpating
smooth on both sides; panicles axillary or terminating; pedi- these little plunderers, is to encourage the breed of owls,
cels opposite. Native of New Zealand. so active in the pursuit of nocturnal vermin, and on that
5. Metrosideros Villosa. Leaves opposite, ovate, veined, account so useful to the gardener and farmer, who neverthe-
pubescent underneath ; thyrse axillary or terminating, oppo- less still inconsiderately permit their servants and children
site, villose ; flowers sessile, clustered. This strongly resem- to destroy their eggs, and torture and kill their callow young.
bles the preceding species. Native of Otaheite. See Vermin.
6. Metrosideros Florida. Leaves opposite, Michauxia; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono-
obovate-oblong,
reined, smooth ; thyrse terminating; calices turbinate, naked. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER.. Calix : perianth one-
Flowers large, crimson. Native of New Zealand. leafed, sixteen-parted ; segments lanceolate, unequal, the
7. Metrosideros Glomulifera. Leaves opposite, ovate, net- alternate ones reversed. Corolla one-petalled, wheel-shaped,
:

ted-veined, pubescent underneath ; heads lateral, peduncled, eight-parted, larger than the calix segments linear-lanceo-
;

both they and the bractes tomentose. Flowers whitish. This late,spreading very much, revolute at the tip; nectary eight-
species is slightly aromatic. Native of New South Wales. valved, staminiferous. Stamina: filamenta eight, awl-shaped,
8. Metrosideros Angustifolia. Leaves opposite, linear- permanent; antheree linear, very long, pressed close to the
lanceolate, naked; peduncles umbelled; bractes
axillary, style. Pistil: germen inferior, turbinate; style columnar,
lanceolate, smooth, deciduous. Native of the Cape. permanent; stigma eight-parted segments awl-shaped, revo-
;

9. Metrosideros Ciliata. Leaves scattered, almost lute.

opposite, Pericarp: capsule turbinate, truncated, eight-celled,
elliptic, blunt, coriaceous, subciliate at the base corymbs ; valveless; cells rhombed. Seeds: very numerous, small,
terminating, hairy. A bushy shrub; flowers large, hand- oblong, inserted into the receptacles. ESSENTIAL CHA-
some, of a deep red colour. Native of New South Wales. RACTER. Calix: sixteen-parted. Corollm: wheel-shaped,
10. Metrosideros Linearis. Leaves scattered, linear, chan- eight-parted. Nectary: eight-valved, staminiferous. Cap-
nelled, acute, becoming rigid; flowers lateral, clustered, ses- sules:
eight-celled, many seeded. The only species is,
sile. Native of New South Wales. 1. Michauxia Campanuloides Rough-leaved Michauxia^
;

1 1 . Metrosideros Lanceolata. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, Stem simple, panicled when in flower, upright, herbaceous,
 MIC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M I L 125

rough-haired, green, two feet high, the thickness of the little GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-leaved ;
finger. It is a handsome plant, with the habit of a Campa- leafletsoblong, permanent. Corolla: none. Stamina: fila-
nula. Native of the Levant. The seeds have not ripened menta five, filiform, the length of the calix, inserted into the
in this country ; so that being a biennial, we cannot keep it receptacle; antherse subglobular, twin. Pistil: germen
at present. It requires the protection of the green-house. superior, subglobular, echinated ; styles two, very short,
Michelia; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Polygy- divaricating ; stigmas simple, acute. Pericarp : drupe dry,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth three-leaved, coriaceous, thin, echinated. Seed: nut roundish, smooth,
leaflets petal-form, oblong, concave, deciduous. Corolla: with a single kernel. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
petals fifteen, lanceolate ; the outer ones larger. Stamina : five-leaved, spreading. Corolla: none. Drupe: dry, echi-
filamenta very many, awl-shaped, very short; antherse erect, nated. The only known species is,
acute. Pistil: germina numerous, imbricate, in along spike; ]. Microtea Debilis. Stem herbaceous, branched, diffused,
styles none ; stamina reflex, blunt. Pericarp : berries (ber- almost upright, striated, smooth. Annual. Native of most
ried capsules) as many as the germina, globular, one-celled, of the West India Islands.
half-bivalved according to Gsertner, dispersed in a raceme.
;
Miegia; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia.
Seeds: four, (from two to eight, according to Gsertner,) con- GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : glume one-flowered,
vex on one side, angular on the other. ESSENTIAL CHA- two-valved; valves ovate, concave, nerved; upper valve
RACTER. Calix : three-leaved. Petals : sixteen. Berries : shorter, blunt; lower a little longer, sharpish. Corolla: two-
many, four-seeded. The species are, valved ; valves ventricose, nerved ; outer ovate, blunt within,
1. Michelia Champaca. Leaves lanceolate; calices exter- and longer than the calicine valve; inner oblong, compressed
nally silky. This is a lofty tree, with a trunk as large as a at the tip, sharpish, the edges convoluted, longer than the
man can compass, covered with a thick ash-coloured bark ; outer, within the upper calicine valve ; nectary one-leafed,
flowers deep yellow, on the extreme twigs, axillary, on thick ovate, gibbous at the back, somewhat compressed, acute,
upright peduncles an inch and half in length, and having a even, thick, suberous, thinner at the tip and edges, shorter
very fragrant smell; fruit resembling a large bunch of grapes, than the corolla, opposite to the larger corolline glume,
pale yellowish-white, of an acrid taste. Native of Malabar. involving the germen. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary,
2. Michelia Tsjampaca. Leaves lanceolate, ovate; calices longer than the corolla; antherse oblong, acute. Pistil:
nearly smooth. Native of the East Indies. germen oblong, subtriquetrous, within the nectary ; style
Micropus ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga- simple, capillary, longer than the corolla; stigmas two, capil-
mia Necessaria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common, lary. Pericarp : none. Seeds : single, oblong, triquetrous-
inferior five-leaved; leaflets thin, small, obsolete; interior rounded, rolled up in the nectary, inclosed within the per-
very large, five-leaved ; leaflets loose, distinct,
helmet-shaped, manent calix and corolla. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
compressed, converging longitudinally by the margin. Co- one-flowered ; and Corolla : two-valved. Nectary : one-
rolla : compound of ten
hermaphrodites in the disk, and five valved, involving the germen. Seed: triquetrous-rounded,
females in the circuit: proper of the hermaphrodite one- included within the calix, corolla, and nectary. The only
petalled, funnel-form, five-toothed, erect; of the female none. known species is,
Stamina : in the hermaphrodites ; filamenta five, bristle- 1. Miegia Maritima. Root creeping; culms half a foot
shaped, very short; antherse cylindric, tubular, the length high, covered with leaves, branched at the top ; leaves lan-
of the corollet. Pistil: in the hermaphrodites; germen ceolate, striated, acute, rigid ; panicle terminating, contracted
obsolete ; style filiform, longer than the stamina ;
stigma into an ovate spike. Native Cayenne and Guiana.
obsolete. In the females ; germen obovate, See Reseda.
compressed, Mignonette.
within each scale of the common inner calix ; Mildew, is a disease in plants, caused by a dewy moisture
style from the
inner side of the germen, bristle-shaped, bent in towards the which falls on them, and continuing, for want of the sun's
hermaphrodites, the length of the calix ; stigma two-parted, heat to draw it up, by its acrimony corrodes, gnaws, and
slender, acuminate. Pericarp: none; calix unchanged, but spoils the plant or, mildew is rather a concrete substance
;

the inner one larger, indurated. Seeds: of the hermaphro- which exsudes through the pores of the leaves. What gar-
dites, none; of the females, solitary, obovate, included in the deners call Mildew, is an insect, found in great plenty, prey-
proper leaflet of the inner calix; down none. Receptacle: ing upon this exsudation. All plants, whether cultivated or
with sharp very small chaffs, separating the seeds of the spontaneous, appear to be equally liable to it. It has been
females, but not the florets of the disk. ESSENTIAL CHA- attributed to fogs and dews, to the vicinity of rivers and of
RACTER. Calix: calicled. Kay: of the corolla, none. stagnant waters, to the putrid effluvia of animal or vegetable
Female fiorets : wrapped up in the calicine scales. Down : substances, and to late frosts; but upon no better foundation
none. Receptacle: chaffy. The than mere conjecture. It attacks the blades and stems of
species are,
1.
Micropus Supinus; Trailing Micropus. Stem procum- corn, which it covers with a powder of the colour of the rust
"bent; leaves in pairs. It is an annual
plant. The roots send of iron, when at the height of their vegetation. High and
out several trailing stalks, six or eight inches ventilated situations are perhaps most likely to admit of a
long, divari-
cating, often branched, covered with a white nap, as is the remedy, but are equally liable with low grounds. Plentiful
whole plant. Flowers in small clusters, rains sometimes wash it almost entirely away, so that the
very small, white.
Native of Portugal, Spain, Italy, and the Levant. This is Late crops have gene-
grain suffers but little in the end.
sometimes preserved in gardens for the beauty of its rally suffered most, says Mr. Lambert, but there have been
silvery
leaves. If the seeds be sown in autumn, or instances of the reverse. Others say, that low lands and
permitted to scat-
the plants will come up in the spring, and sheltered situations have suffered most but this has been
ter, require only to ;

be kept clean from weeds, and thinned where too close.

perhaps attributable to the wheat growing more luxuriantly,
2. Micropus Erectes. Stem upright; calices toothless; from its situation, than the stamina of the land could support
flowers solitary. This also is an annual. Native of Spain, when it was arriving at maturity ; to which may be added, a
France, and the Levant. want of ventillation. A huge crop may be considered a cause
Microtea ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order of mildew ; for an unfavourable season, or a want of stamina
Digynia.
126 M i L THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M I L

in the land, may check the vegetable mucilage before the cut, though quite green, as it is found that the grain fills after
corn is filled, and thereby produce a predisposition to mildew. it is cut, and ripens in a manner that those would not con-
No difference is observed in new anil aid seed, in similar ceive who had not tried t!>e experiment, as Mr. Young has
stuations. The first cause of mildew appears to be a predis- done many times, by reaping so early, that the labourers
position in the wheat, occasioned by a decrease of mucilage in pronounced he should have nothing but hen's meat: yet they
the straw, which allows the watery particles to insinuate them- were always mistaken for the sample proved good, while
;

selves, and still further check the circulation of the juices the grain of others which stood longer suffered
severely It
in the stem that are necessary to the perfection of the grain, may be asked, in what manner cutting down the crop, as soon
and had before become languid from the unkiodness of the as it is found to be diseased, can operate so easily as a remedy ?
season, or the feebleness of the soil. When the watery particles but to the practical farmer, the fact only is necessary. The
have insinuated themselves, the straw becomes discoloured, operation of the remedy and of the disease are equally indif-
and probably a complete putrefaction would immediately ferent to him. Those who have profited by the remec'v. here
succeed, if it were not prevented by a circulation of air. At recommended, believe that it kills the mildew. And it" it

all times during their growth, the straw of

Barley and Oats shall appear that the fungus of wheat requires a free supply
appears to have sufficient mucilage in itself to resist the effects of air to keep it alive, or in a state of health and vigour, the
of the watery particles ; but when it is once cut, it becomes eft'cct of cutting down the crop will be
explained. It will
like the stubble in the fields, and cannot resist it much longer.
perhaps be found, by experience, that the closer it is allowed
Fallows and layers have been equally liable. An over luxu- to lie upon the ground, and the sooner it is bound np in
riant growth i the spring is favourable to the mildew, and sheaves, (provided the natural ascent of the sap to the ear be
that distemper may be produced by particular manure, not interrupted,) the more effectual and complete will be the
such as .green vetches, &c. ploughed in, which seem to cause remedy. Further, on the evidence of attentive observation,
a considerable fermentation in the soil, and produce a rapid if Wheat, which has been attacked
by this disease, be suffered
vegetation for a short time. It seems perfectly reasonable, to remain in the field, with the ears exposed, until it
may
from the above statement, to look for the cause of the disease, have received the ameliorating influence of dews, or moderate
in a standing crop, in the state of the atmosphere; for rain, (to soften, relax, and assist the natural rise of the sap,)
nothing is so likely to bring on the fatal predisposition of the the more productive it will probably become. And it
may
plants, as a succession of cold rains while the grain is forming. be further added, that grain cut while under-ripe, is still
still
The coolness necessarily gives a check to the rich saccharine less liable to be injured in the field by moist weather, than
juices which are then rising towards the ear, and the moisture that which has stood until it be fully or over-ripe. A pro-
may at the same time assist the seeds of the fungi to germinate bable means of prevention, for the reasons already given, to
and take root. Thus reason and facts concur, says Sir Joseph induce early ripeness, either by sowing early, or by forcing
Banks, in pointing out the cause and operation of the disease. manures ; or by selecting and establishing early varieties of
There appear to be two reasons why corn which happens Wheat especially, like early varieties of Pease, and other
to be struck with this disease in a dry warm summer, is esculent plants raised by the gardeners; is a work which only
exposed to that excessive injury by which experience proves requires ordinary attention, and which, it is hoped, will be
it suffers. The habits of the plants render them more sus- zealously encouraged by every attentive promoter of rural
ceptible of injury, their rich juices more liable to be checked, improvements in the united kingdom.
and the seeds of fungi, it is probable, are more widely, if Mildew, in Gardening. In addition to what we have pre-
not more plentifully, distributed by such a state of the air, sented our readers with, under the article Blight, we here
than they are by a cool moist atmosphere. The natural event wish to add, that it is advised, whenever danger is appre-
is too well known. A certain prevention of it, says Mr. Mar- hended, to wash or sprinkle the trees well with urine and
shal, would be a discovery worth millions to the country. lime-water mixed ; and when the young and tender shoots
Until this be made, let the grower of wheat not are much infected, to wash them well with a woollen cloth
only endea-
vour to sow early, but let him look narrowly to his crop dur- dipped in the following mixture, so as to clear them of all the
ing the critical time of the filling of the grain and whenever he
;
glutinous matter, that their respiration and perspiration may
may perceive it to be smitten with the disease, let him lose not be obstructed Take of tobacco one pound, sulphur two
:

no time in cutting it ; suffering it to lie on the stubble until pounds, unslaked lime one peck, and about a pound of Elder
the straw be firm and crisp enough to be set in sheaves, buds; pour on them ten gallons of boiling water; cover it
without adhering in the binding places allowing it to remain
; close, and let it stand till cold; then add as much cold water
in the field until the grain shall have received all the nutri- as will fill a hogshead. It should stand two or three days to
ment which it can derive from the straw. Where wheat has settle, when the scum may be taken off, and it is fit for use.
been grown on Lammas land, and the ground obliged to be This treatment is equally proper for those trees affected with
cleared by the first of August, it has been known to cjit " as what is vulgarly called honey-dew, which is a viscous exsuda-
green as grass," and to be carried off and spread upon grass- tion, closing up their pores, and obstructing their perspiration.
lands to dry yet the grain has been found to mature, and
;
Milfoil. See AchiUea.
always to afford a fine-skinned beautiful sample. Rye-grass Mi/ium a genus of the class Triandria, order Diprynia.
;

that is cut even while in blossom, is well known to mature GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume one-flowered, two-
its seeds with the Hence
sap that is lodged in the stems. valved valves ovate, acuminate, almost equal.
; Corolla:
there is nothing to fear from cutting wheat or corn before two-valved, less than the calix; valves ovate, one less; nec-
the straw be ripe. This is also the opinion of Mr. Young;
tary two-leaved leaflets ovate, obtuse, gibbous at the base.
;

he therefore advises the farmer to be attentive to his

very Stamina: filamenta three, capillary, very short; antheire
wheat crops in July, as they are every where liable to this oblong. Pistil: germen roundish; styles two, capillary;
fatal distemper, which admits but of one cure or check, and stigmas pencil-form. Pericarp: none. Seed- single, co-
that is, reaping it as soon as it is struck. The ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-
capital managers vered, roundish.
in Suffolk know well, that
every hour the Wheat stands after valved, one-flowered; valves almost equal. Corolla: very
the mildew appears, is mischievous to the It should be short. The
crop. Stigmas: pencil-form. species ate,
 MI L OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M I L 127

1. Milium Capense; Cape Millet Grass. Panicle capil- Milleria; so called, in honour of Philip Miller, F. R. S.
lary ;
acuminate
calices awn of the corolla terminating,
;
author of the Gardener's Dictionary and Kalendar. Linneus
curved. Native of the Cape. observes, that " this American the
plant, shut calix of
closely
2. Milium Punctatum Dotted Millet Grass.
;
Branches which entirely surrounds and protects its one or two seeds, is
of the panicle quite simple; flowers alternate, in pairs, di- well bestowed on a man who spared no pains in procuring
rected oneway. Culm from one to two feet high, even, very rare American seeds, and in contrivances for preserving and
tender. Native of the moist meadows of Jamaica. communicating them." This genus belongs to the class Synge-
3. Milium Lendigerum ; Yellow-spiked Millet Grass. nesia, order Polygamia Necessaria. GENERIC CHARACTER.
Panicle subspiked; flowers awned. It is a very small annual Calix : common one-leafed, three-parted, very large, con-
to ascertain, from the difficulty of verging into a plane three-sided form, permanent; the two
plant, extremely hard
seeing its characters. Native of Portugal, the south of inner leaflets equal, subovate, acute, flat ; the outer twice as
France, and England ; it is found in the Isle of Sheppey ; at large, roundish, acuminate, flat, cordate, more deeply di-
Gillingham, in Norfolk ; and near Weymouth. vided from the rest. Corolla: compound half radiate; corol-
4. Milium Compressum; Compressed Millet Grass. Spikes lets hermaphrodite, two, within the smaller calicine leaflets :

generally in threes ; florets alternate, awnless, pressed close female one, within the large calicine leaflets proper of the
:

to the rachis culm jointed, compressed in the middle ; pe-

; hermaphrodites one-petalled, tubular, erect, five-toothed;
duncled, very long. Perennial. Native of the West Indies. of the female ligulate, erect, blunt, concave, emarginate.
5. Milium Digitatum ; Fingered Millet Grass. Spikes Stamina: in the hermaphrodites, filamenta five, capillary;
digitated, generally in fours, subsessile; florets awnless, antherse as many, erect, linear, connected by the middle of
pressed close, directed one way; leaves cartilaginous-serrate their sides, the length of the corolla, acute. Pistil: in the
at the edge. Annual. Native of Jamaica. hermaphrodites, germen oblong, very slender ; style filiform,
6. Milium Paniceum ; Panic Millet Grass. Spikes sub- the length of the corollet; stigmas two, linear, weak, blunt,
digitate, alternate, approximating,
filiform ; florets directed spreading : in the females, germen large, three-cornered ;
one way, awnless, pressed close, three-cornered. Native of style filiform, the length of the corollet; stigmas two, bristle-
Jamaica. shaped, reflex, long. Pericarp: none; calix converging into
7. Milium Effusum ; Common Millet Grass. Flowers pa- a three-cornered figure. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites none;
nicled, dispersed, awnless. Root perennial and creeping; in the females solitary, narrower towards the base, blunt,
culms slender, three or four feet high, with about four joints. oblong, three-sided ; down none. Receptacle : common very
It appears to be much scattered, from the various length of small, naked. Observe. In the first species the female corol-
the pedicels, which grow in whorls, and give this grass an let is trifid, and there are four hermaphrodite tubular corol-
airy, light, and elegant appearance. The height it usually lets ; calix two-valved ; style of the male simple ; of the
attains, the situation in which it grows, and the delicacy of female bifid ; the calices have always from seven to nine
its panicle, distinguish this from all other grasses. Native flowers. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : three-valved.
of woods, in most parts of Europe ; flowering in May. Ray of the corolla : halved. Down : none. Receptacle :
8. Milium Confertum ; Clustered Millet Grass. Flowers naked. The species are,
panicled, clustered. Haller regards this to be a mere variety 1. Milleria
Quinqueflora ; Five-flowered Milleria. Leaves
of the preceding, which it greatly resembles. Native of Ger- cordate; peduncles dichotomous ; calices double. Stem two
many and Switzerland, where it is found in woods. feet high, stiff, smooth, grooved, brachiate ; spikes of flowers
9. Milium Globosum ; Globular Millet Grass. Panicle yellow. Root annual. There is a variety with stalks six or
patulous glumes awnless ; pedicels with a yellow belt. seven feet high. Native of Campeachy. To propagate this
;

Culm simple, a foot high. Native of Japan. and the rest of the plants of this genus, sow the seeds early in
10. Milium Paradoxum ; Black-seeded Millet Grass. the spring on a moderate hot-bed. When the plants are about
Flowers panicled, awned. This species resembles the reed. two inches high, transplant each into a separate pot filled with
Root annual ; culm a foot and half to four feet high. It light rich earth; plunge them into a moderate hot-bed of tan-
flowers in July. Native of Carniola, and the south of France. ner's bark; shade them until they have taken root; and water
11. Milium Villosum; Woolly Millet Grass. Panicle lax; them frequently then raise the glasses every day, to give them
:

florets awnless; calices woolly. Annual. Native of Jamaica. a large share of free air when the weather is warm; and con-
Browne says that the roots and leaves pounded, and externally tinue to water them duly, for they are very thirsty plants. In
applied, cure sores and ulcers of all sorts with more certainty a month, they will rise to a considerable height and should ;

than most other things used for that purpose. It is a

strong then be shifted into larger pots, and plunged into the bark-
detersive and agglutinant ; and, doubtless, would make an bed, where they may have room to grow, especially the first
excellent ingredient in vulnerary apozems and infusions. species. In the middle of July, they will begin to flower; and
12. Milium Ramosum ; Branched Millet Grass. Culm the seeds will be ripe in a month or six weeks after. Gather
branched flowers pauicled, usually in pairs, hirsute. Native them when they begin to change of a dark brown colour; for
;

of the East Indies. They will continue flowering till Michael-

they soon fall off.
13. Milium A mphicarpon. Culms many, cylindrical, vagi- mas, or later, if the season prove favourable ; but when the
nated ; leaves lato-linear, striated ; male flowers alternate, cold of autumn comes on, they soon decay.
pedunculate; female flowers in one-flowered scapes, radical, 2. Milleria Biflora; Two-flowered Milleria. Leaves ovate;
vaginate. It grows in the light
sandy fields of New Jersey, peduncles quite simple; calices simple. Annual: rising with
near Egg harbour and flowers in July and August.
; an herbaceous stalk upwards of two feet high, branching out
14. Milium Angulosum ; Little Angular-husked Millet Grass. at a small distance from the root into three or four slender
Flowers closely panicled, awnless ; glumes ovate-acute, stalks. The flowers come out at the footstalks of the leaves
strongly ribbed and furrowed ; sheaths of the leaves hairy. in small clusters. There is a three-flowered variety, with
Found in the Sandwich Islands. smaller calices. Native of Campeachy.
Milk Vetch. See Astragalus, and Phaca. 3. Milleria Contrayerba. Stem grooved ; branches oppo-
Milkwort. See Polygala, and Euphorbia. site, decussated; leaves lanceolate, serrate; flowers glomerate.
VOL. ii. 76. 2K
128 MI M THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M M I

Annual. Stem red, grooved, three feet high; branches some- 8. Mimosa Lanrina; Laurel-leaved Mimosa. Unarmed:
what spreading, and villose. Native of Peru. leaves pinnate, two-paired; pinnas ovate, shining, almost
Millet Cyperus Grass. See Scirpus. equal ; petiole linear, angular ; spikes axillary, solitary.
Millet, Indian. See Holcus. Native of the island of St. Christopher's, in the West Indies.
Mimosa ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monoecia. 9. Mimosa Fagifolia ; Beech-leaved Mimosa. Unarmed :

GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, leaves pinnate, two-paired; petiole margined. This is a tree
five-toothed, very small. Corolla : petal one, funnel-form, thirty feet high, with an elegant close head, and a straight
half five-cleft, small. Stamina: filamenta capillary, very trunk, ten feet long, and a foot in diameter: the wood is
long; antherse incumbent. Pistil: germen oblong; style whitish, and the bark gray. Legume coriaceous, whitish-
filiform, shorter than the stamina ; stigma truncated. Peri- yellow, inclosing a sweet whitish pulp, which is sucked by
carp: legume long, with several transverse partitions. Seeds: the natives. In Martinico, both tree and fruit are called Pois
many roundish, of various forms. Observe. No part of the Doux, Sweet Pea. Native of the West Indies.
fructification is constant in this genus. ESSENTIAL CHA- 10. Mimosa Nodosa Knobbed Mimosa. Unarmed
; leaves :

KACTER. Calix: five-toothed. Corolla, : five-cleft. Stamina: pinnate, two-paired; inner pinnas smaller; petiole linear. A
five or more. Pistil: one. Legume: superior, with many small tree. Native of Ceylon and Cochin-china.
cells. Some male flowers. Most of the plants of this genus 11. Mimosa Pilosa; Hairy-leaved Mimosa. Unarmed:
are propagated by seeds, which seldom ripening in this coun- leaves pinnate, many-paired, very hairy; heads terminating;
try, must be procured from America, particularly at Cam- legumes straight, slender. This is an upright shrub, four
peachy, where there is a great variety ; many sorts of which feet high, hairy, with spreading branches. Native of the
have been hitherto unknown to botanical writers. In bring- woods of Cochin-china.
ing over the seeds of these trees, they should be taken out of 12. Mimosa Xylocarpa; Wood-fruited Mimosa. Leaves
the pods when gathered, and packed up in papers; and ought scattered, in pairs, pinnate; leaflets from two to four paired,
to have tobacco, or some other noxious herb, put between the entire, oblong, smooth; the outer pair largest; glands on the
papers, to keep off insects; otherwise the seeds will be eaten petioles; Trunk straight bark brown,
stipules lanceolate. ;

or destroyed before they arrive in England; for the insects pretty smooth branches numerous. This is one of the
;

deposit their eggs in small punctures, which they make in the largest species of the genus. It is a native of the mountainous

pods ; and as these are soon hatched, so they immediately parts of the Circars only; casting its leaves during the cold
attack the seed for food, and eat holes through them, by season, and flowering at the beginning of the hot season.
wnich they are entirely spoiled. The species are, The wood is of a chocolate colour towards the centre. The
*With simple Leaves. natives esteem it much, and use it for many purposes, where
1. Mimosa Verticillata ; Whorl-leaved Mimosa. Unarmed: hard, durable, tough timber is required for plough-heads it
:

leaves whorled, linear, pungent. Native of New South is

particularly in request, the Telingas seldom using iron in
Wales flowering from March to May.
;
'
their ploughs.
2. Mimosa Simplicifolia; Simple-leaved Mimosa. Unarm- ***
With, bigeminate or tergeminate Leaves.
ed, arboreous: leaves ovate, quite entire, nerved, blunt; 13. Mimosa Bigemina ; Sharp Four-leaved Mimosa. Un-
spikes globular, peduncled. This is a beautiful little tree, armed: leaves bigeminate, acuminate. A tree, with alternate
with a smooth ash-coloured bark, and large leaves, very flat. leaves, and flowers in panicles from the axils and ends of the
When not in flower, it has no appearance of a Mimosa. branches. Native of the East Indies.
Native of the island of Tanna, in the South Seas. 14. Mimosa Unguis Cati ; Blunt Four-leaved Mimosa.
3. Mimosa Myrtifolia. Myrtle-laved Mimosa. Leaves Thorny: leaves bigeminate, blunt. This is a small tree, from
elliptic, lanceolate, oblique, quite entire, cartilaginous at the seven to ten feet high, with a branched and unarmed trunk.
edge; heads in axillary racemes; legumes linear, with a Browne calls it the Black-head Shrub, or Large-leaved Mimosa.
thick edge. The foliage is usually edged with red. It is a Miller says it is called Doctor Long, and that the seeds are
shrub three or four feet high, of a quick growth, and a ready frequently brought to England by that name. According to
blower : the flowers on the young branches are very numer- Sloane, the seeds are eaten by goats, and sometimes by the
ous and fragrant, like those of Spirsea Ulmaria. Native of negroes. The bark is very astringent, and is used in lotions
New South Wales. and fomentations in America. Native of Jamaica, and other
4. Mimosa Suaveolens
; Sweet-scented Mimosa. Leaves West India islands.
linear,acuminate, straight, cartilaginous at the edge; the 15. Mimosa Tergemina Tergeminate Mimosa. Unarmed:
;

primordial ones pinnate; branches triquetrous. The branches leaves tergeminate. Native of the West Indies.
are most acutely triangular, and much compressed ; their 16. Mimosa Dulcis Su>eet-tasted Mimosa. Thorns sti-
;

edges bright red ; flowers in axillary racemes, yellowish- pular; leaves bigeminate; leaflets obliquely oblong, smooth,
white, fragrant. Native of New
South Wales. pointed. Trunk ill-shaped. Legume swelled, particularly at
5. Mimosa Hispidula; Harsh Mimosa.
Little Leaves the seeds, twisted like a screw, downy ; valves thin ; when
to view the pulp, which
elliptical, oblique, rugged on each side and at the margin ; ripe, opening naturally, and exposing
branchlets hispid, pubescent; heads solitary. It forms a is rose-coloured. This is probably not a native of India ;
thick rigid bush flowers pale yellow, many together, in little
; but was introduced from the Philippine islands, for the
round heads. Native of Port Jackson, in New South Wales. sake of the pulp which fills the legumes. It grows quickly
**With leaves simply pinnate. to a tree in a richsandy soil; and flowers in the cold season.
6. Mimosa Alba; White Mimosa. Unarmed leaves pin- : The fleshy pulp of the
legumes is reckoned wholesome ; it is

nate, trijugous; pinnas equal, ovate-acuminate; petiole sub- sweet, but insipid, and dryish. The Spaniards, at Manilla,

margined. Native of Cayenne. raise manyof the trees for the sake of this pulp, and call it
7. Mimosa Inga; Large-leaved Mimosa, or It would assist the poor, in times of scarcity
Inga Tree. Sappan fruit.
Unarmed leaves pinnate, five-paired, petiole margined,
: in those countries; and the gum, wood, and bark, may turn to

jointed. This is a tree from fifteen to twenty feet high. account there. As it very fast, it may also be reared
grows
Native of the West Indies, on the banks of rivers. for fences, instead of many less useful bushes and trees.
 M M I OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M IM 129

17. Mimosa Mellifera; Honied Mimosa. Thorny: leaves or when exposed to much cold in the day-time, in the same
recurved. Native of Egypt. manner as when they are affected by external violence; fold-
bigeminate, blunt; prickles
****Leaves conjugate, and at the same time pinnate. ing their upper surfaces together, and in part over each other
18. Mimosa Latifolia; Broad-leaved Mimosa. Unarmed: like scales or tiles, so as to expose as little of the
upper sur-
leaves conjugate; pinnas terminating, opposite, lateral ones face as may be to the air; but do not indeed
collapse quite so
alternate. Flowers purple. Native of South America. far, for when touched in the night during their sleep, they

19. Mimosa Furpurea; Purple Mimosa, or Soldier Wood. fall still farther,
especially when touched on the footstalks,
Unarmed: leaves conjugate, pinnate; inmost pinnas smaller. between the stems and the leaflets, which seem to be their
Flowers purple. Native of South America. most sensitive or irritable part. Now as their situation after
20. Mimosa Reticulata; Netted Mimosa. Spines stipular; being exposed to external violence resembles their sleep, but
leaves conjugate; leaflets six-paired; petioles terminated by with a greater degree of collapse, may it not be owing to a
a gland and a prickle. This is a tree with rigid branches, numbness or paralysisconsequent to too violent irritation,
that are flexuose from bud to bud. Native of the Cape. like the faintiugs of animals from pain or fatigue? A Sen-
21. Mimosa Viva; Lively Sensitive Mimosa. Unarmed: sitive Plant being kept in a dark room till some hours after

leaves conjugate, pinnate; the partial

ones four-paired, day-break, its leaves and leaf-stalks were collapsed as in its
roundish; stem herbaceous. Stalks trailing, herbaceous, most profound sleep; and on exposing it to the light, above
putting out roots at every joint,
and spreading to a consider- twenty minutes passed before the plant was thoroughly awake,
able distance. This species is so very sensitive, as to con- and had quite expanded itself. During the night, the upper
tract its leaves on every slight touch, or change of the atmo- or smoother surfaces of the leaves are appressed this would ;

of breath from the mouth will make an seem shew that the of this surface of the leaf was
sphere; even a puff
to office

impression on it. Native of the pastures and savannas of to expose the fluids of the plant to the light as well as to
Jamaica. the air." The same elegant author thus poetically charac-
22. Mimosa Circinalis; Spiral Mimosa. Prickly: leaves terizes this singular plant:

conjugate, pinnate; pinnas equal; stipules spinose.

The Weak with nice sense the chaste Mimosa stands,
seeds, which are flat, and one half of a beautiful red colour, From each rude touch withdraws her timid hands ;

the other half of a deep black, grow in long twisted pods ; Oft as light clouds o'erpass the summer glade,
hanging by a small thread for some time out of the pod : Alarm 'd, she trembles at the moving shade ;

when ripe, they make a very agreeable appearance. And feels, alive through all her tender form,
Native of the Bahama Islands. The whisp'ring murmurs of the gath'ring storm ;

Shuts her sweet eyelids to approaching night

23. Mimosa Cineraria; Ash-coloured Mimosa. Prickly:
;

And hails with freshen'd charms the rising light."

leaves conjugate, pinnate; pinnas equal; prickles curved
inwards. This prickly shrub is common in most of the sugar The Sensitive and Humble Plants are all of them propagated
colonies, especially in Antigua; where the leaves are fre- by seeds, which should be sown early in the spring, upon a
quently used, mixed with corn, for their riding horses, and good hot-bed. If the seeds be good, the plants will appear
in a fortnight or three weeks, when they will require to be
is thought to free them from botts and worms. Linneus says
it is a native of the East Indies. treated with care, for they must not have much wet till they
24. Mimosa Casta Chaste Sensitive Mimosa.
;
Prickly: have acquired strength; nor should they be drawn too weak,
leaves conjugate, pinnate partial ones three-paired, almost
; so that fresh air should be admitted to them at all times when
equal. Native of the East Indies. the air is temperate. In about a fortnight or three weeks
25. Mimosa Sensitiva Sensitive Plant.
;
Prickly : leaves after the plants come up, they
will be fit to
transplant, espe-
conjugate, pinnate; partial ones two-paired; the inmost very cially if the bed which they were sown continues in a pro-
in
small. Stalk woody, slender, seven or eight feet high, armed per degree of heat; then there should be a fresh hpt-bed
with sharp recurved thorns. The leaves move but slowly, prepared to receive them, which should be made a week before
when touched but the footstalks fall, when they are pressed
; the plants are removed into it, that the violent heat may be
pretty hard. Native of Brazil. abated before the earth be laid upon the dung, and the earth
26. Mimosa Pudica; Humble Plant. Prickly: leaves sub- should have time to warm before the plants are planted into
digitate, pinnate ; stem hispid. Roots composed of many it. Then the plants must be carefully raised up from the
hairy fibres, which mat close together ; from which come out bed to preserve the roots entire, and immediately planted in
several woody stalks, which decline towards the ground, un- the new bed, at about three or four inches' distance, pressing
less they are supported they are armed with short recurved
; the earth gently to their roots; then they should be gently
spines, and have winged or pinnate leaves, composed of four sprinkled over with water, to settle the earth to their roots;
or five pinnas, spreading upwards like the fingers of a hand; after this they must be shaded from the sun till
they have
flowers collected in small globular heads, of a yellow colour. taken new root, and the glasses of the hot'bed should be
-Native of Brazil. It most common of any species
is the covered every night to keep up the heat of the bed. When
in the islands of the WestIndies, and in the English gar- the plants are established in their new bed, they must have
dens. The seeds are sold in the seed shops by the name of frequent but gentle waterings and every day they must have
;

Humble Plant. It would be to little purpose to trouble the free air admitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of the
reader with the several idle stories related of these plants by season, to prevent thejr being drawn up weak; but they must
travellers ; nor to insert what has been said by others, who be constantly kept in a moderate degree of heat, otherwise
have attempted to account for the motion of the leaves of they will not thrive. In about a month after, the plants will
these plants on their being touched. "Naturalists," says be strong enough to remove again, when they should be care-
Dr. Darwin, " have not explained the immediate cause of fully taken up, preserving as much earth to their roots as
the collapsing of the Sensitive Plant; the leaves meet and possible, and each planted in a separate small pot, filled
close in the night, during the sleep of the plant, which, in with good kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a hot-bed
Sweden, according to Linneus, is from six in the evening to of tan, carefully shading them from the sun till they have
three in the morning, during the months of June and July ; taken new root; then they must be treated in the same man-
130 M M I THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M MI

ner as other tender exotic plants from very warm countries. 33. Mimosa Pernambucana ; Slothful Mimosa. Unarmed:
Those sorts which grow upright and tall, will soon rise high leaves bipinnate ; spikes drooping, five-stamined, lower ones
enough to reach the glasses of the hot-bed, especially if they castrated; stem decumbent. This grows naturally in all the
thrive well; therefore they should be shifted into larger pots, islands of the West Indies, where it is called the Slothful
and removed into the stove, and if plunged into a the tan-bed Sensitive Plant, because the leaves do not contract on being
there, it will greatly forward them. The perennials will live touched.
through the winter, if preserved in a warm stove, and in the 34. Mimosa Arborea ; Rough Tree-Mimosa. Unarmed :

following summer will produce flowers and ripen their seeds. leaves bipinnate pinnas halved, acute stem arboreous.
; This ;

Some of them may be propagated by laying down their is a lofty tree, with an
upright smooth trunk, covered with
branches, which will put out roots, and then may be sepa- an ash-coloured bark. In Jamaica, where it is found in most
rated from the old plants and they may be increased by
;
parts of the island, it is called Mountain or Wild Tamarind
cuttings, but the plants which rise from seeds are greatly Tree; it grows to a very considerable size, and is looked upon
preferable. Some of those, the stalks of which spread near as an excellent timber wood. Native of the West Indies,
the ground, may be turned out of the pots in the middle of China, and Japan.
June, and planted in a very warm border, where, if covered 35. Mimosa Julibrissin ; Smooth Tree-Mimosa. Arbores-
with bell or hand glasses, they will live through the summer, cent : leaves bipinnate ; pinnules cultriform, acuminate all ;

but will not grow very large, and upon the approach of cold the flowers perfect. This is a tree, with a smooth ash-
in the autumn are soon destroyed however, those who have
: coloured bark; the branches as it were in whorls, tuberous
not conveniency of stoves or tan-beds, may raise the plants at the base, nodding at the end. Native of the Levant.
on common hot-beds in the spring, and, when they have 36. Mimosa Comosa ; Bearded Mimosa. Unarmed, arbore-
acquired strength, they may be treated in this manner, whereby ous: leaves bipinnate, trijugous ; pinnas (nine or ten paired,)
they will have the pleasure of these plants in summer, though ovate, retuse at the base; flowers panicled, monadelphous.
not in so great perfection as those who have the advantages Native of Jamaica.
before mentioned but these plants will not thrive in the open
: 37. Mimosa Lebbeck.Unarmed : leaves bipinnate, qua-
air in this country, nor will they retain their sensibility when drijugous;pinnas oval-oblong; flowers monadelphous, in
they are fully exposed to the air. bundles stem arboreous. Native of Upper Egypt.
;

*****With doubly pinnate Leaves. 38. Mimosa Odoratissima Sweet-scented Mimosa. ;Un-
27. Mimosa Scandens ;
Climbing Mimosa. Unarmed : armed leaves bipinnate, quadrijugous, roultijugous ; leaflets
:

leaves conjugate, terminated by a tendril; leaflets two-paired. oblong, blunt; panicles rod-like; spikelets globular. This
This species climbs to the tops of the tallest trees, to the is a lofty tree, with vil'lose and somewhat hoary branches ;

height of one hundred and fifty feet, frequently overspreading flowers white, and very fragrant. Native of Ceylon.
many of the neighbouring branches, and forming large ar- 39. Mimosa Speciosa; Bladder-sena-leaved Mimosa. Un-
bours. It is called Cocoon in the West Indies. Native of armed: leaves bipinnate, subquadrijugous pinnas generally ;

both Indies, and of Cochin-china. nine-paired; leaflets oblong, smooth, a gland above the base
28. Mimosa Plena; Double-lowered Sensitive Plant. Un- of the rib. This is a very elegant tree, quite smooth all over ;
armed: leaves bipinnate; spikes five-stamined, the lower ones flowers numerous, very sweet, in a handsome head, at the top
full or double. This plant was discovered at Vera Cruz, of which is one flower different from the rest, and abiding
growing in stagnant water, the stalks floating upon the water. longer.
29. Mimosa Triquetra; Three-sided Mimosa. Unarmed, 40. Mimosa Vaga. Unarmed: leaves bipinnate; outer
procumbent: leaves two-paired; heads roundish; stems com- pinnas larger, curved in, pubescent. This is a middle-sized
pressed below, three-sided above. Stems slender, a foot high, tree, with spreading branches. Native of the East Indies,
simple, smooth, compressed at bottom, above striated, and Cochin-china, and Brasil.
three-sided. Native of the East Indies. 41. Mimosa Corniculata. Unarmed, bipinnate: petioles
30. Mimosa Natans Floating Mimosa.
; Leaves bipin- swelling at the base, supported by a little callous horn; leaf-
nate, two-paired or three-paired ; leaflets thirteen-paired ;
lets generally eight-paired. Native of China, near Canton.
heads oblong; stem flexuose, rooting at bottom. Stems her- 42. Mimosa Villosa. Unarmed leaves bipinnate, gene- :

baceous, angular, smooth, floating, putting out rooting fibres rally five-paired ; pinnas ovate,
both they and the petioles
at the lower joints. Loureiro says that it is cultivated in villose ;
flowers globular, many-stamined ; stem shrubby.
Cochin-china for salads, being fastened to stakes in the water, Native of the West Indies.
that it may not float away, as it is entirely detached from the 43. Mimosa Latisiliqua ; Broad-podded Mimosa. Un-
earth. armed: leaves bipinnate; partial ones five-paired; branchlets
31. Mimosa Virgata; Long-twigged Mimosa. Unarmed, flexuose; buds globular. Native of the West Indies.
erect, angular: leaves bipinnate; spikes ten-stamined, the 44. Mimosa Polystachia. Unarmed : leaves bipinnate ;

lower ones castrated males. Spike roundish, nodding; ones and pinnas six-paired, oblong. This plant, which
partial
flowers yellow. Native of the West Indies. becomes a tree itself, climbs up other trees, overtops them,
32. Mimosa Punctata Spotted-stalked Mimosa.
; Unarm- and drags them down by its weight. The flowers are small,
ed leaves bipinnate; spikes erect; flowers ten-stamined,
: herbaceous, and so numerous that the compound spike some-
lower ones castrated. It rises with upright branching stalks times contains 4500 of them. Native of the West Indies ;
six or seven feet high. The small leaves, twenty pairs of where it is a great nuisance to the sugar planters, by destroy-
ing the trees which they set to shelter
which are ranged along the midrib of the lobes, contract them- their sugar grounds.
selves together on their being touched, but the footstalks do 45. Mimosa Mangensis. Spines solitary, short; leaves
not incline at the same time, like those entitled Humble bipinnate, generally nine-paired; spikes globular, axillary,
Plants. Browne calls it the Larger Smooth Sensitive, and solitary. Flowers white, void of scent. Native of Jamaica,
says that it has been introduced into Jamaica from some and other islands of the West Indies ; found about Carthagena
other part of the world ; probably from the continent of in New Spain, and frequent also in the island of Mango.
America. See the twenty-sixth species. 46. Mimosa Muricata; Muricated Mimosa. Unarmed :
 M IM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M M
I 131

ones many- are ferruginous, are ripe, and hanging plentifully from every
leaves bipinnate ;
partial ones five-paired, proper
paired ;
stem muricated. Native of America. bough, the appearance is very pleasing from a small distance.
47. Mimosa Juliflora. Spines stipulary, in pairs; leaves Native of La Vera Cruz. See the forty-ninth species.
distinguished by a gland ; spikes pen- 53. Mimosa Cinerea ; Ash-coloured Mimosa. Spines soli-
bipinnate, bijugous,
dulous ; legumes compressed. This shrub rises frequently tary ; leaver bipinnate flowers in spikes.
: Stem branched,
to the height of fifteen feet; is of a spreading growth, and even. Native of the East Indies.
furnished with oblong flower-spikes, and very long legumes. 54. Mimosa Cornigera; Horned Mimosa or Cuckold Tree.
It has been introduced into Jamaica from the Continent; Spines stipularyf connate, divaricating, compressed, awl-
and thrives very luxuriantly in many parts of the low lands. shaped at the tip leaves bipinnate ; leaflets from twelve to
;

48. Mimosa Peregrina. Unarmed; leaves bipinnate, par- twenty paired ; spikes axillary, elongated. This tree seldom
tial ones sixteen-paired ; pinnas forty-paired^ with a petiolar exceeds twelve feet in height it is singular for its writhed
:

at the base. Native of America. horn-like spines, which resemble the horns of oxen ; they are
gland
49. Mimosa Glauca ; Glaucous Mimosa. Unarmed : leaves brown, shining, hollow, and some of them more than five
ones six-paired ; pinnas very many, with a inches in Length : they are all over the tree, and when the pods
bipinnate, partial
the lowest. Flowers white, apetalous, ten-sla- are ripe, and the leaves are fallen, they have a singular ap-
gland among
mmed. Native of La Vera Cruz. The Acacias are propa- pearance. It grows
every where in the woods about Cartha-
in New Spain. See the forty-ninth species.
gated by sowing their seeds on a hot-bed, in the spring of gena,
the year ; which will, in a short time, appear above ground, 55. Mimosa Catechu; Catechu Tree. Spines stipulary;
and in about five or six weeks afterwards be fit to transplant; leaves bipinnate, many-paired ; glands of the partial ones
when a fresh hot-bed is to be prepared for them, which single; spikes axillary, in pairs or threes, peduncled. This
should be pretty warm. The next thing to be provided, is a is a small tree, about twelve feet
;
high; abounds in the
quantity of small halfpenny pots, which are to be filled with mountains of Hindoostan, where it is a native. An Indian
fresh, light, sandy earth; these should be plunged into the drug, long known by the name of Terra Japonica, and now
hot-bed, but not into dung ; for if these beds be made with more properly called Cate-chu, (from cats a tree, and chu
warm horse-dung, they ought to be covered with earth as juice,) is ascertained to be the produce of this tree. This
deep as the pots, the bottoms of which should rest upon the extract, in its purest state, is a
dry pulverable substance,
dung ; for otherwise, the roots of the plants may suffer by outwardly reddish, inwardly shining dark brown, tinged with
too much heat: but beds of tanner's earth seldom heat so a reddish hue to the taste, it discovers considerable astring-
:

violently. As soon as the earth in the pots is warm, which gency, succeeded by some sweetness. It dissolves
wholly
will be in two or three days, take up the young plants care- in water,
except the impurities, which are usually sandy, and
four or five of them into amount to about one-eighth of the mass. Rectified spirits
fully out of the first hot-bed, setting
each of these pots giving them a gentle watering, to settle
; dissolves about seven-eighths, into a deep red liquor. It may
the earth to their roots ; and screening them with mats over be usefully employed as an astringent, especially in alvine
the glasses, from the heat of the sun, until they have taken fluxes; also in uterine profluvia; in debility of the viscera,
root; after which, air must be admitted, by raising the glasses in general ; and catarrhal affections. It is the basis of se-
in proportion to the heat of the weather, or to the vigour of veral formulae ; but the best way of taking it, is
by an infu-
the plants. The horned Acacias are very often destitute of sion in warm water, with cinnamon or cassia.
leaves for two or three months, appearing to have no life ; 56. Mimosa Horrida ; Horrid Mimosa. Spines stipulary,
but they will put out fresh leaves towards autumn, which is the length of the leaves leaves bipinnate, partial ones six-
;

commonly the season when they are most vigorous. They paired, branches even. Branches angular and smooth, with
should be exposed in the summer season for about two months, a brown bark. Native of Both Indies and Arabia.
to clear them from insects, which greatly infest them, in a 57. Mimosa Fera ; Fierce Mimosa. Spines branched ;
place defended from strong winds ; and in the winter, they leaves pinnate ; flowers in spikes. This is a large tree, with
require a moderate degree of warmth. There are several of spreading branches. Native of China and Cochin-china;
them that are very tender while young, but after two or three where it is
planted for hedges, which are impenetrable by
vears' growth become hardy enough to bear the open air in animals.
summer : though hardly any of them will live through the 58. Mimosa Eburnea; Ivory-thorned Mimosa. Spines
winter in a green-house, unless they have some warmth in '

stipulary, connate, divaricating, round, awl-shaped leaves ;

very cold weather. bipinnate ;leaflets six-paired spikes globular, peduncled,

;

50. Mimosa Pterocarpa; Winy-fruited Mimosa. Unarmed: axillary, several. This small tree is remarkable for its tre-
leaves bipinnate, many-paired, a petiolar gland between the mendous spines, two inches long, at the ends of the branches.
two outmost spikes axillary ; legumes winged. Native of
; Native of the East Indies.
the Isle of France. See the preceding species. 59. Mimosa Latronum Rogues' Mimosa.
;
Spines stipu-
51. Mimosa Grandirlora ; Great-flowered Mimosa. Un- lary, connate, divaricating,round, awl-shaped; leaves bipin-
armed ; leaves abruptly bipinnate, many-paired ; pinnules nate ; leaflets four-paired ; spikes elongated, peduncled,
many-paired; leaflets very distinct; raceme compound, ter- axillary, commonly in pairs. This is a very thorny branch-
minating. Native of the Easf Indies. See the forty-ninth ing depressed shrub. Native of the East Indies. These
species. thorny Mimosas, with their interwoven branches, and terri-
52. Mimosa Houston! ; Houston's Mimosa. Unarmed : ble spines, form impenetrable thickets in the mountainous
leaves bipinnate, abrupt, commonly six-paired pinnules many-
;
parts of India, and are the secure retreat of smaller animals,
paired ; leaflets somewhat confluent ; raceme compound, ter- birds, and rogues; from whom this species has obtained
minating. This is one of the most beautiful species of this its name.
genus the petals being large, and of a fine purple colour
:
; 60. Mimosa Filicioides ; Fern-like Mimosa. Unarmed :
with their stamina stretched out to a considerable distance leaves bipinnate, partial ones
six-paired ; leaflets very nu-
beyond the petals ; the flowers make a charming appearance, merous, very small, ciliate, without glands. Stem shrubby,
when the ti ee is covered with them and when the pods, which
;
branched, three feet high. Native of Mexico.
vox. H. 77. 2L
132 MIM THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M IM
61. Mimosa Tortuosa; Writhed Mimosa. Spines stipu- 69. Mimosa Pinnata; Small-leaved Mimosa. Prickly,
lary; leavesbipinnate, four-paired, a gland between the leaves bipinnate, very numerous, linear, acerose;
panicle
lowest ; pinnas sixteen-paired ; spikes globular. This is a prickly ; heads globular. Native of the East Indies and of
shrub with a branching stem : between the outer coat of the Cochin-china ; where the bark is converted into a sort of tow,
pod and the inner membrane, separating the seeds, there is a used for caulking boats, and
stopping cracks in houses.
liquor of the consistence
and colour of a syrup, which smells 70. Mimosa Intsia; Angular-stalked Mimosa.
Prickly:
very strong, and is bitter
and astringent. Browne says, that leaves bipinnate; pinnas curved inwards; stem
angular; sti-
it would prove an excellent medicine, where rough astringents pules longer than the prickle. Branches obtuse-angled, even.
are requisite. The whole plant is bitter and the flowers
; Native of the East Indies.
have a very strong smell indeed, the smell of all the parts is 71. Mimosa Semispinosa.
;
Prickly: leaves bipinnate;
so rank and disagreeable, that it cannot be used even ibr fire- joints of the stem prickly above. Native of America.
wood, and is chiefly employed in hedges. Native of Jamaica, 72. Mimosa Quadrivalvis. Prickly: leaves
bipinnate; stem
where it is common in the low lands and is called the Com-
;
quadrangular, with recurved prickles ; legumes four-valved.
mon Acacia, or Acacee Bush. This has a creeping root stalks slender,
:
having four acute
62. Mimosa Farnesiana Farnesian Mimosa, or Sponge
;
angles, armed pretty closely with short recurved spines:
Spines stipulary, distinct; leaves bipinnate, partial leaves on long prickly footstalks, and
Tree. thinly placed on the
ones eight-paired spikes globular, sessile. This species is
;
branches. Native of La Vera Cruz.
known throughout Europe for the sweetness of its flowers ; 73. Mimosa Tenuifolia. Prickly: leaves bipinnate, partial
and the Italian gardeners, who bring over Orange-trees, &c. ones twenty paired ; pinnas many-paired. Native of South
to England, bring also many young plants of this, under the America.
name, of Gazia. Native of the West Indies, Barbary, and 74. Mimosa Ceratonia. Prickly : leaves pinnate, five-
in a state of cultivation. This
Egypt, and of Cochin-china, paired ; ones three-paired
partial :
pinnas three-nerved.
beautiful tree is very tender while young therefore should
; Native of South America.
have a hot-bed of tanner's bark ; and as it increases in bulk, 75. Mimosa Tamarindifolia. Prickly : leaves bipinnate,
should be shifted into bigger pots. The earth should be five-paired ; partial ones ten-paired ; petioles unarmed.
to a sand. It should never be planted in Native of America.
light, and inclined
over large pots ; nor have too much water, especially in 76. Mimosa Sinuata. Prickly : leaves bipinnate, many-
winter. This species is hardy, and will, when grown to be paired; heads axillary, solitary; legumes sinuate; stem
stand in a common stove, which should be kept to climbing. Native of Cochin-china, in woods.
woody,
the point of temperate heat, in winter; and in the warm 77. Mimosa Saponaria Soap Mimosa. Unarmed leaves
; :

weather, in summer time, may enjoy the open free air. bigeminate and pinnate, leaflets ovate, acuminate, petioled ;
63. Mimosa Nilotica; Egyptian Mimosa. Spines stipu- panicle terminating. This is an arboreous shrub, with spread-
lary, spreading;
leaves bipinnate, the outer partial ones ing unarmed branches. The bark yields excellent soap.
This tree Native of Cochin-china, in woods.
separated by a gland spikes globular, peduncled.
;

but in England 78. Mimosa Lutea; Yellow Mimosa.

grows to a large size in its native country, Prickly: leaves bi-
is rarely more than eight or ten feet high.- Native of Egypt pinnate, smooth ; flowers globular, peduncled ; prickles very
and Arabia. This is the tree that yields the Gum Arabic, long. Native of South America.
which is brought from Suez. The medical character of Gum 79. Mimosa Angustissima ; Narrow-leaved Mimosa. Un-
Arabic, is its glutinous quality : in consequence of which, it armed: leaves bipinnate; pinnas very narrow, smooth;
in dysenteries Native of South America.
proves useful in tickling coughs, hoarsenesses, legumes swelling.
attended with griping, and where the mucus is abraded from 80. Mimosa Campeachiana;
Split-horned Mimosa.
the bowels or from the urethra. In a dysuria, the true Gum Thorny: leaves bipinnate; pinnas narrow, with thorns like
Arabic should be preferred before any other of the vegetable an ox's horn split lengthwise. This is one of the most singular
gums : one ounce renders a pint of water considerably gluti- species yet known the spines being spread open and flat,
;

nous ; four ounces give it a syrupy consistence but for mu-

:
appearing as if split lengthwise. The leaves are very beauti-
to two parts water is required ; and for ful but the flowers being small and of an herbaceous colour,
cilage, one part gum
;

some purposes, an equal proportion will be necessary. make no great appearance. In the natural place of its growth,
64. Mimosa" Stellata ; Starry Mimosa. Spines stipulary ; this tree produces flowers almost through the year ; and a

leaves bipinnate; petioles having recurved prickles under- succession of pods is generally found on it: but the seeds are
neath ; flowers racemed. Native of Arabia. commonly eaten by insects, before they come to maturity.
65. Mimosa Pigra. Prickly, even : leaves bipinnate, with Native of South America.
erect between each of the partial 81. Mimosa Microphylla;
Prickly Red Mimosa. Prickly
opposite prickles ; spine
ones. Native of South America. all over: leaves eight-paired; leaflets sixteen-
bipinnate,
66. Mimosa Asperata; Hairy-podded Sensitive Plant. paired ; heads axillary, peduncled, solitary, or in pairs.
leaves bipinnate, with opposite Native of Georgia and Carolina.
Prickly, rough-haired :

82. Mimosa Nitida; Shining Mimosa.

prickles; spine erect, between each of the partial ooes. Thorny: leaves
Stalk shrubby, erect, five feet high, hairy, and armed with bipinnate, two-paired, a gland between each; leaflets five-
short broad strong thorns ; flowers in globular heads, purple. paired ; spikes globular, peduncled. Branches round, purple,
Native of Vera Cruz. See the twenty-sixth species. rlexuose, pubescent. Native of the East Indies.
67. Mimosa Senegal; African Mimosa. Spines in threes, 83. Mimosa Umbellata ; Umbelled Mimosa. Thorny :

the middle one reflex; leaves bipinnate; flowers in spikes. leaves conjugate and bipinnate, two-paired ; flowers umbelled ;

This is distinguished at first sight by its white bark. Native legumes spiral. This tree has round, smooth, dotted branches.
of Africa. Native of Ceylon.
68. Mimosa Ceesia ; Gray Mimosa. Prickly : leaves bi- 84. Mimosa Proceros ; Large Mimosa. Trunk straight;
acuminate. Native head very large and dense ; leaves alternate, twice feathered,
pinnate pinnas oval-oblong, obliquely
;

of the East Indies. Se the forty-ninth species. twelve to eighteen inches long'; panicles terminal and axillary,
 MIM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MIR 133

composed of globular heads of yellow fragrant

corollets. It drupe oval, acuminate :
(Berry one-celled, according to Geert-
is the of its species known in India; and is the pedda ner.) Seeds: single, or two? oval, hard, shining. ESSENTIAL
largest
Native of the mountainous parts of CHARACTER. Calix: four-leaved; Gsertner says, eight-
patseroo of the Telingas.
the coast of Coromandel. )arted. Petals: four; Linneus says eight, and Gartner
85. Mimosa Asak; Purple Mimosa. Spines in threes, many. Nectary: sixteen-leaved. Drupe: acuminate. Or
a hits, from Jussieu Calix: eight-parted, in two rows. Corolla:
straight; leaves bipinnate, three-paired proper five-paired,
;

gland between the lowest pair of the partial ones. Branches eight-parted, with the segments entire, or three-parted; ap-
purple, smooth, flexuose.
Native of Arabia. jendices eight, small, like scales. Drupe: with one or two
Mimulus; a of the class Didynamia, order Angio- seeds. The species are,
genus
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- 1 .
Mimusops Elengi. Leaves
alternate, remote, lanceolate,
five-cornered, five-folded, five- acuminate. This
a middle-sized tree.
is Native of the East
leafed, oblong, prismatic,
toothed, equal, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent; Indies, where it is much planted on account of its fragrant
tube the length of the calix ; border two-lipped ;
upper lip Sowers, which come out chiefly in the hot season.
bent back at the sides; lower lip 2. Mimusops Kauki. Leaves clustered, ovate, obtuse,
upright, bifid, rounded,
wider, trifid, with the segments rounded, the middle one silvery beneath. Native of the East Indies and Arabia.
smaller; palate convex, bifid, protruded from the base of 3. Mimusops Hexandra.Leaves alternate, obovate, emar-
the lip. Stamina: filamenta four, filiform, within the throat, ginate. This is a large tree, with an erect trunk, and covered
two shorter; antherse bifid, kidney-form. Pistil: germen with an ash-coloured bark ; when old, it has frequently large
conical ; filiform, the length of the stamina ; stigma
style
rotten excavations. The wood being remarkably heavy, is
ovate, bifid, compressed. Pericarp : capsule oval, two-celled, much used by the washerwomen in the East Indies to beetle
at top partition membranaceous, con- their cloth on. Native of the East Indies, in the moun-
opening transversely ;

Seeds: very many, small. tainous uncultivated parts of the Circars.

trary to the valves. Receptacle:
oblong, fastened on each side to the partition.
ESSENTIAL Mint. See Mentha.
CHARACTER. Calix:
four-toothed, prismatical. Corolla: Minuartia; a genus of the class Triandria, order Trigynia.
ringent; the upper lip
folded back at the sides. Capsule: GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved,
two-celled, many-seeded. -The species are, upright, long ; leaflets awl-shaped, somewhat rigid, perma-
1. Mimulus Ringens; Oblong-leaved Monkey-flower. Erect: nent. Corolla : none. Stamina : filamenta three, capillary,
leaves oblong, linear, sessile. Root perennial stalk annual, ;
short ; antherse roundish. Pistil : germen three-cornered ;
a foot and half high. It flowers in July and August. styles three, short, filiform; stigmas thickish. Pericarp:
square,
Native of Virginia and Canada. This plant is very hardy capsule oblong, triangular, much shorter than the calix, one-
in respect to cold, but should have a loamy soft soil, rather celled, three-valved. Seeds : not numerous, roundish, com-
moist than dry, and not too much exposed to the sun. It pressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved.

may be increased by parting the roots in autumn ; but they Corolla: none. Capsule: one-celled, three-valved. Seeds:
should not be divided too small. It may also be propagated few. The species are,
seeds sown in autumn, soon after they are ripe ; for those Minuartia Dichotoma.
1. Flowers clustered, dichotomous.
by
which are sown in the spring seldom grow the same year : This is a rigid, hard, tough, little annual plant flowers sessile
:

to a morning sun in cymes, forming a square head. Native of Spain.

they should be sown on a border exposed
2. Mimulus Luteus ; Ovate-leaved Monkey-flower. Creep- 2. Minuartia Campestris. Flowers terminating, alternate,
ing: leaves ovate, on short
stalks embracing the stem ; flowers longer than the bracte. Native of Spain, where it is found
on solitary stalks, two at each joint, of a bright yellow colour, in the lower hills.

their throat spotted with red. This plant is supposed 3. Minuartia Montana. Flowers lateral, alternate, shorter
to be hardy,and of easy propagation, and will probably soon than the braete. Stems several, diffused, a finger's length,
become common, as it is the most beautiful species of the pubescent, and hoary. Native of Spain.
genus, being large and magnificent, thickly set
with foliage Mirabilis; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
and flowers. Native of Peru, &c. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth outer one-
3. Mimulus Alatus ; Wing-stalked Monkey-flower. Erect :
leafed, erect-ventricose, inferior, five-parted ; segments ovate-
leaves ovate, petioled; stems square-winged. This has the lanceolate, sharp, unequal, permanent; inner globular, placed
resemblance of the first species. Native of America. under the petal, with a contracted entire mouth, and perma-
4. Mimulus Aurantiacus ; Orange Monkey-flower. Stem nent. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form tube slender, long,
;

erect, shrubby, round ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, bluntish. thicker at top, placed on the inner calix ; border from upright
Stalk about three feet high, much branched, shrubby. It is spreading, entire, bluntly five-cleft, plaited ; nectary spherical,
propagated by cuttings. fleshy, surrounding the germen, with a five-toothed mouth ;
5. Mimulus Plant erect, small, pubescent; leaves
Lewisii. teeth very small, triangular, converging. Stamina: filamenta
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, nervous, mucronate-dcnti- five, inserted into the orifice of the nectary, and alternate with
culate ; flowers few, terminal, with very long footstalks ; teeth its teeth, within the inner calix free, more slender, fastened at
of the calix acuminate. The flowers are of a very beautiful bottom to the tube of the corolla, filiform, the length of the
It grows on the head springs of the Missouri, al corolla, inclining, unequal; antherae twin, roundish, rising-.
pale purple.
the foot of Portage hill, and is seldom above eight inches high. Pistil: germen turbinate, within the nectary; style filiform, the

Mimusops; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono- length and situation of the stamina; stigma globular, dotted,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER". Calix: perianth eight- rising. Pericarp : none. The inner calix incrusts the seed, and
leaved, coriaceous ; leaflets in a double row, ovate, acute, falls with it. Seed: single, ovate, five-cornered. ESSENTIAL
permanent. Corolla: petals eight, lanceolate, spreading, the CHARACTER. Calix: inferior. Corolla: funnel-form, superior.
length of the calix. Stamina: filamenta eight, awl-shaped, Nectary: globular, inclosing the germen. The species are,
hairy, very short; antherce oblong, erect, the length of the 1. Mirabilis
Jalapa; Common Marvel of Peru. Flowers
calix. Pistil: germen superior, round, hispid; style cylin- heaped, terminating, erect root tuberous slem herbaceous,
; ;

dric, the length of the corolla; stigma simple. Pericarp round, often trichotomous. This is a perennial plant, and the
134 M R I THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MIT
roots in their native country grow to a great size. There are '). Mirabilis Longiflora ; Sweet-scented Marvel of Peru.
many varieties in the colour of the flowers, such as purple or Flowers heaped, very long, somewhat nodding, terminating;
red, white, yellow, variegated purple and white, and variegated leaves subvillose. The stalks of this sort fall on the ground,
purple and yellow. These however resolve themselves into if not
supported the flowers come out at the ends of the
;

two principal varieties ; purple-flowered, and yellow-flowered :

branches, are white, have very long slender tubes, and a faint
The first of which has purple and white flowers, which are musky odour as in the other species, they are shut during
:

variable ; some are plain purple, others plain white, but most the day, and expand as the sun declines. It flowers from
of them are variegated with the two colours, and all are some- June to September. Native of Mexico.
times found upon the same plant. The second has red and 4. Mirabilis Viscosa; Clammy Marvel of Peru. Flowers
yellow flowers, generally mixed, but sometimes distinct on the racemed; leaves cordate, orbiculate, acute, tomentose. Stems
same plants ; some plants have only plain yellow flowers, others thick, round, swelling at the joints, with opposite branches,
only are variegated, and others again both plain and varie- three or four feet high. Native of Peru
gated: but plants raised from the seeds of the purple and Misscltoe. See Viscum.
white never produce red and yellow flowers, nor the contrary. Mitchella; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
These varieties are very ornamental plants in a flower-garden, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : flowers two, sitting
during the months of July, August, and September; and if the on the same germen; perianths two, distinct, four-toothed,
season should continue mild, they often last till near the end erect, permanent, superior. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-
of October. The flowers do not open till towards the evening, form; tube cylindric; border four-parted, spreading, hirsute
whilst the weather continues warm but in moderate cool
; within. Stamina: filamenta four, filiform, erect, within the
weather, while the sun is obscured, they continue open al- sinuses of the corolla ; antherae oblong, acute- Pistil: ger-
most the whole day. They are produced so plentifully at the men twin, orbiculate, common to two, inferior; style filiform,
ends of the branches, that when they are expanded, the plants the length of the corolla ; stigmas four, oblong. :
Pericarp
seem entire covered with them and some being plain, others
; berry two-parted, globular, with separate navels. Seeds:
variegated, on the same plant, they make a fine appearance. four, compressed, callous. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Co-
Native of the East and West Indias, China, Cochin-china, rollas: one-petalled, superior, two on the same germen.
and Africa but was introduced into Europe first from Peru.
; Stigmas: four. Berry: bifid, four-seeded. The only
Thunberg informs us, that the Japanese ladies make a white known species is,

paint from the meal of the seeds of this plant, to improve Mitchella Repens ; Creeping Mitchella. Native of
1.

their complexions. Propagation and culture. Sow the seeds Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia.
on a moderate hot-bed, in March. When the plants come Mitella; a genus of the class Decandria, order Digynia.
up, admit plenty of air to them, when the
weather is mild : GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, half
when they are two inches high, transplant them on another five-cleft, bell-shaped, permanent. Corolla: petals five, mul-
very moderate hot-bed ; or plant each in a small pot filled tifid, capillary, twice as large as the calix, and inserted into
with light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed; whence they it. Stamina : filamenta ten, awl-shaped, inserted into the
may be shaken out into the borders with more security. When calix, shorter than the corolla ; antheree roundish. Pistil ;

they are in the second hot-bed, let them be shaded till they germen roundish, bifid; styles scarcely any ; stigmas blunt.
have taken fresh root after which, they must have plenty of
; Pericarp: capsule ovate, one-celled, half two-valved ; valves
free air ; and in May, should be gradually inured to the open flat, rolled back at top, equal. Seeds: very many. ESSEN-
air. In the beginning of June, if the season be favourable, TIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-cleft. Corolla : five-petalled,
transplant them into the borders of the pleasure-garden, giving
inserted into the calix; petals pinnatifid. Capsule: one-
them proper room ; and after they have taken new root, they celled, two-valved ; valves equal. These plants are increased
will require no further care. If the seeds be sown in a warm by parting the roots in autumn : they love shade, and a soft
border, at the beginning of April, they will grow very well ; loamy soil. The species are,
but the plants will be late in the season before they flower. 1. Mitella Diphylla; Tivo-leaved Mitella. Scape two-
As the seeds ripen very well, there are not many persons who leaved. Root perennial ; stalks eight or nine inches high, and
are at the trouble of preserving the roots : if these, however, are terminated by a loose spike of small whitish flowers, the
be taken out of the ground in autumn, and laid in dry sand petals of which are fringed on their edges. Native of most
all the winter, secured from frost, and planted again in the parts of North America, in woods.
2. Mitella Nuda ; Naked Mitella.
spring, they will grow much larger,
and flower earlier, than Leaves kidney-shaped ;
the seedling plants or if the roots be covered with tanner's
:
scape naked. Native of Siberia and North America.
bark in winter, to keep out the frost, they may remain in the 3. Mitella Cordifolia. Leaves orbiculate, reniform, sub-
borders, if the soil be dry. If the roots, which are taken out duplicate, crenate, lucid ; scape setaceous, aphyllous. It
of the ground, be planted the following spring, in large pots, flowers in May and June ; and is found in Canada, and on
and plunged into a hot-bed, under a deep frame, they may be the high mountains of New York and Pennsylvania.
brought forward, and raised to the height of four or five feet ; 4. Mitella Prostrata. Root creeping ; stalks prostrate ;
and come earlier in the season to flower. In the choice of leaves alternate, rotund-cordate, subacute, obtusely sub-
seeds, care should be taken not to save any from the plants lobate. It flowers in May and June. Found in the most
with plain flowers; and in order to have variegated flowers, southern parts of Canada; and growing also upon the moun-
the plain flowers should be pulled off. tains of Virginia, near the sweet springs.
2. Mirabilis Dichotoma; Forked Marvel of Peru. Flowers 5. Mitella Grandiflora. Plant very rough; leaves rotund-
sessile, axillary, erect, solitary. It is a native of Mexico ; cordate, obtusely lobate, dentate ; flowers pedicellated ;
but is
very common in all the islands of the West Indies, where calices campanulate. Found on the north-west coast of
the inhabitants call it the Four-o'clock Flower, from the America. The flowers are more than four times the size of
flowers opening at that time of the day. This is not quite so the other species.

hardy as the first species ; so that unless the plants be brought Mithridatea; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono
-

forward in the spring, they will not flower till very late. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: receptacle common
 M NI OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MO L 13.5

one-leafed, fleshy, bell-shaped, four-cleft; clefts large, ovate, nating in pairs, subsessile, generally shorter than the leaves.
Native of New Zealand and Terra del Fuego.
spreading, covered above
with very numerous, immersed, very
small florets; perianth proper, scarcely any. Corolla: none. 2. Mniarum Fasciculatum. Stems procumbent, branched ;

Stamina: filamenta one, very short, upright; antherse erect, branches minutely downy; leaves finely toothed throughout;
channelled, embracing the style. Pistil: germen inferior; fruit-stalks hardly as long as the leaves. Found in Van
the stamina, within the excavation of the Diemen's Land.
style shorter than
antheree; stigma simple. Pericarp: none: common recep- Mnium; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci.
tacle enlarged, more fleshy; the segments converging, tur- EssENTiALGENERicCHARACTER. Capsule: with alid. Calyp-
tre : smooth bristle from a terminating tubercle. Male Flowers :
binate, hollow in the middle, containing the seeds within
its ;

substance. Seeds: solitary, ovate. Observe. According to headed or discoid. Or thus, from Withering. Capsule: with
jussieu, the flowers are monoecous. The male has the invo- a veil. Fringe : with sixteen teeth ; sometimes, though rarely,
lucre at first ovate, converging, entire ; afterwards four- with four. Male. Bud circular, rarely knob-like, mostly
covered on the inside with very numerous on a separate plant. Withering has enumerated twenty-four
parted, spreading,
antherae and the female has the involucre ovate, hollow with-
:
species, besides many varieties. Of all these, the most re-
in, pervious at the navel at top. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. markable is Mnium Hygrometricum. If the fruit-stalks be
Calix: common four-cleft, enlarged, fleshy, containing the moistened at the bottom, the head makes three or four turns ;

seeds. Corolla: none. Fruit: globular, depressed. Seeds: and if the head be moistened, it turns the contrary way.
solitary, arilled. The only known species is, Moehringia; a genus of the clas-s Octandria, order Digy-
1. Mithridatea Quadrifida; Drum-tree, or Monkey-apple. nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cafe: perianth four-leaved;
Leaves subopposite, entire, evergreen flowers in racemes, very
;
leaflets lanceolate,spreading, permanent. Corolla: petals
seldom, solitary, growing on the trunk and lower branches ; four, ovate, undivided, spreading, shorter than the calix.
females fewer, mixed with the males. It is a
milky tree, with Stamina: filamenta eight, capillary ; antherae simple. Pistil:
branches opposite. The fruit is fleshy, about the size of an germen globular; styles two, erect, the length of the stamina;
apple. Native of the islands of Madagascar, Mauritius, and stigmas simple. Pericarp: capsule subglobular, one-celled,
Bourbon. Ambora is the Madagascar name of this tree. four-valved. Seeds: very many, roundish, convex on one
Mithridate, Mustard. See Thlaspi, and Biscntella. side, angular on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Mnasivm; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono- Cafe .-four-leaved. Petals: four. Capsule: one-celled, four-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe two-valved; valved. The only known species is,
valves ovate, terminated by a linear patulous leaflet; perianth 1. Moehringia Muscosa. Root annual, slender; stems
one-leafed, three-parted; segments lanceolate, concave, acute, twelve inches long, upright, very much
filiform, eight, ten, or
margined. Corolla: one-petalled tube very short; border
; branched; flowers axillary, erect, on slender one-flowered
three-parted; parts lanceolate, concave, acute. Stamina: peduncles petals narrow, milk-white.
: Native of the moun-
tilamenta six, very short, inserted into the tube; antheree tains of France, Austria, Silesia, &c. among moss on rocks,
long, four-cornered, terminated by an ovate, excavated acute by the trunks of trees, 'or springs or little rills of water.
leaflet. Pistil: germen three-lobed; style long, striated; Mogorin; a name given by the Portuguese to an Indian
stigmas three, rolled spirally. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. or Chinese flower, which grows upon a small shrub. It is of
Calix: one-leafed, three-parted. Corolla: one-petalled, three- a wonderfully white colour, and not unlike the Ginseng, only
parted, with a very short tube. Anthera: four-cornered, that it abounds more with leaves, and smells much sweeter,
terminated by an ovate leaflet. Germen: three-lobed. Stig- one single flower filling a whole house with its odoriferous
mas: three,spiral. The only known species is, effluvia. On this account the Chinese value it highly, and
1. Mnasium Paludosum. This is a perennial plant, with a carefully defend the shrub it grows upon from the inclemency
fibrose woody root; the leaves are very long, narrow, sharp, of the winter, by covering it with vases provided on purpose.
and smooth, striated, perfectly entire, sheathing at the base, Molluyo; a genus of the class Triandria, order Trigynia.
and mutually embracing each other, and are narrowed above GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved;
the sheath; the stalks are several, naked, two feet high, stri- leaflets oblong, from upright spreading, coloured within,
per-
ated, compressed, margined; corolla jellow. Native of manent. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta three, bristle-
Guiana; growing in marshy woods. shaped, shorter than the corolla, approximating to the pistil;
Mniarum; a genus of the class Monandria, order Digynia. antherce simple. Pistil: germen superior, ovate, three-
GENERIC CHARACTER.Calix: involucre four-leaved, grooved; styles three, very short; stigmas blunt: or, according
two-flowered; leaflets ovate, acute; the two lowest united; to Gartner, style one, trifid at top.
Pericarp: capsule
perianth one-leafed, four-cleft. Corolla: none. Stamina: ovate, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: numerous, kidney-
filamenta one, (Solander says two,) capillary, erect, scarcely form. ESSENTIAL CHARACTEII. Calix: five-leaved. Co-
longer than the calix, and inserted into the base of it ; rolla: none. Capsule: three-celled, three-valved. To pro-
antheree roundish, grooved. Pistil: germen inferior, oval, pagate these plants, permit them to scatter their seeds, and
scarcely angular, hard, longer than the calix; styles two, they will sometimes come up in the following spring; but if
filiform, gradually divaricating, the length of the calix stig-
;
sown upon a hot-bed, they will come up more certainly, and
mas simple. Pericarp: none. Seed: one, oblong, very be forwarder and stronger. The species are,
small, inclosed in the hardened bottom of the calix. ESSEN- 1.
Mollugo Oppositifolia: Opposite-leaved Mollugo.
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-parted, superior. Corolla: Leaves opposite, lanceolate; branches alternate; peduncles
none. Seed: one. The species are, lateral, clustered, one-flowered. Annual. Native of Ceylon.
1. Mniarum Biflorum. Stems tufted; branches
very smooth ;
2. Mollugo Stricta; Upright Mollugo. Leaves commonly
leaves finely toothed at the base only, shorter than the fruit- in fours, lanceolate; flowers
panicled, nodding; stem erect,
stalks. This plant resembles Minuartia so much in its appear- angular. Root fibrous; stems three or four, stiff, even; leaves
ance, that, without examining the flower, it would be ranked in whorls; flowers white. Native of Africa, Ceylon, &-C,
with that genus. It is very smooth, dichotomous, covered 3. Mollugo Hirta; Hairy Mollugo. Leaves in fours,
ajl over with approximating, acerose, connate flowers, termi- obovate, villose; stem decumbent. 'Native of the Cape,
VOL. n. 77. 2M
136 MOM THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MOM
4. Mollugo Pentaphylla ; Five-leaved Mollugo. Leaves in awl-shaped, short ; antherse on two filaments, bifid, eared at
flowers panicled, white root-leaves the sides ; on the third simple, one-eared
fives, obovate, equal ; ;
only, consisting of
oblong ; stem decumbent. Native of Ceylon. a compressed body, and a fariniferous line once reflex. Fe-
5.-
Mollugo Verticillata ; Whorl-leaved Mollugo. Leaves male Flowers : on the same plant. Calix : perianth as in the
in whorls, wedge-form, acute stem subdivided, decumbent;
; male, superior, deciduous. Corolla; as in the male. Sta-
peduncles one-flowered. This is a trailing plant, spreading mina: filamenta three, very short, without antherae. Pistil:
out seven or eight inches every way, with six or seven small germen inferior, large ; style single, round, trifid, columnar;
leaves at each joint. Native of Virginia and Jamaica, where stigmas three, gibbous, oblong, pointing outwards. Pericarp .'

it is
pretty common in the dry savannas of Liguanee. pome dry, oblong, opening elastically, three-celled ; cells
6. Mollugo Triphylla Three-leaved Mollugo.
; Leaves in membranaceous, soft, distant. Seeds : several, compressed.
threes, lanceolate flowers dichotomous.
; Stem herbaceous, ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-cleft. Corolla: five-
annual. Native of China, near Canton. parted. Male. Filamenta three. Female. Style trifid.
Molucca Balm. See Moluccella. Pome :
opening elastically. The species are,
Molucca Bean. See Guilandina. 1. Momordica Balsamina; Common Momordica, or Male

Moluccella; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno- Balsam Apple. Pomes angular, tubercled ; leaves smooth,
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- spreading, palmate. Stems trailing like those of the Cucum-
leafed, very large, turbinate, gradually finishing in a very ber and Melon, extending three or four feet in length, and
wide, bell-shaped, tooth-spiny, incurved, permanent border. sending out many side-branches, which have tendrils. This
Corolla: one-petalled, ringent, less than the calix; tube and plant is famous in Syria for curing wounds. They cut open
throat short ; upper lip upright, concave, entire ; lower lip the unripe fruit, and infuse it in sweet oil, exposed to the sun
trifid ; the middle segment more produced, emarginate. Sta- for some days, until the oil is become red. This oil, dropped
mina: filamenta four, under the upper lip, of which two are on cotton, is applied to a fresh wound, and is esteemed by
shorter; antherae simple. Pistil: germen four-parted style ; the Syrians next to Balsam of Mecca. The leaves and stems
the size and situation of the stamina; stigma bifid. Pericarp: are also used for arbours or bowers. To propagate this and
none ; fruit turbinate, truncate, in the bottom of the open calix. the six following species, sow the seeds on a hot-bed at the
Seeds : four, convex on one side, angular on the other, at beginning of March ; and when the plants come up, prick
top wide and truncate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: them into a fresh hot-bed, letting them have fresh air in warm
bell-shaped, widening, broader than the corolla, spiny. weather, and refreshing them frequently with water. When
The species are six, among which are the following : the plants have four or five leaves, plant them out into the
1. Moluccella Lsevis; Smooth Molucca Balm. Calices hot-bed where they are to remain, putting one or two plants
bell-shaped, commonly five-toothed ; toothlets equal. Root into each light; watering and shading them until they have
annual ; stem three feet high, spreading out into many taken root. After this, treat them as Melons or Cucumbers,
branches, which are smooth, and come out by pairs. Native permitting their branches to extend in the same manner, and
of Syria. This and the next species are annuals, which decay keeping them clean from weeds. With this management, if
soon after the seeds are ripe, and being natives of warm they have not too much wet, and are not too much exposed
countries, seldom perfect their seeds in England when they to the open air, they will produce fruit in July, and the seeds
are sown in the spring. They should be raised therefore in will ripen in August and September; when it must be gathered
autumn, and planted in small pots, placed under a hot-bed as soon as it opens, otherwise the seeds will be cast abroad,
frame in winter, where they may have free air in mild weather, and with difficulty gathered up again.
by taking off the glasses ; but they must be covered in frosty 2. Momordica Charantia: Hairy Momordica. Pomes
weather, observing to keep them pretty dry, otherwise they angular, tubercled ; leaves villose, longitudinally palmate.
are very subject to rot. In the spring the plants may be Stem round, slender, branched, climbing by lateral tendrils.
turned out of the pots, with all the earth about their roots, Native of the East Indies. See the preceding species.
and planted in a warm border, defended from strong winds, 3. Momordica Operculata; Lidded Momordica. Pomes
giving them a little water to settle the earth to their roots ; angular-tubercled, having a lid from the falling of the top ;
after this, they will require no other care but to keep them leaves lobed. Native of America.
clean from weeds, and to support them with stakes to prevent 4. Momordica LufFa; Egyptian Momordica. Pomes ob-
their being broken by the winds. The plants thus preserved long ; grooves like a chain ; leaves gashed. Stem angular,
through the winter, will flower at the end of June, and good very much branched, climbing by bifid spiral tendrils. The
seeds may be expected from them. fruit when young is made into a pickle, like the Mango, but
2. Moluccella Spinosa ; Prickly Molucca Balm. Calices ithas a disagreeable taste, and is not accounted very whole-
ringent, eight-toothed ; toot annual; stems smooth, purplish, some. The Arabians call this plant Liff or Luff; they culti-
four feet high, branching out in the same manner with the vate it, and it climbs up the Palm-trees, covering and ele-*
first. Native of the Levant: it is commonly said to be a gantly adorning their trunks. It is also largely cultivated hi
native of the Molucca Islands. China and Cochin-china. Native of the East Indies.
3. Moluccella Frutescens; Shrubby Molucca Balm. Cali- 5. Momordica Cylindrica ; Long-fruited Momordica.
ces funnel-form, five-cleft ; corollas longer than the calix. Pomes cylindric, very long ; leaves with acute angles. Stem
This is a small shrub, with dichotomous branchlets. Native five-angled. Native of Ceylon and China.
of Persia, whence it has migrated into Italy : it has also 6. Momordica Trifolia; Three-leaved Momordica. Pomes
been observed in Piedmont. ovate, muricate ; leaves ternate, toothed. Native of the
Moly. See Allium. East Indies.
Momordica ; a genus of the class Monoscia, order Synge- 7. Momordica Pedata ; Pedate-leaved Momordica. Pomes
nesia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix: striated leaves pedate, serrate.
; Native of Peru.
perianth one-leafed, concave, five-cleft; segments lanceolate, 8. Momordica Elaterium ; Elastic Momordica. Pomes
spreading. Corolla : five-parted, fastened to the calix, more hispid ; has a large, fleshy, perennial root,
tendrils none. It

spreading, large, veined, wrinkled. Stamina: filamenta three, somewhat like that of Bryony ; stems thick, rough, trailing,
 MON OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MON 137

dividing into many branches, and extending every way two or ripe, the plants willcome up the following spring; but if
three feet; leaves thick, rough, almost heart-shaped, grey, on they are not sown till spring, the plants seldom rise till the
long footstalks; flowers axillary, less than those of the Cucum- next year. When the plants are come up, and fit to remove,
ber, of a pale yellow colour, with- a greenish bottom. When they should be transplanted into a shady border about nine
the fruit is designed for medicinal use, it should be gathered inches' distance, and when they have taken new root, they
before it is ripe, otherwise the greatest part of the juice, which will require no other care but to keep them clean from weeds
is the only valuable part, will be lost; for the expressed juice till the autumn, when
they should be transplanted into the
is not to be compared with that which runs out of itself ; and borders where they are to remain. The following summer
the Elaterium made from the clear juice is whiter, and will they will flower, and produce ripe seeds, but the roots will
keep much longer. The dried juice or feculee of the fruit, continue several years, and may be parted every other year
known in the shops by the name of Elaterium, is the only part to increase them. This loves a soft loamy soil, and a situa-
now medicinally employed. The method for preparing this tion not too much exposed to the sun.
medicine, is to slit the ripe fruit, and pass the juice, very lightly 2. Monarda Oblongata; Long-leaved Monarda. Leaves
pressed, through a very fine sieve into a glass vessel ; then to oblong-lanceolate, rounded, attenuate at the base, villose, flat.
set it by for some hours, until the thicker part has subsided ; Natite of N. America; flowering from July to September.
to pour off the thinner part swimming at the top, and separate 3. Monarda Didyma ; Scarlet Monarda, or Oswego Tea.
the rest by filtering; to cover the thicker part which remains Leaves ovate, smooth heads in whorls ; flowers subdidy-
;

after filtration with a linen cloth, and to dry it with a gentle namous stem acute-angled. Root perennial ; stems about
;

heat. The sensible qualities of this inspissated juice are not two feet high flowers in large heads or whorls at the top of
;

remarkable either to the smell or tase it is inflammable, and

: the stalk, of a bright red colour. This seldom ripens seed in
dissolves readily in water or spirituous menstrua. Elaterium is England, but increases fast enough by its creeping roots, as
undoubtedly the most violent purgative in the Materia Medica, also by slips or cuttings, which, if
planted in a shady border
and ought therefore to be administered with great caution, and in May, will take root in the same manner as Mint ot Balm ;

only where milder cathartics have proved ineffectual. Pauli, but as the roots multiply so fast, there is seldom occasion to
Sydenham, and Lister, have particularly recommended it in use any other method to propagate them. It delights in a

hydropic cases. The dose is from half a grain to three grains. moist light soil, and in a situation where the plants have only
The most prudent and effectual way in which dropsies are the morning sun, where they will continue in flower
longer
treated with this remedy, is by repeating it at short intervals than those which are exposed to the full sun. This is a very
in small doses. We call it Wild, Spirting, Squirting, or Asses ornamental plant in gardens, and the scent of the leaves is
Cucumber; and the French, Concombre sauvage ou d tine. Na- very refreshing and agreeable to most people, and some are
tive of the south of Europe. It is easily propagated
by seeds, very fond of the tea made with the young leaves.
which, if permitted to scatter, will come up in the following 4. Monarda
Rugosa; White Monarda. Leaves ovate-lan-
spring :or if the seeds be sown in a bed of light earth, the ceolate, cordate, smooth, wrinkled. Flowers white. Native
plants will come up in about a month after, and may be trans- of North America. See the first species.
planted to an open spot of ground, in rows at three or four 5. Monarda Clinopodia; Wild Basil-leaved Monarda.
feet distance, and almost as far asunder in the rows if thfcse; Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, unequal, smooth.
are carefully transplanted while young, there will be little Root creeping. Native of'Virginia. See the first species.
hazard of their growing and after they have taken new root,
; 6. Monarda Punctata
Spotted Monarda.
; Flowers in
they will require no further care, but to keep them clear from whorls corollas dotted ; bractes coloured.
; Stems about two
weeds. If the ground is dry in which they are planted, the feet high, branching out from the bottom to the
top flowers ;

roots will continue three or four years, unless the winter should of a dirty yellow colour, spotted with Native of North
purple.
prove very severe.' America. It is
propagated by seeds sown on a border of
Monarda; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogynia. light earth exposed to the east. When the plants are fit to
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, tubu- remove, they may be transplanted into a shady border; and
lar, cylindric, striated, with a five-toothed equal mouth, per- if
they should shoot up stalks to flower, they should be cut
manent. Corolla : unequal ; tube cylindric, longer than the down to strengthen the roots, that they may put out lateral
calix ; border ringent ; buds, for when they are permitted to flower the first year, the
upper lip straight, narrow, linear, entire ;

lower lip reflex, broader, trifid ; middle segment longer, nar- roots seldom live through the winter. In autumn the plants
rower, emarginate; lateral blunt. Stamina: filamenta two, may be removed into open borders, where they will flower
bristle-shaped, the length of the upper lip, in which they are the following summer ; and if the season should
prove dry,
involved ; antherae compressed, truncate at
top, convex below, they must be duly watered.
erect. Pistil: germen four-cleft
style filiform, involved with
; 7. Monarda Ciliata. Flowers in whorls corollas longer
;

the stamina; stigma bifid, acute. than the involucre. Root creeping; stem hairy, thickish, a
Pericarp: none. Calix:
containing the seeds at the bottom. Seeds: four, roundish. foot high and more, with few joints; flowers
large, blue,
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: irregular; the upper elegantly marked with dark purple spots. Discovered in
lip linear, involving the filamenta. Seeds: four. The Virginia.
species are, 8. Monarda Kalmiana. Heads large,
simple ; leaves oblong,
1. Monarda Fistulosa; Purple Monarda. Leaves oblong- attenuate-serrate, covered over with hairs ; rough stalk acute-
lanceolate, cordate, villose, flat. Root perennial, composed angled; petioles ciliate, pilose; bracteee coloured, lanceolate,
of many strong fibres, and spreading far on attenuate ; calices and corollae pubescent. Flowers very
every side; stem long,
and, as well as the branches, terminated
ixrarly three feet high, of a beautiful crimson. It grows in boggy woods in black
by heads of purple flowers. Native of Canada. This, and the rich soil near Onondago and Oswrgo, New York.
four following sorts, be propagated by parting their roots; 9. Monarda Gracilis. Plant very smooth heads
may ; small,
the first does not
multiply so fast as the third, but as that lateral, and terminal ; bractese linear, clliate ; calices pubes-
produces plenty of see^Hb it may be easily propagated that cent, ciliate ; corollse short, glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
way. If the seeds aflHbwn in autumn soon after they are acuminate, serrate, glabrous; stalk obtuse-angled, glabrous ,
138 MON THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MON
flowers yellowish white. It grows on the mountains of South Monotropa; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
Carolina and Virginia. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none, unless the
10. Monarda Oblongata. Plant rough all over; heads five outer petals be taken for a coloured calix. Corolla:
simple ; bractese ovate, acute ; calices short ; teeth divari- petals ten, oblong, parallel, erect, serrate at the tips, deci-
cate ; stalk obtuse-angled, rough on the upper part ; flowers duous, of which the alternate outer ones are gibbous at the
pale purple. Found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, &c. base, inwardly concave, melliferous. Stamina: filamenta ten,
11. Monarda Hirsuta. Plant very rough all over, with awl-shaped, erect, simple ;antheree simple. Pistil: germen
long white hairs ; flowers small, verticillate ; bracteae very roundish, acuminate; style cylindric, the length of the sta-
short, oblong, acuminate; calices with long awns; leaves mina; stigma blunt-headed. Pericai~p: capsule ovate, five-
ovate, acuminate, serrate, with long petioles ; stalk acute- cornered, blunt, five-valved. Seeds: numerous, chaffy. Ob-
angled, rough ; flowers small, very pale purple. It grows on serve. Such is the terminating flower; but if there be any
the high mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. lateral flowers,
they exclude a fifth part of the number in all
Monetia ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogy- parts of the fructification. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
nia. GENERIC CUA RACTER. Calix :
perianth one-leafed, none. Petals: ten, the five outer hollowed, melliferous at
ventricose, four-toothed, two of the divisions deeper; seg- the base. Capsule: five-valved a fifth part excluded in some.
;

ments lanceolate, acute, permanent.

reflex, Corolla: petals The species are,
four, linear, acute, recurved, longer than the calix. Stamina : 1. Monotropa Hypopithys; Yellow Bird's Nest. Lateral
filamenta four, erect, inserted into the receptacle, almost the flowers eight-stamined, terminating; flower ten-stamined.
length of the corolla; antherse ovate, incumbent. Pistil: Root composed of imbricate scales, and parasitical, the radi-
germen superior, slightly four-cornered, ending in a thickish cal fibres
adhering to the roots of trees under which it grows;
conical style, shorter than the stamina; stigma acute. Peri- stem from five to seven inches high, upright, not branched.
carp: berry juiceless, globular, with a little point, surrounded Linneus remarks, that the^whole plant smells sweet, and is
by the calix, two-celled. Seeds: solitary, flat on one side, of a pale yellow colour ; which
peculiarity is generally con-
convex on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: fined to parasitical plants, and such as
grow in very shady
four-cleft. Petals : four. Berry : two-celled ; seeds solitary. situations. The Swedes give it dry to sheep affected with the
The species are, rot. Native of many parts of Europe, as Sweden, Denmark,
1. Monetia Barlerioides ; Four-spined Monetia. Spines Germany, France, Italy, and also in Canada, in woods, espe-
four ; leaves smooth on both sides. Stem upright, full of cially in fir woods where the ground is covered with rotten
chinks, ash-coloured ; branches opposite, diffused, dense, leaves, at the roots of fir, pine, beech, and oak. Also in
ash-coloured ; leaves opposite, spreading, ovate or ovate- Great Britain, as in Stoken ChurchWoods,and between Nettle-
lanceolate, entire, acuminate. It is a middle-sized prickly bed and Henley in Oxfordshire frequent in Bedfordshire,
;

shrub. Native of the East Indies, and the Cape. Buckinghamshire, and Berkshire; at Maidstone in Kent;
2. Monetia Diacantha; Two-spined Monetia. Spines two; I.angley in Hertfordshire; in the beech woods of Sussex; in
leaves downy beneath. An evergreen shrub, about six feet Uley in Gloucestershire; Enville in Staffordshire; Shottisham
high. The whole herb has a bitter flavour. Native of the and Stoke in Norfolk ; but not common in Scotland.
East Indies. 2. Monotropa Uniflora. Stem one-flowered; flower ten-
Moneywort. See Anagallis and Sibthorpia. stamined. Root a dense congeries of entangled fibres. Stem
Monkey's Bread. See Adansonia. single, fleshy, the size of a straw. Native of North America.
Monk's Hood. See Aconitum. 3. Monotropa Lanuginosa.
Scape spiciflorous bracteae
;

Monk's Rhubarb. See Rumex. and flowers lanuginose on every side. It is a

parasitic plant,
Monnieria; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Pentan- growing on the roots of beech and other trees from Pennsyl-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted, vania to Carolina.
permanent ;
long, curved in, covering
upper segment linear, 4. Monotropa Morisoniana.
Scape elongate, very straight,
the corolla; the outer lanceolate, and shorter by half ; the with one flower ; scales distant ; flower erect, decandrous.
rest blunt, short. Corolla: one-petalled, tubular, ringent; It grows in the
shady woods of Virginia and Carolina.
tube cylindric, more contracted in the middle, curved ; bor- Monsonia; a genus of the class Monad elphia, order Dode-
der two-lipped ;
upper lip undivided, blunt, ovate; lower lip candria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
four-cleft, straight; segments oblong, blunt; nectary an ovate leaved; leaflets lanceolate, awned, equal, permanent. Corolla:
scalelet at the base of the germen, below the lower base. Sta-
petals five, obovate, praemorse-toothed, longer than the calix,
mina: filamenta two, flat, membranaceous upper concave,
; inserted into the base of the pitcher of the stamina. Sta-
bifid at top; lower flat, trifid; anthers; on the upper filamen- mina: filamenta fifteen, united in five bodies, three in each,
tum two, connate, hirsute within, including the stigma ; on all connected at the base, and
forming a very short pitcher ;
the lower filamentum three, round, very minute. Pistil: ger- antherse oblong. Pistil: germen five-cornered, short ;
style
men roundish, five-lobed, five-cornered; style solitary, filiform; awl-shaped; stigmas five, oblong. Pericarp: capsule five-
stigma headed, oblong, flat within, orbicular with a sharp cornered, five-celled ; each cell fixed to a very long, twisted,
edge. Pericarp : capsules five, ovate, compressed, two-valved terminating tail. Seeds: solitary. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
along half the suture. Seeds : solitary, ovate, with the inner Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: five-petalled. Stamina: fifteen,
margin straighter, blunter, inclosed in a two-valved, dry, united into five filamenta. Style: five-cleft. Capsule: five-
deciduous aril. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five- grained. -The species are,
1. Monsonia
parted, with the upper segment oblong. Corolla: ringent. Speciosa; Fine-leaved Monsonia. Leaves
Stamina : two, the upper with two antherse, the lower with quinate ; leaflets bipinnate. Flower handsome.- Native of
three. Capsules: five, one-seeded. The only known the Cape. This may be increased by cut! ings of the roots
species is, planted in pots of good mould, and plungea in a tan-pit,
1. Monnieria TrifoHa. This is an annual plant, with a watering them occasionally : in due^me buds will appear on
dichotomotis stem.ternate leaves, and white flowers in a bifid ihe tops of the cuttings. It may be treated as a
hardy green-;
gpike, Native of America,. house plant, and sheltered under a frame in winter.
 M R OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M OR 139

2. Monsonia Lobata; Broad-leaved Monsonia. Leaves as in Iris. Stamina: filamenta three, short; anthers oblong.
cordate-lobed, toothed. Native of the Cape. Pistil: germen inferior; style simple; stigmas three, bifid.
3. Monsonia Ovata Undulated Monsonia. Leaves oblong,
;
Pericarp: capsule three-cornered, three-grooved, three-
subcordate, crenate. waved. Native of the Cape. celled. Seeds: very many, round. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
4. Monsonia Spinosa; Thorny Monsonia. Leaves elliptical, Corolla: six-petalled, the three innerparts spreading, narrower;
pointed, entire; footstalks permanent, hardened into thorns. stigma trifid. The plants of this genus are propagated by
Stem shrubby, branched, beset with thorns. Native place seeds, offsets, or partings of the roots ; all which operations are
uncertain. best performed in August. Sow the seeds in small pots,
Montia ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Trigynia. plunged into a bed of old tanner's bark, under a common frame.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth two-leaved; They also require this sort of shelter in winter, being apt to
leaflets ovate, concave, blunt, erect, permanent. Corolla: draw up weak when placed in the dry-stove. If they can enjoy
one-petalled, five-parted, three of the segments alternate, the free air even in winter when the weather is not cold, and
smaller, staminiferous. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary, are secured from frost and hard rain, they flower and
ripen
the length of the corolla, into which they are inserted antherce their seeds better than with more tender
;
management. In sum-
small. Pistil: germen turbinate; styles three, villose, spread- mer tuey should be fully exposed to the open air till October,
ing; stigmas simple. Pericarp: capsule turbinate, blunt, when they may be removed into shelter. The species are,
*
covered, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds: three, roundish. Scape ancipital.
Observe. The calix often varies with three leaflets, and then 1. Morsea Melaleuca; Dark-flowered Morcea. Scape
it often produces five stamina. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. ancipital ; leaves subfalcate ; flowers subsolitary. Petals
Calix: two-leaved. Corolla: one-petalled, irregular. Cap- alternate, the three outer white, the three inner smaller and
sule: one-celled, two-valved. The only known species is, black ; stigma many-parted. Native of the Cape.
1. Montia Fontana ; Water Chichweed. Root annual, 2. Morsea Spiralis ; Spiral-flowered Morcea. com- Scape
fibrous; stalks numerous, round, smooth, succulent, reddish, pressed, jointed ; leaves erect ; flowers alternate, mostly di-
spreading on the ground, and sometimes striking root, two rected one way. Corolla equal, greenish-white on the out-
or three inches in length, branched and jointed; leaves oppo- side, white within, rolled spirally during the night. Native of
site,sessile, oblong, rather fleshy, smooth, and of a pale the Cape.
green colour; peduncles generally three together, each sup- 3. Morsea Pusilla ; Dwarf Morcea.
Scape ancipital; leaves
porting a flower; corolla white. The flowers usually appear distich flowers subsolitary.
; Corolla blue, becoming spiral
in a half-opened state, whence o'ne of the when it is past. Native of the Cape.
English names
Blinks : but when the sun shines on them, they expand. 4. Morsea Magellanica Magellanic Morcea. Stem anci-
;

Native of many parts of Europe flowering in May, and

;
pital, leafy ; leaves distich, sickle-shaped ; flower terminating,
ripening its seed early in June. In England it is found on solitary ; corolla white. Native of the Straits of Magellan.
Black-heath, Hampstead-heath, Hanging-wood, Charlton, 5. Moreea Gladiata; Sword-leaved Morcea. Scape and
about Streatham and Sydenham on Harefield Common
; ;
leaves compressed; spike lateral, solitary; involucre only
and on the wet heaths in Norfolk; on the Hill of Health, half the length of it. Corolla yellow. Native of the Cape.
and Gamlingay Heath, Cambridgeshire at Badby in North-; 6. Morsea Aphylla
Leafless Morcea.
;
Scape and leaves
amptonshire ; Bridgeford in Nottinghamshire Hockley Pool ;
compressed; spike lateral, solitary; involucre many times
Grate, near Birmingham Shotover-hill and South Leigh-
; shorter. Native of the Cape.
heath in Oxfordshire and Marazion-marsh in Cornwall. 7. Moroea Filiformis
;
Filiform Morcea.
;
Scape and leaves
Montinia; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Tetrandria; compressed, subfiliform ; flower solitary, terminating. Native
(according to Smith, class Tetrandria, order Monogynia.) of the Cape.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth four- **
Scape round.
toothed, very short, erect. Corolla: petals four, ovate, very 8. Morsea Spathacea ; Sheathy Morcea. Scape and leaves
blunt, spreading, inserted into the calix. Stamina : filamenta round, hanging down; spikes lateral, aggregate. Corolla
four. Female. Calix: superior, and as in the male. Co- yellow. It abounds on the hills near the
Cape.
rolla: as in the male. Stamina: filamenta four, within the 9. Morssa Flexuosa. Scape round, jointed leaf reflex, ;

teeth of the calix, very short; aritherse none. Pistil: ger- somewhat waved, nerved. Native of the Cape.
men concave-plane, smooth 10. Morsea Polyanthos.
inferior, style cylindric, thick,
;
Scape round; leaves flexuose,
bifid, shorterthan the corolla ; stigmas kindney-form. Peri- erect, alternate segments of the corolla smaller. Flowers
;

carp: capsule ovate-oblong, two-celled, gapinglongitudinally ; one, two, or three corolla blue.
; Native of the Cape.
partition thick, two-lobed. Seeds: very many, imbricate, 1 1. Morsea Coerulea.
Scape round leaves distich; heads
;

ovate, compressed, winged at the edge. Observe. The male of flowers alternate; spathes membranaceous, entire. Flowers
flowers are sometimes five-cleft, five-stamined. ESSENTIAL corolla antheree
lateral, spike-headed, very many; blue;
CHARACTER. Male. Calix: four-toothed, superior. Petals: yellow. Native of the Cape.
four. Female. Filamenta: barren. Style: bifid. 12. Morsea Plicata. Scape round leaves
Capsule: petioled, oblong,
;

oblong, two-celled. The only "known species is, nerved, plaited; racemes bifid. Flowers white. Native of the
1. Montinia Acris; Glaucous Montinia. Leaves alternate, West Indies, as in the mountainous pastures of the western
oblong-oval, blunt, nerved, veined, quite entire, smooth, parts of Jamaica; flowering the whole year, opening at four
thickish, erect; root woody; stem shrubby, a foot high, o'clock in the afternoon, only one flower coming out at a time.
flowers terminating, solitary, white. Native of the Cape. 13. Morsea Umbellata. Scape round, striated; spikes of
Moon-seed. See Menispermum. flowers umbel-panicled involucres two-leaved, very long.
;

Moon Trefoil. See Medicago. Flowers blue. Native of the Cape.

Moonwort. See Lunaria and Osmunda. 14. Morsea Crispa.
Scape round, jointed; leaf convoluted,
Morcea ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia. curled, reflex. Flowers terminating, peduncled, few of a blue
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathes two-valved. colour. Native of the Cape.
Corolla: six-petalled three inner parts spreading, the rest 15. Moreea Iriopetala.
;
Scape round; leaves linear; stigma
VOL. it. 77. 2 N
140 M R THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M R
multifid. There are two varieties, one with an orange co- pedicelled. Seeds: several, kidney-form, nestling. ESSEN-
rolla, the other dirty white. All natives of the Cape. TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: simple, bifid. Petals: four.
16. Morsea Iridioides. Scape round; leaves distich, linear; Pistil: one. Berry: with a hard rind, one-celled, many-
flower subsolitary, terminating. Native of the Levant. seeded, pedicelled. The only species known is,
17. Moreea Chinensis. Corolla six-petalled style inclined. ; 1. Morisonia Americana. Leaves oblong, blunt or acu-
Native of China. minate, quite entire. An upright, rather inelegant tree,
Morina; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogynia. seldom more than fifteen feet high. Native of South Ame-
GENERIC (CHARACTER. Calix: double; perianth of the rica and the islands of the West Indies.
fruit one-leafed, cylindric, tubular, permanent;
inferior, Morus; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Tetrandria.
mouth toothed toothlets two, opposite, longer, all subulate,
; GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in an ament.
acute; perianth of the flower superior, one-leafed, tubular, Calix: perianth four-parted; leaflets ovate-concave. Corolla:
bifid segments emarginate, blunt, permanent, upright, the
;
none. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, erect, longer
size of the outer. Corolla: one-petalled, two-lipped; tube than the calix, one within each calicine leaf; antherue simple.
very long, widening above, a little curved in, filiform at Female Flowers, heaped either on the same, or a different
bottom; border flat, blunt; upper lip semibifid, smaller; individual from the males. Calix: perianth four-leaved;
lower trifid segments all blunt, uniform, the middle one more
;
leaflets roundish, blunt, permanent, the two opposite outer

lengthened. Stamina: filamenta two, bristle-shaped, approx- ones incumbent. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen cordate;

imating to the style, parallel, shorter than the border; antherac styles two, awl-shaped, long, reflex,rugged stigmas simple. ;

erect, cordate, distant. Pistil: germen globular, under the Pericarp: none. Calix: very large, fleshy, becomes succu-
receptacle of the flower style longer than the stamina, fili-
;
lent like a berry. Seed: single, ovate, acute. ESSENTIAL
form stigma headed, peltate, bent in.
; Pericarp: none. CHARACTER. Male. Calix: four-parted. Corolla: none.
Seed: single, roundish, crowned with the calix of the flower. Female. Calix: four-leaved. Corolla: none. Styles: two.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: of the fruit one-leafed, Calix: becoming a berry. Seed: one. The species are,
toothed: of the flower, bifid. Corolla: irregular. Seed: one, 1. Morus Alba; White Mulberry Tree. Leaves obliquely
under the calix of the flower. The only species is, cordate, even. This is a middle-sized tree, with a whitish
1. Morina Persica. Root taper and thick, running deep bark, and spreading branches ; leaves subserrate, undivided,
into the ground, sending out several thick strong fibres as or three-lobed, some cut, petioled, scattered; berries lateral,
large as a finger; stem nearly three feet high, smooth, pur- insipid, pale, oblong. There are two varieties, which differ
Native of Persia near Ispahan. in the shape of their leaves, and the size and colour of their
plish towards the bottom.
It is propagated by seed sown soon after it is ripe in the fruit. Mr. Evelyn remarks, that the leaves of this tree are
autumn, in open beds or borders of fresh light earth. They far more tender than those of the next species, and sooner
seldom come up the first year. produced by at least a fortnight ; nor is it less beautiful to
Morinda ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- the eye than the fairest Elm, and very proper for walks and
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: receptacle com- avenues. The timber will last in winter as well as the most
mon, roundish, collecting sessile flowers into a globe peri- : solid oak, and the bark makes good and tough bast-ropes.
anth five-toothed, scarcely observable, superior. Corolla: In France and Italy this tree is cultivated for the sake of its
one-petalled, funnel-form ; tube cylindric; border five-cleft, leaves, to feed silk-worms ; for which purpose the Spaniards
acute, spreading very much ; segments lanceolate, flat. Sta- of Valencia prefer it to the next species, but those of Granada
mina : filamenta five, very short, inserted into the tube at prefer the latter, which the Persians also use; and Mr. Miller
top ; antherse linear, erect, almost the length of the tube. was assured by a gentleman who had tried both sorts, that
Pistil: germen inferior; style simple; stigma bifid, thickish. the worms fed with the leaves of the next species produced
Pericarp: berry subovate, angular, compressed on all sides much the best silk, but that it should never be given after the
by the next, truncate, one-celled. Seeds two, convex on ; worms have eaten for some time of the former, lest they should
one side, flat on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. burst. Culture. The most expeditious method of raising this
is from the seeds, which
Flowers: aggregate, one-petalled; stigma bifid. Drupes: ag- tree in quantity may be procured in
gregate. Six species are enumerated among which are, ; plenty from the south of France, or Italy. Prepare a fine
1. Morinda Umbellata; Narrow-leaved Morinda. Erect: warm border of rich mellow earth, or, if that cannot easily be
leaves lanceolate, ovate peduncles clustered. The root of
; had, make a moderate hot-bed, arched over with hoops, and
this tree is used in dyeing yellow. Native of the East Indies, covered with mats. Sow the seeds towards the end of March
Cochin-china, and the Society Isles. in drills, covering them with light earth a
quarter of an inch
2. Morinda Citrifolia; Broad-leaved Morinda. Arboreous, deep: in very dry weather water the bed gently and frequently,
with solitary peduncles. The bark of the root affords a in the heat of the day shade it with mats, and cover it when

Native of the East Indies. the nights are cold. In five or six weeks the plants will come
yellow dye.
3. Morinda Royoc Procumbent Morinda. Procumbent.
; up, and, being tender, must be guarded against frosty morn-
The roots dye linen of a dark hue, and would probably be ings, which often happen in May. During summer keep
useful to the dyers. This shrub is a native of South America, them clear from weeds, cover them from the extreme heat of
the West Indies, and Cochin-china. the sun, and water them in dry weather. In autumn cover
Morisonia ; a germs of the class Monadelphia, order Poly- them again when the first frosts come, and continue to pro-
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- tect them through the first winter. The following March
leafed, ventricose. bursting, bifid, spreading at the mouth, transplant them into the nursery, there to remain two or
blunt, shrivelling. Corolla: petals four, blnnt, somewhat three years, and then bo removed to where they are to remain ;

oblong. Stamina: filamenta numerous, awl-shaped, shorter or, if not very strong, they had better remain in the seed-
than the corolla, connate into a funnel at the base; antbeixu bed two years before they are planted out in the nursery, in
oblong, erect. Pistil: germen pedicelled, ovate; style none; rows at two feet and a half distance, and one foot and a half
stigma headed, plano-convex, umbilicate with a dot. Peri- asunder in the rows, there to continue till
strong enough to
carp : berry elobular. with a hard smooth rind, one-celled, plant out. The trees which are designed to feed silk-worms
 M O R OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MO R 141

should never be suffered to grow tall, but rather kept in a better than with having much wet. If they succeed well,

sort of hedge ; and instead of pulling off the leaves singly, and make good shoots, they may be transplanted the fol-
they should be sheared
off together with their young branches, lowing spring into a nursery, where they should be regularly
which is sooner done, and also less injurious to the tree. trained to stems by fixing down stakes by each, to which the
2. Morus Nigra; Common or Black Mulberry Tree. Leaves principal shoots should be fastened and most of the lateral
;

cordate, rugged. This is a stronger tree

than the preceding; branches should be closely pruned off, leaving only two or
the fruit is of a dark blackish red, and more acid. Native three of the weakest to detain the sap, for the augmentation
of Persia, whence it was first brought to the southern parts of the stem for when
;
they are quite divested of their side-
of Europe, and is now common wherever the winters are not shoots, the sap is mounted to the top, so that the heads of
is a variety with a small and flavourless the trees grow too fast for the stems, and become too weighty
very severe. There
fruit. The fresh bark of the Mulberry root, boiled in for their support. In about four years' growth in the nursery
for the jaundice, and they will be fit to transplant where they are to remain for
water, makes an excellent medicine ;

all complaints of the liver. It removes worms and obstruc- these trees may be more safely transplanted while young than
tions, and operates by urine. There is a very pleasant syrup when they are of a larger size. If the cuttings are planted
made from the juice of the ripe fruit, with double its weight in a bed
fully exposed to the sun, it will be proper to arch
of refined sugar. It is very cooling, and is excellent for sore the bed over with hoops, that they may be shaded with mats
mouths, and to allay the thirst in fevers. The dry unripe in the heat of the
day during spring, till they have put out
fruit cools, dries, and binds very much, and is therefore good roots ; after which, the more they are exposed to the sun, the
in purgings, bloody fluxes, immoderate menses, spitting of better they will succeed, provided the ground is covered with

blood, and externally iu ulcers of the

mouth and parts adja- moss or mulch to prevent its drying, for the sun will harden
cent. The ripe fruit taken before dinner promotes digestion, the shoots, and thereby they will be in less danger of suffer-
but if taken afterwards is injurious to the stomach. The ing by the early frosts in autumn; for, when in a shady situa-
berries, before they become too ripe, quench thirst and excite tion, they are apt to grow vigorously in summer, and will be
an appetite. A gargle made of the leaves, or with the leaves replete with moisture, and exposed to the early frosts in
and bark boiled in water, is good for the tooth-ach. The October, which frequently kill their tops ; and if the succeed-
leaves boiled in oil, make a good ointment for burns and ing winter prove severe, they often die down to their roots,
scalds. Culture. This tree delights in rich light earth, and and sometimes are entirely destroyed. Cuttings may be
where there is a depth of soil, as in most of the old kitchen- planted not only in March, but also in October. To propa-
gardens about London ; in some of which are trees of a very gate the Mulberry by layers, a number of trees must be
great age, which are healthy
and fruitful, and their fruit planted for stools two yards asunder. A few stools will soon
larger and better flavoured
than those of younger trees. In a produce many layers, for they throw out plenty of young
whether of clay, chalk, or branches when the head is taken off. When the stools have
very stiff soil, or on shallow ground,
branches are commonly covered with shot forth young wood fit for laying, in the beginning of winter
gravel, the trunk and
inoss, and the little fruit produced is small, ill-tasted, and let the earth be excavated round each stool, and let the
pre-
ripens late. If this tree be planted in a situation where it is ceding summer shoots be slit at a joint, and laid therein, fix-
defended from strong south and north-west winds, it will ing them down with a peg, filling the interstices with fine
preserve the fruit
from being blown off; but this shelter, mould, levelling the ground, and cutting the young twigs to
whether it be trees or buildings, should be at such a distance one eye above the surface. In the autumn following, the layers
as not to keep off the sun ; for where the fruit has not the will all probably have taken
good root, and have made a con-
benefit of his rays to dissipate the morning dews early, it siderable shoot in the stem, so that they will be ready for the
will turn mouldy, and rot upon the trees. The old Mulberry nursery-ground, in which they are to be managed in the same
trees are not only more fruitful than the young, but their way as the seedlings. The second year after, the stools will
fruit are much larger and better flavoured ; so that yhere have a second crop of young wood for laying. Mulberry
there are any of these old trees, it is the best way to propa- trees may also be increased by cuttings planted at the end

gate from them, and to make choice of the most fruitful of June or the beginning of July, in pots, plunged up to their
branches. The usual method of propagating these trees, is rims in the stove, where, if water and shade be constantly
by laying down their branches, which will take root in one afforded them, they will strike root, and become good plants.
year, and are then separated from the
old trees ; but as the If an old
Mulberry tree becomes a bad bearer, or casts the
most fruitful branches are often so far from the ground as not fruit before it is ripe, cut a trench two feet
deep round the
to be layed, unless by raising boxes or baskets of earth upon tree, and about four feet from the trunk ; fill it with fresh
supports for this purpose, the better way is to propagate them mould enriched with cow-dung; and, as the large root smay
by cuttings, which, if rightly chosen and skilfully managed, be raised without inconvenience, let the compost be put under
will take root very well ; and in this method there will be them so as to make the bed, over which the tree stands, as
no difficulty in having them from trees at a distance, and rich as possible. At the same time let the iold wood be cut
from the most fruitful branches. These cuttings should be from the head of the tree, that the young may have space to
shoots of the former year, with one joint of the two years' grow. Observe also, that if you expect plenty of fruit, the
wood to their bottom ; they should not be shortened, but ground must not be disturbed near the tree, for the feeding
planted their full length, leaving two or three buds abore fibres of the roots will otherwise be cut off by the spade

ground. The best season for planting them is iu March,

1

when the fruit requires the greatest nourishment. There is

after the danger of hard frost is over; they should bo planted never any occasion for pruning these trees, beyond cutting
in light rich earth, pressing the ground pretty close about off any of the branches which may go across others, so as to
them ; and if they are covered with glasses, it will forward rub and wound their bark by their motion for their shoots
;

their putting out roots: but where there is not such conve- should never be shortened, because the fruit is produced on
niency, the ground about them should be covered with moss, the young wood. The Mulberry is remarkable for putting
to prevent its drying, and when this is carefully done, the out its leaves late; so that when they appear, the gardener
cuttings will require but little water, and will succeed much may take it for
granted that all danger from frost is over.
142 M R THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M R
3. Moms Paper Mulberry Tree. Leaves pal-
Papyrifera
; this tree; and this, when dyed red, takes a better colour. The
mate ; This tree makes very strong vigorous
fruit hispid. Bread Fruit Tree makes a cloth inferior in whiteness and
shoots, but seems not to be of tali growth, for it sends out softness, worn chiefly by the inferior people. Cloth is also
many lateral branches from the root upwards. The leaves made of a tree resembling the Wild Fig Tree of the West
are large, some of them entire, others deeply cut into three Indies. It is coarse and harsh, the colour of the darkest
or five lobes, especially whilst the trees are young; they are brown paper but it is the most valuable, because it resists
;

dark green, and rough to the touch on the upper surface, water. This is perfumed, and worn by the chiefs as a morn-
but pale green and somewhat hairy on the under side, falling ing dress in Otaheite. The juice of the Paper Mulberry is
off on the first approach of frost in autumn. The fruit is used in China as a glue in gilding either paper or leather,
little larger than peas, surrounded with long purple hairs, but not wood. This plant may be propagated by seeds, or
when ripe changing to a black purple colour, and full of by laying down the branches, or by cuttings in the manner
sweet juice. It is a native of -Japan and the South Sea directed for the common sort.
Islands ; according to Mr. Miller, of China also, and South 4. Morus Rubra ; Red Mulberry Tree. Leaves cordate,
Carolina, whence he received the seeds. The inhabitants villose underneath ; aments cylindric. This tree will grow
of Japan make paper of the bark. They cultivate the trees to the height of thirty or forty feet, sending forth many large
for this purpose on the mountains, much after the same man- branches. The leaves are not only larger but rougher than
ner as Osiers are cultivated with us, cutting down the young those of the Common Mulberry, though in other respects
shoots in December, after the leaves are fallen. These being they somewhat resemble them. Parkinson, so long ago as
divided into rods of three feet in length, or shorter, are 1629, says, that it grows quickly with us to a great tree, and
gathered into bundles to be boiled. If the shoots are dry, that the fruit is longer and redder than the common sort, and
they must be softened in water twenty-four hours. The bun- of a very pleasant taste. This tree has not yet been propa-
dles are boiled very close together, and placed erect in a gated in this country, for though it has been budded and
large copper properly closed : the boiling is continued till the grafted upon the White and Black Mulberry, it has not suc-
separation of the bark displays the naked wood. Then the ceeded. Being lofty, it cannot well be laid down, which is
stalks are loosened out of the bundles, and allowed to cool ;
the method most likely to propagate it it is
:
very hardy, and
after which, by a longitudinal incision, the bark is stripped will endure the cold of our climate in the open air very well.
off and dried, the wood being rejected. When this bark is Native of Virginia and Carolina.
to be purified, it is put three or four hours in water, when, 5. Morus Indica; Indian Mulberry. Leaves ovate-oblong,
being sufficiently softened, the cuticle, which is of a dark equal on both sides, unequally serrate. This is a large tree,
colour, together with the greenish surface of the inner bark, with a soft, thick, yellowish bark, and a milky juice like the
is
pared off. At the same time the stronger bark is sepa- fig, which is astringent.
The branches come out on every
rated from the more tender ; the former making the whitest side. The leaves are on short footstalks, rough, dark-green,
and best paper, the latter a dark, weak, and inferior kind. above, pale underneath, alternate. Fruit roundish, first green,
If any bark appears that is old, it is set aside for a thicker then white, and finally dark red. Native of the East Indies,
paper of worse quality, along with the knotty and blemished Japan, and Cochin-china, where it is cultivated on a very
It is now boiled in a lye that is clear and extensive scale as a food for silk-worms, especially on the
parts of the bark.
strained ; care being taken to stir the substance, as soon as banks of rivers. This is too tender to live out of the bark-
it begins to boil, with a strong reed, and to pour in of the
lye stove, where it must be treated as other tender plants, giving
gradually as much as is necessary for stopping the evapora- it but little water in winter. With this management it will
tion, and restoring the liquor that is lost. The boiling is to retain its leaves all the year.
cease when the materials can be split, by a slight touch of 6. Morus Tatarica ; Tartarian Mulberry Tree. Leaves
the finger, into fibres and down. Next it is to be washed, ovate-oblong, equal on both sides, equally serrate. This is
which is a thing of some moment ; for if washed too short a a shrub, irregularly branched, with a trunk seldom so big
time, the paper will be strong indeed, but too rough, and as the human arm; bark whitish gray; wood very hard, yel-
of an inferior quality; if too long, it will be whiter, but of low, somewhat veined ; branches slender, wand-like, round,
a fat consistence, lax, and less fit for writing. Being suffi- smooth; branchlets leafy, bearing fruit at the base; berries
ciently washed, the materials are put upon a thick, smooth, small, on long peduncles, red or pale when ripe, insipid :
wooden table, and stoutly beat by two or three men, with they are eaten fresh, in a conserve, or dried ; a wine and a
battons of hard wood, into a pulp ; which being put in water, spirit are made from them in Siberia and Russia, and the
;srates like grains of meal. Thus prepared, it is put into a leaves are used for feeding silk-worms. For its propagation
narrow vat; an infusion of rice, and a mucous water of the and culture see the first and second species.
infusion of the root of Manihot, being added to it. These 7. Morus Tinctoria; Dyer's Mulberry, or Fustick-wood.
three are to be stirred with a clean slender reed, till reduced Leaves oblong, more produced on one side ; spines axillary.
into a homogeneous liquor, of a due consistence. The pre- This is a tall branching tree with a fine head, the whole
pared liquor is now put into a larger vat ; whence the abounding in a slightly glutinous milk of a sulphureous
sheets are poured out one by one, and placed in heaps upon a colour. It is a principal ingredient in most of our
yellow
table covered with a double mat; a small thread of reed being dyes, for which it is chiefly imported into Europe, where it
is well known under the name of Fustick-wood. The berries
placed between the sheets at the edge, and projecting a little,
so that they may be taken up singly when wanted ; the heaps are sweet and wholesome, but not much eaten except by
are covered with a plank of wood the size of the paper, upon birds,who are the chief planters of it. Native of the West
which stones are put, at first of a light weight, but after- Indies; but particularly abundant about Campeachy. This
wards heavier, that all the wet may be pressed out by degrees. plant must be preserved in the bark-stove. The seeds come up
The following day, the weights being removed, each sheet freely in a hot-bed: when the plants are fit to remove, plant
is taken
up by itself, and the operation is finished. The each in a separate small pot filled with fresh light earth, and
finest and whitest cloth, worn by the principal people at plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, shading them from the
Otaheite, and in the Sandwich Islands, is made of the bark of sun until they have taken new root, and then treating them as
 MOS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MOW 143

other plants from hot countries. They retain their leaves a vented, and the bark kept in a fine healthy condition. Where
great part of the year in the stove. the disease proceeds from an unhealthy state of the trees in
Moss. See Muscus. It is divided into many species ; as, consequence of the unfriendly nature of the soil, the speedy
Bottle Moss, see Splachnum ; Club and Fir Moss, see Lycopo- removal of the Moss appears to be the only way of saving
dium ; Heath Moss, see Coralloides ; Wall Moss, see Bryum ; them from destruction. In some cases the only remedy is to
Water Moss, see Fontinalis ; &c: cut down part of the trees, and to plough up the ground
Moss, is a term frequently used to signify a particular sort between those left remaining, and in the spring of the year,
of earthy or boggy material, found in some low situations, in in moist weather, to scrape off the moss with an iron instru-
different parts of the kingdom, but particularly in the more ment made a little hollow, the better to surround the
northern districts, being formed by the decay of different branches, and to carry it off the place by cleansing the
:

vegetable and other substances. This earthy matter is of trees thus two or three times together, with carefully stirring
different natures in different situations, as wood moss, black the ground, the Moss may be entirely destroyed ; but if part

peat-moss, flow-moss, or red-bog, &c. The first, which is of the trees be not cut down, and the ground well stirred,
principally composed of ligneous substances, is probably rubbing off the Moss will signify little ; for the cause not
the best for manure ; and the black peat, which is chiefly being removed, the effect will not cease, but the Moss will
composed of heath, decayed sphagnum, and the roots of the in a short time be as troublesome as ever.

eriophora, is the next in the goodness of its properties. The Mot/ierwort. See Leonurus.
third, which is chiefly derived from the sphagnum in a fresher Moth Mullein. See Verbascum.
Mosses are of very different depths,
state, is the least useful. Mould; a vegetable earth, the goodness of which may be
textures,and qualities but all of them are greatly impreg-
; known by the sight, smell, and touch. First by the sight :

nated and loaded with water, holding it like a sponge; some those moulds which are of a bright hazelly colour are counted
have the depth of not more than three or four feet, while the best of this colour are the best loams, and also the best
:

others have as many yards. They require much draining and natural earth, and this will be better yet, if it cuts like but-
consolidating to bring them into cultivation. The most cer- ter, and does not stick obstinately, but is short, tolerably
tain and short method for the improvement of moss land, if light,breaking into small clods, is sweet, will be tempered
the ground be designed only for grass, and its situation be without crusting or clipping in dry weather, or turning to
such as to admit of it, is drain the moss, and, if
this : first mortar in wet. The next to that, the dark grey and russet
there be heath upon it ( and make the surface
burn that off", moulds are reckoned the best ; the light and dark ash-colour
even. Then make a dam at the lowest part, and a sluice, are reckoned the worst, such as are usually found on common
and work the water upon it through the winter. The mud or heathy ground ; the clear tawny is by no means to be
which comes with the land-flood will bring a fine sward upon approved ; but that of a yellowish red colour accounted
is
it in two or three years; and be afterwards a the worst of all this is commonly found in the wilds and
yearly manure; :

so that it will bear annual cutting, and, besides, be good pas- waste parts of the country, and for the most part produces
ture for cattle, after the sward is become strong enough to nothing but Furze and Fern, according as their bottoms are
bear them. more or less of a light and sandy, or of a spewey gravel or
Moss on Trees, distemper caused by the moss plant
a.
clayey nature. Secondly, by the smell : all lands that are

fixing itself upon them

; which is highly prejudicial to the good and wholesome, will, after rain or breaking up by the
growth and increase of those both of the timber and fruit spade, emit a good smell. Thirdly, by the touch :
by this
sorts ; and much damages the fruit of the latter kind. The means we may discover whether it consists of substances
best remedy is the scraping it off from the body and large entirely arenaceous, or clammy ; or, as it
is
expressed by Mr.
branches, by means of a kind of wooden knife that does not Evelyn, whether it be tender, fatty, detersive, or slippery,
hurt the bark, or a piece of rough hair-cloth after soaking or more harsh, gritty, porous or friable. That being always
rain. But the most effectual cure is to remove the cause, the best that is between the two extremes, and does not con-
which is the superfluous moisture at the roots of the trees, tain the two different qualities of soft and hard mixed, of
which should be drained off, and which may be greatly moist and dry, of churlish and mild, that is neither too
guarded against in the first planting of the trees, by not set- unctuous nor too lean, but such as will dissolve, of a just
ting them too deep in the ground. In cases where trees stand consistence, between sand and clay, and such as will not
thick in a cold moist ground, they are always covered with stick to the spade or fingers upon every flash of rain. A
Moss ; and the best way to remedy the fault is to thin them. loam, or brick mould, is not to be disapproved, as requiring
When the young branches of trees are covered with a long little help or improvement but the spade, and is esteemed
and shaggy Moss, it
utterly ruins them; and there is no way both by the gardener and florist.
to prevent but that of rubbing it off, or cutting the branches
it Mountain Ash. See Sorbus.
away near the trunk, and even to take off the head of the tree, Mouse-Ear. See Hieracium and Myosotis.
if necessary; when, if the cause be removed
by thinning the Mouse-Ear Chickweed. See Cerastium.
plantation or draining the land, the young shoots continue clear Mouse-Tail. See Myosurus.
afterwards. This disease arises from the Moss plant establish- Mowing. In the mowing of grain crops, such scythes
ing itself upon the trees which are in an unhealthy state of are used as are shorter in the blade than the common ones,
growth, or which have been planted too closely together, by and which, instead of a cradle, have two twigs of osier put
which proper circulation of air and dryness are prevented. The semi-circularwise into holes made in the handles, near the
trees are not merely injured by the plants
establishing them- blades, in such a manner that one semi-circle intersects the
selves upon them, and hindering their growth, but
probably other; but for the cutting of grass, longer and thinner scythes
also by the large proportion of moisture that is attracted, and are generally in use. In the cutting of grass crops for the
it is necessary, as a
the dampness induced in consequence of it. In order to pre- purpose of converting them into hay,
vent or remove this evil, Mr. Forsyth advises the washing the late practical writer states, that they should be in the most
trees with a mixture of fresh cow dung, urine, and soap-suds, in suitable states of growth and maturity for affording the best
order that the establishment of the moss plants
may be pre- and most nutritious fodder. With this view, it would seem
VOL. n.^78. 20
144 MOW THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M UC
that they should neither be cut at too early a period, nor hand of the workman; but M. de Lisle had a method of
suffered to stand too long; as, in the former case, there will mowing wheat, in which the corn was at his left hand he :

be considerable loss in the drying, from the produce beine; mowed it inward, bearing the corn he cuts on his scythe,
in so soft and green a condition ; and in the latter, from a till it comes to that which is
standing, against which it gently
large proportion of the nourishing properties being expended. leans. After every mower a gatherer follows, who may be
It is probable therefore that grass, when mown before it a lad or a woman. The gatherer keeps within five or six
becomes in full flower, while the rich saccharine juice is in feet of the mower, and being provided either with a hook or
part retained at the joints of the flower-stems, is in the most a stick about two feet long, gathers up the corn, making it
proper condition for being cut down, as at that period it into a gavel, and laying it gently on the ground : this must
must contain the largest proportion of nutritious materials, be done with spirit, as another mower immediately follows,
but which then begin to be absorbed and taken up in pro- and to every mower there is a particular gatherer. And to do
portion as the flowers expand and the seeds ripen, so as to this work properly, the mower should form but one track
constitute the meal or starch of the seed-lobes, and is either with his feet, advancing in a posture nearly as if he were
dispersed upon the land, or fed upon by birds ; the grass- going to fence, one foot chasing the other. In this manner
stems with their leaves being left in a similar situation to that the standing corn is mowed ; and the workman should take
of the straw of ripened grain. But there are other circum- care to have the wind at his left, as it bears the corn towards
stances besides those of ripeness, to be attended to in deter- the scythe, and causes it to be cut nearer the ground.
mining the period of cutting crops of grass, as, in some cases, When wheat is bent, the workman takes the corn as it pre-
when they are thick upon the ground the bottom parts become sents itself to him, which has the same effect as if the wind
of a yellow colour before the flowering fully takes place ; was at his left side. And when it is laid, it is more trouble-
under such circumstances it
always be the most advis-
will some to the gatherer, because the corn is apt to be mixed
able practice to mow as soon as the weather will possibly with that which is standing; but a good mower takes advan-
admit; for if this be neglected, there will be great danger of tage of the wind, and cuts it
against the way it is laid. No
its rotting, or at any rate of its acquiring a disagreeable fla- particular directions can be given for corn that is lodged and
vour, and of becoming of but little value. Where grass is entangled, unless it be to take it as it is inclined, as if the
very tall, as is often the case in moist meadows, it is liable wind were on the back of the mower. The usual method of
to fall down and lodge, by which the same effects are pro- mowing grain is, however, in the same manner as grass, the
duced. In this case also the mowing should be performed scythe only having a cradle or bow fixed upon the heel of
as soon as possible, as, when much laid, it soon rots, and is of the handle. In the practice of every department of the
little or no use as hay. However, in cases where there is kingdom, the scythe is swung horizontally, or nearly level,
nothing of this sort, it appears evident, that the most proper leaving the stubble of almost an even height; or, if it rise on
time for performing the business is when the grass has begun either side, forming what are called swath-bulks, the butts
to flower, before the seed-stems become hard and wiry; as of the swaths are suffered to rest upon them, the heads or ears
at this period it would seem to contain the largest portion of of the corn falling into the hollow or close mown part of the
useful matter. when left to stand too long, the after
Besides, preceding swath-width. They are of course liable in a we
grass is less abundant, and the crumbling down of the stems season not only to receive an undue portion of rain watei
occasions great additional loss in the different operations of but to be fouled with the splashings of heavy showers. But
hay-making. It may be noticed, that the usual time of cutting that in the Kentish practice, which is said to excel those of
for hay, in the first crops, is from about the middle of June other districts, the position of the swaths is different. Here
to the beginning of July, according to the nature of the the heads of the corn rest on the top of the swath-bulk, pro-
land, or as the district is earlier or later with its produce. vincially the beever, which is left of extraordinary height,
The chief art in the operation of mowing consists in cutting as ten to fifteen inches, so that the wind has a free circula-
the crop as close to the surface of the ground as possible, tion between the swaths. The workman, in performing this
and perfectly level, pointing the swathes well out, so as to judicious operation, proceeds with his right foot forwards,
leave scarcely any ridges under them. But in cutting rouen entering the point of his scythe with a downward stroke, and
or second crops of grass, more attention in these different
rising it as abruptly out, bringing the handle round to the
respects will be necessary than in the first, as the crops are left until it forms nearly a right angle with the line of the

mostly much lighter and more difficult to cut, the scythe swath, carrying the corn in the cradle three or four feet
being apt to rise and slip through the grass without cutting behind the place where it grew, lifting it high and letting it
it
fairly, except when in the hands of an expert workman. fall on the beever behind his left foot, and in the position

Crops of this .sort should always be cut as much as possible above described. But the disadvantages of this metho< are,
when the dew is upon them, and as soon as ever there is a the loss of some straw, the incumbrance arising from the
tolerable growth, as by waiting the season becomes more
length of the stubble, and a little additional labour but in a:

unfavourable for making them into hay; and unless well district where cattle are not numerous, the loss of st raw is
made, this hay is of hardly any value. When the grass has not felt; and in any country, the principle of laying the heads
been decided to be in a proper condition for being cut down, instead of the butts of the corn upon the swath-bulk, whether
a set of mowers proportioned to the extent of the
crop should left high or low, might be well adopted.
be at once provided. In some districts it is the custom to Mucor; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Fungi.
pay these labourers by the day, but the general and best ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER. Seeds: naked, or in
practice is to let the work at a certain price per acre. transparent capsules or vesicles at the end of the stem. These
The extent or proportion of ground that can be mown in any plants form the last genus of the lowest order of vegetation.
given space of time, must obviously vary much, according to They chiefly appear in the form of mouldiness on putrid or
the nature of the ground, the fulness of the
crop, and the putrefying substances, as rotten wood, fruits, dung, corrupted
goodness of the workmen; but in general an acre is supposed food, old cheese, decayed leaves and other fungi, in caverns
a day's work for an expert mower.
full In mowing barley, and arched cellars. The British species of Muccr, enume-
oats, or other grain crops, the corn is generally on the rated by Withering, are seventeen ; to which several have been
right
 M U N OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M UN 145

added by other botanists, so that the species now amount to lunt. Pericarp: capsule ovate, acuminate, six-celled.
Seeds: very many. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: six-
twenty-five.
Mudwort. See Limosella. cleft, torulose. Petals: clawed. Stamina: in six bodies,
See Artemisia. ibur or five in each. Pistil : superior, with a filiform curved
Mugwort.
Muhlenbergia ; a genus of the class Triandria, order style. The only known species is,
Digynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : glume one- 1. Munchhausia Speciosa. This is a small tree, with alter-
valved,very small, emarginate, lateral. Corolla: two-valved; nate, patulous, round, smooth branches ; leaves alternate,
valves equal; outer lanceolate, long, acute, awned, embraced, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, quite entire, smooth, paler
the Inner one hairy at the base ; inner a little shorter, nar- underneath, on very short petioles ; flowers alternate, on very
rowed, linear, mucronate; nectary two-leaved; leaflets ovate, short peduncles, extremely handsome. Native of Java and
obliquely truncate, gibbous, small. Stamina : tilamenta China.
three, capillary, shorter than the corolla; antheree linear. Muntingia ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
Pistil: gernien ovate; styles two, capillary; stigmas fea- gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Perianth one-leafed, five-
thered. Pericarp: none, except the corolla, which incloses parted, concave at the base; segments lanceolate, acuminate,
the seed. Seed: one, oblong, acuminate. ESSENTIAL CIIA- large, deciduous. Corolla : petals five, roundish, spreading,
HACTER. Calix: onc-valved, minute, lateral. Corolla: two- inserted into the calix. Stamina: filamenta very many, capil-
valved. The species are, lary, very short; antheroe
roundish. Pistil: germen globu*
1. Muhlenbergia Diffusa. Culm branched, diffused, pro- lar, clothed with villose hairs ; style none ; stigma headed,
cumbent; leaves linear, lanceolate, somewhat rugged, nerved, pentagonal, rayed, permanent ; according to Gtertner, pyra-
three of the nerves thicker on the back of the leaf, so that it midal, five-grooved, sessile. Pericarp: berry globular, umbi-
seems to be three-nerved. It is a perennial grass, native of licate with the stigma, five-celled. Seeds: numerous, round-
North America. ish, very small, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
2. Muhlenbergia Erecta. Culm firm, simple ; leaves pu- five-parted. Corolla : five-petalled. Berry : five-seeded ;
bescent panicles loose ; calix bivalve ; awn very long.
; It (Geertner says, many-celled.) Seeds: many, nestling.
flowers in July, and grows in dry shady woods from Canada The only known species is,
to Carolina. Muntingia Calabura; Villose Muntingia. This shrub or
1.

Mulberry Tree. See Morus. small tree rises from a fathom to ten or twelve feet; or,
Mule's Tongue. See Asplenium, according to Sloane, thirty feet in height, sending out many
Mullein. See Verbascum. irregular, spreading, long, round, hoary branches leaves
;

Mullera a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-

; alternate, flat, spreading horizontally,' oblique, ovate-lanceo-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, late; petioles short, round, hirsute; peduncles two to four,
bell-shaped, compressed, truncated and flattish at the base, between the petioles, and not axillary, clustered, longer than
four-toothed ; the upper tooth obliterated, very seldom clo- the petiole, shorter than the leaf, one-flowered, round,
ven ; the lateral ones more remote, acute, the lowest more villose-viscid. Jacquin remarks, that they successively turn
produced and more awl-shaped. Corolla: papilionaceous; the flower when it is about to expand to the face of the leaf,
banner reflex, cordate, ovate, quite entire, obtuse, flat; claw which before was reflexed to the back of it. The flowers are
flattish, scarcely longer than the calix, remote from the without scent, but handsome; about an inch in diameter, re-
wings and keel wings oblong, converging, gibbous at the
;
sembling those of the Bramble. The fruit is of a dark purple
base, clawed; keel shorter than the wings, composed of two colour when ripe. Native of Jamaica, on the calcareous sub-
distinct, converging, clawed petals forming an oblong, com- alpine hills, flowering in the spring; and of St. Domingo, in
pressed, straight sheath. Stamina: filamenta ten, united into the wet parts of woods, flowering in August and September.
a compressed sheath, broader at the base antheree ovate.
; It is
propagated by seeds sown in pots filled with light rich earth,
Pistil: germen linear, compressed; style short; stigma acute. and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanner's bark, raising
Pericarp: fruit necklace-form, composed of three, four, or the glasses to admit fresh air in warm weather. The seeds
five concatenated, solid, one-celled, one-valved, one-seeded will often remain in the ground a whole year before the plants
globules, the lowest of which are larger. Seeds: solitary, com- will appear; in which case the pots must be constantly kept
pressed, kidney-form, smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. clear from weeds, and should remain in the hot-bed till after
Pericarp: elongated, fleshy, necklace-form, with one-seeded Michaelmas, when they may be removed into the stove, and
globules. The only known species is. plunged into the bark-bed, between other pots of tall plants,
1. Mullera Moniliformis; Beaded Mullera. This is a tree, and remain there during the winter season. These pots
with ferruginous somewhat warted branches; leaves alternate, should be now and then watered, when the earth appears
pinnate, having two pairs of leaflets with an odd one at the end ; dry; and in the beginning of March the pots should be re-
flowers scattered, nodding, the size of Laburnum flowers. moved out of the stove, and placed in a fresh bark-bed under
This plant has a near affinity to Sophora ; but it differs from frames, which will bring up the plants soon after. When the
it in having the stamina
properly diadelphous, and the fruit plants are two inches high, they should be carefully taken out
not leguminous, or opening longitudinally by two valves. Il of the pots, and each planted into a separate pot, filled with
has its name from the manner in which the fruit hangs, joined light rich earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed again,
in a long row like a necklace or rosary. Native of Surinam. observing to shade them from the sun until they have taken
Munchhausia; a genus of the class Polyadelphia, order new root, after which time they should be duly watered, and
Polyandria. GENERIC CHARACTER.. Calix: perianth one- in warm weather they must have a large share of fresh air.
leafed, half six-cleft, turbinate, torulose, permanent, with In this hot-bed the plants may remain until autumn begins
blunt segments. Corolla: petals six, obovate, spreading, to be cold ; they should then be removed into the stove,
clawed, inserted into the calix. Stamina: twenty-four or and plunged into the bark-bed. It will be proper to con-
thirty, capillary, shorter than the petals, collected into six tinue these plants all the year in the stove, but in warm wea-
bodies ; antherce kidney-form. Pistil : germen superior, ther they should have a large share of fresh air; but as the
Ovate; style filiform, declining, of a middling length; stigma plants grow in strength, they will be more hardy, and may
 146 MU S THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MUS
be exposed in summer
for two or three months, and in win- ders. The leaves are thin and tender, and are often torn
a dry-stove, if kept moderately warm.
ter will live in by
the wind. The flowers come out in bunches from the centre
Murraya; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono- of the leaves; the spike is often four feet in
length, and nods
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth one- on one side. Each of the bunches is covered with a
spatha
leafed, five-parted, very small; segments linear, erect, round- or sheath of fine
purple colour within, which drops off when
ish, remote, permanent. Corolla : five petalled, the flowers open. The upper part of the spike is made
bell-shaped,
petals lanceolate, spreading at the top. Nectary bell-shaped, up of male or barren flowers, which are not succeeded by
short, encircling the germen. Stamina : filamenta ten, awl- fruit. The fruit is eight or nine inches long, and above an
shaped, the length of the flower ; antherae somewhat oblong. inch in diameter, a little incurved, and has three it
Pistil:
angles ;

germen roundish, superior; suban- is at first green, but, when a pale yellow colour.
style filiform, ripe, of The
gular, longer than the stamina; stigma flattish, warted, angu- skin is tough, and within is a soft
pulp of a luscious sweet
lar.
Pericarp: berry somewhat pulpy, one-celled. Seed: flavour. The spikes of fruit are often so large as to
weigh
one, large, obovate, acute, grooved on one side. ESSEN- upwards of forty pounds. Native of the East Indies; but cul-
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-parted. Corolla: bell- tivated generally between the In the West Indies
tropics.
shaped, with a nectary encircling the germen. Berry: one- the fruit is generally used when full
grown, but before it
seeded. The only known species is, ripens; it is commonly roasted, and is thus distributed among
Murraya Exotica Ash-leaved Murraya. This very small
1. ; the negroes, by whom it is
mostly used, though many of
tree, about
six feet
high, has a white bark, and the appear- the whites prefer it to
any of the bread kind, especially
ance of Schinus. It flowers in
August and September. whilst young and tender. The negroes generally boil it with
Native of the East Indies. other messes, as salt-fish, beef,
pork, pickle, or crabs, and
Musa; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Moncecia. find it a hearty wholesome food. As the fruit ripens, it
GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite flowers, more becomes soft and sweetish, and is then generally made into
towards the base of the simple spadix, separate in alternate tarts, or sliced and fried with butter. The Spaniards dry
spathes. Calix : spathe partial, ovate-oblong, and preserve it as a sweetmeat. The ripe fruit with maize
plano-con-
cave, large, many-flowered. Corolla: unequal, ringent forms the best food for hogs put up to fat, and
;
gives them
the petal
constituting the upper lip, but the nectary the under a most exquisite flavour and firmness. The fruit of some of
lip ; petal erect, ligulate, truncate, five-toothed, converging the numerous varieties is eaten raw in the South Sea Islands,
in front at the base; nectary one-leafed, cordate, and others are roasted or baked, according to their qualities.
boat-shaped,
compressed, acuminate, spreading outwards, shorter than the The trees which bear the former are the chief ornaments of
petal, inserted within the sinus of the petal. Stamina: fila- the gardens in Otaheite ; the latter are in the mountainous
menta six, awl-shaped, five of which within the petal are tracts of the islands that are covered with woods. This fruit
erect, the sixth within the nectary is reclining ; antherse is
easy of digestion, very wholesome and agreeable to seamen
linear, from the middle to the top fastened to the filament; after a long voyage to many persons. however its
:

but most frequently there is only one antheras on the sixth

clammy
sweetness is unpleasant; and it is reputed not to agree with
filament, and very small cues cr none on the rest. Pistil: weak stomachs, but to bring on a constipation and flatulency
germen very large, obtusely three-sided, very long, inferior ;
in the bowels.
Rumphius is of opinion, that whether crude or
style cylindric, erect, the length of the petals;" stigma headed, mature, this fruit, running readily into putrescence, increases
roundish, obscurely six-cleft. Pericarp: berry fleshy, co- the malignity of the humours in the epidemic
dysentery.
vered with an husk, On thrusting a knife into the body of the plant, the astrin-
obscurely three-sided, or six-sided, gib-
bous on one side, one-celled, hollow in the middle. Seeds :
gent limpid water that issues out, is given with great success
very many, nestling, subglobular, wrinkled, tubercled, exca- to persons subject to a spitting of blood, and in fluxes. The
vated at the base, or only rudiments. Males on the same leaves are used to dress blisters ; and when dried, are made
spadix, above the hermaphrodite flowers, separated by into mats, or employed to stuff matrasses.
Propagation and
spathes. Calix, Corolla, and Nectary, as in the hermaphro- Culture. In Europe, some of these plants have been preserv-
dites. Stamina: filamenta as in the hermaphrodites, equal, ed, and have borne fruit incapacious hot-houses; but as they
erect; antheroe as in the hermaphrodites, on the filament are very tall and large, few
persons can spare sufficient room
placed within the nectary, most frequently very small, or in their stoves.
They are propagated by suckers, which come
none. Pistil: germen as in the hermaphrodites, but less ; from the roots of those plants which have fruited; and many
style and stigma as in them, but less and more obscure. times the younger plants, when they are stinted in growth,
Pericarp : abortive. Observe. Most of the stamens abortive will put out suckers; these should be carefully taken off, pre-
in some flowers, the pistils in others. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- serving some fibres to their roots, and planted in pots filled
TER. Calix: spathe partial, many-flowered. Corolla: two- with light rich earth, and plunged into the tan-bed in the
petalled; one petal erect, five-toothed, the other nectari- stove ; these may be taken off any time in summer, and it
ferous, concave, shorter. Stamina: six. Style: one. All is best to take them off when
young, because if their roots
the' flowers hermaphrodites. Male Hermaphrodite : above ; are grown large, they do not put out new fibres so soon,
five filamenta perfect; germen inferior, abortive. Female and when the thick part of the root is cut in taking off, the
Hermaphrodite: one filamenta only perfect. Berry: oblong, plants often rot. During the summer season, these plants
three-sided, inferior, many-seeded. The species are, nnust be plentifully watered, for the surface of their leaves
1. Musa Paradisiaca ; Plantain Tree.
Spadix nodding ;
3eing large, there is a great consumption of moisture by
male flowers permanent; fruit oblong. It rises with a soft jerspiration in hot weather, but in the winter they must be
herbaceous stalk fifteen or twenty feet high, and upwards : watered more sparingly, though they should then be often
the lower part of the stalk is often as large as a man's thigh, efreshed in small quantities. The pots ought to be large
diminishing gradually to the top, where the leaves come out n proportion to the size of the plants, for their roots gene-
on every side ; they are often more than six feet long and rally extend pretty far, and the earth should be rich and
two feet broad, with a strong fleshy midrib, and a great num- ight. The degree; of heat with which these plants thrive
ber of transverse veins running from the midrib to the bor- jest is much the same with the Anana, Of Pine Apple. The
 MUS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MUS
most sure method to obtain fruit in England is, after they 3. Musa Troglodytarum. Spadix erect; spathes decidu-
have grown for some time in pots, so as to have made good ous; stem four feet high, an inch in thickness; leaves linear,
ball of earth three feet long, and five inches wide ; berry scarlet, ovate,
roots, to shake them out of the pots with the
to their roots, and plant them into the tan-bed in the stove, compressed, two inches long, not eatable. Native of the
roots for their Moluccas. There are may varieties of -the Plantain and
observing to lay a little old tan near their
fibres to strike into, and in a few months the roots of these Banana. Rumphius has noted sixteen, growing in the Mo-
feet each way in the bark; lucca islands.
plants will extend themselves many
and these plants will thrive a great deal faster than those Musctts, or Moss, was formerly supposed to be only excres-
which are confined in pots or tubs. When the bark-bed cences produced from the earth, trees, &c. but now known
wants to be renewed with fresh tan, there should be great to be plants no less perfect than those of greater magnitude.
care taken of the roots of these plants, not to cut or break They are ranged by Linneus in the second order of his
them, as also to leave a large quantity of the old tan about twenty-fourth class, entitled Cryptogamia Musci
: but so
them ; because if the new tan is laid too near them, it will much having been done to his hands on the subject of this
scorch their roots, and injure them. These plants must be order by Dillenius, he did but little more than arrange the
species, and give them specific
characters. Linneus has
plentifully supplied with water, otherwise they
will not thrive ;
in winter they should be watered twice a week, giving at three divisions of the Mosses. 1. Without any Calyptre or

least two quarts to each plant, but in summer they must be Veil, containing the following genera ; Lycopodium, Porella,
watered every other day, and double the quantity given to Sphagnum. 2. Calyptred, diclinous, or having the males
them each time. If the plants push out their flower-stems and females separate; Splachnum, Polytrichum, Mnium.
the males and females
in the spring, there will be
hopes of their perfecting their 3. Calyptred, monoclinous, or having
fruit ; but when they come out late in the year, they will on the same plant; Phascum, Bryum, Hypnum, Fontinalis,
sometimes decay before the fruit ripens. The stoves in which Buxbaumia. Since the time of Dillenius and Lirmeus, great
these plants are placed should be at least twenty feet in light has been thrown upon this obscure order by Jaequin,
height, otherwise there will not be room for their leaves to Hoffman, Wiegel, Batsch, Pollich, Weis, Ehrhart, Schmidel,
expand ; for when the plants are in vigour, the leaves are Schreber, Dickson, Withering, Stackhousc, but especially by
often eight feet in length, and two feet broad : so that if the Hedwig; according to this last author, Mosses are vegetables
stems grow to be fourteen feet to the division of the leaves, in which the female parts of fructification are furnished with
and the house is not twenty feet high, the leaves will be a veil-like petal, bearing a style. He divides them into two
cramped, and retard the growth of the plants; besides, when orders: 1. Frondosi. Capsule entire, lidded, and opening
the leaves are bent against the glass, there will be danger transversely. 2. Hepatici. Capsule with four valves, open-
of their breaking them, when they are growing vigorously. ing lengthwise. The latter are not ranged with the Musci,
This tree is cultivated with great care in all our sugar colo- but with the Alga;, by Linneus. These definitions of Hedwig
nies. It thrives best in a cool, rich, moist soil, and is com- exclude the Lycopodia from the Mosses. GENERIC CHA-
monly planted in regular walks or fields: it is propagated by RACTER of Mosses. Male flowers. Calix: common, of
the shoots, and planted at convenient distances ; but as the many leaves ; leaflets in structure resembling' those of thff
root throws up a number of young shoots every year, the plant, but generally broader, sometimes coloured, open and
spaces between the first plants are left pretty considerable. expanding like the rays of a star, or the petalg of a full-blown
When the fruit is ripe, the stem decays gradually, and the root rose, or else closing and approaching like a bud. A few
begins to throw up young shoots. The stem is then usually have no appearance of a calix. Corolla: none. Stamina:
cut down near the root, to give a stronger and quicker numerous, within the common calix, mostly separated by
growth to the new plants. In the South Sea Islands, they succulent threads or chaff-like substances: sometimes uniting
put some wood ashes and burnt plants with a little shell-lime so as to form a little knob, or placed in the axils of the upper
into the hole, when they plant the Musa ;
by which they so branches filamentum short, filiform
; ; antherse sometimes
accelerate the growth, as to have fruit in six and even four cordate or ovate, but mostly cylindrical, one-celled, opening
months, whereas in the common course it is eighteen months at the top, and discharging granulated pollen. Female Flow-
before fruit is expected. ers : on the same or a different plant, sometimes intermixed
2. Musa Sapientum Banana ; Tree. Spadix nodding; male with the males. Calix: Pericheetium many-leaved; leaflets
flowers deciduous ; This tree differs from the pre-
fruit ovate. various, generally inclosing several pistils intermixed with
ceding in having its stalks marked with dark purple stripes succulent threads. Corolla: veil cylindrical, or conical,
and spots. The fruit is shorter and rounder, with a softer investing the germen and fixed to its top, united at the base
pulp of a more luscious taste. A very excellent drink is made to the sheath of the peduncle, but not elsewhere attached.
from the juice of the ripe fruit fermented, most
resembling the Pistil: germen cylindrical or conical; style slender, standing
best Southam cider. A marmalade is likewise made of it, on the veil; stigma truncate. Pericarp: capsule on a pedun-
esteemed an excellent pectoral, cooling and refreshing. This cle sheathed at the base; when unripe crowned by the veil
fruit has been noted for its efficacy in which separates at its base, adhering to the point of the cap-
correcting those sharp
humours which generate or accompany the fluxes to which sule, but falling off when that becomes ripe. The capsule
Europeans are often subject on their first
coming into the then opens horizontally, the lid separating. Lid: with or
West The roasted fruit would be an useful sea-store,
Indies. without a ring, single or double; outer cartilaginous, some-
would keep a long time packed in dry leaves, and stowed times swollen, or else contracted at the base, forming a kind
in tight casks and would only require to be roasted or
; of excrescence called Apophysis. Mouth of the capsule
heated afresh when wanted for use. This and the Plantain either naked, or closed with an outer fringe, with from four
are among the greatest blessings bestowed by Providence to thirty-two teeth, which are upright or reflected, straight
upon the inhabitants of hot climates. Three dozen Plantains or twisted, triangular, spear-shaped, or bristle-shaped, sharp
are sufficient to serve one man for a week instead of bread, or blunt; inner fringe finer, either closely adhering to the
and will support him much better. For the propagation and outer, or joined to it by threads from its inner side, or loose
culture of the Banana, see the preceding species. and unconnected, or fixed to the pedicle on its little bulb ;
VOL. it 78. 2 P
i48 M US THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M US
mouth naked, or covered with a membrane or network of the when in a fully expanded state. In the Stellated
Polytri-
inner fringe, or variously jagged, or closed by distinct and chums, the scales are placed in concentric circles. In Mnium
regular teeth; column extending from the base to the point hornum, palustre, fontanum, &c. they are more like a rose
of the capsule, filiform, straight, passing through the lid into or disk. After the pollen is
dispersed, these roses or stars
the style, and often giving the licl a pointed become more expanded but previous thereto
appearance. ;
they are gene-
Seeds: numerous, minute, spherical, smooth, or rough. Ha- rally so open as to admit a view of the parts they contain.
bit : sterns leafy leaves membranaceous, reticulated, after In some Mosses the flowers terminate the
;
branches, and in
being dried reviving when soaked in water. Observations. such, though a little open, they are not enough so, to allow a
If Bryum, Pomiforme, Subulatum of Haller, Trichoides, and sight of the antheree until the flowering be past. Some florets
a few others, be excepted, Mosses bear the stamina and are like buds, and sit in the bosom of the leaves ; others in
pis-
tilla in separate flowers, either on the same, or on distinct the imbricated thickened termination of the branches, as in
plants. The time of flowering generally coincides with that Sphagnum. Female flowers. These are furnished with a
of the fruit attaining maturity, as happens in other evergreen germen, style, and stigma; butbeing accompanied by other sub-
perennials. Polytrichum urnigcrum; Mnium fon-
Thus in stances much resembling them,
they are difficult to be distin-
tanum, hornum, punctatum, undulatum ; Bryum trickoides, guished until the germen begins to swell in consequence of its
caespititium, &c. the veils fall off early in the spring, and impregnation. The pistils after impregnation daily growing
the seed is scattered abroad whilst at the same time the less
;
larger, and rising upwards, shew the calyptra, or veil, which
obvious unimpregnated germina, and the male or staminifer- may be considered as a kind of petal, and is perforated at the
ous flowers, are performing their respective functions. This top by the style. This style is sometimes permanent, falling off
circumstance caused these ripe capsules to Jbe mistaken for only with the veil itself; but where it is not so, the remains of
antheroe, and the seeds for pollen. Both male and female it are
always to be found. It is evident, from what has been
flowers are furnished with an involucre, which gives the out- said, that what Linneus calls the antheree, are really the seed-
ward figure to the flower, and is called the Perichcctium. vessels but by sowing the seeds which they contain, a
crop of
:

It varies more, and is more to be attended to, in the male youngplants has been repeatedly procured, in all respects simi-
than in the female flowers. The-radiated disks of the lar to their The capsules of Mosses are always sup-
Poly- parents.
trichums and Mniums are very remarkable, and the scales ported upon a peduncle, though sometimes it is very short,
composing them differ in many respects from the other leaves. and, excepting only in Sphagnum palustre, it is sheathed and
The heads which put forth from the extremities of the Bry- conical at its base. The capsules vary in shape, size, and
ums have been hitherto unnoticed, though they contain the consistence. In some species there is an elastic ring between
parts of fructification, and are composed of leaflets or scales the capsule and the veil, which, when the seed is ripe, throws
different both in shape and size from the stem-leaves. Thus off" the veil with more or less force. The veil being thrown
in Bryum rurale they are not terminated
by hairs, and are off, certain fringe-like processes or projections appear,
vary-
shorter than the stem-leaves: in Bryum pellucens, scoparium, ing greatly in size, shape, structure, number, and disposi-
heteromallum, aciculare, &c. they are broader than the other tion : they surround the opening of the capsule in a single
leaves, and more hollow at the base where the disklike
: or double, rarely in a triple series. These substances con-
substances form a kind of bud, as in almost all theHypnums, stitute the Peristoma or Fringe, which seems
designed to
Bryum extinctorium, Subulatum, pulvinatum, hypnoideum, defend the seeds in wet weather. In dry weather it expands
&c. they are much smaller than the leaves they are also ; and leaves the mouth of the capsule open, but upon the least
concave, ovate, or spoon-shaped, and destitute of the hairs moisture, even that of the breath, it closes again. The seeds
which are on the real leaves. These therefore are truly the of the Mosses are sphericals, generally smooth, sometimes
calix, and as they include the florets with stamina only, they dotted, as in Bryum extinctorium sometimes prickly, as in
;

may be called the Perichsetiums of the male florets. On those Bryum pyriforme and heteromallum. They are brown, yel-
Mosses which bear female flowers or capsules, the leaves lowish, or greenish. Some of the above observations being-
adjoining to the peduncle are much more beautiful than those made with very high magnifiers, are to be received with some
on the stems: but sometimes theinher leaves become gradu- degree of caution. Mosses thrive best in barren places ;
ally smaller, and those nearest to the flowe'-s so very minute, most of them love cold and moisture. Uses, Trifling and
that without a microscope it is not possible to dissect them insignificant as they are generally supposed to be, their uses
away, so as to expose the flower. These therefore are to be are by no means inconsiderable. They protect the more ten-
considered as the involucres of the female flowers surrounding der plants when they first begin to expand in the spring, as
and embracing the germen. Male, or staminiferous flowers. the experience of the gardener can testify, which attaches him
The anlherse are almost universally cylindrical, either straight to cover with moss the soil and pots which contain his ten-
or crooked ; but in Sphagnum pahistre and Mnium andro- derest plants ; for it equally defends the roots against the

tjynum they are ovate, and more or less tapering to a point. scorching sun-beams and the severity of the frost- In the
Their colour is a very dilute green, almost white. When spring particularly, the roots of young trees and shrubs are
viewed under the highest magnifiers, and strongly illuminated liable to be thrown out of the ground, especially in light

by reflected light, they are found to contain a granulated spongy soils: but if they are covered with moss, this accident
substance; but their tops are very pellucid, and this pellucid never can happen. They who raise trees from seed, will find
part expands into a rising vesicle at the time the pollen is an interest in attending to this remark. Mosses retain mois-
about to be discharged the top then opens, and the pollen
;
ture a long time without being disposed to putrefy. The
is
ejected, the space from which it issues becoming more angler takes advantage of this circumstance to preserve his
transparent. This pollen, whtu evacuated, seems to explode worms, and the gardener to keep moist the roots of such
in tlio drop of water ii which these observations are to be plants as are to be transported to any considerable distance.
1

Beside the anthertc included within the same invo-

. It isa vulgar error to suppose that Mosses impoverish land.
lucre, are some very delicate succulent bodies of various It true they grow upon poor land which can support
is

shapes. In Folytrichum and Mnium some of the barren nothing ; but their roots penetrate very little, in general
florets are like disks, others like roses ; and some like stars, hardly a quarter of an inch into the earth. Take away the
 M U S OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MUS 149

Moss, and instead of more grass, there will be less ; but if Amos, in his Minutes on Agriculture and Planting, which
the land be drained and manured, the grass will increase and tool should be in the hands of all farmers where grass hus-
the Moss disappear. Sphagnum, palustre, Mnium trigue- bandry is much practised. All old grass lands, when much
trum, Bryum paludosum and cestivum, Hypnum aduncum, overrun with Moss, ought certainly to be broken up for the
Scorpioides riparium and cuspidatum, grow upon the sides purpose of tillage, in order to their being laid down again
and shallower parts of pools and marshes; in process of time to grass after a proper course of crops ; as it is probably
occupying the space heretofore filled with water, they are impossible to render them good grass lands by any other
in their half-decayed state dug up, and used as fuel, under process and in most instances this mode of proceeding
;

the name of Peat.These marshes, drained partly by human would produce great improvement. Though very injurious
industry, and partly by the long-continued operations of vege- to plants, Mosses, as has been already obser^fed, are applied
tables, are at length converted into fertile meadows. Very to a variety of useful purposes. The Moss of common trees,
few Mosses are eaten by cattle; a few moths feed upon some as oak, ash, poplar, &c. is used for caulking of vessels ; and
of them. For their medicinal virtues, see Lichen. It is pro- by bird merchants to prepare cages for the incubation of
bable, on account of their astringent properties, that some of certain birds. The soft marsh and bog Mosses serve the poor
them might be worth trying as a substitute for oak-bark in in places for stuffing their beds ; and in the transpor-
many
tanning leather. Moss is most apt to fix itself upon the sur- tation of plants from one climate to another, nothing is so
face of old grass lands of the meadow and pasture kinds, in serviceable as the Slalks and leaves of these little vegetables ;
which it produces much injury by drawing away the nourish- the succulent plants arriving in great vigour and beauty from
ment of the grass plant, and of course lessening in a high foreign countries, when rolled up in dry Moss trees and
:

degree the grassy herbage. It affects such as are of the shrubs also are preserved by having their roots covered with
clayey moist description, in cold exposed situations, most such as is somewhat moist. The great quality of the Mosses,
frequently choaking the grass by spreading closely over it. which makes them so useful on these occasions, is, that they
Various means have been proposed by writers on husbandry do not heat and ferment on being moistened, as hay and straw
for the removal of this destructive would. Several of the Mosses are great and valuable medi-
vegetable, which, as it
requires a considerable proportion of superficial moisture to cines, used as desiccatives and astringents; the Common Cup
promote its
growth and extension on the soils which it infects, Moss is one of the greatest remedies in the convulsive coughs
it is
probable that the application of such substances as have of children, see Lychen Pyxidatus ; and Dr. Mead has
a tendency to absorb and take up the superabundant degree ennobled the Lichen Caninus, or Grey Ground Lichen, by
of wetness by which it is supported, must be of great
utility publishing its virtues in one of the most terrible of all diseases,
and advantage. In this view, lime lias been applied evenly the bite of a mad dog. The Common Green Liverworts are
over the surface, in such cases, with much benefit. Superior known medicines in disorders of the breast, as are also all
advantages have however been obtained by covering mossy the species of Polytricha. The seeds of our Lycopodium are
grass lands with a thin even coat of attenuated calcareous successfully given in nephritic cases ; and the Indians give
matter, in union with a sandy material, such as is scraped up one of their species in many distempers, and, as they say, with
from roads, when formed into a compost with about one great benefit. The Common White Ground Corolloides serves
fourth part of well-rotted farm-yard dung as by this appli-
; the reindeer of Lapland for food, when all other herbage is
cation a new and more vigorous description of lost ; and the Confervse serve for food to
grasses is many of the fish
brought up, which soon overpowers the Moss plants, and both of the sea and rivers, and to several water-fowl ; and these,
thus wholly destroys them. For the same purpose, and at as well as the land Mosses, afford shelter and habitation to
many
the same time, promoting the improvement of the lands, as insects and their young. Many of the species of Corolloides
well as bringing the herbage into a finer state, the and Lichnoides are found of great use in that profitable
penning
or folding of has been advised. This will branch of commerce, the art of dyeing; and doubtless many
sheep probably
succeed best either in the close of the summer season, or others have also the same qualities, though not yet dis-
early
in the
spring months ; the latter is however to be preferred, covered ; and we may be guided in searches of this kind by
as, from the grass immediately the surface, more
covering observing that many of them tinge the papers between which
effect may be produced in
smothering the mossy vegetation. they are dried with very beautiful and lasting colours. The
In this practice, advantage is obtained different Genera of Linneus have been split into several others by
ways; as, by
the effect which the
treading has in opening and removing Hedwig and the other reformers. Hypnum and Bryum were
the close netted texture of the Moss, and that of the urine indeed so unwieldly, that it was very desirable they should be
and dung in promoting the growth of the Har- divided. The genera of Mosses, as they stand in Schreber.
grass plants.
rowing wilh short, sharp-lined, light harrows, is likewise a are, Phascum, Sphagnum, Gymnostomum, Tetraphis, Octo-
practice that may be found useful in some cases, especially blepharum, Splachnum, Grimmia, Encalypta, Dicranum,
previous to the application of such substances or composts as Trichostomum, Didymodon, Tortnla, Weissia, Pohlia, Funu-
have been just mentioned, as by such means the matted nature
ria, Bryum, Timmia, Meesia, Bariramia, Fontinalis, Hyp-
of the Moss is broken down, and render-id more
open and num, Lcskea, Neckera, Bvxbaumia, Polytrichum. See their
fit for
admitting the manure to the roots of the grass plants, characters under those names. Other Mosses were placed
and exerting their full influence in
promoting its vigorous by Linneus in his order of Ai.ax.; they are now separated
growth, and at the same time the spreading of the Moss is in from that, and form a distinct order, under the name of
some measure prevented. After such harrowings have been HEPATIC*. In these, the Female fructifications are inclosed
performed, some have recommended as an advantageous
it in a veil, which splits open at the top, and discharges the
practice to sow grass seeds, and especially white clover, over capsule. The Capsule opens lengthwise, and is filled with
the surface. Different sorts of implements have been con- numerous Seeds, fixed to an elastic cord, formed of one or
trived for
dressing the swards of grass lands when in this two spiral threads. Some plants are referred to this subdi-
condition ; such as the above harrow, different sorts of sca- vision on account of theiragreement in general habit, though
rifiers and sward cutters but it may be very
;
conveniently the female fructification has no veil, but is placed upon or
performed by a sward dresser not long since invented Mr.
by immersed in the substance of the leaf: the leaves are mostly
 150 M UT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MY A
lobed, exhibiting a net-work of vesicles, and though dried tilamenta. Pistil: germina short; style filiform ;
stigma in
reviving again when moistened with water. Hedwig observes, the hermaphrodites simple ; in the females two,
bristle-shaped.
that all the female florets have a double calix, or a calix and Seeds: somewhat oblong. Down: fea-
Pericarp: none.
corolla. In shape and structure, he ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
says, they greatly resemble thered. Receptacle : naked.
the proper Mosses, but that he never found the succulent Calix: cylindric, imbricate; corollets of the ray oval-oblong,
threads: the pistil-like substances are however found, ac- of the disk trifid. Down: feathered. Receptacle: naked.
companying both the germen and ripened capsule ; but not Of this genus there are eleven species, divided into
in all the species. The capsule, like those of the true those with pinnate and those with simple leaves, all natives
Mosses, is inclosed in a veil, to which the style adheres ; of South America ; the first only of which we shall describe :
but this veil is-jiot, as in them, loosened at its attachment, 1. Mutisia Clematis. This is a
climbing plant, like Clematis:
and raised along with the growing capsule ; it tears open in when young, tomentose all over; stem shrubby, striated, long,
two, three, or four places, and has therefore been sometimes branched, twining; flowers the size and form of a pink;
considered as a petal. All these Mosses agree in ripening corolla purple, the length of the ray of the calix itself.
their fruit, which is raised upon an
elongated peduncle, Myagrum; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order
and opens by four valves, rilled with the seeds, attached Siliculosa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-
to elastic cords. These seeds have been found to re- leaved; leaflets ovate-oblong, concave, gaping, coloured, deci-
produce their respective plants. The gelfera comprehended duous. Corolla: four-petalled, cruciform; petals flat, round-
under this subdivision of the Mosses, are Anthoceros, Blasia, ish, blunt, with narrow claws. Stamina: filamenta six, the
Jungermannia, Marchantia, Riccia, Spheerocarpus, and Tar- length of the calix, of which the four opposite are a little
yionia. longer; antheree simple. Pistil: germen ovate; style fili-
Musscenda; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- form, the length of the calix ; stigma blunt. Pericarp :
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth superior, silicle obcordate, compressed a little, entire, rigid, termi-

five-parted, unequal ; leaflets acuminate, permanent.

linear, nated at top by the rigid conic style, two-valved ; some of
Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; tube long, filiform, hir- the cells often empty. Seeds : roundish. ESSENTIAL CHA-
sute ; border five-cleft, equal; RACTER. Silicle terminated by a conical style, with a cell
segments ovate. Stamina:
filamenta five, the length of the corolla, growing to the tube
commonly one-seeded. If the seeds of these plants be per-
on the inside; antherse linear, bristle-shaped, long within the mitted to scatter, in the autumn the plants will rise without
tube. Pistil : germen inferior, ovate ;
style filiform ; stigmas any care, and only require to be thinned and kept clean.
two, simple, thickish. Pericarp : berry oblong, crowned. The species are,
Seeds: numerous, in four parcels. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- 1. Myagrum Perenne ; Perennial Gold of Pleasure. Sili-
TER. Corolla: funnel-form; stigmas two, thickish. Berry: cles two, and jointed, one-seeded ; leaves outwardly sinuate,
oblong, inferior. Seeds : disposed in four rows. There are toothletted. The lower leaves are large, jagged, and hairy,
eleven species, of which the following are a specimen : the stalks, which branch out from the bottom, are termi-
1. Mussaenda Frondosa. Panicle with coloured leaves. This nated by very long loose spikes of yellow flowers, succeeded
is a
large, woody, climbing shrub, without tendrils or thorns, by short pods with two joints, each including one roundish
having many long scattered branches ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, seed. Native of Germany.
quite entire, wrinkled, hairy, subsessile, opposite ; flowers 2. Myagrum Orientate ; Oriental Gold of Pleasure. Sili-

gold-coloured, in large, spreading, terminating cymes, with cles grooved, even ; leaves oblong, tooth-sinuate. Annual.
large, ovate, nerved, very white, petioled bractes. Native Native of the Levant.
of the East Indies and Cochin-china; and Otaheite and 3. Myagrum Rugosum; Wrinkled Gold of Pleasure. Sili-
Namoka islands in the South Seas. cles grooved, hairy, wrinkled ; leaves oblong, blunt, toothed.
2. Mussxnda Glabra. Branches and leaves of the branches The lower leaves are five or six inches long ; they are hairy
and panicle very smooth. Native of the East Indies. The and succulent, their base is eared, and they end in acute
Malays call it Daunputri. points. The stalks are a foot and a half high, brittle, and hairy,
3. Musssenda Chinensis. Leaves in bundles ; flowers soli- branching out towards the top, and terminated by short loose
tary. This is a small tree, with diffused unarmed branches. spikes of small pale flowers,
which are succeeded by small,
Native of China. rough, roundish capsules, compressed at the top. Native of
4. Musscenda Citrifolia. Leaves three, in a whorl, ovate, the south of Europe.
nearly sessile; calix teeth long and permanent, Native of 4. Myagrum Hispanicum Spanish Gold of Pleasure.
;

Madagascar ; where it is called Churra. Silicles even, somewhat swelling; leaves lyrate stem rugged, ;

Mustard. See Sinapis. with scattered reflex hairs racemes rod-like, long corolla
; ;

Mustard, Hedge. See Erysimum and Sisymbrium. yellow. Biennial. Native of Spain.
Mustard, Mithridate. See Thlaspi. 5. Myagrum Austriacum Austrian Gold of Pleasure
;

Mustard, Tower. See Turritis. Silicles roundish, smooth leaves oblong, embracing
;
root ;

Mustard, Treacle. See Clypeola and Thlaspi. creeping. The whole of this plant is smooth the stems sub-
;

Mutisia ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga- angular, herbaceous, erect, branchy, leafy, and about a foot
mia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common or a cubit high; flowers yellow, on corymbose, terminal
oblong, cylindric, imbricate; scales lanceolate; the inner racemes, stretching gradually to two or three inches. Native
ones longer. Corolla : compound radiate ; corollets of the of Austria, in clayey ground, flowering in June.
disk three times more than of the ray, hermaphrodite; of 6. Myagrum Perfoliatum Perfoliate Gold of Pleasure.
;

the ray, eight female proper of the hermaphrodites tubular, Silicles obcordate, subsessile; leaves embracing.
;
It has a
trifid ; the outer
segment lanceolate, the inner segments linear. smooth branching stalk upwards of two feet high. The lower
Female : oval, oblong, entire, with a linear claw. Stamina : leaves are five or six inches long, smooth, succulent, and a
in the hermaphrodites, filamenta five, linear antherae leaves almost embrace the stalks
;
cylin- little indented the upper
;

dric, longer than the floret, with decurrent bristles at the with their base. The flowers are produced in long loose
base ; in the females none, but only the rudiments of two spikes, are yellow and sessile; they appear in June and July
 MYG OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M YO 151

Native of the south of France and Switzerland ; and, accord- without, orange within ; the wood solid, whitish, very bitter ;

flowers small, of a dark shining red; fruit red, soft, and th

ing to Miller, in Italy.
Cultivated Gold of Pleasure. Sili- size of peas. The Spaniards call it Yerva de Maraveili A
7. Myagrum Sativum ;

cle obovate, peduncled, many-seeded. An annual plant : decoction or infusion of the root is often employed as a p c wer-
stalk upright, a foot and half higli, sending out two or four ful diuretic; the leaves have the same quality in a much

side-branches towards the which grow erect. The lower

top,
smaller degree. AtCarthagena,in New Spain, and on the sea-
leaves are from three to four inches long, of a pale yellowish coast of the island of St. Martin, it is found in abundance.

green, and eared at

the base ; those upon the stalks diminish 2.
Myginda Rhacoma. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, obtuse,
in size all the way up, are entire, and almost embrace the crenate ; flowers monogynous style four-cleft.
; This is an
stalk with their base. The flowers grow in loose spikes at the upright branching shrub, from two to three feet in height,
ends of the branches, standing upon footstalks an inch long ;
with an ash-coloured bark. In habit it resembles the pre-

petals small, yellowish ;

silides oval, bordered, crowned with ceding, but has smaller ovate leaves, and an undivided style.
the style, two-celled ; the (.ells filled with red seeds. There Native of Jamaica, flowering in summer, on the western
are several varieties. I* is cultivated in Germany for the sandy coast.
sake of the expressed oil of the seeds, which
there used for is 3. Myginda I.atifolia. Leaves elliptic, rrenulate, subco-
medicinal, culinary, and economical purposes. The seeds are riaceous stigmas two to four, sessile. This also is an up-
;

a favourite food with geese ; horses, cows, sheep, and goats, right branching shrub, three or four feet high ; branches
eat the plant.- Native of Germany and the southern countries scattered, four-cornered, smooth ; peduncles shorter than the
of Europe; found iu corn, and especially in flax fields, with leaves, axillary, few-flowered ; pedicels one-flowered ; flowers
the seed of which it has been introduced into the more very small, whitish. Native of the West Indies.
northern parts, as Sweden, Denmark, and Britain. It has Myoporum ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angtosper-
been found near Bridport and Lyme in Dorsetshire ; and at mia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
Heydon in Horfolk. five-parted ; segments ovate, acute, erect, permanent. Co-
8. Myagrum Paniculatum ; Panided Gold of Pleasure. rolla : one-petalled, bell-shaped ; border spreading, almost
Silicles lens-shaped, orbiculate, dotted, wrinkled. Root small, equal, five-parted. Stamina: filamenta four, two shorter;
annual, fusiform, white within and without, four inches long; antherse vertical, arrow-shaped. Pistil: germen oblong,
stem erect, two feet high and more, somewhat angular and compressed; style cylindrical, curved stigma capitate. Peri-
;

rugged, having one or two alternate branches at the upper carp: berry, one^celled. Seeds: one or two, two-celled.
part, both terminated by
a loose longish raceme leaves ; ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. Corolla: be'l-
alternate, eared, embracing, hirsute on both sides, the lower shaped, with a spreading, almost equal, five-parted border.
four inches long, and an inch wide corolla small, yellow. ; Berry: one or two seeded. Seeds: two-celled. Fourteen
It flowers in July and August. Native of Europe. species, natives of New Holland, have been discovered, be-
9. Myagrum Saxatile Rock Gold of Pleasure. Silicles
;
sides the following :

lens-shaped, obovate, smooth; leaves petioled, oblong, ser- 1.

Myoporum Lectum. Leaves oblong, subserrate at the
rate, rugged stem panicled. Root perennial, long, brown
; ; tip,even, smooth, shining ; corollas hirsute. Native of New
root-leaves many, spread out into a ring, oblanceolate, (orbi- Zealand.
cutate or oblong,) gradually attenuated into the petiole, blunt, 1. Myoporum Pabescens. Leaves oblong, elliptic, serrate,
unequally, obscurely, and thinly toothed, thickish, slightly pubescent. Native of New
Zealand.
rough, less than an inch in length, deep green ; calix yel- 3. Myoporum Crassifolium. Leaves oblong, subserrate,
lowish white ; petals white, spreading very much, twice as fleshy. Native of Botany Island in the South Seas.
long as the calix, roundish; style short; silicles almost glo- 4. Myoporum Tentiifolium. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
bular. There are several varieties of this species. It flowers quite entire; corollas smooth and even. Native of New
in June and July. Native of the mountains of France, Italy, Caledonia.
Austria, and Switzerland. Myosotis; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
10. Myagrum /Egyptium ; Egyptian Gold of Pleasure. gynia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth half five-
Silicles angular ; leaves three-parted. Stem divaricated, with clef!, oblong, erect, acute, permanent. Corolla: one-petal-
rod-like racemes; flowers yellow; style very short. Native led, salver-shaped tube cylindric, short; border half five-
;

of Egypt. cleft, flat; segments emarginate, blunt, opening, closed with five
11. Myagrum Argentemn. Plant tomentose on every side; convex, prominent, converging scalelets. Stamina: filamenta
pouches oblong, pedunculate, tomentose leaves linear-spa- ; five, in the neck of the tube, very short ; antherse very small,
thiilate, sensibly attenuate, very entire petals obovate flowers
; ; covered. Pistil: germina four; style filiform, the length of the
yellow. Found upon the banks of the Missouri. The whole tube of the corolla; stigma blunt. Pericarp: none calix
larger,
;

of the plant has some resemblance to Alyssum Saxatile. erect, cherishing the seeds in its bosom. Seeds: four, ovate,
Myginda ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Tetra- acuminate, smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla:
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four- salver-shaped, five-cleft, emarginate; the opening closed
parted, very small, permanent. Corolla : petals four, round- with arches. To propagate the grasses of this genus, sow
ish, flat, spreading very much. Stamina: filamenta four, the seeds in autumn, upon an open bed or border of light
awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla; antheras round- earth. In the spring, thin the plants where they are too
ish. Pistil: germen roundish; styles four, erect, short; close, and keep them clean. Or, if the seeds be permitted to
stigmas acute. Pericarp: drupe globular. Seed: nut, ovate, scatter^ the plants will rise without further trouble. The
acute. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-parted. Petals: species are,
four. Drupe globular.
: The species are, 1. Myosotis
Scorpioides; Mouse-ear Scorpion Grass. Seeds
1. Myginda I/ragega. Leaves subcordate, acuminate, sub- smooth and even tips of the leaves callous. Stems several,
;

serrate, pubescent. This is an upright shrub, divided into procumbent, ascending or erect, a long span or a foot high ;
few branches, on sandy shores three feet high, in woods leaves alternate, quite entire, bent back a little at the
edge,
eight feet; root thick, knobbed, irregular; the bark brown apparently veinless; flowers in racemes, whilst young bend-
VOL. ii. 78. 2Q
1.52 M YO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M YR
ing at the top, from which it name of Scorpion-
derives the dling size, upright, of unequal lengths, linear, broadest at top,
grass, from its resemblance to the of a scorpion ; cahx
tail
flattened, faintly channelled on each side, smooth, somewhat
villose, deeply five-cleft, closing at top as the seeds ripen; co- fleshy, blunt, of a yellowish green colour, and reddish at the
rolla red before it opens, but when open of a fine blue, with a base. Scapes or flowering stems four, five, or more, each
yellow eye, not more than a tenth or twelfth of an inch in dia- supporting one flower ; petals of a yellowish colour. This
meter. There are many varieties of this plant, occasioned plant affords a rare instance of a very great disproportion of
by
the different situations in which it grows : on walls, heaths, males to females in the same flower,
yet the latter are all
and barren pastures, it grows only to a very small size. generally prolific. Mr. Curtis observes, that the structure
2. Myosotis Fruticosa;
Shrubby Scorpion Grass. Seeds of the whole fructification in this delicate little annual
plant,
smooth and even ; stem shrubby, smooth and even, a foot is
singular, and deserving the attention of the young botanist,
high,' woody, perennial; branches many, flowering at the who should be careful to distinguish the corolla from the
top ; leaves alternate, linear, almost even, with a few hairs stamina. It grows wild in most
parts of Europe, and is often
pressed close ; spikes terminating, with the flowers pointing found by the side of corn-fields and on moist
grounds.
one way, not peduncled; flowers and fruits minute. Native Myrica; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Tetrandria.
of the Cape. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: ament ovate-oblong
3. Myosotis Virginiana; Virginian Scorpion Grass. Seeds imbricate on all sides, loose, composed of one-flowered, cres-
with hooked prickles ; leaves ovate-oblong; branches diva- cent-shaped, bluntly acuminate, concave scales ; perianth
ricating. Annual. Native of Virginia. proper, none. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta four,
4. Myosotis Lappula; Prickly-seeded Scorpion Grass. (seldom but sometimes six,) filiform, short, erect; antheree.
Seeds with hooked prickles leaves lanceolate, hairy. Stem
;
large, twin, with bifid lobes. Female. Calix: as in the
from nine or ten inches to eighteen inches in height, erect, male. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen subovate ;
styles two,
round, somewhat rugged; branches alternate; flowers very filiform, longer than the calix; stigmas simple.
Pericarp:
small corolla bright blue.
; Annual. Native of Sweden, berry, one-celled. Seed: single. Observe. There is a
great
Denmark, Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy. affinity between this genus and Pistacia. ESSENTIAL CHA-
5.Myosotis Spinocarpos ; Thorny-seeded Scorpion Grass. RACTER. Ament with a
crescent-shaped scale ; corolla
Seeds muricate-spiny racemes leafy, with the flowers remote
; ; none. Female. Styles two ; berry one-seeded. The spe-
leaves linear, hairy. Stems woody at the base, diffused, dicho- cies are,
tomously branched at top, closely hairy, ash-coloured, as is Myrica Gale; Sweet Gale, Sweet Willow, or Candle-
1.
the whole plant; flowers small and white'. Native of most Leaves lanceolate, subserrate stem suffru-
berry Myrtle. ;

of the countries in Europe. ticose. It rises with

many shrubby stalks, from two to nearly
6. Myosotis Apula; Small Scorpion Grass. Seeds naked; four feet high, dividing into several slender branches, and
leaves hispid; racemes leafy. Roots reddish, annual ; stems covered with a dusky or rust-coloured bark, sprinkled with
simple, or branched, a span high ; flowers in terminating white dots; leaves convoluted and petioled, alternate, stiff,
racemes, recurved at the end ; corolla deep sulphur-coloured. an inch and half long. The flowers appear before the leaves,
Native of the south of Europe, as in France, Spain, and and the flower-buds are above the leaf-buds at the end of the
Italy; also in Japan. It flowers in
April. branches. The fruit is a coriaceous berry. The leaves have
7. Myosotis Spatulata Spatula-leaved Scorpion Grass.
; a bitter taste, and an agreeable odour, like those of
Myrtle.
Seeds smooth and even; leaves spathulate-hispid; peduncles Their essential oil rises in distillation. The northern nations
axillary, solitary, one-flowered. Native of New Zealand. formerly used this plant instead of Hops, and it is still in use
8. Myosotis Australis New Holland Scorpion Grass.
; for that
purpose in some of the Western Isles, and a few places
Hispid leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calix as long as the tube,
: of the Highlands of Scotland. Unless it be boiled a long
clothed with spreading" hooked bristles. Plant eighteen time, it is reported to occasion the head-ach. The catkins
inches high; flowers numerous, small, blue. Found at or cones boiled in water throw up a scum resembling bees-
Port Jackson and Van Diemen's Land. wax, which, gathered in a sufficient quantity, would make
Myosurus ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Poly- candles. It is used to balk calf-skins. Gathered in autumn,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five- it dies wool yellow, and is used for that purpose both in
leaved; leaflets half-lanceolate, obtuse, reflex, annexed above Sweden and Wales. The Swedes sometimes employ a strong
the base, coloured, deciduous. Corolla: petals five, shorter decoction of it to kill bugs and lice, and to destroy the itch.
than the calix, very minute, tubular at the base, opening They lay branches of it upon and under their beds, to keep
obliquely inwards; (according to Gsertner, with a nectarifer- and moths and give it as a vermifuge in powder
off fleas ;

ous pore at the claws.) Stamina: filamenta five, or more, and infusion, applying it also externally to the abdomen. In
(Gsertner says, five to twelve,) the length of the calix; antheree most of the Hebrides, as well as the Highlands of Scotland,
oblong, erect. Pistil: germina numerous, placed on the an infusion of the leaves is frequently given to children to
receptacle in a conic-oblong form ; styles none ; stigmas destroy worms. In Isla and Jura the inhabitants garnish
simple. Pericarp : none ; receptacle very long, style- their dishes with it, and lay it between their linen and other

shaped, covered with the seeds disposed imbricately. Seeds : garments, to give them a fine scent, and to defend them from the
very numerous, oblong, acuminate. Observe. The number moth. When it grows near a sea-port, sailors make besoms
of stamina varies very much. The genus bears a near affi- of it for
sweeping their ships. In the Isle of Ely, they make
nity to Ranunculus. What are here called petals, Linneus faggots with it to heat their ovens. From the smell of this
terms awl-shaped petal-like nectaries. ESSENTIAL CHA- shrub, Linneus was induced to suspect that camphor might
RACTER. Calix: five-leaved, growing together at the base. be obtained from it. Horses and goats eat it; sheep and
Petals: five; or Nectary five, awl-shaped, resembling petals, cows refuse it. So little was the Tea-shrub known formerly,
having a melliferous pore at the claw. Seeds: numerous, five that it was once asserted to be the same plant with our
to twelve. The only known species is, Gale. Native of the northern parts of Europe, and of North
1.
Myosurus Minimus; Mouse-tail. Root annual, fibrous, America in
bogs : in England it flowers in May, and is com-
small; leaves all radical, about twenty in a plant, of a mid- mon in the northern and western counties also in Windsor
;
 M Y R OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. M YR 153

of are placed under a common frame, shading them from the

Park, and near Tunbridge Wells ; in the fens of the Isle
about Wareham in Dorsetshire; between Shap and Anna sun in the middle of the day, it will forward their taking
Ely;
Well in Westmoreland. It has the names of Sweet Gale, new root; then they may be placed in a sheltered situation
Goule, Sweet Willow, Wild Myrtle, and Dutch Myrtle. The during the summer, and in autumn removed into the green-
Scotch call it Gaul, and the Irish, Moss-Gaul. The Germans house, and treated in the same way as other plants from the
and Dutch call it Pars or Post; and the French, le Gale same country.
ndorant, le Piment royal, &c. This plant cannot be culti- 5. Myrica Montana; Mountain Candleberry Myrtle.
vated in a garden without bog-earth in a moist situation, for Leaves lanceolate, serrate, not dotted underneath aments ;

it is a native of bogs, and cannot live in any other soil. globular. This is a shrub, with round smooth branches.
2. Myrica Cerifera ; American Candleberry Myrtle. Leaves 6. Myrica Nagi ;
Japanese Candleberry Myrtle. Leaves
stem arborescent. Maleaments lanceolate, entire, veinless.Stem shrubby, smooth, upright;
elliptic, lanceolate, subserrate;
with a four-celled nucleus. This shrub branches decussated, round, spreading very much, leafy.
compound; drupe
attains the height of thirty feet ; the bark is warted ; the Native of Japan.
branches unequal and straight ; flowers in aments, on differ- 7. Myrica Quercifolia ; Oak-leaved Candleberry Myrtle.
ent individuals berry minute, roundish, yellow.
;
There are Leaves oblong, oppositely sinuate. Stalks slender, shrubby,
two varieties the narrow-leaved and the broad-leaved. In
: about four feet high, dividing into smaller branches. This
North America, candles are prepared from the berries, whence species retains its leaves all the year. It flowers in June and
the plant is called the Tallow-shrub, or Candleberry Tree ; July, and is a native of the Cape.
and also the Bayberry bush. It grows abundantly on a wet 8. Myrica Cordifolia; Heart-leaved Candleberry Myrtle.

soil, and seems to thrive particularly well in the neighbour- Leaves cordate, serrate, sessile. Stalk weak, shrubby, 6ve
hood of the sea, being seldom found high up in the country. or six feet high, sending out many long slender branches,
The berries intended for making candles are gathered late in closely garnished their whole length with small heart-shaped
autumn, and are thrown into a pot of boiling water ; their fat leaves, sitting close to the branches, which continue all the
melts out, floats at the top of the water, and may be skimmed year green. The flowers come out between the leaves in
off: when congealed, it looks like tallow or wax, but has a roundish bunches. Native of the Cape.
dirty green colour; it is therefore melted
again, and refined, 9. Myrica Trifoliata Three-leaved Candleberry Myrtle.
;

by which means it acquires a fine and pretty transparent Leaves ternate, toothed. Native of the Cape.
sreen colour. It is dearer than common tallow, but cheaper 10. Myrica Pennsylvanica. Leaves oblong, very entire ;
than wax. They usually mix some tallow with it. Candles male aments loose; squames acute berries globose. It grows
;

of this kind do not easily bend or melt in summer, as common in shady rocky situations in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
candles do they burn better and slower, nor do they cause and is about three feet high.
;

any smoke, but rather yield an agreeable smell when they are Myriophyllum ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Poly-
extinguished. At present not many candles of this kind are andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix:
used the animal tallow is readily come at, while it is very perianth four-leaved leaflets oblong, erect ; outmost larger,
; ;

troublesome to gather the berries. They are chiefly used by inmost less. Corolla : none. Stamina : filamenta eight, capil-
poor people, who live near where the bushes grow, and have lary, longer than the calix, flaccid; antherse oblong. Female
not cattle enough to supply them. A soap is made from the Flowers, below the males. Calix: perianth as in the male.
fat, which has an agreeable scent, and is excellent for shav- Corolla: none. Pistil: germina four, oblong; styles none;

ing; and it is used by surgeons for plasters. In Carolina stigmas pubescent. Pericarp: none. Seeds: four, oblong,
likewise, they make sealing-wax from these berries ; and the naked. Observe. The first species sometimes, and the
root is accounted a specific in the tooth-ach. This plant second often, has hermaphrodite flowers. ESSENTIAL CHA-
is
propagated by seeds sown in autumn, for if they are kept RACTER. Calix: four-leaved. Corolla: none, (or, according
out of the ground till the spring, they seldom grow till the to Gaertner, two-petalled,) Male. Stamina: eight. Female.
year after. They require water in dry weather, and should Pistil : four ; style none. Seeds : four, naked (Gtertner
:

be screened from frost whilst young. When they have says, stigmas two or four, sessile; nuts two or four, corti-
obtained strength, they will resist the cold of this country cated.) The species are,
very well, and will thrive on a moist soft soil. 1.
Myriophyllum Spicatum Spiked Water Milfoil. Spike
;

3. Myrica Faya; Azorian Candleberry Myrtle. Leaves interrupted, leafless. Stem branched; leaves in whorls under
elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate; male aments compound drupe water, pinnate; pinnas capillary, deep green; flowering spike
;

with a four-celled nucleus. It flowers in June and rising above the water, bearing six or eight whorls of sessile
July.
Native of Madeira and the Azores. flowers the upper male, somewhat crowded; the lower female,
;

4. Myrica JEthiopica; African Candleberry Myrtle. Leaves more distant. Native of most parts of Europe, in still water,
lanceolate or elliptic, toothed, the lowest entire. Native of as ditches, ponds, and lakes. It flowers from
May to July.
the Cape of Good Hope. As this, and the seventh, eighth, There is also a variety which is more branched, has smaller
and ninth species, do not produce seeds in England, thoy spikes, and broadish entire leaves at the base of the whorls.
are propagated by layers. When the layers are laid down, Found near Locldon bridge, not far from Reading; also in the
that part of the shoot which is laid should be
tongued at a river on Hounslow Heath.
joint, as is practised in layingCarnations; and the young 2. Myriophyllum Verticillatum Whorled Water Milfoil.
;

shoots only should be chosen for this purpose. The best Flowers in leafy whorls. Stems simple, six or eight inches
time for doing this is in July. These layers are often two high leaves not more than an inch long, with pinnas one
;

years before they will have taken root enough to transplant, and a half or two lines in length. It flowers in June and
for they should not be separated by the old plants till
they July, and is an inhabitant of ditches and stagnant waters,
have made good roots, because they are very subject to but not found so extensively as the other, and less common
miscarry if they are not well rooted. When they are taken in Britain. With us it has been observed in two or three
off from the old plants,
they should be each put into a sepa- places near Cambridge by the bridge on the Botley road ; near
;

rate small pot, filled with soft, rich, loamy earth; and if the lane going to Medley, in Oxfordshire near Bungay in
they ;
154 M YR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; M YR
Suffolk ; uear Yarmouth, and at Hedenham, in Norfolk ; and in and gives birth to insects in the shell that feed it. The
upon
the river near Peterborough. It flowers in June and July. Queen Nutmeg produces much smaller nuts, only nine or
Myristica; a genus of the class Dicecia, order Monadel- ten lines long, not so thick by a third, and well marked
by
phia, or, according to Swartz, of class Monadelphia, order a longitudinal groove on one side;
they are round, and
Triandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth resemble a small peach ; the green shell is not so thick the :

one-leafed, coriaceous, trifid ; segments ovate, acute. Corolla : Mace, which is

composed of nine or ten principal stripes, grows
none. Stamina: filamentutn one, columnar, cylindric, erect, only half down the nut, leaving it at liberty to
escape and
shorter than the calix; antherae three to ten, linear, connate, plant itself. By thus detaching itself, the nut prevents the
growing round the upper part of the filamentum. Female, on insects from destroying it; the green shell also
changing at
a distinct tree, (or on the same trunk, or on different trees, the end of two or three days, soon falls, and
separates from
according to Lamark and Jussieu.) Calix: perianth as in the the nut. This green shell, when preserved, has the fine
male, deciduous. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen superior, taste of the nut itself. The Nutmeg Tree has been intro-
ovate; style very short; stigma bifid; segments ovate, spread- duced into the British territories in the E. and W. Indies; and
ing. Pericarp": capsule drupaceous, fleshy, roundish, one- a premium has been offered by the Society of Arts, Manufac-
celled, at length two-valved, bursting earlier on one side ; tures, and Commerce, of London, ever since the year 1783,
aril between the pericarp and the nut, somewhat fleshy, oily, for the greatest
quantity of merchantable nutmegs, not less
subdivided into longitudinal segments. Seed: nut, roundish, than five pounds weight, the growth of the West Indies but, ;

one-celled, valveless, with a thin shell ; nucleus roundish, as far as we are informed, hitherto without success. As the
variegated with flexuose curvatures. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- Nutmeg tree has not yet been introduced among us, we can-
TER. Calix: trifid. Corolla: none. Male. Filamentum: not give any particular directions for the stove culture of it.
columnar. A ntherte: terminating, united. Female. Capsule: In its native soil it grows in woods, and seems to be
propa-
superior, drupaceous, two-valved.
Nut : involved in an aril gated by birds. The Nutmeg is a moderately warm and srrate-
called the Mace. The species are, ful spice, and
supposed to be particularly useful in weakness
is

Myristica Aromatica ; Aromatic or True Nutmeg Tree.

1. of the stomach, loss of appetite, and those sicknesses and
Calices" ovate, trifid at the top ; leaves elliptic, pubescent vomitings which usually accompany pregnancy. It is likewise
underneath; fruits even. This is a large tree, with erect excellent in violent purgings, but is liable, when taken in
any
branches, and a smooth ash-coloured bark ; the inner bark is quantity, to sit very uneasy at the stomach, and frequently
red ; fruit a superior berry, fleshy, rather solid, finally drying affects the head. If, however, it is roasted in a gentle heat

up into a coriaceous crust, opening on one side, containing till itbecomes quite friable, it proves less subject to those in-
one seed (which is the nutmeg,) arilled this aril, or cover,:
conveniences, and is also much more serviceable in fluxes, and
is what is called the mace. The leaves are aromatic, and if most other complaints to which it is adapted. The Mace has
the trunk or branches be wounded, they yield a glutinous a pleasant aromatic smell, and a warm bitterish aromatic taste.
red liquor. This tree is a native of the East Indies, and It is in common use as a grateful spice, and
appears to be, in
especially of the island of
Banda and is thus described by
: its general qualities, very much like the Nutmeg, the greatest
Sir George Staunton. The Nutmeg Tree rises with a smooth difference consisting in being more bitter and less unctuous,
its

brown bark, perfectly straight. Its strong and numerous and sitting more easily on weak stomachs. Oil of Mace, as
branches proceed regularly in an oblique direction upwards. it is
generally called, though procured from the Nutmeg, is
They bear large oval leaves pendulous from them, some a principally used externally in plaisters for the stomach, and
foot in length the upper surface smooth, and of a deep
;
in nervous and other ointments for easing pain. The dis-
agreeable green, the under surface marked with a strong tilled water is a good nervous medicine, or at least a good
nerve along the middle, from which others proceed obliquely : vehicle to take nervous medicines in.
it is of an uniform bright brown colour, as if strewed all 2. Myristica Sebifera. Leaves cordate, oblong, tomentose
over with a fine brown powder, and the whole leaf is very underneath fruits tomentose. This is a tree, from forty to
;

The king of France's gardener at the Isle of sixty feet high, branching at the top the branches are long,
;
fragrant.
Bourbon, 1779, distinguished the Nutmeg Trees into
in tortuous, upright, and declining; the flowers heaped, five
three sorts. 1. The male or barren Nutmeg. 2. The
Royal or six, sessile. The fruit varies in size and form on different
or female, the long nuts. 3. The Queen trees, being twice as large in some; it is oblong, the valves
Nutmeg, producing
Nutmeg, yielding the precious round nuts, intended to repro- being produced into an obtuse cylinder. From the kernel
duce the females, but which gives separately, the one long is extracted a species of yellowish suet or fat, which serves

nuts, intended to give males, the other round nuts, intended for various medical and economical
purposes ; and is made
to produce the two sorts of females ; namely, that producing into candles. The wounded bark emits a red acrid juice.-
the long, and that producing the round nut. The only Native of marshy woods and hills in Guiana.
difference between the Royal and Queen Nulmeg is in the 3. Myristica Fatua. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pubescent
fruit. That of the Royal is thicker, longer, and more underneath; calices and fruits villose. The nutmeg of this is
pointed the green shell is thicker, and
;
is longer in ripen- aromatic, but occasions delirium and madness for a time.
its freshness Native of Tobago. Gtertner has described three other species
ing: the green shell after its opening preserves
for eight or nine days the Mace is more substantial, and
: of this genus, all natives of Malabar and Ceylon, but they
three or four times as long as that of the Queen Nutmeg ;
are not of sufficient importance to be here introduced.
and its stripes or thongs, of which there are from fifteen Myrmecia ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogy-
to seventeen principal ones, are of a livelier red ; they nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
are also broader, longer, and thicker, and not only embrace tubular, long, five-toothed; toothlets erect, acute. Corolla:
the nuts throughout its whole length, but pass it, and cross one-petalled ; tube long, opening, inflated border five-cleft
; ;

under it, as if to hinder it from falling. The Royal Nut- segments ovate, acute, revolute ; nectary five small glands,
meg generally from fifteen to sixteen lines long, thick
is surrounding the base of the germen. Stamina: filamenta
in proportion, and has no longitudinal stripe.
It remains four, filif&rm, inserted at bottom into the tube, and longer
on the tree a long time after the opening of the green shell, than it; anthene linear, erect. Pistil: germen oblong, supe-
 MYR Ofl, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MYR 155

thrn the stamina; stigma bila- than the filamenta; stigma large, capitate, or two-lobed.
rior; style filiform, longer
mellate. Pericarp: capsule long, two-celled, two-valred, Pericarp: drupe subglobular, dry, stupaceous, with a refuse
Seeds numerous, rery top, umbilicate with the remains of the style, two or three
1

covered by the permanent calix. :

small, viscid, adhering to the partition.

ESSENTIAL CHA- celled. Seeds: solitary, angular on one side, convex on the
RACTER. Calix: tubular, five-toothed. CorolH: one- other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix, simple, one-leafed.
with an inflated mouth, and five-cleft border. Get* Corolla., nve-petalled. Anthera: undivided.
Drupe: dry,
petalled,
wen: with glands at the base. Stigma bilamellate. Cap-
five :
inclosing two nuts. -The species are,
title: two-celled, two-valved, many-seeded. The only 1.
Myrodia Turbinata. Leaves elliptic; calices tuibinate,
known species is,
somewhat silky within. This is a tree, from 30 to 50 feet
This is a shrub, with a trunk of five Native of the West Indies.
1.
Myrmecia Tachia. high.
or six feet in height, thick at the base, and gradually dimi- 2. Myrodia Longiflora. Leaves oblong; calices cylindric,
villose within; column of stamina very long. This is a shrub,
nishing as it ascends it throws out here and there long, rough,
:

four-cornered branches, which are opposite and tubular at ;

about six feet high, with a trunk of three or four inches in
each knot of these branches grow opposite leaves, disposed diameter: the bark is grayish, and chapped; the wood white,
crossways : they are ovate, sharp, perfectly entire, smooth,
and of a slight texture. Native of Guiana.
tubsessile, and embrace the stem From the bosom of one Myrosma; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono-
or other of these leaves proceeds a sessile flower of a yellow gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth superior,
colour. It
generally happens that at the bosoms of those double; outer three-leaved; leaflets equal, membranacfcous,
leaves which do not produce flowers, a tear of yellow resin oblong, channelled, quite entire; inner three-parted; seg-
makes its appearance. The hollow trunk and branches of ments equal, spreading, oblong, quite entire, with a dusky
this shrub are commonly the retreat of a great many ants; spot at the top. Corolla : one-petalled, unequal ; tube very
whence the natives call it Tachi, which in their language sig- short; border five-parted ; the two upper segments shorter,
nifies an Native of South America.
ant's nest. oblong, unequally emarginate; the three lower longer, trifid
Myrodendrum; a genus of the class Polyandrii, order at the top, and gashed; the middle one shorter. Stamina:
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- filamentum one, free, or growing to the margin of the middle
leafed, five-toothed, acute. Corolla: petals five, oblong, division of the lower segment of the corolla, membranaoeous
acute, spreading, much larger than the calix. Stamina: at the base, awl-shaped ; antherce ovate, compressed. Pistil,
filamenta twenty, capillary, inserted into the receptacle ;
german three-sided, bent down, short,
inferior; style thick,
antherse roundish. Pistil: german roundish, small, superior; three-cornered, cloven longitudinally, hirsute before; stigma
style long, curved inwards, villose ; stigma capitate, five- open, with the lip dilated. Pericarp: capsule three-celled,
lobed. Seeds: solitary. ESSENTIAL
Pericarp: five-celled. three-valved, three-cornered. Seeds: several, angular. ES-
CHARACTER. Corolla, five-petalled, spreading, much larger SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: double; outer three-leaved,
than the five-toothed calix. Stigma, capitate, five-lobed. Pe- inner three-parted. Corolla: five-parted, irregular. Cap-
ricarp, five-celled, with one seed in each cell. The only three-cornered, three-celled, many-seeded.
sule,: The only
known species is, known species is,
1. Myrodendrum Balsamiferum. This tree ia
fifty
or sixty 1
Myrosma Cannoefolia. Root horizontal, ascending ob-
.

feet high, and two bark thick, reddish,

feet in diameter; the liguely at top, fleshy, ovate, short, slightly compressed, as in
and rough; the wood hard and brown: it throws out from the Amomum, girt with rings, covered with alternate, embracing,
top several large branches, which divide into branchlets beset ovate, appressed, broad, fibrous sheaths; leaves, oval, smooth,
with alternate, entire, smooth, green, firm, long leaves, ter- veined; stems or scapes round, somewhat hairy, ending in
minating in a point; these leaves are largest at their base, a joint; from the top of the stem arises a foots'talk bearing
where they partly embrace the branchlets the young leaves :
eight or ten flowers, resembling the catkin of the Hop.
are reddish, those of the young trees are six inches long Native of Surinam.
and two broad. The flowers are borne in heads or clusters Myroxylum; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
from the bosoms of the leaves at the extremities of the gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
branchlets, and are of a white colour. The bark of this leafed, bell-shaped, five-toothed, permanent, with very small
tree affords a red balsamic fluid, resembling Styrax in scent : obsolete teeth. Corolla: petals five, unequal, inserted into
this liqour, after has exuded from the bark, becomes hard,
it the receptacle; the uppermost wide, ovate, obcordate, reflex,
brittle, and transparent, and, when burnt, affords a very the rest narrow, lanceolate, straight, scarcely spreading;
agreeable odour. The negroes and the natives of Guiana claws narrow, linear, the length of the calix. Stamina:
use the bark for the purpose of slips to make flambeaux. filamenta ten, filiform, smooth, pressed to the germen, the
The natives also use the wood in building their houses. The length of the calix; antherae erect, lanceolate, grooved, ter-
Creoles call the tree Red Wood, the others call it Houmiri minating in a short point. Pistil : germen superior, longer
and Touri. Aublet gays the resin might be used medicinally, than the flower, hanging down from it, sabre shaped, com-
in the same manner as the balsam of Peru.
pressed ; style ascending, short, filiform stigma blunt, sim-
;

Myrodia; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly- ple. Pericarp: legume sword-shaped, narrowed at the base,
andna. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- widening towards the top, ancipital, not opening. Seed :
leafed, turbinate, urceolate, coriaceous, toothless, bursting single, round, compressed, in the top of the legume. ES-
at top into unequal teeth, permanent. Corolla: petalsfive, SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix, bell-shaped. Petals, five,
inserted into the receptacle, narrower below, oblong, the uppermost larger. German, stalked, longer than the co-
oblique,
blunt, from spreading recurved, longer than the calix. Sta- rolla. Legume, one-seeded. The only known species is,
mina: filamenta uniting into a long slender tube, widening 1Balsam Tree of Peru. A very
.
Myroxylum Peruiferum ;

at top, plaited, five-toothed, sheathing the anther* beautiful tree, with a smooth thick bark, which is very resi
style ;

nine to fourteen, kidney-form, clustered towards the

top of nous, as indeed are all its parts. 'The leaves are alternately
the tube, sessile. Pistil: german ovate, in the base of the abruptly pinnate; leaflets in two pairs, mostly opposite, ovate-
calix: gtyle filiforum, thickened at
top, plaited, a little longer lanceolate, with the end produced blunt, emarginate. The
79. 2 R
156 MYR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MYR
substance of the leaves is full of linear dots, which are 5ox-leaved Myrtle, has the leaves oval, small, sessile, of a
transparent and resinous. The Balsam of Peru is the pro- ucid green, and ending in obtuse points ; the branches
duce of this tree; which is found growing abundantly in eak, and frequently hanging down, when permitted to
open coppices, at the foot of the mountain De la Popae, near >row without shortening ; the bark is grayish ; the flowers
mall, coming late in the summer, and the berries small and
Carthagena.

nogynia.
-
My nine; a genus of the class of Pentandria, order Mo-
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-
parted, small leaflets subovate, permanent.
; Corolla : one-
ound. 3. The common Italian Myrtle, has ovate-lanceo-
ate leaves, ending in acute points ; the branches grow more
rect than in either of the preceding, as also do the leaves ;

petalled, half five-cleft; segments half-ovate, converging, icnce the gardeners call it the Upright Myrtle. 4. Orange-
blunt. Stamina: filamenta five, scarcely visible, inserted eaved, or, as it is sometimes called, Bay-leaved Myrtle, has
into the middle of the corolla antherse awl-shaped, erect,
; a stronger stalk and branches, and rises to a greater height ;

shorter than the corolla. Pistil: germen subglobular, he leaves are ovate-lanceolate, in clusters round the
almost filling the corolla style cylindric, longer than the
; iranches, and of a dark green ; the flowers are of a mid
corolla, stigma large, woolly, hanging on the
permanent ; lling size, and come out sparingly from between the leave's ;
outside of the flower. Pericarp : berry roundish, depressed, he berries are oval and smaller than those of the first, and
one-celled. Seed: (according to Gsertner) one, subglobular, t is also less hardy. 5. The Portugal Myrtle, the leaves of
fixed obliquely to the bottom, of the berry. Observe. vhich are much smaller than those of the next, being less
Unity is frequently subtracted in all parts of the fructifi- han an inch long, and not more than half an inch broad,
cation ; the unripe berry has five seeds, but when ripe it anceolate-ovate, acute, of a dull green, and set pretty close
has only one. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: half- n the branches ; the flowers are smaller, the berries small
five-cleft, converging. Germen: filling the corolla. Berry:
one-seeded, with a five-celled nucleus.
1. Myrsine Africana
The species are,
African Myrsine. Leaves elliptic,
;
- and oval. 6. The Broad-leaved Dutch Myrtle has leaves
much less than those of the common sort, and more pointed,
standing close together on the branches ; the midrib on the
acute flowers axillary, in threes, on short peduncles corolla
; ; under side of the leaves is of a purple colour : they are of a
pale, with rugged testaceous dots,ciliate, closed. It flowers darker green, and sit closer to the branches the flowers
;

from March to May. Native of the Cape. are smaller, and on shorter peduncles, and they appear rather
2. Myrsine Retusa; Round-leaved Myrsine, or Tamaja. ater than in the common sort. The Double-flowering
Leaves obovate, obtuse, emarginate, toothletted at top 7. The Rosemary-
;
Myrtle is probably a variety of this.
berries the size of red currants it resembles the first.
eaved, or, as some call it, Thyme-leaved Myrtle, has the
species very much, but is smaller. Flowers in June ; native tranches growing pretty erect; the leaves small, narrow,
of the Azores. acute, sessile, and of a lucid green flowers small, appearing
;

Myrtle. See Myrtus. late in the season. The above varieties, which Mr. Miller
tias considered as distinct species, are constant ; there are

.
others propagated for sale in the gardens and nurseries,
Myrtus; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Mono- which are less considerable and more variable, the names of
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. perianth one- Calix: which will be sufficient; they are, 1. Gold-striped Broad-
leafed, four or five cleft, bluntish, superior, raised internally leaved Myrtle. 2. Broad-leaved Jew's Myrtle, having the
into a subvillose ring, permanent. Corolla: petals four or leeves frequently in threes, on which account it is said to be
five, ovate, entire, large, inserted into the calix. Stamina: in esteem among the Jews in their religious ceremonies.
filamenta very many, capillary, the length of the corolla, 3. Gold-striped Orange-leaved Myrtle. 4. Silver-striped
inserted into the calicine ring antherse roundish, small.
; Italian Myrtle, 5. Striped Box-leaved Myrtle. 6. Silver-
Pistil : germen inferior, two-celled or three-celled ; the striped Rosemary-leaved Myrtle. 7. Silver-striped Nutmeg
seeds fixed to the partition ; style simple, filiform ; stigma Myrtle. 8. Cock's-comb, or Bird's-nest Myrtle. The
blunt. Pericarp: berry oval, umbilicated with the calix, Myrtle is a rare instance of the same name prevailing in the
one, two, or three celled. Seeds : few, kidney-form. ESSEN- Greek and Latin, and all the modern European languages,
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft, superior. Petals. with a very slight difference : the Germans call it Myrte, or
five. Berry : two or three celled. Seeds : several, gibbous Myrterbaum; the Dutch, Myrtus; the Danes, Myrter ;
The species are, the Swedes, Myrtem ; the French, le Myrle ; the Italians
1 . ; Common Myrtle. Flowers soli-
Myrtus Communis and Spaniards, Myrto ; and the Portuguese, Murta, or
tary involucre two-leaved.
; Trunk irregular, branching Myrta. This shrub was a great favourite among the an-
covered with a brown, rough, scaling bark ; leaves ovate, 01 cients, for its elegance and evergreen sweet leaves. It was

ovate-lanceolate, entire, smooth on both sides, dark green sacred to Venus, and adorned the brows of bloodless
paler underneath, opposite, and decussated ; the flowers wreaths were worn as symbols of autho-
victors, for myrtle
come out singly from the axils, and have a two-leaved invo rity by the Athenian magistrates. Both branches and
lucre under them corolla white : they flower in July am
;
berries were put' into wine, and the latter were used for
August. The principal varieties, according to Mr. Miller culinary purposes. Lewis observes, that they appear to be
are as follows: 1. The common Broad-leaved, or Roman of a mild, restringent, and strengthening nature, and are
Myrtle, so called from being found in the neighbourhood o recommended against all kinds of fluxes, and other dis-
Rome, grows to the height of eight or ten feet in England orders arising from relaxation and debility ; they have a
but is much higher in Italy, where it is the principal under roughish, but not an unpleasant taste, accompanied with a
wood of some of the forests ; the leaves are broader, tin degree of sweetness and an aromatic flavour the leaves
;

flowers larger, and the footstalks shorter, than most of th likewise possess considerable astringency, and yield, when
other varieties. Some call it the Flowering Myrtle, becaus bruised, a pretty strong aromatic smell. Hill also observes,
it flowers more freely in England than the others. Th - that the leaves and berries of the Myrtle are cordial and.
woods between Leghorn and Pisa have Cork Trees for th astringent ; and that a strong infusion of the former
is)

timber, and this kind of Myrtle for the underwood. 2. Th good against slight purgings, and strengthens the stomach
 OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
 MYR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MYR 157

and bowels at the same time that it removes the complaint ;

of the pots, as also to loosen the earth from the outside of
the leaves, dried and powdered, he adds, are good against the ball with your hands, some of which should be taken
the whites, and the berries are excellent in bloody fluxes, off, that the roots may the more easily find passage into the
fresh earth; then you must water them well, and place the
overflowing of the menses, and spitting of blood. All the
varieties of the Common Myrtle may be propagated from pots in a situation where they may be defended from strong
cuttings, the best season for
which is the beginning of winds, and the plants may also be trimmed to reduce them
to a regular figure, and if they are inclined to make crooked
July, when some of the straightest and most vigorous young
shoots should be chosen ;
they ought to be about six or stems, thrust down a slender straight stick close by them,
eight inches long ; the leaves on the lower part must be fastening
their stems to it, so as to bring them upright.
If care be taken to train them thus while they are young,
stripped off about two or three inches high, and the part
twisted which is to be placed in the ground ; then having when the stems have acquired strength, they will continue
filled a parcel of pots, in proportion to the quantity of straight without any support, and their branches may be

cuttings designed, with light rich earth, plant the cuttings pruned so as to form balls or pyramids, which for such
therein at -about two inches' distance from each other, plants as are preserved in the green-house, and require to
observing to close the earth fast about them, and give be kept in a small compass, is the best method to have them
them some water to settle it to the cuttings ; then place the handsome ; but then these sheered plants will not produce
pots under a common hot-bed frame, plunging them either any flowers, for which reason that sort with double flowers
into some old dung or tanner's bark, which will prevent should not be clipped, as its chief beauty is in the flowers ;

the earth from drying too fast; but they must be carefully hence it will be necessary to suffer a plant or two of each
shaded with mats in the heat of the day, and have air in kind to grow rude for the use of their branches in nosegays,
proportion to the warmth of the season, not forgetting to &c. As these plants rise in height, they should be annually
water them every two or three days, as you shall find the removed into larger pots, according to the size of their roots ;

earth in the pots require it with this management, in about but you must be careful not to put them into over large
:

six weeks the cuttings will be rooted, and begin to shoot, pots, which often causes them to shoot weak and die.
when they should be inured gradually to the open air, and When they are taken out of the former pots, the earth about
removed into it about the latter end of August, or be- their roots should be gently pared off, and that withinside
ginning of September, placing them in a situation where the ball gently loosened, that the roots may not be too
they may be sheltered from cold winds, in which place they closely confined; and then place them into the same pots
may remain till the middle or latter end of October, when again, provided they are not too small, filling up the sides
the pots should be removed into the green-house, but and bottom of them with fresh rich earth, with plenty of
should be placed in the coolest part of it, that they may water afterwards to settle it to their roots; this watering
have air given to them in mild weather, for they all, except should be frequently repeated, for they require it both
the Orange-leaved and the Striped Nutmeg Myrtles, which in winter and summer, but especially in hot weather. The
are tender and should have a warm situation, require only best season for shifting these plants is either in April or
to be protected from severe cold. During the winter sea- August ; for if it be done much sooner in the spring, the
son, they must be frequently but gently watered ; and if plants are then in a slow-growing state, and so not capable
nny decayed leaves appear, they should be constantly to strike out fresh roots again very soon; and if it be done
picked off, and the pots kept clear from weeds, which, if later in autumn, the cold weather coming on will prevent
permitted to grow, will soon overspread the young plants their taking root; nor is it advisable to do it in the great
and destroy them. If these pots are placed under a com- heat of summer, because they will require to be very often
mon hot-bed frame in winter, where they may be screened watered, and also to be placed in the shade, otherwise
from frost, and have the free air in mild weather, the they will be liable to droop for a considerable time ;
young plants will succeed better than in a green-house, and that being the season when these plants should be
provided they do not receive too much wet, and are not placed among other exotics to adorn the garden, after
kept closely covered, which will occasion their growing their removal, they should not be exposed until they have
mouldy, and dropping their leaves. The spring following, taken root again, which in hot and dry seasons will be in
these plants should be taken out of the pots very
carefully, three weeks or a month. In October, when the nights
preserving a ball of earth to the roots of each of them, begin to be frosty, they must be removed into the green-
and each one should be planted into a separate small pot, house; but if the weather in autumn proves favourable,
rilled with rich
light earth, observing to water them well they may remain abroad until the beginning of November ;
to settle the earth to their
roots, and place them under a for if they are carried too soon into the green-house, and
frame till they have taken root; after which, they should the autumn should prove warm, they will make fresh shoots
be inured to the open air, and in May should be placed at that season, which will be weak, and often grow mouldy
abroad for the summer, in a sheltered situation, where they in winter, if the weather should afterwards prove so severe
may be defended from strong winds during the summer as to require the windows to be kept closely shut, whereby
:

they will require to be plentifully watered, especially being they will be greatly defaced; for which reason they should
in such small pots, which in that season soon
dry ; they always be kept as long abroad as the season will permit,
must therefore be placed where they will receive only the and removed out again in the spring before they shoot out ;
morning sun, for if exposed to the heat of the day, the and, during the winter season that they are in the green-
greatly retard house, they should have as much free air as possible when
moisture will be so soon exhaled, that it will
the plants in their growth. In August following, examine the weather is mild. The common Broad-leaved Dutch and
the pots to see if the roots of the plants have not made Portugal
Myrtles may be planted abroad in warm situations,
their way out through the hole in the bottom of the
pots, and upon a dry soil, where they endure the cold of our
in which case
they must be shifted into those of a size winter very well, with only being covered in very hard frosts
larger, filling them up with the same kind of earth, and with mats, and the surface of the ground about their roots
observing to trkn the roots which were matted to the side covered with a little mulch, to prevent the frost front
158 MYR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL M v R
entering the ground ; but in Cornwall and Devonshire, where nerved, tomentose underneath, large and handsome; flowers
the winters are more favourable than in most other parts of small. Native of New South Wales.
England, there are large hedges of Myrtle which have been 12. Myrtus Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Myrtle. Pedun-
planted several years, and are very thriving and vigorous, cles umbelled ; leaves linear-lanceolate, subsessile. It is a
and in some instances upwards of six feet high. If the double small tree, with round branches, and square smooth twigs.
flowering kind were planted abroad, it would probably endure Native of the Cape.
cold as well as any of the other sorts, it being a native of 13. Myrtus Lsevis; Smooth Myrtle.
Peduncles umbelled;
the southern parts of France. This and the Orange-leaved eaves ovate, acuminate; stem shrubby, entirely smooth;
are the most difficult to take root from cuttings but if they
: >ranches and branchlets alternate, erect; flowers on the
are planted towards the latter end of June, making choice sranchlets terminating in a single umbel. Native of Japan.
of only such shoots as are tender, and the pots are plunged 14. Myrtus Lucida; Shining Myrtle. Peduncles subtri-
into an old bed of tanner's bark, which has lost most of its lorous ; leaves subsessile, lanceolate, attenuated. The leaves
heat, and the glasses shaded every day, they will take root are of a singular structure, being from ovate remarkably
extremely well. The Orange-leaved, and those with varie- attenuated into a lanceolate top; flowers five-petalled.-
gated leaves, are somewhat more tender than the ordinary sorts, Native of Surinam.
and should be housed a little sooner in autumn, and placed 15. Myrtus Cumini. Peduncles many-flowered leaves ;

further from the windows of the green-house. lanceolate, ovate ; branches round, ash-coloured. Native of
2. Myrtus, Tomentosa; Woolly-leaved Myrtle. Peduncles the East Indies.
one-flowered leaves triple-nerved, tomentose underneath
; ; 16. Myrtus Lineata. Flowers axillary, subsessile; leave*
brunches round, tomentose flowers axillary, rose-coloured,
;
ovate, acuminate, rigid, marked with lines, hoary underneath.
an inch and half broad, with deep crimson stamens, and yel- Native of Hispaniola.
low anthers. The calix and scalks are delicately hoary ; and 17. Myrtus Cordata; Heart-leaved Myrtle. Flowers axil-
the leaves soft and downy, of a hoary green. It flowers in
lary and lateral, subsessile leaves sessile, cordate, ovate,
;

June and July. Native of China and Cochin-china. For shining; branches ash-coloured, smooth, as is the whole
the cultivation of this, and most of the species from warm plant, compressed at top flowers axillary, three or four,
;

climates, see the twenty-ninth species. sessile on each side of the leafless branches. Native of the
3. Myrtus Alpina; Alpine Myrtle. Peduncles solitary, West Indies.
terminating, one-flowered; leaves ovate; branchlets in fours, 18. Myrtus Fallens; Ash-coloured Myrtle. Racemes ter-
fastigiate ; stem arboreous. Native of Jamaica. minating, pubescent; pedicels one-flowered; leaves broad-
4. Myrtus Rocera; Tall Myrtle. Peduncles clustered, lanceolate, attenuated, dotted above; branches round, ash-
axillary, one-flowered ; leaves ovate, acuminate, flat, smooth ; coloured, compressed a little at top. Native of South
branches rod-like; stem arboreous. Native of Hispanolia. America.
5. Myrtus Ligustrina; Privet Myrtle. Peduncles solitary 19. Myrtus Dumosa. Racemes axillary, very short ; leaves
and branched, terminating, one-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, petioled, broad-lanceolate, acuminate, acutebranches with ;

blunt, convex, lucid. Native of Hispaniola. a coated chinky bark. Native of South America.
6. Myrtus Crenulata; Notch-leaved Myrtle. Peduncles 20. Myrtus Buxifolia; Box-leaved Myrtle. Racemelets
solitary, axillary, commonly three-flowered; leaves roundish, very short, clustered, axillary; leaves wedge-shaped, oblong,
crenulate, smooth. Native of Hispaniola. blunt, somewhat convex. Native of the AVest Indies.
7. Myrtus Ceracina; Cherry Myrtle. Peduncles lateral, 21. Myrtus Glabrata; Polished Myrtle, Racemeletg
and terminating, one-flowered leaves oblong, shining, dotted
;
very short, axillary, many-flowered; leaves elliptic, acumi-
underneath. The whole of this shrub is smooth. The fruit nate, convex, coriaceous, very smooth. Native of Hispa-
has a very thin black skin, with a very small, purple, sweet- niola.
ish pulp, including two white stones, flat on one side, con- 22. Myrttis Disticha; Globe-berried Myrtle. Peduncles
vex on the other, together making a sphere. It is so like a axillary, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves; leaves dis-
black cherry, that it is so called in Jamaica. Native of the tich, bent down, ovate-lanceolate branches spreading. This
;

Caribbee Islands. is a shrub often six feet high. The negroes call it Wild
8.
Myrtus Tenuifolia; Fineleaved- Myrtle. Peduncles Coffee, from a similar flavour in the seeds to the real coffee.
axillary, solitary,one-flowered; leaves linear, mucronnlate The berry is the size of a black currant, of three or four cells,
This is an elegant little shrub; flower-stalks silky, shorter and as many seeds. It is a hardy stove plant, but of no
than the leaves, each bearing a small white flower, often great beauty. Native of the West Indies. Found on the
tinged externally with red, and not unlike the Common north part of Jamaica by Swartz.
Myrtle blossom, though hardly half so large. Native o 23. Myrtus. Monticola. Peduncles many-flowered, very
New South Wales. short, axillary, solitary; leaves ovate, blunted, flat, very
Myrtus Brasiliana; Brazilian Myrtle. Flowers soli-
9. smooth. Native of the West Indies.
tary; peduncles naked; petals subciliate; leaves ovate, ob- 24. Myrtus Axillaris. Peduncles many-flowered, very
tuse, petioled, smooth. Native of Brazil. short, axillary, clustered ; leaves ovate, acuminate, shining,
10. Myrtus Biflora; Two-flowered Myrtle. Peduncles flat. Native of the West Indies.
two-flowered; leaves lanceolate. It rises with a dividec 25. Myrtus Gregii Hound-leaved Myrtle.
;
Peduncles
trunk to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many many-flowered, axillary; leaves ovate, elliptic, acute, quite
opposite branches, covered with a gray bark. As it retains entire, pubescent underneath. Native of Antigna, Barba-
its splendent green leaves all the
year, it makes a good ap- does, and Dominica.
pearance ; but the flowers being small, and growing thinh 26. Myrtus Dioica. Peduncles trichotomous-panicled ;

upon the branches, do not make any great figure. Native o; leaves oblong; flowers dioecous. Native of America.
Jamaica. 27. Myrtus Virgultosa. Peduncles axillary and terminat-
ing, paniclcd or racemed
11.. .Myrtus Trinervia; Three-leaded Myrtle. Pedunclei leaves broad-lanceolate, attenu-
;

axillary, thrcerflowered; leaves ovate, acuminate, three- ated. Native of the West Indie*. Ixus ,i
 MYR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. MYR 1 ,

28. Myrtus Spjendens. Peduncles axillary, solitary, tri- and there hangs down in slender shreds. The flowers are
chotomous leaves elliptic, acuminate,
; flat, veined, scariose, small and white, with a slight tinge of redness ; berries
ihining; brant-tres rod-like. Native of Hispaniola. round, the size of peas, crowned with the remains of the
29. Myrtus Zeylanica; Ceylon Myrtle. Racemes axil- calix, having an aromatic smell and taste, which renders

lary and terminating ; pedicels commonly

four-flowered ; them agreeable for culinary purposes they contain about
;

leaves ovate, attenuated, dotted above. This has a strong seven or eight seeds. The timber of this very elegant tree
upright stalk, covered with a smooth grey bark, dividing
to- is
extremely hard, red, compact, ponderous, and capable of
wards the top into many tender stiff branches. The flowers being polished ; and is used for cogs in the sugar mills and
come out at the ends of the branches, several on one common other works where considerable friction is
required. Browne
peduncle, which branches out, and each flower stands on a says it is common in Antigua and Jamaica as well as Bar-
very slender pedicel : they are very like the flowers
of the badoes, and grows generally to a considerable size ; that it
fills the woods with the
Italian Myrtle. Native of Ceylon. This plant is scarce, be- flagrant smell of its leaves, which on
cause it is difficult to propagate ; for as it does not produce account of their agreeable astringency are used for sauce
ripe seeds in Europe, it can only be produced by layers or with food, and nearly resemble those of cinnamon. The
cuttings. By the former method, the layers are commonly bark however has no warmth of that sort, though the berries
two years before they take root, and the cuttings frequently resemble cloves very much, both in form and flavour. It is

fail, though the latter is preferred when performed at a proper commonly called Wild Cinnamon, or Wild Clove Tree, in
season and in a right method. The best time to plant the Antigua and Jamaica. See the twenty-ninth species.
cuttings is in May in the choice of them it should be the
: 33. Myrtus Coriacea ; Sumach-leaved Myrtle. Peduncle*
shoots of the former year, with a small piece of the two years' trichotomous, terminating leaves roundish-elliptic, convex,
;

wood at bottom these should be planted in small pots filled coriaceous, veinless, doted, shining on both sides. The
:

with soft loamy earth, for jsmail pots are to be preferred be- whole of this plant is smooth flowers pedicelled fruit glo-
; ;

fore large ones for this purpose, and they should be plunged bular. Native of the West Indies.
into a very moderate hot-bed of tanner's bark and if the
; 34. Myrtus Fragrans Fragrant Myrtle. Peduncles ax-
;

pots are each covered with small bell or hand glasses, such illary, trichotomous, and simple ; leaves ovate, slightly con-
as have been used for blowing Carnations, to exclude the vex, somewhat coriaceous, dotted, smooth. Stem arboreous ;

air, it will be of great service to promote the cuttings putting branches subdichotomous, smooth, purplish at the end.
out roots, though they are covered with the glasses of the Native of Jamaica and Guiana.
hot-bed above them the cuttings should be shaded from the
; 35. Myrtus Chinensis; Chinese Myrtle. Peduncles many-
sun in the heat of the day, and gently refreshed with water flowered leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, hairy. This is an
;

as the earth in the pots dries, but they should by no means upright shrub, a foot and half high, with few ascending
have too much wet those cuttings which succeed will -have branches. Native of China near Canton.
:

taken root by July, when they should be gradually inured to 36. Myrtus Pimenta Pimento, Jamaica Pepper, or All-
;

bear the open air, into which it will be proper to remove them spice. Flowers trichotomous-panicled leaves oblong, lan- ;

about the middle of that month, that they may be strength- ceolate. This tree attains to more than thirty feet high,
ened before winter but it will not be proper to transpjant with a straight trunk covered with a smooth brown bark,
;

the cuttings till spring the pots must be removed into a dividing upwards into many branches, which come out
;
op-
temperate stove in autumn, and during the winter the posite, garnished with oblong leaves, resembling those of
cuttings must be gently refreshed with water. In the spring the Bay Tree in form, colour, and texture, but longer, and
they should be carefully taken up, and each planted in a placed by pairs when these are bruised or broken, they
:

small pot filled with light earth from a kitchen-garden, and have a The
very fine aromatic odour, like that of the fruit.
plunged into a moderate hot-bed, to forward their taking branches grow very regular, so that the trees make a very
fresh root then they should be gradually hardened, and in fine appearance, and, as they retain their leaves through the
;

July placed in the open air in a sheltered situation, where year, are worth propagation for ornament and shade. This
they may remain till the end of September, and then be re- tree begins to bear fruit in three years after it is planted,
moved into the stove. This plant will not endure an English but does not arrive at maturity under seven but then abun- ;

winter in a green-house, but if it is placed in a moderate de- dantly repays the

patience of the planter, yielding one thou-
gree of warmth, it will flower well in winter; and in July, sand pounds' weight of fruit from an acre. They are gene-
August, and September, the plants should be placed abroad rally gathered in July in their green state, by twisting off the
in a sheltered situation. The other tender Myrtles from the twigs with the hand or a pole cleft at one end, and are laid
East and West Indies maybe treated in the same manner. on cloths, spread over the barbacues or terraced floors raised
30. Myrtus Androsaemoides. Racemes axillary and ter- a little above the ground, inclosed with an upright ledge of
Kiinating, subcompound pedicels three-flowered
; leaves eight or ten inches in height, and divided by transverse par-
;

ovate, oblong, sessile. The whole plant is smooth branches titions into four or more square compartments, that each may
;

obscurely four-cornered at top. Native of Ceylon. contain a day's picking. During the first and second day
31. Myrtus Caryophyllata. Peduncles trichotomous, ter- they are turned often, that the whole may be more exposed
minating calices undivided leaves ovate-lanceolate, un- to the sun but when they begin to dry, they are frequently
; ; ;

dotted. Native of Ceylon and other parts of the East winnowed,' and laid in cloths to
preserve them better from
Indies, but not of America. rain and dews, still exposing them to the sun every day, and
32. Myrtus Acris. Peduncles axillary and terminating, removing them under cover every evening, till they have
corymbed, trichotomous, longer than the leaves; leaves sufficiently dried which usually is in ten or twelve days
;

elliptic, convex, coriaceous, veined, dotted. Stem arboreous; and is known by the darkness of their complexion and the
trunk handsome, straight, forming a very thick beautiful rattling of the seeds
they appear at this time wrinkled, and
;

pyramidal head bark in the younger trees brown, then ash- changed to a very dark brown.
; In this state being ready
coloured, finally white entirely, or with large yellow spots for the market,
;
they are stowed in bags or casks. Some
it is
very smooth and even, especially in old trees, but here planters kiln-dry them with great success. Such of the
79. 2 S
160 MYR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; MYR
berries ascome to full maturity, like many other seeds, lose a warm sheltered situation; but upon the approach of cold
that aromatic warmth for which they are esteemed, and nights they must be removed into the stove again. The ex-
acquire a taste perfectly like that of Juniper berries, which posing of these plants to the open air for one month only,
renders them a very agreeable food for birds, who are the will be of great service to clean their leaves from insects or
most industrious planters of these trees. The berries have filth, which they are subject to contract, by remaining long
an agreeable, aromatic, subastringent taste, which recom- in the stove ; but if the season should
prove very wet or
mends them both in the kitchen and the druggist's shop. cold, it will not be safe to trust these plants long abroad,
A delicate aromatic oil is distilled from them, which answers therefore their leaves should be now and then washed with
all the purposes for which the oils of Cinnamon and Cloves a sponge to clean them, which will not only render them
have been generally used, and it is thought by some to be more sightly, but also promote their growth. This tree .is
better than either, as it joins an astringency with its warmth. rather difficult to propagate in England, where the seeds do
All parts of the tree are more or less aromatic, and sub- not ripen the only method by which this has been done, i?
:

astringent, but the leaves seem to abound most in volatile by laying down the young branches, slitting them at a joint
warm particles. All-spice, which was at first brought over in the same manner as is practised in making layers of Car-
for dietetic purposes, has been long employed in the shops nations. If this is carefully performed, and the
layers are
as a succedaneum to the more costly Oriental aromatics. It regularly but gently watered, they will put out roots in one
is moderately warm, of an agreeable flavour, somewhat re- year then they may be carefully separated from the old
:

sembling that of a mixture of Cloves, Cinnamon, and Nut- plants, and each planted in a small pot filled with light
meg. Distilled with water, it yields an elegant essential oil, earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, either in the stove or
so ponderous as to sink in the water, in taste moderately under a frame, being careful to shade them until they have
pungent, in smell and flavour approaching to oil of Cloves, taken new root, after which they may be treated as the older
or rather a mixture of Cloves and Nutmegs. To rectified plants. This plant being an evergreen, makes a fine ap-
spirits, it imparts by maceration or digestion the whole of its pearance in the stove at all seasons of the year and the ;

virtue :
gives over very little to this men-
in distillation, it leaves having such an agreeable fragrancy when rubbed, ren-
struum, .nearly all its active power remaining concentrated ders them as worthy of a place in the stove as any other ten-
in the inspissated extract. Pimento can scarcely be consi- der exotic plant which is preserved for ornament. It suc-
dered as a medicine : being however an agreeable aromatic, ceeds well in our stoves, if allowed a strong heat, and flowers
it isnot unfrequently employed with different drugs requir- copiously in May and June. As these plants do not rise so
ing such a grateful adjunct. This useful and most beautiful readily from seeds in England, the best way to obtain them
tree is propagated by seeds, which in the natural places of is to
get some person of skill in America, to take up a num-
its growth are sown by birds, who eat the berries, and con- ber of young plants, and place them close in boxes of earth,
vey them to a great distance nor is it at all improbable
;
setting them in the shade till they have taken new root; then
that the seeds passing through them are rendered fitter for remove them into an open situation, where they may have
vegetation than those which are immediately gathered from time to. establish their roots before they are shipped for Eng-
the tree. The plants cannot be preserved in England unless land ; and in their passage they should be completely guarded
they are placed in a stove during the winter, but they will from the sprey of the sea and salt water, and but sparingly
thrive in a moderate degree of warmth, and should be planted watered ; by this n\eans the plants may be brought in good
in a light soft soil, and have but little water in winter. In health to England, provided they come over any time in the
summer they require a large share of air; and in July, if the summer, and have time to strike root before the cold wea-
season proves warm, they may be placed in the open air, in ther sets in.

NA J NAM
NAJAS; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Monandria. The whole plant floats under water, having the slender
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix : perianth one- branched stem, and narrow pellucid leaves of a Potamogeton.
leafed, truncate at the base, cylindric, attenuated above at ; Native of the sea-coast of Europe ; in the canal between
the mouth with two opposite reflex segments. Corolla: one- Pisa and Leghorn ; and in the Rhine near Basle.
petalled, equal tube the length of the calix border five-
; ; 2. Najas Canadensis; Canadian Najas. Plant filiform,
parted, with oblong revolute segments. Stamina : filamenta smooth, with linear leaves like threads. Found by Michaux
none anthera oblong, erect. Female. Calix and Corolla :
;
in the lakes of Canada.
none. Pistil: germen ovate, ending in an attenuated style ; Naked Ladies. See Colchicum Autumnale.
stigmas simple, permanent. Pericarp: capsule ovate, one- Nama ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
celled. Seeds: ovate-oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth one-leaved, five-
Male: Calix: cylindric, bifid. Corolla: four-cleft; fila- parted, permanent ; segments lanceolate, acute, straight,
mentum none. Female. Calix and Corolla : none. Stigma: somewhat spreading. Corolla : one-petalled, wheel-salver-
two or three, undivided. Capsule : ovate, one-celled. shaped tube short ; border five-parted ; segments ovate,
;

The species are, obtuse, the length of the calix. Stamina : filamenta five,
1. Najas Marina. Stem wide, having triangular spines filiform, ovate at the base, inserted into the middle of the
scattered over it ; leaves firm, narrow, with very similar tube of the corolla, alternate with, and shorter than the seg-
toothed spines on each side; flowers solitary, from the axils ments antherae oblong, bifid at the base, revolute, incum-
;

of the leaves, male and female near each other ; the males bent. : Pistil
germen ovate, superior ; styles two,_capillary,
drooping, on a short petiole, the females sessile, erect. erect, the length of the stamina; stigmas capitate. Pericarp:
 NAP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. N AR 161

capsule ovate-oblong, blunt, compressed, grooved on each 2. Napaea Scabra; Rough Napaa. Peduncles involucred,
giik', one-celled, two-valved, shorter than the calix. Seeds: angular leaves palmate, rugged.
; Root perennial, compos-
numerous, very small, fastened to a flat receptacle in the ed of many thick fleshy fibres, striking deep into the ground,
middle of the partition. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: and connected at the top into a large head, from which come
live-leaved. Corolla:
five-parted. Capsule: one-celled, out many rough hairy leaves. See the first species.
two-valved. The
only known species is, Narcissus : a geuus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
1. Kama Jamaicensis. Root simple, thready; stem her- gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe oblong-,
baceous, from two inches to half a foot in length, subdivided, obtuse, compressed, opening on the flat side, shrivelling.
from the de- Corolla : petals six, ovate, acuminate, flat, equal, inserted
procumbent, pubescent, tender, three-winged,
current petioles branchlets from the axils of the leaves, pro-
;
into the tube of the nectary, externally above the base ; nec-
cumbent. Browne says, that this little plant spreads about tary one-leafed, cylindric, funnel-form, coloured on the bor-
the root, and seldom grows above five or six inches in length ; der. Stamina : filamenta six, awl-shaped, fixed to the tube
that the whole of it is somewhat hairy, with the stalks and of the nectary, shorter than the nectary ; antherce oblongish.
branches margined. It is an annual, and native of Jamaica, Pistil: germen roundish, obtusely three-sided, inferior ; style
on cultivated grounds, and on rocks. filiform,longer than the stamina; stigma bifid, concave,
Nandina a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
; obtuse. Pericarp : capsule, roundish, obtusely three-cor-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix; perianth many- nered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: many, globular,
leaved, imbricate in six rows scales about six in each row,
;
appendicled. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Petals: six, equal.
ovate-acute, smooth, caducous. Corolla: petals six, oblong, Nectary ; funnel-form, one-leafed. Stamina : within the
concave, acute, longer than the calix, caducous. Stamina : sectary. The species are,
filamenta six, very short ; anthene oblong, erect, the length 1. Narcissus Poeticus ; Poetic or White Narcissus. Spathe
pf the corolla. Pistil: germen ovate, smooth, superior; one-flowered ; nectary wheel-shaped, very short, scariose,
style three-cornered, very short ; stigma three-cornered. renulate. This has a smaller and rounder bulb than the
Pericarp : berry juiceless, globular, smooth. Seeds: two, ommon Daffodil. The stalk or scape does not rise higher
hemispherical, smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: than the leaves, which are of a gray colour. At the top of
many-leaved, imbricate. Corolla: six-petalled. The only the stalk comes out one flower from the spathe, nodding on
known species is, one side ; corolla snow white, spreading open, flat, the petals
1. Root perennial ; stems several,
Nandina Domestica. rounded at the points. The nectary or cup in the centre is
shrubby, upright, loose, branched at top, a fathom in height, very short, and fringed on the border with a bright purple
the thickness of a finger or thumb. Native of Japan, where circle. The flowers have an agreeable odour, appear in
it is
generally cultivated in their gardens, flowering in May May, and seldom produce seeds. The Double White Nar-
pr June. cissus is a variety of this. It is a native of Italy, the south

Napcea ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monadelphia, of France, .Switzerland, and Ca.rniola ;
said also to be found
or of the class Monadelphia, order Polyandria. GENERIC wild in England on sandy heaths, as at Shorne, between
CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth bell-shaped, five- Gravesend and Rochester ; and at Wood Bastwick, and
cleft, round, permanent. Corolla : petals five, oblong, con- other places in Norfolk. From the descriptions of Theophras-
cave, patulous, convex, with oblong claws. Stamina: fila- tus, Dioscorides, and Pliny, there is little doubt of this species
menta very many, capillary, of a middling length, connected being the Narcissus of those authors and of the ancient
in a column ; antherse roundish, compressed. Pistil : ger- poets. The next species, if it be really distinct, was probably
men conical, minute style cylindric, ten-cleft, capillary ;
; not considered as a separate species by the ancients, since
stigma none. Pericarp: abortient. Female: on a distinct Ovid describes his Narcissus to have a yellow cup ; whereas
individual. Calix and Corolla : as in the male. Stamina : Dioscorides makes it purple, and Pliny sometimes one and
filamenta as in the male, but shorter ; antherse small, effete. sometimes the other. This, and the nine following species,
Pistil : germen conical style as in the male, longer than the
; and all the hardy sorts of Daffodil and Narcissus, may be
stamina stigmas blunt.
;
Pericarp : capsules ten, converg- planted in large borders of the flower-garden, where, being
ing into an ovate form, sharpish, awnless. Seeds:, solitary, intermixed with other bulbs, they create an agreeable variety.
kidney-form. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft. They will thrive in almost any soil or situation, and even
Petals : five. Male. Stamina : mouadelphous, very many, under the shade of trees, where they will produce annually in
fertile. Styles : several, barren. Female. Stamina : mona- the spring great quantities of flowers for several years toge-
delphous, very many, barren. Styles: several, longer than ther without transplanting, and make a good appearance be-
the stamina. Capsule: orbicular, depressed, ten-celled. fore the trees come out in leaf. They increase abundantly
Seeds: solitary. The plants of this genus are easily propa- by offsets. The double sorts should be taken up yearly, to
gated by seeds sown in a bed of common earth in the spring. prevent their becoming single.
Keep them clear from weeds till autumn, and then transplant 2. Narcissus Biflorus ; Two-flowered Narcissus, or Pale
them where they are to remain. They delight in a rich moist Daffodil. Spathe two-flowered nectary wheel-shaped, very
;

soil, in which they will grow very luxuriantly, and must be short, scariose, crenulate; leaves acute on the keel, the
allowed room. The species are, edges turned inwards. This is called the Primrose Peerless
Napsea Leevis
1. Smooth Napcea.; Peduncles naked, by our old authors. It often produces only one flower, and
smooth and even leaves alternate, serrated, lobed, smooth.
;
may then be mistaken for one of the varieties of the preced-
Root perennial, frequently creeping stems smooth, about ;
ing species. It has however
usually two flowers, and some-
four feet high. This, as well as the next species, grows na- times, though very rarely, even three. It may be distinguished
turally in Virginia and other parts of North America. They from the first species by the following differences: the petals
flower from July to September, the seeds ripen in autumn, are of a yellowish hue, or rather a pale cream colour; the nec-
and then the stalks decay. From their bark a sort of hemp tary is wholly yellow, not having the orange or crimson rim ;
might be produced, of the same kind as that afforded by and it flowers at least three weeks' earlier. The top of the
many of the malvaceous tribe. flowering-stem, very soon after it emerges from the ground,
162 N AR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NA R
bends down and becomes elbowed, whereas in the first spe- 6. Narcissus Moschatus; Musk Narcissus.
Spathe one-
cies continues upright till within a short time of the flowers flowered; nectary cylindric, truncate,
it
subrepand, equalling
expanding. Native of several parts of Europe. Gerarde the oolong petals. Native of Spain.
says that it grows wild in fields, and by the sides of woods 7. Narcissus Triandrus ; Rusk-leaved Narcissus, or Tte-
in the west of England :
Ray also observed it wild, but sus- flexed Daffodil. Spathe one or two flowered ; flowers droop-
pected that it might have originally come out of gardens. ing ; petals reflexed, three of the stamina longer. This is
It has been found near Hornsey Church ; in several places the same size as the first species ; which see. The whole of
near Harefield; near Halifax; and near Whitechurch in the corolla is snow white. Native of the Pyrenees.
Cheshire. It flowers towards the end of April. 8. Narcissus Orientals ; Oriental Narcissus.
Spathe one
3. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus; Common Daffodil. Spathe or two flowered ; nectary bell-shaped, trifid,
emarginate,
one-flowered ; nectary bell-shaped, erect, curled, equalling three times shorter than the petals ; corolla white. It flower*
the ovate petals; root large, bulbous, from which come out in May. Native of the Levant.
five or six flat leaves, about a foot long, and an inch broad, 9. Narcissus Trilobus.
Spath submultiflorous; nectary
of a grayish colour, and a little hollow in the middle, like the bell-shaped, subtrified, quite entire, shorter by half than the
keel of a boat. The stalk rises a foot and half high, having petals. Native of the South of Europe.
two sharp longitudinal angles ; at the top comes out one
.
10. Narcissus Odorus ; Siveet- scented Narcissus, or Great

nodding flower, inclosed in a thin spathe; the corolla is of Jonquil. Spathe one or two-flowered ; nectary bell-shaped,
one petal, being connected at the base, but cut almost to six-cleft, even, shorter by half than the petals ; leaves semi-
the bottom into six spreading parts ; in the middle is a bell- cylindric ; flowers deep yellow colour. This species, which,
shaped nectary, called by gardeners the cup, which is equal as its name implies, possesses more fragrance than many of
in length to the petal, and stands erect. The petal is of a the others, is a native of the South of Europe, flowers in
pale brimstone or straw colour, and the nectary is of a full April, and varies with double flowers. See the fifteenth
yellow ; seeds roundish, black. The principal varieties : 1 .
species.
With. white petals, and a pale yellow cup.. 2. With yellow 11. Narcissus Calathinus. Spathe many-flowered ; nec-
petals, and a golden cup. 3. With a double flower. 4. With tary bell-shaped, almost equalling the petals ; leaves flat.
three or four cups within each other. 5. Tradescant's Daf- This very much resembles the next species, but the petals are
fodil. Native of many parts of Europe ; Spain, Italy, Ger- a little larger and sharper, and the nectary is the same length
many, Switzerland, France, and England, where it flowers in as the petals. It has the odour of the Jonquil. Native of
March, being of rapid growth, and short duration, and is the south of Europe, and the Levant, See the fifteenth
found in pastures, woods, and hedges. It has been observ- species.
ed near Charlton, Woolwich, and Erith, in Kent in Nor-;
12. Narcissus Tazzetta; Polyanthus Narcissus.
Spathe
folk; Whitwell, near Coton, and Whittlesford, in Cam- many-flowered; nectary bell-shaped, plaited, truncate, three
bridgeshire; Nokewoods, in Oxfordshire ; in abundance near times shorter than the petals ; leaves flat. Bulb large, round-
Halifax; at Hanley. Castle, in Worcester ; Madeley, in Shrop- ish ; scape or flower-stalk broadish, upright, angular, con-
shire ; in Lancashire ; and beyond Erdington on the road cave, from ten or twelve to eighteen inches in height; flowers
from Birmingham to Sutton it covers almost a whole field. six or seven to ten from one spathe, very fragrant, clustered,
4. Narcissus Bicolor ; White and Yellow Daffodil. Spathe white, or yellow. There is a greater variety of the Polyan-
one-flowered ; nectary bell-shaped, with the margin spread- thus Narcissus than of all the other species ; for the flowers
ing, curled, equalling the petals. This resembles the com- being very ornamental, and coming early in the spring, the
mon Daffodil but the petals are white, the nectary is dark florists in Holland, Flanders, and France, have taken great
;

yellow and larger, with a spreading, waved, notched border. pains in cultivating and improving them. The principal
Gouan says it is easily distinguished by its leaves, scarcely varieties are, 1. Petals yellow, with orange, yellow, or sul-
a palm in length, and half an inch in breadth ; by its large phur-coloured cups OF nectaries. 2. Petals white, with
flower, with cordate-ovate petals, imbricate at the base, and orange, yellow, or sulphur-coloured cups or nectaries.
8ulphur-coloued; and by the nectary having a reflex mouth, 3. Petals white, with white cups or nectaries. 4. Double
twelve-cleft or thereabouts, the lobes also being toothed and flowers of the different varieties. The varieties with white
curled ; the scape is the length of the leaves, or a little petals and white cups, are not so much esteemed as the
shorter and thicker. There is a variety of this species, called others ; there are, however, two or three with large bunches
the Great Daffodil, which is the largest of the genus, and of small white flowers, which are valuable for their agreeable
bears the most magnificent flowers and though it has been odour, and for flowering later than most of the others.
;

long known in this country, is still confined to the gardens There is also one with very double flowers, the outer petals
of the curious it is taller than the common Daffodil, which white, those in the middle some white, others orange coloured.
:

it resembles in
general appearance, but its leaves are more This has a very agreeable scent, flowers early, and is generally
twisted, as well as more glaucous; the flower, but especially called the Cyprus Narcissus ; it is the most beautiful of all the
the nectary, is much larger, and the petals, which are always varieties when blown in glasses in a room. The Dutch and
of a bright yellow, more spreading. Native of Spain, and London catalogues contain about an hundred sub-varieties
varies with double flowers. It flowers in April and May, under these heads, with pompous names, which are too sub-
and is a native of the South of Europe. ject to the light breath of fashion and caprice to be enume-
5. Narcissus Minor; Least Daffodil.
Spathe one-flowered; rated here. We shall now treat at length of the method of
nectary obconical, erect, curled, six-cleft, equalling the lan- raising the fine sorts of Polyanthus Narcissus from seeds, in
ceolate petals. This is very nearly related to the common order to obtain new varieties. It has been
customary to send
sort, and is three times less in all its parts ; but notwith- abroad annually for large quantities of the flower roots, for
standing this, when the roots are planted in a cluster, the which a great price has been paid, while we might as well
flowers make a very pretty show, and have the advantage of have propagated them from seeds at home. In saving the
appearing rather earlier than any of the others. The petals seeds, none should be gathered but from such flowers as
are pale yellow, the cup darker. Native of Spain. have good properties, and particularly from such only a*
 NAR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NAR 163

have many flowers xipon a stalk, that flower tall, and have shooting in the spring. If the cold should be very severe
beautiful cups to their flowers, from such you may expect in winter, cover the beds either with old tan or sea-coal ashes,
to raise good flowers; but if ordinary seed be sown, there or with pease haulm, or some such light covering, to prevent
can be no hope of procuring any valuable flowers. Having the frost from penetrating the ground to the roots, which might

provided good seed, either procuresome shallow cases, or greatly injure them while they are so young. In the spring,
flat pans, made on purpose for the raising of seedlings, which when the plants, begin to appear above ground, gently stir
should have holes in their bottoms, to let the moisture pass the surface of the ground, clearing it from weeds, but be
off"; these must be rilled with fresh, light, sandy earth,
about very careful not to injure the plants, and in dry seasons
the beginning of August, that being the season for sowing refresh them with water. When their leaves are decayed,
the seeds of most bulbous-rooted flowers the earth in these
: clear the beds from weeds, and sift a little earth over them
as was before directed, which must also be repeated in Octo-
pans must be levelled very even; then sow the seeds thereon
ber in like manner; but the roots should not remain more
pretty thick, covering them over
with the fine sifted light
earth about half an inch thick, and place the cases or pans than two years in these beds, by which time they will be.
in a situation where they may have only the morning sun till grown so large as to require more room; they should there-
about ten o'clock, where they should remain till about the fore be taken up as soon as their leaves are decayed, and

beginning of October, when they must be removed into a planted into fresh beds, dug deep, with a little very rotten
warmer situation, placing them upon bricks, that the air may dung buried in the bottom, for the fibres of the roots to strike
freely pass under the cases, which will preserve them from
into. Then the roots should be planted at six inches' dis-
being too moist. They also should be exposed to the full tance, and the same depth in the ground. In the autumn,
sun, but screened from the north and east winds and if the ;
before the frost comes on, if somie rotten tan be laid over the
frosts should be severe they must be covered, or they will beds, it will keep out the frost, and greatly encourage the
be indanger of being destroyed; in this situation they may roots; and if the winter should prove severe, it will be
remain until the beginning of April, by which time the plants proper to lay a greater thickness of tan over the beds, and
willbe up, and must be carefully weeded, and frequently also in the alleys, to keep off frost, or to cover them
watered in dry seasons. The cases should also now be over with straw or pease haulm, or otherwise they may all
removed into their former shady position, or shaded in the be destroyed by the cold. In the spring, these coverings
middle of the day, for the heat of the noon-day sun will be should be removed as soon as the danger from hard frost
At the latter end of June is over, and the beds must be
too great for the young plants. kept free from weeds during
when the leaves of the plants are decayed, take off" the upper the summer. At Michaelmas they should have some fresh
surface of the earth in the cases, as by that time it will earth kid over them, and covered again with tan, and so
have contracted a mossiness, which, if suffered to remain, will every year till they flower, which is generally in five years
greatly injure the young roots. In doing this, observe not from the seed, when you should mark all such as promise
to take it so deep as to touch the roots; and afterwards sift well, which should be taken up as soon as the leaves decay,
some fresh light earth over the surface, about half an inch and planted at a great distance in prepared beds; but those
thick, which will greatly strengthen the roots; the same which do not flower, or are unpromising, should be permitted
should also be repeated in October, when the cases are to remain in the same bed; therefore in taking up the best
moved again into the sun. During the summer season, if the roots, care must be taken not to disturb those that remain :

weather should be very wet, and- the earth in the cases appear the earth should be again levelled, and some fresh earth sifted
very moist, they must be removed into the sun until the earth over the beds as before; this will cherish the roots, for it
be dry again; for if the roots imbibe much wet during the often happens in the seedlings of these flowers, that at their
time they are inactive, it very often rots them; therefore firsttime of blowing they seldom appear half so beautiful as
they must not be watered after their leaves are decayed, but as they do in the second year; on this account none of them
should be placed in the shade, as before directed. This should be rejected until they have flowered two or three
management will be proper during the two first seasons, until times,and a fair judgment can be formed. Having laid
their leaves are decayed; but the second summer after sow- down directions for sowing and managing these roots until
ing, the roots should be carefully taken up, by sifting the they are strong enough to flower, we shall proceed to give
earth through a sieve, by fine which the roots will be easily particular instructions for managing the roots afterwards, so
separated from the earth then having prepared a bed or
: as to cause them to produce large fair flowers. All the sorts
two of good, fresh, light earth, in proportion to the quantity of Narcissus which produce many flowers upon a stalk,
of roots, plant them therein, about three inches
deep, and should have a situation defended from cold and strong winds,
three inches apart every way. These beds should be raised otherwise they will be subject to be injured by the cold in
above the level of the ground, in proportion to the moisture winter, and their stems will break down while in flower; for
of the soil, which, if dry, three inches will be enough; but though their stalks are generally rather strong, yet the num-
if it be wet,
they must be raised six or eight inches high, ber of flowers upon each renders their heads weighty, espe-
and laid a little rounding, to shoot off the wet. If these beds cially after rain, which lodges in the flowers, and if suc-
are made in July, which is the best time to transplant the ceeded by stormy winds, frequently destroys their beauty
roots, the weeds will soon appear very thick, and the surface when they are exposed; so that a border under a hedge
of the ground must on that account be gently hoed to destroy which is open to the south-east, is preferable to any other
them, taking care not to cut so deep as to touch any of the position for these flowers. The morning sun rising upon
roots. This hoeing should be repeated as often as the grow- them will dry off the moisture, which had lodged upon them
ing of the weeds renders it necessary, observing always to the preceding night, and cause them to expand fairer than
perform it in dry weather, that they may be effectually when they are planted in a shady situation; and if they arc
destroyed; and towards the latter end of October, after too much exposed to the afternoon sun, they will be hurried
having entirely clearedjhe beds from weeds, sift a little light out of their beauty very soon ; and the strong west and south-
earth about an inch thick over them this being washed down
; west winds will
greatly injure them, if they be exposed to
to the roots by the winter's rain, will greatly promote their their fury. When a proper situation has been selected, pro-
79. 2 T
164 NAR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NAR
ceed to prepare the earth necessary to plant them in; for if again stirred, raking off all weeds, &c. and laying some good
the aatural soil of the spot be very strong or poor, it will be fresh earth over the beds about an inch deep, which will
proper to make the border of new earth, removing the ori- make good the loss sustained by weeding, &c. and in the
ginal earth to the depth, of three feet. The .best earth for spring, manage as was directed for the preceding year. These
these flowers is a fresh light hazel loam, mixed with a little roots should not be transplanted oftener than every third
very rotten cow'a dung: this should be well mixed together, year,
if
they be expected to flower strong and make a great
and often turned over, in order to sweeten it; then having increase; because the first year after removing, they never
removed away the old earth to the forementioned depth, put flower so strong as they do in the second and third; nor will
a layer of rotten dung or tan in the bottom about four or five the roots increase so fast when they are often transplanted ;
inches thick, upon which you must lay some of the prepared but you let them remain longer than three years unremoved,
if
earth about eighteen or twenty inches thick, making it exactly the number of offsets which will by that time be produced,
level ; then having marked out by line the exact distances at will exhaust the large bulbs, and cause them to
produce very
which the roots are to be planted, which should not be less weak flowers; therefore at that time of transplanting them,
than six or eight inches square, place the roots accordingly, all the small offsets should be taken off, and
planted in a
observing to set them upright; then cover them over with nursery bed by themselves, but the large bulbs may be
the before-mentioned earth about eight inches deep, being replanted for flowering. If you plant them in the same bed
very careful in doing it not to displace the roots ; when this where they grew before, you must take out all the earth two
is done, you must make the surface of the border even, and feet deep, and fill it up again with fresh, in the
way already
make up the side straight, which will appear handsome. described, which will be equal to removing them into another
The best time for planting these roots is in the end of August place this is the constant practice of the gardeners in Hol-
:

or beginning of September; for if they be kept too long out land, who have but little room to change their roots ; there-
of the ground, it will cause their flowers to be weak. You fore they every year remove the earth of their beds, and
put
should also observe the nature of the soil where they are in fresh, so that the same place
constantly occupied by the
is

planted, and whether it be wet or dry, according to which same flowers. But those persons take up their roots every
the fresh earth must be adapted and the beds disposed ; for year, for as they cultivate them for sale, the rounder their
if the soil be and the situation moist, a light roots are, the more valuable they will be: the way to have
very strong,
earth should be chosen, and the beds must be raised six or them so, is to take their offsets from them annually; for
eight inches, or a foot, above the level of the ground, or the when their roots are left two or three years unremoved, th
roots will be in danger of being destroyed by too much wet: offsets will have grown large, and these pressing against each
but if the situation be dry, and the soil naturally light, you other, will cause their sides to be flatted ; so that where the
should then allow the earth to be a little stronger, and the roots are propagated for sale, they should be annually taken
beds need not be raised above three or four inches high ; for up as soon as their leaves decay; and the large bulbs may
if they be made too
high, the roots will suffer very much be kept out of the ground till the middle or end of October,
in dry springs ; and in
very severe winters those beds which but the offsets should be planted the beginning of September
are raised much above the level of the ground, will be more or sooner, that they may get strength, so as to become
exposed to the cold than those which are lower, unless the blowing roots the following year: but where they are designed
alleys are filled up with rotten tan or litter. During the for ornament, they should not be removed oftener than every
summer, the only culture which these flowers require, is third year, for then the roots will be in large bunches, anS
weeding, and when their leaves are entirely decayed, they a number of stalks with flowers coming from each bunch,
should be raked off, and the beds made clean but on no
:
they will make a much better appearance than where a single
account ought their leaves to be cut off till they are quite stalk rises from each root, which will be the case where tie
decayed, for that greatly weakens the roots. Towards the roots are annually removed.
middle of October, if the weeds have grown upon the beds, 13. Narcissus Bulbocodium; Hoop Petticoat Narcissus.
in a dry day gently hoe the surface of the beds to destroy Spathe one-flowered; nectary turbinate, larger than the
them, observing to rake the earth over, and smooth it again. petals stamina and style declining; bulbs small; flower-stalk
;

Before the frosts come on, the beds should be covered over slender, taper, about six inches loiig; petals scarce half an
two inches thick with rotten tan, to keep out the frost; -after inch long, cut into six acute segments ; the nectary or cup is
which they will require no further care till the spring, when more than two inches long, very broad at the brim, lessening
their leaves will appear above ground, at which time the gradually to the base, formed somewhat like the old farthin-
surface of the earth ought to be gently stirred with a small gale or bell-hoop petticoat worn by the ladies; flower in-
trowel, being Very careful not to injure the leaves of the odorous, of a golden yellow. Native of Portugal.
plants, and rake it smooth with your hands, clearing off all 14. Narcissus Serotinus; Late-flowering Narcissus. Spathe
weeds, &c. which, if suffered to remain at that season, would one-flowered; nectary six-parted, very short; leaves awl-
soon grow so fast as to appear unsightly, and will exhaust shaped; bulb-small; stalk jointed, nine inches high; corolla
the nourishment from the earth. With this management white cut into six narrow segments; cup yellow. It flowers
these roots will flower very strong, some of which will appear late in the autumn. Native of Spain, Italy, and Barbary.
in March and others in April; which, if suffered to remain, 15. Narcissus Jonquilla; Common Jonquil. Spathe many-
will continue in beauty a full month, and are at that season flowered: nectary bell-shaped, short; leaves awl-shaped.
very great ornaments to a flower-garden. After the flowers Scape round, hollow, producing at top from three to five
are past and the leaves decayed, stir the surface of the ground flowers from a spathe, sometimes no more than two; petals
to prevent the leaves from growing; and if at the same time very fragrant, orbiculate, of a golden yellow, like the cup;
you lay a little very rotten dung over the surface of the beds, bulb small, white, covered with dark membranes. It flowers
the rain will wash down the salts thereof, which will strengthen in April and May, and varies with double flowers. Native
the roots in the succeeding year. During the summer they of Spain. This, and the tenth and eleventh species, should
will require no further care but to keep them clear from be planted in beds or borders separate from other roots,
weeds till October, when the surface of the beds should be Because they require to be transplanted at least every year,
 NAR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NEC 165

otherwise their roots are apt to grow long and slender, and sel- Nasturtium. See Sysymbrium Nasturtium.
dom flower well after; which is also the case if they are con- Nauclea; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
tinued many years in the same soil wherefore the root should
:
gynia, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common, none;
be often removed from one part of the garden to another, or at receptacle common, globular, subvillose, covered all over
least the earth should be often renewed, which is the most with florets ; perianth proper, one-leafed, oblong, incrusting
probable means of preserving their flowers in perfection. The the germen; mouth contracted, entire. Corolla: proper one-
soil in which these flowers succeed best, is an hazel loam, nei- petalled, funnel-form, placed on the mouth of the perianth ;
ther too light nor over stiff; it must be fresh, and free from tube filiform, longer; border short, five-parted; segments
roots of trees or noxious weeds, but should not be dunged, for ovate, blunt, recurved. Stamina: filamenta five, very short,
very remarkable, that where the ground is made rich, they
it is in the throat of the corolla; antherae ovate, the
length of
seldom continue very good long, but are subject to shoot the tube. Pistil: germen inferior, oblong; style
capillary,
downwards, and form long slender roots. These flowers are erect, longer than the corolla; stigma obovate. Pericarp:
greatly esteemed by many persons
for their strong sweet scent, capsule incrusted with the calix, ttirbinate, attenuated below,
though few females can bear them, especially if confined in blunt at the top, two-grained, two-celled; grains fastened
A room. Where they can be endured, they may be success- by a thread at top. Seeds: according to Gsertner, several,
fully blown small, ovate, compressed a little, membranaceous, margined,
in glasses, as well as the Polyanthus Narcissus.
The glasses should be rilled up to the bottom of the bulb attenuated into a bristle-shaped tail, fastened to the suture,
with fresh soft water, and placed in a light warm room, near ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: funnel-form. Capsule:
windows which have the benefit of the sun, keeping the inferior of two disjointed cells, with
many seeds. Receptacle:
wuter up to the same height, by putting in a fresh supply common, globular.-^ The species are.
every fortnight or three weeks. These and other flowers may 1. Nauclea Orientalis.Leaves ovate, obtuse; peduncles
also be brought forward in a warm room in pots set in pans of terminating, solitary. This is a large tree, with a straight
water; or still more effectually in stoves or hot-beds, by which trunk and spreading branches; flowers on a long peduncle,
means a succession of these flowers may be obtained during composed of very many yellow florets gathered into a ball
the winter and spring, till they appear in the natural ground. two inches in diameter. The wood is yellow, solid, and
Nard. See Andropogon. Nardus. beautiful, and fit for all kinds of in-door work, but jots
Nardus; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogy- quickly when exposed to air and wet. Native of the East
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: two- Indies, Cochin-china, and the Society Isles.
Valved outer valve lanceolate-linear, long, pointed, embra-
; 2. Nauclea Parvifolia. Leaves oval; peduncles terminat-
cing the smaller with its belly; inner smaller, linear, pointed; ing, solitary, or in threes. Trunk straight, with a brownish-
nectary none. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary, shorter gray cracked bark branches opposite, numerous, spreading,
;

than the corolla; antheree oblong. Pistil: germen oblong; forming a large, oval, shady head; flowers small, light yellow.
style one, filiform, long, pubescent; stigma simple. Peri- The wood is of a light chestnut colour, firm and close-grained :

carp: none: the corolla grows to the seed, and does not it is
employed for various purposes where it can be kept dry,
Open. Seed: one, straight, linear-oblong, acuminate at both but soon rots when exposed to wet. It grows to a
large tree,
ends, narrow at top. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: which is called Bota-cadamie
by the Telingas. It flowers
none. Corolla: two-valved. The species are, during the cold season; and is a native of the coast, but
1. Nardus Stricta; Common Mat Grass. Spike bristle- principally of the mountains of Coromandel.
shaped, straight, pointing one way. Root perennial; culms 3. Nauclea Cordifolia. Leaves broad-cordate ; peduncles
from a span to a foot in height, slender, stiff, roughish, hav- axillary, one to four. Trunk erect; bark like that of the pre-
ing one, two, or three joints near the base, with a short leaf ceding; branches very numerous, horizontal, forming a very
to each, and thence naked to the spike; florets yellowish- large shady head. The wood is exceedingly beautiful; its
white or purple, pubescent, alternate, sessile. This grass colour like that of the Box-tree, but much lighter, and at the
is easily distinguished
by the slenderness and rushy stiffness same time very close-grained; it is to be had of a large sue,
of the stalks and leaves, and dis- from one to two feet or more in diameter; it is used for almost
by the florets being thinly
persed along the spike, mostly in pairs pointing all the same every purpose where it can be kept dry, and answers very well
way, and having each only one style. Linneus observes, for furniture, being pretty light and durable. The Telingas
that being hard, stiff, and short, it eludes the stroke of the call it
Daduya: it flowers during the wet season, and the
scythe, or takes off its edge, and is therefore disliked by the seeds are ripe about April. It
grows to a large tree. Native
mowers. He also says, savs, that the crows frequently
freauentlv stock it of the mountainous parts of the coast of Coromandel.
up for the sake of the larva of some tipula, which they find 4. Nauclea Purpurea. Leaves oblong, pointed peduncles
;

at the root; and that horses and

goats eat it, but that cows terminating, solitary, or in threes. Trunk irregular, with a
and sheep refuse it. In England it seldom encounters the scabrous ash-coloured bark ; branches opposite, decussated ;

mower's scythe, being generally found on bogs or heaths. flowers

larger than any of the preceding, of a purple colour.
It flowers from May or June till
August.-- -Native of most The Telingas call it Bagada. It is a small tree, and flowers

parts of Europe, in woody, moist, and barren meadows. in April, at the beginning of the hot season. Native of the
2. Nardus Aristata; Awned Mat Grass. Calices awned; moist valleys amongst the Circar mountains.
root biennial. The leaves curve back and roll up like hair, Navelwort. See Cotyledon.
dry away, and then disappear in part. It is very small. Navelu-ort, Venus's. See Cynoglossum Linifolium.
Native of sandy soils in the south of Europe. Navew. See Brassica.
3. Nardus Indica; Indian Mat Grass. Spike bristle- Neckcra; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci.
shaped, pointing one way, a little curved inwards. It is a GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsule: oblong; peristomc
finger's length high. -Native of Tranquebar. double; outer with sixteen sharp teeth; inner with sixteen
4. Nardus Ciliaris; Ciliated Mat Grass.
Spike curved distinct cilias, alternate with teeth of the outer. Mates:
in, ciliate; leaves flat; culm a span high. Native of the germinaceous, on distinct plants. The species are,
East Indies. 1. Neckera Heteromalla, which is the
Hypnum Hettro-
166 NEP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NEP
mallum of Gmelin, Spagnum Arboreum of Hudson, and der gaping, opening, spreading, cordate, ending in two reflex,
the Fontinalis Secunda of Withering to whose works the
; blunt, very short segments; upper lip erect, roundish, emar-
reader is referred for the descriptions of this and the two ginate; lower roundish, concave, larger, entire, crenulaite.
following species. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, beneath the upper lip,
2. Neckera Pennata of Hedw^g, is the Hypnum Pennatum approximating, two of them shorter; antherse incumbent.
of Gmelin. and the Fontinalis Pennata of Withering. Pistil: germen four-cleft; style filiform, length and situation
3. Neckera Pumila of Hedwig, is the Hypnum Pumilum of the stamina; stigma bifid, acute. Pericarp : none. Calix:
and Dicksoni of Gmelin, and Hypnum Pennatum of Withering straight, containing the seeds in its bosom. Seeds: four,
and Dickson. Sixteen species are described by Hedwig, subovate. Observe. If the segments of the throat be num-
five of them British. bered with the lower lip, it will be three-parted. ESSEN-
Nectarine. See Amygdalus. TIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: lower lip with an interme-
Nectris; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Digynia. diate segment, crenate; throat reflex at the
edges. Stamina:
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, approximating. All the plants of this genus, except one or
six-parted; the three outer segments ovate, acute, coloured two biennials, are hardy herbaceous perennials. If the seeds
within; the three inner alternate with these, ovate, blunt, be permitted to fall, the plants will rise without trouble ; or
smaller, coloured on both sides. Corolla: none. Stamina: being sown either in spring or autumn, will come up, and
filamenta six, capillary, inserted into the base of the calicine require only to be thinned where they are too close, and kept
segments; antherae ovate. Pistil: germina two, superior,
1

clean from weeds. Upon a poor dry soil they will not grow
oblong; styles short; stigmas blunt. Pericarp: capsules too rank, but continue much longer, and appear handsomer
two, ovate, somewhat fleshy, crowned with the permanent than in rich ground, where they grow too luxuriant, and
styles, one-celled. Seeds: numerous, very small. ESSEN- have not so strong a scent. The species are,
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: one-leafed, six-parted, coloured. 1 Nepeta Cataria Common Catmint. Flowers in spikes ;
.
;

Corolla: none. Styles: permanent. Capsules: two, superior, whorls subpedicelled; leaves petioled, cordate, toothserrate.
ovate, one-celled, many-seeded. The only species is, Root perennial, from which arise many branching stalks two
1. Neotris Aquatica. This plant grows in ponds, lakes, feet high the spikes, composed of interrupted whorls, termi-
;

and rivers that have not a rapid current, pushing out long, nate the stem, and come out in branches from the axils of the
branched, knotted, fistulous stems, with a pair of leaves at leaves ; corolla white, with a tinge of red, and spotted with
each joint. Native of Guiana and the isle of Cayenne. purple. There is a variety which grows in Italy and the
Nepenthes ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monadelphia. south of France; it is about half the size of the original,
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth one- and whiter. The whole of this plant has a strong scent
leafed, coriaceous, coloured within, spreading, four-parted; between Mint and Pennyroyal. It is called Catmint, because
cats are very fond of when it is withered, when
segments roundish, minutely tobthletted, almost equal. Co- it, especially
rolla: none. Stamina: filamentum one, columnar, cylin- they will roll themselves on it, tear it to pieces, and chew
dric, erect, a little shorter than the calix antheree many,
; it with great pleasure.
Ray observes, that plants which he
one-celled, connected into a convex peltate head, concave transplanted from the fields into his garden were always
at the centre, round the upper part of the filamentum, three destroyed by the cats, unless he protected them with thorns
of them at the top transverse. Female : on a distinct plant. till
they had taken good root and come into flower ; but that
Calix: as in the male, permanent. Corolla: none. Pistil: they never meddled with the plants raised from seed. Hence
germen ovate, four-grooved, superior, the length of the calix; the old saying,
style none; stigma large, peltate, four-lobed, hollowed out "If you set it, the cats will eat it;
into four excavations, permanent. Pericarp : capsule oblong, If you sow it, the cats don't know it."
columnar, truncate, crowned with the permanent stigma,
quadrangular, the sides grooved, four-celled, four-valved, Mr. Miller has confirmed this by his own experience, having
gaping at the angles; partitions contrary. Seeds: numerous, frequently set a plant from another part of the garden, within
oval, inclosed in long, membranaceous, angular, arils, acumi- two feet of others which came up from seeds when the for- ;

nate at both ends, fastened obliquely to the inner angle of mer was torn in pieces and destroyed by cats, whilst the
each cell in a double row. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. latter remained unhurt. The true reason of this difference
Male. Calix: four-parted. Corolla: none. Filamentum: is assigned by Ray; that the cat is fond of it in a languid
one, with many antherce, connected into a peltate head. withering state, or when the peculiar scent of the plant is
Female. Calix and Corolla: as in the male. Style: none. excited by being handled or bruised in gathering or trans-
Stigma: large, peltate, four-lobed. Capsule: four-celled, planting. Withering says, an infusion of the plant is an
with many arilled Seeds. The only species known is, excellent medicine in suppressions of the menses, so also is
of
1 Nepenthes Distillatoria. This elegant plant rises with the expressed juice, and may be taken to the quantity
.

a fungose, thick, round stalk; leaves alternate, sessile, wide, two ounces for a dose. Hill prescribes it for nervous dis-
oblong, smooth, with a very strong nerve running along the orders, and the young tops, made into a conserve, as service-
middle, ending in a long tendril generally twisted, to which able in that troublesome complaint, the nightmare. Two
hangs a receptacle, or long, cylindrical, membranaceous, ounces of the expressed juice is a dose. It is a good female
smooth, hollow bag, which on being pressed, yields about medicine, and may be used with advantage in hysteric and
two ounces of a sweet, limpid, pleasant, refreshing liquor, other fits. The infusion moderately promotes the menses
so that six or eight of them are sufficient to slake the thirst when suppressed, and the evacuations after delivery. This
of a man. Native of the island of Ceylon. plant flowers from July to September, and is a native of most
Nepeta; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno- parts of Europe, being found on banks and hedges, and
in

spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- calcareous soils. The Germans call it Nepte Katzennepte,
leafed, tubular, cylindric; mouth five-toothed, apute, erect; &c.; the Dutch, Kattekruid, or Nepte; the Danes, Katteurt,
upper toothlets longer, lower more spreading. Corolla: or Sisenbrand' t ; the Swedes, Kattmynta; the French, Cha-
one-petalled, ringent; tube cylindric, curved inwards; bor- tairc, Cataire herbe aux Chats; the Italians, Gattaria; the
 NEP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. _N E R .67

Spaniards, Gatera; the Portuguese, Naveda dos Gaios; and are white flowers' in a large thick spike; seed black. The
the Russians, Koschitza mehta. whole plant is larger and* thicker than the Common Scordium,
for which it is used in Crete or Candia, where it grows abun
2. Nepeta Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Catmint. Corymbs
pedicelled, spiked; leaves lanceolate, wrinkled, tomentose, duntly on rocks by way-sides and on the borders of fields.
>luntly serrate. Stem erect, a foot high, branched the whole : 14. Nepeta Lan ata ;
Woolly Catmint. Spikes terminating;
i)lant tomentose hoary. It is by no means a variety of the bractes ovate ; nerve wrinkled, subscariose ; leaves oblong cor-
>receding, nor does it change its appearance when cultivated date, villose; lateral lobes of the corolla spreading. The
u a garden. Native of Arragon in Spain. root consists of various fleshy, roundish, or filiform tubers;
3. Nepeta Pannonica; Hungarian Catmint. Cymes pe- the first year forming the root-leaves, and the second many-
luncled, many-flowered; leaves lanceolate, oblong, cordate, flowering stems. Its native place is unknown.

laked; lateral lobes of the corolla reflex. Root perennial, 15. Nepeta Virginica; American Catmint. Heads termi-
>ranched, woody, the size of a quill or more, brown on the nating; stamina longer than the flower-leaves, lanceolate.
lutside, knobbed at the end; stems several, from three to Stems two feet high; flowers in whorls; the lower lip of the
burfeet in height, grooved, smoothish, with opposite branches corolla is serrate, but not concave. It flowers in August.

brining a panicle. It flowers from

August to October.' Native of Virginia.
Vative of Hungary. 16. Nepeta Malabarica; Malabar Catmint. Spike whorled ;
4. Nepeta Coerulea; Blue-flowered Catmint. Cymes taractes filiform ; leaves lanceolate, quite entire below. Stems
>eduncled, many-flowered, rough-haired; leaves oblong, cor- erect, obtuse-angled, tomentose ; corolla pale violet. Native
late, villose, subsessile; lateral lobes of the corolla reflex. of Malabar.
It flowers in June. Native country unknown. 17. Nepeta Indica; Indian Catmint. Upper lip of the
5. Nepeta Violacea; Violet-coloured Catmint. Cymes pe- corolla quite entire, very short; flowers in whorls.
dtincled many-flowered, hairy; leaves subcordate, subpetioled
,
18. Nepeta Multifida. Flowers in spikes; leaves pinnatifid,
,

almost naked; lateral lobes of the corolla spreading; sta'lks quite entire. Stems erect, without branches. It flowers in
about two feet high, with a few slender branches coming out June and July. Native of Siberia.
from the sides flowers in roundish whorls, peduncled, blue ap-
; 19. Nepeta Botryoides.
; Flowers in spikes; lateral lobes
pearing from July to September. There is a variety with white ^>f the corolla somewhat spreading; leaves pinnatifid; segments
flowers. Native of Spain, Piedmont, Carniola, and Siberia. linear, almost equal. Stems several, erect, scarcely afoothigh,
6. Nepeta Ucranica. Flowers panicled; leaves lanceolate, decussately branched; branches opposite, erect. It flowers
serrate, sessile, naked. Native of the Ukraine. in June and Native of Siberia.
July.
7. Nepeta Incana; Hoary Catmint. Panicles axillary; 20. Nepeta Lavandulacea. Spike compact; leaves ovate,
leaves petioled, ovate, serrate, tomentose. Stem herbaceous, gash-serrate, marked with lines. Stem erect, brachiate, round,
roundish at bottom, decumbent, naked, bluntly four-cornered purple, with white hairs; a span or a foot in height. Native
abov, erect, tomentose, undivided, a span or a little more in of Siberia.
height. Native of Japan. Nephelium; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Pentan-
8. Nepeta Nepetella Small Catmint. ;
Cymes peduncled dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in a spiked
;

leaves cordate, oblong lanceolate, deeply serrate, tomentose. raceme. Calix: perianth one-leafed, bell-shaped, five-toothed.
This is only one-third the size of the common sort. Native Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, longer
of the south of Europe. than the calix; antheree blunt, two-parted at the base.
9. Nepeta Nuda; Naked or Spanish Catmint. Racemes Female Flowers: in the same raceme. Calix: perianth one-
whorled, naked leaves cordate, oblong, sessile, serrate. Stems leafed, bell-shaped, four-toothed, with two opposite teeth more
;

two feet high, smooth, strict, four-grooved, the older ones dark remote, shrivelling. Corolla: none. Pistil: germina two,
It flowers from June to
purple. August, has a pale blue superior, roundish, muricated, larger than the calix; styles
corolla. Native of the south of Europe. two, filiform, recurved, springing up between the germina;
10. Nepeta Hirsuta; Hairy Catmint. Flowers sessile, stigmas thickish, blunt. Pericarp: drupe ovate, hairy,
whorl-spiked whorls involved in nap. Stalks about two feet with a cartilaginous rind, and a
;
watery pulp. (According to
high, branching from the bottom leaves heart-shaped, obtuse, Gsertner, capsules two, muricated, one-celled, one-seeded.)
;

a little indented, on pretty long petioles; corolla white, Seed: nut, solitary. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male.
Appearing in
July. Native of Sicily. Calix: five-toothed. Corolla: none. Female. Calix: four-
11. Nepota Italica; Italian Catmint. Flowers sessile, cleft. Corolla: none. Germina: two, with two styles to
whorl-spiked; bractes lanceolate, the length of the calix; each drupe; (or, as Gscrtner says, capsules two, muricated,
leaves petioled. Stalks seldom more than a foot one-seeded.) The only known species is,
high strong- ;

scented. Native of Italy. 1.

Nephelium Lappaceum. Leaves alternate, pinnate, two-
12. Nepeta' Tuberosa ; Tuberous-rooted Catmint.
Spikes paired, abrupt; leaflets obovate, the outer ones larger; ra
terminating; bractes oblong acuminate; nerve lined, coloured; ceme consisting of a few spikelets, erect, shorter than the
leaves cordate, pubescent; lateral lobes of the corolla reflex. leaves. A
shrub or tree. Native of the East Indies.
This has a thick knobbed root, from which come out one or Nerium : a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogynia.
two stalks that often decline to the ground; they are about GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted,
two feet and a half long, and send out side-branches acute, very small, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-
oppo-
site. It flowers from June to August. Native of Spain and form; tube cylindric, shorter than the border; border very
Portugal. large, five-parted; segments wide, blunt, oblique; nectary
13. Nepeta Scordotis; Cretan Catmint. Spikes termina- a crown terminating the tube, short, lacerated into capillary
ting, sessile; bractes subcordate, villose; leaves cordate, blunt. segments. Stamina.: filamenta five, awl-shaped, very short,
Root large, from which proceed many tomentose leaves, like in the tube of the corolla; antherae
sagittate, converging, ter-
those of AVhite Horehound,
spreading on the ground in a minated by a long thread. Pistil: germen roundish, bifid ;
circle; from the middle of these rise several stems, which are
style cylindric, the length of the tube ; stigma truncate, sitting
also tomentose like White Horehound, and on the top of them on an orblet, fastened to the antherae, Pericarp: follicles
80. 2 U
168 NER THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NER
two, round, long, acuminate, erect, one-valved, opening longi- winters, if planted in a warm situation; but as they are liable
tudinally. Seeds : numerous, oblong, crowned with down aced
p] to be
destroyed in severe frost, the best way is to keep the
imbricately. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: salver-shaped, plants in pots, or, if are very large, in tubs, that
they they
contorted, with the tube terminated by a lacerated crown. may be sheltered in winter, and in the summer removed
Follicles: two, erect. These plants are generally propagated abroad, placing them in a warm sheltered situation ; in the
by layers in this country, for although they will sometimes winter it may be placed with
Myrtles, and others of the
take root from cuttings, yet that being an uncertain method, hardier kinds of exotic plants, in a
place where they may have
the other is generally pursued ; and as the as much free air as possible in mild
plants are very apt weather, but screened
to produce suckers or shoots from their roots, those are best from severe frost; for if these are
kept too warm in winter,
adapted for laying, for the old branches will not put out roots; they will not flower strong, and when the air is excluded from
when these are laid down, they should be slit at a joint in them, the ends of their shoots will become mouldy; so that
the same manner as is practised in
laying Carnations, which the hardier they are treated,
provided they are not exposed
will greatly facilitate their if these branches are to hard frost, the better
taking root :
they will thrive. The two varieties
laid down in autumn, and are
properly supplied with water, of this species
require a different treatment, otherwise they
they will have taken root by that time twelvemonth, when will not make
any appearance; therefore the young plants,
they should be carefully raised up with a trowel ; and if they when they have taken new root, should be gradually inured
have taken good root, they should be cut off from the old to bear the open air, into which they should be removed ia
plant, and each planted in a separate small pot filled with July, where they may remain till October, provided the
soft loamy earth those of the common sort will require no weather continues mild but during this time,
they should be
;
;

other care but to be placed in a shady situation, and

gently placed in a sheltered situation, and upon the first approach
watered as the season may require, till they have taken new of frost they will change to a
pale yellow, and will not
root; but the two other species should be plunged into a recover their usual colour till the
following autumn. They
very moderate hot-bed to forward their taking root, observ- may be preserved in a good green-house through the winter,
ing to shade them from the sun in the heat of the day after
: and the plants will be stronger than those which are more
the common sort has taken new root, the plants
may be tenderly treated ; but in May, when the flower-buds begin
placed in a sheltered situation with other hardy exotics, where to appear, the plants should be
placed in an open glass-case,
they may remain till the end of October, when they should where .they may be defended from the
inclemency of the
either be removed into the green-house or weather; but when it is warm weather, the air should at all
placed under a
hot-bed frame, where they may be protected from frost in times be admitted to them in plenty. With this management
winter, but enjoy the free air at all times in mild weather. the flowers will expand, and continue
long in beauty, and
The species are. during that time, there are few plant which are equal to them,
1. Nerium Oleander; Common Rosebay, or Oleander. either to the eye or the nose, for their scent is
very like that
Leaves linear-lanceolate, in threes, transversely nerved under- of the flowers of the White Thorn; and the bunches of flowers
neath calicine leaflets squarrose nectaries flat, three-cusped.
; ; will be very large, if the plants are
strong.
This species rises with several stalks to the 2. Nerium Odorum; Sweet-scented
height of eight or Rosebay, or Oleander.
ten feet; the branches come out by threes round the Leaves linear-lanceolate, in threes calicine leaflets erect; nec-
prin- ;

cipal stalks, and have a smooth bark, which in that with red tariesmany-parted; segments filiform. This has been con-
flowers is of a purplish colour, but in that with white flowers founded with the first species; but it differs in the sweet
is of a
light green. That with the white flowers is the most almond-like scent and paler hue of its flowers, which have
tender. Other varieties are, the striped-leaved, the broad- a yellow tinge in the middle. It flowers from June to
August.
leaved double-flowered, the striped double-flowered, and There is a variety with the leaves six inches long. The
young
different shades of red from purple to crimson or scarlet. branches when cut or broken discharge a milky juice or sap;
The leaves of Oleander are acrid and poisonous, therefore and the larger branches, when burnt, emit a very disagreeable
certainly not proper to be internally used without great odour. Mr. Miller informs us, that it is a native of both Indies,
caution. Oil, in which the leaves are infused, is recom- and first introduced into the British American Islands from
mended in the itch and other cutaneous disorders, in
pre- the Spanish Main, where it is called the South Sea Roae.
ference to mercurial preparations, for children and delicate The beauty and sweetness of the flowers induced the inha-
constitutions. Native of the Levant, Spain, Portugal, Italy, bitants to cultivate the plants, and in many places to form
by the sides of streams, and near the sea-coast. It abounds hedges of them; but many of the cattle that browsed on them
every where in the island of Candia by rivers and torrents, were killed, so that they are now only preserved in gardens,
and there the variety with white flowers is chiefly found; in where they make a fine appearance through a great part of
the mountains and plains about Antioch or Scanderoon, it is the year.
found abundantly; in Sicily, by all the torrents descending 3. Nerium Salicinum; Willow-leaved Rose-bay, or Olean-
from Mount Etna in many parts of Italy, as between Nice
; der. Leaves linear-lanceolate, in threes, nerveless. Neatly
and Genoa; near Monte Baldo, &c. but particularly in all
; allied to the first species. Native of Arabia Felix.
the low grounds of Magna Grecia in the kingdom of Naples. 4. Nerium Obesum. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scattered,
Belon says, that in Crete, and on Mount Athos, the Rhodo- villose underneath. Trunk soft, resembling a bulb under
dendron, which is this shrub, grows to a great size, inso- ground, the size of a man's head; branches the thickness ol
much that in Crete it is sometimes used for building-timber. the little finger, the same substance as the trunk, attenuated
It has the name Rhododendron, from the similitude of its above; when flowering, woody and warted.
flowers in size and colour to the "Rose; Rhododaphne, for 5. Nerium Leaves lanceolate, opposite;
Zeylanicum.
the same reason, and because, as Gerarde expresses it, it makes branches straight. Stems round, very dark purple, smooth,
a gallant shew like the Bay-tree. Hence also our English erect, swelling at the joints; flowers at the ends of the
name Rosebay; which is now superseded by the officinal branches. Native of the East Indies.
name. Oleander, which is adopted in almost all the European 6. Nerium Divaricatum. Leaves lanceolate, ovate ;

languages. This tree is so hardy as to live abroad in mild branches divaricating. Stem frutescent, round, decumben'
 NER OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NEU 169

or scandent, ferruginous; branches alternate, divaricating, It

may be said, that we are already in possession of a suffi-
villose. The wood of this and the above species is proper cient number of good
blues, consequently that it is unneces-
for the turner, and to make cabinets and other elegant fur- sary to attend to this new Indigo to obviate this objection,
:

niture. It is very white, and of a fine grain, like ivory, only it

may be observed, that the common Indigo plant is only to
much lighter. It mixes admirably with ebony; and is reputed be brought to perfection by nice, expensive, and laborious
to be a in the dysentery.
specific
Native of the East Indies, culture; is liable to many accidents from changes of weather,
Japan, and Cochin-china.
and other causes that no human foresight can prevent ; these
7. Nerium Oval - leaved Rose-bay. are well-known facts to any one that cultivates Indigo to
.
Antidysentericum ;

Leaves oblong, ovate; panicles terminating. This is a mid- any extent, while this tree is not subject to these inconve-
dle-sized tree, with brachiate leaves ; flowers herbaceous, niences, and does not require the smallest care, being found
or greenish white, in short subterminating racemes; segments in the greatest abundance, growing wild in the most barren
of the crown oblong, alternately trifid and linear. The trunk tracts that can possibly be imagined, and requires only to
be cut down once a year, to make it produce a large supply
very irregularly shaped when very
is ;
old it is from one and a
half to two feet in diameter; but when of that size it is full of young shoots with very luxuriant leaves the following sea-
of large rotten cavities ; its height to the branches, when son; besides, the colour that this Indigo may give to cloth,
large, is from ten to fifteen feet; the bark of the old wood is &c. may be different to any other hitherto known,- and may
scabrous, of the young pretty smooth, and ash-coloured. therefore prove of great value to a commercial nation like
The Nerium Tinctorium tree, is a native of the lower Great Britain.
regions of the mountains directly north from Coringa, in the 8. Nerium Coronarium; Broad-leaved Rose-bay. Leaves
Rajahmundry Circar; it contains a mild milky juice, chiefly elliptic;peduncles in pairs from the forks of the branches,
in the tender branches and young leaves, from which it flows two-flowered. This is an elegant branched shrub, four feet
on their being wounded. The natives make scarcely any high, milky, with an ash-coloured bark. The younger
use of this tree, except for fire- wood and the more it is cut
;
branches are shining green, compressed a little, opposite at
down, the more it increases, many shoots issuing from the the end. Native of the East Indies.
old stumps. These in one year acquire the height of eight 9. Nerium Scandens; Climbing Rose-bay. Stem climbing;
or ten feet, and are thick in proportion ; it casts its leaves peduncles terminating, many-flowered segments of the corolla
;

during the cold season, but would probably retain them if very long. This is a large shrub, with scandent branches;
in a state of cultivation. About the beginning of the hot leaves ovate-oblong, quite entire, subacuminate, smooth, oppo-
season, iu March and April, the young leaves begin to make site flowers large, with a white tube and a very red border.
;

their appearance together with the flowers; by the end of Native of Cochin-china.
May, those that first begun to be unfolded will have attained Nerteria; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia.
to their full size; about this time also it ceases flowering, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: a superior, very small,
and the seed-vessels are fully formed, but the seeds are not undivided rim. Coro/Za:one-petalled, funnel-form, superior;
ripe till January or February. The quick and luxuriant tube short, gradually enlarging; border four-cleft, with sharp
growth of this tree, in its native soil, will be a great induce- segments bent back, and shorter than the tube. Stamina:
ment to those who wish to cultivate it; which can require filamenta four, equal, inserted into the base of the corolla,
little or no trouble and the soil that it is always found wild
: filiform; antherse oblong, two-lobed, erect. Pistil: germen
in, is the barren, dry, rocky hills, and lower region of moun- inferior, oval, somewhat compressed, even ; styles two, fili-

tains, which is totally unfit for every sort of agriculture. form, slightly connate at the base, smooth; stigmas acute,
The lower parts of the steep rocky mountains of Saint Helena reflex, divaricating. Pericarp: berry globular, umbilicate
seem to be the very soil and situation it delights in; its size at top, with a
very small round scar, two-celled. Seeds:
and quick growth will render it valuable there, if it be only solitary, roundish, acuminate at the base, flat on one side,
for fire-wood; with that view Dr. Roxburgh sent a pretty convex on the other. Observe. This genus is allied to
large quantity of seeds to the Planter's Society on that island. Mancttia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla.: funnel-
The colour the leaves sometimes acquired in drying for the form, four-cleft, superior. Berry: two-celled, Seeds: soli-
Hortus Siccus, first induced Dr. Roxburgh to think they tary. The only known species is,
were of colouring matter; and the result of some Nerteria Depressa.
1. Root fibrous, annual; stems her-
possessed
experiments fully answered his expectations, although he baceous, procumbent, rooting at the joints, branched,
had often been deceived in the leaves of other plants. The somewhat angular, smooth branches axillary,
leafy, filiform, ;

method he took to extract the colour, was by collecting pro- opposite, erectr single flowered, short ; flowers solitary
miscuously the large and small leaves, while fresh; putting at the top of the branches, sessile, pale-coloured ; bractes
them on the fire in common unglazed earthen pots, with soft two, opposite, acute, very small. Native of the wet marshy
well-water, and when scalding hot straining off the liquor, parts of New Grenada, and of New Zealand.
which had acquired a deep green colour, with something of Nettle. See Urtica.
the violet-coloured scum that is observed on the common Nettle, Dead. See Lamium.
Indigo, not towards the end of the fermentation : with little Nettle, Hemp. See Galeopsis.
agitation this liquor began to granulate ; and to promote the Nettle Tree. See Celtis.
granulation as well as the precipitation, he tried various Neurada; a genus of the class Decandria, order Decagy-
liquors, as cold infusion of Jamblong bark, which is what the nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted,
Hindoos universally use to precipitate their indigo, lime- superior, very small. Corolla: petals five, equal, larger than
water, a lixivium of wood-ashes, a mixture of lime-water the calix. Stamina: filamenta ten, the length of the calix;
and lixivium of wood-ashes, and also a ley made of equal antheree simple. Pistil: germen gibbous, inferior;
styles
parts of caustic vegetable alkali and quick-lime; these five ten, the length of the stamina; stigma simple. Pericarps
he repeatedly tried, and as often found that lime-water and capsule orbiculate, depressed, convex underneath, defended
a lixivium of wood-ashes, mixed together, answered best; the all over with ascending
prickles, ten-celled. Seeds: solitary.
ftecula was washed, filtrated, and dried in the\isual manner. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : Petals:
five-parted.
 170 NI C THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; N 1C
'

five. Capsule: inferior, ten-celled, ten-seeded, prickly. snuff and for smoking is
very general, buildings are not
The only species yet discovered is, thought necessary, as they are in the West Indies, for curing
1. Neurada Procumbens. Stems dispersed, rigid, round, it ; there
being little apprehension of rain to injure the leave!
a palm high, or more ; branches from each of the lower axils. when plucked. They are hung on cords to dry without any
Native of Egypt, Arabia, and Numidia. shelter, upon the spot in which they grew. Each owner
New Jersey Tea. See Ceanothus. with his family takes care of his own produce. This indicates
Nicandra; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono- both the nature of the climate, little
subject to moisture,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one- and the general division of property into minute parcels.
leafed, turbinate, thick, coloured, four-parted ; segments Tobacco is cultivated in open fields in several parts of the
wide, concave, blunt; the two outside ones larger, and the continent of Europe; and some think it might be
advantage-
two internal ones less. Corolla: one petalled; tube very ously grown in England, if it were not prohibited by the
short; border deeply ten-cleft; segments oblong, imbricate, legislature. All the species however,
except the third arid
curved inwards at top, rigid; nectary a short membrana- fourth, require the same culture, and are too tender to grow
ceous ring, surrounding the base of the germen. Stamina: from seeds sown in the full ground to any degree of
perfection^
filamenta ten, very short, connected with the nectary, inserted in this
country, but must be raised on a hot-bed. The seeds
into the receptacle ; antherse linear, four-cornered, acute, must be sown in March, and when the plants are come 1

up
erect, approximating. Pistil: germen ovate;
styles short; fit to remove,
they should be transplanted into a new hot*
stigma peltate, orbicular, six-rayed. Pericarp : berry round- bed of a moderate warmth, about four inches asunder each
ish, six-grooved, three-celled. Seeds: many, very small, way, observing to water and shade them until they have
angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: turbinate, taken root; after which let them have air in
proportion to
coloured, four-parted. Corolla: one-petalled, ten-cleft. Ger- the warmth of the season, as without it
they will draw up
tnen; encircled with a membranaceous ring. Stigma: peltate, very weak, and be thereby less capable of enduring the open
Berry: roundish, six-grooved, three- air: water them
orbicular, six-rayed. frequently, but in small quantities; while
celled, many-seeded. The only known species is, they are very young, it should not be given to them in too
1 . Nicandra Amara. Stem simple, straight, hard, woody, great quantities, though, when they are grown strong, they
knotty, the thickness of a finger leaves simple, entire, smooth,
;
will require to have it often and in abundance. In this bed
narrow at the base, wide above, round and pointed at the the plants should remain till the middle of which
May, by
end; flowers terminating, on one, or two, or three peduncles, time, if they have succeeded well, they will touch each other;
the base, enveloped in a sheath. The corolla is white ; the therefore they should be inured to bear the open air gradu-
fruit yellow, fleshy, and the size of a cherry. All parts of ally; after which they must be taken up carefully, preserving-
this plant are bitter: the leaves and tender twigs are used a large ball of earth to each root, and planted into a rich
in venereal cases, and where there is suspicion of poison. light soil in rows four feet asunder, and the plants three feet
It is highly emetic in a large dose. Native of Guiana. distance in the rows, observing to water them until they have
Nicker Tree. See Guilandina. taken root; after which they will require no further care,
Nicotiana; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- except weeding, until they begin to shew their flower-stems;
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, when their tops should be cut off, that their leaves may
ovate, half five-cleft, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, receive more nourishment, and become larger and of a thicker*,
funnel-form; tube longer than the calix; border somewhat substance. In August they will be full grown, when
they
spreading, half five-cleft, in five folds. Stamina: filamenta should be cut for use; for if they be permitted to stand
five, awl-shaped, almost the length of the corolla, ascending; longer, their under leaves will begin to decay. This is to
Pistil: germen ovate; style filiform, the lie. understood of such
antheree oblong. plants as are propagated for use; but
length of the corolla; stigma capitate, emarginate. Peri- those designed for ornament should be planted in the bur-
carp: capsule subovate, marked with a line on each side, rs of the pleasure garden, and permitted to grow their full

two-celled, two-valved, opening at top; receptacles half ovate, height, where they will continue flowering from July till the
dotted, fastened to the partition; seeds numerous, kidney- frost puts a stop to them.
form, wrinkled. Observe. The acuminate and blunt figure 2. Nicotiana Tabacum; Virginian Tobacco. Leaves lan-
is various in this genus. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: ceolate, ovate, sessile, decurrent; flowers acute. Root large,'
funnel-form, with a plaited border. Stamina: inclined. Cap- long, annual; stalk hairy, upright, strong, round, branching
sule: two-valved, two-celled. The species are, towards the top; leaves numerous, large, pointed, entire,
1. Nicotiana Fruticosa; Shrubby Tobacco. Leaves lan- veined, viscid, pale green; bractes long, linear, pointed; flow-
ceolate, subpetioled, embracing; flowers acute; stem fru- ers in loose clusters or panicles; calix hairy, about half the
tescent. It rises with very branching stalks about five feet length of the corolla, cut into five narrow segments; tube of
high. The stalks divide into many smaller branches, termi- the corolla hairy, gradually swelling towards the border, where
nated by loose bunches of flowers of a bright purple colour, 't divides into five
folding acute segments of a reddish colour;
succeeded by acutely pointed seed-vessels. There is a vari- capsule ovate, conical, clothed with the calix, smooth, with
ety about five feet high, the stalk of which does
not branch 'our depressed streaks, two-celled, opening four ways at top;
so much as the former. It is a native of the woods of the Dartition simple, contrary to the valves ; receptacle very large,
island of Tobago. Sir George Staunton informs us, that ungous, ovate-acuminate, convex on one side, and flat on
great quantities of Tobacco are planted in the low grounds the other, or reniform, concave, fastened on both sides to
of China, through which the embassy passed: and that there ;he partition; seeds
very numerous, small, ovate, subreni-
is no traditional account of its being introduced into that 'br.m, with raised lines or nerves beautifully netted of a yel-

country, or into India, where it is likewise cultivated, and owish bay colour. Mr. Millar describes three species of
used in vast abundance. In neither country are foreign Virginian Tobacco: 1. The Great Broad-leaved, which he
usages adopted. It is possible that, like the Ginseng, it may says was formerly the most commonly sown in England, and
Le naturally found in particular spots, both in the old and las been generally taken for the Common Broad-leaved To-
new world. In China, where the use of Tobacco both in >acco of Caspar Bauhin andothers, butis very different from it.
 NIC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NI C 171

The leaves are more than a foot and half long, and a foot power, perhaps with respect to the whole system, bat espe-
broad, their surfaces very rough and glutinous, and their cially over the stomach and intestines, so as readily, even in
bases half embrace the stalk. In a rich moist soil the stalks small doses, to prove emetic and purgative. Hence it is some-
are more than ten feet high, and the upper part divides into times employed to excite vomiting, but more commonly as a
smaller branches, which are terminated by loose bunches of purgative in clysters, or by throwing the smoke up the anus.
flowers, standing erect; they have pretty long tubes, and
An infusion of Tobacco-leaves has been advantageously used
Are of a pale purplish colour. It flowers in July and August, as a lotion for obstinate ulcers ; but many instances having
and the seeds ripen soon after. This is the sort which is occurred, in which, being absorbed, it has proved a violent
commonly brought to market in pots, and by some is called poison, we dissuade from such a practice, especially as there
Oroonoko Tobacco. 2. The stalks of the next of Mr. Mil- are other medicines of as much efficacy, that maybe employed
ler's species seldom rise more than five or six feet high, and with more safety. Bergius recommends it for a fomentation"
divide into more branches. It is the Broad-leaved Tobacco in the paraphymosis. The smoke has been successfully used
of Caspar Bauhin. The leaves are about ten inches long, in the way of injection, for obstructions and inveterate con-
and three and a half broad, smooth, acute, sessile; the stipations of the belly, ever since the time of Sydenham,
flowers are rather larger, and of a bright purple colour. It and is also recommended in cases of suspended animation.
flowers and perfects seeds at the same time; and is often called In America, when a regular plantation of Tobacco is intended,
Sweet-scented Tobacco. 3. Narrow-leaved Virginian To- the beds being prepared, and well turned up with the hoe,
bacco, rises with an upright branching stalk, four or five the seed, on account of its smallness, is mixed with ashes,
feet high ; the lower leaves are a foot long, and three or four and sown upon them a little before the rainy season. The
inches broad; those on the stalks are much narrower, lessen- beds are raked or trampled with the feet, to make the seed
ing to the top, and end in very acute points, sitting very take the sooner. The plants appear in two or three weeks.
close to the stalks; they are very glutinous. The flowers So soon as they have acquired four leaves, the strongest are
grow in loose bunches at the top of the stalks, they have drawn up carefully, and planted in a field by a line, at the
long tubes, and are of a bright purple or red colour. They distance of about three feet from each plant. If no rain
appear at the same time with the former, and ripen their fall, they should be watered two or three times. Every
seeds in the autumn. They are all natives of America. morning and evening the plants must be looked over, in order
Linneus informs us that Tobacco was known in Europe from to destroy a worm which sometimes invades the bud. When
the year 1560, when it was brought into Spain and Portugal, they are about four or five inches high, they are to be cleaned
and derived its name from Nicot, the Spanish ambassador at from weeds, and moulded up. As soon as they have eight
the Portuguese court, who sent it to Catharine de Medicis or nine leaves, and are ready to put forth a stalk, the top is
as a plant of the new world possessing extraordinary virtues. nipped off, in order to make the leaves longer and thicker.
Andrew Thevet, however, who was almoner to the above Queen, After this, the buds which sprout at the joint of the leaves
and returned from Brazil in 1556, disputes the claim of Nicot, are all and not a day is suffered to pass without
plucked ;
and probably was the first importer of this noxious weed. examining the leaves, to destroy a large caterpillar which is
The filthy practices of chewing and smoking Tobacco, and sometimes very destructive to them. When they are fit for
of taking it up the nose in snuff, have now prevailed in cutting, which is known by the brittleness of the leaves, they
civilized Europe for more then two centuries, notwithstand<- are cut with the knife close to the ground; and, after lying
ing their injurious effects upon the health and appearance some time, are carried to the drying shed or house, where
of those who indulge such uncleanly and pernicious habits, the plants are hung up by pairs upon lines, leaving a space
and the great expense attending their indulgence. For the between them that they may not touch one another. In this
full history, and a most
interesting account of this famous state they remain to sweat and dry. When
perfectly dry,
herb, we refer our readers to Dr. Adam Clarke's Dessertation the leaves are stripped from the stalks, and made up in small
on the Use and Abuse of Tobacco, from which we forbear to bundles tied into one of the leaves. These bundles are laid
quote any part, because every lover of decency and order in heaps, and covered with blankets. Care is taken not to
ought to be in possession of the whole ; and should by all over-heat them, for which reason the heaps are laid open to
means endeavour to dissuade his fellow creatures from acquir- the air from time to time, and spread abroad. This operation
ing such slavish and disgusting habits. It is really
surprising is
repeated till no more heat is perceived in the heaps, and
that in a country like ours, where the influence of the ladies the Tobacco is then stowed in casks for exportation.
is so 3. Nicotiana Rustica; Common Green Tobacco.
exceedingly great, that England has been justly termed Leaves
theirearthly Paradise, that with all their influence they should petioled, ovate, quite entire; flowers obtuse, of a dull yel-
not have succeeded in persuading their husbands, parents,
lowish-green; stalks seldom more than three feet high.
and brothers, to abstain for their sake* from the use of a This is commonly called English Tobacco, from its having
weed which discolours and destroys the teeth, taints the been the first introduced here, and being much more hardy
breath, and gives an unwholesome appearance to the whole than the other sorts, insomuch that it has become a weed in
person, besides seriously injuring the health. Our fair many places: it came however originally from America, by
countrywomen are certainly no advocates for such sottish the name of Petum. Every part is downy, clammy, and
customs, which we rejoice to say are of late years gradually fetid. Gerard says of it, that "taken in smoke, it worketh
vanishing from among those who think for themselves, and the same kind of drunkenness that the right Tobacco doth."
will, it is ardently hoped, be finally proscribed by the decent This and the next species may be propagated by sowing
and rational part of mankind. Tobacco, it is well known, is their seeds in March, upon a bed of light earth, whence they
of a narcotic quality: even a small quantity, snuffed
up the may "be transplanted into any part of the garden, and will
nose, will sometimes produce giddiness, stupor, and vomit- thrive without further care.
ing; and when applied by different ways in larger quantities, 4. Nicotiana Paniculata; Panided Tobacco. Leaves pe-
there are many instances of its more violent effects, and even tioled, cordate, quite entire; flowers panieled, blunt, club-
of its proving a mortal It operates in the same
poison. way shaped; stalk three feet high and upwards. Native of Peru.
as other narcotics, but also
possesses a strongly stimulant See the preceding species.
80. 2X
172 NIG THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NIP
5. Nicotiana Urens; Stinging Tobacco. Leaves cordate, they should be gathered and dried ; then rub out each sort
crenate; racemes recurved; stem hisped, stinging. Native of separately, and preserve them in a dry place. The season for
South America. This and the two following species, being sowing these seeds is in March; but if you sow some of them
somewhat more tender than the others, should be sown early in August, soon afer they are ripe, upon a
dry soil, and in a
in the spring on a hot-bed when the plants are come up,
: warm situation, they will abide through the winter, and flower
transplant them on another moderate hot-bed; water them strong through the succeeding year; by sowing the seeds at
in warm weather ; and
duly, and give them a large share of air may be continued beauty most part
different times, they in
when the plants have obtained a good share of strength, of the summer. The varieties with double flowers, are chiefly
transplant them into separate pots, and plunge them into a sown in flower-gardens ; those with single flowers are rarely
moderate hot-bed, to bring them forward. About the middle admitted into any but botanic gardens. They are all annual
of June, some of the plants may be shaken out of the pots, plants, perishing soon after they have perfected their seeds ;

and planted in beds of rich earth; but it will be proper which, if permitted to scatter upon the borders, will come up
to keep one or two plants in pots, to be placed in the stove, without any further care. The species are,
*
in case the season should prove bad, that they may ripen With five Styles.
their seeds. 1. Nigella Damascena; Common Fennel Flower. Flowers
6. Nicotiana Glutinosa; Clammy-leaved Tobacco. Leaves surrounded with a leafy involucre. Stalk upright, branching,
petioled, cordate, quite entire; flowers in racemes, pointing a foot and half high ; colour of the flowers pale blue. There
one way, and ringent; stalk round, nearly four feet high, is a
variety with single white flowers, and another with double
sending out two or three branches from the lower part. flowers, which is frequently sown in gardens, along with other
Native of Peru. annuals, for an ornament. From the fine-cut leaves about the
7. Nicotiana Pusilla; Primrose-leaved Tobacco. Leaves flowers, it has the names of Fertnel-flower, Devil-in-a-bush,
oblong-oval, radical; flowers in racemes, acute; root pretty and Love-in-a-mist, but the first has become obsolete. The
thick, and taper, striking deep in the gjound, at the top of it expressed juice of this plant is excellent for the head-ache,
come out six or seven leaves, spreading on the ground, about for which purpose it is to be snuffed up the nose; it excites
the size of those of the common Primrose, but of a deeper sneezing, and a considerable discharge of mucus and watery
green; stalk about a foot high. Native of La Vera Cruz. humours from the head; taken inwardly, it increases the
8. Nicotiana Quadrivalvis. Leaves oblong-ovate, petio- urinary secretion, and relieves the jaundice. Native of corn-
late; flowers on the top of the branchlets scattered, solitary; fields in the South of Europe.
corolla funnel-shaped; segments oblong; capsules subglobose, 2. Nigella Saliva Small Fennel Flower.
; Pistils five oap- :

four-valved; colour of the flowers white, with a tinge of blue. sules muricated, roundish; leaves somewhat hairy. This rises
The tobacco prepared from it, is .said to be of a superior to the same height as the preceding. Its seeds were formerly

quality, and the Indians prepare the most delicate sort from much used as carminative, stimulant, and errhine but though ;

the dried flowers. It is cultivated, and also grows sponta- they are no longer employed medicinally, they are still used,
neously, on the Missouri, principally among the Mandan and in some parts of Germany and Asia, for culinary purposes
Ricara nations. instead of spice, as they are pleasantly aromatic. It flowers
Nidus Avis. See Ophrys. from June to September. Native of Candia and Egypt.'
Nigella; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Penta- 3. Nigella Arvensis; Field Fennel Flower. Pistils five;

gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: petals entire ; capsules turbinate. Stalks slender, nearly a foot
petals five, ovate, flat, blunt, spreading, more contracted at high, either single or branching out at the bottom; each
the base; nectaries eight, placed in a ring, very short; each branch is terminated by one star-pointed flower of a pale blue
two-lipped; outer lip larger, lower bifid, flat, convex, marked colour, without any leafy involucre. There is a variety with
with, two dots; inner lip shorter, narrower, from ovate end- white flowers, and another with double flowers they appear;

ing in a line. Stigma: filamenta numerous, awl-shaped, from June to September. Native of Germany, France, Italy,
shorter than the petals; anther compressed, blunt, erect. Carniola, and Switzerland.
**
Pistil: germina several, (five or ten,) oblong, convex, com- With ten Styles.
pressed, erect r ending in styles which are awl-shaped, angular, 4. Nigella Hispanica; Spanish Fennel Flower. Pistils

very long, but revolute, permanent ; stigmas longitudinal, ten, equalling the corolla; stalk a foot and half high. The
adnate. Pericarp: capsules as many as there are germina, flowers are larger than those of the other species, and of a
oblong, compressed, acuminate, connected on the inside by the fine blue colour, with green veins at the back. There is a
It flowers from June to
suture, gaping on the inside at top; seeds very many, angular, variety of it with double flowers.
rugged. Observe. The fifth species has ten pistils, straight, September. Native of Spain and the south of France.
longer than the corolla; seeds membranaceous, margined. The 5. Nigella Orientalis Yellow Fennel Floiver.
; Pistils ten.
fourth species has also ten pistils, equalling the corolla. longer than the corolla stalk branching, a foot and half high,
;

ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: none. Petals: five; nec- with pretty long leaves, finely divided. The flowers are pro-
taries five ormore, two-lipped, within the corrolla. Capsules: duced at the ends of the branches. It flowers from July to
as many, connected; according to Gsertner, separate, beaked, September. Native of corn-fields in Syria.
opening inwards. All the plants of this genus may be propa- Nightshade. See Solanum.
gated by sowing their seeds upon a bed of light earth, where Nightshade, Deadly. See Atropa.
they are to remain, for they seldom succeed well if transplanted ; Nightshade, Enchanter's. See Circ^aa.
therefore, in order to have them intermixed among other annual Nightshade, Malabar. See Basella.
flowers, in the borders of the flower-garden, the seed should be Nipa; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Monadelphia.
sown in patches, at proper distances; and when the plants GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers: lateral, below
appear, pull up those which grow too close, leavingbut three or the females, on the same plant. Calix: spathcs oblong, con-
four ofthem in each patch, observing also to keep them clear cave, acuminate, coriaceous; outer larger, innei gradualyl
from weeds; which is all the culture they require. In July inclosing; perianth proper none. Corolla: petals six, Jinear,

they produce their flowers, and ripen seeds in August, when equal, from spreading reflex. Stamina: filamentum one,
 OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
 NIT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NUR 173

filiform, erect, the length of the petals; anthera at the top of salt lakes near the Jenisca, and beyond the lake Baikal,
tlie tilamentum, perforated, twelve-grooved, oblong. Female t is
prostrate, tender, thorny, and smaller than the other in
in the male. Corolla: Pallas informs us, that the berries, though
flowers, terminating. Calix: spathes as
11 its
parts.
none. Pistil: germen angular, often five-angled, obliquely altish and insipid, are eaten in the Caspian desert, and are

truncate, smooth ; style and stigma none, but in their stead a Imost the only luxury in that arid soil. Linneus had this
groove on each side. Pericarp: drupes very many, aggregate hrub twenty years, before it flowered in Sweden: and during
in ahead, the size of the human head, angular; angles unequal, en years having in vain tried to make it flower in the gar-
acute or blunt, attenuated below, blunted above, and smooth. .en at Upsal, he at length succeeded,
by watering it with
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male: spathe. Corolla: six- alt water.

petalled. Female: spathe. Corolla: none. Drupes :

angu- Nolana; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
lar. The only known species is, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leaf-
1. Nipa Fruticans. Trunk in the young Palm none, but ;d, turbinate at the base, five-parted, five-cornered; segments
in an adult state some feet in height; leaves pinnate; pinnas ordate, acute, permanent. Corolla : one-petalled, bell-shaped,
striated,margined, acuminate, smooth. Flowers male and )laited, spreading, somewhat five-lobed, twice as large as the
female, on the same plant, but distinct on different peduncles. calix. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, erect, equal,
The fruit is eaten both raw and preserved. Native of Java, horter than the cprolla; antherse sagittate. Pistil: germina
and other islands -in the East Indies, where the leaves are ive, roundish; style among the germina, cylindric, straight,
used for covering houses and making mats. he length of the stamina; stigma capitate. Pericarp: pro-
Nipplewort. See Lapsana. >erly none. According to Gsertner, drupes five, decumbent,
Nissolia; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria. hree or five celled. Seeds: five, with a succulent rind,
-GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, bell- roundish, with the inner base naked, immersed in the recep-
shaped, five-toothed, with the upper teeth deeper. Corolla: ;acle, two-celled, and four-seeded. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
papilionaceous; banner roundish, subemarginate, reflex, with TER. Corolla: bell-shaped. Style: among the germina.
the edges folded back; wings oblong, blunt, erect, broader Seeds: five, berried, two-celled. According to Gsertner,
at top, spreading in front; keel closed, of the same form with drupes five, three or five celled, with one seed in each cell.
'
the wings. Stamina: filamenta ten, united into a cylinder, The only known species is,
cloven above; anthere roundish. Pistil: germen oblong, 1. Nolana Prostrata; Trailing Nolana. Root annual,
compressed; style awl-shaped, ascending at aright angle; simple, filiform, often three feet long, blackish stem a foot
;

stigma capitate, obtuse. Pericarp: capsule oblong, round, of ong, herbaceous, prostrate, roundish, very smooth, with white
two or three joints, running out into a ligulate wing. Seed: dots scattered over it; branches alternate, the lower ones the
one in each joint, oblong, round, blunt. ESSENTIAL CHA- length of the stalk; leaves alternate, two together, reflex,
RACTER. Ca&r: five-toothed. Capsule: one seeded, ending rhomb-ovate, quite entire, blunt, somewhat fleshy, an inch
in a ligulate wing. The species are, long flowers inferior
; corolla of a fine blue colour, with
;

1. Nissolia Arborea; Tree Nissolia. Stem arboreous, dark purple veins at the throat; calix pale purple. It flowers
erect. This is an inelegant tree, twelve feet high, the branches in
July, and ripens seed in September. Native of Peru.
of which being often weak and bending, require support. To propagate it, the seeds should be sown on a hot-bed in
Leaves deciduous, pinnate orternate. Native of Carthagena March. When the plants are fit to remove, transplant them
in New Spain; where it is found flowering in the woods in
singly into small pots filled with light earth, and plunge
July and August. them into a fresh hot-bed to bring the plants forward,
Nissolia Fruticosa; Shrubby Nissolia.
2. This is a thorn- otherwise they will not ripen their seeds in this country.
less shrub, with numerous twining stems and branches, When their flowers open in July, they should have a large
climbing the trees to the height of fifteen feet. Leaves share of air admitted to them when the weather is warm,
numerous, alternate, pinnate, subvil'ose; flowers peduncled to prevent their flowers from
falling away without producing
small, yellow, inodorous. Native of Carthagena, in woods seeds. With this management, the plants will continue flower-
and coppices flowering in September.
;
ing till the early frosts destroy them; and ripe seeds will be
Nitraria ; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Mono- produced in the beginning of September.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth one- Noli me Tangere. Sec Impatiens.
leafed, five-cleft, erect, very short,
permanent. Corolla None-so-pretty. See Saxifraga.
petals five, oblong, spreading, channelled, arched at top with None-such. See Medicago Litpulina.
an inflex dagger-point. Stamina: filamenta fifteen, awl- Nose-bleed. See Achillea Ptarmico.
shaped, almost erect, the length of the corolla; antheree Nursery. Upon this subject, so important to all farmer*
roundish. Pistil: a thickish style
germen ovate, ending in and gardeners, and to the public in general, we shall subjoin
longer than the stamina; stigma simple. Pericarp: drupi the observations of the celebrated Philip Miller at full length.
one-celled, ovate-oblong, acuminate. Seed: nut solitary He defines the nursery-garden to be a piece of land set
three-celled, ovate, acuminate. Observe. The germen when apart for the raising and propagating all sorts of trees and
immature is three-celled; nut
scrobiculate, one-celled, six plants to supply the gardens and plantations. Of this kind
valved at top; style very short, trifid. ESSENTIAL CIIA there is an immense number in various parts of the kingdom,
RACTER. Calix : five-cleft. Corolla: five-petalled, with th but especially in the neighbourhood of London, which are
petals arched at top. Stamina: fifteen or more. occupied by the gardeners, whose business it. is to raise trees,
Drupe
one-seeded. The only known species is, plants, and flowers, for sale; and in many of these there is
1. Nitraria Schoberi; Thick-leaved Nitraria. There ar at present a much
greater variety of trees and plants culti-
two varieties of this shrub; one in the squalid nitro salin vated than can be found in any other part of Europe. Put
parts of the desert extending from the north of the Caspiai I do not,
says Mr. Miller, propose to treat of these extensive
Sea; the stems of which are nearly upright, almost unarmed nurseries, nor to give a description of them, and shall con-
it is also the
largest in all its parts. The other, is found i fine myself to such nurseries as are
only absolutely necessary
the salt plains of Siberia, between the rivers Irtis and Obo, b for all lovers of planting to have upon the spot where they
174 NUR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NUR
design to make their plantation. For if these are large, the be an expense attending the carriage of water in dry weather.
expense of carrying a great number of trees, if the distance It should also be as near the house as it can with convenieftcy
be great, will be no small expense, besides the hazard of be admitted, in order to render it easy to visit at all times of
their growing; which when the plants hate been trained up the year, because it is
absolutely necessary it should be under
in good land, and removed to an indifferent one, is
very great. the inspection of the master, for unless he delights in it there
Therefore it is of the utmost consequence to every planter will be little hopes of success. The soil of this nursery
to begin by making a nursery. But in this article I must should also be good, and not too heavy and stiff, for such
beg leave to observe, that a nursery should not be fixed to land will be very improper for sowing most sorts of seeds ;
any particular spot: I mean by this, that it would be wrong because as this will detain the moisture in the spring and
to continue the raising of trees any number of years upon winter, the seeds of most tender things,
especially of
the same spot of ground, because hereby the ground will be flowers, will rot in the ground, if sown early ; therefore
so much exhausted by the trees, as to render it unfit for the where persons are Confined to such land, there should be a
same purpose. Therefore all good nursery gardeners shift good quantity of sand, ashes, and other light manures, buried^
and change their land from time to time, for when they have in order to separate the parts, and pulverize the ground;
drawn off the trees from a spot of ground they plant kitchen and if it be thrown up in ridges to receive the frost in winter,
herbs, or other things, upon the ground, for a year or two ; it will be of great use to it, as will also the frequent forking
by which time, as also by dunging or trenching the land, or stirring of the ground, both before and -after it is planted.
it is recovered, and make fit to receive other trees. But this The many advantages which attend the having such a nur-
they are obliged to from necessity, being confined to the sery, are so obvious to every person who has turned his
same land which is not the case with those gentlemen who thoughts in the least to this subject, that it is needless for
;

have, large extent of ground in the country. Therefore I me to mention them here; and therefore I shall only repeat
would advise all such persons to make nurseries upon the here what I have so frequently recommended, which is the
ground which is intended for planting, where a sufficient carefully keeping the ground always clean from weeds ;
number of trees may be left standing after the others have which would soon rob the young trees of their nourishment.
been drawn out to plant in other places ; which, for all Another principal business is to dig the ground between the
large-growing trees, but particularly such as are cultivated for young plants at least once every year, to loosen it for the
timber, will be found by much the most advantageous method ; roots to strike out; but if the ground is stiff, it will be better
for all those trees which come up from the seed, or which if it is repeated twice a year, in October and March> which
are transplanted very young into the places where they are will
greatly promote the growth of the plants, and prepare
designed to remain, willmake a much greater progress, and their roots for transplanting. But there may be many person*
become larger trees, than any of those which are transplanted who have the curiosity to raise their own fruit-trees, which
Therefore the nurseries should be thinned I would recommend to
at a greater age. every lover of good fruit, because
early, by removing all those trees which are intended for the uncertainty of procuring the intended kinds of each fruit
other plantations while they are young, because hereby the is
very great, when taken from the common nursery gardens,
expense and trouble of staking, watering, &c. will be saved, so that most gentlemen who have planted many, have con-
and the trees will succeed much better. But in exposed stantly complained of this disappointment; but besides this
situations, where there are nurseries made, it will be neces- there is another inconvenience, which for want of skill is
sary to permit the trees to stand much longer, that by grow- scarcely taken notice of, which the taking the buds or
is,

ing close together they may shelter each other, and draw grafts from young which have not borne
trees in the nurseries
themselves up; and these should be thinned gradually as fruit; this having been frequently repeated, renders the trees
the trees advance, for by taking away too many at once so raised as luxuriant as willows, making shoots to the top
the cold will check the growth of the remaining trees. But of the wall in two or three years, and hardly ever become
then those trees which are taken out from these nurseries, fruitful with the most skilful management. I shall therefore

after a certain age should not be depended on for planting; treat of the proper method to make a nursery of these trees;
and it will be prudent rather to consign them for fuel than in the doing which the following rules must be observed.
to attempt to remove them large, whereby in endeavouring 1. That the soil in which
you make the nursery, be not
to get them up with good roots, the roots of the trees left better than that where the trees are to be planted out for
standing will often be much injured. What has been here good; the not observing this is the reason that trees are often
proposed must be understood for all large plantations in at a stand, or make but little progress, for three or four years

parks, woods, &c. but those nurseries which are only intended after they come from the nursery, as it commonly happens
for raising evergreens, flowering shrubs or plants, which are to such trees as are raised near London, and carried into the

designed to embellish gardens, may be confined to one spot, northern parts of England, where, being planted in a poor
because a small compass of ground will be sufficient for this soil and a much colder situation, the trees seldom succeed

purpose. Two or three acres of land employed this way, well; therefore it is by far the better method, when you have
will be sufficient for the most extensive designs, and one obtained the sorts you would wish to propagate, to raise a
acre will be full enough for those of moderate extent. And nursery of the several sorts of stocks proper for the various
such' a spot of ground may be always employed for sowing kinds of fruit, upon which you may bud or graft them; and
the seeds of foreign trees and plants, as also for raising many those trees which are thus raised upon the soil, and in the
sorts of biennial and perennial flowers to transplant into the same degree of warmth, where they are to be planted, will
borders of the pleasure-garden, and for raising many kinds succeed much better than those brought from a greater dis-
of bulbous-rooted flowers from seeds; whereby a variety of tance and from a richer soil. 2. This ground ought to be
new sorts may be obtained annually, which will recompense for fresh, and not such as has been already worn out by trees,
the trouble and expense, and will also be an agreeable diver- or other large-growing plants for in such soil your stocks
;

lion to all those persons who delight in the amusements of will not make any progress. ,1. It ought never to be too

gardening. Such a nursery as this should be situated con- wet, nor over dry, but rather of a middling nature; though
veniently for water; for where that is wanting, there must of the two extremes a dry is to be preferred, because in such
 N UR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NUR 175

soils, though the trees do not nutke so great a progrees as eing of very humble growth, causes the fruit trees grafted or
in moist, yet they are generally sounder, and more disposed ludcled thereon to bear very soon, and
they may be kept in
to fruitfulncss. 4- Observe to inclose it, that cattle and ver- mall compass ; but they are only proper for very small gar-
min may IK excluded; for they make sad havoc with young- dens, or by way of curiosity, since the trees thus raised are
trees, particularly in winter,
when
the ground is covered iut of short duration ; and seldom arise to
any size to
produce
with snow, and they have other food which they can
little ruit in
quantities, unless the graft or bud be buried in
come at. Some of the most mischievous, are hares and rab- lanting, so that they put forth roots ; and then they will be
bits, which devour the bark, and
soon destroy the trees. equal to trees grafted upon free stocks, since they receive
The ground being inclosed, should be carefully trenched ut small advantage from the stock. For Cherries, stocks
about eighteen inches or two feet deep, provided it will allow hould be raised from the stones of the common Black or the
it; this should be done in August or September, that it may Wild Honey Cherry, both of which are strong free growers,
be ready to receive young stocks at the season for planting, and produce the cleanest stocks. For Plums, you may use
which is commonly in the middle or end of October. In the stones of most free-growing sorts; which will also do
trenching the ground, be careful to cleanse it from the roots ery well for Apricots, these being less difficult to take than
of all noxious weeds, such as Couch-grass, Docks, &c. which, Peaches and Nectarines; but these ought not to be raised
if left iu the ground, will get in among the roots of the trees, Vom suckers, for the reason before assigned, but from stones.
so as not to be gotten out afterwards, and will spread and There are some persons who recommend the Almond stock
overrun the ground, to the great prejudice of your young or several sorts of tender Peaches, upon which
they will
stocks. After having dug the ground, and the season being take much better than upon Plum stocks but these beinj
;

come for planting, you must level down the trenches as equal tender in their roots, and apt to shoot early in the spring,
as possible, and then lay out the ground into quarters pro- and being also of short duration, are by many people rejected ;
portionable to the size thereof, and those quarters may be mt such tender sorts of Peaches which will not take upon
laid out in beds for the sowing of seeds, or the stones of fruit. Plum stocks, should be budded upon Apricots, upon which
The best sorts of stocks for Peaches, Nectarines, &c. are they will take very well and all sorts of Peaches which are
;

such as are raised from the stones of the Muscle and White planted upon dry soils, will continue much longer, and not
Pear Plumb, but you should never plant suckers of these, be so subject to blight, if they are upon Apricots ; for it is
C which is what 'some people practise,) for they seldom make so observed, that upon such soils where Peaches seldom do
good stocks, nor are ever well-rooted plants; besides, they well, Apricots will thrive exceedingly, which may be owing
are very subject to produce great quantities of suckers from to the strength and compactness of the vessels in the Apri-
their roots, which are very troublesome in the borders or cots, which render it more capable of assimilating, or drawing
walks of a garden, and greatly injure the tree ; so that you its nourishment from the Plum stock, which in
dry soils
should annually, or at least every other year, sow a few seldom afford it in
great plenty to the buds and the Peach-
;

stones of each, that you may never be at a loss for stocks. tree being of a loose and spongy nature, is not so capable
For Pears, you should have such stocks as have been raised of drawing its nourishment therefrom, which occasions that
from the kernels of the fruit where perry has been made, weakness which is commonly observed in those trees when
or else preserve the seeds of some sorts of summer pears, planted on a dry soil; therefore it is the common practice
which generally shoot strong and vigorous, as the Cuisse of the nursery gardeners, to bud the Plum stock either with
Madame, Windsor, &c. but when this is intended, the fruit Apricots or some free-growing Peach; and after these have
should be suffered to hang upon the trees till they drop, and grown a year, they bud the tender sorts of Peaches upon
afterwards permitted to rot; then take out the kernels and these shoots by which method many sorts succeed well,
:

put them in sand, being careful to keep them from vermin, which in the common way will not thrive, or scarce keep
as also to place them where they may not grow damp, which alive and the gardeners call these Double-worked Peaches,
;

will make them mouldy. These should be sown for stocks The budding and grafting of Cherries upon stocks of th
early in the spring, upon a bed of good light fresh earth, Cornish and Morello Cherry, produces the same effect as
where they will come up in about six weeks, and, if kept the Paradise stock upon Apples. Having provided young
clear from weeds, will be strong
enough to transplant in Octo- stocks of all these different sorts, which should be raised in
ber following. But for many sorts of summer and autumn the seminary the preceding year, they must be transplanted
Pears, Quince stocks are preferable to free stocks, that is, into the nursery in October. If intended for standards, they
Pear stocks. These are generally used for all the sorts of should be planted three feet and a half or four feet row from
soft melting Pears, but row, and at a foot and half distance in the row; but if for
they are not so good for the breaking
Pears, being apt to render those fruits which are grafted upon dwarfs, three feet row from row, and one foot in the row,
them atony ; these are very often propagated from suckers, will be a sufficient distance. In taking these stocks out of
which are generally produced in plenty from the roots oi the se.ed-beds, you must raise the ground with a spade, in
old trees; but those are not near so good as such as are order to preserve the roots as entire as possible; then with
pro-
pagated from cuttings or layers, which have always much your knife prune off all the very small fibres; and if there
better roots, and are not so subject to produce suckers as be any which have a tendency to root downright, such roots
die other; which is a very desirable should be shortened: having thus prepared the plants, draw
quality, since these
suckers do not only rob the trees of great part of their a line across the ground intended to be planted, and with
nourishment, but are very troublesome in a garden. Apples your spade open a trench thereby exactly straight, into
are grafted or budded upon stocks raised from seeds which which place them at the distance before mentioned, setting
come from the cider press, or upon Crab-stocks, the latter them exactly upright, and then put the earth in close to
of which are esteemed for their durableness, them, filling up the trench, and with your foot press the
especially for
large standard trees; these should be raised from seeds, as earth gently to the roots of them, observing not to displace
the pear-stock, and must be treated in the same manner, for them so as to make the rows crooked, which will render
those procured from suckers, &c. are not so good : the Para- them unsightly: these plants should by no means be headed
dise stock has been or pruned at top, which will weaken them, and cause them
greatly esteemed for small gardens;
80. 2 Y
176 NUR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NUR
to produce lateral branches, by which they are spoiled. If they attain to a vigorous state. Having fixed upon a proper
the winter should prove very cold, it will be of great service place, of a sufficient size for the purpose, fence it with hedges,
to your young stocks, to lay some mulch upon the surface pales, or walls, to keep out cattle, hares, and rabbits ; then
of the ground near their roots, which will prevent the frost in October or November trench the land two
spits deep,
from penetrating the ground, so as to hurt the tender fibres and in spring turn it over again; after which, let the surface
which were produced after planting: but you should be be laid smooth, and set out into
quarters. A very judicious
careful not to let it lie too thick near the stems of the plants, planter, adds Dr. Hunter, recommended to him the following
nor remain too long, lest the moisture should be prevented method of making a seminary or nursery for forest trees.
from penetrating to the roots of the plants, which it often Trench the ground in November eighteen inches
deep, if
does where there is not due care taken to remove it as soon the soil will admit of it; but where the
staple is too thin,
as the frost is over. In thesummer, hoe and destroy the one foot will be sufficient, in which case the sward must be
weeds, which if permitted to remain in the nursery, will pared off very thin, and laid in the bottom of the trench.
greatly weaken and retard the growth of your stocks; and The following year let this land be cultivated with a
crop
in the succeeding years, dig up the ground every spring of cabbages, turnips, or rape, which must be eaten off with
between the rows, which will loosen it so that the fibres sheep. After this, a common digging will be sufficient,
pre-
may easily strike out on each side, and the weeds will viously to its being formed into beds for the reception of the
thereby be destroyed. If any of the stocks have put forth seeds. The urine of the sheep is one of the most cherishing
lateral branches, prune them off, that they may be encou- manures for all plants raised in a seminary or nursery. The
raged to grow upright and smooth. The second year after soil of the
nursery, according to Mr. Marshall, should be rich
planting, such of the stocks as are designed for dwarf trees and deep, and should be prepared by double
diggings and
will be fit to bud, but those which are designed for standards other meliorations: if not deep and rich
by nature, it must
should be suffered to grow six or seven feet high before they be made so by art; for if the roots of tender plants have not
are budded or grafted. See Inoculation and Grafting. The a soil they affect, or sufficient room to strike in, there will
stocks which were budded in summer and have failed, may be little hope of their furnishing themselves with that ample
be grafted the following spring; but Peaches and Necta- stock of fibres which is necessary to a good plant, and with
rines never take well from grafts, and should therefore be which it is the principal use of the nursery to supply them.
budded. The ground reserved for the Flower Nursery The situation of the nursery is determined by the soil, or
always
should be well situated to the sun, but defended from strong by local conveniences the nearer it is, the more attendance
:

winds by plantations of trees or buildings, and the soil will

probably be given it; but the nearer it lies to the scene
should be light and dry; which must always be observed, of planting, the less carriage will be requisite. In pruning
especially for bulbous-rooted flowers, which are designed to seedlings, layers, and suckers, for the nursery, the roots
be planted therein, the particulars of which are exhibited should not be left too long, but trimmed off pretty close, to
under the several articles of flowers. In this part of the form a snug globular root. By this means the new fibres
nursery should be planted the offsets of all bulbous-rooted will be formed
immediately round the main root, and may
flowers, where they are to remain until they become blowing of course easily be removed with it, without disturbing the
roots, when they should be removed into the pleasure-garden, earth interwoven among them. The tops should, in most
and planted either in beds or borders, according to the good- cases, be trimmed close up to the leader; or, if awkward or
ness of the flowers, or the management which they require. defective, be cut off a little above the rooj. Various methods
In this ground also the different sorts of bulbous-rooted are practised for putting in seedlings by the dibble, by the
;

flowers may be raised from seed, by which means new

scoop, by a single chop with the spade, by two chops one
varieties may be obtained ; but most people are discouraged across the other, by square holes made by four chops of the
from setting about this work, from the length of time before spade, bringing up the mould with the last, or by bedding,
the seedlings will come to flower: but notwithstanding this, a method chiefly made use of for quicksets. The chief art
after a person has once begun, and continues sowing in putting them in, lies in not
every cramping the fibres of the
year, after the parcel first sown has flowered, the regular roots, but letting them lie free and easy ir\ the mould: the
succession of them coming annually to flower will not render particular mode or instrument to be made use of depends
tliismethod so tedious as it at first appeared. The seedling much upon the size of the plants to be put in. This also
Auriculas. Polyanthuses, Ranunculuses, Anemonies, Carna- determines in a great measure the proper distance between
tions, &c. should be raised in this nursery, where they should the rows, and between plant and plant. The proposed
be preserved until they have flowered then mark all that
; method of cleaning is also a guide to the distance. The
are worth transplanting into the flower-garden, which should natural tendency of the plant itself must also be considered.
be done in their proper seasons; for it is not so well to have From six to twenty-four inches in the rows, with intervals
all these
seedling flowers exposed to public view in the flower- from one to four feet wide, will comprehend the whole
garden, because there are 'a great number of ordinary flowers variation of distances, Pruning is necessary, to prevent the
produced among them, which would make but an indifferent plants from crowding to each other, and to give them stem.
appearance in the pleasure-garden. For a Nursery, Dr. Shrubs which do not require a stem should be planted in a
Hunter recommends a rich, deep, and stiffish mould, though quincunx, that they may spread every way; but forest and
the trees should afterwards be removed into a other trees require some length of stem, and in giving them
poorer soil. Rea-
son, says he, teaches that young trees growing luxuriantly and this, the leading shoot is more particularly to be attended to.
freely in a good soil, will form vigorous and healthy roots; If the heads be double, one of the shoots must be taken
and when they come to be afterwards planted in worse land, close off; if it be maimed or defective, it may be well to
they will be able from the strength of their constitution to cut the plant down to the ground, and train a fresh shoot;
feed themselves freely with coarse food. On the contrary, or if the head be taken off smooth, immediately above a
jfoung trees raised upon poor land, by having their vessels strong side-shoot, this will sometimes outgrow the crooked-
contracted, and their outward bark mossy and diseased, will ness, and in a few years become a straight plant. The time
be a long time, even after being removed to a rich soil, before of the plants remaining in the nursery is determined by &
 N UR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NUR 177

variety of circumstances;
and a seasonable thinning often degree of luxuriance, if it be planted in one that is better ;
becomes necessary. The general rule for this is to thin as whereas a plant that has been nursed in a fertilg soil, and has
soon as the tops or roots interfere. In taking up trees or been rushed up to a great size, like an animal that has been
shrubs for the purpose of planting them out where they are pampered with high feeding, and swelled up with fat, will
to stand, every root and fibre ought as much as possible to languish and pine away, if transplanted to a more indifferent
be preserved and therefore no violence should be used in
;
soil. But it would be no difficult matter to shew the fallacy
this operation. The best way is to dig a trench close by of this mode of reasoning, and to point out many errors whicn
the side of the plant, and having undermined the roots, to have crept into almost all sciences, from pursuing such fanci-
let it fall of itself, or with a very little assistance, into the ful analogies between objects so dissimilar as those men-

trench: if
any roots still have hold, cut them off with a sharp tioned in this example. But as this would be a digression,
instrument, so as to jar the main root as little as possible. it
may just be noticed, that it could seldom be attended with
If the root was properly pruned before planting, it will now worse consequences than in the present case, as it leads to a
turn out a globular bundle of earth and fibres. When the conclusion directly the reverse of what is warranted by ex-
nursery lies at a distance from the plantations, much depends perience; for it has been found from reiterated experiments,
that a strong and vigorous plant, that has grown up quickly,
upon packing the plants judiciously. Valuable plants are
sent in pots or baskets straw however is used in general,
;
and arrived at a considerable magnitude in a very short time,
and will sufficiently protect them from frost and drought, never fails to grow better after transplanting, than another of
especially if, for the latter purpose, the straw be occasionally the same size that is older and more stinted in its growth,
moistened with water. Moss is the most effectual article for whether the soil in which they are planted be rich or poor :
keeping the roots moist and supple when removed to a great so that instead of recommending a poor hungry soil for a
it would
distance. nursery, perhaps be the best in all cases to set apart
Having given the opinions of the above able horticulturists, for thispurpose the richest and most fertile spot that could
we shall proceed to detail the remarks of other eminent be found and in the choice of plants, always to prefer the
;

authors, upon this important subject: Mr. Boutcher states, youngest and most healthy, to such as are older, if of an equal
that it is an almost universally received opinion, that trees size: this is given as the result of much experience in this

ought to be raised in the nursery on a poorer soil than that business. And this practical
planter suggests, that so much
to which they are afterwards to be transported for good and ;
has been said concerning the question, whether a nursery
it has been directed by many of the most respectable authors ;
should be on a soil and in a situation corresponding to those
he himself adhered to it in early life, and it is so seemingly on which the trees are ultimately to be placed, that he should
consistent with nature, that he is not surprised that it has deem it unpardonable to dismiss the subject in silence. He
been generally followed by young planters; at the same time briefly delivers his own opinion, so that the reader may apply
that he cannot account for those who have had long practice, orrejectwhatagrees with, or is opposed to his. Mr. Boutcher's
and much experience, not exposing the fallacies of that system. first remark is, that experience had taught him that it is only
He adds, that he has given some examples, from frequently for an extensive scale of planting, that the nursery can be had
repeated experiments, of the ill effects he has felt by-planting recourse to in other cases, it is no saving for a gentleman to rear
;

young and tender seedlings on the poorest soils, and the a nursery. He confines himself to the nursing of seedlings only
greater success attending those that are well grown on the on the same principle; and from indisputable proofs, demon-
same or in similar situations. The consequences of raising strated both by himself and others, who have had much expe-
plants on poor hungry land are no less fatal than planting rience, and made impartial trialshowfaritmightbetoagentle-
seedlings in such soils, and should be avoided as much as man's advantage to rear his own nursery from seed and they ;

possible. In the culture of many trees, it is necessary to have all found it unprofitable, and attended with considerable
promote their vigorous growth at first, that they may after- perplexity; which is not at all surprising, when we reflect on
wards become stately and handsome, which can only be the multiplicity of business at that season most critical for
effected by their being early nursed in a generous soil; if ensuring success in this branch. If the soil and situation

they are but barely supported from infancy on meagre ground, whereon the trees are ultimately to remain be good, or nearly
they will never afterwards become strong, though removed resemble that which we are about to describe then, if all ;

to that which is rich in feeding. He has sown the seeds of other circumstances concur, he conceives the trees ought to
forest trees on the poorest ground, planted seedlings and be nursed on the spot; but for no other reason, than that it
strong well-nursed trees from five to ten feet high, on the is less expensive to carry to a distance seedling, than trans-
same ground and at the same time where the old well culti- planted trees. But if the soil whereon the trees are to be
;

vated plants have frequently made good trees, when the seed- planted be bad, or essentially different from that we are about
lings have perished, and, from the sterility and coldness of the to describe, and if the situation be bleak, and exposed to
soil, the seeds have not so much as vegetated. In short, the violent winds, then he should conceive the attempt to rear
roots of seedlings are not so well fitted as larger plants, to nursery plants, clean, healthy, and well-rooted, opposed to
draw sufficient nourishment from crude, rank, and unculti- common sense After stating that great care and attention
vated soils and as he has truly found what he has here said are necessary in rearing young plants; and that some are
;

in many instances to be the case, it compels him to believe raised with more difficulty than others; it is asked, Are the
that the general practice of planting seedlings in poor, and Ash, the Beech, the Birch, the Elm, the Larch, And the Oak,
large trees in good land, should be quite reversed. It has reared in infancy with equal ease? Do they not, if properly
also been stated by others, that almost all writers on agricul- treated, all equally flourish afterwards, on the mountain and
ture advise the farmer to be very careful to make choice of in the vale, where soil is
hardly found, and where it is found
such plants only as have been raised in a nursery of poor in abundance? Do we sow 'seed in sand, gravel, clay, the
oil, and always to reject such as have been reared in a richer crevice of a rock, on the bleak top of a mountain, or .in a
soil than that in which he has to plant them ; because a plant fertile vale with equal
expectation of seeing it rise a good
which has been reared in a barren soil, has been inured from plant? 5ot*. That which Mr. Nichol supposes to be Ix-st
its infancy to live
hardily, and will advance with a great suited for this purpose, is a loam of a middling texture, rather
 178 NUR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NUR
inclining to sand, neither rich nor poor, from eighteen to trenched about twenty inches deep, which may be done for
twenty-four inches in depth, lying on a free, porous substra- about 3. 10s. or 4. an acre, and should be performed in
tum, as this will be found more generally congenial to the the spring when the planting season is over. If after the
nature of the different forest trees than any other soil. But trenching two or three chaldrons of lime be laid on an acre,
there isno general rule without exception : if there be a the land will produce an excellent crop either of cabbages or
diversity of soils, and if they do not too nearly approach the turnips, which being eaten off by sheep in the autumn, will
extremes of meagre sterility and excessive fertility, so much make the land in fine order for all sorts of tree seeds; but
the better; since all the kinds do not exactly thrive in the as the Oak is the sort of tree generally cultivated, this is the
same soil, and an opportunity would thereby be afforded method pursued in raising and managing that most valuable
of placing each in that congenial to its nature. The site species. Culture. As soon as the acorns fall, after being
should be neither high nor low, sheltered nor exposed, provided with a good quantity, sow them in the following
in any extreme, for the same reason, which is, that it may the manner; Draw drills with a hoe in the same manner as is
more generally answer all purposes. For a nursery of this practised for pease, and sow the acorns therein so thick as
description, nothing can be more eligible
tlian the spot nearly to touch each other, leaving the space of one foot
which may occasionally be occupied as a kitchen-garden, between row and row, and between every fifth row the space
The pulverization and mellowness afforded by the previous of two feet for the alleys. While the acorns are in the
growth of various culinary crops, bring the land into the most ground, great care must be taken to keep them free from
suitable state for the raising of young trees, and at the same vermin, which would very often make great havoc among
timecleaj it the most effectually from vermin, such as the grub the beds, not timely prevented; and this caution applies
if

and other insects. In all cases it will be advisable to trench the to most othersorts of tree seeds. As soon as the seed-
to its full depth, in preparing it for a nursery and if lings appear, the beds should be weeded, which should be
ground ;

necessary, to give it a dressing with lime, marl, dung, &c. in often repeated, until they want thinning: and as the plants
Other manure should never be applied to nursery frequentlj grow more in one
wet season where the soil is
compost.
ground at the time of cropping with timber-trees. But at the tolerably good, than in two dry ones where the soil is poor,
time of cropping with esculents, manure, either simple or in a the time for doing this is best ascertained by observing
compost, rnay he applied, as convenience, or the nature of the when the tops of the rows meet; which is done, when that
crop in question, shall determine. But that the trees should is the case,
by taking away one row on each side the middle-
immediately follow a manured culinary crop, is the best of most, which leaves the remaining three rows the same dis-
all methods; as in that case no manure would be required tance apart as the breadth of the alleys. Ivi
taking up these
for the timber crop. He has known an instance where a rows, the workman ought to be careful neither to injure the
field was taken in for a nursery, from an old pasture of plants removed, nor those left on each
side. The rest of
rough sward, and in which myriads of the grub-worm', the young Oaks being now left in rows at two feet apart,
slug, &c. had found an asylum. It was conceived that
by letthem again stand till the tops meet; then take up every
subtrenching, or deeply digging it, the land might be effec- Other row, and leave the rest in rows four feet asunder, till
the field was planted with of about five feet; which is full as
tually cleaned; and accordingly they arrive to the height
wished to be planted. In taking
nursery plants, without any preparatory crop of grain, &c. large a size as can be up
But the most of the Firs, the Larches, the the two last sizes, the method is to dig a trench at the end
result was, that
Elms, the Beeches, &c. became a prey to the vermin in the of each row full two feet deep then undermine the plants,
;

with their roots entire the

ensuing season and their stems were found peeled entirely and let them fall into the trench
:
;

round, about an inch under the surface. For this reason it same mode is necessary with the other sorts of trees, very
becomes a matter of caution, that a like misfortune be much of their future success depending on the point of their
avoided, to take a crop or crops of grain, potatoes, turnips, &c. being well taken up. But Mr. Nicol does not nurse trees
ir< order thoroughly to cleanse the soil of those noxious vermin, in general more than two seasons, as they are cither one or
before venturing in it the more valuable crop of the nursery. two years in the seminary, according to their kinds, before
But, in respect to the proper rotation, much must be left to they come under view and as the after
;
treatment for many
the judgment of the operator and existing circumstances. The kinds is the same, for the sake of brevity he classes such as
'

following example is given,on the suspicion that it may be with propriety may be classed together, and whose culture
the exigency of the in the nursery is similar, particularly those only that are of
applied, or partly rejected, according to
case: 1st, Vegetables, with manure; winter fallow. 2nd. the greatest importance, and whose treatment is materially
Evergreen and resinous trees, without manure. 3rd. Sub- different. He advises that the Alder and the Birch should
trenched ; deciduous trees, resinous trees, without manure. remain two years in the seminary, and then be removed into
4th. Potatoes or turnips, with manure. 5th. Evergreen and nursery rows. The richest and choicest ground in the
resinous trees, as before, &c. However, for the extensive plan- it be of such soil and in such situation
nursery, provided
tations of the Dukeof Portland in Nottinghamshire, where as is described above, should be allotted for them. They
tlie soil is of a light sandy kind, some well-situated valley are to be planted in lines twelve inches asunder, and about
is usually chosen, as near the centre of the intended planta- four inches in line. The roots of the Alders may be trimmed
tions as possible, for the purpose of a nursery. If this valley a little with the knife. The Birches must not be touched.
be surrounded with hills on all sides but the south, so much And he adds, that whether plnnts should be put in with the
the better. A piece of ground, consisting of as many acres spade or setting-stick, is a question frequently agitated.
as is convenient for the purpose, is fenced about in such a He is of opinion, it is a matter uf little importance to plunts
manner as to keep out all noxious animals. At each end of of this which method is practised, provided cither be
age
the nursery, large boarded gates are fixed, and also a road well performed. The size of the roots should determine;
made down the middle, wide enough to admit carriages to for it would certainly be improper to force a large root into

go through, which is found to be very convenient for remov- a small hole, to the evident detriment of the plant, by its
ing young trees from thence to the plantations. After the roots and fibres being bundled together in a mass, without
fence is completed, the ground on each side of the road is the intervention 6f mould. It is equally improper to force
 NUR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NUR 179

a plant into a slit or gash, the sides of which, by the operation than one season in the seminary. Mr. Nicol is convinced of
of making it, are hardened, and rendered impenetrable, in this, from having made a variety of experiments for ascer-
a great measure, by the tender fibrils, for a time, until rain taining the quickest and most advantageous methods of rear-
and the influence of the weather soften them. He therefore, ing this useful tree. The result of experiment has proved to
for the better performance of both methods, would advise : his entire satisfaction, that a
healthy seedling of one year,
1st, for dibbling; that the ground be well broke in the ope- nursed in moderately good soil, having a sufficiency of room,
ration of digging or trenching; that whatever is dug be also and kept properly clean of weeds, will in any soil or situation
planted the same day; that it neither be dug nor planted wherein it may afterwards be placed, outgrow another of
in too wet nor too dry a state ; that the hole be made large any age within the seventh year after transplanting. He has
and loose by a twitch of trie hand that the plant be just suf
; planted many of this description, and within that period has
fastened to keep it in proper position and that, at
; measured them fifteen feet in height; while those on the
ficiently
the end of each day's work, the whole be levelled, and the same spot, planted the same day, and which were some two,
earth closed to the stems with a short-headed rake : 2nd, for some three years nursed, did not measure above twelve feet,
laying in with the spade; that (instead of digging over the nor were they so straight and beautifully formed. With
ground first, and then planting in a slit or gash, whereby regard to the Scotch Fir, and the Weymouth Pine, the former,
the sides of the slit are hardened, and the roots crowded unless for the purpose of decoration, or where it is wanted
in,) the digging and planting be both carried on together; for variety, is never nursed, but taken from the
seminary at
that is, turn one furrow farther than where the row is to be two years old, and then planted out for good. Mr. Nicol
placed, cut perpendicularly by the line; place in the plants; approves of this practice, provided the plants stand thin in
turn another furrow to their roots; turn a second, or if neces- the seminary but otherwise they should be nursed one year
;

sary a third furrow; cut and place as before, &c.; treading in rows a foot asunder, and an inch in line. If they are
none, but smoothing all with the rake. Farther, the Ash, required of a larger size, they should be removed from this
and Mountain Sorb, should also remain two years in the semi- into other
nursery lines, at twelve or fifteen inches apart,
nary. The poorest soil in the nursery should be their por- and four or five in line, according to the time they are to
tion, reserving better for the kinds to follow. They should remain there, which however should not be longer than two
also be planted in lines twelve inches asunder, and four in years for any purpose whatever. The Weymouth Pine
line; the roots of both being moderately trimmed with the should also stand two years in the seminary, and then be
knife. The Beech and the Oak are to remain two years in the nursed two or three years in rows, according to the pur-
seminary, and should be planted in good soil, in lines fifteen pose intended, or the quality and depth of soil wherein
inches apart, and five or six in line. Their roots ought on it is to be afterwards planted. In either case, fifteen
no account to be trimmed at this time; otherwise not one inches between the lines will be sufficient; and if they are
half of the plants will strike. They should remain for two to remain two
years, four in line; but if three, five or six.
seasons in this situation; at the end of the first, let their The tap-roots of the seedlings of either may be shortened a
tap-roots be cut at the depth of six inches below the surface, little; but at the second, or any subsequent removal, their
a person cutting on each side the row with a spade sharpened roots must not be touched. But the common or Norway
on purpose, so as to effectually cut the tap-root of each Spruce should be removed from the seminary at two years
plant, with as little injury to the upper part as possible, old, and nursed in lines twelve inches apart, and three in
then pointing up the intervals of the rows, levelling all the line, for two seasons ; at the end of which, remove them
btems of the plants. It is supposed, that at the end of the into other lines fifteen inches apart, and four or five in line;
second season the plants will have made fibry roots, and there to remain one, or at most two years, in proportion to
be fit for removal to almost any situation. But if for any their progress, or the soil they are planted in. If they are

particular purpose it be necessary to nurse them longer, in intended for very barren sites, plants nursed fortwo seasons
that case they should be transplanted next season into fresh only are preferred. The roots of this plant should not be
nursery rows ; allowing them a little more room, and short- pruned at any time, if it can be avoided ; nor indeed
ening all roots which have a tendency downwards. The should any of the resinous tribes, except a small piece of
common Chesnut, and also the Horse-chesnut, should also the tap-root of seedling infants. The American Spruce and
stand two years in the seminary, and any part of the nursery the Silver Fir are also to be taken from the seminary at the
will suit them. They should then be planted in lines fifteen end of the second year, and planted in lines twelve inches
inches apart, and four or five in line. Their roots may be apart, and four in line; nursing them there for two seasons,
gently pruned. They should stand two or three seasons, and then removing them into other lines,- eighteen inches
according to their progress, in this situation. Being chiefly apart, and six in line, there to remain for one or two seasons
ornamental plants, and designed for the less untoward situa- more, according to circumstances. Longer they should not
tions, they are frequently required of larger size. If so, at be nursed. If they be intended for bleak exposures and
the end of the second season they should be moved, and barren soil, they should be removed thereto at the end of
planted into rows eighteen or twenty inches apart, and eight the two first seasons of nursing, if possible. In regard to
or nine inches in line; previously shortening all the roots the Quick or White Thorn, which is a most useful plant, it
that tend downwards, and tapping, as advised above for Beech may remain either one or two seasons in the seminary,
and Oaks. But the Elm, the Hornbeam, and the Sycamore, according to the progress it may have made ; then planting
are sometimes removed from the seminary at one, and some- in linestwelve inches apart, and two in line; at the end of
times at two years old ; he prefers the latter, planting them one season, removing the plants into other lines, twelve
in lines twelve inches apart, and four in line, and pruning inches apart, and four in line. The roots may be gently
the roots if required. At the end of the second season, they pruned. It is observed, that the reason of removing them at
will be fit for removal to any situation where soil to the the end of the first year, is to encourage the progress of
depth of four inches is found; but if intended for more their fibry roots. At the end of the second, the'y will be
barren sites, they should be removed at the end of the first fit for
hedging in any situation whatever; nor will plants of
year. In respect to the Larch, it should never remain more auv " age or size outgrow them within the third year, if thev
81. 2Z
180 NYC THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; N YlVf

are properly weeded and kept clean after that period. of the sweetness of the flowers, which are worn by the
Season of Planting. For the deciduous kinds, from the females to ornament their hair.
middle of February to the middle of March is considered 3. Nyctanthes Hirsuta; Hairy Nyctanthes. Petioles and
the most eligible season; and for the evergreens, from the peduncles villose. This is a tall tree, with a thick trunk of
middle of July to the middle of August; taking advantage a close white wood, covered with a dark purple, smooth,
of wet or cloudy weather, and frequently watering in hot inodorous, insipid bark; leaves opposite, decussated, acu-
dry weather, till the plants have struck root perfectly. The minate, soft, smooth, shining, dark green above, on round,
plants of all descriptions should be carefully kept clean from rufous, lanuginous petioles flowers on the more tender
;

weeds in the summer months; and the interstices of all the branches, on long, rufous, lanuginous peduncles, from the
rows, which stand over a year, be pointed in with a narrow more together, white, smell-
axils of the leaves three or four or

spade, in any of the winter months, taking care not to injure ing very sweet, opening during the night, and fading at sun-
the roots of the plants in the operation. With respect to rise. Native of the East Indies and China.
pruning, the evergreens must not be touched, unless they 4. Nyctanthes Angustifolia Narrow-leaved Nyctanthes.
;

put forth rival stems or leaders in which case the weakest

;
Leaves obtuse-lanceolate, and ovate. This is compared with
must be displaced. The Larch is to be treated in the same the Jasminum Sambac by Rheede. It has a very fine smell,
manner. All branches of the deciduous kinds, which and flowers in June and July. Native of Malabar.
seem to rival the stem in size, or take upon them the office 5. Nyctanthes Elongata; Long-leaved Nyctanthes. Leaves
of leaders, are to be cut clean off by the bole with a sharp cordate, lanceolate-ovate, elongated and smaller; branches
knife. This is the general management which is necessary round. Native of the East Indies.
to be noticed here. See Planting. 6. Nyctanthes Viminea. Branches round, elongated;
Nut, Bladder. See Staphylaea. leaves ovate-acuminate peduncles axillary, one-flowered ;
;

Nut, Cashew. See Anacardium. terminating ones three-flowered. This shrub has weak,
Nut,. Cocoa. See Cocos. smooth, osier-like branches. The flowers are white, double,
Nut, Earth. See Arachis. terminating, one or two together, three times as large as
Nut, Malabar. See Justicia Adhatoda. those of the Sambac, handsomer, but not so fragrant.
Nutmeg See Myristica.
Tree. Native of China and Cochin-china.
Nut, Physic. See Jatropha. 7. Nyctanthes Pubescens. Branches round, hirsute leaves ;

Nut, Common Hazel. See Corylus. cordate, pubescent on both sides ; flowers in bundles at the
Nut, Poison. See Strychnos. ends of the branches. Native of the East Indies.
Nux Vomica. See Strychnos. NympTuca; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
Nyctanthes; a genus of the class Diandria, order Mono- gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth inferior, of
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth inferior, one- four, or five, or six, large leaves, coloured above, permanent.
leafed, tubular, truncate, quite entire,permanent. Corolla: Corolla: petals numerous, often fifteen, placed on the sides of
one-petalled, salver-shaped; tube cylindric, the length of the the germen, in more than one row; nectary globose, sessile, in
calix ; border five-parted, spreading, with the lobes two- the middle of trie stigma. Stamina : filamenta numerous, often
lobed. Stamina : filamenta two, in the middle of the tube, seventy, flat, curved, blunt, short; antheree oblong, fastened to
very short; antherse oblong, the length of the tube. Pistil: the margin of the filamenta. Pistil: germen ovate, large style ;

germen superior, subovate; style filiform, the length of the none ; stigma orbiculate, flat, many-cleft, rayed, crenate at the
tube; stigmas two, acute. Pericarp: capsule obovate, com- edge, permanent. Pericarp: berry hard, ovate, fleshy, rude,
pressed, with an emarginated dagger-point, coriaceous, two- narrowed at the neck, crowned at the top, many-celled, (cells
celled, bipartite; cells parallel, appressed, valveless. Seeds: from ten to fifteen,) full of pulp. Seeds: very many, roundish.
solitary, obovate, convex
on one side, flat on the other, Observe. The second species differs from the rest in having a
fastened to the bottom of the cell. Observe. The corolla five-leaved calix, with roundish leaflets, and the petals very
appears for the most part to be five-parted but it is some-
; small. The sixth species has the pericarp turbinate, truncate,
times six or seven parted, and Linneus observed it to be with one seed in each cell, the cells opening by their proper

four-parted. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: salver- holes along the disk. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four,
shaped, with truncated segments. Capsule: two-celled, five, or six leaved. Corolla: many-pe tailed. Berr;/: many-
margined. Seeds: solitary. The plants of this genus celled, truncated. These are herbaceous perennial plants,
may be cultivated in the same manner as the Jasminum Sam- with long tuberous roots leaves alternate, on a very long
;

bac, to which the reader is referred. The species are, petiole, half-sheathing, below floating; peduncles long, naked
1. Nyctanthes Arbor
tristis; Square-stalked Nyctanthes. like scapes, one-flowered; flowers large, emerging; germen
Stem four-cornered;leaves ovate-acuminate; pericarp mem- and stigma approaching to the Poppy. The species are,
branaceous, compressed ; branches four-cornered. Trunk 1. Three-coloured Water Lily.
Nymphsea Advena; Leaves
from one to two feet diameter ; branches square and knotty :
cordate, lobes divaricate ; calix six-leaved,
quite entire ;

leaves opposite, ovate, pointed, entire, rugged; flower-stalks longer than the petals; petioles half round, commonly
axillary, opposite, solitary, terminated by three small bunches erected above the water. It flowers in July. Native of
of flowers, of a white or yellowish colour, like those of Jas- North America.
min, and very fragrant at night. Native of sandy deserts in 2. Nymphsea Lutea; Yellow Water Lily. Leaves cor-
the East Indies. date-entire; lobes approximating; calix five-leaved, longer
2. Nyctanthes Undulata; Wave-leaved Nyctanthes. Leaves than the petals. The leaves are smooth, plane, except that
ovate-acuminate, waved ; branches round. This shrub attains they turn up a little at the edge to keep off the water, tough
to the height of a man. The young shoots are hairy; flowers and pliant, ten or twelve inches in diameter, floating, ovate,
white, three or five together fruit superior, smooth, and
; or nearly orbicular, bright green above, paler underneath,
black, like a small cherry, with a thin skin, and a soft, dark, with branched raised nerves or veins ; petioles smooth, three-
red, sweetish pulp, containing a round hairy seed. Native sided, their length depending on the depth of water. The
of the East Indies, where it is much cultivated on account case is the same with the nedunolp. which alwavs elevates
 N YM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NYM 181

the flower above the water; but after it is impregnated, the have a sweet hawthorn-like scent. Native of North America
seeds are ripened under water, and fall into the mud at and the eastern parts of Siberia.
bottom to produce new plants. The peduncles are round, 5. Nympheea. Lotus; Egyptian Water Lily. Leaves cor-
succulent, and one-flowered ; flowers an inch and half in date, toothed. This resembles our common white species
diameter, having a vinous smell. Linneus informs us that very much in the form of the flower and leaves, but the latter
swine are fond both of the leaves and root of this plant; are toothed about the edge. It is a natire of the hot parts

but that horses, cattle, sheep, and goats, refuse it he : of the East Indies, Africa, and America. It is very common
in ponds, lakes, and rivers, in Jamaica; and grows in vast
asserts, that crickets are driven out of houses by the smoke
in burning it, and that both they and cockroaches are quantities in the plains of Lower Egypt, near Cairo, while
those parts are under water. It flowers there about the mid-
destroyed by the roots rubbed or bruised with milk. Ray
observes, that the flowers smell like brandy; and Dr. Wither- dle, of September, and ripens seed towards the end of October.

ing remarks, that an

infusion of a pound of the fresh root The Arabians call it Ntiphar. The ancient Egyptians made
in a gallon of water, taken in the dose of a pint night and a bread of the seed of this plant dried and ground.
6. Nymphaea Nalumbo; Peltated Water Lily.
morning, cured a leprous eruption of the arm. The Ger- Leaves
mans have a variety of names for this plant, such as die peltate, entire all round; root horizontal, long, creeping,
Gelba Sceblume, Gelbe Seerose, Gelbe Plumpen, Gelbe Mum- consisting of joints linked together, ovate-oblong, white,
meln, &c.; the Dutch call it, Geele Plompen; the Danes, fleshy, esculent, tubular within; petioles erect, very straight,
Aaekandel, Soeblomster, and Haarrod; the Swedes, Nack- round, hispid, or muricated, thicker below, attenuated above ;
blad; the Smolanders, Siollon; the French, le Nenuphar peduncle the thickness of a finger below, attenuated above,
Jaune; the Italians, Nenufaro Giallo, Ninfea Gialla; the spongy, muricated, one-flowered ; flower as large as the palm
Spaniards, Nenuplvar Amarilla, Escudete; and the Portu- of the hand, or larger, purple. This plant is the connecting
guese, Nymphea Amarella, Goljiao. It is a native of most link between the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
parts of Europe, in slow rivers, pools, and ditches; flower- plants; for by the structure of the seed it appears to belong
ing in July and August. Kalm observed the same species to the latter, but in reality it ranks with the former,
in Canada, with a flower hardly so large as the Caltha palus- for it constantly puts forth one leaf only in germination, and
tris. The best method of propagating this and the next does not produce a second until the first is entirely unfolded
species is, to procure some of their seed-vessels just as they above water: this, Goertner found to be the case with more
are ripe and ready to open, and to throw them into canals than fifty nu's which he received from Lerche. This plant
or large ditches of standing water, where the seeds will sink is a native of both the East and West Indies, China, Cochin-
to the bottom, and the following spring the plants will china, Japan, Persia, and some parts of the Russian empire.
appear floating upon the surface of the water. When they Brown says it is pretty common in the lagoons beyond the
are once fixed to the place, they will multiply exceedingly, ferry in Jamaica, but not in the deeper waters. Thunberg
so as to cover the whole surface of the water in a few years. informs us that it is considered as a sacred plant in Japan,
They may also be cultivated in large troughs or cisterns, and pleasing to their deities, and that the images of their
having earth at the bottom, and will flourish very well in idols were often sen sitting on its large leaves. The long
them, annually producing a great quantity of flowers. stalks are eaten among other pot-herbs. It differs from the
3. Nymphaea Alba; White Water Lily. Leaves cordate, Egyptian Lotus in having entire thin leaves, with the petiole
quite entire lobe imbricate, rounded
; :calix four-leaved ; and peduncle rugged. Loureiro relates, that it abounds in
root tuberous, frequently the size of the human arm, creep- muddy marshes, and is cultivated in large handsome pots in
ing far and wide, and deep in the mud. The whole plant the gardens and houses of the mandarins; that there is a
is larger in all its parts than the
preceding. Flowers large, variety with the flower of a pure white, and another with a
being sometimes six inches in diameter, and double; petals very beautiful luxuriant flower, having about one hundred
white, from sixteen to twenty or twenty-four in number, in large petals, white or rose-coloured. Both root and seeds
two or three rows, wider than the leaves of the calix, and are esculent, sapid, and wholesome. They are accounted
n-.ore ovate. According to Linnens, the flower raises itself cooling and strengthening, and to be of service in extreme
out of the water, and expands about seven o'clock in the thirst, diarrhoea, tenesmus, vomiting, and too great internal
morning, and closes again, reposing upon the surface about heat. In China it is called Llen-wha: and the seeds and
four in the evening. The roots have an astringent bitter slices of the hairy root, with the kernels of apricots and
taste; they are used in Ireland, in the Highlands of Scotland, walnuts, and alternate layers of ice, were frequently pre-
in the islands of Jura, &c. to
dye a dark brown or chesnut sented to the British ambassador and his suite, at breakfasts
colour. Swine are said to eat it; goats not to be fond of it; given by some of the principal mandarins. The Chinese
cows and horses to refuse it. This plant is a native of most have always held this plant in such high value, that at 1<
parts of Europe, in slow streams, pools, and ditches, flow- they regarded it as sacred. That character, however, has
ering in July and August. Both it and the preceding are not limited it to merely ornamental purposes for the roots
:

called Watercan or Candock, and Watersocks, in some coun- are not only served up in summer with ice, but they are also
ties of England. The Germans call it die Weisse Sceblume, laid up in salt and vinegar for the winter. The seeds are
or Serosc, &c.; the Dutch, Witte
Plumpen, and Wateroos, somewhat of the form and size of an acorn, and of a taste
&c. ; the Danes, Ackande, Soeblomster, &c.; the Swedes, more delicate than that of almonds. The ponds are gene-
Sjoblad; the French, le Nenuphar Blanc, Lis d'Etang; the rally covered with it, and exhibit a very beautiful appearance
Italians Ninfea Bianca; the Spaniards Ninfea Blfinm; the when it is in flower; and the flowers are no less fragrant
Portuguese, Nymphea Branca; and the Russians, Wodanoi than handsome. Sir George Staunton remarks, that the leaf,
Lelei, &c. See the preceding species. besides its common uses, has from its structure, growing
4. Nymphsea Odorata; Sweet-smelling Water Lily. Leaves entirely round the stalk, the advantage of defending the
cordate, entire, emarginate; lobes divaricating, with an ob- flower and fruit, growing from its centre, from any contact
tuse point; calix four-leaved. It flowers in July. This is with the water, which might injure them. He also observes,
in all its
parts smaller than the third species. The flowers that the stem never fails to ascend in the water, from what-
182 N YS" THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; N YS
e\er depth, unless in case of a sudden inundation, until it carefully, and plant each in a small pot filled with loamy
attains the surface, where its leaf expands, rests, and swims earth, nd if they are plunged into a moderate hot-bed, it will
upon it, and sometimes rises above it. Though it is so diffi- accelerate their putting forth new roots; then they may be

of a Pekin winter.
with the Nympheea:
-
cult to rear this plant iu England, it bears the rigorous cold
The-Tree Lotus must not be confounded
MungoPark, in his extensive peregrina-
plunged into an east border, and in winter sheltered again
under a frame. In the third spring, such plants as have
made the greatest progress, may be planted in a loamy soil,
tions in Africa, discovered this to abound in all the countries in a sheltered situation, where they wil^ endure the cold of

he-traversed, but flourishing most in asandy soil. It israther this climate; but unless the ground be moist, they make very
a thorny shrub than a tree. The fruit is a small farinaceous little progress.
They may also be pr&pagated by layers and
berry, which, being pounded and dried in the sun, is made cuttings. The species are,
into excellent cakes, resembling, in colour and flavour, the 1. Mountain Tupelo, or Sour Gum.
Nyssa Tntegrifolia
;

sweetest gingerbread. Theophrastus describes the Lotus Leaves quite entire; nuts roundish, striated. This tree rises
tree as sometimes less than a Pear-tree. The classic poets with a strong upright trunk to the height- of thirty or forty
represent it as an ao^iatic tree. feet, and sometimes nearly two feet in diameter; sending on
7. Nymphsea Rubra; Red Water Lily. Leaves somewhat many horizontal, and often depending, branches. The timber
downy, with permanent reticulated is close-grained and curled, so as not to be
peltate, sharply toothed, split or parted ;
veins beneath, and prominent ribs above, their lobes divari- and therefore much used for hubs of wheels of carriages.
cated and acute. Native of the East Indies. Native of Pennsylvania. ff ,
^MX .,

8. Nymphaea Versicolor Changeable Water Lily. Leaves

; 2. Njisa Denticulata; Water Tupelo. Leaves remotely-
somewhat peltate, bluntly toothed, blistered on both sides, toothed; nuts oblong, grooved, somewhat wrinkled. This
their lobes approximated and rounded; petals pale blush- tree rises with a strong upright trunk to the height of eighty
ooienred. The root propagates itself by tubers, like the or a hundred feet, dividing into many branches towards the
potato, each tube flowering but once. Native of the East top. The berries are near the size and shape of small olives,
ladies. and preserved in the same manner by the French inhabitants
9. Nympheea Ccerulea; Blue Water Lily. Leaves some- upon the Mississippi, where it greatly abounds, and is called
what and bluntly toothed, smooth and
peltate, very slightly the Olive-tree. The timber is white and soft when unsea-
even on both rays of the stigma very numerous, in-
sides'; soned, but light and compact when dry, which renders it very
flexed. Its large and teautiful blue flowers are very fra- proper for making trays, bowls, &c. It grows naturally in
grant, their stamens and pistils yellow. It blooms from wet swamps, or near large rivers, in Carolina and Florida.
May to September; and may be very easily kept in a tub, There is a species called the Lime-tree, which is described
without being plunged into the bark bed. It is a native of as singularly beautiful, growing naturally in water, in the
southern states of America, and rising to the height of about
Nyssa,; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Dioecia. thirty feet. Mr. Bartram informs us, that he saw large tall
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth five-parted, trees of this sort on the banks of the Alatamaha river, growing

spreading, with a plain bottom. Corolla: none. Stamina: in the water near the shore. He calls it Nyssa Coccinea ;
filamenta ten, awl-shaped, shorter than thecalix; antherse and observes, that there is no tree which exhibits a more
twin, the length of the filamenta. Hermaphrodite. Calix: desirable appearance than this in the autumn, when the fruit
is ripe, and the tree divested of its leaves, for then they look
perianth as in the male; sitting on the germen. Corolla:
none. Stamina; filamenta five, awl-shaped, erect; antheree as red as. scarlet, with their fruit of the same colour. The
simple. Pistil: germen ovate, inferior; style awl-shaped, most northern settlement of this tree yet known is on great
curved inwards, longer than the stamina; stigma acute. Peri- Ogeechee, where it is called Ogeechee Lime, from the acid
Seed: nut oval, acute, scored with longitudinal fruit being about the size of limes, and being sometimes used
carp.t draper
grooves, angular, irregular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. in their stead. See the next species.
Ctilixi five-parted. Corolla: none. Male. Stamina: ten. Her- 3. Nyssa Candicans; Ogeechee Lime Tree. Leaves very
slightly petiolated, oblong, entire, cuneated
at the base, hoary
maphrodite. Stamina: five. Pistil: one. Drupe: inferior.
These, plants may be propagated by seeds procured from the underneath; female peduncles uniflorous; drupes oblong. This
places where they grow naturally, and put in to the ground as appears to be the Nyssa Coccinea of Mr. Bartram above
men-
soon as they arrive, for they always lie a year before they come tioned, the only difference being, that Pursh describes the
up. Sow them in pots filled with a light loamy earth, placing fruit as large and orange-coloured, not scarlet-coloured. He
them where they may have only the morning sun ; during the states it to be full of an acid juice similar to a lime and that;

first summer the pots must be kept clean from weeds, and in it is round on the banks of rivers in Carolina, and particu-

dry weather duly watered. In autumn, plunge the pots into larly on the river
Ogeechee.
the ground ; and if the winter should prove severe, cover them 4. Nyssa Leaves oblong, very entire, acute on
Villosa.
with old tan, pease-haulm, or other light covering the follow- ;
both sides female peduncles subtriflorous nuts short-obovate,
; ;

ing spring, plunge them into a moderate hot-bed, hooped over and obtusely striated. Found in all the woods from New
and covered with mats, observing constantly to keep the England to Carolina. The flowers are small, and of a green-
earth moist. This will bring up the plants by the beginning ishhue and the berries black, and of the size of a pea. The
;

of May; when they should be gradually hardened, to bear the natives call it
Sour-gum. See the 'first species.
open air. Curing the following summer, plunge the pots again 5. Nyssa Tomentosa. Leaves petiolate, oblong, acuminate,
into an east border, aud duly water them in dry weather. In remotely serrate, tomentose underneath; female peduncles
autumn rempve them into a frame, where they maybe screened uniflorous; drupes oblong. Fruit the size of the preceding
from frost, but in mild weather exposed to the air. The species, of a dark blue colour. It grows on the banks of

upring following, before the plants begin to shoot, part them the river St. Mary, and also in Florida.
iT .9TOfli*i OJJd 3cIUi '(),!!
amii
rtj'i j ,yl&llTO ,3ou&i'! .tt raoi5 :

iladf naqh raoblas ir-ot aj&lo srooa

[
nsitnog .Vrt>L nwob b,
 C H OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OC I 183

OAK. See Quereus. superior, oblong ; style filiform, covered with the cylinder of
Oak of Cappadocia. See Chenopodium Ambrosiaides. the stamina; stigmas five, awl-shaped, wide, contorted. Peri-
Oak of Jerusalem. See Chenopodium Anthelminticum. carp: capsule coriaceous, subcylindric, five-grooved, com-
Oat. See Avena Sativa. monly ten-cornered, five-celled, five-valved ; valves woolly
Oat Grass. See Avena. within, rolled back at the edge; partitions kidney-form.
Obolaria; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio- Seed: very many, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cater: none, except Calix: double; outer three-leaved. Antheree: connate, irre-
twobractes. CoroWa:one-petalIed, unequal; tube bell-shaped, gularly furrowed. Capsule: five-celled, many-seeded.
ventricose, pervious ; border four-cleft, spreading a little ; The only known species is,

segments shorter than the tube, bifid, a little unequally laci- 1 Ochroma Lagopus
. Down Tree. This is a very large
;

niated. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, from the slits tree, with divaricating branches ; wood white, tender, and so
of the corolla, the nearest a little longer; antheree small. light that it is used instead of cork to nets. Bark thick,
Pistil: germen ovate, compressed; style subcylindric, the fibrous, ash-coloured, varied with white spots, and netted with
length of the stamina; stigma bifid, thickish, permanent. rufescent wrinkles; leaves above a foot long, with rufesceut
stalks as long again as the leaves, round, rusty-coloured ;
Pericarp: capsule subovate, compressed, ventricose, one- hairs ;

celled, two-valved, with the partition contrary. Seeds : nume- flowers erect, three or four inches long, pale red or yellowish,
rous, small like meal. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: succulent and fleshy; seeds inclosed in a fine rusty down.
two-leaved, or none, except two bractes. Corolla: four-cleft, Native of the Antilles, and of America.
bell-shaped. Stamina: from the slits of the corolla. Capsule: Ochroxylum; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Tri-
one-celled, two-valved, many-seeded. The only known gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-cleft,
species is, very small, permanent; segments ovate, acute, spreading a
1. Obolaria Virginica. Stem simple; leaves opposite, the little.Corolla: petals five, ovate, reflex, bluntish, excavated
upper ones purple on the outside; flowers in terminating below the tip, thickish,
with a thinner margin; nectary an
It has the habit of angular gland, subtrilobate, fleshy. Stamina: filamenta five,
spikes, clustered at the top, pale red.
Orobanche, and is allied to that genus. Native of Vir- awl-shaped, flattish below, erect, a little longer than the co-

ginia and Pennsylvania. rolla antherse roundish, incumbent.

;
Pistil: germina three,
Ochna; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogynia. placed on the nectary, outwardly gibbous ; styles short ;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix:perianth one-leafed, stigmas simple. Pericarp : capsules three, approximating,
interior, coriaceous, permanent, five-parted; parts ovate, blunt, subglobular, inwardly compressed, placed on the lobes of the
spreading, (rather five-leaved.) Corolla : petals five to nectary, now become larger, and three-lobed, one-celled,
twelve, caducous. Stamina: filamenta many, short; antherse opening on the inside ? Seeds : two, convex on one side,
roundish. Pistil: germen ovate, angular, five-cleft; style compressed and angular on the other. ESSENTIAL CHA-
angular, erect, permanent; stigma simple. Pericarp: none. RACTER. Calix five-cleft.
: Petals : five. Nectary an :

Seeds: nuts five, ovate, erect, compressed a little on the out- annular three-lobed gland. Capsula: three, approximating,
side, somewhat convex, slightly excavated within, blunt, with one-celled, two-seeded. Nothing more is known of the
a thin shell; receptacle very large, fleshy, depressed, five- above genera, than what Schreber has here stated.
cornered; corners protuberant, rounded, keeled at top, to Ocimum; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno-
each of which is fastened a nut, with a triangular rounded spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
scar ; ribs five, between the corners of the receptacle, running leafed, two-lipped, very short, permanent; upper lip flat, or-
down from the vertex to the base, and raised. ESSENTIAL biculate, wider, ascending; lower lip four-cleft, acute, con-
CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: five-petalled. verging. Corolla : one-petalled, ringent, resupine ; tube very
Berries: one-seeded, fastened to a large roundish receptacle. short, spreading; one lip turned upwards, wider, half four-
The species are, cleft, blunt, equal; the other lip turned downwards, narrower,
1. Ochna Squarrosa. Racemes lateral. This is a small entire, serrate, longer. Stamina: filamenta four, declined; two
tree. Leaves alternate, oblong, acute, finely serrate, smooth, a little longer, and two putting forth a reflex process at the
on short petioles, the youngest remarkably coloured with base; anther half-mooned. Pistil: germen four-parted;
purple, four or five inches long, and two broad; flowers large, style filiform, situation and length of the stamina; stigma
yellow, inodorous. This is the Yerrajuvie of the Telingas, bifid.
Pericarp : none. Calix : closed, cherishing the seeds.
which the Cingalese call Bokaerae. Native of the East Indies Seeds: four, -ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: with
and Africa. In the Circar mountains, it flowers about the the upper lip orbiculate, the lower four-cleft. Corolla: resu-
beginnnig of the hot season, about which time they produce pine, with one lip four-cleft, the other undivided. Fila-
their leaves, which they cast in the cold season. menta: the two outer putting forth a reflex process at the
2. Ochna Jabotapita. Racemes terminating. This is a base. These plants being most of them annual, are propagated
middle-sized tree, with a grey irregular bark, and a soft pliant from seeds, sown in March upon a moderate hot-bed and ;

wood. Leaves alternately opposite, pale green flowers abun-

: when they come up are to be transplanted into another mode-
dant, on certain branchlets, yellow and very sweet. Native rate hot-bed, where they must be watered, and shaded until
of South America.
they have taken root; after which they must have plenty
3. Ochna Parvifolia. Peduncles one-flowered. This is a of air in mild weather, and must be watered frequently. la
shrub resembling the first species, except in the size of the
May they should be taken up with a ball of earth to their
leaves and inflorescence. Native of Arabia Felix. roots, and planted out in either pots or borders; shading and
Ochroma; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Pent- watering them as before. They may also be increased by
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth double; cuttings, taken off any time in May, and planted in a moderate
outer three-leaved leaflets lanceolate, caducous ; inner one-
; hot-bed, observing to shade and water them during ten days ;

leafed, funnel-form, five-cleft. Corolla : petals five, wedge-form, and in three weeks' time they will be fit to remove. The seeds
coriaceous. Stamina: filamentum one, cylindric antheree five,
; are usually brought from the south of France, or Italy, every
large, linear, connate, creeping up and down. Pistil: germen spring, because some of the sorts seldom ripen their seeds in
8 1. 3 A
184 OGI THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; oc-i
this country in the open air. But seeds may be saved here, 2. With variable leaves. They are both annuals, flowering
by placing the plants in an airy glass-case or stove, in the in July and August. -Native of the East Indies.
autumn supplying them with water, and letting them have
; 8. Ocimum Scabrum; Hugged Basil. Racemes simple,
free air in mild weather. The
species are, eject; leaves ovate, dotted underneath ; stem upright, pani-
1. Ocimum Thyrsiflorum ; Thyrse-flowered Basil. Flow- cled, a foot high and more, the whole plant hairy and rugged.
ers, panicle, fascicled ; plant very much branched ; stem erect, -^Native of Japan.
woody* a foot and half high, the whole subdivided into 9. Ocimum Capitellatum, Leaves ovate; flowers aggre-
branches, channelled on both sides; corollas purple, pale gate; petioles lateral stem oleraceous, bluntly quadrangu-
;

on the outside, with the lower lip white. Native of the lar, two-grooved, sparingly branched, a foot high; corolla
East Indies. :
-.
.Ixuninit ,9^-u;' -nsv avft iftrw skn; white. -Native of China. ,-, gj^-n.,
2. Ocimum Monaehorum ; Monk's Basil, Stamina tooth- 10. Ocimum Sanctum; Purple-stalked Basil, or Sacred
less, the alternate ones bearded at the base; stem erect, a Herb. Leaves somewhat oblong-, blunt, serrate, waved;
foot high, roundish, somewhat hairy, with the branches stem rough-haired; bractes cordate; corolla bright purple,
commonly superaxillary ; bractes heart-shaped, caducous ;
scarcely larger than the calix. It is almost scentless flowei's
;

corollas smaller, white, with the lower tip purple. This is in September; and is a native of the East Indies.
aft annual plant, but its native place is unknown. ba/boot ,-. 11. Ocimum Americanum; American Basil. Leaves sub-
3. OqitBum Gratissimum; Shrubby Basil. Stem suffru- lanceolate, acuminate, subscrrate ; racemes round stem
;

ticose ; leaves lanceolate, ovate ; racemes round flowers ; subherbaceous. From a branched root springs an upright
small; corollas white, with yellow antherse. Native of the stalk, bluntly four-cornered, smooth, somewhat woody at
East Indies. bottom, perennial, and brownish, pale, above, with a ting* of
4. Ocimum Album; While Basil. Leaves ovate, blunt; green; corolla flesh-coloured. The whole plant has a very
whorls of the racemes approximating, the mature ones four- grateful smell. Native of Martinico.
cornered; corollas crenate; stem a foot high, greenish white, 12. Ocimum Campeaehianum; CampeacJty Basil. Leaves
woody at the base. Annual; native of the East Indies, and lanceolate, hoary underneath ; petioles very long, villcse ;

the island of Java. t/vani rrasrtiel snisnarl flowers peduncled; stalk upright, nearly two feet high, send-
5. Ocimum Verticillatum; WJtorled Basil. Leaves ovate, ing out two or four branches towards the top; colour of the
blunt; raceme elongated, naked; flowers whorled, in fours, flowers white. The whole plant has a strong aromatic odour,
peduncled; stem a foot high, the whole even, shorter than and grows naturally in Campeachy.
the raceme, ascending. Native of the Cape.
;,jn
13. Ocimum Tenuiflorumi Slender-spiked Basil. Leaves
6. Ocimum Basilicum; Common Sweet Basil. Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate ; bractes cordate, reflex, concave ;
ovate, smooth; calices ciliate; stem suffruticose, three feet spikes filiform; stem from one to two feet high, roundish,
high, erect,' round, tomentose, with straight ascending purple, brachiate, having spreading hairs scattered over it.
branches; flowers white. The leaves are peculiarly smooth, The flowers are so small as to be scarcely visible to the
soft, and cool to the touch, and if not too much bruised, naked eye; they begin to open from the top of the spike.
exhale a very delightful smell. They vary in colour, and Native of the province of Malabar, and other parts of the
are often spotted with purple. Native of India and Persia. East Indies.
The Common Basil, which is used in medicine, and also for 14. Ocimum Polystachyon Many-spiked
; Basil. Corollas
culinary purposes, especially in France, is a hairy plant, and four-cleft; racemes leafless, nodding at top; stem erect, two
has also a strong scent of cloves, too powerful for most per- feet high, brachiate, four-coraered, .the corners sharp and
sons* but very agreeable to some. The varieties of this spe- rugged. This plant is assigned a place among- the Otimn.
cies are, 1. Common Basil, with very dark green leaves, and although it has no teeth to the filamenta; because it cannot
violet-coloured flowers. 2. Curled-leaved Basil, with short be a Nepeta, on account of the lower lip not being crenate;
spikes of flowers. 3. Narrow-leaved Basil, smelling like nor a Mentha, because the stamina are declined. It is per-
Fennel. 4. Middle Basil, with a scent of Citron. 5. Basil ennial, flowering early in July and August. Native of the
with studded leaves. 6. Basil with leaves of three colours. East Indies.
There are many other varieties, differing in the size, shape, 15. Ocimum Serpyllifolium; Wild Thyme-leaved Basil.
1

odour, and eokmr of the leaves, in Europe, but particularly Leaves linear-lanceolate, quite entire; genitals very long.
in the East, where it is not
only used in cookery, but the This is a very branching shrub; the branches divaricating,
herb is reckoned good in the head-ache, and wandering villose, and hoary. Native of Egypt.
rheumatic pains ; and the seeds are reckoned very efficacious 16. Ocimum Grandiflorum Great-flowered Basil.
; Stem
against the poison of serpents, both taken inwardly and laid shrubby; leaves ovate, serrate; genitals very long. This is
upon the wound. It is comjnon enough in our gardens. a fragrant undershrub, three feet in height. It was found
An infusion of the green herb In boiling water, is good in all by Forskahl in Egypt, and was brought from Abyssinia by
kinds of obstructions, particularly of the menses, which it the celebrated traveller, Bruce.
gently, though effectually removes, and of consequence all 17. Ocimum Menthoides; Mint-leaved Basil. Leaves
the numerous train of disorders which originate from a sup- linear-lanceolate, serrate stem a foot high, upright, bra-
;

pression of that evacuation. The dried leaves are much chiate, four-cornered; flowers each on their proper pedicels.
used as an ingredient in cephalic and herb snuffs, and other It flowers in
July. Native of the island of Ceylon.
sternutatory powders^ It may be treated as a hardy annual, 18. Ocim\m Molle; Heart-leaved Basil. Leaves ovate,
but is best raised on a hot-bed, cordate, acute, serrate, wrinkled; sinuses closed; bractes
^7. Ocimum Minimum; Bush Leaves ovate, quite
Basil, roundish, wedge-form. This is an annual, pubescent, sweet-
entire. This, as its name a low bushy plant,
intimates, is smelling plant; stem thick, bluntly quadrangular. It flowers
seldom above ,six inches high. The flowers are in whorls in September and October. Native of the East Indies.
towards the top of the branches, smaller than 'those of the 19. Ocimum Scutellarioides. Corollas sickle-shaped;
preceding, and seldom succeeded by ripe seeds in England. pedicels branched ; stem pubescent. It differs so much from
;

The varieties-are*.- 1. Smallest Basil, with black ptrrple leaves. its congeners in the flowers a? to VIP almost of a distinct
 (EDE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. (ENA 185

genus.- Native of the island of Tanna, and of the East CEnanthe; & genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
Indies. GENERIC CHARACTER. CaKx: umbel universal with
20. Ocimum Prostratum; Prostrate Basil. Stems pros- fewer rays ; partial heaped, with very many rays, but very
trate; leaves elliptic, marked with lines; corolla very small, short, insomuch that there are often none ;- universal involu-
blutsh.----Native of the East Indies. cre many-leaved, simple, shorter than the umbel ; partial
21. Ocimum Acutum; Sharp-leaved Basil. Racemes fili-
many-leaved, small, proper: perianth five-toothed, awl-
form; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate; bractes rough-haired; shaped, permanent. Corolla : universal difform, rayed ;
stem upright, smooth, even. Native of the East Indies. florets of the ray abortive; proper of the disk hermaphrodite,
22. Ocimum Crispum; Curl-leaved Basil. Racemes ter- with five inflex, cordate, almost equal petals ; proper of the
minating; leaves ovate, serrate, curled; calices hispid; stem ray, male, with five very large, unequal, inflex, bifid petals.
upright, villose, branched. It is a native of Japan, and is Stamina: filamenta five, simple; antheree roundish. Pistil:
cultivated about Nagasaki, where it flowers in October and germen inferior, oblong; furrowed; styles two, awl-shaped,
November. The Japanese esteem an infusion of this herb permanent; stigmas blunt. Pericarp: none; fruit subovate,
for colds and rheumatism, and colour the roots of black crowned with the perianth and pistil, bipartile. Seeds: two,
radishes and turnips, with various fruits, of a deep red, with subovate, on one side convex and striated, on the other flat,
a decoction of this plant. toothed at the top. Observe. The perianth is more manifest
23. Ocimum Riigosum; Wrinkled Basil. Racemes ter- in this genus than in the other umbellate plants. ESSENTIAL
minating; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, wrinkled underneath; CHARACTER. Florets: difform; in the disk sessile, barren.
stem grooved very finely, tomentose, two feet high and more. Fruit: crowned with the calix and pistil, its bark corky.
Native of Japan. The species are,
24. Ocimum Inflexum. Panicle terminating, racemed; 1. CEnanthe Fistulosa; Common Water Dropwort. Stolo-
stem and branches flexuose. The powder of this plant is niferous stem-leaves pinnate, filiform, fistular.
; Roots tnber-
used by the Japanese to burn incense to their idols. Native ous according to HaHer, they are diffused widely in the
:

of Japan. water and mud, where they sometimes have bundles of fibres
25. Ocimum Virgatum. Racemes whorled, rod-like; leaves hanging to them in gardens they are little bulbs. Stem from
;

oblong, serrate; stem deeply grooved, very finely toraentose, twelve to eighteen inches, and even two feet in height, rushy,
flexuose, erect, branched. Native of Japan. upright, striated, smooth, green, and glaucous, except at the
CEdera; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga- bottom, where it is red, and hollow within. The smell is
mia Segregata. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cater: common unpleasant, and the taste hot and nauseous, as in many of
many-flowered, many-leaved, longer than the flowers, squar- the umbellate plants. This root is said to be poisonous, and
rose; leaflets lanceohate, the lower ones larger, containing- to have killed within three days} amd that out of seventeen
several partial calicles partial many-leaved
; leaflets chaffy,
;
Corsican soldiers, who had eaten of it, three died, the rest
lanceolate, equal to the florets. Corolla: common radiate, being cured by emetics. Linneus affirms that cows and
with many partial flowers partial radiate, placed also in
: horses refuse it, though on experiment it did not appear to
the disk ; proper of the disk hermaphrodite, funnel-form, be noxious to the former. Schreber informs us that it is left
five-cleft, erect; of the ray female, ligulate, lanceolate, the untouched by cattle. The seed is slightly aromatic. So little
length of the common calix. Stamina: in the hermaphro- were deleterious effects suspected in this plant, that it was
dites; filamenta five, very short; antherse cylindric. Pistil: recommended formerly, in common with many umbellate
in the hermaphrodites ; germen plants, as a diuretic, and good in the stone and gravel; but
obloag; style filiform ; stig-
mas two, filiform, blunt; in the females;
germen oblong; Linneus's is a good general rule, that aquatics of this natural
style filiform; stigmas two, filiform, longer. Pericarp: order, if not absolutely poisonous, are at least to be dis-
none. Calix: unchanged. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites trusted. Native of most parts of Europe, in ponds, ditche?,
oblong, crowned with very many acute short chaffs; in the by river sides, in wet meadows, and marshes, flowering in
females oblong, crowned_also with very many chafts. Recep- June and July. This plant will grow very well in the com-
tacle: common chaffy; partial with linear deciduous chaffs. mon ground, as will also the second and sixth species.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calices: many-flowered. Corol- 2. CEnanthe Peucedanilolia; Sulphunoort-leaved Water
lets: tubular ; hermaphrodite, with one or two female ligulate All the leaves linear; root-leaves bipinnate;
Dropwort.
florets.
Receptacle; chaffy. Down: of several chaffs. stem-leaves pinnate ; universal involucre none tubers of the
;

The species are, root ovate, sessile. The roots of this are composed of many
1. CEdera Prolifera. Leaves lanceolate, opposite, ciliate, cylindric, ovate, white, sessile tubers, collected into a
smooth on both sides. Stem shrubby, compound, with ascend- bunch, each terminating in a white fibre at the base.
ing branches, covered below with scars from fallen leaves ; Dr. Withering, who considers this as only a variety of the
leaves opposite, sessile, narrow, acute, channelled,
chiefly preceding, says, that in the plants which he procured in the
abounding towards the ends of the branches, green; flowers Isle of White, the leaflets are three or four inches long,
terminal, solitary, yellow; seeds uniform, oblong, compressed, whereas in the preceding they are rarely more than half or
light brown. Native of the Cape, in
growing situ- sandy three quarters of an inch in length. Dr. Plot observed it
ations. in the ditches about Medley and Binsey common, and almost
2. CEdera Aliena. Leaves linear, tomentose underneath. every where about Oxford at Blackstone, on Wandsworth
;

Stems two or three feet high, very leafy, round, common; in Harefield river; and at Ham Abbey in Essex:
glaucous,
branched; leaves numerous, scattered, resembling those of Dr. John Sibthorp found it on the banks of the Isis beyond
Rosemary; flowers erect, of a very showy yellow, as large and on peat bogs under Headington Wick copse. See
Ifley,
as those of Marigold. The genus of this plant is doubtful; the first species.
it has the
appearance of Stachlina or Gnaphalium, with the 3. CEnanthe Grocata; Hemlock Water Dropwort. All
flowers of Calendula. Native of the Cape. the leaves manyrcleft, blunt, nearly equal; stalks four or five
3. GEdera Hirta. Leaves ovate, entire, hairy. Native of feet high, emitting a yellowish fetid juice when broken.
the Cape. The root divides into four or five large taper ones, which.
 ^srrr CENA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; (E NO
when separated, bear some resemblance to Parsneps, for the sea-coast; as at Quaplod in Lincolnshire; near
Spalding;
which some ignorant persons have boiled them. An infu- Hinton Moor, in Cambridgeshire; Bulvan Fen in Essex; near
sion of the leaves, or three tea-spoonfuls of the juice of the Mortlake and between Sydenham and Southend.
;

root, taken every morning-, effected a cure in a very obstinate 7. CEnanthe Inebrians. Pinnas of the lower leaves ovate,
cutaneous disease, but not without occasioning a very great of the upper linear; petioles angular. Native of the Gape.
disturbance, and suffering in the constitution. The country 8. CEnanthe Tenuifolia. Leaves bipinnate; pinnas linear,
people in Westmoreland apply a poultice of the herb to the upper ones undivided. Native of the Cape.
the ulcer which forms in the forepart of the hoof in horned 9. (Enanthe Ferulacea. Leaves superdecompound; pin-
cattle, and is called the foul. Dr. Withering says, the whole nules awl-shaped, grooved. Native of the Cape.
of this plant is poisonous ; and Dr. Pulteney remarks, that 10. (Enanthe Leaves interruptedly bipinnate ;
Interrupta.
the root is the most virulent of all the vegetable poisons that segments gash-serrate. Native of the Cape.
Great Britain produces. Many instances of its fatal effects 11. CEnanthe Exaltata. Stems striated; seeds turbinate,
are recorded, wherein it has been eaten for Water striated. Native of the Cape.
Parsneps,
or Celery, which it very much resembles in its leaves. Mr. CEnothera; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono-
Ehret, the botanic painter, was heard to say, that while he gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
was drawing this plant, the smell rendered him so
giddy, that superior, deciduous; tube cylindrical, erect, long, deciduous;
he, was several times obliged to quit the room, and. walk border four-cleft, the segments oblong, acute, bent down.
out in the fresh air, to recover himself; but that having opened Corolla: petals four, obcordate, flat, inserted into the inter-
the door and windows of the room, the free air enabled him stices of the calix, and the same
length with the divisions of
to finish his work. A large spoonful of the juice of this plant the calix. Stamina: filamenta eight, awl-shaped, curved
being given to a dog, made him very sick and stupid, but in inwards, inserted into the throat of the calix, shorter than
about an hour he recovered. Goats and sheep eat it with the corolla; antheree oblong, incumbent. Pistil: gerrhen
impunity, but horses and cattle refuse it. It may be
safely cylindric, inferior; style filiform, the length of the stamina;
used in external applications, but should be taken with great stigma four-cleft, thick, blunt, reflex. Pericarp: capsule
caution internally, as is evident from the above account, and
cylindrical, four-cornered, four-celled, four-valveo\ with cpn-
also from the following. It is recorded in the Philosophical Seeds: very many, angular, naked:
trary partitions. recep-
Transactions, that two French prisoners at Pembroke died by tacle columnar, free, four-cornered, with the
angles contigu-
eating the root, which the inhabitants of that place call Five- ous to the margins of the partitions. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
fingered Root, and use as a cataplasm for the felon, or worst TER. Calix: four-cleft. Petals: four. Capsule :
cylindrical,
kind of whitlow. Eight young lads near Clonmel in Ireland, inferior. Seeds: naked. This is an ornamental genus of
where the plant is called Tahow, mistook the root for the herbaceous plants, chiefly American. They are all proper tor
Water Parsnep, and having eaten of it, five of them d led. Dr. affording ornament and Variety, either in the open ground,
Allen mentions an instance of four children, who had eaten or among other potted plants. The species are,
of these roots, but by proper care did well and also that a
; 1. CEnothera Biennis ; Broad-leaved Tree Primrose. Leaves

hog having grubbed up and eaten some of the roots, died in ovate-lanceolate, flat. Stem muricated, subvilloje root fusi-
;'

convulsions ; Mr. Miller himself informed Sir William Watson, form, fibrous, yellowish on the outside, white within, biennial.
that a whole family were poisoned with this From these, the first year, arise many obtuse leaves, which
plant at Battersea.
The method of cure is, to empty the stomach and intestines spread flat on the ground from among these, in the second
:

as soon as possible, and then to cause the

patient to swallow year, the stems come out they are three or four feet high.
;

large quantities of olive oil, or of oleaginous fluids; this is The flowers are produced all along the stalks, on axillary
attended with difficulty, because the jaws are, as it were, branches, and in a terminating spike : they are of a fine pale
locked together by the violence of the
spasm. Hence the yellow colour, and delicately fragrant. They usually open
necessity of caution respecting this dangerous plant becomes between six and seven o'clock in the evening : and hence the
very obvious, especially as it abounds in some places, and plant is called the Evening, or Night Primrose. The mode of
resembles Smallage very much; besides, the flavour of the root their expanding is curious : the petals are held together at
is
by no meansdisagreeable, and is likely to prove very top by the hooks at the end of the calix, the segments of
tempting to children. It will not
grow except in muddy which first separate at bottom, and discover the corolla, a
places; and whoever wishes to cultivate it for botanical or long time before it acquires sufficient expansive force to nn-
medical purposes, must treat it hook the calix at top ; when it has accomplished this, it
accordingly, by planting it in
very moist places. expands very fast, almost instantaneously, to a certain point,
(EnantheProlifera; Proliferous Water Dropwort. Mar-
4. and then makes a stop, taking a little time to spread out quite
ginal peduncles of the umbels longer branched, male; root flat ; it
may be half an hour from the first bursting of the
perennial, consisting of several tubers, which are round, calix at bottom, to the final expansion of the corolla, which
narrowing to each end, long, of a dirty brown on the outside, commonly becomes flaccid in the course of the next day,
white within ; stem herbaceous, a foot and a half in sooner or later, according to the heat or coolness of the
height, up-
right, a little branched, green, angular, striated. It flowers weather. The uppermost flowers come out first in June, the
in June and July. Native of Sicily, and Italy. stalk keeps continually advancing in height, and there is a
5. (Enanthe Globulosa.- Globular-headed Water constant succession of flowers till late in autumn. The roots
Dropwbrt.
Fruits globular roots like those of Navew, perennial,
; are eaten in some countries in the spring; for though a native
branched; stem a foot high, or more, branched, angular at of North America, it has been imported, first into Italy, and
the base, and often purple. It flowers in June and
July. has been carried all over Europe. We often meet with it in
- -Native of
Portugal. English gardens, where it is cultivated as a hardy plant, in
6. OEnanthe
Pimpinelloides; Parsely Water Dropwort. the following way ; sow the seeds in autumn ; when the plants
Root leaflets wedge-shaped, cloven ; those of the stem entire, them clean; the following
appear, thin them, and keep
linear, very long, simple. Native of the southern parts of autumn, transplant them to places where they are designed
Europe, and of England, growing in marshes, especially near to flower : as the roots strike deep in the ground, care should
 CENO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. CENO 187

be taken not to break them in removing. They will thrive herbaceous, at least with us, and therefore improperly named
in almost any soil or situation ; and will flower even in Lon- Fruticosa. The which are large and showy, bright
flowers,
If they be once intro- yellow, though they open in the evening remain' expanded
1

don, better than most other plants. ,

duced, and permitted to scatter, there will be a supply of during most of the ensuing- day. The flower-buds, germen,
plants witliout any care.
and stalk, are enlivened by a richness of colour which con-
tributes to render this of the most ornamental
2. CEnothera Grandiflora Great-flowered Tree Primrose.
; species one
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; (lamina declined; stem 'shrubby. and desirable of the genus. Native of Virginia. It may be
Biennial, flowering in July and August. Native of North increased by seeds, by parting the roots, and by cuttings, in
America. This, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh species, the open air.
are commonly considered as green-house plants, though they 11. (Enothera Pumila; Dwarf Tree Primrose. Leaves
produce flowers and seeds in the open air, and are therefore lanceolate, blunt, smooth, subpetioled ; stems prostrate,
seldom preserved. -3 g c]3 j,{ afaJ[r3 rltot (ascending ;) capsules acute-angled. This is distinguished
3. CEnothera Parviflora Small-flowered Tree Primrose.
;
! from all the species with yellow flowers, by the inferiority t>f
Leares ovate-lanceolate, flat; stem even, subvillose. It does its siz'e in its most luxuriant state, rarely exceeding a foot
;

not rise so high as the first species, the leaves are narrower, in height, and far more humble. It sends up
!

commonly
and the flowers smaller. Native of North America. I
many flowering-stems, producing blossoms from April to
4. CEaothera Muricata; Muricated Tree Primrose. Leaves I
July, open in the morning as well as the evening. The
lanceolate, flat; stem purple,, muricated. Native of Canada. ! stalks are rather ascending than prostrate. Native of North
<(j f 6. CEnothera Longiflora; Lony-flvwered Tree Primrose. America. It
may be propagated by parting the roots, or by
Leaves toothletted stem simple, hairy petals distant, two-
; ; seeds. The best time for the former is the spring but :

lobed; root biennial; root-leaves numerous, broad-lanceolate, seeds should be sown in the autumn in pots, placed under a
teothietted, pubescent, with a white rib, obliquely nerved. hot-bed frame in winter. In the spring the plants will
Mr. Curtis remarks, that luxurious specimens of this plant appear : when fit t remove, plant a few in small pots, to be
exceed five feet in height that the flowers are uncommonly
;
sheltered undfer a common frame in winter; plant the oioer*
in a sheltered border, where they will endure the'cold of our
large and showy, and continue blowing from July to October.
Native of South America. The plant is annual, of ready Ordinary winters well, and in the following summer produce
growth, and very productive of seeds, -which ripen early. t
flowers and seeds in plenty. The seedling plants will be
Sow them in the open border, where they are intended to much stronger," and flower better,*than those from offsets.
flower, in March, or the beginning of April. A. single plant 12. (Enothera Macrocarpa. Stem branchy; leaves lan-
is sufficient for one spot. Put a stick of four feet long to it ceolate, petiolate, distantly glandulous-denticulate, with the
when young, and tie up the branches to the stick when they margin and nerves of a silky white colour; petal sobcordated
are about a foot long. with a point; capsules elliptical, four-winged, with very short
6. CEnothera Mollissima Soft Tree Primrose.
; Leaves pedicels. Grows on the banks of the Mississippi, near St.
" This " exceeds in
lanceolate, waved, pubescent, very soft stalk shrubby, more; Loruis. species," Mr. Pursh remarks,
than two feet high, hairy ; flowers axillary like the other size and beauty of its flowers
any other one known; they ar6
sorts, at first pale yellow, but as they decay changing to an of a. bright yellow, very 'large, and open about five o'clock
orange colour. It flowers from June to October. Biennial. in the evening. The calix is' covered with a very fine and
Native of South America. Propagated like the first species. white silky down, and is sported with purple." It has not
7. CEnothera Rosea Rose-flowered Tree Primrose. Leaves
; yet been found any where else but near St. Louis, where
ovate-toothed; lower ones lyrate capsules club-shaped.
; Mr. Thomas Nuttall gathered the ripe fruits of it; specimens
It
rarely lexceeds a foot in height; its rose-coloured flowers of which he sent to this country. to
taiitia&Dp 0J1
expand during the whole of the day, and are produced dur- 1.3. (Enothera Fraseri. Plant somewhat glabrous ; stem
Mig most of the summer months. This, and the next species, on the lower part simple, but branchy above; leaves ovate,
may be increased either by cuttings or seeds. This species petiolate, glandulose-denticulate ; racemes leafy capsule*
;

produces abu/idancp of seed, which should be sown in the pedicellated, obovate, tetragonal. Native of South Carolina.
" This
spring with tender annuals when the plants have acquired
:
species," Mr. Pursh informs us, "approaches so near
a proper age, and the season is favourable, plant them out to (Enothera Fruticosa, that it is difficult to define the dis-

singly in the open border. tinction, though other habits are so very different.
their
8. (Enothera Purpurea ;
Purple Tree Primrose. Leaves The present species' flowers a short time; the stems decay,
ovate, lanceolate, glaucous, quite entire capsules sessile ; ; and form inttnediately a tuft of large radical leaves. (Eno-
stigma dark purple. This is distinguished by the glaucous thera Fruticosa flowers till late in autumn, and never shews
appearance of its foliage, the purple hue of its corolla, and its radical leaves in that manner. The specific difference of
dark colour -pf its stigma. It is about two feet high, and CEnothera Fruticosa from CEnothera Fraseri will be : CEno-
Jthe
produces abundance of purple flowers in July and August,
fine thera Fruticosa, Plant slightly pubescent ; stem branchy
which open like those of theseventh species during the day. from the base, divaricate; leaves sessile, lanceolate, snbden-
Cultivated in the same way as the preceding species. tate, acute; capsules pedicellate, oblong-clavate, angular."
9. (Enothera Sinuata ; Plant without a stem ; leaves
Scallop -leaved free Primrose. 14. CEnothera Scapigera.
Leaves tooth-sinuate ; capsules prismatic. Root annual ; lanceolate, inciso-dentate ; capsule oblong, sessile ; tube of
stem simple, round, a foot high, upright, -nodding at top, the calix very long; petals two-lobed, distant. Grows on
when young hairy, when old smoothish ; tranches alternate. the bunks of the Missouri, where Mr. Lewis discovered it.
It
sleeps during the night, with the upper leaves hollowed. This singular species resembles the (Enothera Acaule of
Native of North America. Gavanilles. The flowers open in the evening, are white,
10. (Enothera Fruticosa; Sfirubly Tree Primrose. Leaves changing to red, and of an agreeable scent,
lanceolate, somewhat toothed capsules pedicelled, acute-
;
j
15. (Enothera Albicaulis. Plant very slightly pubescent;
angled raceme peduncled.
; Stem three or four feet high, i stem and nerves of the leaves white leaves pinnatifkl; seg-
;

round, hairy, pale red. This' is a perennial, -but altogether ments divaricated flowers subspicate, large, white ; gernaeo
;
" " I

81 :-' '-' '

3B
 OLD THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OLD
sessile, cylindrical;stamina shorter than the corolla; petals Corolla; one-petalled; tube cylindrical, closed by a beard;
obcordate. Native of Upper Louisiana. border four-parted, acute, spreading, a little longer than the
16. CEnothera Linearis. The whole plant pubescent, calix. Stamina: filamenta four, simple, within the tube;
slender leaves linear, entire ; capsule stipitated, subrotund-
; antheree small. Pistil: germen roundish, inferior; style
tetragonal, villose. Grows in the dry barren fields of Vir- simple, the length of the stamina; stigma bifid, obtuse.
ginia and Carolina. Pericarp: capsule twin, roundish, two-celled, opening be-
17. CEnothera .Chrysantha. Stalk feeble, pubescent; tween ths teeth of the calix. Seeds: numerous, very small.
leaves lanceolate, plain, entire, somewhat obtuse ; tube of Observe. According to Schreber, this genus scarcely differs
the calix as short again as the segments; capsule clavated, from Hedyotis; there is, however, a difference in the calix,
acute-angled, sessile ; flowers small, of a golden yellow colour. corolla, and receptacle. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
Grows on the barren lands of Canada, and on the moun- fastened to the pericarp, with four free awl-shaped teeth at
tains of Pennsylvania and Carolina, and flowers in July and top. Corolla : one-petalled, four-cleft. Capsule ; inferior, two-
August. celled. Receptacles: free, fastened to the partition by the
18. CEnothera Pusilla. Plant upright, subpubescent ;
base only. To propagate the plants of this genus, sow the
stalk small, somewhat simple ;
leaves lanceolate-oblong, some- seeds early in the spring on a hot-bed; and when the plantg
what obtuse, entire; flowers axillary at the summit, small; come up, transplant them to another hot-bed, or into small
capsule sessile, clavate-turbinate, with eight nearly equal pots plunged into the bark-bed. Water and shade them until
sides. Michaux discovered this plant on the rocks near they have taken root; then give them free air in warm wea-
Lake Mistassino. It has also been found on the high moun- ther, and frequently refresh them with water. Some seeds
tains of Pennsylvania and Virginia. will ripen in
July: gather them from time to time, as they
19. CEnothera Minima. Stalk simple, one-flowered; leaves become ripe; for there will be fresh flowers produced until
small, lanceolate, very entire, hairy; flower sessile, rough; autumn. Or, if the seeds be permitted to scatter in the
germen prismatic. Grows in the barren pine-woods of pots, the plants will soon appear, and will live through the
Georgia. This plant seldom exceeds an inch in height, and winter in the stove, and flower early in the following spring.
its flower is the smallest of all the genus. The species are,
20. CEnothera Glauca. Plant very smooth ; leaves wide- 1 . Oldenlandia Verticillata ; Whorled Oldenlandia. Flow*
jval, repand-subdentate, smooth, hoary; capsule ovate tetra- ers in whorls, sessile; stipules bristle-bearing stems about ;

gonal, pedicellate. Grows on the banks of -he Mississippi, a foot high, simple, jointed, even, round, with a groove ou
in Illinois, and on the peaks of Otter, Virginia; and flowers each Native of Amboyna and Jamaica, on open hills.
side.
in July. x Oldenlandia Repens Creeping Oldenlandia. Capsules
2. ;

21. CEnothera Hybrida. Stalk erect, villose; leaves pubes- sessile, hispid; leaves lanceolate; stem creeping, filiform,
cent on both sides, lanceolate, remotely subdentate, wavy; branched, jointed, rooting at every joint, even. Native of
capsule subspicate, standing on a short pillar, ovate-tetra- the East Indies, and of China near Canton.
gonal. Grows the sandy fields of Virginia
in and Caro- 3. Oldenlandia Capensis; Cape Oldenlandia, Flowers in
lina. .ni wbio biup 10 fiat sai whorls, peduncled; leaves linear. It strongly resembles the
Oil Seed, Oil Tree. See Ricinus. above. Native of the Cape.
Oily Grain. See Sesamum, 4. Oldenlandia Uniflora; One-flowered, or Water Olden-
Olax; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia. landia. Peduncles quite simple, lateral; fruits rough-haired ;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, leaves subovate, acute; stems branched and creeping. In
concave, very short, quite entire; according to Gaertner, Jamaica it is found frequently in the waters, and then grows
with blunt teeth.
trifid, Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; of a length proportioned to the depth of the stream, with
Border trifid, blunt, the third segment deeper ; nectaries which it yields and bends both leaves and stalks are thej
:

four, (according to Gaertner, three,) round, petioled, shorter of a reddish colour. Sometimes it is found upon the bank,
than the corolla. Stamina: filamenta three, awl-shaped, and then it is of a green colour, and a creeper, generally
alternate with the nectaries, and shorter; antheree simple. running more or less, according to the quantity of moisture.
Pistil: germen superior, roundish; style filiform, longer Native of Virginia and Jamaica,
than the staining caducous; stigma capitate. Pericarp: .5. Oldenlandia Biflora; Two-flowered Oldenlandia. Per
berry fleshy, three-celled, half covered with the permanent duncles two-flowered, longer than the petioles; leaves lanr
calix and corolla. Seeds: several, six or eight in each cell, ceolate root very long, from one to two feet, slender, with
;

small, oblong, pale, with a navel in jthe middle of the inner a few lateral fibres; when fresh, the bark is orange-coloured ;

side. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : entire ; trifid, in the cultivated sort it is longest, and with fewest fibres ;

according to Geertner. Corolla: funnel-form, trifid. Nec- stem in the cultivated sort erect, round, jointed below, very
tary: four; three, according to Gsertner. Berry: three-celled, ramous, somewhat scabrous, from six to twelve inches high.
many-seeded. The species are, Native of the East Indies.
1. Olax Zeylanica. This is a tree, with flaccid branches, 6. Oldenlandia Umbellata; Umbelled Oldenlandia, or East
wrinkled like those of Viscum or Misletoe, alternate; leaves India Madder. Umbels naked, lateral, alternate leaves linear. ;

ovate, smooth, reinless, alternate, quite entire, petioled ; This is a small biennial, but sometimes triennial plant; root
peduncles very short, somewhat branched, from the axils of very long ; stem in the cultivated sort erect. It is used in dye-
the leaves. Native of Ceylon. ing red, purple, a deep clear brown, and orange, and to paint
2. Olax Scandens. Leaves elliptic, obtuse, downy beneath; the red figures on chintz. The woody part of the Chay root,
calix minutely fringed; flowers in short axillary clusters, as it is called, is white and tasteless; it is the bark only that is
small, whitish. Native of forests on the coast of Coro- possest of the colouring principle: when fresh, it is orange-
rnandel, flowering all the year. coloured, tinges the spittle yellow, and leaves a slight degree
Oldenlandia ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order of acrimony on the point of the tongue for some hours after
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. chewing; to appearance it loses its yellow colour in drying
1

Calix perianth : ,

four-parted, the parts awl-shaped, superior, permanent. but still retains the above property on being chewed. Jt
 OLE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 6 L E

with a straw colour; to wrinkled according to Gaertner, subbilocular.

impregnates cold water or spirits Observe*,
;

water it a brownish porter colour. The watery The male and female flowers on the sam<*
third species has
boiling gives
infusions and spirituous tinctures are changed into a "bright plant with the hermaphrodites; the nut obovate, substriated,
and deep red by alkaline substances and are rendered paler,
; perforated at the base. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Caiixi
or nearly destroyed, by acids. The colouring powers of this four-cleft, with subovate segments. Drupe: one-seeded.
root are said to improve by keeping three or four years. The species are,
When the wild sort can be had in any quantity, it is esteemed 1. Olea Europaea; European Olive. Leaves lanceolate,
a third or fourth stronger, and yields a better colour ; and quite entire; racemes axillary, contracted. There are many
when these roots can be had of two years' growth, they ai j varieties of this species: viz. 1. The common European
reckoned still better. This plant is the Tsheri Velio of the Olive: leaves lanceolate, flat, hoary underneath. 2. The
Tamuls. Warted Olive: leaves lanceolate, flat, villose underneath;
Telingas; and the Say a Ver, or Imburel, of the
The Telinga physicians do not give any part of the plant a branches warted. 3. The Long-leaved European Olive:
but the Malabar physicians leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, silvery uuderneath. 4. The
place in their materia medica;
and cutaneous Broad-leaved European Olive: leaves oblong, flat, hoary
say that the roots cure poisonous bites, colds,
disorders, and warm the constitution. This plant has been underneath, 5. The Iron-coloured European Olive: leaves
introduced into the island of Jamaica; it is a native of the lanceolate, ferruginous underneath. 6. The Twisted-leave3
East Indies, growing in very light, dry, sandy ground, near European Olive: leaves oblong, bent obliquely, pale under-
the sea; flowering during the latter part of the wet season; neath. 7. The Box-leaved European Olive: leaves oblong,
and ripening seeds in January. It is much cultivated on the oval; branches spreading, divaricated. The Olive, in a.l
coast of Coromandel, where its roots descend to a great ages, has been held in peculiar estimation, as the bounteous
depth in the sand. gift of heaven; and is still the pleasing
emblem of peace and
7. Oldenlandia Hirsuta; Hairy Oldenlnndia. Umbels plenty. It seldom becomes, a large tree; but two or three

axillary ;stem and calices hispid;leaves ovate, acute. This stems frequently rise from the same root, from twenty to
is a diffused plant. Native of Java. thirty feet high, putting out branches almost their whole
8. Oldenlandia Corymbosa; Hyssop-leaved Oldenlandia. length, covered with a grey bark. The leaves are stir!',
Peduncles many-flowered; leaves linear-lanceolate. This is about two inches and a half long, and half an inch broad ia
a low annual plant, seldom above three or four inches high, the middle, gradually diminishing to both ends, of a lively
dividing into many branches, which spread near the ground. green on their upper side, and hoary on their under, standing
opposite. The flowers are produced in
Native of Jamaica. small axillary bunches ;
9. Oldenlandia Paniculata; Panicled Oldenlandia. Pe- they are small, white, and have short tubes, spreading open
duncles panicled, terminating; leaves oval, lanceolate; stem at top. Unripe olives pickled, especially the Provence and
almost upright, even, dichotomous flowers purple.
; Native Lucca sorts, are very grateful to many persons, who suppose
of the East Indies. them to excite appetite and promote digestion. They are
10. Oldenlandia Pentandra; Five-stummed Oldenlandia. prepared by repeatedly steeping them in water, to which
Flowers five-stamined, one-styled; leaves linear; peduncles some add alkaline salt or quicklime, in order to shorten the
two-flowered. Native of the East Indies. operation; after this they are washed, and preserved in a
11. Oldenlandia Digynia ; Two-styled Oldenlandia. Flow- pickle of common salt and water, to which an aromatic is
ers five-stamined, two-styled, sessile; leaves lanceolate. sometimes added. But the principal of Olivs-s
consumption
Native of the East Indies. is in the preparation of common salad oil. The best is of a
12. Oldenlandia Trinervia; Three-nerved Oldenlandia. pale bright amber colour, bland to the taste, and without
Stem decumbent; leaves ovate, three-nerved; flowers in any smell. It becomes rancid by age, especially if kept in
whorls, axillary; capsules hispid; root branched, slender. a warm place, and congeals by cold at 38 of Fahrenheit's
Native of the East Indies. thermometer, and does not become rancid if kept in a degree
13. Oldenlandia Foetida; Stinking Oldenlandia. Umbel of cold equal to the freezing point of water. The Neapo-
terminating, trichotomous ; leaves spatulate. Native of Ton- litans extract the oil by crushing the fruit to a paste with a

gataboo in the South Seas. perpendicular mill-stone, running round a trough. This
14.- Oldenlandia Debilis; Weak Oldenlandia. Umbels paste is put into flat round baskets, made of rushes, ptl<?
!

axillary, peduncled, few-flowered; leaves ovate, sessile. one upon another under the press. After the first pressure
Native of the island of Tongataboo. scalding water is poured into each basket, its contents stirrf >.
15. Oldenlandia Tenuifolia ; Fine-leaved Oldenlandia. up, and the operation repeated till no more oil can be skim-
Peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered; leaves linear, sub- med off the surface of the tubs beneath but by this method
;

ulate.-r-Native of the East Indies. the oil is seldom pure, does not^keep well, and soon grows
16. Oldenlandia Zanguebarise African Oldenlandia.
; Pe- rancid. Another process is recommended, which is per-
duncles few-flowered; corollas salver-shaped; leaves linear; formed by pounding the fruit in a mortar. A handful of the
stem herbaceous, manifold, eight inches high. Native of the crushed substance is thrown into a long woollen bag, which
'eastern coast of Africa. is rubbed very hasd upon a sloping board, and then wrung-;
Old Man's Beard. See hnardia. afterwards hot water is added, and it continues to be pressed
Olea; a genus of the class Diandria order Monogynia. as long as a drop of oil can be extracted. This is supposed
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, tubu- to have been the original process; and when performed by
lar, small, deciduous; mouth four-toothed,erect. Corolla: a stout and skilful workman, is thought much more effectual
one-petalled, funnel-form; tube cylindrical, the length of the than the common mode of proceeding. The ancients con-
calix; border four-parted, flat; segments subovate. Sta- sidered the Olive to be a maritime tree, and they supposed
mina: filamenta two, opposite, awl-shaped, short; anthene it would not thrive at
any distance from the sea; though by
erect. Pistil: germen roundish; style simple, very short; experience we find it will succeed very well in any country
"'stigma bifid, thickish, with the clefts emarginate. Pericarp: where the air is of a proper temperature; it will however
drupe subovate, smooth, one-celled. Seed: nut ovato-oblong, bear the spray of the sea better than most trees. With a
190 OLE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OLE
little in severe frosts, an Clive-tree may be main- be now and then refreshed with water; but you must by no
protection
tained against a wall; and in Devonshire there are some of means let them have too much moisture, which will rot the
these trees which have grown many years in the open air tender fibres of their roots, and destroy the trees. When the
without being injured by frost, though their summers are not plants have taken fresh root, those in the pots may be exposed
warm enough to bring their fruit to maturity. Notwithstand- to the open air, with other hardy exotics, with which they
ing the general preference which the oil of Olives and of should be housed in winter, and treated as Myrtles, and other
Almonds have obtained by their fluidity, all the mild vegeta- less tender trees and shrubs; but those in the open air will
ble oils are nearly of the same nature. Oil, in various shapes, require no farther care until the winter following, when you
forms a considerable part of our food, botli animal and vege- should mulch the ground about their roots, to prevent the
table, and affords much nourishment; but in some constitu- frost from penetrating deep into it and if the frost should
:

tions oily substances do not unite with the contents of the prove very severe, you should cover them with mats, which-
stomach, especially where acids abound. Oil internally used will defend them from being injured thereby; but you must
is supposed to correct acrimony, to lubricate and relax the be cautious not to let the mats continue after the frost is past,
fibres, and hence is prescribed in coughs, catarrhal affections, lest their leaves and tender branches should turn
mouldy for
and erosions, in worm cases, in nephritic pains, spasms, colics, for want of free air; which will injure them as much, if not
constipations of the bowels, and to prevent the effects of more, than if they had been exposed to the frost; for it often
poison, &c. Externally, it has been found a useful appli- happens that the frost only destroys the tender shoots, but the
cation to bites and stings of poisonous animals, to burns, body and larger branches remaining unhurt, they put out again
tumors, &c.; either applied alone, or mixed with liniments in the succeeding spring. These trees are generally brought
and poultices. It was much used by the ancients to rub over over from Italy every spring, by the importers of Orange-
their bodies; this has been found of great service in dropsies, trees, Jasmines, &c. who sell them at a reasonable price; and
particularly in ascites: it is said to have been successful in as the trees they bring over have often stems of a size to
rabies canina; but having been since resorted to in a similar which young plants in this country would not arrive in ten
case, without success, little confidence can be placed 'on a or twelve years, it is better to purchase of them, than to
solitary instance. Though the effects of oil taken internally undertake the tedious process of raising them by layers.
extend over the primae via, yet it may be doubted whether When you procure these steins, first soak their roots twenty-
it
produces any medicinal effect after having passed into the four hours in water, and clean them from the filth they have
blood. It is an ingredient in several officinal compositions; contracted in their passage; then plant them in pots filled
and when united with water by the intervention of alkali, is with fresh light sandy earth, and plunge them into a moderate
usually given in coughs, hoarseness, &c. The Olive-tree will hot-bed, observing to screen them from the violence of the
grow almost in any soil; but when it is planted in rich moist sun in the heat of the day, and also to refresh them with
ground, the tree grows larger, and makes a finer appearance, water, whenever you find the earth in the pots dry. In this
than in poor land; but the oil is not so good as in a leaner situation they will begin to shoot in six weeks or two months
oil. Calcareous ground is esteemed the best for these trees, after, when you should let them have air in proportion to the
the oil being finer, and keeping longer than any other. In warmth of the season, and after they make tolerably strong
l.anguedoc and Provence, they propagate the Olive by trun- shoots, innre them to the open air by degrees and place them,
;

cheons, split from the roots of the trees. When their tops when wholly removed into it, in a situation where they may
are killed by hard frost in winter, they send up several stalks be defended from strong winds; in this place they should
from the root; when these are grown pretty strong, they remain till October following, when they should be removed
separate them with an axe from the root, in doing which, they into the green-house, as before directed. Having thus
are careful to preserve a few roots to them. These are cut managed these plants until they have acquired strong roots,
off in the spring, after the danger of the frost is over, and and made
tolerably good heads, you may draw them out of
planted about two feet deep in the ground, covering the sur- the pots, preserving the earth to their roots, and plant them
face with litter or mulch, to prevent the sun and wind from in the open air in a warm situation, where you must manage
penetrating the ground and drying the roots when the plants them as was before directed for the young ones and these
;
:

have taken new root, they stir the ground, and destroy the will in two or three years produce flowers; and in very warm
weeds. In countries where the inhabitants are curious in seasons some fruit, provided they do well. The Lucca and
making oil, they graft their truncheons with that sort of Olive Box-leaved Olives are the hardiest, and of course the best
which they prefer. Stubborn lands, and unkindly hills, where to plant in the open air; but the first sort produces the
the soil is a potter's clay mixed with pebbles, and producing largest trees.
only bushes, are adapted to the Olive, which is a long-lived 2. Olea Capensis Cape Olive.
; Leaves ovate, quite entire ;

slow-growing tree. That such hinds are congenial to this racemes panicle-shaped, divaricate. This is a small shrub,
tree, is evident from the abundance of wild olives that spring with a straight jointed trunk, and subhirsute bark. Corolla
in them, and the small and white.
quantity of berries strewn over them. In Native of the Cape.
England the Olive may be propagated by laying down the 3. Olea Americana; American Olive. Leaves lanceolate,
tender branches in the same way as for other trees, which elliptic, quite entire; racemes narrowed; all the bractes per-
should remain undisturbed two years; in which time they manent, connate, small. There are male and female flowers
will have put out roots, and may then be taken off from the in this species, on the same plant with the hermaphrodites.
old plants, and transplanted either into pots filled with fresh Native of Carolina aud Florida.
light earth, or into the open ground, in a warm situation. 4. Olea Cernua; Nodding-flowered Olive. Leaves oblong 1

The best season for transplanting is the beginning of April, lanceolate, very blunt; racemes axillary, simple; flowers
when you should, if
possible, take the opportunity of a moist drooping; branches round, smooth, with an ash-coloured bark,
season ;and those which are planted in pots should be placed and raised scattered dots, compressed a little at top; flowers
in a shady part of the green-house, until they have taken root: twice as large as in the common sort. Native of Madagascar.
but those planted in the ground should have mulch laid about 5. Olea Apetala; Apelalous Olive. Leaves elliptic; flower*
flieir roots, to prevent the earth from too fast, and in racemes, apetalous; branches round at bottom, with an
drying;
 OM P OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. NO 191

ash-coloured dotted bark, alternately compressed towards the trifid.

Capsule: fleshy, three-celled. Nuts: solitary.
top. Native of New Zealand. The species are, M3 in bn* 'Is * 6 1 1

6. Olea Excelsa; Laurel-leaved Olive. Leaves elliptic, ,1. Omphalea Axillaris. Racemes axillary; leaves distich,
acute; bractes perfoliate, the lowest cup-shaped, permanent, ovate, acuminate, shining, on very short petioles; stipule
the upper ones leafy, large, deciduous branches round, with
; mucronate; stem shrubby. Native of Jamaica.
a smooth ash-coloured bark, with raised dots scattered over 2. Omphalea Cauliflora. Racemes cauline, scaly at the
it; flowers twice as large as those of the Common Olive; calix base leaves distich, oblong, acute, shining; stem arborescent.
;

very small, with very blunt teeth.- Native of Madeira. Native of Jamaica.
7 Olea Fragrans ; Sweet-scented Olive.
. Leaves lanceolate, 3. Omphalea Cordata. Racemes compound, leafy, termi-
serrate; peduncles lateral, aggregate, one-flowered. The nating; leaves scattered, cordate, villose underneath, biglan-
flowers are small, and white, with a scent like the highest per- dular at the base stem scandent.
; Native of rocky coppices
fumed green tea. This is a large tree, which Osbeck men- in Jamiaca, and other West India Islands.
tions as one of the ornamental trees in the Chinese gardens. 4. Omphalea Nucifera; Cobwort. Racemes compound,
He says it is about six yards high, with small white sweet- leafy, terminating; leaves scattered, oblong, very smooth,
scented flowers, three or four in one involucre. It flowers in biglandular at the base; stem arboreous. This is a small tree
July and August. Native of China, Cochin-china, and Japan. with an upright even trunk, from twelve to fifteen feet high.
Olecmder, or Rose-bay. See Nerium. The kernels of the nut are esculent and sapid, the cot.yledotls
Oleaster. See Elaagnus. only being emetic. The branches and petioles pour out a
Olive. See Olea. tenaceous watery liquor. Native of Jamaica, where it is fre-
Olyra; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Triandria. quently cultivated.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, below the Oneberry. See Paris.
females-. Calix: glume two-valved, one-flowered; valves Onion. See Allium.
equal, lanceolate; outer subventricose, terminating in a capil- Onoclea; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Filices.
lary straight even awn ;
inner narrower, acute, folded in on GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsules under the recurved
both sides. Corolla: none; nectary two-leaved, very small; and contracted pinnules of the frond resembling pericarpia.
leaflets obovate, subemarginate, membranaceous, erect. Sta- The species are,
mma: filamenta three, capillary, very short; antherso linear, 1. Onoclea Sensibilis. Fronds pinnate, subracemose at
acute at both ends. Female Flowers, solitary, terminating on the tip. Native of various parts of North America.
the same panicle, much larger than the males. Calix: glume 2. Onoclea Polypodioides. Fronds bipinnate; fructifica-
two-valved, one-flowered, large, spreading; valves almost tions three-valved; root creeping, filiform, shining, rufous.
equal, ovate, concave, nerved; outer terminating in along awl- Native of the Cape of Good Hope, in the fissures of rocks
ehaped subflexuose awn, villose at bottom inner narrower,; near the Table mountain.
acuminate. Corolla: glume two-valved, much shorter than the Ononis a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-
;

calix, coriaceous, shining, awnless, blunt; outer much longer; dria. GENERIC
CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-

nectary three-leaved, very small; leaflets obovate, membra- parted, almost the length of the corolla; segments linear,
naceous, erect. Pistil: germen oblong; style filiform, al- acuminate, slightly arched upwards; the lowest under the
most the length of the calix; stigma capillary, pubescent. keel. Corolla: papilionaceous; banner cordate, striated,
Pericarp : glume of the corolla involving, falling. Seed: depressed at the sides more than the Bother petals win^s ;

ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix-glume: one- ovate, shorter by half than the banner; keel acuminate, as
flowered, awned. Corolla: glume awnless. Swartz says, no long as, or longer, than the wings. Stamina: filamenta ten,
corolla. Female. Calix-glume: one-flowered, spreading, ovate. connate, in an entire cylinder; antherse simple. Pistil:
Style : bifid. Seed: cartilaginous. The species are, germen oblong, villose; style simple, rising; stigma blunt.
1. Olyra Pan iculata. Panicle terminating; culm branch- Pericarp: legume rhomb-shaped, turgid, subvillose, one-
ing; roots filiform, long, thicker; leaves sheathing, as it were celled, two-valved, sessile. Seeds: few, kidney-form. ESSEN-
shortly petioled at the end of the sheath, broad, lanceolate, TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted, with linear seg-
acuminate, horizontal, spreading, smooth, striated, marked ments. Banner: striated. Legume: turgid, sessile. Fila-
-

with lines below; sheaths pubescent. It flowers from Ja- menta : connate, without a fissure. The species are,
nuary to July. Native of the dry coppices in Jamaica. "With Subsessile Flowers.
2. Olyra Pauciflora. Flowers axillary. It flowers in the 1. Ononis Antiquorum. Flowers solitary, larger than tin:
spring. Native of woods in Jamaica. leaflets;lower leaves ternate ; branches almost even, spiny;
Omphalea; a genus of the class Monoecia, order -Mon- root perennial; stems straight, hard, smooth, and almost
adelphia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix: woody flowers purple. Native of pastures and meadows Lu
;

perianth four or five leaved, spreading; leaflets two, oppo- Dauphiny, and the southern parts of Europe. This is ;\
site, larger, ovate, convex, coloured. Corolla: none; nec- hardy plant, and only cultivated in botanic gardens.
tary-glands four, or a fleshy ring encircling the germen. 2. Ononis Spinosa; Thorny Rest-harrow. Flowers axil-
Stamina: filamentum one, columnar, thick, short; anthera lary in pairs; leaves ternate; upper ones solitary; branches
two, oblong, incumbent, connate at the top, polliniferous at thorny, villose. It has a strong
creeping root, which spreads
the edge; or one plano-convex, trifid. Female Flowers, in far in the ground, and is with great difficulty eradicated ;

the same raceme. Calix: perianth five-leaved; leaflets three, hence its names of Restis bovis and Arrete b<evf, or Oxstopper,
larger, ovate, encircling the germen. Corolla none. Pistil:
: and Rest-harrow. Stems a foot and half high, slender, purple,
germen ovate; style none; stigma trifid. Pericarp: cap- hair, sending out many lateral branches, armed with sharp
sule oblong, or roundish, fleshy, bluntly triangular, three-
prickles. The come out
singly from the side of the
flowers
celled, three-valved. Seeds : nuts, solitary, ovate, hard. branches, they are of a bright purple colour, marked with
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: four-leaved. Co- lines, and are succeeded by small pods, containing one

kidney-shaped seeds. A decoction of the roots hns

rolla: none. Filamentum:. columnar, with the anthcrse inserted or two
into it. Female. Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: none. Stiqma' been recommended in cases of stone and jaundice. Meyric!<
82. 3C
192 O NO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; NO
observes, that the root is a powerful diuretic, and that the from seeds in the open air, and
may be managed as the pre"
principal virtue of the plant lies in the bark of the root, a ceding, together with the other annual hardy sorts. Native
strong decoction of which, sweetened to the palate, and of Spain and Portugal.
drank in large quantities, is excellent against the gravel and 9. Ononis Alopecuroides Fox-tail Rest-harrow.
;
Spike*
all nephritic complaints, softening the parts, and increasing leafy; leaves simple, blunt; is an
stipules dilated. This
the urinary discharge. It is likewise very effectual in remov- annual plant, rising with an upright
branching stalk a foot
ing obstructions of the liver and other viscera, and has been high. Native of Spain and Portugal.
found serviceable in the dropsy. It is a very proper plant 10. Ononis Variegata Variegated Rest-harrow.
; Sti-
to besown on sea and fen banks, as its roots bind the earth pules cordate, very wide, plaited, toothed, emarginate, wider
very strongly, and creep in all directions. Cows and goats than the leaves; flowers axillary, solitary, subpeduncled;
eat it; sheep are fond of it; but horses and hogs reject it. calices shorter than the corolla. Annual. Native of the
The names this plant has obtained are, Cammock, Petty Whin, sea-coast of the south of Europe;
abounding in the island
Grand Furze, and Rustburn. This and the next species are of Sicily.
'*
both very troublesome weeds in pastures and corn-fields; as Flowers pedunded, Peduncles awnless.
the roots spread and multiply so widely in the ground, and Ononis. Alba; White Rest-harrow. Peduncles awn-
11.
are so tough and strong, that the ploughshare will hardly less, very short; leaves simple; stipules dilated, serrate at
divide them. top; stem a foot high, diffused, round, a little flexuose at
3. Ononis Arvensis; Hairy Rest-harrow. Flowers axil- bottom, hairy, subviscid branches. This is a mean between
lary, in pairs: leaves ternate; upper ones solitary; branches
the ninth and twelfth species. From the former it differs in
unarmed, subvillose. Linneus and others suppose this to its serrate stipules: the floral leaves of the same structure
be a mere variety of the Thorny Rest-harrow; but Mr. with the stem-leaves, only smaller, not linear, and narrower
Miller declares that he has cultivated both by seeds, and towards the base. The whole plant is covered with, a light
always found them to retain their difference; which consists down, except the leaves, and it is a little viscid. Native of
in the hairiness of the stalks of this species, which are also Barbary.
more diffused, less upright, without spines, while the leaves Ononis Pubescens; Downy Rest-harrow.
12. Pedun-
are broadre, and sit closer on the branches. It grows in cles awnless, very short;upper leaves simple; stipules ovate,
pastures, and on the borders of corn-fields, chiefly in light lanceolate, quite entire; stem a foot high, branched, dif-
lands. A variety has been found on our sea-coasts, near fused, round; flowers many together, purple. The whole
Deal in Kent, and Yarmouth in Norfolk; also by Charlton plant pubescent, viscid. It flowers in August, and is a native

Church, Woolwich, and Gravesend. of the south of Europe.

4. Ononis Repens; Creeping Rest-harrow. Stems dif- 13. Ononis Cernua ;
Hanging-podded Rest-harrow.
fused ;branches erect upper leaves solitary
; branches
; Racemes strict ; leaves wedge-form ; legumes drooping,
unarmed, subvillose. This is very nearly allied to the pre- linear, recurved; branches round, purple, with whitish hairs
ceding species, but differs in having the stems procumbent, scattered over them; flowers frequently single, from the side
diffused every way, and in being smaller. Native of the of the branches, large, of a bright yellow colour. Native of
Levant. the Cape.
5. Ononis Hircina ;Stinking Rest-harrotv. Flowers 14. Ononis Geminata ;
Two-flowered Rest-harrow. Leaves
subspiked, in pairs ; lower leaves ternate, upper solitary, ternate, obovate ; peduncles lateral, two-flowered. Native
somewhat villose; branches hairy, villose. This species has of the Cape.
a strong disagreeable smell, resembling that of goats, and 15. Ononis Umbellata; Umbelled Rest-harrow. Pedun-
never has any thorns. It seems to be stronger than our cles awnless, umbelled; leaves ternate, emarginate; stems
Common Rest-harrow, and is recommended by some foreign prostrate. Native of the Cape.
16. Ononis Argentea; Silvery
physicians as a powerful diuretic, and serviceable for cleans- Rest-harrow. Twining:
ing the urinary passages, and in an incipient dropsy. The peduncles awnless, umbelled leaves ternate leaflets sessile,
; ;

bark of the root is the most efficacious part of the plant. silvery, tomentose. Native of the Cape.
Native of Sweden, Germany, Italy, and Hungary. 17. Ononis Involucrata; Involucred Rest-harroiu. Hir-
6. Ononis Serrata; Serrate-leaved Rest-harrow. Flow- sute, prostrate peduncles awnless, involucred; involucre four-
:

ers subsessile, solitary; lower leaves ternate, serrate, toothed, leaved; leaves ternate, wedge-form. Native of the Cape.
wedge-form, with three teeth usually at the tip stem herba-
; 18. Ononis Filiformis ; Thready-stalked Rest-harrow.
ceous, round, decumbent, subdichotomous ; branches slen- Peduncles awnless, subtriflorous; leaves ternate, subsessile;
der. It flowers in June and July. Native of the south of leaflets ovate, mucronate; root simple, descending; stems

Europe. numerous, branched, hardish, filiform, diffused, a span high.

7. Ononis Minutissima Small-flowered Rest-harrow.
;
Native of the Cape.
Flowers subsessile, lateral leaves ternate, smooth stipules
; ; 19. Ononis Capensis; Cape Rest-harrow. Racemes on
ensiform; calices scariose, longer than the corolla; flowers long peduncles; leaves ternate, suborbiculate, herbaceous,
It is an annual
sessile, solitary, small, yellow. This is an annual plant, about pubescent; corolla yellow and violet purple.
nine inches high, standing out on two sides; branches towards plant. Native of the Cape.
the bottom. Native of the south of Europe, flowering in 20. Ononis Prostrata; Prostrate Rest-harrow. Pedun-
June and July. This a hardy annual plant, propagated by cles awnless, one-flowered, very long; leaves ternate, acute;

seeds, sown in the place where they are to remain, and stipules awl-shaped; stems prostrate. Native of the Cape.
requiring no other care but to thin them where they are too
21. OnonisReclinata; Spreading Rest-harrow. Pedun-
close, and to keep them clean from weeds. cles awnless, one-flowered; leaves ternate, roundish, crenate;
8. Ononis Mitissima; Cluster-flowered Annual Rest-har- legumes drooping; corollas white, with the standard purple
row. Flowers sessile, in spikes; bractes stipular, ovate, underneath. Annual. Native of Spain and Italy.
ventricose, scariose, imbricated; stem upright, a foot and 22. Ononis Cenisia; Narrow-leaved Trailing Rest-harrow.
half high, sending out small side-branches. It rises easily Peduncles awnless, one-flowered; leaves tern-wedged; sti-
 ONO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ONO 193

pules serrate; stems prostrate.

The whole plant is some- 30. Ononis Crispa; Curled-leaved Rest-harrow. Shrubby:
times covered with flowers, which are purple, and sometimes leaves ternate, waved, roundish, toothed, viscid, pubescent;

they are only at the ends of the branches.

Native of Italy, peduncles one-flowered, awnless. Stem erect, panicled, pu-
and of Dauphiny. bescent, viscid; flowers lateral, axillary, solitary, on a very
***With owned Peduncles, short peduncle; corolla yellow, the size of the leaves; with
23. Ononis Vaginalis; Sheathed Rest-harrow. Peduncles the standard streaked of a blood-red colour on the outside.
one-flowered, awned; leaves sessile, ternate, and stipules Native of Spain.
sheathing, toothed. Viscid, villose, with a woody stem ; 31. Ononis Hispanica; Spanish Rest-harrow. Shrubby:
corolla yellow, with a purple striated standard. At one time peduncles awned, one or two flowered; all the leaves ternate,
of the year it puts on so different an appearance, as to be channelled, recurved, serrate all
along the edge; plant strict
with the branchlets clus- viscid, inodorous; flowers yellow, streaked with red. Native
easily taken for a distinct species ;

tered, half an inch long; and the leaflets and stipules smaller, of Spain.
closely imbricate.
32. Ononis Fruticosa; Shrvbby Rest-harrow. Shrubby:
24. Ononis Cherleri; Dwarf Rest-harrow. Peduncles leaves sessile, ternate, lanceolate, serrate; stipules sheathing;
one-flowered, awned; leaves ternate, viscid and hairy; peduncles subtriflorous. This is a very beautiful low shrub,
stipules serrate. Root woody; stem procumbent, diffused, rising with slender stalks about two feet high, dividing into
wrapped in stipules every way; flowers axillary, their stalks many branches. The flowers come out in panicles at the
erect, but nodding with the legume. Native of the south of end of the branches upon long peduncles, which generally
sustain three large purple flowers. It varies with white
Europe.
25. Ononis Viscosa; Clammy Rest-harrow. Peduncles flowers. The flowers appear in May and June. Found on
one-flowered, awned ; leaves simple, the lowest ternate. hills and mountains in the south of France. This species
Annual, with a strong, herbaceous, hairy stalk, a foot and will thrive very well in a shady border, and produce abun-
half high, sending out branches the whole length. Native dance of seeds. Mr. Curtis observes, that though it affects
of the south of France, Spain, and Portugal. a dry and sandy situation, it is by no means nice as to soil
26. Ononis Ornithopodioides ; Bird's-foot" Rest-harrow. or place, being hardy enough to survive a severe winter.
Peduncles two-flowered, awned ; legumes linear, drooping In the collections near London, it is frequently found in pots,
;

stem erect, flexuose, with short alternate branches. It flow- and kept with green-house plants. The best mode of raising
ers in July, and the seeds ripen in autumn. Native of Sicily. it is from seed.
27. Ononis Pinguis; Greasy Rest-harrrow. Peduncles 33. Ononis Rotundifolia ; Round-leaved Rest-harrow.
one-flowered, awned; leaves ternate, lanceolate; stipules Shrubby: leaves ternate, ovate, toothed ; calices three-leaved,
quite entire. Native of the south of Europe. bracted; peduncles subtriflorous; stem round, striated, some-
28. Ononis Natrix; Yellow-flowered Shrubby Rest-har- what villose, a foot and half or two feet in height. Tht
row. Peduncles one-flowered, awned; leaves ternate, viscid; flowers form handsome bunches at the ends of the branches,
stipules quite entire ; stem shrubby. This is a very strong- of a fine rose colour.
j
The standard is very large, roundish,
smelling plant, with the odour of Theriaca, and not very and pubescent. It flowers from
May to July, and is a native
clammy ; root large and wrinkled ; stems more or less upright, of Switzerland. It flowers in our open bordes, and ripens
commonly a foot high; flowers large, yellow, solitary, the its seed, by which it is generally propagated. It may also
upper part rayed with red lines. Native of the South of be increased by slips, is very hardy, and easily cultivated.
I

France, of Spain, Portugal, Carniola, and Switzerland. It Its beauty has introduced it into our nurseries.
|

is propagated by seeds, sown in thin drills, upon a bed of 34. Ononis Microphylla ; Small-leaved Rest-harrow.
light earth. When the plants cor.-.e up, keep them clean Shrubby, thorny leaves minute, ternate, quite entire ; legumes
:

from weeds till autumn; then take them up carefully, and recurved. This shrub is very much branched, somewhat
transplant them into the borders of the" pleasure-garden, spreading, and armed with stout thorns. Native of the Cape.
where they are to remain the second year they will flower,
; 35. Ononis Mauritanica; Barbary Rest-harrow. Shrubby:
and produce ripe seeds, but the roots will continue several leaves quinate, obovate, mucronate, silky underneath; sti-
years, and are very hardy. pules filiform; peduncles racemed. Native of the Cape.
****Shrubby. 36. Ononis Subocculta. Flowers sessile; all the leaves
29. Ononis Tridentata; Three-tooth-leaved Rest-harrow. ternate; leaflets orbiculate;
stipules lanceolate, serrate; cali-
Shrubby: leaves ternate, fleshy, sublinear, three-toothed; pe- ces of the same length with the corolla. This species derives
duncles two-flowered ; stem erect, panicled flowers in terminal its specific name Subocculta, from the following singular
;

clusters, rose-coloured, on axillary jointed stalks. Native peculiarity. In autumn the petals become so small, as to be
of Spain and Portugal. This, with all the following species, concealed under the germen at the bottom of the calix, so
may be propagated by seeds sown upon a bed of light earth as not to be seen; the fruit however is not on this account
in April. The plants will come up in May, when they must abortive. All parts of the flower are straight, distinct, not.
be kept clean from weeds and if they be too close, some of touching each other, but pale and flat, and seeming to be
;

them should be carefully drawn up in moist weather, and the commencement of a regular flower of four unequal petals.
transplanted at four or five inches' distance; in the autumn The flowers are more generally found in this state, than
they should be transplanted again, to the places where they developed, coloured, and equal in length to the calix.
are to remain. Those plants which were left growing in the Native of Dauphiny and the county of Nice.
bed where they were sown, must be treated in the same 37. Ononis Strata. Stems prostrate ; leaves ternate,
way. They will not thrive in pots, and do not flower till the smooth, striated; stipules ovate, acute, serrate; peduncles
second year, when they make a fine appearance during the one-flowered; calices and legumes hirsute. Root perennial,
continuance of their flowers. It will not thrive in the
open hard, knobbed, tubercled, furnishing several creeping stems,
air in England, unless it be planted in a warm situation; and
commonly simple, from four to six inches in length, which
in a very severe frost, covered to protect it. The seeds must have few leaves on their lower parts, and at top display a
be sown upon a well-sheltered border. parcel of yellow flowers in a raceme. Native of Dauphiny.
 194 ONO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OPE
Ononis Decumbens. Leaves ternate, linear, lanceo-
38. 2. Onopordum Illyricum; Illyrian
Onopordum. Calices
late; stem decumbent; flowers in axillary spikes; legumes squarrose; lower scales hooked; leaves lanceolate, -pinnatifid.
smooth. Perennial. The roots send forth several strong This rises with a stalk six or seven feet high, branched from its
branches, which spread, and incline towards the ground. base, broadly winged, and extremely spinous ; the leaves are
The flowers appear in loose panicles at the end of the long and narrow, and the indentures.on their sides are regular,
branches; they are yellow, and are succeeded by smooth ending in sharp spines. The heads of the flowers, which are
turgid pods, about half an inch long, each containing two purple, are larger, and the spines of the calix are longer,
or three kidney-shaped seeds. It flowers in
July, and the than those of the first sort. Native of the south of Europe,
seeds sometimes ripen here in the autumn. and of Egypt, and the Levant.
Onopordum.; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- 3. Onopordum Deltoides.; Siberian Onopordum. Calices
gamia jEqualis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common squarrose, cobwebbed, tomentose underneath. Perennial;
roundish, ventricose, imbricate; scales numerous, spiny, pro- flowering in August. The leaves resemble those of Bur-
minent every way. Corolla: compound tubular, uniform; dock. Native of Siberia.
corollets hermaphrodite, equal; proper one-petalled, funnel- 4. Onopordum Arabicum; Arabian Onopordum. Calices
form tube very slender ; border upright, ventricose, five-
; imbricated. This grows to the height of nine or ten feet
cleft; segments equal, one more deeply serrated. Stamina: and the stalks divide into many branches. Flowers solitary,
tilarnenta five, capillary, very short; antheree cylindric, tubu- erect, purple. Native of the south of Europe.
lar, the length of the corolla, five-toothed. Pistil: germen 5. Onopordum Greecum; Grecian Onopordum. Calices
ovate ;
style longer than
filiform, the stamina ;stigma squarrose, cobwebbed-tomentose ; leaves spiny, subulate-
crowned. Pericarp: none. Calix :
slightly converging. lanceolate, sinuate, tomentose; corollas purple, very narrow.
Seeds :
solitary; down capillary, sessile.
Receptacle: chaffy; Native of the Levant.
chaffs coadunate into the cells, truncate, mucronate, shorter Stemless:
6. Onopordum Acaulon; Dwarf Onopordum.
than the seeds. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Scales: mucro- root biennial, fusiform, half a foot long, straight, black, and
nate. Receptacle : honeycombed. Some of these plants irregular on the outside ; stem single, not more than two
were formerly cultivated for the table, but it was before the inches in height, erect, terminated by a sessile red and white
English gardens were well supplied with other esculent flower. Native of Greece: it flowers in July and August.
plants at present they are rarely eaten here.
:
They require 7. Onopordum Orientale; Oriental Onopordum. Calices
no culture, and if the seeds are permitted to fall, they will squarrose; leaves oblong, pinnate-sinuate, decurrent; head
come up fast enough. The species are, large; stalk upright, branching, seven or eight feet high.
1. Onopordum Acanthium;
Woolly Onopordum, or Cotton It grows naturally near Aleppo in Syria.
Thistle. Calices squarrose; scales spreading; leaves ovate, Onosma: a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
oblong, sinuated. In the first year this plant puts out
many gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
large downy leaves, sinuated on their edges, and very prickly"; parted; segments lanceolate, erect, permanent. Corolla:
they spread on the ground, and continue the following winter. one-petalled, bell-shaped; tube very short; border tubular-
In the spring the stalk rises in the middle of the leaves, upon ventricose, a little thicker than the tube; mouth generally
dunghills or good ground, growing five or six feet high, and five-cleft; throat naked, pervious. Stamina: filamenta five,
dividing at top into many branches, which have leafy bor- awl-shaped, very short; antheree sagittate, erect, the length
ders running along them, indented, and each indenture ter- of the corolla. Pistil: germen four-parted; style filiform,
minated by a spine. The stalks are terminated by scaly the length of the corolla; stigma blunt. Pericarp: none.
heads of purple flowers, appearing in June; to these suc- Calix: unchanged. Seeds: four, ovate. ESSENTIAL CHA-
ceed oblong angular seeds, crowned with a hairy down. RACTER. Corolla : bc-11-shaped, with the throat pervious.
This plant is distinguished from the Thistles by the recep- Seeds: four. The plants of this genus being natives of walls
tacle reticulated with square membranous cells, like a honey- or rocks, are best cultivated on a wall pr rubbish. Sow the
comb. When the flowering is over, the innermost scales of seeds soon after they are ripe, laying the stalks over the
the calix close strongly together. In the Thistles, as soon as place to shade them from the sun. When the plants are well
the seed is ripe, the first hot day opens the heads, extends established, if they be permitted to scatter their seeds,
they
the pappus, and the least wind carries away the seeds : but will maintain themselves very well. In the common ground
in this plant they remain shut up and strongly defended; nor they are short-lived, and apt to rot. The species are,
can they commit themselves to the earth, or be eaten by 1. Onosma Simplicissima; Simple- Onosma. Leaves clus-
birds, till long exposure to the weather has decayed the tered, lanceolate, linear, hairy; flowering-top nodding, yel-
calix, and on this account they afford sustenance to the lowish white; corolla constantly white. The wild plant is
winged tribes late in the year. It is not very liable to the never more than a foot high, and soft to the touch. Native
depredations of insects; and is- defended by its strong spines of Siberia, abounding upon the calcareous rocks on the
from the attacks of most quadrupeds the ass alone will: janks of the \Volga, flowering from April to June.
sometimes browze upon it. The receptacle of the flowers, 2. Onosma Orientalis; Oriental Onosma. Leaves lance-
and the tender stalks peeled and boiled, may be eaten in the olate, hispid; fruits pendulous; flowers on stalk*, yellow, in
same manner as Artichokes and Cardoons. The ancients a terminal double cluster. Native of the Levant.
thought this plant a specific in cancerous cases. Some of 3. Onosma Echioides; Hairy Onosma. Leaves lanceolate,
the moderns recommend its use externally in a cancer of the nispid; fruits erect; root fusiform, with a bark peeling off in
lips and face. Scopoli prescribes a decoction of the root as scales, which are as red as vermilion. It flowers from March
a specific in a recent gonorrhoea.- It is good, as Hill to June. Native of the south of Europe, Italy, France,
observes, if used when fresh, for the jaundice, dropsy, sup- Switzerland, Austria, and Hungary.
pressions of the menses, and other disorders arising from Opercularia ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
obstructions. Besides the name given above, it is called jynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cnlix: common perianth,
Oat Thistle, Wild White Thistle, Argentine or Silver Thistle; one-leafed, bell-shaped, three to six flowered, six to nine
in Yorkshire, Piy-leaves. toothed; teeth acute, unequal, permanent; proper perianth,
^ tttii^
 OPH OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OPH 195

none. Corolla: universal none; proper one-petalled, funnel- Tongue. Frond palmate, erect, two feet high, with the spike
form; mouth four or five cleft, erect. Stamina: filamenta at the base. This is the largest of the species. Native of
four, inserted into the receptacle; antherse distinct.
Pistil: South America.
immersed in the receptacle style filiform ; 6. Ophioglossum Pendulum; Pendidous Adder's Tongue.
germen inferior, ;

none. Seeds: solitary, Fronds linear, very long, undivided. This is a parasite,
stigma thickish, bifid. Pericarp:
convex on one side, grooved on the other. Receptacle: com- hanging down from the branches of old trees. Native of
mon flat above, closing the aperture of the calix below the the East Indies.
teeth; below pyramidal, grooved, angular; the angles con- Climbing Adder's Tongue.
7. Ophioglossum Scandens;
tinued into partitions, by which the cavity of the calix is Stem round; fronds conjugate, pinnate; leaflets
flexuose,
divided into cells equal to the number of seeds; deciduous. spike-bearing on both sides. This rises to a considerable
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Flower : compound. Calix : height on trees. It is found every where within the tropics.

Common: one-leafed, unequally toothed, closed by a common Native of both Indies, China, and Cochin-china.
8. Ophioglossum Flexuosum ; }Vinding-stalked Adder's
receptacle; flowering above; seeding below; falling when
ripe.
Thespecies are, Tongue. Scape flexuose, round; fronds opposite, petioled,
1.
Opercularia Umbellata.
Florets in the disk three; co- palmate; pinnas lanceolate, quite entire, smooth. This is
rollets three-toothed; pericarp none, unless the common calix very nearly allied to the preceding; fronds remote on the
of the flower be reckoned as such ; it is bell-shaped, cut with stem, three or four lobed. Native of the East Indies.
seven or nine equal teeth; the seeds are inclosed within the 9. Ophioglossum Japonicum; Japanese Adder's Tongue.
number to the corollets. Stem round, Stem flexuose, angular; frondssuperdecompound ; pinnules
cavity of it, equal in
with opposite branches. Native of New Holland. alternate, gashed. Native of Japan.
hairy,
2. Opercularia Aspera. Corollets four or six ; border Ophiorhiza; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
four or five parted stamina four or five, inserted into the
; gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-

receptacle, not the corolla;

antherae separate. Stem up- leafed, erect, compressed, five-toothed, equal, permanent.
smooth. Native of New Zealand. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; tube inflated at the base;
right, forked, round,
3. Opercularia Diphylla. Common calices hispid; heads throat almost closed with hairs; border five-cleft, blunt,
as in the preceding, but little more than half the size. Native spreading. Stamina: filamenta five, filiform, very short, .in-
of New Zealand. serted into the tube; antherse oblong, the length of the
a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order tube. Pistil : germen bifid, superior ; style filiform, the
Ophioglossum ;

Filices. GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsules: numerous, con- length of the stamina, thicker above; stigmas two, blunt.
nected by a membrane into a distichspike, subglobular when ; Pericarp : capsule two-lobed, wide, bluntish ; lobes oblong,
ripe opening transversely,
without any elastic ring. Seeds: divaricated, two-celled, opening inwards, with a contrary
very many, extremely minute. Observe. The seventh species, partition. Seeds: numerous, angular, fixed all round to an
and probably those species which are nearly allied to it, with oblong stalked receptacle, loose in the middle of each
a twining stem, recede in some degree from the common sort, cell. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : funnel-form.
and those which resemble it in the fructification. The Germen: bifid. Stigmas: two. Fruit: two-lobed.- The
)
species are, species are, .

Ophioglossum Vulgatum
1. Common Adder's Tongue.
; 1. Ophiorhiza Mungos. Leaves lanceolate-ovate; stem
Frond ovate, veinless, bearing the spike root fibrous stem
; ; simple; flowers sessile from the upper side of the horizontal
single, round, very smooth, upright, simple, or unbranched, spike. The Ceylonese call this plant E'tawerya, and Nagha-
from a hand or a -finger's length, to a span or more in height; walli, from Nagha, the ribband-snake for the bite of which,
;

terminated by a distich, jointed, tongue-shaped, greenish the leaves of this plant are accounted a specific. Native of
spike, brown when ripe; bearing one ovate leaf, an inch and
the East Indies.
half long. The spike consists of numerous capsules, full of 2. Ophiorhiza Mitreola. Leaves ovate; roots from the
minute chaffy seeds. The expressed juice of this plant is lower joints of the stem, in bundles, long, filiform, white; stem
frequently made use of by country people, for internal herbaceous, a foot high, simple, or branched, erect, four-
wounds, bruises, and spitting of blood, with good success. cornered at bottom, towards the upper part roundish, rather
The leaves bruised and boiled in a sufficient quantity of weak. Native of America, in Virginia; and of wet meadows
hog's lard, until they become crisp, and then strained, afford near rivers, in Jamaica.
an excellent cooling ointment for green wounds, which is a 3. Ophiorhiza Subumbellata. Stem shrubby; leaves lan-
very ancient recipe for that purpose. Native of moist mea- ceolate, acute; umbels axillary, trifid. Native of the island
dows and pastures in Europe, and of most parts of Great of Otaheite, in the South Seas.
Britain, producing its spike in May. Ophioxylum; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Mo-
2. Ophioglossum Nudicaule ; Naked Adder's GENERIC CHARACTER.
Tongue. noecia. Hermaphrodite flowers.
Fronds ovate; scape leafless. This is a very small plant, Calix: perianth five-cleft, acute, erect, very small. Corolla :
not an inch high root bundled, filiform leaves few, radical,
; ;
one-petalled, funnel-form; tube long, filiform, thickened in
petioled, quite entire.
Native of the Cape. Ihe middle; border five-parted, spreading a little, without a
3. Ophioglossum Lusitanicum ; Portuguese Adder's Tongue. nectary. Stamina: filamenta five, very short, in the middle
Frond lanceolate; herb annual, stemless, two inches high, of the tube; antherae acuminate. Pistil: germen superior,
erect; leaf single, petioled, acute, quite entire, smooth, the roundish; style filiform, the length of the stamina; stigma
length three times as great as the breadth. Native of Por- capitate. Pericarp; berry twin, two-celled. Seeds: solitary,
tugal, China, and Cochin-china. roundish." Male flowers, on the same plant. Calix: as in
4. Ophioglossum Reticulatum; Netted Adder's Tongue. the hermaphrodites Linneus and Gsertner say, bifid.
; Co-
Frond cordate. This plant generally rises to the height of rolla: one-petalled, funnel-form ; tube long; border five-cleft;
five or six inches above the root. Native of Jamaica, and nectary in the mouth of the corolla, cylindric, quite entire.
the continent of South America. Stamina: filamenta two, very short; antherae acuminate, con-
5. Ophioglossum Palmatum ; Palmate-leaved Adder's verging within the nectary. ESSENTIAL CHARACTIK.
82. 3 D
 196 OPH THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OPH
Calix: five-cleft. Corolla: five-cleft, fun- fifteen years; that for six or
Hermaphrodite. eight years after they are cut,
nel-form. Stamina: five. Pistil: one. Male. Calix: bifid, this plant is not to be found, but as soon as the
grasses are
Corolla: five-cleft, with a funnel-form mouth. Nectary: nearly destroyed by the shade, it appears again, and in some
Cylindric. Stamina: two. The only species known is, places is tolerably plentiful. Mr. Blackstone. observed it ia
1 .
Ophioxylum Serpentinum Scarlet-flowered Optiioxylum.
; White-heath wood, by Harefield. It is also found in some
Stem upright, round, quite simple; leaves in fours, placed woods of Scotland, but is not common. This plant refuses
crosswise, lanceolate, ovate, smooth, acuminate, petioled. culture, but maybe transplanted from the places where it
Jussieu describes this shrub as having three or four leaves in grows naturally, intoa shady part of the garden, where, if
whorls ; flowers glomerate, terminating, white with a red tube ; the roots are not disturbed, it will continue
many years, and
males mixed with the hermaphrodites, two-stamined only, flower, but not increase. The best time to remove the roots
with a cylindric entire crown at the throat of the tube, without is in
July, or August, when the leaves are decaying; for it
any germen. It flowers in May. Native of the East Indies. will be difficult to find the roots after the leaves are
gone.
Ophira: a genus of the closs Octandria, order Monogynia. It flowers in
May and June.
-
-GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : involucre two-valved, 2. Ophrys Corallorhiza ; Coral-rooted Ophrys. Bulbs
three-floweredvalves lateral, kidney-form, emarginate, con-
; branched, flexuose: stem sheathed, leafless; lip of the nec-
duplicate, permanent. Corolla: four-petalled, superior tary trifid. The roots consist of six white succulent obtuse
petals oblong, converging. Stamina: filamenta eight, the fibres, branched like coral. Native of the northern parts
length of the corolla; antheree ovate. Pistil; germen i of Europe; also of Switzerland, Carniola, and the south of
ferior, turbinate, hispid; style filiform, shorter than the sta- France. In Britain it is found sparingly, in fir woods, in the
mina ; stigma emarginate. Pericarp : berry one-celled. north of Scotland. It flowers in August and
September;
Seeds: two. Observe. It bears much resemblance to the and must be treated like the preceding species.
Grubliia of Bergius, which has a superior germen, and simple 3. Ophrys Spiralis ;
Spiral Ophyrs, or Triple Ladies'
stigma. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Involucre: two-valved, Traces. Bulbs aggregate, oblong; stem somewhat leafy;
three-flowered. Corolla : four-petalled, superior. flowers in a spiral, directed one way; lip of the
Berry : nectary un-
one-celled. The only species known is, divided, crenulate root-leaves four or more, forming a tuft,
;

1 .
Ophira Stricta. This is an upright shrub, with opposite ovate, lanceolate, smooth, entire at the margins, bright green,
ovate-linear leaves, and lateral sessile flowers. Found by half an inch in breadth, dotted when magnified, and
faintly
Burmann in Africa. ribbed. It is found in many parts of France,
Germany,
Ophrys; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Diandria. Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and England ; flowering from
'
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathes wandering ; August to October. It may be met with, on Hanwell Heath,
spadix simple; perianth none. Corolla; petals five, oblong, near Isleworth; and on Enfield Chase, in Middlesex; Barn
converging upwards, equal, two of these exterior; nectary Elms, in Surry; Dartford, in Kent; on the Hill of Health,
longer than the petals, hanging down posteriorly, one some- between Cambridge and Madingly; and by Hinton, and
what keeled. Stamina: filamenta two, very short, placed Feversham Moors, in Cambridgeshire; on the south side of
on the pistils antherae erect, covered with the inner margin
; Shotover Hill, in Oxfordshire; on the Fen, in Little Marlow,
of the nectary. Pistil: germen oblong, contorted, inferior; Buckinghamshire; Warckton, in Northamptonshire; in the
style fastened to the inner margin of the nectary stigma obso- ;
closes near Buddon wood, Leicestershire; at East Leke, in
lete. Pericarp: capsule subovate, three-cornered, blunt, Nottinghamshire; near Leeds, in Yorkshire; in the lime-stone
striated, three-valved, one-celled, opening at the keeled angles. pastures about Newton Cartmel and is not uncommon in
;

Seeds: numerous, like saw-dust; receptacle linear, fastened the northern counties; on the road from Truro to Redruth,
to each valve of the pericarp. Observe. The second species in Cornwall; under the rocks at
Pinney Cliffs, near Lyme.
has four stamina, or two in each cell. Some modern writers It grows in
pastures, both dry and moist; not only in a cal-
have very unadvisedly cancelled the whole class Gynandria, careous soil, but in dry sand, barren clay, elevated pastures,
and removed this natural order into the class Diandria. rocky sunny exposures, good soil, boggy commons, &c. and ;

ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. is not so much rare, as overlooked.

Nectary : somewhat keeled Mr. Curtis remarked,
underneath. The species are, that it grows more readily than its congeners in a garden,
*
With branched Bulbs. and that the protuberant germina, placed regularly one above
1. Ophrys Nidus Avis; Bird's-nest Ophrys.
Bulbs in another, somewhat resemble plaited hair, whence perhaps its
bundles of stem sheathed, leafless lip of the nectary
fibres ; ; name of Ladies' Traces, or, if this conjecture be correct,
bifid. The name is derived from the matting and twisting Ladies' Tresses. It will grow in almost
any soil or situation.
of the fibrous roots from which arise two oval veined leaves,
; 4. .Ophrys Cernua; Nodding Ophrys. Bulbs in bundles;
three inches long, and two broad, joined at their base; be- stem leafy; flowers drooping; lip of the nectary oblong,
tween these springs up a naked stalk, about eight inches high, entire, acute ;the root consists of very many thick fibres ;

terminated by a loose spike of herbaceous flowers, resem- root-leaves linear, long; stem-leaves sheathing, very short;
bling gnats, composed of five petals, with a long bifid lip to spike dense, oblong flowers closely recurved, drooping.
;

the nectarium, a crest or standard above, and two wings oi\ Native of Virginia, and Canada.
the side; capsule angular, opening in six parts, and filled 5. Ophrys Ovata; Common Ophrys, or Twayblade. Bulbs
with small seeds like dust. Native of various parts of ibrous; stem two-leaved; leaves ovate; lip of the nectary
Europe. In England, it is found about Charlton, Gravesend, jifid;
root perennial ; flowers numerous, in a loose spike, four
Maids tone, and Rochill, in Kent; Selborne, in Hampshire; inches long or more, yellowish green. They have a fragrant
Madingly wood, in Cambridgeshire; Aldborough, in Suffolk; musky scent; and are on pedicels, longer than the genninaor
and Heydon, in Norfolk; near Ingleton; and in Offley park, jractes. Native of most parts of Europe, and common all
in Yorkshire; Buckham wood, in Cumberland; and near over Great Britain, where it has long been called Twayblade,
Kendal, in Westmoreland; not uncommon about Newton 'rom its two leaves, although it sometimes varies with three.
Cartmel; where it was found by Mr. Hall, who observes, that A strong infusion of the fresh root is good against the bleecl-
the woods in that part of Lancashire are cut down every 'ng of the piles, and the expressed juice is recommended to
 OPH OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OPH 197

be outwardly applied to the same purpose. It flowers in antenna! of an insect, deep reddish brown, fringed with
short hairs, fixed to the upper lip of the nectarium, which
May and June: as it grows naturally in woods, and thickets,
the shady part of any garden, especially in a moist soil, will is hooded,
covering the stamina; lower lip three-lobed; side-
be a proper place to plant it. lobes linear, entire; middle somewhat ovate, bifid, with
6. Ophrys Cordata; Mountain Ophrys, or Least Tway- reflex margins, covered with a velvety down, reddish brown,
blade. Bulb fibrous stem two-leaved leaves cordate. They
; ;
and with a bluish spot on the centre, which is naked. The
above the middle of the stem, being between heart- whole extremity resembles a fly, to which this blue spot
grow
in a small pro- greatly contributes. There are several varieties; as the
shaped and triangular, broad, terminating
jecting point; flowers few, in a short spike. Lightfoot Fly-shaped, the Great Fly, the large Green Fly, the Blue
remarks, that the whole plant is of a tender and delicate Fly, and the Yellow Fly Ophrys. Native of Sweden, Nor-
texture ; the leaves smooth, about half an inch wide at the way, Switzerland, Austria, Carniola, France, Italy, and Great
base ; the flowers in a thin spike ten or twelve in number, Britain; where it is found about Wrothen and Northfleet in
red in decay. Native of the northern Kent; Harefield in Middlesex; Croydon in Surry; Hinton,
green, often turning
in moist woods. In England it is found in Feversham, Fulbourn, Linton,the Devil's Ditch, andChippen-
parts of Europe,
boggy ground, in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Westmoreland :
ham, in Cambridgeshire; Bath Hills near Bungay; and East-
as on Ingleborough ; between Sheffield and Chatsworth, ham wood in Suffolk; on St. Vincent's Rocks near Bristol; in
Almondborough, and Kighley, in Yorkshire; Kendal and Plumpton woods near Ulverstone ; at Rushton in Northamp-
Longsledale, in Westmoreland; in marshy places by the sides tonshire: Aspley in Nottinghamshire; in Barrowfield
at
of rivulets; and in many places on the Highland mountains wood and Brigstear moss, Westmoreland; and in most cal-
of Scotland. It flowers in June and July. careous pastures. It flowers in May and June. This, with
** With the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and eighteenth species,
round Bulbs.
7. Ophrys Ophrys. Bulb roundish ;
Lilifolia; Lily-leaved may be preserved in gardens, though not propagated there.
scape naked ; leaves lanceolate ; lip of the nectary entire ;
The best time to remove the roots from the places where
dorsal petals linear; flowers red. Native of the swamps of they naturally grow, is just before the stalks fall, for at that
Virginia and Canada. This and the two following species time they may be easily discovered, and are beginning to
require to be planted in bog-earth, in a moist shady border, rest, so that the bulb will be fully formed for flowering the
or in pots with bog-moss and earth, set in pans of water. following year, and will not shrink ; but when they are
8. Ophrys Loeselii Dwarf Ophrys, or Twayblade. Bulb
;
removed at the time when they are in action, the bulb
roundish scape naked, three-cornered lip of the nectary
; ; designed for flowering the following year, not being fully
obovate; flowers herbaceous, from three or five to eleven. ripened, will shrink, and frequently perish. The roots
Native of Denmark, Sweden, Prussia; and found in England, should be taken up with large balls of earth round them,
on Hinton, Feversham, and Fulbourn moors, near Cambridge. and be planted again as soon as possible. When they are
9. Ophrys Paludosa ; Marsh Ophrys, or Twayblade. removed into a garden, they should be so placed as that the
Bulb roundish; scape almost naked, five-cornered; leaves soil and situations
may be as nearly as possible similar to
rugged at the top; lip of the nectary entire; flowers in a those from which they were taken. Such as grow in moist
raceme, very many, yellowish green; the two side-petals pastures, should be planted in shady moist borders; those
ovate oblong, from reflex erect, the two_ inner lateral ones which are inhabitants of woods, may be planted under trees ;

linear, recurved, the single upper one straight, forming the but such as grow upon chalk hills, should have a bed of
arch for the stamina; lip of the nectary lanceolate, ovate, chalk prepared for them in an open situation ; and when
reflex, entire. Native of bogs, in Sweden, Russia, Germany, they are fixed in their several places they should not be dis-
and Great Britain. Found between Hatfield and St. Alban's, turbed; for provided they are kept clean from weeds, the less
and in Romney marsh; also on Gamlingay bogs, where it the ground is disturbed, the better the plants will thrive, and
grows in great plenty among the Sphagnum; at Hurst Hill, the longer they will continue. Mr. Curtis observes, that he
Tunbridge Wells; in Hallinghall wood, near Loughborough ; has not yet heard of these plants being propagated by seed,
Buddon wood, and Stocking wood, near Leicester; on Caw- and that it is to be wished that some intelligent gardener
stone and Felthorp heaths, in Norfolk; and between Russ- would exert himself in making experiments to raise them in
land Chapel and Thwaite Moss, in Furness Fells, Cumber- this way.
land. It June and July.
flowers in 13. Ophrys Apifera; Bee Ophrys. Bulbs roundish; stem
leafy ; lip of the nectary three-lobed, the lobes bent in under-
10. Ophrys Monophyllos ; One-leafed Ophrys. Bulb
round scape naked leaf ovate lip of the nectary entire
; ; ; ; neath, shorter than the petals. Haller has mistaken this for
culm eighteen inches high, firm, simple; stipules very small, the preceding species. Height of the stalk, from half a foot
sharply lanceolate. Native of Russia and Switzerland. to a foot ; the leaves ovate-lanceolate, underneath silvery.
11. Ophrys Alata. Bulb round; stem leafy; leaves lan- with linear fibres, frequently imperfect, and of a brown
ceolate; lip trifid, the middle segment very short. Native colour; bractes large, sheathing, green, and of equal length
of the Cape. with the flowers, which are from three to six. The root
12. Ophrys Muscifera; Fly Ophrys. Bulbs roundish ;
appears to possess the same virtues with those of the Orchis
stem leafy; lip of the nectary convex, with three divisions, whence Salep is made, but being much smaller, is not worth
the middle segment cloven; leaves three or four, sheathing cultivating on that account. This singularly beautiful plant
the stem at the base, lanceolate, pale green, smooth, shining, is not uncommon on our calcareous soils, near woods, and in
marked with numerous longitudinal nerves, the intermediate meadows. It can scarcely be found at all in the vicinity ot'
space covered with a thin, somewhat pellucid, puckered skin, London, owing to the rapacity of florists, who root up all
giving them a silvery hue ; flowers in a long thinly scattered that can be found for sale. It has been found near Charlton
spike, sometimes fifteen in number, but seldom more than Church, and Chisselhurst in Kent, a well as on Trunhiil
four or five; the three outer petals linear, with reflexed downs in the same county; about Harefield in Middlesex;
margins, the upper one forming right angles with the others ; inMadingley wood; at Hinton, Feversham, Fulbourn, Bui-
the two inner thread-shaped, spreading, resembling the rough green, Chippenham, and Linton, in Cambridgeshire ;
 193 OP H THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OPH
at Bolnhurst in Bedfordshire; at Bradenham in middle segment elongated, bifid; root-leaves four or five,
Bucking-
hamshire; at Blatherwick and Asply in Northamptonshire; sheathing the stem at the base, lanceolate, but varying in
at Pently
Hangings in Oxfordshire; about Earsham and breadth, spreading; above these, one or two more closely
Mulbarton in Suffolk; on St. Vincent's Rocks near Bristol; embracing the stem; flowers numerous, in a long loose
near Carisbrook Castle in the Isle of Wight; and at Great spike. It varies in size; and in the colour of its flowers, from
Coniberton towards Woller's Hill and at Tedestone near
;
yellow green to bright ferruginous. The root, and indeed
Whitbourne in Worcestershire. It flowers in June and July, the whole plant, emits a strong odour. Native of the
and ripens seed in the end of August. See the twelfth species. southern parts of Europe, arid of England, where it is
prin-
14. Ophrys Aranifera; Spider Ophrys. Bulbs roundish; cipally found in dry pastures and old chalk-pits; as, near
stem leafy; lip of the nectary roundish, entire, emarginate, Northfleet, Greenhithe; between Gravesend and Cliffe; at
convex, longer than the petals leaves next the root an
; Dartford; in Bocton church-yard; in the way to Branley;
inch and half long, almost an inch broad, ovate-lanceolate, and at Truhill, &c. in Kent; about Croydon and Leather-
somewhat blunt, marked with impressed lines, smooth, head in Surry; near Linton in Cambridgeshire; at Kimbolton
spreading on the ground, those of the stalk few, narrower, in Huntingdonshire; at
Dalington near Sudbury in Suffolk;
and more pointed; flowers from three to six, in a thin spike. and at Ashwelthrope near Norwich. It flowers in June.
The nectary, which at first is of a bright aad very rich brown See the twelfth species.
colour, soon changes to a faded yellow green; when the IP. Ophrys Crucigera. Bulbs roundish; stem leafy; lip
flowering is past, the petals incline forward close over the of the nectary undivided, marked with a convex cross.
nectary. The flower is not so beautiful as that of the two Suspected to be a variety of the thirteenth species.
preceding species: it is fancied by some to resemble a bee, 20. Ophrys Volucris. Bulbs roundish; leaves oblong,
by others a spider; from the breadth of the lip, and its sheathing the stem; lip cut out ovate; stem a foot high.
being marked with different shades of brown, it derives its Native of the Cape.
resemblance to the latter; others have discovered a likeness 21. Ophrys Bracteata. Buibs roundish; spikes mixed
to a small bird in the flower. It is a native of England, in with longer bractes; lip three-lobed; stem a
span high.
chalky pastures; as about Northfleet, Bocton church-yard, Native of the Gape.
and other places, in Kent; Heatherhead in Surry; near 22. Ophrys Atrata. Leavei linear, setaceous; lip cordate,
Wheatley, between Whitney and Burford Caversham warren ;
spatulate; stem simple, a hand high; spike terminating;
and Stansfield in Oxfordshire; about Branham near Tad- flowers sessile, remote, under each a bristle-shaped bracte,
caster in Yorkshire; about Bury in Suffolk; at Shelford, the length of the flower. The whole plant turns black in
Abington, Hildersham, and Bartlow, in Cambridgeshire. drying. Native of the Cape.
With a little attention and management, this plant will grow 23. Ophrys Catholica. Bulbs fibrous ; flowers three-
and flower more freely thanof the same tribe.
many The petalled; helmet ventricose, large; lip cross-shaped; stem
following treatment has succeeded. Take up the roots care- leafy; leaves three, alternate, embracing, lanceolate; the
fully when in flower, bare them no more than is necessary root- leaves shorter; raceme four or five flowered; bracle the
to remove the roots of other
plants; fill a large-sized garden length of the corolla; helmet one-leafed. Native of the
poi with three parts choice loam moderately stiff, and one Cape.
part chalk mixed well together, and passed through a sieve 24. Ophrys Circumflexa. Bulbs undivided; flowers three-
somewhat finer than a common cinder sieve: in this mixture petalled; wings emarginate; Tip trifid, the lateral segments
place your roots at about the depth of two inches and three bent round; leaves lanceolate; spikes five-flowered or there-
inches apart, water them occasionally during summer, if the abouts, with ventricose bractes. Native of the Cape.
weather prove dry at the approach of winter, place the pot
: 25. Ophrys Caffra. Stem three-leaved; lip bifid; flow-
in a frame under a glass, to keep it from wet and frost, which ers in a raceme, three or four, yellow. Native of the Cape.
combined destroy the beauty of the foliage, if not the 26. Ophrys Bivalvata. Flowers in bundles; lip lanceolate;
plant itself. Observe this species emerges in the autumn
: stem a span or a foot high; spike cerymbed, without a dis-
before any of the others make their appearance. tinct peduncle; germen streaked.
15. Ophrys Monorchis; Yellow, or Musk 'Ophrys. Bulb 27. Ophrys Alaris. Lip of the nectary entire, waved;
globular; scape naked; lip of the nectary trifid, cross- stem a span high or more; stem-leaves three, the first obso-
shaped; stem about six inches high, round, and smooth; lete, the second oval, lanceolate, the third spathcform spike ;

root-leaves two or three, sheathing the stem, lanceolate, few-flowered, with ovate acute bractes. Native of the Cape.
acute, smooth. The flowers are greenish yellow, with a 28. Ophrys Patens. Leaves awl-shaped; lip of the nec-
faint musky smell.
They appear in July. Native of Sweden, tary very short, capillary; stem hardly a hand high, longi-
Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, Italy, tudinally imbricated with leaves; root-leaves short, linear;
and England; where it is found near Enfield in Middlesex; flowers two to four, rather large. Native of the Cape.
at the chalk pits near Gogmagog hills in Cambridgeshire; 29. Ophrys Nervosa. Stem naked, angular; leaves ovate,
and at Marham near Swaftham, and near Snettisham, in Nor- nerved; lip of the nectary entire, reflex; flowers at the top
folk. See the twelfth species. of the scape elongated in a spike, alternate, drooping,
purple;
16. Ophrys Alpina; Alpine Ophrys. Bulbs ovate; scape spike sharply angular, erect, smooth, about a span in length;
naked; leaves awl-shaped; lip of the nectary undivided, corolla three-petalled. Under each flower a very short, ovate,
blunt, one-toothed on each side. Native of the mountains purple bracte. Native of Japan.
of Lapland, Denmark, Switzerland, Dauphiuy, Piedmont, 30. Ophrys Triphylla. Stem three-leaved; lip triangular,
Carniola, Austria, &c. toothed at the base. Native of the Cape.
17. Ophrys Camtschatea; Siberian Ophrys. Scape fili- 31. Ophrys Inversa. Leaves ensiform; lip bifid, entire.
form, sheathed; raceme close; lip of the nectary linear, bifid. Native of the Cape.
Native of Siberia. 32. Ophrys Bicolor. Leaves linear, ensiform; lip cut
18. Ophrys Anthropophora; Man Ophrys. Bulbs round- out bifid. Native of the Cape.
iih; stem leafy; lip of the nectary linear, three-parted, the 33. OphrysSquam.ua. Bulbs bundled; scape elongated,
 R C OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORC 199

keeled ; be dry; but if moist, it will be better to defer it till the

leafless,spiked ; root-leaves imbricate, oblong, acute,
iip of the nectary trifid, bearded, bent down.. Native of beginning of March. Their distance apart, even in a close
New Caledonia. orchard, must never be less than forty feet; and they will
34. Ophrys Unifolia. Bulb ovate; scape round, sheathed; succeed better, if placed eighty feet asunder. When you
leaf round, 'fistular, reflex, perforated in the middle to let have finished planting the trees, provide some stakes, to sup-
the scape pass. Native of New Zealand. port them, and prevent their being blown out of the ground,
Opobalsamum. See Amyrii. especially if it should happen after they have been planted
OpwntM. See Cactus. some time; for the ground in the autumn being warm, and
Or ache. See A triplex. for the most part moist, the trees will very soon push out a
Orange. See Citrus. great number of young fibres, which, if broken off by their
Orchard, In planting an orchard, great attention should being displaced, will greatly retard the growth of the trees.
be paid to the nature of the soil
; and such sorts of fruits In the spring following, if the season should prove dry, you
to the ground should cut a quantity of green sward, which must be laid
only should be chosen, as are best adapted
designed for planting; otherwise there can be little hopes of upon the surface of the ground about their roots, turning
their succeeding: and it is for want of rightly observing this the grass downward, which will prevent the sun and wind
method, that we see in many places orchards planted which from drying the ground, whereby a great expense of watering-
will be saved; and after the first year
never arrive to any tolerable degree of perfection, the trees they will be out of
starving, and their trunks either covered with moss,
or the danger, if they have taken well. In ploughing the ground
bark cracked and divided, both which are evident signs of between the trees, be careful not to go too deeply among
the weakness -of the trees whereas if perhaps instead of
;
their roots, lest you should cut them off, which would

Apples, the orchard had been planted with Pears, Cherries, greatly damage the trees; but when the ground is cautiously
or any other sort of fruit adapted to the soil, the trees stirred, the effect will be very beneficial. It is a good rule
\vould have grown very well, and produced fruit in abun- never to sow too near the trees, nor to suffer any great-
dance. As to the position of an orchard where you are at
;
rooting weeds to grow about them, which starve their roots
full liberty to choose, a rising ground open to the south-east by exhausting the soil. If, after the turf which was laid round
preferred; but by no means plant upon the trees be rotted, you dig it in gently about the roots, it will
is to be the side of
any hill where the declivity is
very great; for in such places
greatly encourage them. There are some persons who plant
the great rains commonly wash down the better part of the many sorts of fruit together in the same orchard, mixing the
ground, which deprives the trees of their necessary support: trees alternately ; but this is a method which should always
but where the rise is gentle, it is advantageous to the trees, be avoided, for it occasions a greater difference in the growth
by admitting the sun and air between them more effectually of the trees, and not only renders them unsightly, but also
t!idii can be done
upon an entire level; which is exceedingly the fruit upon the lower trees ill-tasted, by the tall ones
advantageous for the fruit, by dissipating fogs, and drying overshadowing them: so that whoever is determined to plant
up the damp, which when detained amongst the trees, mix several sorts of fruit upon the same spot, should observe to
with the air, and render it rancid. If the ground be defended place the largest-growing trees backward, and so proceed to
from the west, north, and east winds, it will also render the those of the next least growth, continuing the same method
situation still more advantageous, for it is chiefly from those quite through the whole plantation whereby it will appear
;

quarters that fruit-trees receive the greatest injury therefore

; at a distance in a regular slope, and the sun and air will
if the
place be not naturally defended from these by rising more equally pass through the whole orchard, affording
hills, which is always to be preferred, let large-growing equal benefit to every tree; though it must be admitted that
timber-trees be planted for that purpose at some distance this can only be practised upon good ground, in which most
from the orchard. A great regard should also be had to the sorts of fruit trees will thrive. The orchard should be
distance of planting the trees, which is what few persons dunged or manured every two or three years; which is equally
properly consider. Planting them too close exposes them necessary for every crop raised from among the trees: so that
to blights; and will cause the fruit to be ill-tasted, by con- where persons are not inclinable to improve their orchards,
fining the air, when laden with a great quantity of damp on account of the expense of manure, the crop expected
vapours arising from the perspiration of the trees and exha- from the ground, in addition to the fruit yielded by the trees,
lations from the earth, which being imbibed by the fruit, will more
readily induce them to incur that expense. In
render their juices crude and unwholesome. To prevent choosing trees for an orchard, always observe to procure
this, plant the trees fourscore feet
asunder, but not in regular them from a soil nearly akin to that where they are to be
rows. The ground between the trees they plough and sow planted, or rather poorer; for if you procure them from a
with wheat and other crops, in the same manner as if it
very rich soil, and plant them in indifferent land, they will
were clear from trees, (and the crop is found to be as good not thrive well, especially for four or five years after planting;
as those quite exposed, except just under each tree,) until so that, as we have shown under the article Nursery, it is a
they are grown large, and afford a great shade; while the a very wrong thing to raise young trees in a very rich soil.
trees, by the ploughing and tilling of the ground, are ren- and afterwards to transplant them into a very poor soil
dered more vigorous and healthy, scarcely ever exhibiting The trees should be young and thriving; for, whatever some
any moss, or other marks of poverty, and will abide much persons may advise to the contrary', it has always been
longer, and produce much better fruit. If the ground observed, that though large trees may grow and produce
selected for an orchard, have been a pasture fur some years. fruit after being removed,
they never make so good trees,
plough it in the green sward the spring before you plant the nor are so long-lived, as those which are planted while younc
trees, and let it lie a summer fallow; which will greatly After the trees are planted out, they will require no other
improve it, provided it be stirred two or three times, to rot pruning, except cutting out dead branches, and lopping off
1

the sward of grass, and prevent weeds growing. At Michael- those that cross each other, and render the heads of the
mas plough it rather
deeply, in oixler to loosen it for- the roots trees confused and unsightly: the pruning them too- often,
of the trees, which should be planted in October, if the soil and the shortening their branches, is
very injurious; espe-
82.
-.1 3rt> 10 qtf
200 RC THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; R C

cially to Cherries and stone-fruit, which will gum prodigiously, duced from trees in clay, is of a stronger body, and will
keep
and decay in places where they are cut; while the Apples better, than that which is made from trees on a
sandy soil,
and Pears, which are not of so nice a nature, will produce a Pears are less difficult in their soil than
apples, and they are
greater quantity of lateral branches, which will fill the heads not so liable to be injured by frost and
blight. They are
of the trees with weak shoots, whenever their branches are generally supposed to flourish most in a calcareous soil;
thus shortened; which often occasions the casting off of the though the Squash Pear draws the finest Perry from deep
fruit produced at the extremity of their shoots. It may seem strong land. Stocks for grafting upon are raised either in
strange to some persons, says the celebrated Mr. Miller, that November or February. The must, or residue of Apples or
I should recommend the allowing so much distance to the Crabs after the cider or vinegar has been squeezed out, is
trees in an orchard, because a small piece of ground will ad- sown on a bed of highly cultivated mould in a garden, and
mit of but very few trees, planted in this method; but, if they is kept clean by hand. If new varieties, or the
improvement
will please to observe, when the trees are grown up, they of old ones, be the object, the seed-bed
ought to be made as
will produce a great deal more fruit than twice the number rich as possible; but if the
preservation of varieties be all
when planted close, and their fruit will also be better tasted. that is wanted, a common loamy soil is sufficient. It must
The trees planted at a great distance, are never so liable to however be remarked, that this method of sowing the must
be blighted, as has been observed in Herefordshire; where is a bad one, because the largest and best kernels are bruised
they find, when orchards are so planted or situated, that in the press; and thus the stocks are mostly raised from the
the air is pent up amongst the trees, and the vapours that smaller ones. It would surely be better to
pick a few of the
arise from the ground, and the perspiration of the trees, best Apples from the tree, or rather to let them remain till
collect the heat of the sun, and reflect it in streams, so as to they are so ripe as to drop off themselves, and then to take
cause what they call a fire-blast which is the most injurious out the soundest and healthiest kernels. Stocks raised from
;

to their fruits, and is most frequent where the orchards are apple kernels are, however, much inferior to such as are raised
open to the south sun. But as orchards should never be from the crab. The tree will bear fruit three or four years
planted, except where large quantities of fruit are desired, sooner but the crab stock will endure twenty or thirty years
;

so it will be the same thing to allow twice or three times the longer, and is not so liable to moss and canker. At the end
quantity of ground since, as has been already observed, there of two years, the seedlings are planted out in a nursery, in
;

may be a crop of any sort of grain upon the same place, so rows, three feet distant, and from fifteen to eighteen inches,
that there is no considerable loss of ground and for a family or even two feet asunder in the rows care being had not to
; ;

only, it is hardly worth while to plant an orchard, since a cramp the roots, but to bed them evenly in the mould. The
kitchen garden well planted with espaliers, will afford more plants should be sorted according to their strength, the
tap-
fruit than can be eaten while good, especially if the kitchen- roots taken off, and the longer side rootlets shortened whilst :

garden be proportioned to the size of the family. Even if they remain in the nursery, which they generally do till they
cider be required, there may be a large avenue of Apple-trees are finally planted out in the orchard, they are trimmed twice
extended across a neighbouring field, which would render a year. It is a good method to transplant them two years
the path pleasant; or, there may be some single rows of trees before they are to be transferred to the orchard, into "fresh
planted, to surround fields, which will effectually answer the unmanured ground, double dug, and set in a quincunx order,
same purpose, without being liable to the fire-blasts before- four feet apart every way. For raising and improving varie-
mentioned. Those small pieces of ground adjoining to ties, the soil should be deep and good; and the plants should
houses, and that are called orchards because they are stuck be moved every second, third, or fourth year; but all this
full of fruit-trees, without much regard to soil or aspect, trouble is very seldom taken. While the plants are small,
seem to have only one advantage, that the proprietor is at the intervals may be cropped with such kitchen-garden pro-
hand to protect the fruit from plunderers. But the orchards duce as will not overshadow them, or exhaust the ground.
in the cider counties, and particularly in Herefordshire, In trimming or pruning, if there be two leaders, the weaker
are dispersed over all parts of the country, at various de- should be taken off; if the leader be irrecoverably lost, cut
grees of elevation, and in aspects that look to every point of the plant down, to within a handsbreadth of the soil, and
the compass; although the south-east, with a screen to the train a fresh stem take the undermost boughs off by degrees,
;

north, seems to be the favourite aspect. But though this has always preserving sufficient heads to draw up the sap not ;

reason on its side, wherever the fruit plantations are ex- trimming them up to naked twigs, as is the common practice,
tensive, it is prudent to place them with different aspects for, thereby drawing them up tall and feeble.
; The length of stem
as Mr. Marshall has observed, in the year 1783, orchard to which stocks are usually trained is six feet, or sometimes
fruit was cut off in every aspect, except the north-west. near seven if they were still higher, they would be more out
;

This was probably owing to the blossoms being kept back, of the reach of stock, and be much less injurious to whatever
till frost and blight were past; but there can be little doubt grows under it. The usual size at which stocks of the com-
that on ground gently inclining to the south, or south-east, mon height are planted out, is four to six inches girth, at
and well defended to the north and east, there will be in three feet high; to which size they will attain in seven or
general a greater probability of a crop, and the fruit will be eight years, with proper management. In planting the or-
better flavoured. The richest soil is commonly in valleys, and chard, the proper distance ought to be proportionable to the
they are there more sheltered
from storms; but they are also natural growth, or spread of the trees; in old orchards, the
more subject to spring frosts, insects, and blights. The best trees are only eight or even six yards asunder, and the more
orchards of Apples are on a strong clayey soil, which is con- prevailing distance has since been ten yards, though some
genial to most varieties of this fruit; some of them however allow twelve yards, which is still better, but yet not enough;
affect a light sandy loam, as the Stire, Hagloe Crab, and for in the grass grounds of Gloucestershire, and the arable
Golden Pippin; and it is a fact, well ascertained, that cut- fields of Herefordshire, twenty yards is a common distance;
tings from the same tree, and grafted upon similar stocks, some of twenty-five yards, so that a chain's length, or twenty-
will produce cider of a different quality, when planted in two yards, might be taken as a good medium distance, and in
different soils. It seems to be admitted, that the liquor pro- this case each acre would hold forty trees. In grounds, the
 ORC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORC 201

through, for, especially when snow is on the ground, they

convenience of ploughing will
trees should be in lines, for the ;

in close orchards, they shouldbe set in the quincunx manner. be sure to bark the young trees. The plantation will require
The time of planting is October and November, or February, copious watering the first summer, if the season should
March, and Where the soil is dry and light, autumn irove dry: the surface over the roots should be kept from
April.
;rass and weeds, and in a loose pulverized state, so
in a cold wet situation and tenacious soil, as to
is
preferable ; but
the spring months are best. The leader should now be short- allow the roots to spread horizontally on every side. In

ened, and the smaller side-boughs be taken off, .leaving

a Herefordshire, the soil of orchards is generally kept under
entire and untouched, ;illage ; in Gloucestershire, in grass :
either mode has its dis-
proper choice of the larger side-boughs
to draw up the sap, and to furnish wood proper for grafting. advantages. Fruit-trees when fully grown, especially if they
The common method of planting is to dig a hole, wide se of a spreading growth, and are suffered to form drooping

enough to receive the roots, which being placed

within it, the Dranches, are very injurious to arable crops, at least in our
mould is returned upon them, in the order in which it came moist climate; their roots, their drip, and their shadows, are
out, carefully replacing the sods on the surface,
that no graz- destructive, not to corn only, but to clover and turnips they :

ing ground may be lost. A better method is this the ground

: also impede the circulation of the air, as has been before
It is how-
being set out with stakes, driven in at the centres of the in- noticed, and are in the way of the plough-teams.
tended holes, describe a circle, five or six feet in diameter, ever certain that tillage is favourable to the growth of young
round each stake if the ground be in grass, remove the
;
trees ; whereas in grass grounds, their progress is compara-
sward in shallow spits, placing it on one side of the hole ;
tively slow, for want of
the earth being stirred about their roots,

put the best of the loose mould by itself on

another side, and through the injuries they receive from cattle when grazing.
and the dead earth in a third heap where the subsoil is cold
:
Hence, where circumstances will allow, it is best to plant
and retentive, the holes should not be made much deeper fruit-trees upon a newly broken-up sward, to keep the soil
than the cultivated soil in a dry light soil, the holes should
;
under a state of arable management until the trees be well
be made deeper, both to obtain a degree of coolness and grown; then to lay it down to grass, and let it so remain
moisture, and to establish the plants firmly in the ground. until the trees be removed, and their roots decayed, when
In soils of a middle quality, the hole should be of such a itwill again require a course of arable management. After

depth, that when the sods are thrown

to the bottom of it, orchard trees are planted and fenced, they have seldom any
the plant will stand at the same depth in the orchard as it more care bestowed upon them; boughs are suffered to hang
with wood as
did in the nursery. The holes ought to be made previous dangling to the ground, their heads so loaded
to the day of planting; and if the ground and weather be to be impervious to the sun and air, and they are left to be

dry, the holes should have two or three pails full of water exhausted by the moss and misletoe. By this redundancy
thrown into each, the evening before. In planting, the sods of wood, the roots are unprofitably exhausted; the bearing,
should be thrown to the bottom of the hole, chopt with the wood is robbed of a part of its sustenance, and the natural
life of the tree unnecessarily shortened; the outer surface
epade, and covered with some of the finest of the mould : if
with this the bottom be not raised high enough for the plant, only is able to mature fruit properly every inner
;
and under-
return some of the worst mould before the sods are put in. branch therefore to be removed. It is common
ling ought
Upon the fine mould spread the lowest tier of roots, drawing to see fruit-trees with two or three tiers of boughs pressing
them out horizontally with all their fibres, pressing them hard upon one another, with their twigs so intimately inter-
evenly into the soil, and covering them by hand with some woven, that a small bird can hardly creep in among them.
of the finest of the mould ; one person steadying the plant, Trees thus neglected, acquire, from want of due ventilation,
another adjusting and bedding the roots, and a third supply- a stinted habit, and their fruit becomes of a crude and inferior
:

ng the mould which being raised high enough to receive

;
quality. Misletoe is a great enemy to Apple orchards, and
to them the
mother tier of roots, they are to be spread and bedded like is
frequently permitted to be very injurious
:

the former thus proceeding till the roots are all bedded method of trees from is to pull it out
:
ordinary clearing it,

freely, yet firmly, among

the best of the soil. When they with hooks in frosty weather, when being brittle it breaks off
are covered some depth, press the earth in well with the foot, from the branches. Sheep are as fond of it as they are of Ivy ;

and. raise the remainder into a hillock round the stem, to but although a labourer could clear fifty or sixty trees
afford coolness, moisture, and stability to the plant. It is a in one day, the Herefordshire orchards are generally injured,
common fault to plant fruit-trees too deeply in the ground ; and often exhausted, by this parasite. The trees are also
though, provided they can withstand the violence of the wind, very often entirely siibdued by Moss, which
kills many trees,

they can scarcely be planted too near the surface. Young and injures others so much, that they are only an incum-
trees are frequently planted in hop grounds, and therefore brance to the ground, and a disgrace to the country : this
want no protection the land not being converted either into
; evil may be easily checked, and' in great measure avoided.
arable or pasture, till the trees are out of the reach of cattle : In Kent, there are men who make it their business to clean
but when they are planted in pasture land, or open fields, orchard trees from Moss, at a certain price by the tree, or by
tall thorns, fastened by withes, are
commonly placed round the whole. Draining the land, if two retentive of moisture,
them ; this however is a slender guard, and the thorns are will sometimes prevent or cure Moss or digging round the
;

apt to chafe the stem of the tree. The most effectual, but trees in winter, and bringing fresh mould, or the scouring of
expensive guard, is composed of four posts put down in a ponds and roads, or the rubbish of old walls well prepared
square, with rails mortised into them ; and to be effectual, and pulverized, and laid round the trees for whatever pro-
;

the posts should be put at such a distance and height, anc motes the health of the tree, will in some degree mitigate these
the rails so close, that cattle may not be able to injure the and other diseases. When fruit-trees are hidebound, they
tree the posts also should be set slanting outwards, that the
: are scored, by cutting the bark with the point of a knife, from
area of the fence may be widest at top. Some persons set the top to the bottom of the stem. Spring frosts are nu
only three posts in a triangle, connected by rails, in the same enemy against which it is very difficult to guard orchard
way as four ; in both cases, care should be taken that the trees: dry frosts are observed only to operate in keeping thi'
lower be sufficiently close, to prevent sheep from creeping blossoms back; but wet frosts after rain, or a foggy air, a:;-l
202 RC THE UNIVERSAL HERP<L; O RC
before the trees have had time to dry, are very injurious, the west and south-west. The richest deepest soils appear
even to the buds. This cannot be avoided: much however to have been chosen for orchard grounds; the shallower
may depend on the strength of the blossoms all the assist-
; soils are probably unfit for fruit-trees ; but where situation
ance that art can give in this case is, to keep the trees in a will admit, such as are encumbered with
large stones, with
healthy vigorous state, to enable them to throw out strong good soils intervening, are
singularly eligible. In Kent, par-
buds and blossoms and by keeping them thin of wood, to
;
ticularly about Maidstone, are many small inclosures, from
give them an opportunity of drying quickly, before the frost one to ten acres, and somewhat more, planted with fruit of
sets in. Blights are very often fatal to the vernal blossoms, different kinds, for which the rocky soil of the neighbour-
;xnd the consequent crop of fruit. Were it not for this enemy hood seems particularly adapted. The best method known
invading orchards in May, many persons think there would there for raising orchards of Apples and Cherries, and
plan-
lie a
crop of fruit every year as regularly as there is a crop tations of Filberts, is to plant them among hops. The constant
of corn. Perhaps if trees in the full vigour of their life were culture of the land for the hops, with the warmth and shelter
to be kept in perfect order, and not suffered to over-bear they afford the young trees, causes them to grow with great
themselves, this constant fertility might be looked for, if luxuriance. It is a very common practice to
plant Hops,
they were not attacked by natural evils ; and perhaps these Apples, Cherries, and Filberts, all Eight hundred
together.
natural evils might be in some degree mitigated. But when Hop-hills, two hundred Filberts, and Cherry and Apple
forty
trees are badly planted on an unpropitious soil, or ill-grafted trees, to an acre. The Hops stand about twelve, and the
on an infirm stock, have little care bestowed on them to Filberts about thirty years: by which time the Apple and
protect them from cattle, and to keep them free from Moss Cherry trees require the whole land. Sometimes Apple and
and Misletoe, are suffered to run to unprofitable wood, and Cherry trees are planted in alternate rows, with two rows of
when they have a hit, as it is called, or bear a large crop of Filberts between each row. The method of planting Apple
fruit, it is beaten down with poles or sticks, by which the and Cherry trees, is to dig holes about two feet square, and
buds that are forming for the succeeding year are mostly two spits deep, taking out the rock, and turning down the
bruised or beaten off; is it
any wonder that with all this ill surface of the soil, on which the young tree is placed, and
management, neglect, and bad usage, that the crop of fruit the remainder of the earth is trodden down close about
should often fail, or that spring frosts and blights should the roots. The trees are supported by stakes until they
havp their full effect upon the trees so weakened and injured ? get sufficient strength not to be hurt by gales of wind.
It seems rather
surprising that, instead of bearing once in two A composition of lime and night-soil is painted on their
or three years, they should ever bear at all. The term stems with a brush, which is said to promote not only their
B-light, (see that article,) seems to be vague and indefinite; growth, but to protect them from cattle. The soil preferred
and whether insects be the cause or effect of it, does not yet for Cherries is a deep loam upon the rock if grown
:
by
seem to be settled. has however been asserted, that if a
It themselves, they are planted from twenty to thirty feet dis-
piece of mat or white paper be thrown over a tree at night, tant, and are put somewhat deeper in the earth than Apples,
and examined in the morning, if there has been a blight, there though in other respects the management is the same. Cher-
will be little black spots like the
point of a pin. They seem ries seem to affect a calcareous soil, if we may judge from
lifeless; but if the sun shine, by twelve o'clock they will be the size and flourishing state of the Black Cherry in the

By next morning they will be gone from the mat,

in motion. Chiltern part of Buckinghamshire, on the almost bare chalk-
and then, and not till then, they go into the leaves of the rock. In some parts of Ireland it is the common practice,
trees, where they form nests, and do the mischief. In two in
planting orchards for Apples for making cider, to set
or three days after the blight has infected an orchard, the cuttings three or four feet long half way in the ground, of
leaves of the trees will be curled. If the inside be examined such sorts as grow rough and knotty in the wood. They are
with a powerful microscope, a thousand small insects will be called Pitchers, and rarely fail to yield well and soon.'
seen; these will seize upon the half-formed embryo, and Pruning Orchards. If pruning be judiciously performed,
destroy it in the midst of its fading leaves. If the blossom fruit trees will into bearing sooner, and continue in
come
be not out, or the fruit formed, when these vermin arrive, vigour for nearly double their common age. No branch
they do no injury; but if the young fruit be just formed, and should ever be shortened, except for the figure of the tree,
not of sufficient strength to repel the attack, it falls an and then it should be taken off close at the separation. The
immediate sacrifice to their depredations. The critical period more the range of branches shoot circularly, a little inclining
at which the fruit is subject to the mortality of the blight, upwards, the more equally will the sap be distributed, and
lasts only a few days ; and therefore by having orchards in dif- the better will the tree bear. The ranges of branches should
ferent aspects, there will be a great probability that one or not be too near each other, that the fruit and leaves should
other of them may escape it: the utmost assistance that art can all have their full share of sun; and where it suits, the middle

afford, is to keep the trees in a state of health and vigour. of the tree should be so free from wood, that no branch
Smaller insects are hurtful to the leaves, blossoms, and nascent crosses another, but all the extremities point outwards.
fruit; larger insects devour the fruit in a state of maturity. October or November, or as soon as the fruit is off, is the
Apples, particularly cider fruit, are of a texture firm enough proper season for pruning. Few men cut true enough with
to resist their attacks; but in some
years wasps devour great a bill, it is therefore best to take off superfluous branches
quantities of pears so that if a price were set in the spring
; with a saw, and afterwards to smooth the places with a knife :
upon every wasp that comes out in May, it might be the for it is essential that every branch which is to come off
means of destroying many nests by anticipation. The Devon- should be cut perfectly close and smooth. The wounds
shire orchards are generally situated in
valleys, and dips, or must then be smeared over with a medicated tar. The bark
hollows, or near houses, and not spread over the arable land cannot grow over a stump, because there is no power to
and pasture ground as in Herefordshire and Gloucestershire. draw the sap that way; for which reason it is always advis-
Some of them lie bleakly exposed to the north others in the
; able to cut a little within the wood. Every branch should
current of the south-west wind. But those which succeed best be taken off that comes near to the ground, that has received
are neither exposed to the north-east, nor to the sea-winds from any material injury, where the leaves are much curled, or
 ORC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORC 203

that has a tendency to cross the tree, or run inwards :a little crop in a failing year. The plantations, belt, and larger
attention may also be paid to the beauty of the head, leaving trees, will keep off the blighting winds; and the orchard
all the branches as nearly equidistant as possible. If then being open in the middle and to the south, the stagnant
there be anyremaining blotches, open or score them with a vapours which stint the fruit in the spring will be dissipated,
knife, and, where the bark is ragged from any laceration, and each tree will enjoy the influence of the sun and air.
pare it gently down till you come to
the live wood, touching- Besides, the ground being open in the middle, the herbage
over each with the medicated tar. After this, rub the Moss will be the more valuable. In new plantations, avoid planting
clean off, and score the trees ; in doing which, take care not too deep or too thick. Sunshine will bring sweet fruits ;
to cut through the inner or white rind which joins the bark while shade, and planting the trees too deeply in the earth,
to the wood. When trees are much thinned, they are sub- will place the roots beyond the influence of genial warmth,
ject to throw out a great quantity
of young shoots in the and produce crude acid juices. When the top of a tree
spring ; these should be rubbed off,
and not cut, for cutting separates by the weight of its branches, an iron bolt may be
increases the number. The medicated tar is composed of introduced, by boring a hole through the upper part of the
half an ounce of corrosive sublimate, reduced to fine powder cleft with an half-inch anger ; first cutting the bark and some
by beating it with a wooden hammer, and then put into a of the wood with ajchisel, so as the head at one end, and
three-pint earthen pipkin, with about a glassful of gin or the nut and screw at the other, may be hid under the bark,
other spirit, stirred well together, and the sublimate thus which will soon grow over the iron, if often touched over with
dissolved. The pipkin must then be filled by degrees thus the medicated tar. There is not any culture we are acquainted
vegetable or common tar, and constantly stirred till the mix- with equal to Hops, for raising an orchard; and when the
ture is intimately blended. This quantity will be sufficient proper time for grubbing up the Hops comes, the trees may
for two hundred trees. Being of a very poisonous nature, it be secured, and the land turned to grazing. It would be
should not be suffered to lie about the house. The sublimate better not to take up the Hops all at once, and to crop the
dissolves better, when united with the same quantity of spirit vacant land for two or thr.ee years with Potatoes. Thus the
of hartshorn or sal ammoniac. This mixture being apt to trees would continue in better health by taking away the
run, consistency may be given it by mixing pounded chalk shelter gradually. Let the agriculture be what it may, the
or whiting. On Planting Orchard Trees, &c. If possible, land should never be ploughed or dug deep directly over
choose the trees the year before they are to be planted, and the roots of a newly planted fruit-tree; for as the roots collect
see that they are properly pruned in the nursery, by taking off the best sap from their extreme points, if those points be
close all rambling and unsightly branches, leaving only three broken off from the upper side of the roots, the tree is com-
or four good leading shoots: by this forecast, the trees will pelled to subsist on nurture drawn from the under strata,
not require pruning for some time ; and it will greatly acce- and consequently the sap will be of a worse quality. Where
lerate their growth, that they have no wounds to be healed hogs and poultry are constantly running over the ground, the
in the year of their being transplanted. Take care that your trees seldom fail of a crop, which is the best proof that
trees be young ;
and plant no galled, fretted, or cankered manure is necessary. Any manure will suit an orchard ; but
plants. When they are taken up, retain the roots as long the sweepings of cow-houses, hog-yards, slaughter-houses,
as is convenient, which will dispose them to run horizontally, dog-kennels, emptying of drains, &c. are more disposed to
from which, as they are more under the influence of the sun, facilitate the growth and promote the health of fruit trees,
the sap becomes better concocted, and produces the fairest and than manure from the stable. Watering in dry weather tends
sweetest fruit. An orchard should be screened on the east, much to keep the trees in health, and to secure their bearing
north, and west sides, and open to the south. The natural by swelling the buds for the' next year's crop ; for when the
growth of the different fruit should be 'attended to in the buds are strong at first coming out, they are not so liable to
disposition of the trees. One row of the tallest strongest blight. Those sorts of fruit which are known to thrive best
growers should be planted on the three cold sides, and that in the neighbourhood, should in general be preferred : and
row should be planted twice as thick as any other; then care should be taken not to suffer trees to bear much fruit
one row more of the next free-growers, parallel to the last whilst young. Where trees are much overrun with Moss,
rows ; and so on, gradually declining in size till you come to a strong man, with a good birch broom, in a wet day,
the centre. The intention here is to raise shelter ; and it would do great execution. On young trees, the best method
would be advisable, on the outside of these outer rows, to of destroying Moss, is to rub all the branches, spring and
run a shaw or belt of underwood, more than a pole wide, of autumn, with a hard scrubbing-brush and soap-suds, as a
four or six rows of the freest-growing trees which the country groom does a horse's legs. Canker in a great measure arises
produces the wood of which will more than pay the expense. from animalcules ; and where the only object is to remove
;

Half the trees should be cut down in about fourteen years, this disease, hog's lard is preferable to tar but where wet
;

to become stools, and the other half at a proper distance of is to be guarded against, tar is better. If the soil of an
time ; so that the belt, for the whole duration of the orchard, orchard be a strong clay, chalk, or a cold sharp gravel,
shall be of young wood, and feathering down to the bottom. plant the trees above ground, raising over them a little mound
Nothing can be better for this purpose than the Sweet Ches- of good fresh mould, as large as an extensive ant-hill, sowing
nut, where the soil suits it. The Hawthorn likewise, properly the top with White Dutch Clover. It is recommended that
trained, has awonderfully good effect in blunting or absorbing the rows of trees should not stand north and south, but a
the baneful quality attendant upon the blighting air. Before point of the compass towards the east ; as the sun will then
the ground be laid out, be careful to secure the little risings shine up the rows soon after ten o'clock, which in the spring
or inflections, to catch the sun, and exclude the cold. Firs will serve to dissipate the vapours collected in the night,
may be happily introduced at a distance for shelter : all and thus prevent the fruit from being stinted in the early
together might be so disposed as at the same time to protect stages of its growth. On Root Pruning. When a tree has
the fruit, and heighten the appearance of the grounds. Such stood so long that -the leading roots have entered into the
an orchard may often bear a crop when the neighbourhood under strata, they are apt to draw a crude fluid, which the
in general fails ; and everv one knows the value of a good organs of more delicate fruit-trees cannot convert into such
83. 3 F
204 ORC THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; ORC
balsamic juices as to produce fine fruit. To prevent this their leaves decay, seldom live, even where a large ball of
evil,as soon as a valuable tree begins to show a sickly earth preserved about them ; for the extreme parts of their
is

pinkiness upon the leaves, or the fruit inclining to ripeness fibres extend to a great depth in the ground, from whence
before it has acquired its full growth, at the same time the they receive their nourishment ; and if these fibres be broken
bark becoming dry, hard, and disposed to crack ; let the or damaged by taking up the roots, they seldom thrive after,
ground be opened for three or four feet, and with a chisel although they may remain alive a year or two. This remark
cut close every root the least tending downwards. Should applies to Tulips, Fritillarias, and other similar roots, when
there be any mouldy appearance or rottenness among the removed after they have made shoots : so that whoever would
roots, take them off, and wash the others clean ; and if the cultivate them, should search them out in their season of
ground be too wet, throw a few stones or brickbats under flowering, and mark them; and when
their leaves are decayed,
the stem of the tree. As the roots invariably collect the or just as they are going the roots should be taken up
off,

gap from the extreme points, this cutting compels the hori- and planted in a soil or situation as nearly as possible resem-
zontal roots to work and exert themselves ; and if there be bling that wherein they naturally grow, otherwise they will
any energy left, they will soon throw out fresh fibres, and not thrive so that ?hey cannot be placed all in the same bed,
;

thus collect a more congenial sap for the support of the tree. for some are only found upon
chalky hills, others upon moist
At the same time cover the ground thinly over with manure meadows, and some in shady woods, or under trees; but if
as far as the roots may be supposed to extend ; rub the stem the soil and situation be adapted to their various sorts,
they
and branches with soap-suds ; and water the ground in very will thrive and continue
several years, and, duringtheir season
dry weather. There is nothing so likely to produce canker of flowering, will afford as great varieties as any flowers that
as the descending root's, though canker may certainly arise are at present cultivated. These plants, Mr. Curtis remarks,
from an improper a vitiated sap, the generation of
soil, multiply themselves very little, the small increase they make

vapour, animalcules, and the want of a free circulation of the appearing to be from offsets hitherto we have no satisfactory
:

fluids ; the last especially often causes it, being brought on proof of their being propagated from seed yet the seed-ves- ;

by injudiciously shortening the leading branches. The medi- sels in many of them are large, well-formed, and filled with
cation before recommended will stop the progress of the evil seeds, which, though extremely minute, appear perfect. The
on the parts to which it is applied but the canker may
; smallness of the seed is certainly no argument against its
again break out on the other parts of the same tree, and vegetating some of the Ferns, the seed of which are much
:

that arises from the roots striking into a cold congenial sub- smaller, are now well known to be propagated from seed ;
soil. Tools. The tools wanted in an orchard are : two and it is most probably owing to a want of minute attention,
pruning-knives, a saw two chisels, a mallet, a spoke-shave, that the progress of Orchis seedlings has not been yet accu-
and a painter's brush. With the chisels and spoke-shave rately observed. Such as are disposed to doubt the vege-
work upwards, or the bark will shiver : the saw must be coarse- tative power of these seeds, mav perhaps urge that their
set, all the other tools sharp and smooth. The blade-bone barrenness is owing to their not being properly impregnated;
of a doe will be found better than the iron of the spoke-shave, the antherge in this tribe appearing to be different in their
to rub off the rotten bark-moss, &c. See Nursery, Planting, structure from those of other plants, and not containing, so
Pruning, and the genera Pyrus and Primus. far as we have yet been able to discover; any similar pollen.
Orchis; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Diandria. The species are,
*
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix; spathes wandering ; Helmet of the Corolla spurred.
spadix simple ;
perianth none. Corolla : petals five, three 1 Orchis Carnea
.
Great-flowered Cape Orchis.
; Bulbs
outer, two
inner, converging upwards into an helmet ; nec- undivided ; helmet of the corolla two-spurred bractes erect ; ;

tary one-leafed, fastened to the receptacle by the lower side leaves roundish, grooved underneath spike compact flowers ; ;

between the division of the petals; upper lip erect, very inodorous, white within, flesh-coloured without. Native of
short; lower lip large, spreading, wide tube behind horn-
; the Cape.
shaped, nodding. Stamina : filamenta two, very slender, 2. Orchis Bicornis Yellow-flowered Cape Orchis.
: Bulbs
very short, placed on the pistil antherse obovate, erect,
; undivided ; helmet of the corolla two-spurred; lip five-parted;
covered with a bilocular folding of the upper lip of the nec- bractes reflex
;
leaves ovate, oblong, marked with lines under-
tary. Pistil : twisted, inferior
germen oblong, style fast- ; neath spike loose ; flowers very fragrant, smelling like
;

ened to the upper lip of the nectary, very short ; stigma cloves, of a yellowish green colour. They are extremely
compressed, blunt. Pericarp: capsule oblong, one-celled, sweet-scented, and appear in September. Native of the Cape.
three-keeled, three-valved, opening three ways under the 3. Orchis Biflora Two-flowered Orchis. Bulbs undivided;
;

keel, cohering at the top and base. Seeds : numerous, very helmet of the corolla one-spurred wings spreading; lip lan- ;

small, like saw-dust. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Nectary: ceolate, acuminate; root-leaves ovate, small; flowers from
a horn or spur behind the flower. The species of Orchis three to five in a raceme, remote, pedicelled. Native of the
are found, some of them copiously, in meadows or moist Cape.
groves, others more partially and sparingly on dry chalky 4. Orchis Cornuta Horned Orchis. Bulbs undivided
; ;

hills they flower in June and July, and are most beautiful,
: helmet of the corolla one-spurred wings spreading; lip very ;

some of the kinds very richly scented. All the plants of small, subovate leaves on the stem many, alternate, large,
;

this genus, for the singularity and beauty of their flowers, lanceolate, sheathing at the base spike loose. Native of ;

deserve a place in every good garden ; and the reason of the Cape.
their not being more cultivated in gardens is, that it is diffi- 5. Orchis Spathulata
Spathulate Orchis. Bulbs undivided ;
;

cult to transplant them. This difficulty may however be helmet of the corolla spurred root-leaves very many, linear,
;

easily overcome, where a person has an opportunity of mark- shorter by half than the stem scape a span high, sheathed
; ;

ing their roots in the time of flowering, and letting them re- leaves acute, seariose, wider flowers generally two, alter-
;

main until their leaves are decayed, when they may be trans- nate. Native of the Cape.
planted with safety; for it is the same with most sorts of 6. Orchis Tripetaloides Three-petalled Orchis.
;
Leaves
bulbous or fleshyrrooted plants, which, if transplanted before lanceolate ; helmet of the corolla arched, blunt, spurred ;
 ORC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORC 205

nectary lanceolate, very small ; stem a foot high, even;

root- year is destined to arise. Such is the mode of increase, not
leaves several, a hand in length ; flowers alternate, distinct. only in this species, but in the other bulbed Orchises and ;

Native of the Cape. such are the means that nature uses, not only to disseminate
7. Orchis Sagittalis. Helmet of the corolla spurred, two- plants, but to enable them to change their place, and thus
eared lanceolate root-leaves four or five, shorter by to draw in fresh nutriment; for the second root is
lip ; ; always
half than the stem, lanceolate, bluntish ; stem a span high, about half an inch from the centre of the first, insomuch that
covered entirely with leafy, membranaceous, acute sheaths. in
twenty years the plant will have marched ten inches from
Native of the Cape. the place of its birth. The process is the same in the handed
8. Orchis Barbata; Bearded Orchis. Helmet of the sorts, or those species which have the bulbs divided, and
corolla erect, spurred ; nectary subtrifid, ciliate ; bulbs lengthened out like the fingers ; and even in fibrous
oblong, undivided, very hairy. Native of the Cape. roots, for some of the fibres are continually rooting and
9. Orchis Draconis ; Dragon Orchis. Bulbs undivided ; perishing, whilst other young and tender ones are protruding,
helmet of the corolla spurred ; nectary linear, ovate at the lengthening, increasing, and preparing for the vegetation of
tip ; scape a foot and
half high, of the thickness of a goose- the succeeding year. This species has obtained the name of
quill, wholly sheathed with leaves ; spike
with few flowers, Bifolia, on account of its radical leaves being generally two ;
somewhat remote ; bractes broad lanceolate, netted, veined, three however are frequently met with ; and they are com-
the length of the germen. Native of the Cape. monly said to be opposite. The root of this species appear-
10. Orchis Tenella Delicate Orchis.
; Helmet of the ing- to be large,
it
appears to be as well calculated for making
corolla spurred, conical at the base ; nectary linear ; stem Salep as any other. This Orchis, if not so common as some,
the length of the thumb ; leaves both on the root and stem ismuch more so than others, being found generally in woods,
linear ; spike oblong, with from five to eight flowers. Native pastures, and heaths, especially in soils somewhat stiff and
of the Cape. moist. In dry pastures it is often so small as to be noted for
Bulb soli- It varies not
1 1 Orchis Monorrhiza ; One-bulbed Orchis.
. a variety. only in size, but in the shape and
tary ;
lip
of the nectary three-parted, the lateral parts bristler number of the leaves, the number of flowers, the length of
horn linear, compressed, the length of the germen ; the spur, and the time of flowering, which is later in the
shaped ;

leaves oblong; stem simple, upright, from eighteen to twenty- small one. It occurs in Norwood in
Surry; in Charlton
two inches high. Native of Jamaica and Hispaniola. wood, and on Pen's common near Bekenham in Kent in ;
** Bulbs undivided.
Madingley wood, Whitwell, LintOn wood, Balydown hill,
12. Orchis Sancta; Palestine Orchis. Bulbs undivided ; Kingston wood, Gamlingay wood Cambridgeshire Shotover ; ;

lip of the nectary lanceolate, five-toothed, horned, curved hill, and Tar wood, Oxfordshire Short wood, near Puckle- ;

in;
petals converging; stem a foot high, for the most part church, Gloucestershire Envil in Staffordshire and is com-
; ;

naked, but having one or two sharp leaflets at top. Native mon shady woods and lanes of Leicestershire.
in the
of Palestine. 18. Orchis Ornithis Bird Orchis. Bulbs undivided;
;

13. Orchis Susannse. Bulb undivided wings of the nec- ;

lip of the nectary roundish horn twice the length of the
;

tary wider, ciliate ; stem a long span or a foot high, slender ; germen, the three outer petals converging, the others spread-
flowers white lower leaves short, acuminate, embracing ;
; ing very much stem a foot and half high, leafy, round,
;

upper longer, green, round, smooth. Native of Amboyna, upright, striated above the leaves. The two outer petals
and a very elegant species. spread out like the wings of a bird in the act of flying, from
14. Orchis Radiata. Bulbs undivided; wings of the nec- which the name is derived corolla white. It flowers in;

tary wider, ciliate ; stem round, striated, sheathed with leaves, August. Native of the mountains of Austria.
erect, a span high ; leaves alternate, sheathing, ensiform, 19. Orchis Flexuosa; Winding-stalked Orchis. Bulbs
channelled, from erect spreading, striated, smooth, nearly undivided lip of the nectary imbricate two petals concealed,
; ;

equal to the stem, the upper ones smaller, about five in num- filiform ; scape flexuose
root-leaves ovate leaves alternate,
; ;

ber ; flowers alternate, about three, flowering successively. - remote, sheathing, lanceolate, small ; flowers small, remote.
Native of Japan. Native of the Cape.
15. Orchis Ciliaris ; Fringe-lipped Orchis. Bulb undi- 20. Orchis Cucullata ; Cowled Orchis. Bulbs undivided ;
vided ; lip of the nectary lanceolate, ciliate ; horn very long ; lip of the nectary trifid petals confluent; stem naked
;
root- ;

stem tall, firm, having at the lower part two or three oblong, leaves two, pvate. Native of Siberia.
wide, liliaceous, embracing leaves, and some smaller leaves, 21. Orchis Globosa; Round-spiked Orchis. Bulbs undi-
above ; spike not very long, composed of clustered flowers ; vided ;
lip of the nectary restipinate, trifid ; middle emargi-
helmet small, and acute. Native of Maryland, Virginia, and nate horn short petals awl-shaped at the tip
; ;
scape firm, ;

Canada. a foot or eighteen inches high, leafy spike short, very much ;

16- Orchis Habenaria. Bulbs solitary, undivided lip of ; crowded ; flowers frequently turned upside down, go that
the nectary three-parted ; lateral ones bristle-shaped ; horn the lip turns to the base of the spike, and the helmet or
filiform, much longer than the germen stem erect, leafy,
; hood recedes from it. The whole corolla is purple, with
from one to two feet high, simple, angular, smooth flowers ;
deeper spots on the lip. Native of Germany, Austria, Car-
in spikes, alternate, scattered at a little distance, white ; niola, Switzerland, 1-he south of France, and Italy.
corollas five-petalled. The flowers of this species are very 22. Orchis Pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchis. ; Bulbs undi-
singular. Native of low meadows at the foot of the moun- vided ; lip of the nectary two-horned, trifid, equal, quite
tains of Jamaica. entire ; horn long ;
petals sublanceolate stem from eight to
;

17. Bulbs undivided;

Orchis Bifolia; Butterfly Orchis. fifteen inches high, round, or slightly angular, smooth and
lip of the nectary lanceolate, quite entire horn very long; ; firm, almost covered with leaves ; flowers very numerous,
petals spreading. One of the bulbs is always wrinkled and crowded into a short blunt cone, forming a most elegant ter-
withered, while the other is always plump and delicate. mination to the stem, deep flesh colour, or pale purple. It
The first is the parent of the actual stem the second is an ; flowers later than the other species. Native of many parts
offset, from the centre of which the stem of the succeeding of Europe ; as, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Car-
206 O RC THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; ORC
niola, France, Italy, and Britain. It is found about Hart-field sufficient number of roots have been thus cleaned, they are
in Middlesex; Dartford in Kent; Stocking wood in Leicester- to be spread on a tin plate, and placed in an oven heated to
shire ; Chesterton, Hinton, Devil's Ditch near Newmarket, the usual degree, where they are to remain six or ten minutes,
and Linton, in Cambridgeshire Whichwood forest, between
;
in which time they will have lost their
milky whiteness, and
Woodstock and Enston and on Caversham warren in Oxford-
; acquired a transparency like horn, without any diminution
shire; and also in Scotland. of bulk: being arrived at this state, they are to be removed,
23. Orchis Corsoppora ; Lizard Orckit. Bulbs undivided in order to dry and harden in the air, which will
;
require
crenate ; horn short ; petals several days ; or by using a very gentle heat, they may be
lip of the nectary trifid, reflex,
converging; stem erect, a foot high, round, jointed, smooth, finished in a few hours. The properest time for gathering
or eight, all sheathing, the lowest four the roots, is when the seed is formed, and the stalk is ready
leafy ; leaves seven
inches long, the others gradually less, bright green, very to fall because the new bulb is then arrived at its full matu-
;

smooth, five or six of them spreading, the others rolled round rity,
and may be distinguished from the old one by a white
the scape. Some say the flowers smell like a goat, others bud rising from the top of it. Salep, considered as an article
like a bug. Native of Denmark, Germany, the southern of diet, is accounted extremely nutritious, containing a great
parts of Europe, and the Levant. It flowers in June. quantity of farinaceous matter in a small bulk and hence it ;

24. Orchis Cubitalis. Bulbs undivided ; lip of the nectary has been thought fit to constitute a part of the provisions of
trifid, filiform, middle ovate;
horn shorter than the germina; every ship's company, to prevent a famine at sea. For it is
stem a foot and half high ; leaves towards the loot four or observed by Dr. Percival, that this powder, and the dry gela-
five, alternate, sheathing, lanceolate ; the rest of the stem tinous part of a flesh or portable soup, dissolved in boiling
without leaves. Native of the island of Ceylon. water, form a rich thick jelly, capable of supporting life for
25. Orchis Morio Female or Meadow Orchis.
; Bulbs a considerable length of time. An ounce of each of these
undivided lip of
;
the nectary quadrifid, crenulate horn
; articles, with two quarts of boiling water, will be sufficient
; petals blunt, converging ;
flowers few, from subsistence for each man The same physician not
blunt, ascending per day.
six to eight, seldom more that twelve, purple, sitting loosely only recommends the use of Salep in diarrhoea, dysentery,
on the stalk. There are varieties with red, violet, flesh-co- 'dysury, and calculous complaints but he thinks that in the
;

loured, and white flowers; but in all it retains more or less symptomatic fever, which arises fom the absorption of pus,
lines, with which the two outer- from ulcers in the lungs, from wounds, or from amputation,
strongly the green parallel
most petals are strikingly This has been said to be
marked. Salep, used plentifully, is an admirable demulcent, and well
the true sort which produces the Oriental Salep but it is clear ; adapted to resist that dissolution of the crasis of the blood
that more species than one are used for it, because some of which is so evident in these cases. Dr. Withering justly ex-
the roots imported in that drug are undivided, as in this, and presses a hope, that as this plant can be procured at home
others are palmated. Some of the other species have larger in almost
any quantity, we shall no longer depend upon
roots than this and the quality of all appears to be the same. foreign markets for supplies. It flowers in April and
; May,
It grows in meadows that are moderately dry, such as Cow- and is common in most of our woods and meadows.
slips are usually found in, and is sometimes so abundant as
27. Orchis Ustulata Dwarf Orchis. Bulbs undivided ;
;

to empurple the spot it grows on. It flowers in May and lip of the nectary quadrifid, rugged with dots horn blunt,;

June and is eaten by goats, but horses refuse it.

; very short petals distinct
; stem from four to six or eight
;

26. Orchis Mascula; Male or Early Spotted Orchis. Bulbs inches high, angular, almost hid by the upper leaves. Villars
undivided ; lip of the nectary four-lobed, crenulate horn ; observes, that this is one of the smallest species the leaves :

blunt ;dorsal petals bent back flowers in a loose spike,

; narrow, glaucous, or silvery ; spike short, ovate, close, small,
numerous bractes lanceolate, membranaceous, longer than
; appearing blackish at the top, whence its name Ustulata; and
the germen. The spikes of the flowers, says Lightfoot, are bright red, or whitish towards the base ; this appearance is
the Long Purples, or Dead-men's Fingers, which helped to caused by the upper petals, which open last, being of a very
compose Ophelia's garland. The Queen describing the deep colour on the outside, and of a bright red within, con-
manner of Ophelia's death, says, trary to the usual case with flowers, which have commonly
" There is a willow the colours lighter in the parts most exposed to the air. This
growing o'er a brook,
That shows his hoary leaves to th' glassy stream. elegant little plant is distinguished at first sight by its small
Near which fantastic garlands she did make dotted flowers, which appear in May and June. It appears
Of Crow flowers, Nettles, Daisies, and Long Purples, in great quantities on many of our downs, and affects a
dry
Which lib'ral shepherds give a grosser name. calcareous soil. It occurs near Harefield, in Middlesex ; on
But our cold maids, Dead-men's Finqers call them." in Devil's Ditch, and at Chippenham, in
Gogmagog hills,
Hamlet, Act. IV.
Cambridgeshire; at Barneck heathf near Stamford; and
The grosser name here alluded to, is that of Fools' Stones, between Stamford and Duddington, in Northamptonshire ;
by which there appears no reason to doubt that this is the on Wick cliffs and on the Wiltshire downs, as upon Salis-
;

plant alluded to, although the name of Dead-men's Fingers bury plain, particularly on the Barrows, near Stonehenge ; on
would better suit the thirty-fourth species. The roots abound Burford down, and Caversham warren, in Oxfordshire.
with a glutinous slime, of a sweetish taste, and a faint and 28. Orchis Militaris Man Orchis. Bulbs undivided ; lip
;

somewhat unpleasant smell This mucilaginous or gelatinous

. of the nectary five-cleft, rugged with dots; horn blunt; petals
quality of the Orchis root, has recommended it as a demul- confluent; stem about one foot high, round, smooth leaves ;

cent; and it is generally used in the same complaints as the about four, sheathing, acutely lanceolate, the three lower
roots of Althea and the Gum Arabic. M. Mault, of Roch- spreading, the upper one closely embracing, bright green,
dale, has favoured the world with the following method of with numerous parallel veins spikes from one to two inches
;

curing the Orchis root : It is to be washed in water while long, with numerous flowers. It is found in calcareous mea-
fresh, and the fine brown skin which covers it is to be sepa- dows and pastures as at Crawsham hills, by the Thames' side ;
:

rated by means of a small brush, or by dipping the root in not far from Reading in Berkshire ; and near the old chalk-
hot water, and rubbing it with a coarse linen cloth when a ;
pit, by the paper-mill, at Harefield as also at Caversham
;
F.

Male, or Early ifpctttxt urcfus

(ESOTHERA
<;; it-flowered TYce Primrose

OXAI.IS ACETOSEI.LA Ci'irunon Wood Sorrel.

2'ublishd ty Hcruy fi.r/isr. I 'a.vttm LirerpooLWov. J&S.

 OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
 O RC OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORC
warren, in Oxfordshire. There is a variety with a stalk a trilobate ; bractes the length of the flowers. This differs from
foot, two feet, and sometimes more in height, round, smooth, all the other species, in the structure of its fructification, the
green below, purple above; flowers numerous, closely imbri- yellow colour of the flowers varying to purple ; it flowers
cate, in a long ovate cylindrical spike. Curtis, Ray, Halley, along with the Crown Imperial, and grows in wet places on
Jacquin, Yaillant, and others, make this a distinct species. mountains. The stem is about half a foot high, thick, and
solid. The flowers smell like Elder flowers, whence its name
1

The first observes, that in exposed aspects its usual height is .

about nine inches; in woods and coppices, where it is more Native of several parts of Europe, but not Great Britain.
sheltered, and where the soil is richer, it will acquire the 37. Orchis Maculata Spotted Orchis. Bulbs palmate,
;

height of two feet, or more such specimens must be allowed

:
spreading horn of the nectary shorter than, the germen ; lip
;

to surpass every British Orchis. Its flowers vary exceedingly flat ; dorsal petals erect; stem solid, from seven or eight to
in colour, some being' of a light, others of a deep purple eighteen inches high, the lower part round, the upper some-
colour; now and then, one wholly white occurs; the lip of what angular ; flowers numerous, in a close conical spike)
the nectary varies also in breadth. L>r. Smith remarks, that corolla usually pale purple. It varies with white flowers, and
ll the varieties smell like new hay; and he, as well as Dr. the leaves are not always spotted. It flowers in June and

'ithering, does not suppose them to be distinct species. July. Native of most parts of Europe.
29. Orchis Papilionacea. Bulbs undivided; lip of the 38. Orchis Odoratissima ; Sweet-scented Orchis. Bulbs
nectary undivided, crenate, emarginate, widened ; horn awl- palmate; horn of the nectary recurved, shorter; lip three-
shaped petals converging. This is the same height as the
; lobed leaves linear ; the palmate leaves are elongated in an
;

preceding, and has almost the sarae flower; but the lip is very irregular manner ; the spike of pale purple flowers is oblong,
large, the full size of the thumb nail wider than its length, pale red mixed with white ; the nectary of the same length
retuse, or emarginate, undivided, toothltted, blunt; spur with the germen ; the lower lip three-lobed, the two side ones
converging, acute, shorter than the germen and lip. Native truncated, nearly equal, and as long as the middle one. It
of Spain and Carniola. There is a beautiful variety with a has a strong, singular, but pleasant smell. Native of most
smaller lip, which has been observed flowering near Rome. parts of Europe.
30. Orchis Fallens, Bulbs undivided ; lip of the nectary 39. Orchis Conopsea ; Long-spurred Orchis. Bulbs pal-
quite entire; horn blunt, longish; petals spreading. -
trifid, mate ; horns of the nectary bristle-shaped, longer than th^
Native of Switzerland, Austria, Dauphiny, and Italy. germina ; trifid two of the petals spreading very much;
lips ;

31. Orchis Hispidula; Hairy Orchis. Bulbs undivided; stem twelve to eighteen inches high, smooth and firm, round,
stem leafless leaf round, hispid
;
lip five-parted
; ;
segments below, angular upwards lower leaves sheathing the stem,
;

linear ; root-leaves two, kidney-form, embracing. Native of long, narrow, and acutely lanceolate, bright green, shining,
the Cape. keeled, with a strong midrib, on each side of which are two
32. Orchis Speciosa; Handsome Orchis. Bulbs undivided; or three faint veins, and one strongly marked ; flowers very
stem leafy; leaves wide, ovate; lip three-parted; segments numerous, flesh-coloured or pale purple, very sweet-smelling,
tiexuose raceme large, many-flowered ; flowers large, pure
; and sometimes white. It flowers in June, and is a native of
white. Native of the Cape. many parts of Europe. Found at Harefield in Middlesex ;
33. Orchis Plantaginea ; Plantain-leaved Orchis, Bulb Asply in Nottinghamshire; King's Hedges, Chesterton Hin, ;

single, undivided; stem leafy; leaves broad, oval; lip three- Triplow, and Devil's Ditch, Cambridgeshire on the rough ;

parted ; horn twice the length of the germen leaves from ;

pastures adjoining Cowley common in Oxfordshire on the ;

four to eight, radical, pressing on the ground, smooth, Wiltshire downs on the pastures under Shortwood near
deep- ;

shining green, somewhat fleshy, many-nerved, about four Pucklechurch, in Gloucestershire ; on Knutsford moor in
inches long and three broad spike four to six inches long,
; Cheshire in a morass near Leeds
; near Auchin Dewney, ;

every where surrounded with flowers, which are solitary, seven miles from Edinburgh ; abundantly on the hilly grounds
white, and fragrant. It flowers in the
rainy season, and is a north of the river Leven in Dumbartonshire and on the moist ;

native of the moist valleys of Coromandel.

heathy ground of Newton park, Ireland.
%* Bulbs palmate. 40. Orchis Flava Yellow Orchis. Bulbs palmate
; ; horn
34. Orchis Latifolia Broad-ltnvcd or Marsh Orchis.
; of the nectary filiform, the length of the germen ; lip trifid,
Bulbs subpalmate, straight Lorn of the nectary conical
;
lip ;
quite entire; flowers obsoletely yellow; spike narrow.
three-lobed, the lateral lobes bent back bractes longer than ; Native of Virginia.
the flower; leaves five or six, .alternate, **** Bulbs in bundles.
sheathing the stem
to the spike, acutely lanceolate, keeled, and marked with 41. Orchis Frutescens. Horn of the nectary the length
parallel veins, pale green, rarely spotted, and when so, very of the germen ; lip ovate, toothed at the base. Native of
obscurely ; flowers very numerous, in a close, somewhat coni- Siberia.
cal spike, for the most part rose or flesh-coloured, and often 42. Orchis Strateumatica. Lip of the nectary two-lobed,
purple, and sometimes white. There are several varieties. quite entire; horn the length of the germen ; stem a span high.
It flowers at the end of Found in the wet marshes of Native of the island of Ceylon.
May.
Europe ; and was observed by Loureiro in Cochin-china. 43. Orchis Hyperborea. Horn of the nectary the length
35. Orchis Incarnata. Bulbs palmate horn of the nectary
; of the germen lip linear, quite entire, truncate; stem a palm
;

conical; lip obscurely three-lobed, serrate; dorsal petals high with the spike; corollas yellowish-green: uppermost
reflex. This very much resembles the preceding, but the the two upper lateral ones lanceolate.
petals wider, ovate ;

leaves are pale green and unspotted, not dark

green and 44. Orchis Abortiva ; Purple Bird's-nest, or Bird's-nest
spotted the stem is shorter by half th<: bractes are
; ; Orchis. Bulbs filiform; lip of the nectary ovate, quite entire;
scarcely
longer than the flower or germen ; the corolJa is pale flesh- stem leafless roots composed of thick horizontal fibres,
;

coloured, not red; the two dorsal petals are quite bent back, wrinkled transversely; flowers in a very King thin spike,
not merely spreading, nor are they spotted. The
violet ; fruit the
largest of any in the Orchis tribe.
36. Orchis Sambucina; Elder-scented Orchis. Bulbs sub- whole plant, as it appears above ground, is of a violet or
palmate, erect ; horn of the nectary conical ; lip ovate, sub- deep purple colour. Native of the north of Europe.
83* 3 G
208 OKI THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL O R I

45. Orchis Fimbriata; Fringed Orchis. Horn of the perianth unequal, various. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent;
nectary longer than the germina lip three-parted, ciliary ;
;
tube cylindrical, compressed; upper lip erect, flat, blunt,
petals spreading ; leaves oblong ; stem upright, smooth, from emarginate ; lower trifid, the segments almost equal. Sta-
ancipital acutely four-cornered; spike ovate oblong, many- mina: filamenta four, filiform, the length of the corolla, of
flowered ; flowers blue purple. Native of Canada and New- which two are longer ; antherse simple. Pistil : germen
foundland. superior, four-cleft; style filiform, inclined to the upper lip
***** of the corolla ; stigma very slightly bifid.
Bulbs yet unknown. : none ;
Pericarp
46. Orchis Phychodes. Horn of the nectary bristle- calix converging, fostering the seeds at bottom. Seeds:
shaped, the length of the germen ; lip three-parted, ciliary ; four, ovate. Observe. The involucre of the calix constitutes
spike long, close. Native of North America. the essential character of the genus. The perianth is in some
47. Orchis Spectabilis. Horn of the nectary the length almost equal, five-toothed ; in others two-lipped, the upper
of the germen ; lip oval, emarginate ; stem leafless ; leaves lip large, entire, the lower scarcely any in others two-leaved.
;

oval ; spike of five or six flowers. Native of Virginia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. /Strobile: tour-cornered, spiked,
48. Orchis Filicornis. Nectary bifid; horn capillary ; stem with one leaf to each calix. The species are,
half a foot high, and more, somewhat flexuose. Native of 1.
Origanum ./Egyptiacum Leaves
;
Egyptian Marjoram.
the Cape. fleshy,tomentose spikes naked.
; This is a perennial plant,
49. Orchis Tipuloides. Lip of the nectary three-parted, with a low shrubby stalk, seldom rising more than a foot and
linear, almost equal ; horn filiform, very long. Native of half high, and dividing into branches. The flowers are pro-
Kamtschatka. duced roundish spikes, closely joined together at the top
in
50. Orchis Japonica. Horn of the nectary recurved lip ; of the stalks, and at the end of the small side-branches;
they
awl-shaped, entire stem somewhat angular, smooth, a span
;
are of a pale flesh colour, peeping out of their
scaly cover-
high flowers many, in spikes, snow-white
; corolla three- ; ings. Hasselquist informs us, that this plant is cultivated in
petalled, the two upper petals lateral. 'Native of Japan.
'
the gardens at Grand Cairo on account of the smell, which
51. Orchis Falcata. Horn filiform, very long; leaves is
stronger than that of Dittany of Crete. Native of Egypt,
ensit'orm, channelled, sickle-shaped root-leave* several, where it flowers from June to August. It is increased
;
by
equidistant, ensiform, convoluted, revolute-sickled, smooth, slips or cuttings planted in a border of good earth in any of
a finger's length, the lower ones shorter; flowers in spikes, the summer months, shaded and duly watered. Plant them
Native of Nagasaki, in the mountains, among shrubs. in small pots filled with
light kitchen-garden mould, when
52. Orchis Orbicuiata. Labellum linear, very entire, they are well rooted, and place them in the shade till they
somewhat obtuse ; petals three, superior, approaching, two have taken new root; then remove them to an open situation
lateral, patent, oblique at the base ; horn longer than the till the end of
October, when they must be placed under
germen ; scape diphyllous at the base ; leaves plain, orbicu- shelter, in a hot-bed frame, where they may be protected from
late. Grows in shady beech-woods on the mountains of hard frost, and have as much free air as possible in mild
Pennsylvania and Virginia. Two leaves of a fleshy texture weather; they will thrive better than if more tenderly
are spread flat on the ground, between which rises the stalk treated.
about a foot or eighteen inches high, which bears a loose 2. Origanum Dictammis; Dittany of Crete or Candia.
spike of greenish-white flowers. It is known in the moun- Lower leaves tomentose; spikes nodding; stalks hairy, about
tains by the name of Heal-all- nine inches high, of a purplish colour, sending out small
53. Orchis Dilatata. Labellum linear, very entire, some- branches from the' sides by pairs. The whole plant has a
what obtuse, subrotundate-dilatate at the base ; horn of the piercing aromatic scent, and biting taste. The flowers are
length of the labellum germen shorter; bractes of the length
;
collected in loose leafy heads of a purple colour, and nod-
of the flowers ; stem leafy. Grows in Labrador. ding; they are small, and the stamina stand out beyond the
54. Orchis Lacera. Labellum tripartite segments sub-
;
corolla. The fabulous qualities attributed to Dictamnus by
ili<ritate-filiform ; horn nearly equalling the germen flowers ;
the ancients, may be seen in Virgil, .Ere.ixii. v. 412. and in
alternate, greenish white. Grows in low meadows from Cicero de Natura Deorum; the former is most elegantly
Pennsylvania to Virginia. translated by Dryden in his version of Virgil, and will not
55. Orchis Quinqueseta. Labellum tripartite segments ; fail to please every English reader of taste. It flowers from
setaceous horn twice the length of the germen
;
flowers in ; June to August; and is a native of rocks in Crete. To pro-
a loose spike, alternate, distant; bractes acuminate; leaves pagate this plant, set slips or cuttings in pots, in a shady
iivute, acute. Grows in the sandy low fields of Virginia and border, covering them close with a bell or hand glass, and
Carolina, on the side of swamps. now and then refreshing them with a moderate quantity of
56. Orchis Discolor. Labellum tripartite, longer than the water. In the following spring some of the plants may be
petals lateral segments short, acute horn filiform, and half
; ; shaken out of the pots, and planted in a warm border in a
as long again as the germen leaf solitary, radical, ovate-
;
dry soil, where they will live through common winters but ;

cordate. Grows in pine-barrens from New Jersey to South being liable to be killed by severe frost, it will be prudent
Carolina. to reserve a few in pots, to' be sheltered during the severity
57. Orchis Obtusata. Labellum linear, very entire, longer, of winter. The leaves are kept by the druggists, and have
than the horn; horn of the length of the germen; leaf soli- been greatly celebrated for their efficacy in the cure of
tary, radical, subcuneiform-obtuse.
Grows about Hudson's wounds. Whether they possess any particular virtues of
Bay, near Fort Albany. A small species. that kind, we cannot pretend to determine they ate how- ;

58. Orchis Rotundifolia. Labellum trifid hoTn shorter ; ever good in nervous disorders, weakness of the stomach, and
than the germen ; leaves oval, subrotund. Native of Hud- suppression of the menstrual discharge.
son's Bay. 3. Origanum Sipyleum Dittany of Mount Sipylus.
;

Origanum a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gym-

; Leaves ovate, acute, all smooth spikes nodding. This has
;

nospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix involucre - a perennial root, but an annual stalk. The root is composed
spiked, composed of imbricate, ovate, coloured bractes ; of many slender woody fibres. The stalks are slender, and
 OR I OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORllI 209

for the same purposes

of a purplish colour, terminated by slender oblong spikes of by farriers a little cotton moistened
;

small purplish flowers, peeping out of their scaly covers. with it, and put into the hollow of an aching tooth, fre-
Native of the Levant ; and increased in the same way as the quently relieves the pain. The country people use the tops
first and second to dye woollen cloth purple ; and it also dyes linen of a
species.
4. Tournetbrtii ; Dittany of Amorgos. Spikes reddish brown colour for this p irpose the linen is first
Origanum :

four-cornefed bractes roundish, very large ; stems eight or

;
macerated alum-water, and dried; it is them soaked for
in
nine inches high, glaucous, simple, or branched, commonly two. days in a decoction of the bark of the crab-tree; it is
in one only ; each wrung out of this, boiled in a ley of ashes, and then suffered
dividing into two spikes, or terminating
lines long, and five or six wide, to boil in the decoction. to the Swedish experi-
spike is fifteen or twenty According
formed by four rows of scales, of a pale purple colour, oval, ments, goats and sheep eat it; horses are not fond of it ; and
pointed, four or five Hues long ;
sometimes they are pale cattle reject it. It is an excellent medicine in nervous cases.

green with purple borders ; the flowers expand successively The leaves and tops dried, and given in powder, are good
from the axils of these, nine or ten inches in length. It in head-aches of that kind. The tops made into a conserve,
flowers in and is a native of the island of Amorgos. are good for disorders of the stomach and bowels, such as
August ;

Increased in the same way as the preceding species. flatulencies, and indigestion and an infusion of the whole
;

5. Origanum Creticum; Cretan Marjoram. Spikes aggre- plant is serviceable in obstructions of the viscera, and against
bractes me"nbranaceous, twice the jaundice. Propagated by parting the roots.
gate, long, prismatic, straight;
as long as the calix ; leaves ovate and hoary, with a strong 9. Origanum Onites Pot Marjoram. Spikes oblong,
;

aromatic scent. The flowers grow on long erect bunched aggregate, hirsute leaves cordate, tomentose.
; Stems per-
spikes at the top of the stalks, having membranaceous bractes ennial, woody, a foot and half high, dividing into many
between, twice the length of the calix. The flowers are small branches flowers small, white, just emerging out of
:

small and white, but, like those of Common Marjoram, they their
scaly covers. -Native of Sicily, about Syracuse. It may
appear in July, but seldom perfect seed in England. This be increased by cuttings.
is said to be the true Dittany of Crete; but there has been 10. Origanum Syriacum ; Syrian Marjoram. Spikes long,
so much confusion among different authors in distinguishing ternate, peduncled, villose ; leaves ovate, villose ; racemes
the species, that it is very difficult to determine. This and from the axils corymb terminating, brachiate, with longer
;

the next species are increased by parting the roots in autumn, branches. Place of growth uncertain Loureiro says it grows
;

but must have a dry soil and a warm situation. wild in Cochin-china. Increased by cuttings.
leaves ovate, tomen-
6. Origanum Smyrnseum ; Smyrna Marjoram- Leaves 11.
Origanum Mara. Spikes hirsute;
ovate,' acute, serrate; spikes heaped, umbellately fastigiate. tose, sessile ; stem purple, with a few villose hairs scattered
This is a perennial plant, with several rod-like, woody, long over it ; corolla purplish-red. Native of Crete.
stems, putting forth branchlets at intervals. The round 12. Origanum Marjorana Sweet or Knotted Marjoram.
;

into a broad-topped corymbose tuft, Leaves oval, blunt; spikes roundish, compact, pubescent.
airy spikes, collected
distinguish this plant. It exhales a very fragrant smell. Root biennial, brown, with many long tough fibres ; stems
Propagated in the same way as the preceding species. numerous, woody, branched, a foot and half high ; flowers
7. Origanum Heracleoticum Winter Sweet Marjoram.
; small, white, appearing successively between the bracteal
Spikes long, peduncled, aggregate; bractes the length of the leaves, which are numerous. It begins to flower in July, at
calices. Root perennial, from which arise many branching which time it is cut for use, and is then called Knotted Mar-
stalks afoot and half high, hairy, and inclining to a purplish joram, from the flowers being collected into roundish close
colour flowers in spikes, about two inches long, several
; heads like knots. It is thought to be the Amaracus of the
arising together from the divisions of the stalks. It is
chiefly ancients. Native of Portugal, and long cultivated in gardens.
cultivated for nosegays, because it comes sooner to flower The leaves and tops have a pleasant smell, and a moderately
than Sweet Marjoram. There is a variety with variegated warm, aromatic, bitterish taste. They yield a considerable
leaves. It grows naturally in Greece, and the warm parts
quantity of essential
oil, amou'nting, according to Beaume, to
of Europe. It is now commonly known by the name of fifteenounces from one hundred and fifty pounds of the
Winter Sweet Marjoram, but was formerly called Pot Mar- recent plant. The oil, on being kept long, assumes a solid
joram. It is hardy enough to thrive in the open air in Eng- form. The medicinal qualities of the plant agree with those
land, in a dry soil, and is
generally propagated by parting of Wild Marjoram; but being much more fragrant, it is
the roots in uiitumn. deemed more cephalic, and better adapted to diseased nerves,
Origanum Vulgar; Common Marjoram. as it may be employed for the same purposes as Lavender.
- 8. Spikes round-
ish, panicled, conglomerate ; bractes longer that the calix, It is directed in the
composition of Pulvis Sternutatoris, or
ovate. Root perennial, creeping, horizontal, brown, tufted Sneezing Powder, in the London and I^dindurgh Pharma-
with numerous fibres stem a foot high, sometimes nearly
:
copeias, on account of the agreeable odour which it gives to
.eighteen inches or two feet, upright, somewhat woody, a the Asarabacca, rather than to its errhinc power, which is very
little downy, and often tinned with purple branches oppo- ; inconsiderable. In its recent state, we are told that it has
site, upright, more tender than the stalk, in other respects been successfully applied in sehirrhous tumors of the breast;
similar ; corolla pale red, hniry, the middle segment rather and Meyrick recommends a strong infusion of the leaves or
longer than the rest. The leaves vary in shape from ovate young tops, as good for warming raid strengthening the sto-
to ovate-lanceolate and ovate-cordate. There is a variety mach, and relieving vertigoes, giddiness, head-ache, and other
with white flowers, and light green stalks; and another with similar disorders. It may likewise be beneficially taken in
It is an aromatic and ornamental plant,
.variegated leaves. suppressions of the menses, and other obstructions. This
growing wild in thickets and hedges, chiefly in a calcareous plant is propagated
by seeds, which are generally imported
soil, and flowering from the end of June through August. from the south of France, or from Italy, for thev seldom
The dried leaves, used instead often, are exceedingly grate- ripen in England. Sow them on a warm border towards the
ful ;
they are also used in fomentations. The essential oil end of March ; and when the plants are about an inch high,
is so acrid that it
may be considered as a caustic, and is used transplant them into beds of rich earth, at six inches' distance
210 ORN TAB UNIVERSAL HERBAL; ORN
every way, watering them duly till they have taken new root ; some. It flowers in
April, and is a native of most parts of
after which they require only to be kept clean from weeds. Europe, in woods, pastures, and moist sandy places. It is

Ornithoyalum ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order found in the meadows near Godalming in Surry ; in the woods
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Co- near Ashford Mill, and Fauler, in Oxfordshire in a meadow ;

rolla : petals six, lanceolate, upright below the middle, above adjoining to the copper mills, Derby under Malham cove, ;

it spreading, permanent, losing their colour. Staminri : fila- near Doncaster in Yorkshire ; and in Northumberland, It
menta six, upright, alternately widening- at the base, shorter willgrow readily in an open situation.
than the corolla; antherae simple. Pistil: germen angular; Ornithogalum Minimum
5. Small Star of Bethlehem.
;

tyle awl-shaped, permanent; stigma blunt. Pericarp: cap- Scape angular, two-leaved peduncles umbelled, branched.
;

sule roundish, angular, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds : This rery much resembles the preceding species, but the
many, roundish. Observe. The filamenta in some are flat and petals are more acute, known by its growing in
and is
readily
upright, the alternate ones trifid at top, the middle segment a tuft. Native of Sweden,
Norway, Denmark, Germany,
supporting the antherse ; in others the alternate filaments are France, Switzerland, Hungary, and Italy, on the borders of
simple. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: six-petalled, fields. It requires a
shady situation.
upright, permanent, spreading above the middle. Filamenta: 6. Ornithogalum Pyrenaicum ; Spiked Star of Bethlctem.

alternate, widening at the base The species are, Raceme very long; petals linear, blunt; filamenta lanceolate,
"With Stamina atol-sk<tped-
all the equal ; style the length of the stamina. Stem naked, a foot
1. Ornithogalum Uniflorum One-flowered Star of Bethle-
;
and half or two feet high. The flowers have an agreeaola
hem. Scape two-leaved peduncle one-flowered. The stem
; scent, and appear in May ; they are numerous, small, and
is about a span high, bearing two lanceolate leaves,
nearly greenish. "When the seed vessels are formed, the fruit-stalks
opposite ;petals yellow above, green below, an inch long. become erect, and approach to the stalk ; the seeds ripen in
Native of Siberia. This species, with those that are referred August. Native of pastures in some parts of Europe. In
to it, are cultivated for ornament in our gardens. They are England it is found between Bath and Bradford, near Little
hardy bulbs, to .be propagated by offsets, which their roots Aspley also between Bath and Warminster three miles
; ;

generally produce in great plenty. The best time to trans- from Bristol, in the way to Bath and near Queen Charlton ;

plant them is July or August, when their leaves are decayed; in Somersetshire.
for if they are removed late in autumn, their fibres being shot 7. Ornithogalum Stachyodes; Close-spiked Star of Beth-
out, they will be apt to suffer on being disturbed. They lehem. Raceme very long
petals lanceolate, oblong ; fila-
;

should have a light sandy soil, not over-dunged ; and may be menta broad lanceolate, alternate ones shorter by half. Height
mixed with other bulbs in the borders of the pleasure-garden. almost three feet ; flowers from fifty to sixty in number, ap-
They need not be transplanted oftener than every other year : pearing in April. Native of the south of Europe. For its
for if taken up every year, they will no.t increase much ; culture and propagation, see the first species.
and if they are suffered to remain much longer unremoved, 8. Ornithogalum Narbonense. Raceme oblong ; filamenta
they will have so many offsets as to weaken the blowing roots. lanceolate, membranaceous peduncles and flowers spreading.
;

They may also be propagated from seeds; but the plants will Native of the south of France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and
not flower under three or four years. Siberia.
2. Ornithogalum Niveum Snowy Star of Bethlehem.
;
9. Ornithogalum Latifolium ; Broad-leaved Star of Beth-
Raceme few-flowered; petals lanceolate; leaves filiform, cha- lehem. Raceme very long ; leaves lanceolate, ensiform.
nelled ; scape shorter that the leaves; peduncles scarcely Bulb large root-leaves several, broad, sword-shaped, spread-
;

half an inch long. Native of the Cape. It flowers here in ing on the ground stalk thick, strong, between two ana
;

August, and, with all the species that are referred to it, may three feet high, bearing a long spike of large white flower
be propagated by offsets ; but being too tender to thrive in upon long pedicels one hundred flowers are said to have
:

the open air, the roots must be placed in pots filled with been counted on a single spike: they appear in June. Native
light earth, and in autumn placed under a hot-bed frame, of Egypt and Arabia. For its propagation and culture, see
where they may be screened from frost, and in mild weather the first species.
enjoy the free air. In the beginning of July the leaves and 10. Ornithogalum Longibracteatum. Raceme very long ;
stalks generally decay, and then the roots may be taken up, leaves lanceolate, ensiform. Native of the Cape. See tne
and laid in a dry cool place till the end of August, when they second species.
must be planted again. 11. Ornithogalum Comosum. Raceme very short bractes ;

3. Ornithogalum Umbellatum Common Star of Bethle-

; lanceolate, the length of the flowers ; petals blunt. Stems
hem. few-flowered than the assurgent, clothed
on the upper part with numerous miu-
Corymb ; peduncles longer
bractes, the outer taller than the central ones ; bulb solid, white flowers, of a medicated odour.
having smaller bulbs joining to it; scape upright, round, very 12. Ornithogalum Pyramidale ; Pyramidal Star of Beth-
smooth, a long span or a foot in height petals white, with
;
lehem. Raceme conical; flowers numerous, ascending ; petals
a broad green streak. This species is very improperly termed elliptical, oblong, flat; stamina lanceolate, equal style very ;

Umbellatum, as the flowers are in a most evident corymb or short. Bulb very large, oval, from which arise several long
- Native of the southern keeled leaves, of a dark green colour; in the middle of these
spike. parts of Europe. In England
it flowers in
April and May, and is found in the closes about spring up a naked stalk, nearly three feet high, terminated
Streatham in Surry near Relham in Cambridgeshire
; in ; by a long conical spike of white flowers, on pretty long pedi-
Christchurch meadows in Oxfordshire and in some parts
;
cels. It flowers in June, and the seeds ripen in August. It
of Yorkshire. This plant will thrive in any shady situation. grows naturally upon the hills in Spain and Portugal, but has
4. Ornithogalum Luteum ;Yellow Star of Bethlehem. been long cultivated in the English gardens by the name of
Scape angular, two-leaved; peduncles umbelled, simple; root- Star of Bethlehem. See the first species.
leaves generally single, and longer than the stem. The Swedes Ornithogalum Unifolium
13. One-leafed Star of Beth- ;

eat the roots of tnis specie? in times of scarcity ; indeed the lehem. Leaf radical, solitary, fleshy, oblong, ciliate ; scape
roots of all the plants of this genas are nutritioi's anH whole- naked ; raceme shoit.
 ORN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORN
**
With the alternate Stamina emaryinate. wards. It flowers in
August and September. Native of
14. OrnithogalumArabicum Great-flowered Star of Japan.
;

Bethlehem. Corymb many-flowered filamenta awl-shaped

; 27. Ornithogalum Sinense.
;
Scape round, grooved; spike
corolla broad, bell-shaped outer petals obsoletely three- simple, long, upright.
: Bulb ovate, truncated, an inch and
toothed. Bulb large leaves numerous, spreading, green
;
half long; flowers small, violet-coloured, on short petioles.
;

stem eighteen inches high, smooth, naked, slender (lowers It is nearly allied to the preceding species, but the flowers
;

the size of those of Narcissus, on long pedicels petals white, are by no means in a branched or racemed spike. The petals
;

It flowers here in
smelling like those of Coriander seed.
are neither distinct, nor very spreading. Native of China,
March and April. Native of Arabia. For its propagation about Canton.
and culture, see the first species. 28. Ornithogalum Graminifblium. Leaves linear, entire,
15. Ornithogalum Thyrsoides; Spear-leaved Star of Beth- smooth raceme spiked, erect. Native of the Cape. See the
;

lehem. Corymbs many-flowered, raceme-form, alternate; fila- second species.

menta forked leaves lanceolate. Stem a foot high, of the
;
29. Ornithogalum Albucoides. Leaves linear, channelled,
thickness of a goose (juill, and glaucous; raceme erect, nearly smooth raceme upright. Native of the Cape. See the
;

six inches long, thick, and elegantly thyrsiform flowers second species.
;

snow-white, with a spot of brownish yellow at the base of 30. Ornithogalum Maculatum. Leaves lanceolate flowers ;

each petal. They are slightly odorous. There are several directed one way; the three outer petals shorter, dusky,
varieties of this species. Native of the Cape. For its pro- spotted. Native of the Cape. See the second species.
pagation and culture, sec the second species. 31. Ornithogalum Ovatutn. Leaves ovate, entire, smooth ;

16. Ornithogalum Caudatum Lony-spifted Slar of Bclh- raceme ovate.

; Native of the Cape. See the second species.
Ichem. Raceme very long; leaves lanceolate-linear; corollas 32. Ornithogalum Nanum. Leaves obovate scape club- ;

spreading; stamina widened, the alternate ones wedge-form. shaped flowers spiked, aggregate, fleshy.
; Native of the
The whole plant is smooth. It flowers from February to Cape. See the second species.
August. Native of the Cape. See the second species. 33- Ornithogalum Undulatum. Leaves ensiform, waved ;

17. Ornithogalum Nutans; Drooping Star of Bethlehem. scape subcylindrical raceme comose, short.
; Native of the
Flowers directed one way, pendulous nectary staminerous, Cape.
; See the second species.
bell-shaped. Root rather large, compressed, bulbous; stalk 34. Ornithogalum Punctatum. Leaves ensiform, chan-
thick, succulent, a foot high, sustaining ten or twelve elegant nelled scape cylindrical raceme very long, comose flowers
; ; ;
1

flowers, of a greenish silvery-white colour, in a loose spike, remote. Native of the Cape. See the second species.
each hanging on a footstalk an inch long. It grows in abun- 35. Ornithogalum Aureum Golden Slar of Bethlehem.
;

dance in the kingdom of Naples, and is now become very Leaves ovate-lanceolate, edged with white flowers, racemed,
common in England. The roots propagate so fast by offsets clustered; filamenta placed on an emarginate nectary. Stalk
and seeds, as to become troublesome in gardens, and grow naked, from eight to twelve inches high, supporting many
plentifully when thrown out upon dunghills and waste places. flowers, which spring from the axils of large, hollow, pointed
It is treated in the same way as the first species. bractes, and opening one after the other, keep the plant a
18. Ornithogalmn Capense. Leaves cordated, petioled considerable time in flower: the flowers are
;
usually of a
root irregular, tuberous, varying greatly in form and size bright orange or gold colour but sometimes paler
; ;
they ;

flower-stalks slender, naked, about a foot high, sustaining appear in January and February. Native of the Cape.
several small greenish white flowers, formed in a loose spike, Ornilliopus: a genus of the class Diadelphia, order De-
standing upon long slender pedicels. Native of the Cape. candria. GKXKRIC Cn ARACI r.u. Calix: umbel simple;
See the second species, fur its culture and propagation. perianth one-leafed, tubular; mouth five-toothed, almost
19. Ornilhogaliiin Crenulatitm. Leaves oblong, blunt, equal, permanent. Corolla: papilionaceous; standard obcor-
ciliate ;raceme upright. Native of the Cape. See the se- date, entire; wings ovate, straight, scarcely the si/e of the
cond species. standard; keel compressed, very small. Stamina: filamenta
20. Ornithogalum Rupestre. Leaves filiform, fleshy; diadclphoiis, (simple and nine-clpft ;) anthers: Pis-
simple.
flowers reflex. Native of the Cape. See the second til germen linear style bristle-shaped, ascending stigma
: ; ;

species. a terminating dot. Pericarp: legume awl-shaped, round,

21. Ornilhogaliiin Ciliatum. Leaves ovate, acute, ciliate bowed, jointed, intercepted by isthmuses, separating by
;

raceme upright. Native of the Cape. See the second species. joints. Seeds: solitary, roundish. ESSENTIAL CIIARAC-
22. Ornithogalum Altissimum. Leaves oblong-elliptic TKR. Leyume: jointed, round, bowed. The plants of this
;

raceme very long; bractes bristle-shaped. Native of the genus are annual, and perish soon after the seeds are
ripe.
Cape. See the second species. They are propagated by sowing the seeds in the spring, upon
23. Ornithogalum Pilosum. Leaves linear-ensiform, cili- a bed of light fresh earth, where they are to remain. When
ate; flowers racemed peduncles curved inwards.
; Native the plants come up, clear them from weeds, and thin them
of the Cape. See the second species. to about ten inches' distance. In June
they will flower, and
24. Ornithogalum Bulbiferum. Bulbs axillary; stem ripen seed in August. The species are,
many-leaved, one-flowered. Native of Siberia. 1. Ornithopus Perpusillas Common Bird's-foot. Leaves
;

25. Ornithogalum Circinatum. Hoary with hairs leaves pinnate Legumes bowed inwards. Root annual, slender,
; ;

linear, recurved, channelled; root-leaf solitary ; stem-leaves with few, long, whitish, lateral fibres; stems several,
trailing,
three; stem three or four flowered; flowers larger and hand- from three to twelve inches in length, simple, pubescent ;
somer than those of the fourth species. Native of dry spots flowers small, one to five in a bunch,
commonly two or three,
near Astracan. terminating opposite to a leaf, on peduncles nearly of the
26. Ornithogalum Japonicum. Raceme spiked, cylindric, same length with the leaf; corolla variegated with white,
very long; scape striated; bulb conical, fleshy, white, a red, and yellow.
It is an
elegant little plant, deriving its
little larger than an hazel nut; flowers upright,
opening one name from the singular form of its seed-vessels, which re-
after another, in a raceme of a finger's length or semble the claws of a bird. It varies much in size, and
up-
83. 3H
212 6RO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RO
sometimes has knobs adhering to the roots, a circum-
little out any lateral lobes or cotyledons ; developing' first the
stance common
leguminous plants. The flowers appear
to scales and then the stalk, with a head of flowers concealed
from May to September. It is not uncommon on dry heaths, by bractes, in form resembling a young head of Asparagus :

commons, and downs, on banks, and by road sides, espe- the flowers afterwards expand in succession upwards, and
cially in a gravelly or sandy soil. the head becomes a spike. It is singular that these
plants
2 Ornithopus Compressus Hairy Bird's Foot. Leaves
; should attach themselves to shrubs and herbs of the class
pinnate ; legumes bowed back, compressed, wrinkled bracte ; Diadelphia chiefly ; and though commonly deemed baneful,
pinnate: The roots run deeply in the ground, sending out a there has yet been no decisive proof adduced. They have
few small fibres on the side stalks about six inches long
; ; an acid astringent taste, and are rejected by all animals,
flowers yellow, generally succeeded by two flat pods, not except the minuter tribes of cimiccs and The
thripses.
much more than an inch long, turned inwards like a bird's species are,
claws. It flowers in June and
July. Native of the south of 1. Orobanche
Major ; Common Broom Rape. Stem quite
Europe. simple ; corollas quadrifid, inflated stamina naked below ; ;

3. Ornithopus Durus Spiral Bird's Foot.

; Stem suffruti- stigma with two distant lobes ; style pubescent above. Root
cose ;leaves pinnate, glaucous, somewhat fleshy, shorter oval, large, thick and fleshy, sometimes bulbous, adhering
than the peduncle. Root whitish, round, gradually sharper, to the woody roots of Broom and Furze, " which (as Turner
fibrous, an inch and half in length flowers in a sort of um-
;
quaintly expresses it) it claspeth about with certain lyttcl
bel; corolla deep yellow. It flowers in June. Native of rootes on everye side lyke a clogge holdinge a bone in his
the hills of Spain. mouthe." Stems several, upright, fleshy, hollow, channelled
4. Ornithopus Scorpioides Purslane-leaved Bird's foot.
; or angular, hairy, the thickness of a finger, from eight inches
Leaves ternate, subsessile, the end leaflet very large. This or a foot to eighteen inches in height, of a
dusky yellow or
has many smooth branching stalks, which rise nearly two feet rust colour tinged with purple, clothed with lanceolate scat-
high. The flowers stand upon slender peduncles they are ; tered scales, which are much closer under the ground ; flow-
yellow, and succeeded by taper pods two inches long. ers in spikes, sessile, appearing in June. The whole herb is
Native of the south of Europe among corn, and on the
;
of a dull purplish brown, the corolla only when fresh being
borders of a litlle more
fields. purple than the other parts. Meyrick says, that
5. Ornithopus Tetraphyllus. Leaves in fours flowers ;
a strong infusion of the plant is good against obstructions of
solitary, yellow. This plant rises to a foot high, erect, the liver, and other visceri. It operates
powerfully by
branched, and having twigs set with leaves alternately, on urine, and is therefore efficacious in the jaundice, dropsies,
petioles three quarters of an inch long. Native of Jamaica. grave), &c. The powdered herb is an almost instantaneous
Orobanche ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio- remedy for the colic. Candied, or made iuto a syrup, it is
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth one- recommended by some against hypochondriacal affections.
leafed, two or five cleft, erect, coloured, permanent. Co- Made into an ointment, it resolves and disperses hard tumors
rolla: one-petalled, ringent; tube inclined, wide, ventricose; in any part of the
body.
border spreading; upper lip concave, open, emirginate ;
2. Orobanche Elatior Tall Broom Rape.
; Stem quite
lower lip reflex, tritid, with an unequal margin all the seg- ; simple corolla quadrifid ; stamina with glandular hairs
;

ments nearly equal. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, below, stigma obcordate style smooth above
; flowers in a ;

concealed beneath the upper lip, two of them longer antherse ; long spike, hairy, of a pale russet or fuillemort colour, with
erect, converging, shorter than the border; nectary a gland darker veins, and pale yellow stigmas. It is found among
at the base of the Clover, but not in the first year also on the borders of corn-
germen. Pistil: germen oblong; style ;

simple, length and situation of the stamina stigma semibifid, ; fields, by Ccntaurea Scabiosa and Nigra, and Sccbiosa
blunt, thickish, nodding. Arvensis, &c. It flowers in July, and is not an uncommon
Pericarp : capsule ovate-oblong,
acuminate, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds: numerous, very plant, but has been confounded with the preceding; although,
small ;
receptacles four, linear, lateral, adnate. Observe, notwithstanding they are similar in general appearance, the
each ESSENTIAL difference is very discernible on a closer inspection. It has
segment of the stigma emarginate.is

CHARACTER. Calix: bifid. Corolla: ringent. Capsule: been found on Gamlingay heath, and between Cambridge
one-celled, two-valved, many-seeded. A gland under the and Granchester.
base of the germen. The plants of this genus are not strictly 3. Orobanche Caryophyllacea ; Clove-scented Broom Rape.
parasites, for they derive sustenance and stability not only Stem simple; corolla inflated, fringed, and curled; seg-
from the foster plants to which they are attached, but also ments of the lower lip blunt and equal ; stamina hirsute at
in a great
degree from the soils into which they send forth the base within. Root bulbous, covered with scales; flowers
radical fibres. The want of leaves gives them a very ungrace- solitary, alternate, sessile, erect, forming a loose spike,
ful appearance, and their surface is in a
greater or less degree closer at top ; sometimes there are two or three flowers toge-
beset with minute pellucid glanduliferous hairs, which pro- ther from a bracte, and about twenty-two in the whole spike.
ject perpendicularly from the stems, and are occasionally The whole plant has a strong smell of cloves, when fresh,
found even upon the stamina and pistilla within the flowers. from which it derives its specific name. Native of pastures
The stamina and pistilla have each an articulation at the and hills, in various parts of Europe.
distance of about two-thirds from their base, and are tipped 4. Orobanche Slender Broom Rape.
Gracilis ;
Stem
with a globular sort of cup bearing a viscid gland, which simple ; lower lip very short, with the seg-
corolla inflated ;

seem intended to carry off secretions, and to answer the ments obcordate, unequal, fringed, and curled ; stamina and
purposes of leaves in the offices of respiration. These plants style with hairs standing out; corolla as large as that of the
are acotyledonous for when a seed has attached itself to first species, but the upper lip is of a dark or
;
purplish colour,
the roots of Hny living pl.uit, to which it is suited by its nature and less fimbricated or crisped. Native of hilly pastures
to adhere, swells into a pellucid scaly germen or bulb;
it. near Genoa in Italy.
and after throwing out around the point of adhesion several 5. Orobanche Minor; Small Broom Rape. Stem quite
tender fibres, itptishen out at once into a perfect plant, with- simple ;corollas quadrifid stamina with glandular hairs
;
 O RO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORO 213

below stigma retuse ; style smooth above ;

;
flowers in banner, rising, converging ; keel manifestly bifid below, acumi-
whitish yellow, with purple veins, hairy, varying-, nate, rising, with the edges converging, parallel, compressed ;
spikes,
of a full yellow, finally becoming rigid and ferruginous ; the the bottom ventricose. Stamina : filamenta diadelphous,
lower flower is often peduncled. This plant is the only one (simple and nine-cleft,) ascending; an theree roundish. Pistil:
of the species which grows in such situations, or in such germen cylindrical, compressed; style filiform, bent upwards,
abundance, as to be deemed a weed. It is found in Clover, erect; slignia linear, pubescent on the inner side from the
to whose roots it grows parasitically ; and flowers in July middle to the top. Pericarp: legume round, long, acumi-
and August. nate, and ascending at the end, one-celled, two-valved.
6. Orobanche Americana ; American Broom Rape. Stem Seeds: very many, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
imbricate with leaves corollas recurved ; sta- Calix : blunt at the base ; the upper teeth deeper and
quite simple, ;

mina standing out. The whole of this plant, which is a span shorter. Style: linear. All the species, except the four last,
hi'lli, with its fructification, is yellow.
It is said to be a na- are hardy perennials, and several of them may be increased
tive of Carolina, at the roots of trees and shrubs. I.inneus by parting their roots. The best time for doing this is in
received one very like it from Siberia, which could scarcely the autumn, that the plants may be well established before
be distinguished, except, by the blunt leaves. the spring for as several of them begin to put out their
;

stalks very early in the spring, so if they be then disturbed,

7. Orobanche Cermia Drooping Broom Rape. Stem
;

quite simple ; Corollas recurved bractes ovate, shorter than;

it will either
prevent their flowering-, or cause their flowers
the corolla; stem almost naked. Native of Spain. tobe very weak. They are also propagated by seeds, which
8. Orobanche Purpurea; Purple Broom Rape. Stem should be sown in autumn, for if they be kept out of the
stamina spurred. of the sorts will never grow, and
simple and branched corollas quadritid
till
; ; ground spring, many
The flowers are large : and the plant itself nearly a foot those which do, seldom vegetate the same year. When the
hicrh, nearly leafless, downv, of a red purple when fresh, plants come up, they must be kept clean from weeds ; and
but turning black in drying-. Native of the Cape. where they are too close together, they should be thinned ;
9. Orobanche Coarulea ; Blue Broom Rape. Stem com- so as they may have room to grow till the autumn, when

monly simple ; corollas quinquefid bractes by threes ; calicrs

; they should be transplanted into the places where they are
tubular, half quadritid. Root as in the other species, with designed to remain. If the roots be strong, they will flower
fibres embracing the roots of different herbs ; flowers in very well the following spring but those which are weak,
;

loose bluntish spikes, violet, with

deeper coloured veins. will not flower till the following year. Such therefore may
This species is i(Ot always unbranchecl. It grows among be planted in a shady border at four or five inches' distance,
grass in pastures, on the borders of fields, in Switzerland, where they may grow one year to get strength, and then may
Austria, Germany, and the south of France. be removed to the places where they are to remain. They
10. Orobanche Ramosa Branched Broom Rape. Stem
;
will then
only need to have the ground digged between them
in winter, and in summer to
branched corollas quinquefid bractes by threes
;
calices
; :
keep them clean from weeds.
short, deeplyquadrifkl. Root a solid bulb, elliptical; branches The species are,
either immediately from the root, or alternate on the stem ;
1. Orobus Lathyroides Upright Bitter Vetch. Leaves
;

stem and branches terminated by a thick sharp spike of ses- conjugate, subsessile; stipule toothed. Root perennial ; stalks
sile flowers, each having an ovate, lanceolate, somewhat three or four, brandling about a foot high; flowers in close
carinated, bracteal scale. Native of the south of France, spikes, on short peduncles. Native of Siberia.
Switzerland, Germany, and England, where it is found near 2. Orobus Hirsutus;
Hairy Bitter Vetc/i. Leaves con-
v Beecles
and Bungiiy in Suffolk in the isle of Sheppey, and
;
jugate, petioled ; stipules entire. Native of Thrace.
near Feversham and Rochester in Kent; about Glastonbnry 3. Orobus Luteus ; Yellow Bitter Vetch.
;
Leavesp innate,
and in Devonshire and Hampshire ; in hempfields near Wis- ovate-oblong; stipules rounded, crescent-shaped, toothed.
beach; and at Outwell in Norfolk. Root thick, often transverse, hard, with the fibres widely
11. Orobanche Tinctoria. Stem quite simple, imbricate; diffused stem a foot high and more, straight, angular,
;

calices quinquefid, blunt corollas quinquefid ; lobes quite

; striated, smooth flowers in loose spikes, all directed one
;

entire ; spikes three inches long, thick flowers alternate, ;

way, twelve or more in number; corolla pale yellow. Native
contiguous, imbricated. It varies with blue and
yellow corol- of Siberia, Switzerland, France, and Italy.
las. Native of Arabia and Barhary. 4. Orobus Veruus Spring Vitter Vetch.
;
Leaves pin-
12. Orobanche Virginiana; Virginian Broom nate, ovate; stipules semi-sagittate, quite entire; stem simple.
Rape. Stem
branched ; corollas four-toothed flowers oblong, of an obso- ; Root perennial, creeping, not tuberous, woody, black, with
lete colour, covering the stem from the
very root. Native many strong fibres stem about a foot high, upright, un-
;

of Virginia. branched, smooth, angular, twisted or elbowed at each inser-

13. Orobanche Uniflora; One-flowered Broom Rape. Stem tion of the leaves; peduncles axillary, an inch and half long,
one-flowered calices naked ; flowers small, consisting of
; terminated by a one-sided loose raceme of from six to eight or
six petals, five of which are red, and the sixth white, without ten flowers; corollal nrge and handsome, singular in the dif-
any spots. Native of Virginia. This plant does' not attain ferent shades of colour; the standard is wide and emarginate,
to above the height of two or three inches. the upper part of it is red, or purple with blood-red veins ;
14. Orobanche yEginetia. Stem one-flowered flowers ; the wings are blue, the keel is blue tinged with green ; the
subspat.haceous. Native of Malabar. colours change as the corolla advances, and become sky-blue
Orobus a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria.
; when the corolla is ready to fall. Miller mentions a variety
GP.SKIUC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, with pale flowers. Native of mountainous woods in many
tubular, blunt at the base mouth oblique, five-toothed,
;
parts of Europe.
very short ; the three lower toothlets sharper, the two upper 5. Orobus Tuberosus ; Common Bitter Vetch, or Heath
shorter, more deeply and bluntly divided, shrivelling. Co- Pea. Leaves pinnate, lanceolate; stipules semi-sagittate,
rvlla.: papilionaceous banner obcordate, reflex at the tip
;
quite entire; stem simple. Root perennial, consisting of
and sides, longer; wings two, oblong, almost the length of the tough fibres, swelling here and there into irregular tubercles ;
214 ORO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; ORO
flowers from two to four or five in a thin spike, on naked, 13. Orobus Americanus ; American Bitter Vetch. Leaves
slender, axillary peduncles ; corolla beautiful reddish purple, pinnate, linear-lanceolate, tomentose underneath. Stem very
turning blue as it goes off. The Highlanders of Scotland much branched, frutescent. The flowers grow in loose spikes
have great esteem for the tubercles of the root they dry ;
at the end of the branches
they are of a pale purple colour,
;

and chew them in general, to give a bitter relish to their and are succeeded by smooth compressed pods, an inch and
liquor ; and believe them to be good for most disorders of the hali long, each containing five or six roundish seeds. Na-
thorax, and that the use of them enables to repel hunger and tive of Jamaica. This, and the three following species, being
thirst for a long time. In Breadalbane and Ross-shire, natives of hot countries, are tender, and must be
they preserved
sometimes bruise and steep them in water, and make an in stoves, otherwise
they will not live in England. They are
agreeable fermented liquor with them. They have a sweet propagated by seeds, which should be sown early in the
taste, something like the roots of liquorice, and when boiled spring in small pots filled with light rich earth, and plunged
are well-flavoured and nutritive, having served times of m into a hot-bed of tanner's bark
observing frequently to
;

Scarcity as a substitute for bread. The Erse name for it is moisten the earth, otherwise the seeds will not grow. When
Cor-meille; the English call it Wood-Pea, Heath-Pea, and the plants come up, they should be
carefully taken out of
Heath- Peaseling. The flowers appear in May and June, the pots, and each transplanted into
separate small pots
and sometimes in April : the seed ripens in July. Native of filled with rich earth, and then
plunged again into the tan-
woods in most parts of Europe, and. growing principally in bed, observing to shade them until they have taken root ;
a strong clayey soil. after which they should have fresh air admitted to them
every
6. Orobus Angustifolius Narrow-leaved Bitter Vetch.
; day in warm weather, and must be frequently watered with :

Leaves two-paired, ensiform, subsessile; stipules subulate; this management* the

plants will make a great progress.
stem simple. This has the habit of the preceding species, When any of the plants are grown too tall to remain in the
but the leaves are ensiform, lanceolate, with two or three pairs hot-bed, they should be taken out and plunged into the bark-
of opposite leaflets without any tendril flowers few, yellow, ;
bed in the stove, where they may have room to grow, espe-
in racemes. Native of Siberia. cially the thirteenth and fourteenth sorts but the other two
;

7. Orobus Albus; White Bitter Vetch. Leaves two-paired, being of humbler growth, may be kept in the hot-bed until
ensiform, petioled stipules simple stem simple roots tube-
; ; ; Michaelmas, when the nights begin to be cold; at which
rous, sessile. Native of Austria. time they should be removed into the stove, and plunged
8. Orobus Canescens Hoary Bitter Vetch. Stem branch-
; into the bark-bed, where
they must be treated as other tender
ed ; leaves two-paired, linear stipule's semi-sagittate, awl-
; exotic plants by which method they may be preserved
;

shaped flowers white with a tinge of blue.

; Native of through the winter, and the following summer they will pro-
barren pastures in the south of France, and the Levant duce flowers. These plants being perennial, if they should
9. Orobus Niger Black Bitter Vetch. Stem branched
; ;
not perfect their seeds, may be maintained for several years.
leaves six-paired, Root perennial, strong,
ovate, oblong. 14. Orobus Argenteus Silvery Bitter Vetch. Leaves pin-
;

woody; stems many, branching, two feet high, angular, nate, oblong-ovate, silky underneath. Stem erect, tomen-
having one pinnate leaf at each joint, composed of five or six tose. The flowers are iu terminating spikes they are of a ;

small, oblong, oval, leaflets flowers on very long axillary

; deep purple colour, and are succeeded by long woolly com-
peduncles, having four, five, or six purple flowers at the top. pressed pods, each containing four or five seeds. Native of
It |turns black in drying; and hence the trivial name. It La Vera Cruz.
flowers from May to July, and is found in the woods and 15. Orobus Procumbens ; Procumbent Bitter Vetch.
among the bushes in most parts of Europe, from Sweden to Leaves pinnate outer leaflets larger, tomentose stem pro-
; ;

Greece, but not in Great Britain. cumbent. This is a low plant the flowers come out in small
;

10. Orobus Pyrenaicus ; Pyreneun Bitter Vetch. Stem bunches, standing upon short axillary peduncles they are ;

branched ; leaves two-paired, lanceolate, nerved stipules ; small, and of a bright purple colour, and are succeeded by
somewhat thorny; flowers directed one way, pendulous. compressed pods nearly two inches long, each having six or
Native of the south of Europe. seven roundish compressed seeds. Native of La Vera Cruz.
11. Orobus Sylvaticus Wood Bitter Vetch. Stems decum-
; 16. Orobus Coccineus; Scarlet Bitter Vetch. Leaves
bent, hirsute, branched ; leaves pinnate, with numerous pinnate ;
Stem procumbent ; flowers
leaflets linear, villose.
ovate-lanceolate hairy leaflets. From the roots arise nume- axillary
root woody, thick, sending out
and terminating ;

rous procumbent stems, much branched, and even, the many slender stalks a foot and half long, trailing upon the
younger shoots but slightly hairy; roots thick, woody, peren- ground : the flowers come out from the side and at the end
nial, with a leguminous taste ; flowers six, seven, or more, of the stalks, three or four standing upon a short foot-stalk ;
on the same common peduncle, pendulous, on slender pedi- they are small, and of a scarlet colour, and are succeeded by
cels, reddish on the outside, white with purple veins within. short taper pods, each containing three orfour small roundish
It flowers from to July.
May Native of France and Eng- seeds. Native of La Vera Cruz.
land, It has been found in abundance about six miles from Orontium ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
Penrith, on the way to Newcastle; and in Wales below gynia: GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spadix cylindrical
Brecknock-hills, in the way to Caerdiff; and in Merioneth- quite simple, covered with florets; spathe none ; perianth
shire, not far from Bala ; and also in Denbighshire. In none, (unless the corolla be so called.) Corolla : petals six,
Scotland it has been met with on the Tweed, half-a-mile peltate, roundish, angular, permanent. Stamina : filamenta
below the Buld; in the woods about Airly Castle ; on the six, very short, ensiform within each petal ; antheree twin,
banks of the Clyde, near Lanark and in the isle of Rum; ; oblong. Pistil: germen roundish, depressed; style none;
it has also been seen near Ross-Trevor in Ireland.
stigma roundish, bifid. Pericarp: follicle slender, immersed
12. Orobus Venetus; Venetian Bitter Vetch. Leaves pin- with the corolla in the spadix. Seed: single, round, fungose.
nate, ovate, acute, four-paired; stem simple; root perennial. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Spadix: cylindrical, covered
The flowers appear in March or April, and the seeds some- with florets. Corolla: six-petalled, naked. Style: none.
times ripen in May. Native of Italy. Follicles : one-seeded. The species are,
 O RY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. ORY
1. Orontium Aquaticum. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, float- ing, not fleshy flowers in a terminating panicle ; calicine
;

leaflets lanceolatevalves of the corolla equal in length the

ing, stalked. They arc like those of the Lily of the Valley, ; ;

green on the upper side, and covered with very minute hairs, inner valve even, awnless ; the outer twice as wide, four-
so that they look like tiue velvet. Spikes solitary, on long sim- grooved, hispid, awned ; style single, two-parted. Rice
ple stalks, consisting of numerous, crowded, green-
sessile, has a culm generally about four feet high, and is cut from six
ish-white flowers. Cattle, hogs, and deer, are very fond to eight months after planting: it is cultivated in marshes,
of the leaves in the spring, and they come out among the and withers with drought, or in a small degree of saltness.
earliest. The Indians gather the seeds, and eat them when The Dry, or Mountain Rice, has a culm three feet high ;

dried like peas, boiling them repeatedly in water before they panicle spiked; spikes branching; fruit turgid, brownish-red,
are fit for use :
they also boil them in milk or butter, and with shorter awns ; it ripens and is cut in the fourth month
use them instead of bread they call the plant, Taw-kee.
;
from planting. It is cultivated in the hilly parts of Java, and
It flowers in June, and grows plentifully in the marshes near in
many of the Eastern islands, where no water but rain can
moist and low grounds, in Virginia, Canada, and other pro- come it is planted in the beginning of the rainy season, and
:

vinces of North America. reaped in the beginning of the dry season. The natives call
2. Orontium Japonicum. Leaves ensiform, veined ; scape it
Paddy Gunung, which signifies Mountain Rice. It is
round, smooth, upright, from a finger to a palm in height ;
wholly unknown in the western parts of India, but is culti-
flowers at the top of the scape distinct, in an oblong spike, an vated in Cochin-china, where it thrives in dry light soils, on
inch in length. It differs from the
preceding in having much the sides of hills, not requiring more moisture than the usual
longer leaves, attenuated below, and marked with several rains and dews (which are not plentiful at the season of its
raised veins, and a shorter scape. It flowers in January. vegetation) supply. The varieties of Rice, like those of other
Native of Japan. cultivated grain, are innumerable they differ in the time of
:

Orpine. See Sedutn and Telephium. springing, growth, and maturity, in the sort of soil that they
Ortegia ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia. require, in the form and colour of the seed, and probably in
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix
perianth five-leaved,
: other characters, if
they were carefully examined. It is culti-
erect, with oval leaflets, membranaceous
at the edge, per- vated in great abundance all over India, where the country
manent. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta three, awl- will admit of being flooded, in the southern
provinces of
shaped, shorter than the calix ; autheree linear, compressed, China, Cochin-china, Cambodia, Siam, and Japan; in which
shorter than the filamenta. Pistil: germen ovate, three-sided last
country it is very white, and of the best quality. In Caro-
at the top style filiform, almost the length of the calix ;
; lina it has long been a staple commodity ; owing, it is said, to a
stigma blunt-headed. Pericarp : capsule ovate, three-cor- small bag of Paddy given as a present by a treasurer of the
nered above, one-celled, three-valved at the top. Seeds: East India Company's to a Carolina trader. A Dutch vessel,
very many, extremely small, oblong, sharp at both ends. from Madagascar, is also said to have imported Rice into the
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: same province ; and to this, the two different sorts are attri-
none. Capsule: one-celled. Seeds: very many. The buted. It has also been introduced into cultivation in the south-
species are, ern kingdoms of Europe, as Italy, Spain, the south of France,
1. Ortegia Hispanica;
Spanish Ortegia. Stem branched ;
and within a few years into Hungary. Its native country
peduncles many-flowered. Root round, knobbed, descend- is unknown.
Propagation and Culture. Much of the low
ing, with branched fibres in the lower part stems several,
;
grounds in the middle and southern provinces of China is ap-
a foot high, thickened at the joints, which are red and dis- propriated to the culture of Rice which constitutes the princi-
;

tant; branches from bottom to top, decussately opposite, pal partof the food of all those who are not so indigent as to be
erect, subdivided ; flowers herbaceous, small, so close forced to subsist on cheaper kinds of gf ain. A great proportion
as to appear to be glomerate, on very short peduncles. It of the surface of the country is well adapted to the production
flowers in July, and is a low, trailing, annual plant. Native of Rice. Many and great rivers fun through the several pro-
of Spain. vinces of China; the low grounds bordering on these rivers
2. Ortegia Dichotoma ; Forked
Ortegia. Stem dichoto- are annually inundated, by which means a rich mud or muci-
mous ; peduncles one flowered ; root perennial flowers in ;
lage is brought upon their surface, that fertilizes the soil in
forked panicles, greenish. Native of Italy. the same manner as Egypt is by the overflowing of the Nile.
Oryza ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Digynia. After the mud has lain some days, preparations are made
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume one-flowered, two- for planting Rice, by inclosing a small spot of ground ,by a
valved, very small, acuminate, almost equal. Corolla : two- bank of clay : the earth is ploughed up, and an upright
valved ; valves boat-shaped, concave, compressed, the harrow, with a row of wooden ping in the lower end, is drawn
larger
five-angled, awned ; nectary two-leaved, flat, on one side of slightly over it by a buffalo. The grain, previously steeped
the germen, very small leaflets narrow at the base, truncate
; in dung diluted with animal water, is then very
thickly sown
at the top, caducous. Stamina: filamenta six, capillary, the upon it. A thin sheet of water is ifomediatly brought over
length of the corolla antherse bifid at the base.
; Pistil : it, either by channels for drawing wator from a higher ground,

germen. turbinate ; styles two, capillary, reflex ; stigmas club- or from lower by means of a chain-pump, the use of which
shaped, feathered. Pericarp : none ; corolla growing to the is as familiar as that of a hoe to
every Chinese husbandman.
seed, oval-oblong-, compressed ; margins thin, two streaks on In a few days the shoots appear above the water and in ;

each side. Seed: single, large, oblong, blunt, compressed, that interval the remainder of the ground intended for cul-
with two streaks on each side. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. tivation, if stiff, is ploughed, the lumps broken by hoes, and
Calix : glume two-valved, one-flowered. Corolla : two- the surface levelled by the harrow. As soon as the shoots
valved, almost equal, growing to the seed. The only have attained the hejght of six or seven inches, they are
known species is, plucked up by the roots, the tops of the blades cut off, and
1.
Oryza Saliva; Common Rice. This plant has the culm each root is planted
separately,
sometimes in small furrows
from one to six feet in height, and it is annual, erect, sim- turned with the plough, and sometimes in holes made in rows
ple, round, jointed leaves subulate, linear, reflex, embrac-
;
by a drilling stick made for that purpose. The roots are
VOL, II. 84. 31
216 OSB THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OS M
about a foot asunder. Water is brought over them a second leafed, bell-shaped, permanent border four-parted, deci-
;

time, for the convenience of irrigation ; and to regulate its duous lobes oblong, acute, with a ciliate scalelet interposed
;

proportion, the Rice-fields are subdivided by narrow ridges between the lobes. Corolla : petals four, roundish, sessile,
of clay into small inclosures. Through a channel in each longer than the calix. Stamina: filamenta eight, filiform,
ridge, the water is conveyed at will to every subdivision. As short; antheree oblong, erect, terminated by a filiform beak,
the Rice approaches to maturity, the water by evaporation the length of the anthem itself. Pistil : germen inferior,
and absorption disappears entirely and the crop, when ripe,
; ovate, fastened to the calix below, terminated at top by four
covers dry ground. The first harvest in the southern pro- ciliate scales ; style awl-shaped, the
length of the stamina ;
vinces is towards the end of May or beginning of June. stigma simple. Pericarp : capsule, roundish ovate, clothed
The instrument for reaping is a small-toothed sickle; the with the truncated tube of the calix, subovate, four-celled, the
sheaves are placed regularly in frames, two of which, sus- cells gaping longitudinally at the top. Seeds: very many,
pended at the extremities of a bamboo pole, are carried across roundish receptacle crescent-shaped ; according to Geert-
;

the shoulders of a man to the place where it is to be thrashed. ner. wide, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
This operation is
performed not only by a flail, or by the four-cleft, with the lobe separated by a ciliary scale ; Corolla:
treading of cattle, but sometimes also by striking it against four-petalled. Stamina: eight. Antheree: beaked. Capsule:
a plank set upon its edge, or by beating it against the side inferior, four-celled, surrounded by the truncated tube of the
of a large tub scolloped for that purpose, the back and sides calix. Gartner says, the Calix: five-cleft, without inter-
being much higher than the front, to prevent the grain from culated scales ; corolla, five-peulled ; stamina, ten ;
capsule
being dispersed. After being winnowed, it is carried to the five-celled. The species are,
granary. To remove the skin or husk of Rice, a large strong 1. Osbeckia Chincnsis. Leaves sessile ;
peduncles axil-
earthen vessel, or hollow stone, in form somewhat like that lary, three-flowered, bracted. Root perennial, woody, some-
which is used elsewhere for filtering water, is fixed firmly in times consisting of a little knob with branches stems qua-
;

the ground, and the grain placed upon it is struck with a drangular, the thickness of a packthread, seldom exceeding
conical stone fixed to the extremity of a lever, and cleared half a yard in length, generally branched, and sometimes
(sometimes indeed imperfectly) from the husk. The same like a little bush. The branches, which are quadrangular
object is attained by passing the grain between two flat stones and somewhat hairy, are commonly opposite and single, if
of a circular form, the upper of which turns round upon the not divided ; on the top are commonly two flowers sur-
other, but at such a distance from it as not to break the rounded with four leaves, two of which are short, but longer
grain. The operation is performed on a larger scale in mills than the flowers. The leaves are opposite, each couple is an
turned by water ; the axis of the wheel carrying several arms, inch or more from the other, and the nearer to the flower
which raise levers by striking upon the end of them. Some- the farther they are asunder ; seeds small, in a microscope
times twenty of these levers are worked at once. The straw looking like little worms lying in a circular form. The Chi-
is cut chiefly into chafF, to serve as
provender for the very nese call this plant Komm Heyong-loaa, or Feather of Gold
few cattle employed in Chinese husbandry. The labour of Roses. The whole plant is sold in the apothecaries' shops :

the first crop being finished, the ground is immediately pre- they boil it with old Kuli Tea, and drink the decoction in
pared for the reception of the fresh seeds. The first opera- colics; they bathe strains and swellings with the same decoc-
tion is to pull up the stubble, collect it in small heaps, burn tion. Native of the East Indies and China.
it, and scatter the ashes upon the field. The former pro- 2. Osbeckia Zeylanica. Leaves petioled peduncles axil-
;

cesses are afterwards renewed. The second crop is generally lary, one-flowered, naked. It
greatly resembles the preced-
ripe late in October, or early in November. The grain is ing. Native of Ceylon.
treated as, before; but the stubble is no longerburnt.it is Five other species of Osbeckia, with five-cleft flower* and
turned underneath the plough, and left to putrefy in the ten stamens, were found by Dr. Afzelius, at Sierra Leone.
earth. This, with the slime brought upon the ground by Osier. See Sa/i.r.

inundation, are the only manures employed in the foreign Osmites; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga-
cultivation of Rice :lands thus fertilized by the overflowing mia Frustranea. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common,
of the tide in the proximity of the sea, of rivers, or canals, imbricate, gibbous, with the inmost leaflets augmented at
are not appropriated solely to the production of Rice ;
the tip. Corolla: compound, radiate; corollets hermaph-
they are found equally suitable for raising an excellent crop rodite, several in the disk ; female in the ray; proper of the
of Sugar-canes, with the precaution of keeping off the water hermaphrodite, tubular, five-cleft of the female, ligulate,
;

after the young canes appear above the surface. Satisfied entire. Stamina : in the hermaphrodites ; filamenta five,
with two crops of Rice or one of Sugar in the year, the very short antheree cylindrical, tubular. Pistil : in the her-
;

Chinese husbandman generally suffers the land to remain at maphrodites germen oblong; style filiform, the length of
;

rest the following spring, when the same process is

till the corollet; stigma bifid in the females, germen smaller;
:

repeated. And thus, from generation to generation, succes- style filiform, the length of the corollet; stigma obsolete.
sive crops are raised from the same soil, without the least Pericarp : none. Calix : unchanged. Seeds : in the herma-
idea of any necessity to let the earth lie fallow or idle for a phrodites, solitary, oblong, with scarcely any pappus, or only
year. Culture in England. Sow the seeds on a hot-bed, margined ; the pappus obsolete, and somewhat chaffy : in
and when the plants are come up, transplant them into pots the females, rudimenta commonly abortive. Receptacle:
filled with rich light earth, and placed in pans of water, chaffy. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: imbricate, sca-
which should be plunged into a hot-bed, renewing the water riose. Corolla: of the ray lignlate. Down: obsolete. Recep-
in proportion to the waste.
Keep them in the stove all the tacle: chaffy. The species are,
summer, and towards the end of August they will produce 1. Osmites Bellidiastrum. Leaves linear, downy;
the grain, which will ripen tolerably well, provided the stems scariose branches woody, and thickish
;
flowers ;

autumn be favourable. several in number, at the ends of the stem and branches ;
Osbeckia ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono- their disk is yellow, and the rays white. Native of the
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- Cape.
 OSM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OSM 217

2. Osmites Camphorina. Leaves lanceolate, subserrate, 3. Osmunda Virginica. Scape cauline, solitary ; frond
cothed at the base; stems quite simple, with one peduncled superdecompound. Native of North America.
flower; ray of the corolla white ; disk yellow; seeds small, 4. Osmunda Ternata- Scape cauline, solitary ; frond
ovate, attenuated each way to an obsolete edge, convex on three-parted, subdecompound ; root composed of numerous
one side, and grooved or striated flat on the other, pale. It filiform bundles, with few fibrils.
fibres in It flowers in

has a very strong smell of camphor, and from that peculiarity October and November, and is a native of
Japan.
derives both its names. Native of the Cape. 5. Osmunda Phyllitides. Scapes cauline, in pairs ; frond
3. Osmites Asteriseoides. Leaves lanceolate, dotted; pinnate ; stem even. Native of South America.
stems leafy, thick, warted; flowers terminating, sessile. 6. Osmunda Hirta. Scapes cauline, in pairs ; frond pin-
Gartner is of opinion that this species differs so much from nate stem rough-haired ; root a bundle of small fibres.
;

the preceding, that it might form a distinct genus. Native Found in the island of Martinico.
of the Cape. 7. Osmunda Hirsuta. Scapes cauline, in pairs ; frond
4. Osmites Calycina. Leaves lanceolate, naked calices ;
pinnate, hirsute. Native of Jamaica.
scariose; stem erect, proliferous, not thickened; branches 8. Osmunda Odianthi folia. Scapes cauline, in pairs ; frond
a little flowers terminating, solitary, sessile ;
pubescent ; superdecompound. Native of Jamaica.
corolla yellow. Native of the Cape. 9. Osmunda Verticillata. Scapes radicate ; racemes verti-
Osmuntiu ; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Filices. cillate frond superdecompound.
;
Native of South America.
GF.SF.UIC CiiAK.u-TER. Capsules : distinct, dispersed in 1 0. Osmunda Cervina. Scape radicate ; frond pinnate J
a raceme in such a manner as to lo<ik the same way, or else pinnas quite entire. Native of South America.
11. Osmunda Bipinnata. Scape radicate ; frond pinnate ;
heaped on the back of the pinna or division of the frond,
sessile, subglobular, opening transversely, without any ring. pinnas pinnatifid. Native of South America.
Seeds very many, extremely minute. Observe. The species
: 12. Osmnnda Peltata. Shoot creeping; fructifications
with capsules surrounded by an elastic ring, ought to be pedate, distinct, roundish-halved, entire , fronds dichoto-
removed from this genus. The Osmund Royal, and other mous, with linear segments. Native of Jamaica.
13. Osmunda Aurita.
European sorts, Moonwort exempted, will grow in a moist Scapes radicate ; fronds bipinnate
situation in gardens, but will not thrive well without at bottom, pinnate at top ; pinnas at the base, eared upwards,
shady
bog earth. The
species are, serrate, convex, shining. Native of Jamaica.
1. Osmunda Zeylanica. Scape cauline, solitary; fronds 14. Osmunda Filiculifolia. Scape radicate, panicled ;
verticillate, lanceolate, undivided, plant a foot high, with a frond superdecompound. Found in South America.
naked stem, terminated commonly by seven petioled, undi- 15. Osmunda Regalis ; Osmund Royal, or Flowering
vided, lanceolate leaves, placed in a ring, and erect among ; Fern. Fronds bipinnate, racemiferous at the top; root
them rises a cylindrical peduncled spike. Native of Ceylon. thick, externally fibrous, and covered with thin brown scales ;
2. Osmunda Lunaria Moonwort. Scape cauline, soli-
; plant from two to four feet high, of a pleasant and transpa-
tary; frond pinnate, solitary.
Root fibrous; plant three, rent green. A strong decoction of the rotots is said to increase
four, or five inches high, sometimes a little higher; the stem the urinary discharge, and is good in most obstructions of
divides in the -middle into two branches, one of which imme- the viscera. It is not much regarded at present, but
instances are not wanting in which it has cured the jaundice
diately puts forth leaflets on each side,
the other supports a
naked flowering raceme. The difficulty of meeting with this when taken at the beginning of the complaint. It is the
plant, which is not common, and lies concealed among grass, largest and handsomest of our British Ferns; and is found
the singularity of its leaves, and its medical qualities, all near Yarmouth and St. Kitt's, and in Newton bogs, near
conspire to make it sought after. The leaves dried, and Norwich ; in the New Forest ; in Cornwall ; in the isle oi
given in powder, stop purgings and uterine hsemorrhages ; Anglesea; in several parts of Scotland; and in Kirkistown
and if they are bruised and applied to a cut, they will stop bog in Ireland, where it is called Bog Onion.
the bleeding, and heal it in a day or two. A decoction of 16. Osmunda Clay toniana ; Virginian Osmunda. Fronds
the plant in red wine stops vomiting, tnward bleeding, the pinnate; pinnas pinnatifid, closely fructifying at top. It

whites, and most kinds of fluxes. It is also excellent for flowers in August, and is a native of North America.
bruises, sprains,and ruptures; but it is mostly esteemed 17. Osmunda Capensis. Fronds pinnate; pinnas cordate-
and made use of in liniments, oils, balsams, and salves, for lanceolate, crenulate; scape formed of the fructifying frond.
green wounds, &c. This plant will not grow in any but a Native of the Cape.
It is a native of most parts of Europe, found 18. Osmunda Cinnamomea; Woolly Osmunda. Fronds
dry situation.
in dry pastures, flowering from May to July. In England pinnate; pinnas pinnatifid; scapes hirsute; racemes oppo-
it
may be obtained near Linton and Chippcuham in Cam- site, compound. It flowers in June- Native of North
bridgeshire ; Colchester in Essex; Bury in Suffolk; Stratton America.
heath in Norfolk; Shotover hill, and North Leigh heath, in 19. Osmunda Struthiopteris; Bird's-nest or Russian Os-
Oxfordshire; Scadbury park; Maidstone, Blackheath, and mvnda. Fronds pinnate; pinnas pinnatifid, fructifying;
Chesselhurst common, in Kent; on the north side of Bredon scape distich. The fronds grow in a ring forming a hollow
hill; and near Stourbridge in Worcestershire; near Bath in disk, affording an asylum for some of the amphibia, and the
Somersetshire; in various parts of Nottinghamshire and Lan- nests of birds, whence its name. Native of the north of
cashire near Settle and Ingleton in Yorkshire ; in the moun-
; Europe.
tainous pastures of Westmoreland: in Scotland, on Ardgath 20. Osmunda Lineata. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, ob-
hill to the north of Linlithgow; near Dundonald's, two miles liquely cordate at the base, entire at the edge ; the fructify-
irom Little Loch Broom on the western coast of Ross-shire ;
; ing pinnas crenulate, scaly in the middle. Native of Jamaica.
in the Isle of Skye in Ireland, on the rising ground of a
: 21. Osmunda Polypodioides. Fronds lanceolate, pinna-
meadow 200 yards north of the second lock of Lagan canal. tifid;segments confluent, entire, ascending, with raised dots
There are several varieties of this curious little plant, with on the edge scape lanceolate pinnas remote. Native of
; ;

several leaves and spikes, and .with several leaves cloven. Jamaica.
218 OS! THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; O ST
22. Osmunda Spicaijs Rough Spleenwort. Fronds lan-
; other. During the summer season the pots should be fre-
ceolate, pinnatifid segments confluent, quite entire, parallel.
;
quently removed, to prevent the plants from rooting through
Botanists are much divided concerning the genus of this the holes in the bottom of the pots into the ground, which
plant: Dr. Withering and Hedwig determined it to belong they are very liable to, after continuing undisturbed. This
to the genus Acrostichum Dr. Smith refers it to the
; causes them to shoot very luxuriantly and on their being
;

Blechnum ; and Mr. Robson, to the Pteris genus ; but removed, these shoots, and sometimes the whole plants, will
wherever may finally be fixed, it clearly cannot be an
it
decay. As the first and second sorts are very thirsty plants,
Osmunda. Native of woods, and on moist heaths in several they should be supplied with plenty of water. The spe-
parts of Europe and not uncommon in Great Britain. It
; cies are,

produces its fructifications from July to September. 1

Osteospermum Spinosum ; Prickly Osteospermum.
.

23. Osmunda Crispa; Curled Osmunda, or Stone Fern. Spines branched. This is a low shrubby plant, which seldom
Fructifications in lines along the under margin of the leaflets, rises above three feet high, and divides into many branches.
which is rolled back upon them ; after the discharge of the The flowers are produced singly at the end of the shoots,
seeds, increasing in breadth, so as to cover the whole disk they are starlike, yellow, have a pleasant smell, and appear
except the midrib. The fructifications are ripe in Septem- in July and August. Native of the Cape.
ber. Native of several parts of Europe, as Switzerland, 2. Osteospermum Pisiferum Smooth Osteospermum.
;

Denmark, the south of France, Italy, and Britain, where it Leaves lanceolate, mucronate, subpetioled, smooth, serrate ;

is found in the county of Rutland ; on Cader Idris in Wales ;

branchlets angular, toothletted. Stem four or five feet high,
atShap near Kendal ; and is common upon rocks, heaths, dividing into many branches towards the top, which spread
and old walls, in the northern counties, and in Scotland. out flat on every side, and have a purplish bark. The flowers
24. Osmunda Japonica. Frond bipinnate; pinnas cor- are yellow, standing single upon long axillary peduncles,
date, lanceolate, serrate; stipe of the frond round, yellow, which have a very few small leaves growing alternately their
smooth. Native of Japan, flowering in April and May. whole length. Native of the Cape.
25. Osmunda Lancea. Frond bipinnate; pinnas lanceolate, 3. Osteospermum Moniliferum Poplar-leaved Osteosper-
;

serrate. Native of Japan, flowering in April and May. mum. Leaves obovate, serrate, petioled, subdecurrent. Stem
26. Osmunda Discolor. Fronds pinnate ; pinnas oblong, shrubby, seven or eight feet high, covered with a smooth
sharpish, entire, sessile, alternate, approximating. Native gray bark, and dividing into several branches, at the ends of
of New Zealand. which the yellow flowers come forth in clusters. Native of
27. Osmunda Procera. Fronds pinnate ; pinnas remote, the Cape.
ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, sessile. Native of New 4. Osteospermum Ilicifolium Holm-leaved Osteospermum.
;

Zealand. Leaves oblong, with angular teeth, rugged, half-embracing

Osteospermum ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order the stem branches grooved.
; Native of the Cape.
Polygamia Necessaria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : 5. Osteospermum Ciliatum Fringe-leaved Osteospermum.
;

common simple, hemispherical, many-leaved; leaflets awl- Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, crenate, ciliate. Native of the
shaped, small. Corolla: compound rayed; corollets herma- Cape.
phrodite, very many in the disk females about ten in the
;
6- Osteospermum Junceum Reedy Osteospermum. Leaves
;

ray : proper of the hermaphrodite, tubular, five-toothed, the linear, acute, keeled, distant ; panicle terminating. Stem five
length of the calix; of the female, ligulate, linear, three-toothed, feet high, upright, stiff and straight, even. Native of the
very long.
Stamina: in the hermaphrodites; filamenta five, Cape.
capillary, very short; anthera cylindrical, tuberous. Pistil: 7. Osteospermum Triquetrum. Leaves linear, three-sided ;

in the hermaphrodites germen very small ; style filiform,

;
stem suffruticose. Native of the Cape.
scarcely the length of the stamina; stigma obsolete: in the 8. Osteospermum Corymbosum. Leaves lanceolate, and
females, germen globular; style filiform, the length of the smooth; flowers panicled. Stem upright, determinately
stamina stigma emarginate. Pericarp: none; calix un-
;. branched, even, the thickness of a finger. The flowers yel-
changed. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites none in the females : low. Native of the Cape.
solitary, subglobular, coloured, at length hardened, inclosing 9. Osteospermum Imbricatum. Leaves .ovate, blunt, imbri-
a kernel of the same shape; pappus none. Receptacle: cate stem determinately branched, two feet high, scarred.
;

naked, flat. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER Calix: simple, or Native of the Cape.

in two rows, many-leaved, almost equal. Seeds: globular, 10. Osteospermum Herbaceum. Leaves ovate, subsessile
coloured, bony: Geertner says, berried, or nucamentaeeous ; spatulate, serrate; stem herbaceous. Native of the Cape.'
down none; receptacle naked. These plants being too 1 1 .
Osteospermum Niveum. Leaves ovate, petioled, tooth-
tender to live in the open air in England, are placed in the ed, woolly. Native of the Cape.
green-house in October, and may be treated in the same 12. Leaves ovate, petioled,
Osteospermum Perfoliatum.
manner as Myrtles, and other hardy green-house plants, which angular, toothed, tomentose underneath; petioles perfoliate,
require a large share of air in mild weather; and in the begin- embracing. Native of the Cape.
ning of May, the plants may be removed into the open air, 13. Osteospermum Polygaloides. Leaves lanceolate, scat-
and placed in a sheltered situation during the summer season. tered, decurrent, smooth, quite entire; axils woolly; stalk
They are propagated by cuttings, which may be planted in about four feet high, dividing into many small branches, at
any of the summer months, upon a bed of light earth, and the ends of which the flowers come
out, standing singly on
should be watered and shaded until they have taken root, peduncles about an inch long. Native of the Cape.
which they will in five or six weeks, when they must be 14. Osteospermum Calendulaceum. Leaves lanceolate,
taken up and planted in pots for if they be suffered to stand
; sessile, toothed, rugged; stem fleshy, lax. Native of the
long, they will make strong vigorous shoots, and will be Cape.
difficult to transplant afterwards, especially the second and 15. Osteospermum Arctotoides. Leaves lyrate, petioled;
third sorts; but there it not so much danger of the first, petioles eared at the base, half-embracing, tomentose. Na-
which is not so vigorous, nor so easy in taking root, as the tive of the Cape.
 OT H OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OTH 219

16. Osteospermum Rigidum. Leaves tooth-pinnatifid, hermaphrodite, tubular, five-toothed, scarcely longer than the
branches unarmed. Native of the Cape. calix of the female, ligulate, lanceolate, longer than the calix,
;
hairy ;

17. Osteospermum Coeruleum Blue-flowered Osteosper- three-toothed, reflex. Stamina : in the hermaphrodites, fila-
;

mum. Leaves pinnate; pinnas toothed. This is an under- menta five, capillary, very short; anthera cylindric, tubular,
shrub, three feet high, with a strong smell; root woody, the length of the corollet. Pistil : in the hermaphrodites,

branching, fibrous stem somewhat woody, erect, round, germen oblong; style filiform, commonly longer than the
;

in the females, germen oblong;

regularly branched, gray flowers terminating, very loosely stamina; stigma bifid, simple
:
;

corymbed, peduncled, erect, blue, an inch wide. Native of style filiform, the same length as in the others stigma reflex, ;

the Cape. larger. Pericarp : none calix unchanged, permanent. ;

Oswego Tea. See Monarda Didyma. Seeds : in the hermaphrodites none in the females solitary, ;

Triandria. oblong, naked, or downy.

Osyris; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Receptacle: naked, dotted;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth one-leafed, according to Gsertner, somewhat villose in the middle, exca-
trifid, turbinate segments equal, ovate, acute.
;
Corolla : vated about the edge". Observe. In some species the seeds
none, except a little nectariferous rim. Stamina : filamenta are crowned with a down ; in some the calix is divided
three, very short; antherse roundish, small. Pistil: an beyond the middle in others only toothed but the figure is
; ;

abortive rudiment. Female. Calix: perianth as in the male, the same in all. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: one-
superior, permanent, very small. Corolla: none, as in the leafed, multifid, subcylindrical. Down almost none. Recep- :

male. Pistil: germen turbinate, inferior; style the length tacle : naked. The plants of this genus are preserved in the
of the stamina stigma three-parted, spreading.
;
Pericarp dry-stove, or even in the green-house, without any artificial
:

berry globular, one-celled, umbilicated. Seeds: bony, glo- warmth it is sufficient to

protect them well from frost and
; ;

bular, filling the pericarp. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. in mild weather they must have a large portion of air, but be
Calix: trifid. Corolla: none. Female. Stigma: roundish. placed during the summer in a sheltered situation. They
Drupe: one-celled. The species are, may be increased during the summer months by cuttings,
1.
Osyris Alba; Poet's Cassia. Leaves linear. This is a planted upon an old hot-bed, and covered with glasses,
very low shrub, seldom rising above two feet high, having shading them from the sun in the heat of the day when they ;

woody branches flowers small, of a yellowish-green colour, have taken root, plant each into a separate pot filled with
;

succeeded by berries, which at first are green, and afterwards soft loamy earth, and place them in the shade till they have
turn to a bright red colour, like those of Asparagus. Native taken new root then remove them to a sheltered situation,
;

of France, Spain, Italy, Carniola, and Mount Libanus. It where they may remain till autumn, treating them in the same
grows by the side of roads, and between rocks, and is with way as the old plants. The species are,
great difficulty transplanted into gardens, nor does it thrive 1. Othonna Cacalioides Tv.berous Othonna, or African ;

after being removed so that the only method to obtain this

;
Ragwort. Tuber denudated, finger-lobed, plant-bearing;
plant, is to sow the berries where they are to remain. These scapes one-flowered ; leaves obovate, toothletted. Native of
berries generally remain a year in the ground before the the Cape.
plants appear, and sometimes they will lie two or three 2. Othonna Bulbosa ; Bulbous African Ragwort. Leaves
years; so that the ground should not be disturbed under oblong, naked, petioled; stem herbaceous ; peduncles one-
three years, if the plants do not come up sooner. The flowered, very long from the centre of the leaves arise the
:

seeds must be procured from the places where the plants footstalks of the flowers, which are five or six inches long,
naturally grow, for those which have been brought into branching out into several smaller, each sustaining one yellow
gardens never produce any, and it is with great difficulty radiated flower shaped like the former. There are several
they are preserved alive. varieties. It flowers in
May and June. Native of the Cape.
2. Osyris Japonica. Leaves ovate, floriferous stem shrub- ; 3. Othonna Denticulata; Dentated African Ragwort.
by, tubercled, a fathom high. The leaves are said to be Leaves oblong, toothletted, smooth, attenuated at the base,
eaten in Japan, where it is a native. embracing ; flowers panicled. It flowers in April and July.
Othera; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia. Native of the Cape.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, per- 4. Othonna Tagetes. Leaves linear, pinnate, somewhat
manent, four-parted, with ovate segments. Corolla : petals toothed; root annual; stem filiform, flexuose. Native of
four, ovate, blunt. Stamina : filamenta four, inserted at the the Cape.
very bottom of the petals, shorter by half than the corolla; 5. Othonna
Trifida. Leaves triftd. linear; flowers lateral,
anther* twin, four-grooved. Pistil :germen superior, smooth ; peduncled stem shrubby, proliferous, spreading, dusky.
;

style none; stigma sessile. Pericarp: capsule? ESSEN- Native of the Cape.
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-parted. Petals: four, ovate, 6. Othonna Pectinata; Wormwood-leaved African i'o$-
flat. Stigma: sessile. The only known species is, wort. Leaves pinnatifid segments linear, parallel. This
;

I. Othera Japonica. Stem shrubby; branches round, rises with a shrubby stalk, about the thickness of a man's
striated, purple ; leaves alternate, ovate, blunt, entire, smooth, thumb, two or three feet high, dividing into many branches,
coriaceous, spreading, an inch and half long petioles semi- ; covered with a hoary down. Native of the Cape.
cylindric, smooth, a line in length ; flowers axillary, aggre- 7. Othonna Abrotanifolia ; Southernwood-leaved African.
gate, peduncled, white peduncles half a line in length.
;
Ragwort. Leaves multifid, pinnate, linear, the joints of the
Native of Japan. stem villose. This has a low, shrubby, branching stalk the :

Othonna; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia leaves are thick, like those of Samphire, and are cut into
Necessaria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common, many narrow segments the flowers are produced on short
;

quite simple, one-leafed, blunt at the base, sharp at the end, peduncles at the ends of the branches; they are yellow, and
equal, divided into eight or twelve segments. Corolla: com- the seeds are brown. It flowers from January to March.

pound, rayed ; corollets hermaphrodite, many in the disk ; Native of the Cape.
females in the ray, the same number with the segments of 8. Othonna Athanasiae. Leaves pinnate, filiform; calix
the calix, often eight, some say about ten. Proper of the hemispherical, twelve-toothed; stem shrubby; flowers rather
VOL. II. 84. 3K
220 OTH THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OX A
large, terminating from the dichotomy, on a one-flowered terminating, the size of hemp-seed, yellow. Native of the
peduncle, twice as long as the leaves, and round corolla ; Cape.
yellow. The whole plant has a smell like turpentine. 25. Othonna Virginia. Leaves wedged, gashed ; stem
Native of the Cape. shrubby, compound, erect, round. Native of the Cape.
9. Othonna Ciliata. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile; pinnas 26. Othonna Frutescens ; S/irubby African Ragwort.
ovate, ciliat,e; peduncles terminating, elongated, one-flowered. Leaves oval, somewhat toothed; stem frutescent. This is
Native of the Cape. allied to the next species, from which it differs in
having
10. Othonna Pinnata. Leaves pinnatifid pinnas lanceo-
; remote toothed leaves, not clustered, and quite entire, as in
late, quite entire, decurrent. Native of the Cape. that; the stem without any hairy scars of the leaves; the
1 1. Othonna Trifurcata. Leaves trifid, pinnatifid pinnas ; ray eight-petalled, not five-petalled; the stem round, with
1 inear ;
peduncles lateral, fastigiate. Native of the Cape. smooth branches; the peduncles somewhat branched.
12. Othonna Munita. Leaves pinnatifid, imbricated, Native of the Cape.
curved inwards; pinnas three-sided, awl-shaped; stem dicho- 27. Othonna Arborescens ; Tree African Ragwort. Leaves
tomous peduncles from the divarications. This resembles
;
oblong, quite entire ; stem arborescent, fleshy, with woolly
the twenty-third species. Native of the Cape. scars. Native of the Cape. This plant makes very slow
13. Othonna Coronopifolia; Buckthorn-leaved African progress here : in August it puts out young leaves, which
Ragwort. Lower leaves
lanceolate, quite entire, upper sinu- it,
keeps all the winter; the heads of flowers appear about
ate, toothed. This rises with a shrubby stalk four or five the end of November, and do not ripen till the middle or
feet high, dividing into several branches the flowers are
;
end of January ; in spring the leaves gradually drop off, and
produced in loose umbels at the ends of the branches, and the plant appears as if dead, till the succeeding autumn.
are yellow. It flowers from Native of Ovieda; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
July to September.
the Cape. spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
14. Othonna Cheirifolia; Stock-leaved African Ragwort. leafed, five-cleft, bell-shaped, acute, erect, broadish, short,
Leaves lanceolate, three- nerved, quite entire; stem suffru- permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent, funnel-form,
ticose, creeping. This has a strong fibrous root, which shoots (trifid, according to Gsertner ;) tube very long, narrow, sub-

deep in the ground, and sends out many woody stems, which cylindric border short, three-lobed, (or five-lobed,) almost
;

spread on every side. Although it is a native of Africa, it equal. Stamina: filamenta four, thread-shaped, longer than
will live in the open air, in a warm situation and a the corolla; antherse roundish. Pistil: germen superior,
dry soil.
15. Othonna Crassifolia; Thick-leaved African Ragwort. globular; style filiform, the length of the stamina; stigma
Leaves lanceolate, quite entire, somewhat fleshy stem up- ; bifid, acute. Pericarp: berry globular, one-celled, quadri-
right. The flowers are produced towards the end of the partile, placed upon the calix, enlarged, bell-shaped, erect.
branches, upon succulent peduncles about four inches long, Seeds : four, gibbous on one side, angular on the other, one-
each sustaining one yellow flower, which appears in August, celled. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-cleft. Co-
and there is a succession till winter. Linneus remarks, that rolla : tube subcylindric, superior, very long ; border three-
itresembles the preceding species. Native of the Cape. , lobed, or three-cleft. Berry: globular, one-celled, quadri-
16. Othonna Parvifolia; Small-flowered African
Ragwort. partite,four-seeded. The species are,
Leaves lanceolate, glaucous, embracing; flowers panicled ;
1. Leaves oval, toothed.
Ovieda Spinosa. This is a
stem shrubby, two feet high, even peduncles shrub, with the flowers terminating, corymbed, subsessile
;
very long,
even, stiff, straight. Native of the Cape. among the terminating leaves berries black : they ripen in
;

17. Othonna Tenuissima Fine-leaved African Ragwort.

; May. Native of South America and Hispaniola.
Leaves filiform, fleshy ; stem from a foot to two feet high 2. Ovieda Mitis. Leaves lanceolate, subrepand. This is
and more, even. Native of the Cape. a smooth unarmed shrub. Native of Java.
18. Othonna Linifolia; Flax-leaved Oxalis a genus of the class Decandria, order Pentagynia.
African Ragwort. ;

Herbaceous: leaves linear, margined, grassy; stem a span GENERIC CHARACTER.' Calix: perianth five-parted,
high, filiform, even, with one or two-flowered branches. acute, very short, permanent. Corolla: petals five, often
Native of the Cape. cohering by the claws, erect, obtuse, emarginate ; border
19. Othonna Digitata; Digitate-leaved spreading. Stamina: filamenta ten, capillary, (Jacquin says
African Ragwort.
Leaves oblong, undivided, or digitate-toothed peduncles ; awl-shaped,) erect, the outer ones shorter ; antheroe roundish,
one-flowered ; root bulbous. Native of the Cape. grooved. Pistil
:
germen five-cornered, superior ; styles
20. Othonna Lingua. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, half- the length of the stamina ; stigma blunt. Pen-
five, filiform,
embracing ; root bulbous. Native of the Cape. carp: capsule five-cornered, five-celled, ten-valved, (accord-
21. Othonna Lateriflora;
Side-flowering African Ragwort. ing to Jacquin, five-valved,) gaping at the corners longitu-
Leaves lanceolate; flowers lateral; Seeds: roundish, flying out, covered with a fleshy
peduncles the length of dinally.
the leaves. This is an upright shrub, with the stem the size elastic aril. Observe. The capsule in some short, with
of a swan's quill. Native of the Cape. seeds in others long, with many seeds : the filamenta
solitary ;

22. Othonna Heterophylla. Root-leaves ovate, angular- of most coalesce at the base. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
toothed stem-leaves lanceolate, almost entire ; root bulbous.
; Calix: five-parted. Petals: five, often connected at the base.
Native of the Cape. Capsule : five-celled, five-cornered, opening at the corners.
23. Othonna Ericoides ; Heathlike African Seeds : The European and North American sorts
arilled.
Ragwort.
Stem dichotomous, imbricated; leaflets
acerose; peduncle require no particular culture ; the numerous species
from the
very long, solitary from the divarications; flower roundish, Cape of Good Hope must be planted in pots, which may be
not large. Native of the Cape. sheltered in the dry-stove or under a hot-bed frame in win
24. Othonna Capillaris ter, where they may have as much free air as possible
in mild
Capillary -branclied African Rag-
;

wort. Leaves lyrate branches capillary; root fibrous, weather. Most of them may be easily increased by offsets
;
very
slender; stems upright, a palm high, filiform, with the from the roots or bulbs which come out from the side of the
branches finally setaceous and capillaceous, even ; flowers stalks in great abundance. Those from the East and West
 OX A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OXA 221

Indies, being more tender, require to be placed in a stove, stem, upright or declining, so that it is little more than a
kept to a moderate degree of
warmth in winter ; they are variety of the tenth species. Browne recommends it as a
propagated by seeds sown in pots, plunged into a moderate pleasant cooler and diuretic, and says that it was formerly
hot-bed. When the plants come up, set them singly in pots administered in inflammatory cases, but has been little used
filled with light sandy earth, and plunged into a fresh hot- since the more agreeable acid fruit-trees have been so
gene-
bed, shading them from the sun until they have taken new rally cultivated in the West Indies. Mr. Mijler remarks,
root ; after which, they must be treated in the same manner that wherever this plant has been suffered to ripen its seeds,
as other tender plants from the same countries. The it has become a common weed. It flowers from June to
October. Native of N. America, Jamaica, and Piedmont.
species are, '

I. Division. With many-flowered Peduncles. 10. Oxalis Corniculata ; Yellow Procumbent Wood Sorrel.
* Stem prostrate, rooting ; peduncles two-flowered ; styles
Caulescent.
1 . Oxalis Pentantha. Stem upright ; leaflets obovate ; almost equal ; root branched, fibrous, brownish, annua! ;
short ; root branched ; corolla three times as long leaves alternate, collected in a small number at the rooting
styles very
as the calix, bell-shaped, spreading very much at top, round- part ; corolla twice as long as the calix, subcampanulate,
Native of the Caraccas in South America. yellow; claws erect. It has been found near Dawlish in
ed, yellow.
2. Oxalis Rhombifolia. Stem upright ; leaflets rhombed ; Devonshire, and is a native of Spain, Italy, Sicily, Greece,
styles very long root branched.
; Native of the Caraccas. Austria, Switzerland, Japan, China, and Cochin-china. It
3. Oxalis Plumieri. Stem upright; leaflets oblong ; pedun- flowers from May until October.
cles umbelled ; root branched ; leaves alternate, ternate ; 11. Oxalis ; Creeping Wood Sorrel.
Repens Stem pros-
peduncles axillary, solitary, spreading, about the length of trate, rooting; peduncles subbiflorous; styles nearly mid-
the leaves. Native of Guiana and the Caribbees. dling; root fibrous, slender, branched; leaves alternate,
4. Oxalis Barrelieri. Stem upright; leaflets oblong; pedun- ternate; petiole jointed, and widening at the base, half
cles bifid, racemed ; styles equal ; root branched, annual ; round, villose, green, almost upright, half an inch or more;
leaves alternate, ternate ; corolla twice as long as the calix, corolla three times as long as the calix, bell-shaped ; claws .

spreading very much at top, rounded, smooth, flesh-coloured. upright, pale; borders obovate, rounded, spreading very
Native of the Caraccas and Guiana. Jacquin observes, much, yellow. Native of the Cape of Good Hope, Mada-
that when sown early in the spring, it
grew luxuriantly in the gascar, and Ceylon. Both these last are acid, and might
stoves, produced seed abundantly, which from the elasticity supply the place of Oxalis Acetosella, if wanted for medi-
of the capsule could not be collected but with great difficulty, cal use.
and always perished in the winter ; but that when it was sown **
Sfipitated.
later in the season it sometimes outlived the winter, and 12. Oxalis Megalorrhiza ; Great-rooted Wood Sorrel,
flowered in the following spring, yet was nevertheless in a Leaves ternate, many-stumped root perennial, round, an ;

very languid and feeble state. inch in diameter, about eight inches long, having several
5. Oxalis Rosea ; Rose-flowered Wood Sorrel. Stem up- heads, divided below into branching legs full of clefts,
right ; leaflets obcordate ; peduncles divided, racemed; root covered with a double bark, the outer very thin, brownish
branched, annual; corolla twice as long as the calix, spread- ash-coloured the inner two lines in thickness, red, watery,
;

ing very much

at top, rounded, smooth, flesh-coloured. It acrid the substance of it is white, watery, acrid, having
;

flowers in the stove from May to October. Native of the red fibres in it running from the centre to the circumference;
Caraccas and Guiana. corolla three times as long as the calix, bell-shaped, yellow,
6. Oxalis Conorrhiza ; Conic-rooted Wood Sorrel. Stem marked below with three red lines on each petal. This species
upright; leaflets obcordate; peduncles subbiflorous root ;
is singular for the great size of the root, whence its trivial

perennial, turbinate, putting forth capillary fibrils from the name. The heads of it resemble so many fruticose stems.
side, nearly an inch thick at top, ending in a sharp point Native of the mountains of Peru.
Silky Wood Sorrel.
at bottom, fleshy, dusky ash-coloured ; corolla times 13. Oxalis Sericea; Leaves ternate-
many
longer than the calix, very wide, rounded, yellow. Native tomentose; styles of middling length; bulb deep in the
of Paraguay, in the vast plains to the northward of ihe river ground stipe standing out, villose, having one or two scales
;

De La Plata. about an inch in length, terminating in an umbel of leaves

7. Oxalis Crenata;
Notch-petalled Wood Sorrel. Stem and scapes; peduncles from two to five, one-flowered, the
upright; leaflets obcordate ; peduncles umbelliferous; petals middle ones shorter, drooping, each supported at the origin
crenate ; root annual, fusiform, putting forth many fibrils, with two ovate rough-haired little bractes ; corolla twice as
half an inch thick at top, pale green ; corolla three times as large as the calix, yellow. Native of the Cape.
long as the calix, bell-shaped, ten lines in diameter, yellow, 14. Oxalis Violacea; Violet-coloured Wood Sorrel. Leaves
with purple streaks on the inside. It seems to be
wholly ternate, obsoletely villose, numerous, fringed, on stalks
smooth. Native of Peru, near Lima; it is cultivated in about a span high styles very short, interior filamenta
; ;

gardens, and used as Sorrel. equal flowers when closed drooping, when expanded up-
;

8. Oxalis Dillenii. Stem upright; leaflets obcordate; right. Bulb roundish, ovate, covered with a "black coat,
peduncles subumbelliferous ; petals emarginate ; root annual, the size of a hazel nut, or less, very prolific, consisting of
branched, fibrous ; corolla three times as long as the calix, white fleshy scales, and having one or two red lines running
yellow. Native of Carolina. through them corolla three times as long as the calix, bell-
;

9. Oxalis Stricta ; Uprir/ht Wood Sorrel- Stem upright ; shaped claws yellowish borders obovate, rounded, violet,
; ;

leaflets obcordate peduncles umbelliferous ; petals quite

;
purple, striated, spreading very much. The bulb sometimes
entire ; root perennial, creeping, round, putting out capillary produces fleshy roots, the thickness of a finger. It flowers
in April and
fibres at the knots, branched ; corolla twice or thrice as
May Jacquin says, throughout the summer.
:

long as the calix, subcampanulate, yellow ; claws upright ; Native of Virginia.

borders obovate, very obscurely emarginate, and very spread- 15. Oxalis Caprina Goafs-foot Wood Sorrel.
; Leaves
ing. Swartz observes, that it varies with a stiffer and weaker ternate, smooth, half-lobed ; styles very short ; interior fila-
222 OX A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OX A "'

menta unequal flowers ^upright

; bulb ovate, triangular,
; 23. Oxalis Tubiflora ; Tube-flowered Wood Sorrel. Co-
even. The next species is considered as the Caprina, in the rollas caryophylleous ; filamenta unequal ;
styles very short ;

generality of European gardens, and is probably the Caprina bulb roundish, covered with a brownish coat, the size of
of Linneus, but this the Caprina of Thunberg and Jacquin. a hazel nut, or larger ; stem round, almost all
very hirsute,
Native of the Cape. leafy, sometimes, but seldom, having a single branchlet, half
16. Oxalis Cernua ;
Nodding Wood Sorrel. Leaves ter- a foot high, almost upright, weak, about half the thickness
nate, smooth ; styles very short ; interior filamenta equal ; of a pigeon's quill ; leaves alternate, subsessile,
spreading
flowers when closed drooping, when expanded upright ; bulb very much, ternate ; peduncles not jointed at the base, axil-
acuminate-ovate, smooth, covered with a brown coat, the lary, solitary, round, hirsute, almost of the same thickness
largest nine lines in length; corolla five times as long as the with the stem, two inches long, almost upright, alternate,
calix, bell-shaped; claws upright, pale yellow; borders very pale, with little bractes, approximately alternate below the
wide, obovate, rounded, spreading very much, yellow. calix ; smooth. It flowers in Europe in October and
styles
Native of the Cape. November. Willdenow unites this with the next species,
17. Oxalis Dentata. Leaves ternate; petioles round; Canescens, whose flower is of a more blueish purple. In
styles very long ; bulb oblong, half an inch long, covered both the styles are shorter than any of the stamens, and we
with a brown striated coat ; stipe under ground from an inch venture (says an eminent botanist) to esteem them male
in length, then rising above ground from one to four inches, plants the 22nd species, Macrostylis, in which the
;
styles
round, smoothish, brownish purple, more slender than a riseabove the stamens, being the female. Native of the
pigeon's quill, having a few scales, commonly leafless, except Cape.
that it has now and then a single leaf at top, almost upright, 24. Oxalis Canescens Hoary Wood Sorrel.
; Corollas
or declining, terminated by an umbel of leaves and flowers ; caryophylleous styles very short
; filamenta equal
; bulb ;

corolla four times as long as the calix, of a violet purple roundish or ovate, from the size of a pea to that of a hazel
colour, more pale on the outside, bell-shaped, spreading nut, with the scales a little loose, the outer ones brown, the
very much, and wide at the top. It flowers here in Novem- inner whitish dotted with red ; stem round, villose, half the
ber. Native of the Cape. thickness of a pigeon's quill, upright, half a foot, at
scaly
18. Oxalis Livida; Livid Wood Sorrel. Leaves ternate, the base, either quite simple or branched from the axils of
smoothish; scapes two-flowered; styles middling ; bulb ovate, the leaves ; peduncles not jflinted at the base, axillary, soli-
half an inch long, covered with a brown striated coat ; stipe an inch long,
tary, erect, alternate, villose, pale green, half
partly subterraneous, and from one to three inches long, with alternate approximating bractes below the calix ; styles
partly standing out two or three inches, round, nearry the somewhat villose. It flowers in Europe in September and
thickness of a pigeon's quill, smooth, leafless, upright, ter- October. Native of the Cape.
minating in an umbel of many leaves and fewer scapes, then 25. Oxalis Secunda. Corollas caryophylleous ; styles of
elongated above this, and ending in another leafy umbel ; a middling length ; bulb roundish, covered with a brown
corolla four times as long as the calix ; claws erect, yellow- coat, larger than a hazel nut; stem round, the thickness of
ish ; borders rounded, a pigeon's quill, extremely villose, brownish, only at bottom
wedge-shaped, spreading very much,
flesh-coloured, with the back on one side somewhat villose. scaly and leafless, weak, about a foot high, upright for
It flowers with us in October and Nov. Native of the Cape. some inches, and then more or less reclining, from most of
19. Oxalis Compressa. Leaves ternate, hirsute under- the leaves below the flowers increased by axillary erect
neath ; petioles compressed styles branchlets, that grow half a foot in length, but scarcely
;
very long ; stipes sub-
terraneous, terminating in an umbel of leaves and scapes ; ever bear flowers ; leaves alternate, approximating on very
corolla four times as long as the calix, short petioles, ternate. It flowers in Europe in October and
bell-shaped, yellow ;
antherse oblong, incumbent. Native of the Cape. November. Native of the Cape.
20. Oxalis Burmanni ; Digitate-leaved Wood Sorrel. 26. Oxalis Hirta; Hairy Wood Sorrel. Corollas bell-
Leaves digitate ; bulb oblong ; stipe subterraneous, termi- shaped ; styles very long ; filamenta toothless, equal ; bulb
nating in an umbel of leaves and scapes ; peduncles several, roundish, covered with a brown coat, the size of a hazel
drooping till the flowers open, and then upright; calicine nut; stem round, slender, smooth at bottom, the rest villose,
leaflets lanceolate, acute, erect ; corolla five times as long about eight inches in length, purplish brown, weak, flaccid,
as the calix, bell-shaped, yellow. Native of the Cape. hence it is sometimes almost upright, sometimes decumbent
21. Oxalis Sensitiva ; Sensitive Wood Sorrel. Leaves pin- or ascending,
putting forth from the axils branchlets that
nate ; root fibrous, brown; stipe standing out, round, about seldom flower. This species is remarkably rough in its wild
the thickness of a pigeon's quill, from half an inch to six state, but puts off much of its roughness when cultivated.
inches in height, obscurely jointed below, variegated with It flowers in Europe in September and October. Native of
red, or brown, or green, filled with a white pith, terminating the Cape.
in a close umbel of leaves and flowers ; corolla 27. Oxalis Hirtella. Corollas bell-shaped ; styles very
yellow. It is
a very beautiful plant. Native of Malabar, Ceylon, the long ; filamenta toothletted, unequal ; bulb roundish, with
Molucca Islands, and other parts of the East Indies, also of a brown skin, the size of a hazel nut; stem round, hirsute,
China and Cochin-china. commonly undivided, almost upright, weak, slender, green-
fl. Division. With about eight inches long, scaly at the base ; leaves alter-
one-flowered Peduncles. ish,
A. Caulescent. nate, on very short petioles, ternate; peduncles not jointed
22. Oxalis Macrostylis ;
Long-styled Wood Sorrel. Co- at the base,
axillary, solitary, alternate, roundish, villose,
rollas coryophylleous
styles very long ; bulb covered with
;
pale, flaccid, four inches long, having alternate bractes at
a ferruginous
shining coat, the size of a hazel nut ; stem top ; styles hirsute, with simple hairs. In Europe it flowers
round, hirsute, purple, slender, somewhat branched, from in October and November. Native of the Cape.
six to nine inches almost
high, upright; leaves subsessile, 28.Oxalis Multiflora ; Many*flowered Wood Sorrel.
scattered, approximating, spreading very much, ternate. It Corollas bell-shaped; styles very short; leaflets wedge
flowers in Europe in October. Native of the Cape. shaped; bulb roundish, larger than a hazel nut, with *
 OX A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY OX A 223

brownish skin, composed of fleshy, very thick ovate-acumi- B. Stipitated.

*
nate loose scales, forming as it were so many bulbs, hence With simple Leaves.
lobed stem round, almost upright, weak, somewhat villose,
;
34. Oxalis Lepida. Styles very long ; bulb roundish,
twice as large as a pea, half loose, with a soft compressile
brownish-purple, from the thickness of a pigeon's quill
to

only half the size, from six inches to a foot in height, branch- skin, lanuginose as it were, and of a brownish straw colour ;
ed ; leaves alternate, ternate, spreading very much, numerous, stipe subterraneous, from a line to an inch in length, having
subsessile. It flowers in Europe in October and November. a few scales at top, terminating in an umbel of a few leaves
Native of the Cape. and flowers. This, and the next two species, are so alike in
29. Oxalis Rubella. Corollas bell-shaped; styles mid- habit, leaves, bulbs, and flowers, that they can scarcely be
dling ; filamenta toothless bulb ovate, acute, the size of a
; distinguished. Native of the Cape.
hazel-nut, with aferruginous skin, loose; stem round, slender, 35. Oxalis Monophylla; Simple-leaved Wood Sorrel. Styles
somewhat hirsute, fleshy, weak, so that it is seldom really of middling length ; bulb roundish ; stipe short. Native of
the Cape.
upright, scaly at the base, brownish-purple, about half a
foot high. In Europe it flowers from October to December. 36. Oxalis Rostrata ; Beaked Wood Sorrel. Styles very
Native of the Cape. short. Native of the Cape.
**
30. Oxalis Rosacea. Corollas bell-shaped styles mid- ;
With binate Leaves.
dling filamenta gibbosely toothletted
: bulb roundish, or
;
37. Oxalis Crispa Curled Wood Sorrel. Leaflets obovate,
;

ovate, with a brown skin, less than a hazel-nut stem round, ;

curled ; bulb roundish, the size of a hazel-nut, with a brown
slender, very hirsute, leafless to the middle, with minute skin ; stipe partly subterraneous, about an inch long, and
wandering scales, sometimes, but very seldom, having an then standing out, shorter, scaly, leafless, brownish, the
axillary flowering branchlet at top, weak, prostrate, rising up
thickness of a pigeon's quill, upright, terminated by a thin
towards the top, from six inches to nearly a foot in height. umbel of leaves and flowers. -Native of the Cape.
This species 38. Oxalis Asmina; Asses'-eared Wood Sorrel.
is
easily distinguished from all the rest, by Leaflets
having its leaves at the ends of the stem, and branches very lanceolate ; styles middling ; bulb ovate, the size of a hazel-
closely collected into a form like a double rose, spreading, nut, with a brown skin ; stipe partly subterraneous, about an
and very hoary. In Europe it flowers from September to inch long, scaly, then standing out, shorter, scaly, leafless,
November. Native of the Cape. almost upright, terminated by an umbel of leaves and flowers ;
31. Oxalis Disticha. corolla four times as long as the calix ; claws erect, yellow.
Corollas bell-shaped styles mid- ;

dling: petioles wingedly stipuled; bulb elongated, ovate, The leaves are numerous, each pair on a winged obovate
half an inch long or more, covered with a brown skin, putting footstalk ; the flowers are yellow, on stalks rather taller than
forth a long thick fibre from the base; stem round, the thick- the foliage. Native of the Cape.
ness of a pigeon's quill, smooth, pale green, or dirty purple, 39. Oxalis Leporina. Leaflets lanceolate; styles
very
half a foot long or more, almost upright at the base, then long; filamenta toothletted; bulb roundish, pale flesh colour,
reclining and ascending, branched at the base, having distant with a brown skin the size of a hazel-nut ;
stipe, the part
scales at bottom, in other parts leafy, at all the scales and under ground about an inch, above shorter, scaly, leafless,
leaves jointed; peduncles jointed at the base, axillary, soli- brownish, almost upright, terminated a thin umbel of
by
tary, alternate, round, smooth, spreading, about the same leaves and flowers. It derives its trivial name from the
length with the leaves, with opposite bractes directly under binate leaves
resembling a hare's ear. Native of the Cape.
the calix. In Europe it flowers in December and January. 40. Oxalis Lanceaefolia. Leaves binate and ternate;
Native of the Cape. styles very long filamenta toothless ; bulb ovate, smaller
;

32. Oxalis Tenella. Subcaulescent : corollas

bell-shaped; than a hazel-nut, covered with a brown skin ; stipe subter-
filamenta toothless; leaflets obcordate; bulb ovate, acute, raneous, one or two inches long, almost the thickness of a
the size of a pea, often several inclosed in one brown skin ; pigeon's quill, having a few scales at top, and being bulb-
stem filiform, weak, an inch or a little more in length, round, bearing at bottom, terminating in an umbel of leaves and a
appearing villose when magnified peduncles axillary, soli-
; few flowers. Native of the Cape.
*** with
tary, jointed at the base, round, somewhat villose, upright, ternate Leaves.
longer than the leaves, with bractes alternate at top. This, 41. Oxalis Fabsefolia; Bean-leaved Wood Sorrel. Leaves
and the following species, connect the caulescent with the obovate, flat ; petioles winged ; bulb roundish, with a brown
stemless Oxalides. In Europe it flowers in November and skin, the size of a hazel-nut, often loose stipe about an inch,
;

December. Native of the Cape. partly under ground, partly above, scaly, leafless, nearly as
33. Oxalis Reptatrix. Subcaulescent : corollas thick as a reed at top, almost upright, terminated by a thick
bell-shaped ;

filamenta toothletted ; leaflets roundish ; bulb roundish, umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape.
about the size of a hazel-nut, with a black hard skin, and 42. Oxalis Laburnifolia ; Laburnum-leaved Wood Sorrel.
commonly a double nucleus, putting forth a slender white The middle sublanceolate, the side ones obliquely
leaflet
jointed root, with a scale at each joint, having fibres on every oblong styles very long ; frlamenta toothletted bulb ovate,
; ;

side, here and there bulbiferous, creeping horizontally, from the size of a hazel-nut, with a blackish brown skin ; stipe
one to six inches in length ; stem round, the thickness of a subterraneous, round, white, almost as thick as a pigeon's
pigeon's quill, somewhat villose, upright, below the leaves quill, about an inch in length, terminated by a thin umbel
scaly, and about an inch long, and then two or three inches of leaves and flowers; leaves few, spreading. Native of the
more in length. In Europe it flowers in November and Cape.
December. Native of the Cape. This plant, Jacquin informs, 43. Oxalis Sanguinea; Bloody-leaved Wood Sorrel. The
as it runs along, puts forth bulbs in such abundance, as in middle leaflet sublanceolate, the side ones obliquely oblong;
a short time to fill the
pots with plants ; but that in four styles middling bulb ovate, minute, with a blackish brown
;

years, during which he had cultivated it, he had only a skin, loose ; stipe subterraneous, an inch long, of a dirty
single flower which is common in plants that are suffered
; whitish colour, nearly as thick as a pigeon's quill, terminated
to run at the roots.
by a thin umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape.
VOL. II. 84. 3 L
224 OX Y THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; XA
44. Oxalis Minuta ; Small Wood Sorrel. Leaflets lanceo- sometimes sometimes having a single leaf at topi
leafless,
acute ; styles very long ; filamenta toothless ; when young almost
late, stipe sub- upright, but afterwards wholly procum-
terraneous, terminating in a poor umbel of leaves and flowers. bent, terminated by a dense umbel of leaves and flowers. Dr.
Native of the Cape. Smith remarks, that the flowers are expanded in the sunshine
45. Oxalis Ciliaris ; Ciliate-leaved Wood Sorrel. Leaflets only, and have no scent. It is an elegant
species, conspi-
oblong, blunt ; styles very long ; filamenta toothless ; bulb cuous for the crimson margins of the white petals, which give
ovate, the size of a hazel-nut, with a black skin ; stipe out of the buds a spirally striped appearance. Native of the Cape.
the ground, having a few scales, and one or two leaves, round, 52. Oxalis Elongata. Filamenta toothletted styles very ;

villose, often smooth at bottom, slender, weak, almostupright, short petals emarginate leaflets linear bulb ovate, covered
; ; ;

terminated by a dense umbel of leaves and flowers. Native with a sooty skin, smaller than a hazel-nut; stipe appearing
of the Cape. somewhat hirsute when covered with a glass, having a few
46. Oxalis Arcuata; Bending Wood Sorrel. Leaflets scales, and often one or two leaves, extremely weak, so as to
linear, oblong, emarginate; styles very short; bulb ovate, be wholly procumbent. Native of the Cape.
slender, with a blackishbrown skin, almost an inch in length ; 53. Oxalis Tenuifolia ; Fine-leaved Wood Sorrel. Fila-
stipe out of ground, round, almost half the thickness of a menta toothletted ; styles very short ; petals quite entire ;
pigeon's quill, having a few scales, but no leaves, hirsute, leaflets linear; bulb ovate, half the size of a hazel-nut, with
brownish green, three or four inches long, procumbent, ter- a black skin; stipe almost upright, smooth, or somewhat
minated by an umbel of leaves and flowers ; bractes linear, villose, purple at bottom, from two to four inches long, scaly
close to the flower. Native of the Cape. at the base, sometimes leafless, sometimes leafy all over,
47. Oxalis Linearis ; Linear-leaved Wood Sorrel. Fila- and even having barren branchlets ; the umbel of leaves and
menta toothless styles very long
; ;corollas caryophylleous ;
flowers that terminates it, being elongated, but barren. Na-
leaflets linear;bulb ovate, with a blackish brown skin, tive of the Cape.
smaller than a hazel-nut; stipe out of the ground, round, 54. Oxalis Polyphylla; Many-leaved Wood Sorrel. Fila-
slender, having a few scales, but seldom any leaves ; some- menta gibbosely toothletted; styles middling; leaflets linear;
times a single leaflet at top, hirsute, brown, from four to bulb roundish, the size of a hazel-nut, or even of a walnut,
seven inches long, at first upright, but by age becoming covered with a brown skin, having ovate, acuminate, loose
wholly procumbent, terminated by a closish umbel of leaves scales, flesh-coloured, or pale fleshy ; stipe from half an inch
and flowers and sometimes, but rarely, lengthened out into
: to six inches in height ; leaves Native of the
very many.
another umbel ; leaves several, almost upright. Native of Cape.
the Cape. 55. Oxalis Cuneata. Filamenta toothless; styles very
48. Oxalis Gracilis; Slender Wood Sorrel. Filamenta long ; leaflets wedge-shaped bulb ovate, almost the size of
;

toothless; styles very long; corollas bell-shaped; leaflets a hazel-nut, with a blackish-brown skin, often loose at top ;
linear ; bulb roundish, the size of a hazel-nut, covered with brown, villose, procumbent,
stipe standing out, round, scaly,
a brown skin, sometimes loose; stipe standing out, filiform, leafless, slender,two or three inches long, terminated by a
brownish, smooth, about half a foot long, very weak, and dense umbel of leaves and flowers leaves very many, spread-
;

wholly prostrate, at bottom leafless, with a few scales ; above ing a Native of the Cape.
little.

having solitary leaves, and frequently an umbel, terminating 56. Oxalis Cuneifolia. Filamenta toothless ; styles very
in a thin umbel of flowers. Native of the Cape. short leaflets wedge-shaped ; stipe about three inches long,
;

49. Oxalis Reclinata; Reclining Wood Sorrel. Filamenta frequently with a leaf or two on it; corolla five times as long
toothless; styles middling; leaflets linear; bulb roundish, as the calix, yellowish at bottom, the rest white ; claws twice
often an inch in diameter, covered with a brown skin, loose; as long as the calix. Native of the Cape.
stipe standing out, a foot or eighteen inches long, round, 57. Oxalis Glabra; Smooth Wood Sorrel. Filamenta
smaller than a pigeon's quill, minutely and densely villose, toothletted ; styles very long ; stipe upright, smooth leaflets ;

brown, below the middle having a few scales, but no leaves; oblong, or wedge-shaped, smooth leaves 'several ; scapes
;

above the middle leafy, and sometimes having a branchlet; few, obscurely villose in the microscope, erect, an inch and
when young totally upright, but afterwards more or less reclin- half long, with alternate, lanceolate, acute, erect bractes at
ing, and even entirely procumbent on account of its weak- top. Native of the Cape.
ness, and the weight of the umbel, terminated by a dense 58. Oxalis Pusilla; Dwarf Wood Sorrel. Filamenta tooth-
loose umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. letted ; style middling leaflets wedge-shaped ; bulb ovate,
;

50. Oxalis Mimata; Vermilion Wood Sorrel. Filamenta with a brown skin, less than a pea ; stipe partly under, and
toothless; styles very short; leaflets linear; bulb roundish, partly above ground, from half an inch to two inches in
the size of a hazel-nut, covered with a brown skin, sometimes
length, filiform, smooth, the shorter upright, the larger pro-
loose ;
stipe above ground, filiform, brownish, smooth, from cumbent, sometimes leafless, sometimes having- a few leaves
one to four inches long, very weak, and always prostrate from at the base, or at top, terminated by a denser umbel of
its extreme slenderness,
mostly leafless, and having only a leaves ; corolla three times as long as the calix, bell-shaped.
few minute scales, except at top, where there is a leaf, or one Native of the Cape.
or two umbels it is terminated only by a denser loose umbel
; 59. Oxalis Ambigua ; Doubtful Wood Sorrel. Styles very
of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. long; leaflets unspotted, flat, the middle ones wedge-shaped,
51. Oxalis Versicolor; Striped-flowered Wood Sorrel. the side ones oblong, calicine leaflets equal ; bulb oval, an
Filamenta toothletted styles very long stem upright, hairy,
; ; inch long, covered with a black hard skin stipes standing
;

generally simple ; leaflets linear, callous on the under side at out, one or two inches in length, scaly, round, the thickness
the tip ; bulb ovate, half an inch long, covered with a black of a pigeon's quill, purplish, somewhat villose, erect, termi-
skin, within which are frequently several bulbs, hence when nated by a dense umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of
cultivated it has almost always many stipes these are out of
; the Cape.
the ground, have a few scales on them, are round, slender, 60. Oxalis Undulata ; Wave-leaved Wood Sorrel. Styles
with a very few hairs scattered over them, are six inches
long, very long; leaflets unspotted, waved, middle wedge-shaped,
 OX A OR. BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. OX A 225

lateral, oblong,one leaflet of the calix spatulate; bulb equal, bulb ovate, with a blackish brown skin, from the size of a
an inch long, with a blackish brown skin stipe from one to
;
hazel-nut to twice that size; stipe shortly subterraneous,
three inches long, almost upright, green or brownish, slightly then standing out, from three to five inches long, round,
pubescent, leafless, but having lanceolate, acuminate,
ferru- purple, smooth, without scales, the thickness of a pigeon's
ginous, ciliate scales, terminated by
an umbel of leaves and quill, or thicker, whplly procumbent, branched, brittle, with
flowers. Native of the Cape. a central tough fibril, thickened at the tip, and from this
61. Oxalis Fuscata. Styles very long; leaflets spotted terminated by a very close and elegant umbel of leaves and
on both sides ; middle wedge-shaped, lateral, oblong ; bulb flowers, and finally dense, bulb-bearing from the same.
oval, covered with a black hard skin, an inch long ; stipe Native of the Cape.
subterraneous, scaly above, an inch and more in length, 70. Oxalis Purpurea; Purple Wood Sorrel.
Styles mid-
terminated by a dense umbel of leaves and flowers, under dling; filamenta toothletted; petioles round; leaflets round-
which is another umbel or two which is less dense corolla ; ish, unspotted, ciliate bulb ovate, loose, small, loosely in-
;

closed in a skin, from three to six times the size of the bulb ;
large; claws erect, twice as long as the calix, yellow within;
borders white, with one side of the back flesh-coloured, stipe subterraneeous, from one to three inches long, round,
rounded, wide, spreading very much ; antherse incumbent, slender, often bulbiferous, terminated by a dense umbel of
Native of the Cape. leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape.
yellow.
62. Oxalis Glandulosa; Glandular Wood Sorrel. Styles 71. Oxalis Laxula. Styles middling; filamenta toothletted ;
middling; leaves and calices capitately ciliate; middle leaflet petioles round ; leaflets roundish, often purple underneath ;
wedge-shaped lateral ones oblong bulb ovate, covered with bulb less than a hazel-nut, with a blackish brown skin ;
; ;
stipe
a black hard skin, twice as large as a hazel-nut stipe one ;
about an inch long, terminated by a loose umbel; leaves
or two, standing out, round, the thickness of a pigeon's several. Native of the Cape.
quill, from one to three inches long, erect
or procumbent, 72. Oxalis Breviscapa. Styles middling; filamenta tooth-
villose, scaly, leafless, purplish, weak, terminated by a dense letted; petioles thick, compressed leaflets roundish ; bulb
;

umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. oval, with a black hard skin, an inch long; stipe subterra-
63. Oxalis Tricolor; Three-coloured Wood Sorrel. Styles neous, an inch in height, thick, terminated a dense umbel
by
middling; cilias simple; middle leaflet wedge-shaped, lateral of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape.
ones oblong; bulb pvate, roundish, covered with a black 73. Oxalis Rigidula. Styles very long; leaflets roundish,
skin, larger than a hazel-nut; stipe commonly wholly sub- unspotted bulb ovate, an inch long, covered with a blackish
;

terraneous, having one or two scales at top, short, leafless, skin ; stipe subterraneous, an incn in height, terminated
by
round, almost as thick as a pigeon's quill, terminated by a a stiffish umbel of leaves and scapes leaves
very many,
;

dense umbel of leaves and flowers leaves several, erect, or

; spreading in a ring. Native of the Cape.
spreading. Native of the Cape. 74. Oxalis Speciosa ; Handsome Wood Sorrel. Styles
very
64. Oxalis Exaltata. Styles very short; leaflets dusky, long ;
unspotted above, underneath bloorf-
leaflets roundish,

spotted; middle wedge-shaped, lateral, oblong; scapes up- red, and dotted with gold; bulb oval, with a blackish skin,
right; bulb oval, an inch and half long, covered with a black less than an inch in length
spike subterraneous, an inch
;

hard skin stipe partly under, partly above ground, scaly,

; long, scaly at top, terminated by an umbel of leaves and
round, about an inch high, upright, leafless, terminated by flowers leaves very many, spreading in a ring.
; Native of
a dense umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. the Cape.
65. Oxalis Rubroflava. Styles very short ; leaflets unspot- 75. Oxalis Saggillata. Styles very long; leaflets roundish,
ted ; middle wedge-shaped, lateral, oblong; scapes upright; when adult livid underneath, all over, and above at the
bulbs subovate, with a blackish brown skin, less than an edges ; bulb oval, with a blackish skin, less than an inch in
inch in length ; stipe standing out, scaly, leafless, round, length ; stipe subterraneous, about an inch and half in height,
the thickness of a pigeon's quill, villose, almost upright, terminated by an umbel of leaves and flowers; leaves several,
about an inch in length, terminated by a denser umbel of in a ring. Native of the Cape.
leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. 76. Oxalis Truncatula ; Truncate-leaved Wood Sorrel.
66. Oxalis Flaccida. Styles very short; leaflets unspotted; Styles very long leaflets roundish, truncated ; bulb ovate-
;

middle wedge-shaped, lateral oblong; scapes flaccid ; bulb roundish, with a black hard skin, almost the size of a walnut;
ovate-acuminate, with a blackish-brown skin, about an inch stipe standing out, extremely short, terminated by an umbel
partly above ground, round,
in length ; stipe partly Under, of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape.
villose, the thickness of a pigeon's quill, green, procumbent, 77. Oxalis Sulphurea; Sulphur-coloured Wood Sorrel.
somewhat scaly, an inch and half long, leafless, terminated Styles very short; filamenta toothless ; calix ciliate ; leaflets
by a dense umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the obcordate; bulb oval, covered with a blackish hard skin,
Cape. an inch and more in length stipe subterraneous, about an
;

67. Oxalis Variabilis ; Variable Wood Sorrel. Styles very inch long, terminated by a dense umbel of leaves and flowers ;
short ; leaflets roundish, unspotted, very slightly leaves very many, in a ring. Native of the Cape.
emarginate ;

bulb ovate, with a blackish skin, half the size of a hazel- 78. Oxalis Natans; Floating Wood Sorrel. Styles very
nut; stipe subterraneous, an inch long, terminated by an short filamenta toothless ; calix smooth at the edges ; leaves
;

umbel of leaves and flowers leaves several. Native of the

;
floating; leaflets obcordate ; stipe filiform, submersed, of an
Cape. indeterminate length, leafless, but having a few scales, ter-
68. Oxalis Grandiflora; Great-flowered Wood Sorrel. minated by an umbel of leaves and flowers floating on the
Styles very short ; leaflets roundish, frequently blood-red surface of the water; leaves several. Native of the Cape.
underneath, scarcely emarginate bulb ovate, acute, small,
; 79. Oxalis Strumosa. Styles very short filamenta tooth-
;

loose; stipe subterraneous, an inch and half long. Native letted, equal ; leaflets spotted onboth sides ; middle one
of the Cape. obcordate ; lateral ones roundish bulb oval, or obovate,
;

69. Oxalis Convexula ; Convex-leaved Wood Sorrel. Styles with a black hard skin, almost an inch in length ;
stipe sub-
middling; filamenta toothless; leaflets roundish convex; terraneous, one or two inches long, terminated by a dense
1
226 OX A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; OX A
umbel of leaves and flowers leaves numerous, villose on
; several, smooth ; branches alternate, directed one way, stri-
both sides, and at the edges antheree incumbent, yellow.
; ated, upright. Native of the Cape.
Native of the Cape. 90. Oxalis Longiflora ; Long-flowered Wood Sorrel. Stipe
80. Oxalis Luteola. Styles very short; filamenta tooth- standing out; leaflets semibifid; corolla caryophylleous ;

letted, equal ; leaflets obcordate, unspotted, and somewhat flower long. Native of Virginia.
villose on both sides ; bulb ovate, or oval, with a blackish 91. Oxalis Acetosella; Common Wood Sorrel. Stem none;
skin, half the size of a hazel-nut ; stipe subterraneous, about stalks single-flowered ; styles equal ; leaflets obcordate,
an inch long, terminated by a loose umbel of leaves and hairy root perennial, branched, round, knobbed, creeping,
;

flowers. Native of the Cape. with very fine fibrils on every side, partly white, partly red,
81. Oxalis Lanata; Woolly Wood Sorrel. Styles very having an ovate, acute, thick, rigid scale, like a tooth, at
short ; filamenta gibbously toothletted, equal ; leaflets obcor- the knobs ; stipe partly subterraneous, partly standing out,
date, very hirsute on both sides bulb deep in the ground ;
; sometimes very little, sometimes several inches, then pro-
stipe standing out, closely woolly, with one or two woolly cumbent, and striking roots into the ground, toothletted at
scales, about half an inch in length, terminating in an umbel the knobs, like the root; round, somewhat hirsute, red,
of flowers and leaves leaves several, small.
; Native of the closely toothletted above with the permanent joints of de-
Cape. cayed leaves. The flower-stalks are taller than the leaves,
82. Oxalis Punctata ; Dotted Wood Sorrel. Styles very and each bear a delicate drooping inodorous flower, the
short; filamenta toothletted, unequal; leaflets underneath petals of which are blush-coloured, veined with purple.
coloured and dotted with gold ; middle one obcordate ; lateral Perennial, putting forth from its top several aggregate leaves
ones roundish; bulb deep in the ground; stipe standing out, and scapes. Native of shady groves in most parts of Europe:
closely woolly, with one or two woolly scales, about half an frequent with us in the spring. The London College directs
inch in length, terminating in an umbel of flowers and leaves ; a conserve of the leaves and petals of this plant to be made
leaves several, small ; germen hirsute. Native of the Cape. by beating them with thrice their weight of fine sugar and
83. Oxalis Obtusa. Styles middling; filamenta toothlet- orange peel : this is called Conserva LujultE. This plant is
ted, unequal ; calicine leaflets rounded, blunt ; leaflets ob- totally inodorous, but has a grateful taste, so that it is use-
cordate ; bulb deep in the ground; stipe standing out, villose, It is more
ful in salads, by
supplying the place of vinegar.
half ark inch long, terminating in an umbel of leaves and agreeable than the common Sorrel, and tastes nearly like
flowers; leaves several; corolla four times as long as the the juice of lemon, or the acid of tartar, and produces in a
calix, bell-shaped ; claws erect, yellow ; borders obovate, great measure the same medical effects, being esteemed
rounded, spreading very much, smooth, purple or variegated. refrigerant, antiscorbutic, and diuretic. It is recommended
Native of the Cape. by Bergius inflammatory, bilious, and putrid fevers.
in Its
84. Oxalis Fallax. Styles middling ; filamenta toothlet- principal use, however, is to allay inordinate heat, and to
ted, equal; leaflets obcordate; bulb ovate, or oval, with a quench thirst; for this purpose a pleasant whey may be
blackish-brown skin, half the size of a hazel-nut; stipe sub- obtained by boiling the plant in milk, which under certain
terraneous, about an inch in length, terminated by a loose circumstances may be preferable to the conserve directed by
umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. the London College, though an extremely grateful and use-
85. Oxalis Marginata. Style middling filamenta tooth-
; ful medicine. Many have employed the root of this plant,
less, equal; leaflets obcordate; bulb oval, with a blackish probably on account of its beautiful red colour, rather than
brown hard skin, an inch long stipe subterraneous, scarcely
,
for its superior efficacy. An essential salt is
prepared from
an inch in length, terminated by a dense umbel of leaves and known by the name of " Essential Salt of Lemons,"
this plant,
flowers. Native of the Cape. and commonly used for taking iron-moulds and ink-stains
86. Oxalis Pulchella; Pretty Wood Sorrel. Styles very out of linen. This salt is made from the expressed juice.
long; filamenta toothless ; leaflets obcordate ; bulb oval or Thunberg found that the Oxalis Cornua of the Cape of Good
ovate, with a blackish-brown hard skin, about an inch in Hope, yields the salt in greater quantity than the Acetosella.
length ; subterraneous, very short, terminated by an
stipe This salt, when genuine, is composed of the vegetable
umbel of leaves and flowers ; leaves several, spreading in a alkali and a peculiar acid, which seems more allied to the
acid of sugar than that of tartar. It is very rarely found
ring ; petiole jointed at the base, roundish, very hirsute,
purple, one or two inches long styles very hirsute, with
; genuine. What is sold under the name of " Essential Salt
most minutely capitate hairs. Native of the Cape. of Lemons," in this country, appears sometimes to consist of
87. Oxalis Macrogonya. Styles very long ; filamenta cream of tartar, with the addition of a small quantity of
toothletted; stipe subterraneous; leaflets obcordate; bulb vitriolic acid. The active principle of the expressed juice,
oval or ovate, with a blackish skin, half the size of a hazel- which reddens vegetable blues, coagulates milk, and instantly
nut; stipe subterraneous, about an inch in length, terminated precipitates lime from its solutions, is superoxalat of potass,
by a loose umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. which is obtained crystallized from the juice, and sold in
88. Oxalis Incarnata; Flesh-coloured Wood Sorrel. Styles the shops under the name of " Essential Salt of Lemons."
very long; filamenta toothletted; stipe standing out very The same salt may be formed by cautiously dropping a
long, branched ; leaflets obcordate ; bulb in the young plant solution of potass into a saturated solution of oxalic acid,
ovate, covered with a brown skin, twice the size of a pea. obtained from sugar by the action of the nitric acid ; the
The root in the mature plant consists of several legs, slen- superoxalat precipitates as soon as the proper quantity of
derly fusiform, terminating in a long fibre, round, the thick- alkali is added. On the continent, this salt is prepared by
ness of a reed, and more, some inches in length, fleshy, the following process the juice is allowed to subside after
:

brittle, pale, somewhat pellucid, and sweet. Native of the being slightly heated, and then clarified by adding to it
Cape. water in which a smally portion of fine clay is suspended.
89. Oxalis Bifida; Clover-leaved Wood Sorrel. Styles very This clarified juice is next boiled till a pellicle forms on its
long; filamenta toothletted; stipe standing out, commonly surface, and put aside for a month to crystallize: the opera-
Branched ; leaflets semibifid ; corolla bell-shaped ; leaves tion being repeated until the whole of the salt is obtained,
 OX A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. O ZO 227

when it is purified by a second crystallization. For taking 96. Oxalis Tomentosa. Styles very long leaflets very ;

out spots in linen, the stained part is dipped in water, hirsute bulb oval, with a brown skin, less than
underneath ;

of the salt powdered, then rubbed a hazel-nut, growing very deep in the ground ; stipe subter*
sprinkled with a little
on a pewter plate, after which the spot is washed out with raneous, two or three inches long, terminated by an umbel
warm water. Dr. Beddoes informs us, that the leaves and of flowers and leaves. Native of the Cape.
stalks wrapped up in a cabbage-leaf, and macerated in warm 97. Oxalis Lyoni. Plant of a silken hairy appearance stem ;

ashes until reduced to a pulp, have been successfully applied branchy, decumbent; peduncles biflorous, longer than the
to scrofulous ulcers. This poultice should remain on the petioles; leaves ternate, bilobe-obcordate; segments rounded,
sore for twenty-four- hours, and be repeated four times. divaricate ; petals cuneated ; siliques tomentose, as long
Afterwards the ulcer is to be dressed with a poultice made again as the lanceolated calix; flowers yellow. Native of
of the roots of the Spireea Ulmaria, (which see,) bruised and Cumberland island, Georgia.
mixed up with the scum of sour buttermilk. There is no Ox-Eye. See Buphthalmum.
doubt that some of the foreign species may be superior to Ox-Lip. See Primula.
tliis in the same way. Twenty pounds of the leaves of our Ox-Tongue. See Picris.
Wood Sorrel, fresh, yield six pounds of juice, from which Oxybaphus ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mono-
two ounces, two drachms, and one scruple, of salt, have been gynia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix :
five-cleft, bell-
obtained. A variety is found, distinguished by being a less shaped. Corolla: funnel-shaped. Nut: five-cornered, one-
plant, flowering later,
and having purple flowers. It occurs seeded, surrounded by the unfolded permanent calix.
between Owram and Halifax in Yorkshire. Linneus observes, The species (all natives of South America) are,
that the leaflets of the Common Wood Sorrel are erect in wet, 1. Oxybaphus Viscosus ; Viscid Umbrella-wort. Downy
and hang down in dry weather ; and Villars remarks, that it and viscid : leaves heart-shaped ; panicle racemose ; stamens
has the leaves of Trefoil, the taste of Sorrel, and the flower larger than the corolla.
of Geranium; from which last genus Jussieu distinguishes 2. Oxybaphus Glabrifolius. Leaves heart-shaped, glau-
it by the number of the styles, the form of the capsule, and cous, smooth; panicle corymbose; flowers in terminal tufts;
manner of its opening, its straight corcle or heart, without stamens shorter than the corolla.
any perisperm or albumen. This plant is called Wood Sour, 3. Oxybaphus Ovatus. Hairy and viscid: leaves ovate;
Sour Trefoil, Stubwort, Sorrel du Bois, and Pain d'Coucou. flower-stalks terminal, forked; stem erect; stamens nearly
If the roots be planted in a moist shady border, they will as long as the corolla.
thrive and multiply, and, if kept clean from weeds, will 4. Oxybaphus Prostratus. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped,
require no other care. If the seeds of the other sorts are downy flowers axillary and
; terminal,somewhat corymbose ;
sown in an open border, the plants will rise freely ; and if stem prostrate.
permitted to scatter, there will be a plentiful supply. 5. Oxybaphus Expansus. Leaves ovate, smooth flower- ;
"***
With digitated Leaves. stalks terminal, forked; stamens as long as the corolla;
92. Oxalis Lupinifolia; Lupin-leaved Wood Sorrel. Style stem erect.
very short ; calix smooth ; leaflets flat ; bulb ovate, acute, 6. Leaves lanceolate ; flower-
Oxybaphus Aggregatus.
often loose, covered with a brownish skin ; stipe subterra- stalks axillary, solitary about three flowers.
; calix with
neous, two inches or more in length, terminated by an umbel The have an herbaceous, branched, round
plants of this genus
of leaves and flowers ; leaves several, quite smooth, digitated, stem and the herbage is mostly viscid and downy, and of a
;

spreading out wide in a ring. Native of the Cape. disagreeable odour.

93. Oxalis Flava : Narrow-leaved Wood Sorrel. Styles Ozophyllum ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order
very short ; calix capitately ciliate ; leaflets channelled, Pentandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
converging ; bulb roundish, the size of a hazel nut, covered leafed, five-toothed, acute, very small. Corolla : petals
with a brown skin ; stipe standing out, scaly, smooth, the five, with long claws converging in form of a tube ; borders
size of a pigeon's quill, thickened above, purple, leafless, oblong, blunt, spreading. Stamina: filamenta cylindrical,
almost upright, but through weakness frequently prostrate, sheathing the style, five-toothed at top; antheroe five, oblong,
from half an inch to three inches in length, terminating in erect. Pistil: germen five-lobed, surrounded by a gland;
an umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. style filiform, higher than the corolla ; stigma capitate.
94. Oxalis Flabellifolia ; Fan-leaved Wood Sorrel. Styles Pericarp: five-celled. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. One-
of middling length ; leaflets linear ; bulb ovate-roundish, styled. Calix: five-toothed; petals five, long. Filamenta:
covered with a brown skin, the size of a hazel-nut, commonly sheathing the style, five-toothed at top; teeth antheriferous.
loose; stipe subterraneous, standing out above, and furnished Stigma: one. Capsule: five-celled. The only known
there with large imbricate scales, about an inch in length, species is,
the thickness of a reed, smooth, round, terminated by an 1.
Ozophyllum Foatidum. This is a shrub of ten feet
umbel of leaves and flowers. Native of the Cape. high or more, and often four or six inches in diameter. The
95. Oxalis Pectinata. Styles very long ; leaflets smooth ; bark is green and smooth, the wood white, tender, and
bulb ovate, less than a hazel-nut, covered with a brown fragile ; the branches twiggy, and garnished with alternate
ekin, loose, putting forth a long thick fibre from its base ; leaves ; each leaf is digitated, having three large lobes, and
stipe partly under, partly above ground, about an inch and growing on a foot-stalk of five or six inches long. When
half in length, scaly at top, almost upright, round, thicker bruised, they emit a disagreeable smell, much resembling
than a pigeon's quill, smooth, purple, terminated by an umbel that of the Stramonium. The flowers are terminal, corym-
of leaves and flowers ; leaves several, almost upright Native bose, and white. Native of the forests of Guiana.
of the Cape.

VOL. IT. 8 3M
228 P JEO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; P JEO

PADDOCK Pipe. See Equisetwn Palustre. tose, one-celled, one-valved, opening longitudinally inwards.
Pcedena; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- Seeds several, oval, shining, coloured, fastened to the open-
:

gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, ing suture. Observe. The most natural number of the ger-
turbinate, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, men seems to be two, but it varies much in the species, and
funnel-form, hirsute within ; border five-parted, small. Sta- seldom amounts to five. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
mina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, very short, from the middle five-leaved. 'Petals: five; styles none.
Capsule: many-
of the tube; antheree oblong, shorter than the corolla. Pistil: seeded. The plants of this genus are all extremely
hardy,
germen roundish ; style capillary, bifid, the length of the and will grow in almost any soil and situation, on which
corolla stigmas simple.
; Pericarp : berry brittle, ovate, account they are more valuable for they will thrive under
;

inflated. Seeds: two, ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. the shade of trees, and will retain their
beauty longer there.
Contorted: Berry: inflated, brittle, two-seeded. Style: bifid. They are propagated by parting their roots, which multiply
The species are, very fast : the best season for transplanting them, is toward
. 1. Paederia Foetida ; Stinking Opal-berry. Stamina in- the end of August, or the
beginning of September; for if
cluded; stem twining, filiform, smooth, and even; leaves they be removed after their shoots have shot out new fibres,
opposite, petioled, cordate, acuminate, quite entire, nerved, they seldom flower strong in the succeeding summer. In
spreading a little, paler underneath, an inch long, very parting these roots, always take care to preserve a bud upon
smooth, and even ; flowers axillary, in brachiate panicles, the crown of each offset, otherwise
they will come to nothing';
coming out successively ; the calix is often seven-leaved, and nor should you divide the roots too small,
especially if you
the corolla seven-cleft : sometimes the calix is six-leaved ; it have regard to their blowing the following year; for when
is now and then found with seven stamina. The plant turns their offsets are weak,
they frequently do not flower in the
black in drying, and when fresh has a very unpleasant smell. succeeding summer, or at least produce but one flower upon
It varies with wider shorter leaves, and with narrower longer each root however, you may divide them as small as
:
you
leaves. Native of the East Indies and Japan. please, wherever you would multiply them in quantities,
pro-
2. Pasderia Fragrans Fragrant Opal-berry.
; Stamina vided there be a bud to each offset but then they should
;

standing out. This differs fr9m the preceding, chiefly in be planted in a nursery-bed for a season or two, to
acquire
having- wider, ovate, acuminate leaves, many-flowered cymes, strength, before they are placed in the flower-garden. The
and the segments of the corolla narrower and sharper, single sorts may be generally propagated from seeds, which
besides the distinction pointed out in the specific character. they generally produce in large quantities, wherever the
Native of the island of Mauritius. flowers are allowed to remain. The seeds should be sown
Pcederota ; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogy- in the autumn, soon after
they are ripe, upon a bed of light
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted ;
fresh earth, covering them over about half an inch thick
leaflets linear, equal, spreading, permanent. Corolla : one- with the same light earth. In the following spring the plants
petalled, somewhat wheel-shaped, four-cleft, blunt,
upper will come up, when they should be carefully cleared from
lobe wider, generally emarginate. Stamina: filamenta two, weeds, and in very dry weather refreshed with water, which
filiform, ascending, shorter than the corolla ; antherae con- will greatly forward their growth ; in this bed
they should
verging, ovate, acute, two-valved. Pistil: germen ovate ;
remain two years, before they are transplanted observing;

of the stamina, in autumn, when the leaves are

style awl-shaped, bent down, the length decayed, to spread some fresh
:
permanent. Pericarp capsule ovate, longer than the calix, rich earth over the beds, about an inch thick, and
constantly
two-celled, opening at top. Seeds: very many, roundish. keep them clear from weeds. When you transplant them,
to
Observe. It is allied to Veronica, but differs in having a which should be done in September, dig some beds of fresh
five-parted calix. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: four- light earth, removing all the roots of the weeds then set the ;

cleft. Calix : five-parted. Capsule : two-celled. The plants therein, six inches asunder, and about three inches
deep. In these beds they may remain until they flower, after
species are,
1. Paederota Ageria. Leaves ovate-acuminate helmet of which they may be transplanted where you design they
;

the corollas bifid. This differs from the next species in hav- should grow. It is very probable there may be some varieties
obtained from the seeds of these plants, as is common in most
ing simple stems the lower leaves alternate, drier, more
,

wrinkled, and not at all shining; the helmet bifid and entire, other flowers so that those which produce beautiful flowers
:

ascending. Native of Italy and Carniola. may be placed in the flower-garden but such as continue ;

2. Psederota Bonarota. Leaves roundish, ovate helmet single, or ill-coloured, may be planted in beds, to propagate
;

of the corollas entire; root branched, fibrous, perennial; for medicinal use. All the sorts with double flowers are
stems ro'und, simple, villose, erect. Scopoli has given eight preserved in gardens, for their beauty, and add greatly to
varieties. Native of Austria, Carniola, and Italy. the variety, when intermixed with other large-growing plants
3. Paederota Minima. Leaves oblong, entire, opposite in the borders
they are also highly ornamental in flower-
; ;

flowers axillary, opposite; teeth of the calices hirsute within; pots placed in rooms. The species are,
stems an inch and half high, seldom branched, rooting at 1. Pseonia Albiflora; White-lowered Paony. Leaves
the base. Native of the East Indies. ternate leaflets lobed, shining; germina in threes, smooth;
;

PcEonia; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Digynia. root brown, composed of a few cylindrical or fusiform tubers,
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved, a span in length, united at top, the flesh white, with little
small, permanent; leaflets roundish, concave, reflex, unequal taste; stem from a radical leafless sheath, two feet high, the
in size and situation. Corolla : petals five, roundish, con- thickness of a reed, slender, round, with scarcely conspicuous
cave, narrower at the base, spreading, very large. Stamina: grooves, descending from each petiole down both sides,
filamenta numerous, (about three hundred,) capillary, short; green tinged with red, naked at bottom. The whole plant
is very smooth, and shining.
antherse oblong, quadrangular, "erect, four-celled, large. It differs
remarkably from
Pistil tomentose none the Common Pseony : in having the stem more slender,
:
germina two, ovate, erect, ;
styles ;

stigmas compressed, oblong, blunt, coloured. Pericarp: rounder, scarcely grooved, more rigid ; 2. in having the
capsules as many, ovate-oblong, spreading
and reflex, tomen- leaves larger, biternate, with broader smoother leaflets,
 P JEO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAL 229

reins scarcely prominent underneath 3. in having the floral

;
bitter almonds or peach kernels root-leaves none, but red
;

leaf more remote 4. in the colour of the flower, and especially

;
awnless sheaths flower nodding a little the calix has three
; ;

the pleasant smell, like that of Narcissus ; 5. in the smooth- lanceolate leaflets, equal to the corolla in length, purple at
ness of the germina ; and, 6. in having both root and herb the base, leafless and reflex at the end, and the three inner
more insipid it also flowers later. This plant is well known
;
leaflets ovate-acuminate and concave corolla handsome,
;

among the Daurians and Mongols, on account of the root, spreading a

deep rose-coloured, with a slightly virose
little,

which they boil in their broth, and the seeds, which they smell, six-petalled, in gardens frequently seven-petalled ;
the plant Dschina; petals oblong, oval, waved, tender, the outer larger, the
grind and put into their tea; they call
the Russians call it Margin koren bjelyi. Native of Siberia. inner narrower. Native of Siberia. In the gardens at Peters-
2. Pseonia Officinalis Common Patony. Leaves doubly- burg it flowers sooner than the other species, namely, about
;

pinnate, sublobed leaflets oblong,

; veined underneath. There the end of May. The root dried is used by the Mongols
are two principal varieties of this, the common Female, and and some Tartars, as sauce for their meat; and Boetcher,
Male Peeony the roots of the Female Pseony are composed an army surgeon, found it to be useful in intermittent fevers.
:

of several roundish thick knobs, or tubers, which hang below It grows principally in mountainous woods.
each other, fastened with strings the stalks are green, about
;
4. Pseonia Hybrida; Mule Peeony. Leaves ternate, mill-
two feet and a half high the leaves are composed of several tifid ; segments linear germina three, pubescent. This has
; ;

unequal lobes, which are variously cut into many segments nearly the stature of the last, and is much taller than the
;

they are of a paler green than those of the Male, and are next; stem about a finger's thickness, obscurely channelled.
hairy on their under side; the flowers are smaller, and of a
This plant is supposed to have originated in the botanic gar-
deeper purple colour. The roots of the Male Pseony are com- den at Petersburg from the seeds of the fifth species, sown
posed of several oblong knobs, hanging by strings fastened in the same bed with that of the third it is conjectured to be :

to the main head; stems the same height with the preceding; a mule between these two species, since it has never pro-
they are terminated by large single flowers, composed of five duced ripe seeds. It occurs of a much smaller size in some
or six large roundish red petals the flowers of both sorts parts of Siberia.
:

appear in May, and the seeds ripen in autumn. It is scarcely 5. Pseonia Tenuifolia; Slender-leaved Peeony. Leaflets
necessary to observe, that the old names of male and female linear, many-parted germina two, tomentose root creeping,
; ;

have no reference to the sexes of the flowers, which in both putting forth tuberous fibres, with tubercles the size of a
are hermaphrodites. That called the Male Paeony, is chiefly hazel-nut, white, fleshy, of a bitterish taste stems scarcely ;

cultivated for the roots, which are justly celebrated for their a foot high, and commonly single, but in the garden eighteen
beneficial effects as a medicine, in disorders of the head and inches high, and producing several from the same root ;

nerves. The best method of administering them is in powder, root-leaves none the upper leaves simply multifid ; flower
;

of which twelve grains is a sufficient dose this, if persevered sessile at the uppermost leaf, subglobular, accompanied by
:

in for some time, will greatly alleviate nervous complaints, two leaflets, one multifid, the other simple, both dilated at
head-achs, and convulsions. It soon cures that disagreeable the base, of a deep rich blood-colour, with yellow stamens.
complaint, the night-mare, and is recommended for obstruc- Native of the Ukraine.
tions of the liver, and for arising from such 6. Pseonia Moutan ; Chinese Tree Peeony. Stem woody,
complaints
obstructions an infusion of the root is also prescribed for perennial
: leaflets oblong-ovate, glaucous and somewhat
;

obstructed menstruation, and for hysteric and nervous com- hairy beneath, the terminal one three-lobed ; germina nume-
plaints, particularly the falling sickness. The Male Pseony rous, distinct. The flowers are terminal, and solitary, six
varies with pale, and white flowers, and with larger lobes to to eight inches broad, consisting of numerous jagged rose-
the leaves. There are also several varieties of the Female coloured petals, with yellow anthers. Native of China.
Paeony, with double flowers, differing in size and colour. Painted Lady Pea. See Lathyrus.
The following varieties are worth noticing, 1. Foreign Peeony, Palavia ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly-
with a deep red flower: the roots are composed of roundish andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-
knobs, like those of Female Pseony ; the leaves also are leafed, half five-cleft, permanent. Corolla : petals five,
the same, but of a thicker substance ; the stalks do not rise roundish, inserted into the base of the tube of the stamina.
so high ; and the flowers, which appear later, have a greater Stamina : filamenta very many, united below into a tube, in
number of petals it is a native of the Levant. The large
: the top of the tube free antherse roundish.
;
Pistil: germen
double Purple Poeony, is probably a variety of this. 2. Hairy globular; style many-cleft at top, short; stigmas capitate.
Pseony, with a larger double red flower, 'has also roots like Pericarp : capsule roundish, many-celled ; cells not opening,
the common Female Pseony but the stalks are taller, and
;
placed in a ball on the elevated central receptacle. Seeds:
of a purplish colour; the leaves are much longer, with solitary, roundish, angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
spear-shaped entire lobes ; the flowers are large, and of a Calix: half five-cleft. Style: many-cleft. Capsule: many-
deep colour. 3. Pseony of Portugal, it bears a single sweet celled ; cells in a ball on the raised central receptacle.
flower the roots are not composed of roundish tubers, but
: The species are,
consist of two or three long, tapered, forked fangs, like 1. With smooth cordate leaves, either
Palavia Malvifolia.
fingers; the stalk rises little more than a foot high, and is obtusely and deeply crenated, or lobed. This is an annual
terminated by a single flower, which is of a bright red colour, plant, with red, declinate, very branchy stems, scarcely a
smaller than the preceding, and of an agreeable sweet scent: palm long. The corolla is rose-coloured. Native of sandy
it is a native of
Portugal, and requires a lighter soil, and places near Lima in Peru, where Dombey found it flowering
warmer situation, than the others. in July, August, and September.
3. Pseonia Laciniata Jagged-leaved Peeony.
; Leaves 2. Palavia Moschata. With
tomentose, cordate, and
biternate; leaflets acutely laciniate ; germina smooth; root Stem upright, branchy, and two feet
ovate-crenated leaves.
tuberous, difform, very large, descending by cylindrical pro- high flowers large, and of a yellowish purple.
; The whole
cesses, a span in length, yellowish without, white within, plant is downy, and has a musky smell. Observed near
both fresh and dry having a very strong smell and taste of Lima in Peru.
230 PAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAN
Pallasia; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia at the
beginning of June. The" berries are first green, but
Frustranea. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common im- afterwards turn red, and inclose two hard seeds, which
ripen
bricate, many-leaved, permanent ; leaflets lanceolate, rather in the
beginning of August. This plant is a native of Chi-
acute, flattish, spreading; the interior ones longer. Corolla: nese Tartary, and also of North America. It is
very abun-
compound radiate; corollules hermaphrodite, in the elon- dant in Canada in plain parts of the woods ; is fond of shade,
gated disk numerous ; females about ten in the ray : proper of a deep rich mould, and of land which is neither wet nor
in the hermaphrodites long, funnel-form ; border five-cleft ; high. It flowers in
May and June, and the berries are ripe
divisions lanced, revolute ; female strap-shaped, unequally at the end of
August. It is not common every where, for
divisions wide, reflex. Stamina in some
bifid, trifid, or quadrifid ; :
parts it is not to be found for several miles, but in
in the hermaphrodites, filamenta five, capillary, very short those spots where it grows it is
;
always in great abundance.
antherse cylindric, tubular, five-toothed. Pistil: germen When the French possessed Canada, they gathered great
inferior, compressed, wedge-shaped, ciliated at the tip and quantities and sent it to France, whence it was, exported to
sides ; style filiform, the length of the stamina; stigma bifid, China, and sold there to great advantage at the first outset ;
thickish. In the females, germen as in the hermaphrodites ; but its price afterwards fell
considerably, probably by over-
style none ; stigma none. Pericarp : none. Calix : tin- stocking the Chinese, or because that shrewd race of noto-
changed. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites, solitary, wedge- rious knaves could not fail to discover that the American

shaped, flat, compressed, two-horned, silky. In the females, Ginseng was inferior to their own. The Canadian Indians
none. collect the roots in the woods, and sell them to the
Receptacle: convex, punctate, tuberculated, chaffy; merchants,
chaffs concave, acute, shorter than the flower. ESSENTIAL who spread them on the floor to dry for two months, or more,
CHARACTER. Receptacle : chaffy. Down : none. Seeds.- verti- according to the season, turning them once or twice every
cal, flat;margin ciliated. Calix: imbricate. The species are, day. Osbeck informs us, that the Chinese hang the Ame-
1. Pallasia Halimifolia. This is a shrubby plant, of about rican roots over a boiling pot, that
they may sweat, and dry
two feet high ; the leaves are alternate, footstalked, obtuse, them afterwards. They are said to dip their own roots in
or a little acute, downy on both sides, and whitish. The a decoction of the leaves of the plant." Others
say, that
ray of the corolla is of a deep yellow the corollules of the ;
the Chinese, after having washed the roots, soak the'm in a
disk yellow, and the antherse red. Native of Lima. decoction of rice or millet seed, and then
expose them to
2. Pallasia Grandiflora. Leaves bluntish, nearly entire, the steam of the liquor, by which
they acquire their firmness
glaucous, smooth ; radiant florets slightly three-notched, and clearness. The Chinese and Tartars agree in ascribing-
thrice the length of those of the disk. Native of New Spain. extraordinary virtues to this root, and have long considered
Leaves pointed, serrated, hoary it as a
3. Pallasia Serratifolia. sove-reign remedy in almost all diseases to which they
beneath ; with winged serrated footstalks ; radiant florets are liable, having no confidence in
any medicine except in
three-toothed. Stem three feet high, branched, leafy, downy, combination with Ginseng. Osbeck says, that he never
Native of Mexico. looked into the apothecaries' shops, but
ribbed. they were always
Palm-Tree, see Phoenix. selling Ginseng ; that both poor people, and those of the
Panax; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Dioecia ; highest rank, use it; and that they boil half an ounce in their
or, according to Swartz, of the class Pentandria, order Digy- tea or soup every morning, as a
remedy for a consumption,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. , Hermaphrodite Flowers. and other diseases. Jartoux relates, that the most eminent
Calix: umbel simple, equal, clustered; involucre many- physicians in China have written volumes on the medicinal
leaved, awl-shaped, very small, permanent ; perianth proper powers of this plant, asserting that it gives immediate relief
Corolla : universal, in extreme fatigue either of
very small, five-toothed, permanent. body or mind, that it dissolves
uniform ; proper of five oblong, equal, recurved petals. pituitous humours, and readers respiration easy, strengthens
Stamina : filamenta five, very short, deciduous ; antherse the stomach, promotes appetite,
stops vomitings, removes
simple. Pistil : germen roundish, inferior ; styles two, hysterical, hypochondriacal, and all nervous affections, giving
small, upright; stigmas simple. Pericarp: berry cordate, a vigorous tone of body even in extreme old Jartoux
age.
umbilicate, two-celled. Seeds: solitary, cordate, acute, himself was so biassed by Eastern prejudice in favour of
plano-convex. Male fimvers, on a distinct plant. Calix : Ginseng, that he seems to give their extravagant accounts
umbel simple, globular, with very many equal coloured rays ;
of its effects full credit, and confirms them in some measure
involucre composed of lanceolate sessile leaflets, the same from his own experience. The French in Canada use this
number with the external rays ; perianth turbinate, quite root for curing the asthma, as a stomachic, and to
promote
entire, coloured. Corolla :
petals five, oblong, blunt,
nar- fertility in women. European physicians assert, that we have
Stamina filamenta no proofs of the efficacy of Ginseng, and that from it,s sen-
row, reflex, placed on the perianth. :

five, filiform, longer, inserted in the perianth ; antberee sim- sible qualities it seems to possess
very little power as a medi-
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Umbel: of many rays. Co- cine. Dr. Cullen says, " We are told that the Chinese con-
ple.
rolla: five-petalled. Stamina: five. Hermaphrodite. Calix: sider Ginseng as a powerful aphrodisiac ; but I have long
five-toothed, superior. Styles: two. Berry: two-seeded. neglected the authority of popular opinions, and this is one
Male. Calix entire. The instance that has confirmed my judgment. I have known a
:
species are,
1 . Panax Quinquefolium Ginseng. Leaves tern quinate
; ; gentleman a little advanced in life, who chewed a quantity
root fleshy, as large as a man's finger, jointed, and of this root every day for several years, but who acknow-
taper,
frequently divided into two branches, sending off many ledged that he never found that it in any way improved his
short slender fibres. The stalk rises nearly a foot and half faculties." These observations of the above celebrated phy-
sicians are however no proof that, after all due allowances
high, and is naked at the top, where it generally divides
into three smaller footstalks, each sustaining a leaf composed are made for popular prejudices, Ginseng may not be a
good
of five spear-shaped leaflets, serrate, pale green, and a little medicine for many disorders in the country where it naturally
The flowers grow on a slender peduncle just at the grows. It is commonly used in decoction, a drachm of the
hairy.
division of the petioles, and are formed into a small umbel root being long boiled in a sufficient quantity of water for
at top ;
they are of an herbaceous yellow colour, and appear one dose. Lewis tells us, that a drachm of the Ginseng
 PAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAN 231

root may be sliced and boiled in a quarter of a pint of water 5. Panax Spinosa
Thorny Panax. Leaves quinate, alter-
;

to about two ounces then a little sugar being added, it may

;
nate spines solitary, below the branches ; umbels lateral.
;

be drank as soon as it becomes sufficiently cool. The dose The shoots consist of three or four leaves without a branchlet,
must be repeated morning and evening but the second dose
;
and among these leaves is a filiform peduncle, with a simple
may be prepared from the same portion of root as was used umbel, and small white flowers. Native of Japan.
at first, for it will always admit of being twice boiled. The 6. Panax Arborea ; Tree Panax- Leaves septenate, (ac-
dried root of Ginseng imported into England, is scarcely the cording to Forster, quinate-obovate, serrate, toothed ;) umbels
thickness of the little finger, about three or four inches long, compound, large, with elongated rays ; leaflets seven, of
different sizes, oblong, serrate, very smooth, Native
frequently forked, transversely wrinkled, of a horny texture, shining.
both within and without of a yellowish white colour. To the of New Zealand.
taste it discovers a mucilaginous sweetness, approaching to 7. Panax Chrysophylla; Golden-leaved Panax. Leaves in
that of liquorice, accompanied with some degree of bitter- sevens and nines leaflets lanceolate, quite entire, tomentose
;

ness, and a slight aromatic warmth, with little or no smell. underneath; umbels panieled. This is a lofty tree, with
It is far sweeter, and of a more grateful smell, than the leaves branches the thickness of a thumb at top ; which, together
of Fennel, to which some have compared it ; and it also dif- with the leaves underneath, the younger petioles, the branches
of the panicle, the calices, and petals, on the outside, are all
fers remarkably from those roots, in the nature and pharma-
ceutic properties of its active principles the sweet matter of
;
covered with a fine golden cottony down ; flowers small.
the Ginseng being preserved entire in the watery as well as Found in Guiana, and the island of Trinidad.
8. Panax Fruticosa;
the spirituous extract, whereas that of Fennel roots is de- Shrubby Panax. Leaves superde-
stroyed or dissipated in the inspissation of the watery tincture. compound tooth ciliate stem shrubby. This is an upright
; ;

The slight aromatic impregnation of the Ginseng is likewise shrub, six feet high, with a thick, juicv, unarmed stem, and
in good measure retained in the
watery extract, and perfectly oblique branches ; flowers red and green, terminating in a
in the spirituous. Father Loureiro doubts whether the Ame- diffused panicle, ending in umbels, on a long, purple, striated
rican Ginseng be the same with the precious Ginsem of the peduncle. This plant is cultivated in China and Cochin-
Chinese, the latter being the dearest in China itself; so that china, where the root and leaves are used in medicine. The
if our
physicians have only used the sort that is imported plant has a strong aromatic parsley-like flavour, and pene-
from Canada, they have not yet made a fair trial of the Gin- trating taste. It is reputed to be diuretic, and to be benefi-

seng to which the eastern nations attribute so many virtues. cial in the dropsy,
dysury, and gonorrhoea. Native of the
The American species has been introduced into the English island of Ternate.
gardens, where it has been planted in a shady situation and 9. Panax Simplex ;
Simple-leaved Panax. Leaves alter-
a light soil, and the plants have thriven and produced flow- nate, lanceolate, serrate; umbels compound. Native of New
ers, and ripened their seeds annually, but not one of these Zealand.
seeds have grown. They have been sown several years soon 10. Panax Horridum; Palmate Prickly-leaved Panax.
after they were ripe, without
any success: the seed obtained Leaves simple, alternate, serrated, with prickly ribs ; stem
from America has also been sown in various situations, but shrubby, very prickly. Found at Nootka Sound.
still without
producing a single plant; and by the accounts Pancratium; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mo-
sent from China, it appears that the same results have fol- nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : spathe oblong,
lowed the planting of them there all which tends to prove
:
obtuse, compressed, opening on the flat side, shrivelling.
that there is a necessity for the hermaphrodite
plants to have Corolla : petals six, lanceolate, flat, inserted into the tube
some male plants near them, to render the seeds prolific ;
of the nectary on the outside above the base
nectary one- ;

for all those plants from which seeds have been saved, had leafed, cylindric, funnel-form, coloured at top, with the
hermaphrodite flowers; and though the seeds seemed to mouth spreading and twelve-cleft. Stamina: filamenta six,
ripen perfectly, yet they did not grow after lying undisturbed awl-shaped, inserted into the tips of the nectary, and longer
in the ground for three
years. Kalm says, that the Ame- than them antherse oblong, incumbent.
; Pistil: germen
rican Ginseng bears transplanting
very well, and will soon bluntly three-cornered, inferior; style filiform, longer than
thrive in its new ground ; and adds, that he was informed the stamina ; stigma blunt.
Pericarp : capsule roundish,
that the seeds lie one or two Seeds: several, glo-
years in the ground before they three-sided, three-celled, three-valved.
appear. bular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Petals: six. Nectary:
2. Panax Attenuata ; Stamina : placed on the nectary. The spe-
Taper-pointed Tree Panax. Leaves twelve-cleft.
ternate, or quinate ; leaflets ovate, attenuated, crenate ; trunk cies are,
arborescent. This is a tree 40 feet Pancratium Zeylanicum
high, with round, smooth, 1 .
;
Ceylonese Pancratium. Spathe
unarmed branches ; common
petioles round, smooth, longer one-flowered ;
petals reflex ; root rather large, bulbous ;

than the leaves, a foot long, leaves long and narrow, of a and pretty
sheathing at the base ; sheaths gra-yish colour, thick,
half-embracing, within the base of the petiole, above free and standing upright. The flower has a very agreeable scent,
acuminate; flowers hermaphrodite, all fertile; seeds solitary.
but is only of short duration it is white, with yellow anthers.
;

Native of the West Indies, in Guadaloupe and St. Native of Ceylon. This, together with the other East and
Christopher's.
3. Panax Trifolia ; Three-leaved Panax. Leaves ternate; West Indian sorts, are too tender to thrive in England,
stem single, not more than five inches high, except in a good stove. If the pots be
dividing into plunged into the
three footstalks, each sustaining a trifoliate leaf, with the bark-bed, they will thrive and flower well. In the dry-stove
leaflets longer, narrower, and more indented on their their flowers will not be so
deeply strong, nor will they appear
edges, than in the first species. Native of North America. oftener than once a year ; whereas in the tan-bed
they will
4. Panax Aculeata Prickly Panax. Leaves ternate, the often flower two or three times.
;
They are propagated by
uppermost next the flowers crowded and simple; petioles offsets from the roots, or
by the bulbs which succeed the
and branchlets prickly; stem shrubby. This is a shrub, flowers. If the latter be
planted in small pots filled with
with a recurved prickle at the base, and at the
tip of the light earth from a kitchen-garden, and plunged into a mode-
petioles. Native of China. rate hot-bed, they will soon put out roots and leaves, and
VOL. u. 85. 3 N
232 PAN THE UNVERSAL HERBAL; PAN
with care will become blowing roots in one year if these should not be kept long out of the ground, for, as
they do
:

are kept constantly in the tan-bed, they will put out offsets not lose their fibres every year, if
they be dried it greatly
front the roots, and thrive as well as in their native Countries. weakens the roots. It loves a light sandy toil, and a shel-
2. Pancratium Mexicana; Mexican Pancratium. Spathe tered situation the roots should be planted nine inches or a
;

two-flowered ; stem or scape a long span in height, round, foot asunder every
way, and five inches deep in the ground.
forked towards the top, or dividing into two peduncles, with If the
plants be propagated by seeds, they should be sown
two oblong, tender, membranaceous, greenish leaflets, and in pots filled with light earth, soon after
they are ripe these :

terminated each with a white flower, divided to the very base pots should be placed under a hot-bed frame in winter, but
into six narrow segments. Native of Mexico. the glasses must be taken off
every day in mild weather.
3. Pancratium Caribaeum ; Caribbean Pancratium. Spathe The young roots will require a little protection in the winter,
many-flowered leaves lanceolate segments of the corolla
; ; till
they have obtained strength. See Narcissus, for further
linear, and longer than the tube. The stalk rises about a foot particulars of their management.
high, then divides like a fork into small footstalks or rather 8. Pancratium Littorale; Tall Pancratium.
Spathe many-
tubes, which are narrow, green, and at first encompassed by flowered ; leaves lanceolate, linear, bifarious ; segments of
a thin spathe, which withers, and opens to give way to the the corolla linear, shorter than the tube;
nectary almost
flowers, which are white and scentless. Dr. Browne says, it entire; scape two feet high, very much compressed", an inch
grows wild in most parts of Jamaica, and the other sugar wide on one side, ancipital, shining, green with a glaucous
islands, with large leaves and numerous flowers, seldom rising bloom, axillary, erect, or sometimes declining ; flowers hand-
above sixteen or eighteen inches in height. Dr. Houstoun some, spreading, sessile at the top of the scape, having an
imported some of the roots from Vera Cruz. Native of the agreeable aromatic odour bulb the same size as the first
;

VVest Indies. It is found in abundance on the

species. sandy coast of the
4. Pancratium Maritimum ; Sea Pancratium, Spathe island Tierra Bomba near Carthagena.
many-flowered; petals flat; leaves tongue-shaped; root large, 9. Pancratium Verecundum; Narcissus-leaved Pancratium.
bulbous, coated, of an oblong form, covered with a dark Spathe many-flowered leaves linear segments of the corolla
; ;

skin ;the leaves are shaped like a tongue ;

they are more lanceolate, shorter than the tube the sinuses of the seg-
;

than a foot long, and one inch broad, of a deep green, six ments of the nectary staminiferous scape erect, compressed,
;

or seven of them rising together from the same root, encom- a foot high flowers fragrant, on three-cornered
;
pedicels,
passed at bottom with a sheath between these arises the
:
scarcely half an inch long. They appear from June to Au-
stalk, which is a foot and half long, naked, sustaining at the gust. Native of the East Indies.
top six or eight white flowers, inclosed in a sheath, which 10. Pancratium Amboinense Broad-leaved Pancratium.
;

withers, and opens on the side to make way for the flowers Spathe many-flowered; leaves ovate, nerved, petioled bulb ;

to come out.Native of the south of Europe, on the sea- oblong, white, sending out several thick fleshy fibres, which
coasts of Spain and Sicily. It roust be planted in a
very strikedownward ; stalk thick, round, succulent, rising nearly
warm border, and screened from severe frost, otherwise it two feet high, sustaining at the top several white flowers,
will not live through the winter in England. shaped like those of the other "sorts, but the are petals
5. Pancratium Declinatum. Spathe many-flowered: scftpe broader, the tube is shorter, and the stamina are not so long
compressed, ancipital segments of the corollas a little longer
; as the petals. The remarkably broad heart-shaped leaves,
than the tube ; leaves tongue-shaped ; flowers sweet, white, of a pale gi"een, with many strong ribs,
abundantly distin-
sessile, almost half a foot in diameter. It is cultivated in
guish this species. Native of Amboyna.
the gardens of Martinico probably a native of Cayenne.
; 11. Pancratium Americanum White Lily. Leaves nearly
;

6. Pancratium Carolinianum ; Carolina Pancratium. a footand half long, and little more than an inch broad, dark
Spathe many-flowered leaves linear ; stamina the length of
;
green, and hollowed in the middle, like the keel of a boat ;
the nectary. This has a roundish bulbous root, covered stalks nearly two feet high, thick, succulent,
sustaining at
with a light brown skin, from which arise several dark green the top eight or ten white flowers, shaped like those of Mariti-
leaves about a foot long ; among these comes out a thick mum, but of a purer white, and having a strong sweet odour,
stalk about nine inches high, sustaining six or seven white like that of Balsam of Peru : the flowers seldom continue
flowers, with very narrow petals, having large bell-shaped longer than three or four days, and in very hot -weather not
nectaria or cups deeply indented on their brims. Native of so long. Native of the West India Islands.
Jamaica and Carolina. 12. Pancratium Latifolium. This is not often distinguished
7. Pancratium Illyricum; Starry Pancratium. Spathe from the preceding, though it differs from it in the leaves
many-flowered; leaves ensiform; stamina longer than the being much larger and broader, for they are nearly two feet
nectary. This has a large bulb, covered with a dark skin, long, and more than three inches broad, and hollowed like
sending out many thick strong fibres, striking deep in the the keel of a boat, as in the other the flowers also are larger,
;

ground ; flowers white, six or seven in number. Native of the petals longer, and the scent weaker. It flowers
through-
the south of Europe. It grows wild on the sandy coast of out the year. Native of the West Indies,
the isle of Ree near Rochelle, according to Morison. This 13. Pancratium Rotatum ; Large-crowned Pancratium.
sort is hardy, and will thrive through the winter in the Spathes multiflorous leaves linear-lanceolate
; nectaries ;

full ground: in very severe seasons the surface should hypocrateriform, tubulose beneath ; teeth six, staminiferous ;
be covered with tanner's bark, sea-coal ashes, straw, or intermediate ones inciso-dentate; stamina as long again as
pease-haulm. It is propagated either by oftsets from the the nectary. Found on the sea-coast, from Virginia to Flo-
roots, or from seeds. The offsets will flower very strong the rida ; and flowers in July.
second year, whereas those which are raised from seeds sel- Pandanus; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monandria.
dom flower in less than five years. The roots should not be GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: spathes alternate,
removed oftener than every third year if they are expected to sessile, serrate,spiny; spadix decompound, naked; perianth
flower strong. The best time to transplant them is in the proper, none. : none.
Corolla Stamina : filamenta very many,
beginning of October, soon after their leaves decay. They solitary, placed scatteringly on the outer ramifications of the
 PAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAN 233

spadix, very short ; antheree oblong, acute, erect. Female, of longitudinal, tough, useful fibres. In the South Sea Islands?
on a separate plant. Calix and Corolla: none. Pistil: ger- either this, or some other species or variety, is used for mak-
mina numerous, aggregate, sessile, five-cornered, convex at ing mats. In the Sandwich Islands these mats are hand-
top, smooth ;none ; stigmas two, cordate, margined.
style somely worked in a variety of patterns, and stained of dif-
Pericarp; subglobular, large, consisting of numerous,
fruit ferent colours. The branches being of a soft, spongy, juicy
wedge-shaped drupes, convex at top, angular, farinaceous, nature, cattle will eat them when cut into small pieces.
one-seeded. Seed: solitary, oval, even in the centre of the Forster says, that in Otaheite the fruit is called E- Vara, or
drupe. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix and Corolla: none. Wharra, and the male flowers Hinanno ; that it is fond of
Male. Antheree: sessile, inserted into the ramifications of the sandy coasts, and is found on almost all the islands of the
spadix. Female. Stigmas: two. Fruit: compound. The Southern Ocean, within the tropics, even on those which are
only kno.wn species is, occasionally inundated; that it resembles the Ananas in
1. Pandanus Odoratissimus ; Sweet-scented Pandanus, or the fruit and leaves ; that it is cultivated in Arabia and
Screw Pine. Trunk generally in the form of a very large Ceylon, on account of the fragrancy of the male flowers ;

spreading bush, though it may sometimes be found with a that the women in India powder their hair with the dust of
single and pretty erect trunk of ten feet in height, and a the antherae, which is very fragrant, and that they lay up the
round branching head. From the stems, or larger branches, floral leaves and bunches of flowers among their clothes ;
issue large carrot-shaped blunt roots, descending till they thaj. inTernate they dress the flowers before they open, as
come to the ground, and then dividing : the substance of the sauce for flesh and fish that in India the fruit is eaten by
;

most solid is something like that of a cabbage stalk, and by elephants, in Otaheite and the neighbouring islands by chil*
age acquires a woody hardness on the outside. Leaves con- dren, and when bread-fruit is scarce even by grown persons ;

fluent, stem-clasping, closely imbricated in three spiral rows and that it has a fine aromatic scent like the Strawberry or
round the extremities of the branches, bowing, from three to the Pine Apple, a taste at first sweetish, but afterwards
five feet long, tapering to a very fine long triangular point, astringent and austere. Mugalie, is the Telinga name of the
very smooth and glossy ; margins and back armed with very male plant; and Ghcezangee, that of the female. This plant
fine sharp spines; those on the margins point forward, those may be increased by sowing the seeds in pots of light earth,
of the back point sometimes one way and sometimes the and plunging them into the bark-bed of the stove ; where
other. The male flowers are in a large, pendulous, com- they must constantly remain, and be managed as other ten-
pound, leafy raceme, the leaves of which are white, linear, der exotics. Their large spreading foliage has a fine effect
oblong, pointed, and concave in the axil of each there is a
;
among other stove plants.
single thyrse of simple small racemes, of long-pointed depend- Panicum; a genus of the class Triandria, order L/igynia.
ing- antherae. Female flowers on different plants, terminating GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume two-flowered, two-
and solitary, having no other calix or corolla than the termi- valved ; valves subovate, nerved ; the outer valve a little
nation of the three rows of leaves, forming three imbricated lower, very small; one floret hermaphrodite, the other neuter,
fascicles of white floral leaves, like those of the male raceme, or male Corolla : hermaphrodite ; glume two-valved ; the
.

which stand at equal distances round the base of the young outer valve (in '.he bosom of the smaller calicine valve,) flat-
fruit: fruit compound, oval, from five to eight inches in tish, nerved ; the inner membranaceous, flat, with the edges
diameter, and from six to ten in length, weighing from four bent in, often small, or very small ; nectary two-leaved,
very
to eight pounds, rough, of a rich orange colour, composed of small, gibbous: in the neuter florets none. Stamina: fila-
numerous wedge-shaped angular drupes; when ripe, their menta three, capillary; (the neuter florets have no stamina;)
large or exterior ends are detached from one another, and antheree oblong. Pistil: in the hermaphrodites;
germen
covered with a firm deeper orange-coloured skin ; apices flat, roundish ; styles two, capillary ; stigmas feathered : in the
consisting of as many angular, somewhat convex tubercles, as neuters none. Pericarp : none ; corolla adheres to the seed
there are cells in the drupe, each crowned with the withered without opening. Seed: one, covered, roundish, flattish on
stigma internally; the exterior half of these drupes, next the one Observe. Neglecting the inner valve of the neuter
side.
apex, consist of dry spongy cavities, their lower part next floret, the outer seems to belong to the calix ; hence, three
the core, or common receptacle, is yellow, consisting of a calicine valves are commonly reckoned by botanists,
among
rich looking yellow pulp, intermixed with strong fibres ; here which the third is very small. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
the nut is lodged. The nut is compound, top-shaped, Calix : two-valved, the third valve very small. Most of these
exceedingly hard, angular, containing as many cells as there plants are natives of warm climates, where some are used by
are divisions on the apex of the drupe each cell is perforated
; the inhabitants to make bread. These grow very large, and
above and below. Native of the warmer parts of Asia: all require a good summer, otherwise they will not ripen in this
soils and situations seem to suit it equally well, and it flowers country. The seeds should be sown at the latter end of
chiefly during the rainy season. It is cultivated for
hedges, March or the beginning of April, on a moderate hot-b,ed ;
and answers well, except that it takes too much room as it ; and the plants should be planted out, when grown to a
pro-
grows readily from branches, it is rare to find the full grown per size, upon a bed of light rich earth, in a warm situation.
ripe fruit. The lower pulpy part of the drupe is sometimes They should be planted in rows, about three feet asunder,
eaten by the natives, in times of scarcity and famine ; the and the plants must be kept clean from weeds. When the
tender white base of the leaves is also eaten ra.w or boiled, plants are grown pretty tall, they should be supported by
at such melancholy times the taste of the pulpy part of die
; stakes, otherwise the winds will break them down and wheii
;

drupe is very disagreeable. The tender white leaves of the the corn begins to ripen, the birds must be
kept from it, other-
flowers, principally those of the male, yield that most delight- wise they will soon destroy it. The species axe,
ful fragrance for which they are so generally esteemed ; and *
Flowers spiked.
of the perfumes, it is by far the richest and most powerful.
all 1. Panicum Many-spiked Panic Grass.
Polystachyon ;

The roots are composed of tough fibres, which basket-makers Spikes round involucrets one-flowered, in bundles, and
;

use to tie their work with ; they are so soft and spongy, as bristly culms erect, branched at top leaves hairy at
; ;
top,
to serve the natives for corks ; the leaves also are composed almost opposite: biennial. Native of the East Indies, &c.
234 PAN THE UNVERSAL HERBAL; PAN
2. Panicum Sericeum ; Silky Panic Grass. Spike round ;
on very rich land, in which it will rise to four feet but the ;

involucres bristle-shaped, villose, one-flowered, the length leaves and stems are very large, and require to stand four
f the flowers ; leaves flat. This is an annual grass, native or five inches apart, otherwise they will grow
up weak, and
of the West Indies. It flowers from June to September. come to little. These large-growing corns should be sown
3. Panicum Verticillatum ; Hough Panic Grass. in drills, at about eighteen inches
Spike apart, so that the ground
whorled ; racemelets in fours ; involucrets one-flowered, two- may be hoed between the rows, to keep them clear from
bristled ; culms diffused. Native of Europe, the Levant, and weeds; and the stirring of the ground will greatly improve
the corn, which will ripen in
Japan. In England, Mr. Ray describes it as having been August, when it may be cut
found between Putney and Rochampton, and beyond the neat down and dried, and should be housed.
houses by the Thames' side. Mr. Curtis found it sparingly 8. Panicum Italicum Italian Panic Grass.
;
Spike com-
in the gardeners' ground in Battersea fields, with the sixth pound, with the base interrupted, nodding; spikelets glo-
species, and flowering at the same time. Scheuchzer remarks, merate; involucrets bristle-shaped, much longer than the
that it is a troublesome weed in the gardens near Paris. flower; rachis tomentose. Culm annual, a foot and half
There are two varieties, one larger and one smaller. high, round, thickish, upright, quite simple. It derives its
Panicum Helvorum; Pale-red Panic trivial name from being
4. Grass. Spike frequently cultivated in Italy and
round ; one-flowered, in bundles, and bristly ;
involucrets other warm countries. It flowers in
July and August.
seeds nerved. This is an annual grass, bearing a great resem- Native of the East and West Indies, and Cochin-china. This
blance to the next species, but in reality different ; culm six grows to a much larger size than the preceding species, and
feet high, branched; barren branches shorter; peduncles produces much larger spikes so that it should be allowed ;

scarcely streaked at the tip. Native of the East Indies. more room to grow, otherwise it will come to little. Culti-
.5. Panicum Glaucum ; Glaucous, Panic Grass. Spike vated like the preceding species.
round; involucrets two-flowered, in bundles, and hairy; 9. Panicum Setosum ;
Bristly Panic Grass. Spike com-
seeds waved and wrinkled. Root fibrous, annual ; culms a pound ; spikelets panicle-fascicled ; bristles mixed with the
loot high, erect, leafy, having four knots, grooved at the florets, and very long; peduncles almost smooth; height from
top, even. It flowers in June and
July. Native of the East two to four feet. Culm simple, erect, round, smooth, leafy;
Indies, America; and several parts of Europe, as Italy, the leaves half a foot long, lanceolate, flat, entire,
pubescent;
south of France, Germany, and Switzerland. sheaths embracing the culm, villose at the neck; pedicels
6. Panicum Viride ; Green Panic Grass. Spike round ; very short, smooth ; rachis flexuose, bristly.
involucrets two-flowered, in bundles, and hairy ; seeds 10. Panicum Lanceolatum;
Spear-leaved Panic Grass.
nerved. Mr. Curtis remarks, that this species, to correspond Spikes alternate ; outer valve of the calices ciliate and awned;
with its trivial name, should be always green, but that its leaves lanceolate. Culms simple, decumbent, leafy,
rooting,
foliage is often red, and its spikes reddish-brown ; and that long. Native of the East Indies.
the third species is the contrary, but the spike will always 11. Panicum Stagni; Pond Panic Grass. Spikes alter-
distinguish them. Root annual culms from a foot to eighteen
; nate, directed one way calices two-flowered, awned, hispid.
;

inches in height, oblique, leafy, having three knots, streaked Culms erect, three feet high, leafy ; leaves linear, flat, even,
at top, rugged. Sparrows are very fond of the seeds of this rough at the edge, with the mouths of the sheaths
hairy;
plant, and indeed of the seeds of all the genus; so that germen roundish-ovate, compressed. Native of ponds in the
when cultivated in a garden, they require to be protected East Indies.
from them. It flowers in July and August, and is an annual 12. Panicum Crus Corvi; Crow-foot Panic Grass. Spikes
grass, of no use in cultivation. Native of Germany, Carniola, alternate, directed one way spikelets subdivided glumes
; ;

and England. With us it is not common, though the most sometimes awned, hispid rachis three-cornered.
; Culm
so of all the genus. It has been found in Battersea
fields, annual, two feet high, suberect, manifold, jointed, leafy.
near London ;
by Martha's chapel near Guildford, in
Surry ; Though Loureiro describes it under the name of Crus Corvi,
and in the gravel pits by Chippenham park,
Cambridgeshire, he observes, that it is intermediate between that and Cms
and in the corn-fields adjoining. Galli, and different from both. It flowers in July and August.
7. Panicum Germanicum German Panic Grass. Native of the East Indies, Cochin-china, and Japan.
;
Spike
13. Panicum CrusGalli;
compound, close spikelets glomerate involucrets
; ; bristle- Thick-spiked Cock's-foot Panic
shaped, longer than the flower; rachis hirsute. This has been Grass. Spikes alternate and conjugate spikelets subdi- ;

confounded with the next species from which it is distinct,

; vided glumes awned, hispid rachis five-cornered. Root
; ;

in having the spike not interrupted at the base, smaller, and annual culms several, from one to two feet in height, thick,
;

ovate, in the height of the culm, in the shortness of the invo- at first procumbent or oblique, but finally almost upright ;
lucrets, and in having the rachis hirsute. It is annual, and flowering branches leafy, naked at top, even ; joints thick-
perishes soon after the seeds are ripe. There are three ened, cylindrical, dusky. The third petal of the corolla
varieties of it, with yellow, white, and purple grains. It has membranaceous, flat, acuminate, between the flat valve of
been formerly cultivated for bread in some of the northern the calix and the inner valve of the corolla. The seeds being
countries, but is not so much esteemed as the next species ; large, and produced in plenty, are much esteemed by the
but nevertheless as it will ripen better in a cold climate, it is small birds. Native of Virginia, the Cape of Good Hope,
generally cultivated where a better sort of grain will not suc- and several parts of Europe, as Sweden, Germany, Switzer-
ceed yet neither of them are reckoned to afford so good nou-
:
land, the south of France, and England. It was found in
rishment as Millet. Native of the southern parts of Europe. a garden between Deptford and Greenwich ; with a smooth
The seeds of this and the following species may be sown in spike, in a lane near the neat house gardens with an awned ;

the spring, at the same time as

Barley is sown, and may be spike, by the rivulet side near Petersfield, Hampshire ; also
managed exactly in the same way; but they should not be near Martha's Chapel in the neighbourhood of Guildford,
sown too thick, for the seeds are very small, and the plants Surry; in a coppice near Purfleet; and in Battersea fields.
grow stronger, and therefore require more room. This spe- 14. Panicum Setigerum ;
Bristle-bearing Panic Grass.
cies does not grow above three feet
high, unless it be sown Spikes remote ; florets directed one way ; teeth of the rachis
 PAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAN 235

bristle-bearing. Culms filiform, branched, leafy ; leaves two years ; but when the main stalk or root grows hard or woody,
inches long, subcordate at the base, with the edges of the the younger shoots do not push so luxuriantly, and
they are
sheaths ciliate. Native of China. then obliged to plant anew; this however is easy, being done
15. Panicum Colonum ; Purple Panic Grass. Spikes gradually, for the pieces are generally supplied as. they clean
alternate, directed one way, awnless, ovate, rugged ; rachis them, by throwing up every stubbed or falling root they find,
roundish. Root annual; culms a span high, round, ascending; planting a few joints in the place.
leaves even, often ferruginous-spotted, purple at the throat, 22. Panicum Pilosum ; Hairy Panic Grass. Spikes pani-
without a ligule. It flowers in July and August. Native of cled, alternate, directed one way; spikelets in pairs, one
the East Indies. smaller, acuminate, even ; rachis compressed, hairy. Culm
16. Panicum Fluitans ; Floating Panic Grass. Spikes divaricate, jointed ; leaves lanceolate, acute, even, rugged at
alternate, sessile, directed one way, the third calicine valve the edge ; sheaths approximating, compressed, villose at the
minute. Culm compressed, leafy; leaves linear. It is a base ; peduncles from the
sheathing internodes, compressed,
very beautiful, smooth, even grass ; flowers directed one short; antherre purplish; filamenta none. Native of Jamaica
way, alternate, sessile, imbricate. Native of the East Indies, and other West India Islands, in woody mountainous pas-
Arabia, and Madagascar. tures.
17. Panicum Brizoides Briza-like Panic Grass.
; Spikes 23. Panicum Molle Soft Panic Grass.
; Spikes panicled,
alternate, sessile, directed one way ; two of the calicine alternate, directed one way, spreading; spikelets approxi-
valversinuch shorter than the corolla, and retuse, the third mating, pedicelled, directed one way, awnless. Culm from
the same length with the corolla. Culms decumbent at the two to three feet high, decumbent at the base, ascending,
base, compressed, with purple joints ; leaves at the joints of subdivided at bottom, jointed, round, thick, pubescent. This
the culm, first single, but afterwards several within the same is immediately known from the other
species by its softness ;

sheath, linear, even ; corolla cartilaginous, with the valves and as the culm is thick and succulent, it is very grateful to
flat and very smooth, one margin embracing ; stigmas pale cattle. Swartz says it is a native of Surinam, and is com-
rose colour. Native of the East Indies. monly called Dutch Grass in Jamaica, where it grows in
18. Panicum Flavidum ; Yellowish Panic Grass. Culm moistish fertile pastures.
leafy ;
spikelets remote, sessile, pressed close, directed one 24. Panicum Fasciculatum ; Fascicled Panic Grass. Spikes
way, few-flowered. This is an upright grass, from two inches fascicled, alternate, erect, subfastigiate ;
spikelets directed
to half a foot in height ; root fibrous, the fibres undivided ;
one way, roundish ;
height two or three feet. Culm jointed,
flowers globular, alternate, directed one way, yellow, with erect, round, leafy, smooth. Native of low grassy places in
green nerves. All the glumes of the calix violet-coloured at Jamaica.
the tip. Native of Ceylon. 25. Panicum Carthaginense ; Carthagena Panic Grass.
19. Panicum Dimidiatum ; Half-spiked Panic Grass. Spikes panicled ; leaves shorter ; spikelets directed one way ;
Spike halved, and directed one way spikelets five-flowered,
;
leaves roundish. Roots long, filiform, stiff,
perennial ; culm
alternately pressed to the hollowed rachis. Culm ten feet a foot high, very much branched, jointed,
prostrate, com-
high, very finely striated, ascending. Native of the East pressed a little, grooved, stiff, smooth. Native of grassy
Indies. places near Carthagena in South America.
20. Panicum Burmanni; Wave-leaved Pamc Grass Spikes 26. Panicum Conglomeratum ; Conglomerate Panic Grass.
mostly four, remote, directed one way, simple, the two outer Spike directed one way, subovate florets blunt. Culms fili-
;

glumes of the flowers awned. Culm decumbent, branched, form, prostrate, very much branched, rooting leaves laiv- ;

villose, and rooting at the base ; leaves lanceolate, with hairs ceolate, even, with the sheaths shorter than half the inter-
thinly scattered over them ; the sheaths villose at the edge ; nodes. Native of the East Indies, near towns, and even in
florets alternate,
commonly abortive ; corolla snow white, the streets.
very smooth. Native of the East Indies, and of Italy. 27. Panicum Interruptum Broken-spiked Panic Grass.
;

21. Panicum Hirtellum ; Rough-haired Panic Grass, or Spike simple, interrupted; spikelets two-flowered. 'pedicel-
Scotch Grass. Spike compound spikelets pressed close,
; led, naked. This grass is three feet high, and smooth;
alternate ; calices doubled, all the valves awned, outer knots of the culm black. Native of stagnant waters in the
long-
est. Culm creeping, ascending-, three inches to a foot. East Indies.
Native of the West Indies, and the south of 28. Panicum Sanguinale;
Europe. This Slender-spiked Cock's-foot Pamc
grass is cultivated, and thrives very luxuriantly, iu all the Grass. Spikes digitate, knobbed at the inner base ; florets
low and marshy lands of Jamaica, where it is almost univer- in pairs, awnless sheaths of the leaves dotted. Root annual ;
;

sally used as fodder for their stabled cattle : it is planted culms leafy, even, with three joints, at the tyo lower pro-
near the towns with great care, and found to be one of the cumbent, the upper oblique, very long ; flowering branches
most beneficial productions of the island, where its from the joints; leaves broadish, short, sublanceolate. even.
general
growth is from two to four feet. It is propagated by the All the stems which lie near the ground take root, and by this
joints or root, and set in small drilled holes, about two feet means, though an annual and short-lived plant, it increases
and a half asunder the young shoots begin to appear in a
: and spreads very wide. The trivial name Sanguinale, is not
few days, and as they grow they spread and creep along the derived from its colour, but from an idle trick which the
ground, casting a few roots, and throwing out fresh roots boys in Germany have of pricking one another's nostrils
from every joint, as they run these soon supply the land, with the spikelets of this grass until
;
they draw blood. This
and fill the field with standing plants, which alone are gene- species is very universal, being found not only in Europe,
rally cut. It is fit to cut in six months from the first but in Asia and America; and the
plant- Society Isles in the
ing, and every month or' six weeks after, if the season fall Southern Ocean. It is not common in England, but
grows
in
kindly, and due care be taken to keep the ground free at Elden in Suffolk;
Witchingham in Norfolk; near Martha's
from weeds. An acre of good ground well stocked with this Chapel; by Guildford in Surry ; Wandsworth field; and in
grass, near Kingston or Spanish Town, is computed to bring the gardeners' grounds near Battersea
flowering from July
:

in above 120/. a
year; and when once planted, holds many to September.
VOL. ii. 85. 3 O
236 PAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAN
29. Panicum Dactylon ;
Fingered Panic Grass. Spikes than the rest. Native of Ceylon and the Society Isles in the

digitate, spreading, villose at the base on the insides ; flowers Southern Ocean.
solitary runners creeping. Culm creeping at the base, and
;
40. Panicum Elatius Tall Panic Grass.;
Spike com-
above that upright, nine inches or a foot in height, glaucous, pound spikelets oblong, scattered, pressed close; florets
;

smooth, frequently branched from the lower joints joints ; crowded calices mucronate, awned. Culm upright, stiff, sis
;

purple, smooth, sometimes eight or nine; root creeping widely feet highleaves long. It very much resembles the preceding
;

It flowers in July and August, Native of Malabar.

through the loose sand. species.
until late in the autumn. Native of Europe, the Levant, and ** Flowers
panicled.
the Cape of Good Hope. It has been found between Pen- 41. Panicum Dichotomum; Dichotomous Panic Grass.
zance and Market-Jew in Cornwall. Panicles simple ; culm branched, dichotomous. In stature
T 30. Panicum Umbrosum; Shady Panic Grass. Spikes this grass emulates a small tree;
simple below, and fascicled
about four, remote florets in pairs, unequally pedicellcd.
;
above. Native of Virginia.
Culm creeping, flaccid; leaves linear, lanceolate, short, naked. 42. Panicum Ramosum ; Branched Panic Grass. Panicle
Native of shady grass spots in the East Indies. with simple branches ; flowers in threes or thereabouts, lower,
31. Panicum Filiforme ; Filiform Spiked Panic Grass. subsessile. Culm branched ; leaves with even sheaths, striated,
ciliate at the edge and throat.
Spikes subdigitate, approximating, erect, filiform; rachis Native of the Indies.
flexuose teeth two-flowered, one sessile
;
inner valve very
;
43. Panicum Deustum; Burnt Panic Grass. Panicle
small. Culm and leaves smooth. It is an annual grass, spreading flowers solitary ; glumes smooth, purple ,g the
;

flowering from July to September. Native of North America, tip. Native of the Cape.
Good Hope, and of the Society and 44. Panicum Coloratura ; Coloured Panic Grass. Panicle
Japan, the Cape of
Easter Islands. spreading; stamina and pistilla coloured. Culm branched;
32. Panicum JEgyptiacum Egyptian Panic
; Grass. Spike according to.Jacquin, quite simple; glumes one-flowered,
subdigitate, approximating, erect, filiform; rachis flexuose; awnless, ovate, green and purple, eight-grooved. Root per-
teeth two-flowered, one sessile; inner valve very small. Culm ennial. It flowers in
July and August. Native of Egypt.
and leaves smooth ; culms from one to two feet high, covered 45. Panicum Repens Creeping Panic
; Grass. Panicle
with sheaths that have long hairs closely set. This very rod-like leaves divaricating.
; Culms creeping, a foot high,
much resembles the preceding species, but its native place ascending perennial.
: Native of banks of rivers in the
is not ascertained, notwithstanding its trivial name. Levant; and cultivated in the East Indies.
33. Panicum Ciliare; Ciliated Panic Grass. Spikes sub- 46. Panicum Ischcemoides -White Panic Grass. Panicle ;

digitate, approximating, erect, filiform;

rachis flexuose ; teeth erect, contracted calices two-flowered, polygamous, acute.
;

two-flowered ; flowers pedicelled ; outer valve ciliate. Culm Culm simple leaves distich, rigid branches of the panicle
; ;

and leaves hairy ; height a foot and half, branched at the few, naked, stiff, straight half way, but the flowering part
base ; corolla quite smooth ; flowers lanceolate, acute, one flexuose flowers for the most part in pairs, one of them
;

of them sessile. It yaries with the leaves more or less hairy, pedicelled seed ovate, flattish.
;
Very common Lu Malabar
and with the sheaths and joints hairy and naked. It resem- on the borders of ponds.
bles the thirty-first species so much that thfey may be easily 47. Panicum Remotum Distant Panic Grass. Branches
;

mistaken for each other. Native of Java and China. of the panicle three-sided florets subgeminate,
;
one-pedicel-
34. Panicum Lineare ; Linear-spiked Panic Grass. Spikes led. Culm branched, four-cornered, compressed ; leaves
digitate, in fours, or thereabouts, linear; florets solitary, linear, from four to six inches long, narrow, naked; branches
directed one way, awnless. Culms prostrate, even, branched. of the panicle capillary, remote, solitary, about eight in num-
Native of both Indies. ber ; seed white, ovate, flattish. Native of Tranquebar.
35. Panicum Cimicinum ; Bug Panic Grass. Panicle um- 48. Panicum Aristatum Awned Panic Grass. ; Culm
belled racemes in fours, one of the calicine glumes ciliate ;
:
creeping, rooting; branches of the panicle undivided; florets
leaves lanceolate, even, ciliate. Root annual culms a foot ;
in pairs, sessile, awned; leaves lanceolate, naked, short; co-

high, upright or ascending, even.

Native of the East Indies. rolla lanceolate, white, with equal valves. Native of China.
36. Panicum Distachyon ; Distich-spiked Panic Grass. 49. Panicum Miliaceum Millet Panic Grass. ;Panicle
Spikes in pairs, directed one way, even. Culms somewhat loose, flaccid ; sheaths of the leaves rough-haired glumes ;

branched, a foot high, narrower leaves short, rugged at the

; mucronate, nerved. It rises with a reed-like channelled stalk,
edge ; antherse yellow. Native of the East Indies. from three to four feet high at every joint there is one reed-
:

37. Panicum Squarrosum Scaly Panic Grass.

;
Spikes like leaf, joinedon the top of the sheath, which embraces
in pairs, horizontal ; involucres of the flowers squarrose. and covers that joint of the stalk below the leaf, and is
Culms decumbent; leaves short, clustered, tomentose, as clothed with soft hairs the leaf has none, but has several
;

are also the sheaths ; peduncle elongated, erect, naked, ter- small longitudinal furrows, running parallel to the midrib ;
minated by two spikes, diverging horizontally, directed one the stalk is terminated by a large loose panicle, hanging on

way, squarrose. A bundle of barren flowers terminates the

one side. Mr. Miller mentions two varieties, one with white
spike. The appearance and structure are so singular, that seeds, the other with black seeds, but not differing in any
it seems to constitute a distinct genus. Annual. ^Native of other particular. He also mentions another species, which
the East Indies, found commonly in the sands of Malabar has a more slender stalk, about three feet high ; the sheaths
have no hair, but are channelled ; the leaves are shorter; the
during the rainy season.
38. Panicum Hispidulum Hispid Panic Grass.
;
Spikes panicle stands erect, and the chaff has shorter awns or beards.
binate and ternate, erect; caliccs hispid, two-awned. Native Loureiro mentions a variety with brownish or dusky-red seeds.
of the East Indies. Native of the East Indies and China, where, as well as in
39. Panicum Compositum Compound Spiked Panic Grass.
; the south of Europe, it is cultivated as an esculent grain.

Spike compound; spikelets linear, directed oneway; florets

The seeds, which vary in their colour, are sometimes used in
in pairs, remote; calices awned. Culm creeping, leafy, the manner of barley, to make a drink which is good in fevers,
rising, filiform, tender, simple
leaves lanceolate, wider
; and against heat of urine; it is also slightly astringent. This
 PAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAN 237

is in any considerable quantity in

seldom cultivated 57. Panicum Nemorosum ; Wood Panic Grass. Panicle
grain
England, though the seeds ripen very well, and are well simple; branches distant, erect; florets remote, scattered,
adapted for feeding poultry. They must be sown in the
ovate-acuminate. Culm decumbent, jointed ; sheaths and
neck hairy and radicles very long, filiform ; leaves
beginning of April upon a warm dry soil, but
not too thick, ; roots
because these plants divide into several branches, and should distich, obliquely elliptic at the base, unequal on the sides,
have much room and when they come up, they should be
;
terminated by a lanceolate point, quite entire, somewhat
cleared from weeds, after which they will in a short time waved, very thin and very finely streaked, smooth under-
neaih, hairy above ; antherse purple. Native of Jamaica and
get the better of them, and prevent their future growth.
In
August the seeds will ripen, when it must be cut down, and Hispaniola.
beaten out, as is practised for other grain but the birds will :
58. Panicum Acuminatum ; Sharp-leaved Panic Grans.
devour it as soon as it begins to ripen, unless it be protected Panicles simple, shorter than the leaves ; branches capillary,
from them by very effectual precautions. diffused ; spikelets remote, obovate. Culm decumbent,
50. Panicum Antidotale ; Medicinal Panic Grass. Pani- jointed, branched ; leaves lanceolate-subulate, erect; sheaths
This grass is a span in height.
cle nodding; calices two-flowered, polygamous, acute. Culm villose. Native of sandy
erect, very much branched root perennial, stoloniferous; ;
fields on the mountains of Jamaica.
'

leaves rough at the edge, and on the larger nerves, but less 59. Panicum Rigens ; Stiff-panicled Panic Grass. Pani-
so. It is cultivated in Malabar, where it never produced cle simple, rigid, spreading. Culm branched, decumbent ;

seed, but is increased by offsets or runners. The natives leaves horizontal, rugged. This grass is distinguished by its
there use it, particularly in ulcers of the nose, and as a dis- rigidity. Native of the high mountains of Jamaica.
cutient in other cases, either simply bruised, or made into a 60. Panicum Fuscum ; Brown Panic Grass. Panicle s>m-
cataplasm, as Koeriig reports. pie ; branches erect ; florets directed one way, in pairs> on
51. Panicum Notatum; Black-spotted Panic Grass. Panicle a shorter pedicel. Culm erect, subdivided ; leaves broad-
axils marked leaves lanceolate, ciliate. This is lanceolate ; height from one to two feet ; sheaths long, with
spreading ; ;

a tall grass, with a slender culm, and black dots. Native a contracted ligule, appearing somewhat hirsute when mag-
of Sumatra. nified pedicels now and then two-flowered.
; Native of the
52. Panicum Muricatum ; Muricated Panic Grass. Pani- boggy pastures of Jamaica.
cle spreading; flowers solitary, muricated. Culm rooting, 61. Panicum Laxum; Loose Panic Grass. Panicle simple,
ascending, a foot and half high; leaves short, lanceolate, nodding; branches capillary; spikelets approximating, alter-
with white scattered hairs. Native of the East Indies. nate, pressed close. Culms simple, filiform, flaccid; leaves
53. Panicum Capillare ;
Capillary Panic Grass. Panicle linear-lanceolate ; heightfrom two to four feet. Native of
capillary, erect, spreading; peduncles strict; calices acumi- Jamaica, in dry woods flowering at the end of the year.
;

nate, even ; sheaths of the leaves very hirsute. This grass 62. Panicum Latifolium ; Broad-leaved Panic Grass. Pa-
resembles the Poa Capillaris, but it is entirely hirsute. nicle with racemes, lateral, simple leaves ovate-lanceolate,
;

Annual, flowering from July to August. Native of Virginia hairy at the neck. Native of North America.
and Jamaica. 63. Panicum Flavescens ; Yellow Panic Grass. Panicle
54. Panicum Flexuosum ; Flexuose Panic Grass. Panicle simple, erect, stiff; branches subfastigiate, the lowest oppo-
capillary, spreading; peduncles flexuose; calices ovate; beard site spikelets approximating, directed one way
; pedicels ;

of the joints reflex. Culms decumbent, branched, slightly two-flowered height three or four feet.
;
Culm simple, erect,
hairy. Retzius mentions a variety that is wholly smooth, round at top, compressed, and pubescent. This species is
found every where in the rice-fields. Native of the East singular in the colour, being constantly yellow, which is not
Indies. the case with the rest. Native of Jamaica.
55. Panicum Grossarium. Branches of the panicle simple; 64. Panicum Diffusum Diffused Panic Grass.
;
Panicle
flowers in pairs, with one of the pedicels very short, the other somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets distant.
capillary,
the length of the flower. Culm simple or branched, two feet Culm decumbent, leaves linear, hairy at the neck ;
simple ;

high and more. Native of Jamaica and Japan. sheaths striated, villose at the neck and throat; knots purple;
Panicum Maximum; Large Panic Grass, or Guinea
56. branches of the panicle alternate, Common in dry places
Grass. Panicle compound, capillary, spreading branches ;
in the West Indies.
racemed knots of the joints and sheaths hirsute at the base.
; 65. Panicum Oryzoides ; Rice-like Panic Grass. Panicle
Root creeping, perennial culms from five to ten feet high,
; almost simple branches erect ; florets somewhat remote,
;

upright, simple, even; leaves lanceolate, towards the top ovate-acute. Culm erect, undivided; leaves broad-lanceolate,
convolute and sharp, smooth, except at the edge which is rounded at the base; sheaths even. This is distinguished
rugged, and at the base which is rough-haired. Native of by the spikelets being much larger than in any of the other
the West Indies said to have been originally brought from
; Native of mountain woods in the southern part of
species.
the coast of Africa. It is much esteemed in Jamaica both for Jamaica.
sheep and cattle and flowers chiefly in October. This is
; 66. Panicum Clandestinum Hidden Panic Grass. Ra- ;

increased in the same manner as the cemes hidden within the sheaths of the leaves ; culm dicho-
twenty-first species, but
does not require near so much moisture, and is reckoned a tomous, branched. Native of Pennsylvania.
more hearty fodder. It is not so much cultivated as it ought 67. Panicum Arborescens Tree Panic Grass.;
Stem
t.o be. The lands about the towns are too subject to drought, arborescent panicle very much branched
;
leaves ovate- ;

to produce it in any perfection ; and in the other parts of the oblong-, acuminate. This grass contends for height with the
country they are too indolent to be at" the trouble of planting loftiest trees in the East Indies, though the culm is scarcely
it; not considering how much time and labour is lost in wider than a goose-quill. It flowers in March and April.

seeking for other fodder, which is not so good, and cannot Native of the East Indies.
so easily be obtained ; nor do they consider the losses 68. .Panicum Curvatum;
they Crook-chaffed Panic Grass.
sustain in stock, for the want of abundance of wholesome Panicle racemed glumes curved, obtuse, nerved.
; Culms
food. For further particulars, see Holcus Pertusus. filiform, even. Native of the East Indies.
238 PAN THE UNVERSAL HERBAL; PAP
69. Panicum Virgatum Lony-paniclcd Panic Grass.
; acute; leaves linear; sheaths very, hairy. Grows on the
Panicle rod-like ; glumes acuminate, even, outmost gaping. banks of the Delaware, and also in Pennsylvania.
This is a very tall grass, with a very large diffused panicle. 82. Panicum Fusco-rubens. Racemes linear, virgate;
Native of Virginia, and other parts of North America. glumes clavate, coloured. Grows in the rice-fields of
70. Panicum Patens; Spreading Panic Grass. Panicle Georgia, and flowers in August.
oblong, flexuose, capillary, spreading; calices two-flowered; 83. Panicum Striatum. Panicles oblong ; glumes some-
leaves linear-lanceolate. Native of the East Indies. This, what large, glabrous, green, beautifully striated. Grows in
or one like it, is also found in Portugal. Carolina.
71. Panicum Trigonum Triangular-seeded Panic Grass.
; 84. Panicum Nitidnm. Panicles capillaceous, ramose ;
Panicle erect; peduncles two-flowered; calices obtuse, his- glumes pubescent; seeds shining; leaves remote,
striated,
pid, one-flowered; seeds three-cornered. Culms a span high, lanceolate-linear, bearded at the neck ; stalk glabrous. A
prostrate, leafy, rooting. Native of the East Indies. common North American species.
72. Panicum Pallens ; Pale Panic Grass. Panicle com- 85. Panicum Scopariuui.
Panicles erect, composite, seta-
pound, ovate ; branches clustered, erect ; spikelets ovate, ceous, very branchy ; ; leaves lan-
glumes obovate, pubescent
subulate. Culm subdivided, jointed ; leaves ovate, lanceo- ceolate, villose. Grows in the dry swamps of Carolina.
late ; sheaths ciliate on the neck and at the edge. Native 86. Panicum Nodiflorum. Panicles very small, lateral,
of Jamaica. and terminal; glumes ovate, pubescent; leaves narrow, some-
73. Panicum Lanatum ; Woolly Panic Grass. Panicle what short, bearded at the neck. Grows in dry fields- from
compound, erect, smooth; spikelets ovule. Culm branched; Pennsylvania to Carolina, and flowers in July.
leaves ovule-lanceolate, pubescent; sheaths lanuginose, hir- 87. Panicum Proliferum. Plant very glabrous panicles ;

sute. Native of Jamaica, oblong, erect, lateral, and terminal glumes oblong, acute.
;

74. Panicum Arundinaccuin ; Reedy Panic Grass. Pani- striated; stalk branchy, dichotomous. Grows in rich soil,
cle compound, spreading; brunches and branrlilcU still', in woods, and on edges of ditches, from
Pennsylvania to
capillary; spikelets roundish. Cidm subdivided, jointed; Carolina, and flowers in July and
August.
leaves broad -lanceolate, acuminate, rigid. Nativuof .Kmuira, 88. Panicum Pubescens, Plant erect, very branchy, pubes-
in the high mountains near cold springs in St. Andrew's cent; panicles small, with few flowers, lax, sessile; glumes
Parish. globose-ovate, subpedicellated, pubescent. Grows in shady
75. Panicnm Glutinosum; Glutinous Panic Glass. Pani- rich woods from Virginia to Carolina, and flowers in July.
cle compound, spreading; branches flcxuose; spikdets peili- SO. Panicum Laxiflortim. Panicles open, lax, pilose;
celled, distant, glutinous. Culm erect, simple; leaves broader. glumes rare, obtuse, pubescent. A North American plant.
The great clamminess of the spikdels, whence its trivial 90. Panicum Anceps. Plant
erect ; branches of the panicle
name, is peculiar to this species. Native uf Jamaica, ill the simple, interruptedly racemulose ; leaves long; sheaths com-
southern parts, in the woods of the highest mountains. pressed, pilose. Grows in the shady wet woods of Carolina.
76. Panicum Radicans ; Rooting Panic Grass. Panicled: 91. Panicum Melicarium. Plant feeble, very glabrous ;
culm branching, rooting; the base of the loaves and the panicle slender, long ; branchlets rare glumes membranace-
;

sheaths longitudinally ciliate. This grass is a foot high, slen- ous, with subequal lanceolate valves; leaves narrow, long.
der, smooth. Found by Wennerbcrg near Canton in China. Grows in Carolina and Georgia, flowering in July and August.
77. Panicum Trichoides ; Hair-like Panic Grass. Pani- Pansies. See Viola.
cle very much branched, spreading; branches and branchlets Papavcr ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
subdivided, capillary. Culm declined, jointed ; leaves ovate- gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth two-leaved,
lanceolate, very smooth. Dr. Patrick Browne rails this the ovate, emarginate ; leaflets subovate, concave, obtuse, cadu-
Smaller Wood Grass, and says it is very common in the woods cous. Corolla: petals four, roundish, flat, spreading, large,
.

of Jamaica, agreeing for the most part with the Guinea narrower at the base, alternately less. Stamina: filamenta
Grass, both in the arrangement and formation of its flowers. numerous, capillary, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers
The stalks and leaves are excellent fodder for all sorts of oblong, compressed, erect, obtuse. Pistil: germen round-
cattle, and the seeds serve to feed small birds. ish, large style none stigma depressed, peltate, flat, radiate.
; ;

78. Panicum Divaricatum; Straddling Panic Grass. Pericarp: capsule crowned with the large stigma, one-celled,
Panicles short, awnless ; culm very much branched, and half many-celled, opening by many holes at the top under
extremely divaricating; pedicels two-flowered, one shorter. the crown. Seeds: numerous, very small receptacles lon- ;

Native of Jamaica. gitudinal plaits, the same number with the rays of the stigma,
79. Panicum Hirsutum Shaggy Panic Grass.
; Panicle fastened to the wall of the pericarp. Observe. The pericarp
compound, capillary, spreading. Culms and sheaths bristly, is either
globular or oblong, and differs in the rays of the
hirsute; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, nerved, strict; valves stigma. The primary division of the species is to be taken
of the calix ovate, acuminate, concave, striated ; outer less from the smoothness and roughness of the pericarp. ESSEN-
by half ; stigmas feathered, whitish. Native of Jamaica. TIAL CHARACTER. Calix : two-leaved. Corolla: four-
80. Panicum Elongatum. Plant smooth panicles in pairs,
;
petalled. Capsule: one-celled, opening by holes under the
pyramidal, lateral, elongate-pedunculate, terminal ; little permanent stigma. All the plants of this genus are propa-
branches alternate, divaricate ; glumes alternate, oblong, gated by seeds but those wliich have perennial roots may
;

acute, pedicellated, coloured; leaves long; neck somewhat be also propagated by offsets. The best time for sowing the
bearded ; stem compressed. Grows in ditches, and near seeds is in September, when they will more certainly grow ;

ponds, from New Jersey to Virginia, h is a very handsome and those sorts wliich are annual will make larger plants,
crass, sometimes five feet high : the colour of the panicle is and flower better, than when they are sown in the spring.
diirk purple mixed with green. The best way is to sow the seeds of the annual kinds in the
81. Panicum Strictum. Panicles solitary, shorter than the places where they are to remain, and to thin the plants where
terminal leaf; branches simple, flexuose; glumes alternate, they nrc too close: those of the large kinds should not
pedunculated, obovate, turgid; little valves with many striae, be left nearer to each other than a foot and a half, and the
 PAP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAP 239

smaller sorts may be allowed above half that space. The round, branched, purplish at bottom, with spreading hairs,
culture they will require after this, is only to keep them bulbose at the base ; peduncles long, round, upright, one-
clean from weeds. The species are, flowered, the hairs on it
spreading horizontally; petals bright
* With bristly Capsules.
full scarlet stigma convex, with ten or twelve rays of a purple
;

-headed colour; seeds dark purple. There is a variety with an oval

1. Papaver Hybridum ; Round Prickly Poppy.
stem many- black shining spot at the base of each petal, from which
Capsules subglobular, torose, hispid; leafy,
flowered. The leaves are much smaller than those of the many beautiful garden varieties originate some have double
;

common Corn Poppy, and are cut into much finer segments. flowers, some white, others red bordered with white, and
The stalks are slender, little more than a foot high, and not variegated. The petals give out a fine colour when infused,
so branching as in the fifth species. The flowers are not so and a syrup prepared from this infusion is kept in the shops,
and of a colour, seldom lasting more than
more for the sake of the colour than of any active principle
large, deep purple
a whole day; petals small, dark dirty scarlet; filamenta the flowers possess, although this species partakes in a small

deep purple antheree pleasant blue. It flowers

;
in June and degree of the soporific quality of the Somniferum. The cap-
July. Native of some of the southern parts of Europe, and sules, as in that, contain a milky juice of a narcotic quality,
of England, among corn: it is found near Norwich; near but the quantity is inconsiderable. An extract from them has
Wells in Norfolk; in the parks at Oxford, and Eynsham, in been successfully employed as a sedative; and some foreign
Oxfordshire ; and in the neighbourhood of Durham. practitioners even prefer this extract to opium. It is said to
2. Cap- be very excellent in pleurisies, quinsies, and all disorders
Papaver Argemone; Long Rough-headed Poppy.
sules club-shaped, hispid; stem leafy, many-flowered; leaves of the breast. A strong tincture may be drawn from the
finer cut and smaller than those of the common sort, but not flowers with wine; and this is much better than the
syrup,
so fine as those of the preceding stalks not half so high as for that is too much loaded with sugar to be
; given in suffi-
cient doses. Native of every part of Europe, the Levant,
either, seldom having many branches ; flowers not half so
and falling away in a few hours. Japan, &c. It is the commonest of all the
large, of a copper colour, species in Eng-
They appear in May, and are succeeded by long slender land, especially in corn-fields, also on dry banks, and on
channelled capsules, filled with small black shrivelled seeds. walls, varying its foliage in such situations, but still retaining
The divisions of the leaves are finer in this than in the urn-shaped capsule and spreading hairs. It flowers from
any of the
other Poppies ; the petals in general grow more upright, June to August. Being so common a weed, it has many
and instead of having the edges falling over each other, are provincial names in English, besides its more classical ones
of Corn Poppy, and Red or Scarlet Poppy ; such as Corn
usually a little distant; the filamenta are uncommonly dilated
at top, not at the base, as Haller asserts ; and the antheree Rose, Cop Rose, or Cup Rose, in Yorkshire ;and Canker or
stand on a very slender pedicel, placed on the top of each Canker Rose, or Redweed, and also Headwark, in the eastern
filamentum. It is annual, and, like most of the other Poppies, counties. The quantities of this weed visible on some lands
is a
usually grows in corn-fields, and is not uncommon about disgrace to the farmer, which the brilliancy of the flowers
London. It flowers at the beginning of June or July, and is proclaims to the country round. Being an annual, it is easily
often overlooked from the extreme fugacity of its petals. It destroyed by good husbandry ; but, like other oily seeds, it
is a native not only of most parts of Europe, but also of the will lie long in the ground without
corrupting, and is even
Levant. said to have vegetated after having been
twenty-four years
buried. In Norfolk, hogs are
3. Papaver Alpinum
Alpine Prickly-headed Poppy.
;
frequently turned upon it,
scape one-flowered, naked, hispid ; leaves and will eat it out with little or no damage to the wheat.
Capsule hispid ;

bipinnate. The whole plant when fresh has a strong smell Others first feed with sheep, then with cattle, till
April, tak-
of musk. Sterns nake~d, simple, with a bundle of leaves at ing them off when it rains much, if the land is not very light.
the base. It is a small perennial plant, hairy all over, and Upon dry soils, which are most subject to Poppy, it is the
method with some to plough tare and
grows in high rocky places, which are exposed to the wind, rape land for
wheat,
and bare of grass. Scopoli remarks, that the variety with a in the beginning or middle of September, in order to sow in
the middle of October, as the
yellow flower is not so hairy. Dillenius describes the variety harrowing kills the Poppy ;

with a white flower to be larger and more hairy, and with and putting in the seedHhey like to tread much with oxen
in

paler leaves. Native of Switzerland, Austria, Carniola, Dau- or sheep. Another way is to tread with oxen in March,
phiny, Piedmont, and Silesia. which is thought better against the Poppy than doing it at
4. Papaver Nudicaule Naked-stalked Prickly-headed
; sowing. This treading may destroy the present crop of
Poppy. Capsules hispid; scape one-flowered, naked, his- Poppy, but the hoard of seed remains in the ground to come
pid leaves simple, pinnate-sinuate. Roots slender, whitish,
;
up on every ploughing. The only way to destroy such weeds
fibrous, annual or biennial; root- leaves many, hispid, the effectually, is to make them germinate by bringing them near
lowest broader and shorter, less deeply divided into fewer the surface, and then to cut and tear them with the
plough,
and broader segments the leaves next above are divided
; scufHer, or harrow, according to circumstances.
into many narrower and longer segments, glaucous,
green, 6. Papaver Dubium ; Long Smooth-headed Poppy. Cap-
especially underneath. From among these leaves rises a sules oblong, smooth ; stem many-flowered, the bristles
single naked stalk, sometimes two, a long span or a foot in pressed close ; leaves pinnatifid, gashed. This so closely
height, somewhat glaucous, hispid, sustaining one flower of resembles the preceding species, that it is often mistaken for
a middling size. The flower has a fine sweet smell like the it. But the capsules of this are long and slender the hairs
;

Jonquil, especially morning and evening. It varies with on the peduncle are finer, and pressed upwardsclose to it ;

white and yellow flowers, which appear from June to August. on the young peduncles they assume a shining
silvery white
Native of Norway and Siberia. appearance, which is very beautiful on the other parts of
;

** With smooth the plant the hairs spread out, the stalks and leaves are
Capsules.
5. Papaver Rhreas Corn or Red Poppy. Capsules urn-
; much paler, and the flowers much smaller, and less
intensely
shaped, smooth stem hairy, many-flowered; leaves pinna-
; red. Dr. Withering also remarks, that a strict attention ID
tifid, gashed. Stem from one to two feet hie:h, urjright, the proportionate nnd breadth of the capsule and
VOL. ii. 8fi. 3P
240 PAP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; PAP
the hairs of the peduncle, being laid close or spreading, will though in many cases it fails to
procure sleep, yet if taken in
always distinguish this species from the fifth. He also men- a full dose, it occasions a pleasant
tranquillity of mind, and
tions a variety, which, if it be not indeed a distinct species, a drowsiness approaching to
sleep, which always refreshes
seems to be an intermediate plant between them both. It is the patient. But, besides the sedative power, it is also
found about Shankline Chine, and in pastures in various known to act more or less as a stimulant, exciting the motion
parts of the Isle of Wight.
This species is an annual, and of the blood ; and this increased action has been
ingeniously
a native of several parts of Europe. It is the commonest and rationally ascribed to that general law of the animal
species in North Britain ;
and in Battersea fields, where the economy by which any noxious influence is resisted by a
soil is light, Mr. Curtis found it nearly as common as the consequent re-action of the system. By a certain conjoined
It is not unfrequently found on walls, and stimulant effect, Opium has been
effort of this sedative
preceding species.
and about Cambridge, Oxford, Stockwell in Surry, and thought to produce intoxication a quality for which it is
;

Bocking in Essex. much used in the Eastern countries. In the most continued
7. Papaver Somniferum; Common White Poppy. Calicesfevers of this climate, though
originating from contagion,
and capsules smooth; leaves embracing, gashed; stalks large, or from whatever cause, there is
generally at the beginning
five or six feet high, branching ; flowers terminating, whilst more or less of inflammatory diathesis; and this, while it
enclosed in the calix hanging down, but before the corolla continues, would forbid the use of Opium, which might
expands becoming erect. The calix is composed of two prove dangerous. Its use is also forbidden in the more

large, oval, grayish leaves, that separate and soon drop off. advanced state of this fever, whenever topical inflammation
The corolla is composed of four large, roundish, white petals, of the brain is ascertained, which sometimes exists, and
pro-
of short duration, and succeeded by large roundish heads as duces delirium, though other symptoms of the nervous and
big as oranges, flatted at top and bottom, and having an putrid kind prevail. But when irritation of the brain is not
indented crown or stigma. The seeds are white. There, are of the inflammatory kind, and debility has made much pro-
several varieties, differing in the colour and multiplicity of gress, or where delirium is accompanied with spasmodic
their petals, which are preserved in gardens for ornament affections, Opium is a sovereign remedy, and may be em-
;

but that with single flowers only is cultivated for use. The ployed in large doses every eight hours, unless a remission
Common Black Poppy has stalks about three feet high, of the symptoms and sleep take place. In intermittent fevers,
smooth, and dividing into several branches leaves largie, Opium in combination with other medicines was much used
;

smooth, deeply cut or jagged on their edges, and embracing; by the ancients; but since the introduction of Peruvian bark
petals purple, with dark bottoms,
succeeded by oval smooth it is seldom trusted to for the cure of these disorders it has :

capsules filled with black seeds, which are sold under the however been strongly recommended as an effectual means
name of Maw seed. There are many varieties of this with of preventing the recurrence of the febrile paroxysms and :

large double flowers, variegated of several colours, red and has been given before the fit, in the cold stage, in the hot
white, purple and white, and some finely spotted like Carna- stage, and during the interval, with the best effects, pro-
tions: there are few plants, the flowers of which are so hand- ducing immediate relief, and, in short, curing the patient
some; but having an offensive scent, and being of short without leaving those abdominal obstructions which have
duration, they are not much regarded. This is the plant been ascribed to the bark but in these fevers the best
;

from which Opium is obtained. It is also called Opium The- practice seems to be that of uniting Opium with the bark,
baicum, from being anciently prepared chiefly at Thebes, and which enables the stomach to bear the latter in larger doses,
has been a celebrated medicine from the remotest times. It and adds considerably to its efficacy. When Opium is so
differs from Meconium, which was made by the ancients of managed as to produce sweat, it will tend to remove an
the expressed juice or decoction of the Poppies. Opium is inflammatory state of the system, and may generally prove
imported into Europe in flat cakes, covered willi leaves to useful a notable instance of this we observe in the cure of
;

prevent their sticking together: it has a reddish brown acute rheumatism by means of Dover's powder. In the
colour, and a strong peculiar smell : its taste at first is nau- small-pox, Opium, since the time of Sydenham, has been
seous and bitter, but soon becomes acrid, and produces a very generally and successfully prescribed, especially after
in the mouth a watery tincture of it forms an
slight warmth
: the fifth day of the disease; but during the first stage of
ink with a chalybeate solution. According to the experi- the eruptive fever we are told that it always does harm ; an
ments of Alston, it
appears to consist of about five parts in opinion, says Dr. Woodville, which our experience at the
twelve of gummy matter, fourf resinous matter, and three small-pox hospital warrants us to contradict. In haemor-
of earthy or other indissoluble impurities. The use of this rhages, the use of Opium is inferred from its known effects
famous medicine, though not known to Hippocrates, can be in restraining all excretions except that of sweat; but unless

clearly traced back to Diogorus, who was nearly his con- the haemorrhages be of the passive kind, or unattended by
temporary, and its importance has ever since been gradually inflammation, it may produce considerable mischief. In
advanced. Its extensive practical utility has however not dysentery, Opium may be occasionally employed to moderate
long been well understood and in this country perhaps may
;
the violence of the symptoms. In diarrhoea, when the acri-
be dated from the time of Sydenham. It is the chief narcotic mony has been carried off by a continuance of the disease,
now employed it acts directly upon the nervous power, it is a certain and efticacious In colic, it is em-
;
remedy.
diminishing the sensibility, irritability, and mobility of the ployed with laxatives, and no doubt often prevents inflam-
system ; suspending, according to the idea of an ingenious mation by removing the spasm. Opium has been lately
author, the motion of the nervous fluid to and from the brain, recommended in venereal cases ; and instances have been
and thereby inducing sleep, one of its principal effects. adduced in which it has succeeded when mercury has failed;
From this sedative power of Opium, by which it allays pains, but few practitioners would venture trusting to Opium alone
inordinate action, and restlessness, it naturally follows, that in these complaints. Opium is successfully employed in
it be employed with great advanttujg in a variety of
may tetanus, and in other spasmodic and convulsive cases. Re-
diseases. Indeed there is scarcely any disorder in which, specting the external use of Opium, authors are not agreed;
under some circumstances, its use is not found proper; and some contending, that when applied to the skin it allays pain
 W THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
 PAP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAP 241

and spasm, and procures sleep; while others affirm, that when manner collected, it is worked together with a little water,
thus applied it has no effect whatsoever. Applied to the till acquires the consistence and colour of pitch, after
it

naked nerves of animals, it produces torpor and loss of power which it is fit for use. Opium has a faint disagreeable smell,
in all the muscles with which the nerves communicate. The and a bitterish, hot, biting taste : taken in proper doses, it
officinalpreparations of this drug are Opium Purificatum, commonly produces sleep, and a short respite from pain ;
Pilula Exopio, Pulvis Opiatus, Tinctura Opii, and Tinctura but great caution is required in the administration of it, for
Opii Camphorata. It also enters
into the Pulvis Sudorificus, it is a
very powerful, and consequently, in unskilful hands,
Balsamum Anodynum, Electuarium Japonicum, Pulvis Ecreta a dangerous medicine. It relaxes the nerves, abates
cramps
The requisite dose of Opium varies in and spasmodic complaints, even those of the more violent
Composita, &c.
different persons, as well as in different states of the same kind but it increases paralytic disorders, and all such as
;

persons. A
quarter of a grain in one adult will produce proceed from weaknesses of the nervous system. It incras-
effectswhich ten times the quantity will not do in another sates thin serous acrid humours, and thus
;
proves frequently
and a dose that might prove fatal in cholera 9r colic, would a speedy cure for catarrhs and tickling coughs, but must
not be perceptible in many cases of mania or tetanus. The never be given in phthisical or inflammatory complaints} for
lowest fatal dose to those unaccustomed to it, seems to be it
dangerously checks expectoration, unless its effects are
about four grains ; but a dangerous dose is so apt to occasion counteracted by the addition of ammoniac or squills and
by ;

vomiting, that it has seldom time to cause death. When producing a fulness and distention of the whole habit, it
given in too small a dose, it often produces disturbed sleep, inflammatory symptoms, whether external or
exasperates all

and other unpleasant consequences; and on the other hand internal. It promotes
perspiration and sweat, but checks
a small dose will sometimes produce sound sleep and alle- all other evacuations ;and is good to stop purgings and
viation of symptoms, when a larger one would not have suc- vomitings, but this is to be effected only by small doses,
ceeded. general operation is supposed to last about
Its carefully and judiciously given. With regard to the dose,
It is well known, that by continued habit half a grain, or at most a grain, common
eight hours. is in all cases a
sufficient quantity; and even in cases which
Opium may be taken in large quantities indeed an instance
;
require larger
is recorded, in which it was increased to ten drachms a
day. doses, it is in most cases advisable to repeat them more
About twenty drops of the Tinctura Theba'ica, or Laudanum, frequently, than to give a larger quantity at a time. An
are considered as nearly equivalent to a grain of Opium. over dose of Opium occasions either immoderate mirth or
Natives of the eastern countries, who are addicted to the stupidity, redness of the face, swelling of the lips, relaxations
use of it, will sometimes take incredible quantities. The of the joints, giddiness of the head,
deep sleep, accompanied
heads or capsules of this plant are also powerfully anodyne; with turbulent dreams and convulsive
starting, cold sweats,
and when boiled in water, they impart their narcotic juice. and frequently death. Opium is imported into
Europe from
The liquor, when strongly pressed out, suffered to settle, Persia, Arabia, and other warm regions of Asia; and six
clarified with whites of eggs, and evaporated to a due con- hundred thousand pounds of it are said to be
annually
sistence, yields an extract possessing the virtues of Opium, exported from the Ganges. The manner in which this drug
but requiring to be given in double the dose. It is said not is there collected
may assist the English cultivator; we
to occasion that nausea and giddiness which are the usual therefore insert the following detail of it. When the capsules
effects of Opium. It is convenient to prepare the syrup from are half grown, at sun-set they make two
longitudinal double
this extract, by dissolving one drachm in two pounds and incisions, passing from below upwards, and taking care not
a half of simple syrup. The Syrupies Papaveris Albi, as to penetrate the internal
cavity. In Persia, Keempfer informs
directed by both colleges, is an useful anodyne, aud often us that a five-pointed knife is used for this The
purpose.
succeeds in procuring sleep when Opium fails it is also
;
incisions are repeated
every evening, until each capsule has
more especially adapted to children. White Poppy heads are received six or eight wounds:
they are then allowed to ripen
also used externally in fomentations, either alone, or more their seeds. If the wound were to be made in the heat of

frequently added to the Decoctum Profomento. The seeds the day, a cicatrix would be too soon formed;
while, on the
possess not any narcotic power they consist of a simple
;
other hand, the night dews favour the extillation of the
juice,
farinaceous matter, united with a bland oil, and are eaten as which old women, boys, and girls, collect
early in the morn-
food in some countries. In addition to the above, the ing, by scraping it off with a small iron scoop, and deposit
I

remarks of other medical gentlemen are subjoined, to afford the whole in an earthen pot, where it is worked
by the hand
the reader every possible information on this important sub- in the open sunshine, until it becomes of a considerable
ject. Meyrick observes, that tW heads or seed-vessels, are thickness. It is then formed into cakes of a
globular shape,
the parts to be made use of. Syrup of Diacodium is a very and about four pounds in weight, and laid into little earthen
strong decoction of them, boiled up to 'a due consistence basins to be farther dried. These cakes are then covered
with sugar. This syrup is a gentle narcotic, over with Poppy or Tobacco leaves, and thus dried until
easing pain,
and causing sleep half an ounce is a full dose for a grown
;
they are fit for sale. Opium is however frequently adulte-
person, and for younger subjects the quantity must be'dimi- rated with cow-dung, the extract of the
plant procured by
nished accordingly. The seeds, beaten into an emulsion boiling, and various other preparations, which the rogues
with barley-water, are excellent for strangury and heat who use them of course keep as secret as possible. It
appears
of urine ; but they have none of the sleepy virtues of the that the Poppy may be cultivated to
great advantage for the
syrup, nor of the other parts or preparations of the Poppy. purpose of obtaining Opium in Great Britain. Professor
Opium is nothing more than the milky juice of this plant Alston of Edinburgh said long since, that the
milky juice
concreted into a solid form. It is procured by wounding the drawn- by incision from heads, and thickened either
Poppy
heads, when they are almost ripe, with a five-edged instru- in the sun or shade, even in this
country, has all the cha-
ment, which makes as many parallel incisions from top to racters of good Opium its colour, consistence, taste, smell,
;

bottom and the juice which flows from these wounds is the
;
properties, phsenomena, are all the same; only, when care-
next day scraped off, and the other side of the head wounded fully collected, it is more pure and free from feculencies.
in like manner. When a quantity of the juice is in this Similar remarks had been made
by others; to which, says
 242 PAP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAP
Dr. Woodville, we may add ourown ; for during the same quantity which he supposes to be more than thirty-eight
summer, we at different times made incisions in the green grains ; but this plant had twenty-eight heads on it. He
capsules of the White Poppy, and collected the juice, which prefers the double and semi-double flowering plants to those
soon acquired a due consistence, and was found, both by its which have single flowers ; but the single Poppies, cultivated
sensible qualities and effects, to be very pure Opium and :
by our physic gardeners for the seed and the heads, have
the same gentleman adds, that nearly fifty years ago he fre- generally larger heads than the double Poppies cultivated in
quently amused himself with slashing the green Poppy heads, gardens. But after all, the point of most importance respect-
and collecting a most pure and well-digested Opium from ing the cultivation of the Poppy for Opium in Britain is,
them. But the merit of first cultivating the Poppy for whether its quality be equal to that of foreign Opium. This
Opium is due to Mr. John Ball, of Williton, who in the year has been fully ascertained by the testimony of several eminent
1796 was rewarded by the Society of Arts, Manufactures, medical gentlemen in London, who tried it in consequence
arid Commerce, procuring Opium in an unsophisticated
for of the request of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts,
state from British Poppies, and communicating the following Manufactures, and Commerce. Dr. Latham observes, that
mode of preparing it for the use of the public. When the in its sensible qualities it does not seem inferior to
any that ;

leaves die away and drop off, the capsules or heads being it
possesses the excellence of being perfectly clean, which
then in a green state, is the proper time for extracting the must always be an advantage when given in a crude state ;

Opium by making four or five longitudinal incisions with a and that probably the purified extract of the foreign would
i
sharp-pointed knife, about an inch long, on one side only of not bp superior to the English. Dr. Pearson also reports,
the head, taking care not to cut to the seeds immediately : that he found the English Opium to be equally powerful, and
on the incision being made, a milky fluid will issue out, to produce the same effects as -the best foreign preparation
which being of a glutinous nature, will adhere to the bottom of this drug. Mr. Wilson not only found the English drug
of the incision but some are so luxuriant that it will drop
;
equal in point of strength to the best extract from foreign
from the head. The next day, if the weather should be Opium, but far superior in flavour, which in the extract is
fine, the Opium will be of a grayish substance, -and some much injured by the boiling ; and free from the impurities
almost turning black it is then to be scraped off with the
; which are so abundant in crude foreign Opium. Propaga-
edge of a knife into pans or pots ; and in a day or two it tion and Culture. The culture, as practised in the province
will be of a proper consistence to make into a mass, and to of Bahar, is as follows. The field being well prepared by the
be potted. As soon as the Opium is all taken away from plough and harrow, and reduced to an exact level surface, it
one side, make incisions on the opposite side, and proceed is then divided into quadrangular areas, seven feet in
length,
in the same manner. The reason of not making the incisions and five in breadth, leaving two feet of interval, which is
all round at once is, that the Opium cannot so conveniently raised five or six inches, and hollowed out for conveying water
be taken away; but every person upon trial will be the best to every area, for which purpose they* have a well in each
judge. Children may with ease be soon taught to make the cultivated field. The seeds are sown in October or Novem-
incisions, and take off the Opium ; so that the expense will ber. The plants are allowed to grow six or eight inches dis-
be trifling. An instrument might be made of a concave form, tant from each other, and are plentifully supplied with water.
with four or five pointed lancets about the twelfth or four- When the young plants are six or eight inches high, they
teenth part of an inch, to make the incisions at once. Mr. are watered more sparingly ; but a compost of ashes, human
Ball calculates, that supposing one Poppy to grow in one excrement, cow-dung, and a portion of nitrous earth scraped
square foot of earth, and to produce only one grain of Opium, from the highways and old mud-walls, is strewed all over
more than fifty pounds will be collected from one statute the beds. When the plants are near flowering, they are wa-
acre. But since one Poppy produces from three or four to tered profusely, to increase the juice ; but the capsules being
ten heads, in each of which from six to ten incisions may be half grown, and fit to collect Opium from, the plants are no
made, each incision sometimes producing two or three grains, longer watered. Mr. Ball advises the sowing of the seed at
the produce and profit would be very great. Great abate- the end of February, and again in the second week of March,
ments must however be made upon all such theoretical calcu- in beds three feet and a half wide, well
prepared with good
lations, as in our moist climate many seasons will occur, and rotten dung, and often turned or ploughed in order to mix it
many days in almost every summer, unfavourable to the col- well, and have it fine either in small drills three in each bed,
lection of Opium. It is however, with all its disadvantages, or broad-cast ;
in both cases thinning out the plants to the
a important object to cultivate the Poppy for this pur- distance of a foot from each other when about two inches
very
pose in Britain ; considering the great price of foreign Opium, high keep them free from weeds, and they will grow well,
:

the increasing call for it in medicine, the adulteration of what produce from four to ten heads, and they will shew large
is imported, and the employment that the collection of it flowers of different colours. With an instrument something
will afford to females and to children. Mr. Ball adds, that like a rake, but with three teeth, the drills may be made at
in 1795, from a bed of self-sown Poppies 576 feet square, he once. Poppies do not bear transplanting out of four thou-
:

collected four ounces of Opium, though the plants were very sand which Mr. Ball transplanted, not one plant came to
thick : and from a few plants that stood detached, he took perfection. Those who are curious to have fine Poppies in
from fifteen to thirty-four grains the ground had, he observes,
: their gardens, carefully look over their plants when they
been well manured with rotten dung. He remarks, that the begin to flower, and cut up all those plants, the flowers of
semi-double flowers, and those of a dark colour, produced which are not very double and well marked before they open,
the most Opium that the heads should be about the size of
; their flowers, to prevent their farina mixing with the finer
a walnut, before the incisions are made and that the foreign
; flowers, which would cause them to degenerate. The neglect
dried Poppy-heads are full three times as big as ours. In of this precaution causes the flowers in so many places to
this observation Mr.. Miller coincides; adding, that they are degenerate, and it is often supposed to arise from the infer-
also of a different shape, but that the increased size is only tility of the ground.
owing- to the climate, and the difference in shape arising from 8.Papaver Cambrieum Welsh Poppy. Capsules smooth,
;

variety. Mr. Ball collected from one semi-double Poppy, a oblong; stem many-flowered, smooth; leaves pinnate, gashed.
 PAP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAR 243

The upper part of the stalk is naked,

and sustains one large with linear leaflets. Stamina : filamenta three, capillary ;
in June, and filled with small purplish antheree oblong. Pistil: germen ovate, superior; styles two,
yellow flower, appearing
Found in the valleys and short ; stigmas villose. Pericarp : none, except the corolla,
seeds. in many parts of Wales,
, fields, at the foot of the hills,and by the water side about ;
which incloses the seed, and lets it drop. Seed: one, ovate,
a mile from Abbar, and in the midway from Denbigh to compressed, diaphanous. Observe. The outer glume of the
Guider, the house of Sir John Wynne as also near a wooden
;
lower floret is villose at the back and sides ; the inner is
bridge over the Dee to Balam in North Wales;
and in going excavated at the back, to receive the upper floret. ESSEN-
up the hill that leads to Bangor; and in the isle of Anglesea; TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-valved, two-flowered. Co-
on the back of Snowden, going from Carnarvon to Llanberis; rolla : two-valved, many-awned. The species are,
as you ascend the Glyder from Llanberis; also beyond Pont 1.
Pappophorum Alopecuroideum. Culm branched,
three
Vawr; and commonly by rivulets, or on moist rocks. Dille- or four feet high, smooth, sheathed with leaves ; which are
nius found it OB Chedder rocks in Somersetshire and it has ; convoluted, awl-shaped, striated, shorter than the culm, the
since been observed about Kendal, Kirby-Lonsdale, and last spathaceous ; panicle erect, subspiked, often a foot and

Winnandermere, in Westmoreland, and at Holker in Lanca- half long calix three or four flowered.
; Found near Spanish
shire. It requiresa cool shady situation, where the plants Town in America.
will thrive, and produce plenty of seeds annually. If the Four other species of Pappophorum have been found in
seeds be permitted to scatter, they will come up better than New Holland.
when sown by hand but if they be sown, it should be always
; Papyrus. See Cyperus Papyrus.
in the autumn, for when sown in the spring they rarely suc- Pariana ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Polyandria.
ceed. The best time to transplant and part the roots of this GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in whorls, di-
sort is in the autumn, that the plants may be well established gested into spikes. Calix: glume one-flowered, two-valved;
in their new quarters, before the dry weather comes on in valves short, acute. Corolla : two-valved, larger than the
the spring. calix ; valves ovate, acute, one narrower. Stamina : fila-
9. Papaver Orientale Oriental Poppy. Capsules smooth
; ;
menta about forty, capillary, inserted into the bottom of the
stems one-flowered, rugged, leafy leaves pinnate, serrate.
;
corolla ; antherse linear. Female Flowers, solitary in each
Root perennial, composed of two or three strong fibres as whorl, fastened to the axis of the spike. Calix: glume two-
thick as a man's little finger, a foot and half long, dark brown valved ; valves ovate, concave, acute. Corolla : two-valved,
on the outside, full of a milky juice, which is very bitter and less than the calix ; valves acute, hairy at the tip. Pistil :
acrid. The height of the stem is two feet and a half it sus- ; germen three-cornered style long, hairy ; stigmas two, vil-
;

tains at the top a very large flower, nearly a span wide, of lose. Pericarp :
none, except the permanent corolla, invest-
the same colour with the Common Red Poppy. Stigmas ing the seed. Seed: one, three-cornered, inclosed. ESSEN-
sixteen ; bristles on the stem scattered, pressed close, rough, TIAL CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in whorls, forming spikes.
with a prominent base ; capsule smooth, crowned with the Calix two-valved.
: Corolla ; two-valved, larger than the
large shield of the stigma, having one cavity in the middle, calix. Filamenta: forty. Female Flowers, solitary in each
but toward the periphery divided by incomplete partitions into whorl. Calix: two-valved. Corolla: two-halved, less than
cells, equal in number to the number of rays in the stigma, the calix. Stigmas: two. Seed: three-cornered, inclosed.
and opening not by valves, but by as many holes under the The only known species is,
shield; seeds very numerous, kidney-form, beautifully marked 1. Pariana Campestris. This plant puts forth several
with longitudinal streaks and little excavations in rows, of a straight shoots or canes, about one or two feet high, at each
russet bay colour, covering the incomplete partitions on both joint they are garnished with alternate oval weak leaves,
sides. Native of the Levant. It flowers here in
May. striated throughout their whole length, smooth,
glossy, green-
There are two or three varieties, differing'in the colour of the ish above, paler beneath the footstalks are short, and. are
:

flowers, and it is said that the flower is sometimes double, accompanied by a long split sheath, in opposite directions
though with us it is always single. Tournefort says, that on each side the stalk this sheath envelopes the stem from
;

the Turks eat the green heads, although arevery bitter

they one joint to the other; it is crowned with reddish, long, and
and acrid. It will thrive either in the sun or the shade, only roughish hairs this crown has on each side two appendices,
;

in the latter case they flower later in the season. It will in the form of an ear, bordered on both sides with similar

propagate very fast by its roots so that there is no necessity

;
hairs. The stem is terminated by a serrated spike, formed
for sowing the seeds, except to procure new varieties. It of several ranges of male flowers growing above each other.
should be transplanted at the same season as the former ;
The female flower is single in the middle of each range. The
and if the seeds be sown, it should be at the same times as spike of flowers is about (Wo inches and a half in length.
that, for the reasons there given. Native of Cayenne, flowering in January.
Papaw Tree. See Carica. Parietaria; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monffi-
Pappophorum ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digy- cia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite Flowers, two,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume two-flowered, contained in a six-leaved involucre ; the two opposito
flat
two-valved; valves long, linear, somewhat compressed, very and outer leaflets larger. Calix: perianth one-leafed, four-
thin, acuminate, awnless, outer a little shorter; one floret cleft, flat, blunt, the size of the involucre halved. Corolla ,

inferior, larger, sessile, bearded at the base, hermaphro- none, unless the calix be so called. Stamina: filament?
dite ; the other superior, less, on a short four, awl-shaped, longer than the flowering perianth, and
pedicel, pressed
close to the back of the lower one, beardless, neuter ; and
expanding it, permanent; antherse twin. Pistil: germen
above this the rudiment of a third. Corolla: glume two- ovate ; style filiform, coloured ; stigma penciform, capitate.
valved, shorter than the calix ; outer valve ovate, ventricose, Pericarp: none perianth elongated, larger, bell-shaped,
;

angular, terminated by several awns, nine to fourteen, very themouth closed by converging segments. Seed: one, ovate,
long, straight, unequal, spreading, with its edges embracing Female Flower, one, between the two hermaphrodites, within
the inner valve, which is lanceolate, acute, a little the involucre. Calix: as in the hermaphrodites. Corolla:
longer
and narrower than the outer ; nectary two-leaved, none. Pistil: as in the hermaphrodites.
very small, Pericarp: none;
VOL. n. 86. 3Q
2-44 PAR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAR
perianth thin, involving the fruit. Seed: as in the herma- had failed ; and Tournefort, in his history of the plants
phrodites. ESSKNTIAL CHARACTER. Two hermaphrodite about Paris, says that the
syrup gives great relief in hydropic
Howcrs and one female Mower in a Hat six-leaved involucre. cases. Hill
says, a strong infusion of the plant works pow-
Calix: four-cleft. Corolla: none. tilylc : one. Sted : one, erfully by urine, and is excellent for the gravel and the
superior, elongated. Hermupltrotlilc. Slamina: four. Fe- yellow jaundice. The leaves are useful in poultices, to take
male. Stamina: none. The common European Pcllitorics away hot swellings; and the expressed juice has been given
may be propagated in plenty from their seeds; if permitted with advantage in the stone and
gravel, and is said to be an
to scatter them, they will (ill the ground with excellent medicine in breakings-out
young plants: arising from foulness of
they arc dilKcult to collect, being thrown out of their covers the blood and juices but the use of it must in these cases
:

as soon as ripe. The species are, be continued for a considerable time, or little if
any benefit
1. Parietaria Indica; Indian
Pellitory. Leaves lanceolate; can be expected. Dr. Stokes says, he has been informed
stem This resembles our common Pellitory, but is
erect. that this herb, as well as Nitraria, contains a considerable
more naked; the balls of the (lowers arc smaller, except the quantity of nitre ; and that in making an extract from it, the
bracles which are awl-shaped, not ovate; mass had taken fire. It is recommended
styles longer; by Bradley, to be
fruits sessile, grooved. Native of the East Indies. laid on corn in granaries, for the
purpose of driving away
2. Parictariu
Ofricinalis Common Pdlilory, or Pdlilory
; the weevil. Parietaria, corrupted into Pellitory, is absurdly
t lie Leaves lanceolate, ovate; peduncles dichoto-
Wall. called Pellitory of the Wall,
of being found on walls or among
inous; caliccs two-leaved. Root perennial, somewhat woody, rubbish. It is a native of most
parts of Europe, except the
red, fibrous, (according to Lightfoot, creeping;) stems several, most northerly ; and though not found in Sweden,
maybe
nearly upright, from nine inches to a foot or more in height, met with in Denmark.
very much branched, round, striated, solid, reddish, pubes- 3. Parietaria Judaica; Basil-leaved Pdlilory. Leaves
cent, (according to Lightfoot, rough to the touch, and adhe- ovate; stems erect; calices three-flowered; corollas male,
sive ;) Mowers small, greenish, This differs from the preceding in
rough, sessile, growing in balls elongated, cylindrical.
or clusters in the axils of the leaves ; two having shorter stalks, and smaller oval leaves the flowers
hermaphrodites ;

and one female an involucre of seven leaves, (Linneus says

in are also less, and in smaller clusters.- Native of Switzerland,
only six,) permanent, the leaves ovate, pointed; Mat, hirsute; the south of France,
Sicily, Germany, and Palestine.
the hairs glandular at the extremities. The hermaphrodite 4. Parietaria Lusitanica ; Cltickweed-lcaved Pellitory.
flowers may be distinguished by the four stamina, which on Leaves ovate, obtuse; stems filiform, striated, even,
procum-
the shedding of the pollen My back with elastic force. The bent. Native of Spain and Portugal.
female is known by its situation between the two others, and 5. Parietaria Urticsefolia ; Nettle-leaved Pellitory. Leaves
by its want of stamina; the stigma is somewhat larger, and ovate, opposite, petioled, serrate, veined, pubescent flowers ;

bent a little down. To obtain a perfect idea of the manner axillary. This is a very branching plant, with small leaves,
in which the fructification is carried on in this plant, the much resembling those of the Nettle. Found in the island
flowers should be examined at a of their of Bourbon, hanging from the rocks in branched
very early period leafy tufts.
expansion we shall then find in each involucre three red
; 6. Parietaria Cretica; Cretan
Pellitory. Leaves subovate;
stigmas, the two outermost of which belong to hermaphrodite fruiting involucres five-cleft, compressed ; lateral segments
flowers, the stamina of which are not yet visible; the middle larger. Native of Candia.
one, which is largest and most conspicuous, to the female. 7. Parietaria Capensis ;
Cape Pellitory. Leaves opposite,
If a view be taken of the same flowers, at the time that the ovate, serrate ; branches diffused flowers sessile. Native
;

elastic filamenta
by their sudden expansion are scattering the of the Cape of Good Hope.
pollen, the styles and stigmas of the hermaphrodite flowers, 8. Parietaria Debilis. Leaves alternate, ovate, petioled,
visible before, will often be found
wanting, and the germen quite entire, somewhat hairy peduncles axillary, subtriflo-
;

left naked in the centre of the flower ; at this rous; stem almost upright. Native of New Zealand.
period the seg-
ments of the calix in the same flowers are
nearly of the same 9. Parietaria Cochin-chinensis. Leaves ovate, three-nerved,
length as the filamenta, the style and stigma of the female hairy; stem cespitose, diffused, a foot and half high; flowers
flower remain perfect, and the germen is closely surrounded moncecous; seed roundish, inclosed within the converging
by a green hairy calix, which never expands. The manner in calix. Native of China and Cochin-china. It attracts the
which the flowers shed their pollen is curious the filamenta, : worms that infest salt fish, or flesh the natives hang the ;

on their first appearance, all bend inwards; as soon as the plant at the mouth of their meat-casks, and the insects get
pollen is arrived at a proper state to be discharged, the warmth into it of their own accord. also esteem it to be emol-
They
of the sun, or the least touch from the and
point of a pin, will lient, refrigerant, diuretic.
make them instantly fly back, and discharge a little cloud 10. Parietaria Arborea Tree Pellitory.
; . Leaves elliptic,
of dust. This process is best seen in a morning, when the acuminate, somewhat triple-nerved stem arboreous. This ;

sun shines on the plant, in July or is an

August if the plant be
:
upright soft shrub, about the height of a man; root
large, numbers will be seen exploding at the same instant. woody, branched, fibrous, rufescent; flowers commonly three,
This plant promises little from its sensible it. has clustered, from the axil of each bracte sessile, in the male
; qualities
HO smell, and its taste is simply herbaceous. yellow, in the female red, herbaceous. Native of the Canary
Formerly it
was accounted emollient, but not mucilaginous; its character Islands. be increased
It
may by cutting, but requires the
as a diuretic is better known. Matthiolus tells us, that the ex-
protection of the green-house.
pressed juice, sweetened withgugar, had a very powerful effect Paris; a genus of the class Octandria, order Tetragynia.
in this way; and Barbeirac informs us, that a decoction of GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leaved, per-
this plant was found of great use in
clearing the urinary pas- manent; leaflets lanceolate, acute, the size of the corolla,
sages of viscid mucus, and sabulous concretions. A gentle- spreading. Corolla: petals four, spreading, awl-shaped (ac-
man, who converts the juice into a thin syrup, and g ves two ;

cording to Gsertner, linear,) like the calix, permanent. Sta-

table-spoonfuls thrice a day, has observed remarkably good mina: filamenta eight, awl-shaped, below the antheree short;
"fleetsfrom it, in those dropsical cases where other diuretics antherae long, fastened on both skies to the middle of the
 PAR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAR 245

filamenta. Pistil: germen superior, round, four-cornered, with at Hanging wood near Harefield, Middlesex atHawnes, ;

or subglobular ; styles four, spreading, shorter than the sta- Renhold, and Clapham Park wood in Bedfordshire; in
;

mina ; stigma downy. Pericarp :

berry globular, four-cor- Kingston, Eversden, and Wood Ditton woods, Cambridge-
nered, four-celled. Seeds: several, globose, in a double shire in Love-lane near
;
Derby; at Selborne in Hampshire;
row. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : four-leaved. Pe- in Ripton wood, Huntingdonshire, and
Byseing wood in Kent;
tals: four, narrower. Berry: four-celled. The only known in Hollinghall,
Stocking, and Okeley woods, in Leicester-
species is,
shire in Brampton,
;
Cransley, and Hardwick woods, and
1. Paris Quadrifolia; Herb Paris, True Love, or One Whittleborough forest, in Northamptonshire; in Asply and
than this, Colwick woods, Nottinghamshire; in
Berry. Few plants are more readily distinguished Headington-wick Copse,
.by the proportion
and regularity of all the parts. Root per- Oxfordshire; in the wood near the Devil's Den near Clifton
ennial, fleshy; stalk quite simple, or unbranched, upright, upon Teine; also iu the woods on the sides of Breedon Hill,
smooth, round, naked, a foot high ; leaves four, in a cross
and about Frankly, in Worcestershire; near Rainsford, and
or sort of whorl, spreading, sessile, at the top of the stalk in
Raby Park. In Scotland, in a wood a mile to the south
of Newbottle near Dalkeith in the den of Bethaick, four
ovate, quite entire, drawn to a point, smooth, nerved under- ;

miles from Perth; and also in the wood of Methuen, in

neath, three or four inches long, and two wide ; peduncle
single, rising from the
middle of the four leaves, somewhat Perthshire. This curious little plant flowers in May, and the
angular, about an inch long, supporting
one greenish flower berry ripens in July. It is with
great difficulty preserved in
art inch in diameter; calicine leaflets four, linear-lanceolate, gardens. Take up the plants from the places where they
acute, reflex. The leaves and berries are said to partake of grow wild, preserving good balls of earth to their roots, and
the properties of Opium. Linneus says, the root dried and plant them in a shady moist border, where they may remain
reduced to powder will vomit as well as ipecacuanha, but undisturbed.
must be taken in twice the quantity. The juice of the ber- Parkinsonia; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mo--
ries is useful in inflammations of the eyes. An ointment made nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix:
perianth one-
of the leaves is cooling, and disperses swellings and tumors leafed, at the base bell-shaped, flattish, permanent; border
in any part of the body. The juice of them has the same ri
ve-parted ;
segments lanceolate-ovate, acute, coloured, reflex,
effect, and speedily removes inflammations of the eyes, if they
almost equal, deciduous. Corolla: petals five, with claws
are frequently bathed therewith. It is, after all, a suspicious almost equal, spreading very much, ovate the lowest kid- ;

plant, although it has

often been employed in medicine. ney-form; claw upright, very long. Stamina: filamenta ten,
Bergius recommends the herb for discussing buboes and awl-shaped, villose below, declined; antherse oblong, decum-
other inflammatory tumors also for the hooping or convul- bent. Pistil: germen round,
;
long, declined; style filiform,
sive cough. Gesner found it to be an antidote to the poison rising, the length of the stamina stigma blunt. Pericarp :
;

of the Nux Vomica. Having given a scruple each, of the legume very long, round, swelling over the seeds, (whence
poison, to two dogs, he gave one a drachm of the Paris, and necklace-form,) acuminate. Seeds: several, one to each
it is

it recovered ;the other died. He also took a drachm of the joint of the legume, oblong, subcylindric, blunt. ESSEN-
herb himself, without any effect except dryness of the fauces, TIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: five-cleft. Petals: five, ovate,
and some sweat. Burghard, on the contrary, says, that car- the lowest kidney-form. Style: none. Legume: necklace-
dialgia and vomiting ensues from the
use of it; and Kroeber form. The only known species is,
was credibly informed that a child died by eating the berries, 1. Parkinsonia Aculeata
Prickly Parkinsonia.
;
Jacquin
and that another was recovered with difficulty. Gesner describes it as a very elegant tree, with the bark both of the
trunk and branches
asserts, that the berries are poisonous to poultry. It ought
remaining along time green and shining,
therefore to be administered with great caution : the dose is but when the tree grows old becoming brownish and streaked.
one scruple twice a day. It is a native of most of the coun- The wood is white the prickles are solitary, awl-shaped,
;

tries of Europe, particularly in the northern parts ; and also subaxillary, acuminate, slightly recurved, four lines in length,
It is not uncommon in Great Britain, especially on the older branches
of Japan. frequently by threes, the middle one
in thick strong woods on a strong soil. Gerarde says, it grew very strong, and nine lines in length leaves shining, three,
;

plentifully in Chalkney woods near Wakes Colne in Essex ; four, or five, from the aame axil, on a midrib a foot long,
in the parsonage orchard at Radwinter, and in Bocking park broad, and flatted; leaflets oblong, numerous; racemes loose;
by Braintree, in the same county in the wood by Robin simple, smooth, containing about ten flowers, which smell
;

Hood's well, near Nottingham; in the Clapper Moor, near very sweet, and are yellow, with the uppermost petal varie-
Canterbury; in Blackburn wood, at Merton in Lancashire; gated at the base with scarlet spots. This seems to be
in Dingley wood, six miles from Preston in Aundernesse ; distinguished from Poinciana merely by the equality of the
also at Hesset, in the same county. Though Parkinson says calicine segments these two trees, sown very thick, make
:

that in his time it was lost in the above places by every one most beautiful hedges. This plant flowers in the first year
resorting thither for it, there is no small probability of his from seed, and grows very fast. It bears
long slender
being mistaken in most instances; we therefore exhort those bunches of yellow flowers, hanging down like those of Labur-
diligent herbarists who live in those parts to examine for num, and perfuming the air to a considerable distance, on
themselves. Parkinson says, that it was found in his time which account the inhabitants of the West Indies plant them
in
Hinbury wood, three miles from Maidstone in Kent; in a about their houses. In Jamaica it is called Jerusalem Thorn.
wood called Harwarsh, near Pinnenden Heath, by Maid- It was introduced there from the Main, but now grows wild
stone in Longwood, near Chiselhurst, and in the next called in many parts, and in the other islands of the West Indies,
;

Iseet's wood and in a wood over against Boxly Abbey near where it was originally cultivated for inclosures. It is
;
pro-
Maidstone. Mr. Newton found it in the long spring by pagated by seeds, which should be sown in small pots filled
Petses bogs at Chiselhurst and Mr. Ray, in Lampit Grove with light fresh earth, early in the spring, and the
;
pots
at Notley in Essex. Mr. Charles Miller discovered it in a must be plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, where, in
little wood not far from
Hampstead, though Mr. Curtis has three weeks' or a month's time, the plants will come up,
omitted it in his Flora Londinensis. It has also been met when they should be kept clear from weeds, and
frequently
24G PAR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAR
refreshed with a little water. In a little time these plants in Bedfordshire. Merret found it with a double flower in
writ be to transplant, which should be done very care-
fit Lancashire.; and Mr. Wood about Edinburgh. It flowers
fully, so as not to injure the roots. They must be each in July and August. This plant may be taken up from the
planted into a separate halfpenny pot, filled with light fresh natural place of growth, with balls of earth to the roots, and
earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed again, observing planted in pots filled with pretty strong, fresh, undunged
to stirup the tan, and, if it have lost its heat, to add some earth, and placed in a shady situation, where, if they are
fresh to renew it again. Then shade the plants from the constantly watered in dry weather, they will thrive very
heat of the sun, until they have taken new root, after which well, and flower every summer : but if the plants are planted
time they should have fresh air admitted to them every day, in the full ground, it should be in a
very moist shady border,
in proportion to the warmth of the season. With this otherwise they will not live ; and these should be as
duly
management the plants will grow so fast as to fill the pots watered as those in the pots in dry weather, to make them
with their roots by the beginning of July, at which time they produce strong flowers. They may be propagated by part-
should be shifted into pots a little larger than the former, ing their roots, which should be done in March, before
and plunged again into the bark-bed to forward their taking they put out new leaves ; but the roots should not be divided
new root. The only method to keep them through the too small, for that will prevent their flowering the
following
winter is to harden them to bear the open air in July and summer. The roots should always be planted in a pretty
August, and in September to place them at the greatest strong fresh earth, for they will not thrive in a light rich
distance from the fire, to keep them in a very temperate soil. In the spring they must be constantly watered if the
warmth ; but they will seldom survive a second winter. season should prove dry, otherwise they will not rlower ; nor
Parnassia a genus of the class Pentandria, order Tetra-
;
should they be parted oftener than every third year, to have
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted ; them strong. The seeds ripen in August.
.segments oblong, spreading, permanent. Corolla petals five,
: Three other species of Parnassia have been found in North
roundish, striated, concave, spreading; nectaries five, each America, viz. Caroliniana, Asarifolia, and Fimbriata.
a concave cordate scale, with from three to thirteen erect Parsley. See Apium.
on each of which sits Parsley, Macedonian. See Bubon.
rays along the edge, gradually higher,
a globe, (or three-parted, with equal globuliferous rays.) Parsley, Mountain. See Athamanta.
Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped; antherae depressed, Parsley Piert. See Aphanes.
incumbent. Pistil : germen ovate, large style none, but in ;
Parsley, Stone. See Athamanta.
its place a perforation; stigmas four, obtuse, permanent, Parsley, Wild. See Cardiosnermum.
greater in the fruit. Pericarp capsule ovate, four-cornered,
:
Parsnep. See Pastinaca.
one-celled, four-valved. Receptacle : fourfold, growing to Parsnep, Cow. See Heracleum.
the valves. Seeds: very numerous, oblong. Observe. The Parthenium; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Pent-
essential character is most easily collected from the nectary. andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth com-
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. Petals: mon, quite simple, five-leaved, spreading; leaflets roundish,
five. Nectaries : five, cordate, ciliate, with globular apices. flat, equal. Corolla: compound, convex; corollet herma-
Capsule : four-valved. The species are, phrodite, many in the disk females five in the ray, scarcely
;

1. Parnassia Palustris; Common Mar*h Parnassia, or surpassing the others proper of the hermaphrodites one-
:

Grass of Parnassus. Root perennial, small, whitish, fibrous, petalled, tubular, erect, with the mouth five-cleft, the length
leaves in tufts ; stems erect,
putting forth several stems and
of the calix of the females one-petalled, tubular,
;
ligulate,
unbranche'd, somewhat twisted, having five sharp corners, oblique, blunt, roundish, the same length with the other.
a span high, slender, smooth, bearing only a single em- Stamina : in .the filamenta five, capillary,
hermaphrodites ;

bracing leaf below the middle, and a single flower at the the length of the corollet; antheree as many, thickisii,

top. Flowers above an inch wide, white, and singularly

:

scarcely cohering. Pistil: of the hermaphrodite; germen

elegant the petals a little scalloped

;
at the edges, slightly below the proper receptacle, scarcely observable ; style capil-
veins. Native of lary, generally shorter than the stamina ; stigma none ; of
emarginate, with semitransparent grayish
most parts of Europe, by the sides of bogs and moors, and the female, germen inferior, turbinate-cordate,
compressed,
in wet meadows. It grows near Harefield in Middlesex; large ; style filiform, the length of the corollet
stigmas -two, ;

about Ongar in Essex on Hinton, Feversham, and Trump-

; filiform, the length of the style, spreading a little. Peri-
on Ste- carp : none calix unchanged. Seeds : in the hermaphro-
ington moors, and near Linton
in Cambridgeshire ; ;

vington, Turvey, and Ampthill bogs,

in Bedfordshire; in dites abortive; in the females solitary, turbinate, cordate,

peat bogs on Bullington Green,

and under Headington- compressed, naked. Receptacle: scarcely any, flat; chaffs
wick Copse, in Oxfordshire near Buddon wood in Leices-
; separate, the florets so that each female has two herma-
tershire; about Rowel and Thorp in Northamptonshire: at phrodites behind. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix:
Basford, Scottum, and Papplewick, in Nottinghamshire. common, five-leaved. Corolla of the disk, one-petalled.
Old Gerarde notices its being found in the moor near Linton Female. Corolla: of the ray five, on each side two males,
in Cambridgeshire at Hcsset in Suffolk
;
at a place named ; with one female between, superior. The species are,
Drinkstone in Butcher's Mead plentifully in Lansdall and
; 1. Parthenium Hysterophorus ; Cut-leaved Parthenium,
Craven in Yorkshire, at Doncaster, and in Thornton fields, or Bastard Feverfew. Leaves compound, multifid. This is
in the same county. Mr. Goodyer found it in the boggy an annual plant, growing wild in great plenty in the island,
below the red well of Wellingborough in Northamp- of Jamaica, where it is called Wild Wormwood. It thrives
ground
tonshire ; and it has been observed in abundance in the very luxuriantly about the settlements in the low lands,
all

castle fields of Berwick upon Tweed. Parkinson also notices and is observed to have much
the same qualities as Feverfew,
its growing at. Linton in Cambridgeshire; Hesset and Drink- being used, like that, in resolutive baths and infusions. It

stone in Suffolk;, in the great field of Headington near flowers here in July and August, and
may be propagated
Oxford ; on the other side of Oxford in the pasture next to by sowing the seeds on a hot-bed early in the spring; and
Botley, in th highway;
and at the bottom of Barton hills when the plants come up, they should be transplanted on
 PAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAS 247

another hot-bed, at about five or six inches' distance, observ- 5. Paspalum Paniculatum ; Pamcled Paspalum. Spikes
taken new root This is an annual grass,
ing to water and shade them till they have ; panicled, verticillate, aggregate.
after which time they must have a pretty large share of fresh and more erect, with the panicle as it were in whorls. Native
air in warm weather, by raising the glasses of the hot-bed of moist clayey grounds in Jamaica.

every day ; and they must be duly watered every

other day 6. Paspalum Stoloniferum ; Stoloniferous Paspalum.
at least. When the plants have grown so as to meet each Spikelets spiked ; rachis waved ; flowers alternate, directed
other, they should be carefully taken up, preserving a ball one way ; stem knee-jointed, prostrate at the base, and Sto-
of earth to their roots, and each planted into a separate pot, loniferous; root perennial, fibrose, whitish; culm flexuose,
rilled with light rich earth ; and if they are plunged into a smooth, cylindric, two feet high, solid, rooting at the knots;
moderate hot-bed, it will greatly facilitate their taking fresh branches alternate leaves lanceolate, smooth, slightly
;

root; but where this convcniency is wanting, the plants streaked, a little waved at the edge, often three inches long,
should be removed into a warm sheltered situation, where and eight lines wide. This has been successfully cultivated
they must be shaded from the sun until they have taken
at Paris. The seeds have been in part abortive; but as it
new root after which time they may be exposed, with other
;
runs at the root, it may be easily increased. The height
hardy annual plants, in a warm situation, where they will and abundance of its stems, the size of its leaves, and the
flower in July, and ripen seed in "September. But if the succulence of all its parts, render it a proper grass for cul-
season should prove cold and wet, it will be proper to have tivation. Native of Peru, where it is called Alzaillo.
a plant or two in shelter, either in the stove or under tall 7. Paspalum RepensCreeping Paspalum.
;
Spikes pani-
frames, in order to have good seeds, if those plants which are cled, subverticillate, ; culm creeping. This is very
nodding
like the preceding, differing
exposed should fail, so that the species may not be lost. only in its creeping culm, root-
'2. Parthenium
Integrifolium Entire-leaved Parthenium.
; ing at the joints, narrower leaves, and a more slender pani-
Leaves ovate, crenate. This is a perennial plant, which dies cle. Perennial. Native of Surinam.
in the ground every autumn, and shoots up again in the 8. Paspalum Hirsutum Shaggy Paspalum.
;
Spikes
following spring. Height three feet and more, with thick, alternate, subbinate ; membranaceous calices many-
rachis ;

round, fleshy stems. The flowers grow in a corymb at the nerved, even ; leaves and pedicels hirsute culms erect, ;

head of the stem and branches ; the heads are snow-white leafy, hairy above. Native of China.
above, whitish-green below, and villose at first. Native of 9.Paspalum Kora Smooth Paspalum. Spikes alternate,
;

Virginia. It flowers in July, but seldom produces good subbinate rachis membranaceous
; calices roundish, five- ;

seeds in England. It may be propagated by

parting the nerved culm and leaves smooth. Native of the East Indies,
;

roots in autumn, and will bear the general cold of our winters and of the Society Isles.
in the full ground. 10. Paspalum Longiflorum Long-flowered Paspalum. ;

Paspalum ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia. Spikes two, sessile, upright; florets oval, oblong; culm
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume one-flowered, two- ascending, branched; culms filiform, slender; flowers alter-
valved, membranaceous; valves equal, orbicular, plano-con- nate, pedicelled, pressed close. It varies sometimes with

cave; inner flatter, placed outwardly. Corolla: two-valved, three spikes together. Native of Malabar, on the borders of
the size of the calix valves roundish, cartilaginous, out-
;
fields.

wardly convex, inflex at the base. Nectary, two membra- 11. Paspalum Distichum Two-spiked Paspalum. Spikes
;

naceous scales at the base of the germen. Stamina : fila- two, almost erect, one of them sessile ; florets oblong,
menta three, capillary, the length of the glume antherse ;
smooth ; culm ascending, simple, decumbent towards the
ovate. Pistil germen roundish root. It is a biennial grass,
: ;
styles two, capillary, the flowering in July. Native of
length of the flower stigmas pencil-form, hairy, coloured.
; moist meadows in Jamaica and other West India Islands.
Pericarp : none glumes permanent, closed, growing to the
; 12. Paspalum Conjugatum ; Conjugate-spiked
Paspalum.
seed. Seed: single, roundish, compressed, convex on one Spikes two, horizontal, conjugate; Spikelets ovate; culm
side. Observe. The fourth species has the outer valve of erect leaves involute ; height from one to two feet ; culm
;

the calix very short. In the sixth species the corolla is simple, compressed a little, smooth. It is common in the
shorter than the calix. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: moist meadows of the West Indies, where the English call it
two-valved, orbicular. Corolla : of the same size. Stigmas : Souryrass ; and cattle refuse it.
pencil-shaped. The species are, 13. Paspalum Vaginatum Sheathed Paspalum. Spikes
;

1. Paspalum Dissectum; Cut Paspalum. Spikes alternate, two ; spikelets bifarious, acuminate culm branched, knee- ;

rachis membrauaceous flowers alternate, hairy at the tip. jointed

; ;
joints sheathed. This
a foot high; roots numerous, is
This is a prostrate annual grass, with the sheaths of the leaves filiform. Native of Jamaica, in clayey pastures.
almost spathaceous. Native of North America and Japan. 14. Paspalum Filiforme; Filiform Paspalum. Spike sub
2. Paspalum Scrobiculatum ; one-ranked
Dimpled Paspalum. Spikes solitary, linear, ;
spikelets ovate, compressed ;
alternate ; rachis membranaceous
flowers alternate ; calices
; culm and leaves filiform. This is a tufted
grass, two feet
many-nerved, dimpled or pitted on the outside ; culms erect, high. Native of the West Indies, in open hard fields.
hirsute at the base, a foot high and more. Perennial. 15. Paspalum Decumbens Prostrate Paspalum. Spike ;

Native of the East Indies, in watery places. single, directed one way; peduncles very long; spikelets
3. Paspalum Villosum ; Villose Paspalum. Spikes alter- alternate, orbiculate-acuminate, smooth; culm procumbent.
nate, directed one way, with an hirsute rachis ; flowers in a It isscarcely a foot high. Native of Jamaica, in a dry sandy
double row, alternately directed one way ; culm smooth, soil, upon the mountains on the western side of the island.
three feet high. Native of Japan, near Nagasaki. 16. Paspalum Debile. Spike for the most part single,
4. Paspalum
Virgatum; Rodlike Paspalum. Spikelets slender glumes contiguously alternate, solitary, pubescent,
;

panicled, alternate, villose at the base ; flowers in pairs ; short-obovate ; leaves rough ; culm feeble, setaceous.
root thickly fibrose, and perennial, throwing Grows on the sea-shores of Carolina and Georgia.
up several
annual erect steins, of about four feet high, and thicker than 17. Paspalum Ciliatum. Spikes alternate, as if two toge-
a quill at the base. Native of meadows in Jamaica. ther; glumes subtriseriate, double, orbiculate-obovate, obtuse,
VOL. ii. 86. 3 R
248 PAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAS
glabrous ; leaves lanceolate-linear, serrulate-ciliate : culm mer; the branches are more diffused, and covered with a
decumbent. Grows in Virginia and Carolina, in those clay- mealy down flowers small and white like those of the for-
;

soils where iron-ore abounds. mer, and appearing about the same time. Native of Spam
18. Paspalum Lseve. Spikes many, alternate ;
glumes and Portugal, Provence, Italy, and the Levant, in
heathy
biseriate, suborbiculate-ovate, glabrous ; leaves glabrous ; It will live abroad in common
places. winters, in a dry soil
ligules ciliate ; sheaths compressed ; stalk suberect Grows and warm situation, but in hard frosts the
plants are fre-
in dry meadows and grassy hills from Pennsylvania to Caro- quently destroyed one or two ought therefore to be kept in
;

lina. This plant is named Paspalum Lentiferum in the pots, and sheltered during the winter.
Encyclopedic Mtthodique, Botanique, par M. le Chevalier de 3. Passerina Ericoides Heath-like Sparrow-wort. Leaves
;

Lamarck and Paspalum Membranaceum, in Walton's Flora

;
linear, even, subimbricate corollas globular. This has so
;

Caroliniana. entirely the appearance of an Erica, that at first sight no

Pasque Flower. See Anemone. one would doubt of its being one. It has the stature of the
Passerina ; a genus of the class Octandria, Order Mono- first species which see. Native of the Cape.
;

gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth of one 4. Passerina Capitata ; Headed

Sparrow-wort. Leaves
leaf, shrivelling ; tube cylindrical, slender, ventricose below linear, smooth heads peduncled, tomentose, terminating,
;

the middle ; border four-cleft, spreading ; segments concave, globular peduncles tomentose, thickened ; flowers many,
;

ovate, blunt. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta eight, white, sessile, without a tube stamina above the throat, six- ;

bristle-shaped, the length of the border, placed upon the teen, the eight inner of which are castrated stems shrubby, ;

point of the tube; antherae subovate, erect. Pistil: germen compound, with rod-like red branches. Native of the Cape.
ovate, within the tube of the corolla style filiform, springing; 5. Passerina Ciliata Ciliated Sparrow-wort.
; Leaves lan-
from the side of the very point of the germen, the same ceolate, ciliate branches naked flowers subsolitary ; stalk
; ;

length with the tube of the corolla ; stigma capitate, hispid shrubby, rising five or six feet high, sending out many
all over with villose hairs. Pericarp: coriaceous, ovate, branches, which are naked to their ends, where they have
one-celled. Seed: single, ovate, acuminate at both ends, oblong leaves standing erect, and having hairy points. The
with the points oblique. Observe. The fourth species has flowers are small, white, and come out
among the leaves at
flowers without a tube, and sixteen stamina, the eight inner the end of the branches. It flowers here in June, but no
ones castrated. The sixth has eight stamina, besides the seeds are produced. Native of the Cape.
rudimenta of eight anthene at the bottom of the flower. 6. Passerina Uniflora One-flowered Sparrow-wort. ;

ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix,: four-cleft. Corolla : none. Leaves linear, opposite, (lanceolate, even ;) flowers termi-
Stamina: placed on the tube. Seed: one, corticate. The nating, solitary branches smooth stalk shrubby, seldom
; ;

firstthirteen species are diandrous, have the smell of Syringa rising more than a foot high, dividing into branches, many
flowers, and are evergreen. They are not separated from which are slender, smooth, and spread out on every side.
their natural genus, though the number of the stamina be The flowers are larger than those of the former, and the
less. The Struthiolce might have been referred to this genus, upper part of the petals is spread open flat; they are of a
had it not been for the nectaries.' Daphne also agrees with purple colour, and appear about the same time as the former.
Passerina. The species are, Native of the Cape.
1. Passerina Filiformis
Filiform Sparrow-wort.
; Leaves 7. Passerina Anthylloides. Leaves oblong, villose flow- ;

linear, convex, imbricate in four rows, (three-cornered, ers in heads, terminal, externally bristly. A handsome
acute;) branches tomentose; flowers racemed. This rises species. Native of the Cape.
with a shrubby stalk, five or six feet high, sending out 8. Passerina Spicata; Spiked SparYow-wort. Leaves
branches the whole length, which when young grow erect, ovate, villose ; flowers lateral, solitary. The flowering
but as they advance in length they incline towards a hori- branches resemble a leafy spike. Native of the Cape.
zontal position. The flowers come out at the extremity of 9. Passerina Laxa; Loose-branched
Sparrow-wort. Leaves
the young branches, from between the leaves on every side; ovate, hairy flowers in terminal leafy heads branches loose.
;
;

they are small and white, so that they make no great appear- Native of the Cape.
ance. It flowers from June to August. Native of the Cape 10. Passerina Grandiflora Great-flowered
Sparrow-wort. ;

of Good Hope. This, with all the other Cape plants, may Very smooth leaves oblong, acute, concave, wrinkled on
:

be increased by cuttings during the summer months, planted the outside flowers terminating, sessile, solitary ; branches
;

in a bed of loamy earth, or closely covered with a bell or one-flowered. It is easily distinguished by the large borders
hand glass to exclude the air, shading them from the sun, of the flowers, silky on the outside. Native of Africa. See
and refreshing them now and then with water. They will the first species.
take root in about two months, when they m.ay be planted 11. Passerina Gnidia.' Two-stamined,
very smooth: leaves
each in a small pot filled with loamy earth, placing them in lanceolate, acute. Native of New Zealand, in the fissures
the shade to take new root then remove them into a shel-
; of rocks on the sea-coast, and on mountain-tops.
tered situation, there to remain till October, when they must 12. Passerina Pilosa Hairy Sparrow-wort. Two-sta-
;

be placed in the green-house, and treated as Myrtle. Those mined, hairy: leaves linear, blunt. Native of New Zealand.
also which produce seeds, or when seeds can be procured, 13. Passerina Prostrata ; Prostrate
Sparrow-wort. Two
may also be propagated that way. Sow them in autumn stamined, hairy : leaves ovate. Native of the dry mountains
soon after they are ripe, in small pots filled with light earth, in New Zealand.

plunged into an old bark-bed, under a common frame in 14. Passerina Cephalophora ; Great-headed Sparrow-wort.
winter. The plants will come up in the spring, and may be Leaves three-cornered, in four rows ; heads woolly. Native
treated like the cuttings but the seedling plants will grow
; of the Cape.
more erect, and make a handsomer appearance. 15. Passerina Linoides ; Flax-like Sparrovi-wort. Leaves
2. Passerina Hirsuta Shaggy Sparrow-wort.
; Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, three-ribbed flowers terminating, ;

fleshy, smooth on the outside stems tomentose. This has

;
solitary. A
hardy green-house plant, flowering in May and
shrubby stalks, which rise to a greater height than the for- June, and easily increased by cuttings, Native of the Cape.
 PAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAS 249

16. Passerina Nervosa. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, three- extremely agreeable odour. It is perennial, flowers from

ribbed; flowers in heads. Native of the Cape. May to October, and is a native of the West Indies. This,
17. Passerina Setosa. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, five- and all the perennial sorts which are natives of the hot parts
nerved flowers in heads, bristly on the outside.
;
Native of of America, require a stove to preserve them here, without
the Cape. which they will not thrive for although some of the sorts
;

18. Passerina Stricta. Leaves ovate, hirsute flowers in ;

will live in the open during the warm months of summer,
air

heads branches rigid. Native of the Cape.

; yet they make but little progress nor will the plants produce
;

19. Passerina Pentandra. Leaves ovate, hirsute; spike many flowers, unless the pots in which they are planted be
ovate, terminating. Native of the Cape. plunged into the tan-bed of the stove, and their branches
Passiflora i (altered by
Linneus from the old name Flos are trained against an espalier. The best way to have them
in perfection is to make a border of earth at the back of the
Passionis, or Passion Flower, which was given
at its first

discovery, from a fancy

that all the instruments of our Savi- tan-bed, which may be separated by planks, to prevent the
our's passion were exhibited in this flower the five stamens
: earth from mixing with the tan; and when the plants are
were compared to his five wounds ; the styles to the nails strong enough, they should be turned out of the pots, and
by which he was fixed to the cross ; the column which ele- planted on this border; adjoining to which should be a
vates the germen, to the cross 'itself, or the pillar to which trellis erected at the top of the stove, and their leaves con-

he was bound ; and the rays of the nectary, to his crown of tinuing green all the year, together with the flowers, which
It is placed by Linneus in the class Gynandria, will be
thorns.) plentifully intermixed in summer, will have a very
order Pentandria ; by Schrosber and Thunberg, in the class agreeable effect. As there will be only a plank partition
Pentandria, order Trigynia; and by Swartz, in the class between the earth and the tan, the earth will be kept warm
Monadelphia, order Pentandria. This beautiful genus is by the tan-bed, which will be of great service to the roots
composed of climbing herbaceous plants, sometimes woody, of the plants. The border should not be less than two feet
especially at bottom leaves alternate, stipulaceous, simple,
;
broad and three deep, which is the usual depth of the pit
in a few undivided, in a few others multirid or palmate, but for tan ; so that where these borders are intended, the pits
in the greater part lobed ; lobes in some two, but in more should not be less than eight feet and a half, or nine feet
three. The petiole in some species is naked, in others glan- and a half, broad, that the bark-bed, exclusive of the border,
dular on each side. The tendrils or claspers, by which the may be six and a half or seven feet wide. If the border be
slender weak stems sustain themselves, are axillary. The fenced off with strong ship planks, they will last some years,
peduncles are also axillary, from one to three together, each especially if they are painted over with a composition of
sustaining a single flower, except in Passiflora Holosericea, melted pitch, brick-dust, and oil, which will preserve them
in which they are many-flowered below the calix they are
; sound a long time and the earth should be taken out care-
;

commonly jointed, and have an involucre at the joint, which fully from between the roots of the plants, at least once a
is frequently three-leaved or three-parted, the divisions entire, year, putting in fresh. They are propagated by seeds, which
or sometimes, but rarely, cut or jagged; sometimes, however, should be sown upon a good hot-bed in the spring, and
this involucre is very small, or consists only of one leaf, or is when the plants are fit to remove, they should be each planted
entirely wanting. The crown, which Linneus calls the nec- in a small pot, filled with good
kitchen-garden earth, and
tarium, constitutes great part of the beauty of the flower in plunged into a bed of tanner's bark, observing to shade
many of the species. In these it consists of an inner crown, them from the sun until they have taken new root then ;

springing from the base of the petals, or inner calicine seg- they must be treated like other tender plants from the same
ments, and beneath them coloured, many-parted, consisting countries. When they are too high to remain under the
of numerous filiform segments, radiating or erect; within glasses of the hot-bed, they should be turned out of the pots
this is another double crown, of the same shape, but shorter and planted in the stove, in the manner before mentioned.
and more flatted, inserted into the pitcher ; the inmost fre- As they do not perfect their seeds here, they may be pro-
quently converges round the central column. Mr. Sowerby, pagated by laying down their branches which if done in
;

who has bestowed much attention on this genus, remarks, April, they will put out roots by the middle of August,
that the larger species, as far as he has seen, have constantly when they may be separated from the old plants, and either
two rows of principal radiated nectaries ; the smaller com- planted in pots to get strength, or into the border of the
monly but one, and but half the number of divisions in the stove where they are to remain. Some of them may be
corolla, namely, only five ; whereas the others have from ten propagated by cuttings these should be planted into pots
;

to twelve that the repository for honey also differs much in

: about the middle or latter end of March, and plunged into
different species, and is a part very distinct from the crown, a moderate hot-bed, observing to screen them from the sun,
which perhaps may serve as a conductor, or help to screen and refresh them with water gently, as often as the earth
or secure the nectareous juice and lastly, that there is
:
may require it; and in about two months or ten weeks they
another sort, which serves as an operculum under various will put out roots, and may then be treated as the
seedling
forms, sometimes plaited, or plaited and. fringed, besides a plants.
kind of imperfect rays in different situations and shapes. 2. Passiflora Pallida ; Pale Passion Flower. Leaves
The species are, ovate, quite entire ; petioles biglandular stem perennial,
;
*
With undivided Leaves. long, round, branching, climbing, solitary tendrils flowers
;

1 . Passiflora Serratifolia ; Notch-leaved Passion Flower. pale, large, axillary, two together ; corolla five-petalled, flat,
Leaves ovate, serrate ; stems round, the younger ones very with a crown. Native of Brasil, the island of Dominica,
slightly villose, and climbing very high; the stipules are and Cochin-china. See the preceding species.
linear and acuminate; peduncles one-flowered and solitary; 3. I assiflora Cuprea
Copper-coloured Passion Flower.
;

the calix outwardly green, inwardly whitish the petals

is ; Leaves ovate, commonly quite entire petioles equal. This
;

pale purple the filamenta of the nectary are deep purple at

;
has slender three-cornered stalks, which send out tendrils at
the base, from thence bluish, and at length pale the antherze ; each joint, fastening themselves to any
neighbouring support
are yellow the stigmas greenish.
; The flowers have an by them, and climbing to the height of twelve or fourteen
250 PAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAS
feet; flowers axillary, on slender peduncles an inch inconvenience, that these arbours serve to shelter venomous
long;
fruit oval, about the size of a
sparrow's changing to a egg:, serpents, which lurk there to seize on little animals that
purple colour when ripe, and filled with oblong seeds in- come for the fruit, of which they are very fond. See the
closed in a soft pulp. Native of the Bahama Islands. See first species.
the first species. 7. Passiflora Alata ; Wing-stalked Passion Flower. Leaves
4. Passiflora Tilisefolia ; Lime-leaved Passion Flower. ovate, subcordate, even, few-nerved; petioles glandular; stem
Leaves cordate, quite entire petioles equal. Root
;
peren- membranaceous, four-cornered ; stipules lanceolate, serrate.
nial stem climbing, about the thickness of a finger; flowers
; This very much resembles the
preceding at first sight; the
red; fruit globose, and variegated with red and yellow, open flower also presents a general resemblance, but the
having a sweet pulp. Native of South America, near Lima. peduncle is
cylindrical ; the three divisions of the invokcre
See the firstspecies. small, lanceolate, with glandular serratures; the pedicel
5. Passiflora Maliformis;
Apple-fruited Passion Flower. thickest at the insertion into the convex base of the flower.
Leaves cordate, oblong, quite entire ; petioles biglandular ;
If this species does not equal the Common Passion Flower
involucres quite entire. Stem thick, triangular, by slender in
elegance, it exceeds it in magnificence, in
brilliancy of
tendrils thrown out at colours, and in fragrance, the flowers being highly odorifer-
every joint rising to the height of
fifteen or twenty feet. The cover of the flowers is composed ous. Native of the West Indies. See the first species.
of three soft velvety leaves of a pale red, with some 8-. Passiflora Laurifolia Laurel-leaved Passion Flower,
stripes ;

of a lively red colour; the petals are white, and the or Water Lemon. Leaves ovate,
rays blue. quite entire ; petioles
biglan-
The flowers being large, make a fine appearance, but dular; involucres toothed. Stem suffrutescent, with very
they
are of short duration ; there is however a succession of them
divaricating filiform branches. Jacquin describes it as a
for some time. It grows naturally in the West Indies, where woody plant, smooth all over ; the younger branches round
the inhabitants call it Granadilla; and the fruit is served and green ; peduncles solitary ; flowers
up very handsome and
in desserts. See the first species. odoriferous ; petals rose-coloured within,
pale without; crown
6. Passiflora
Quadrangularis ; Square-stalked Passion elegantly variegated transversely with white, purple, and
Flower. Leaves oval, subcordate, smooth, violet; fruit three inches long, with a coriaceous, yellow,
many-nerved
;

petioles glandular. Stem membranaceous, four-cornered ; soft, rough rind, containing a watery, sweet, tasteful juice,
stipules oval, oblong flowers very large, encompassed by a
;
having a peculiarly fine smell. In the West Indies they suck
three-leaved involucre, the leaves of which are roundish, this pleasant juice
through a hole in the fruit. The French
concave, entire, smooth, and pale. Mr. Miller observes, that call it, Pommes de Hiane ; and the
English, Honeysuckle !
it has much the Browne says, it is cultivated in many parts of America for the
appearance of the preceding, both in stalk
and leaves ; but the stalk has four angles, the leaves also of sake of its fruit, which is very delicate, and much esteemed
that are not hollowed at the base ; the flower is much
larger, by most padates ; it is about the size of a hen's
egg, and
though very like the other in colour ; the fruit is nearly twice fullof a very agreeable gelatinous
pulp. It flowers in June
as large, and of a very and July. See the first species.
agreeable flavour. Jacquin remarks,
that the flowers are
very sweet, as well as beautiful, resem- 9. Passiflora Multiflora
Many-lowered Passion Flower.
;

bling the eighth species in colour and structure, but a little Leaves oblong, quite entire flowers in clusters. Stalks
;

larger ; that the fruit is shaped like an egg, shining, greenish- slender, sending out many small branches, and climbing to
yellow, larger than a goose's egg, having a soft spongy rind, the height of twenty-five or
thirty feet by age they become
;

a finger in thickness, brittle, whitish,

insipid ; the pulp suc- woody towards the bottom, and their joints are not far
culent, of a waterish colour, and sweetish smell, and a very asunder flowers axillary, on long peduncles ; petals oblong,
;

pleasant taste, sweet and gently acid, contained in a mem- white rays blueish-purple, inclining to red at bottom. The
;

brane or bag, which may be easily separated from the rind. flowers have an agreeable odour, but seldom continue
twenty
Mr. Sowerby distinguishes this from the next species, with hours open; there is a succession of them from June to
Sep-
which it has been confounded. They are very much alike tember, and sometimes the fruit will ripen here. Native of
as to appearance before Vera Cruz. See the first species.
they flower, excepting that the
leaves in this have
generally twice as many side veins. The 10. Passiflora Angustifolia Narrow-leaved Passion Flower.
;

flowering even at a distance will distinguish them pretty Leaves subcordate, lanceolate, entire ; petioles biglandular ;

easily, this being rather compressed, and never oblong, as flowers solitary. Native of Jamaica.
that of the seventh
always is, while the sixth is also destitute 11. Passiflora Adulterina. Leaves oblong, oval, entire;
of awns and the glands on the petioles are said to be six,
; flowers tubular calices three-leaved stem angular, lanugi-
; ;

but they are not constant, and there are likewise six some- nose all over; flowers solitary, peduncled, pendulous, purple.
times in the other. The peduncle affords .a most certain dis- Native of New Granada. See the first species.
tinction. **
Jacquin has a variety, which he names Passiflora With two-lobed Leaves.
Sulcata: it perfectly resembles this
species, except in the size 12. Passiflora Perfoliata;
Perfoliate Passion Flower.
and form of the fruit, which is roundish, Leaves oblong, transverse, embracing, petioled, dotted under-
frequently larger
than a child's head, and marked with a circular transverse neath; crown simple, many -parted. Stem herbaceous, climb-
groove, deep enough to lay a finger in. It is a native of ing and twining, three-cornered, subdivided, striated, pubes-
Terra Firma. The fruit of Quadrangularis is brought to table cent ; flowers middle-sized, scarlet. Native of Jamaica, in
whole, and is much esteemed and the pulp, taken out of the
;
dry hedges near the coast, on the southern side of the island,
rind, with or without the seeds, is first put into wine. The flowering in the middle of summer. See the first species.
French call it Granadille ; and Browne, the Granadilla Vine. 13. Passiflora Rubra;
Red-fruited Passion Flower. Leaves
Native of the woods of Jamaica, and of other West Indja cordate ; lobes acuminate, subtomentose underneath. Stem
islands. Jacquin however says, he did not find it wild any villose ; flowers alternate,
nodding, on solitary one-flowered
where, but in gardens every where ; to the ornament of which peduncles ; petals whitish, or pale flesh colour. It flowers
it
very much contributes, by forming large and very close in April and
May. Native of the West Indies. See the
arbours in a few months. It is attended however with this first species.
 PAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAS 251

14. Passiflora Normafis. Leaves emarginate at the base; the flowers are middle-sized, and void of scent; that there is
lobes linear, blunt, divaricate, the middle ones obsolete,
a three-leaved involucre the leaflets ovate, concave, small,
;

mucronate. This has slender angular stalks, which rise firm, shining, smooth, yeljowish, with a tinge of green that ;

branches ; the flowers the petals are white, and twice as long as the. calix the nec-
twenty feet high, sending out many ;

and tendrils come out from the same joints the former are :
tary multifid and yellow; that the berry is roundish, small,
of a pale colour, and small; fruit egg-shaped, ovate, purple, and juiceless and that in most of the leaves the middle lobe
;

the size of small grapes. The root of this plant is much is

scarcely to be observed. He says it is very common in
extolled by Hernandes, as a counter-poison and diuretic, for the woods about Carthagena in New Spain while Swartz ;

Native of South America. found it in the coppices on the southern side of Jamaica.
easing pain and creating appetite.
See the first species. See the first species.
15. Passiflora Murucuja; Titbulcur-croivned Passion Flower. 20. Passiflora Oblongata. Leaves elliptic, subtrilobate in
Leaves ovate, undivided at the base, dotted underneath ; front, dotted underneath; lobes sharpish, the middle one
shorter. Native of the island of Jamaica.
nectary one-leafed stem herbaceous, grooved, smooth ; flow-
;

ers in The 21. Passiflora Punctate; Dotted-leaved Passion Flower.

pairs, axillary, scarlet, large. fruit, according
to Browne, of an oblong oval form, about the size of a
is Leaves oblong, dotted underneath, the middle one smaller;
flowers solitary, with a flattish expanded calix, whitish, ovate
large Olive, and flesh-coloured when ripe. Both the syrup
and decoction of the plant, is much used in the leeward parts petals, and violet rays tipped with bright yellow. Native of
of Jamaica, where it is frequent; and it is said to answer Peru.
22. Passiflora Lutea; Yellow Passion Flower. Leaves
effectually all the purposes for which syrup of poppies, and
liquid laudanum, are generally administered. The flowers cordate, smooth; lobes ovate; petioles without glands. Root
are most in use: they are commonly infused in, or pounded creeping, sending up many weak stalks three or four feet
and mixed immediately with, wine or spirits and the com- ; high peduncle slender, an inch and half long
; flowers ;

position is generally thought a very easy and effectual nar- greenish-yellow, not larger than a sixpence when expanded.
Browne calls it Bull-hoof, or Dutchman's Laudanum, It flowers from June to
cotic. August. Native of Virginia and
which are probably the vulgar name of the country. Native Jamaica. This may be propagated by its creeping roots,
of the West Indies. See the first species. parted in April, and planted where they are to remain. It
16. Passiflora Vespertilio Bat-winged Passion Flower.
; requires the same treatment as the 32d species.
Leaves rounded at the base, and glandular lobes acute, ;
23. Passiflora Parviflora; Smatl-jlowered Passion Flower.
divaricate, dotted underneath. This has slender, striated, Leaves smooth; lobes ovate, entire, the middle one more
roundish stalks, less than a straw, and of the same thickness produced; petioles biglandular; stem herbaceous. Native
from top to bottom, of a brownish-red colour, dividing into of Jamaica.
24. Passiflora Glauca; Glaucous-leaved Passion Flower.
many branches; flowers on short round peduncles, from the
axils of the middle and upper leaves, white, and of a middle Leaves cordate, smooth lobes ovate, ;
equal petioles glan- ;

size, about three inches in diameter when expanded.

dular stipules semi-ovate. The whole
They ;
plant is very smooth
are scentless, opening in the evening or during the night, and even nectary shorter by half than the
;
petals rays ;

in the month of July, and finally close about eight or nine violet, white at the tip flowers sweet.
; Native of Cayenne.
o'clock in the morning. Native of the West Indies, and near 25. Passiflora Minima;
Dwarf Passion Flower. Leaves
Carthagena in New See the first species.
Spain. deeply three-lobed, rather downy; lobes lanceolate, quite
17. Passiflora Lunata; Crescent-leaved Passion Flower. entire, the middle one more produced ; petioles
biglandular.
Leaves dotted at the base, slightly cordate, and having two Stem even, suberose at bottom flowers small, whitish
;
berry ;

glands; outer rays of the nectary club-shaped, compressed, small, blue, egg-shaped. Mr. Sowerby remarks, that
though
obtuse. Stems several, above thirty feet high in a cultivated this has its name from its
smallness, there are others nearly,
state, roundish and woody at the base: in the upper part if not
quite, as small, and not well distinguished; that
several of them have no involucre,
acutely angular, striated, almost herbaceous, nearly smooth, though there is a joint
alternately branched flowers axillary, two together, droop- on the peduncle, or, as he has it, between the
;
peduncle and
ing, opening early in the day, and smelling like honey; petals pedicel and that they have but five petals,
;
consequently
white peduncles twice as long as the petioles, round, swell-
; nothing that serves as a calix. It flowers in Native
July.
ing at the top, slightly downy, each bearing a single flower. of Curaqao and Jamaica;
flowering in our stoves in July.
Native of Vera Cruz. See the first species. 26. Passiflora Heterophylla Narrow-leaved Passion
;

18. Passiflora Capsularis. Leaves cordate, oblong, peti- Flower. Leaves undivided, linear, oblong, and
thrue-lobed,
oled. Stalks slender, rising to
twenty feet hjgh when support- smooth, quite entire petioles biglandular.
; Native of the
ed, and divided into many weak branches ;
peduncles -very West Indies, and flowering from June to September.
slender,an inch and half long, purplish flowers when ;
27. Passiflora Suberosa Cork-barked Passion Flower.
;

expanded not more than an inch and half in diameter, of a Leaves subpeltate lobes ovate, entire; petioles
;
biglandular;
soft red colour, with'little scent ; fruit small, oval when stem wifh corky angles. As fhe stalks grow old, have
ripe, they
purple. Native of Jamaica. See the first species.
a thick fungous bark, like that of the
Cork-tree, which cracks
*** With three-lobed and splits, 'fhe smaller branches are covered with a smooth
Leaves.
19. Passiflora Rotundifolia Round-leaved Passion Flower.
; bat*; the flowers are small, of a greenish yellow colour;
Leaves roundish, three-lobed only at top, dotted underneath; fruit egg-shaped, dark
purple when ripe. Native of the
nectary simple. Stem suftrutescent at bottom, subdivided, West Indies, flowering from June to September.
angular, grooved .flowers nodding, pale green, rather large. 28. Passiflora Holosericea
;
Silky-leaved Passion Flower.
;

Jacquin observes, that the glandular dots' on the under Leaves with a reflex toothlet on each side at the base. The
side of the leaf are sit or seven in a stalks rise twenty feet high,
longitudinal row, along dividing into slender many
the inner side of the two lateral nerves that the branches, covered with a soft hairy down; flowers not half
stipules are
;

acuminate, shining, embracing, and resembling bull's horns :

so large as those of the Common or Blue Passion Flower ;
that the peduncles' are. the same length with the leaves; that petals white; rays purple, with a mixture of yellow; fruit
VOL. ii -87. 3 S
 PAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAS
small, roundish, yellow when ripe. It flowers most part of have the free air at all times in mild weather. The spring
the summer. Native of La Vera Cruz. following, some of these plants may be turned out of the
29. Passiflora Hirsuta; Hairy Passion Flower. Leaves pots, and planted in a warm border, where, if they be covered
villose, the lower smooth above ; lobes oblong, quite entire, with tanner's bark every winter to keep out the frost, tliey
the middle one more produced ; petioles biglandular. It will live several
years, their stalks decaying in the autumn,
flowers in September. Native of the West Indies. and new ones arising in the spring, which in Warm seasons
30. Passiflora Foetida; Stinking Passion Flower. Leaves will flower very well. If those plants which are continued
cordate, hairy ; involucres capillary, multifid. Root annual, in pots are
plunged into a tan-bed, some of them may pro-
or rather biennial ; the stalks rise five or six feet high when duce fruit; and if the stalks of these are laid down in the
supported, they are channelled or hairy ; flowers on strong beginning of June, into pots of earth plunged near them,
hairy peduncles, two inches long, they are white, and of a they will take root by the end of August.
short duration ; calix composed of slender hairy filamenta, 33. Passiflora Aurantia; Orange Passion Flower. Leaves
wrought like a net, longer than the petals, and turning up three-lobed lobes parabolical, distant, the middle one more
;

round them; fruit roundish, ovate, about thesize of a Golden produced. Flowers orange the tube of the nectary
;
green,
Pippin, of a yellowish-green colour, inclosed in the nettled longer than the purple upright rays which surround it.
calix. The whole plant has a disagreeable scent when Native of New Caledonia.
touched. It grows naturally in most of the islands of the 34. Passiflora Mixta. Leaves trifid, serrate; flowers tubu-
British West Indies, where the inhabitants call it Love in a lar ; calices
one-leafed. Stem angular, smooth flowers ;

Mist, because it resembles Nigella Damascenam the involucre. solitary, peduncled, nodding, red, on round pubescent pe-
It is propagated by seeds sown upon a hot-bed early in the duncles. Native of New Granada.
When the plants are fit to be removed, transplant **** With
spring. multifid Leaves.
each into a small pot filled with light kitchen-garden earth ; 35. Passiflora Coerulea Common or Blue Passion Flower.
;

plunge them into a hot-bed again, and shade them from the Leaves d-euply palmate, in five entire smooth segments. This,
sun till
they have taken new root. Shift them into larger in a few years, with
proper support, rises to a great height;
pots as the roots increase ; and when the plants are too tall it
may be trained to upwards of forty feet. The stalks will
to remain in the hot-bed, remove them into an airy glass- grow almost as large as a man's arm, and are covered with a
case, admitting air in warm weather, but screening them purplish bark, but do not become very woody. The shoots
from cold. In this situation the plants will flower in July, often grow to the length of twelve or fifteen feet in one sum-
and the seeds ripen in autumn. mer, and being very slendef, must be supported, otherwise
31. Passiflora Ciliata; Fringe-leaved Passion Flower. they will hang to the ground, intermix \yith each other, ;uu!
Leaves smooth, ciliate-serrate, the middle one very long ;
appear very unsightly. The flowers have a faint scent, and
petioles not glandular. The leaves of this species vary occa- continue but one day; fruit egg-shaped, the size aijd form
sionally ; they are dark-green and glossy the involucrum is
: of the Mogul Plurn, and when ripe of the same yellow colour,
composed of three leaves divided into capillary segments, inclosing a sweetish disagreeable pulp, in which oblong seeds
each terminating in a viscid globule ; the pillar supporting are lodged. There is a variety with much narrower lobes,
the germen is bright purple, with darker spots ; the petals divided almost to the bottom die flowers come later in the
;

are greenish on the outside, arid red within. Native of summer; the petals are narrower, and of a purer white.
Jamaica. The Blue Passion Flower grows naturally in Brazil and, ;

32. Passiflora Incarnata; Flesh-coloured Passion Flower, being hardy enough to thrive in the open air, is now become
or Maycock. Leaves deeply three-lobed, serrated, acute, the most common species in England. It may be propagated
three-ribbed, with two glands at the base ; bractes distinct, by seeds, which should be sown iu the same manner as those
lanceolate, with glandular teeth; calix flat ; rays as long as of the thirty-second sort, and the plants treated in the same
the petals. This is one of the first species known in Europe, way till the following spring, when they should be turned
being cultivated in the days of Gerarde arid Parkinson, though out of the pots, and planted against a good-aspected wall,
now seldom met with, as it will scarcely ever survive the where they may have height for their shoots to extend, other-
English winter, or rathtr spring. The leaves are finely wise they will hang about and entangle each other, so as to
downy on both sides, paler beneath ; flowers rather large, make but an indifferent appearance; but where buildings
riesh-coloured, or pale purple, the long slender rays ele- are to be covered, this plant is very proper for the purpose.
gantly speckled with crimson and white. Native of North After they have taken good root in their new quarters, the
America. It is
usually propagated in England by seeds, only care they will require is to train their shoots up against
which are brought from North America, for the seeds do not the wall, as they extend in length, to prevent their hanging
often ripen in England, though they have been known to about and if the winter prove severe, the surface of the
;

ripen perfectly on plants which were plunged in a tan-bed, ground about their roots should be covered with mulch, to
under a deep frame but those plants which are exposed
; keep the frost from penetrating the ground and if the stalks
;

to the open air, do not produce fruit here. The seeds should and branches are covered with mats, pease-haulm, straw, or
be sown upon a moderate hot-bed, which will bring up the any such light qovering, it will protect them in winter against
plants much sooner than when they are sown in the open severe frosts but this covering must' be removed in mild
;

air, so that they will have more time to acquire streijgjji weather, or it will produce mouldiness in the branches, which
before winter. When the plants are come up two or three would be more injurious than the cold. In the spring the
inches high, they should be carefully taken up, and each plants should be trimmed, when all the small weak shoots
planted in a separate small pot filled with good kitchen-gar- should be entirely cut off, and the strong ones shortened to
den earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, to forward about four or five feet long, which will enable them to put
their taking root: after which they should be gradually out strong shoots for flowering the following year. This
inured to bear the open air, to which they should be exposed plant is also propagated by laying down the branches, which
in summer, but in the autumn
they must be placed under a
in one year will be well rooted,
may be taken off from the
garden-frame to screen them from the frost but they should
;
old plant*, and transplanted where they are designed to
 PAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAS ?.53

remain. The cuttings of this will also take root, if they are grooved, and angular, branched from the bottom, almost the,
planted in a loamy soil not too stiff, in the spring, before height of a man, when cut yielding a fetid rue-like, whitish,
begin to shoot. If these be covered with bell or hand tenacious gum ; branches numerous, panicled ; flowers yel-
they
glasses to exclude the air, they will succeed
much better than low. Native of the south of Europe.
when they are otherwise treated ; but when the cuttings put 2. Pastinaca Sativa ;Common Parsnep. Leaves simply
out shoots, the air should be admitted to them, or they will pinnate, downy beneath ; root biennial, simple, whitish,
draw up weak, and spoil, and they must be afterwards treated putting forth some large fibres from the side ; stem single,
as the layers. Those plants which are propagated by layers, three or four feet high, erect, rigid, angular, pubescent,
or cuttings, do not produce fruit so plentifully as the seed- hollow, branched flowering branches come out from the
;

seldom axils of the leaves from top to bottom, supporting umbels

ling plants ; and this plant, as well as many others,
which are smaller than that which terminates the stem;
produces fruit after having been twice or thrice propagated
by layers or cuttings. If in very severe winters the stalks
flowers small, yellow, with inflex regular petals. Wild Pars-
be killed to the ground, the roots often put out new stalks nep is a native of most parts of Europe, on the borders of
the following summer, therefore they should not be disturbed, ploughed fields and on the banks of hedges, chiefly in a
and where there is mulch laid on the ground about their calcareous or marly soil. It flowers from the end of June

roots, there will be little danger of their being killed, through August. Garden Parsnep has smooth leaves, of a
although all the stalks should be destroyed. light or yellowish-green colour, in which it differs from the
36. Passiflora Filamentosa ; Long-rayed Blue Passion wild plant the stalks also rise higher, and are deeper chan-
;

Flower. Leaves palmate, in five acute scattered segments; nelled ; the peduncles are much longer, and the flowers of a
footstalks with two sessile glands ; bractes distinct ; rays deeper yellow colour. The wild plant is sometimes smooth,
longer than the corolla. Native of America. but more often hairy ; and the garden plant sometimes hairy,
37. Passiflora Serrata; Serrate-leaved Passion Flower, but generally smooth. The roots are sweeter than Carrots,
Leaves palmate, serrate. Stems woody ; at each knot a and are much eaten by those who abstain from animal food
leaf, a tendril, and a flower, come out from the same point; in Lent, or eat salt fish on fast
days. They are highly nutri-
peduncle two inches long. The flower is inclosed in an tious, and in the north of Ireland are brewed with malt,
involucre, and both together are larger than a hen's egg. instead of hops, and fermented wilth yeast. The liquor thus
The lower half of the flower when expanded resembles a obtained is agreeable. Hogs are fond of these roots, upon
cup with a pentagon rim, white on the inside, hairy at bot- which they soou grow fat. Allione observes, that although
tom. The corolla is composed of ten violet-coloured the old roots of the wild Parsnep be hot and acrimonious,
petals
in two rows, five in each, the inner much narrower than the yet we are not to attribute to them the bad effects which some
outer, all an inch and half long, with a small point at the affirm them to have. The seeds contain aa essential oil,
end, verging outwards. Fruit the size of an orange, round, and will often cure intermittent fevers. The seeds, used in
polished, like that of Coloqtrintida, except that next the medicine, should be those of the wild plant; but the drug-
peduncle it is drawn out like a pear : it is filled with a white gists commonly sell the seed of the garden kind for it, which
-mucilaginous pulp, containing many seeds, a little larger they may purchase at an easy price when it is too old to
than grains of wheat, oval, a little compressed, pointed at grow. A strong decoction of the root is a pretty strong
one end, hardish, shining, hairy. Native of the island of diuretic, and assists in removing obstructions of the viscera.
Martinique. See the first species. It is good against the
jaundice and grave}, and moderately
38. Passiflora Pedata; Curl-flowered Passion Flower. promotes the menses. Villars remarks, that in Dauphiny
Leaves pedate, serrate. Stems angular; the flowers rather there are two remarkable varieties of the Wild Parsnep one.
:

larger than those of the preceding the rays of the crown with an angular branched stem, approaching very
;
nearly
are very close, deep red, with two or three white rings, very to the Garden Parsnep ; the other with a simple round stem,
slender at the end, and violet they are twisted so as to
;
very slightly striated, and receding so far from the cultivated
resemble the serpents about Medusa's head. The five inner plant that it seems to be a distinct species. The Parsnep
parts of the corolla are entirely blue ; the five outer pale being large and sweet, and accounted very nourishing, is
green within, with abundance of little red dots ; on the out- universally cultivated in kitchen-gardens. The seeds should
side clear green fruit the size and form of a
;
middling apple; be sown in February or March, in a rich mellow soil, welj
rind regular and smooth, of a shining green colour, with dug, that their roots may run downwards, the greatest excel-
still brighter dots. Native of the island of Dominica. lency being the length and size of the roots. They may be
Passion Flower. See Passiflora. sown alone, or with Carrots, as is practised by the kitchen-
Pastinaca ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy- gardeners near London, some of whom also mix Leeks,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal Onions, and Lettuce, with their Parsneps ; but this is inju-
manifold, flat; partial manifold involucre universal none ;
:
dicious, for it is not possible that so many different sorts
partial none ;
perianth proper, obsolete. Corolla : universal can thrive well together, except they are allowed a consi-
uniform; florets all fertile; partial of five lanceolate, involute, derable distance ; and if so, it will be equally the same to
entire petals. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary; antherse sow the different sorts separate. However, Carrots and Para-
roundish. Pistil : germen inferior
neps may be sow,n together very well, especially where the
styles two, reflex stig-
; ;

mas blunt Pericarp: none; fruit compressed, flat, elliptic, Carrots are designed to be drawn off young; because the Pars-
Seeds : two, elliptic, girt round the edge, almost
bipartile. neps generally spread most towards the end of the summer,
flat 'on both sides. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fruit: ellip- when the early Carrots are gone. When the plants are come
tic, compressed, flat. Petals: involute, entire. Involucre: up, hoe them out to ten or twelve inches asunder, cutting up
neither general nor partial. The species are, all the weeds. This must be repeated three or four times,
1. Pastinaca Lucida; Shining-leaved Parsncp. Root- according as you find the weeds grow ; but in the latter par.t
leaves simple, cordate, lobate, shining, acutely crenate stem- ; of summer, when the plants cover the ground, they will pre-
leaves ternate and pinnate branch-leaves simple, wedge-
; vent the growth of weeds. When the leaves begin to decay,
Root biennial, thick, milky; stern stiff, rugged, the roots may be dug up for use. Before this, they are s$l-

ffped.
254 PAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAS
dom well-tasted ; nor are they good for much in the spring, like corn, till them with disorders. In France, and in our
after they are shot out again. To preserve them for this islands adjoining to it, Parsneps are held in
high esteem both
season, dig them up in the beginning of February, and bury for cattle and swine. In liritany this crop is said to be little
them in the sand in a dry place, where they will remain good inferior in value to wheat. Milch cows, fed with it in win-
until the middle of April, or later. To save seeds, make ter, give as much and as good milk, and yield butter as
choice of some of the longest, straightest, and largest roots, well-flavoured, with Parsneps, as with grass in May or
and plant them two feet asunder, where they are defended June.
from strong south and south-west winds, for the stems grow 3. Pastinaca Opoponax ; Rough
Parsnep. Leaves pinnate,
to a great height keep them clear from weeds, and, if the
; and bipinnate leaflets gashed at the base and front. Root
;

season should prove dry, water them twice a week. At the perennial, as thick as the human arm, yellow, branched;
end of August, or the beginning of September, the seeds will the branches an inch or an inch and half in thickness, a foot
be ripe then carefully cut the umbels, and spread them upon
;
and half in length, tubercled, with a corky bark stem from
;

a coarse cloth for two or three days to dry after which beat
;
three feet to the height of a man, the thickness of a
finger,
out the seeds, and put them up for use. Never trust to the striated, covered at the base, like the Ferns, with scariose
seeds that are more than a year old, for they will seldom membranous scales, in other parts very smooth and shining,
grow beyond that age. The
leaves are dangerous to handle, angular at top, especially the branches. The umbelliferous
especially in a morning, while the dew remains upon them. branches are very smooth. The universal umbels have usu-
Gardeners who have been drawing up Carrots from among ally seven or eight rays, an inch long, of a yellowish green
Parsneps while their leaves are wet with dew, with the sleeves colour fruits flat, with the rim thicker, three or four lines
;

of their shirts turned up to their shoulders, often have their in diameter, and a little
longer; juice yellow, bearing no
arms covered with large blisters, full of scalding liquor, marks of a resinous or aromatic principle. It flows out
which have proved very troublesome for several days. To where the leaf or stalks are broken. In the warmer regions
sow the seed in autumn,
cultivate Parsneps for the farmer, of the East, of which this plant is a native, the
juice concretes
soon by which means the plants will come into a gum-resin called Opoponax.
after it is
ripe ; It is obtained
by means
on early the following spring, and get strong before the of incisions made at the bottom of the stalk and is
;
imported
weeds can grow so as to injure them. The young plants from Turkey and the East Indies, sometimes in little round
never suffer materially through the severity of the seasons. drops or ears, but more commonly in irregular lumps, of a
The best soil for them is a rich
deep loam; next to this is a reddish yellow colour, speckled with white on the outside,
sand or they will thrive well in a black gritty soil ; but
;
internally paler, and frequently variegated with large white
will never pay for cultivating in stone, brash, pieces. This gum-resin has a strong disagreeable smell, and
gravel, or clay
soils and they are always the largest where the staple a bitter, acrid % somewhat nauseous taste.
; is It
readily forms
the deepest. If the soil be proper, thpy fin not require much a milky liquor with water
by rubbing and this on standing
;

manure: a very good crop has been obtained, for three suc- deposits a portion of resinous matter, and becomes yellowish:
cessive years, without any. Forty cart-loads of sand laid to rectified spirit it
yields a gold-coloured tincture, which
on an acre of very stiff loam, and ploughed in, has answered tastes and smells
strongly of the drug. Water distilled from
very well. Sow the seed in drills eighteen inches distant, it is
impregnated with its smell, but no essential oil is obtained
that the plants may be horse or hand hoed : they will be in the operation. Opoponax has been
long esteemed for its
more luxuriant if they have a second hoeing, and are care- attenuating, deobstruent, and aperient virtues ; but as it is
fully earthed, so as not to cover the leaves. If land cannot commonly prescribed in combination with other medicines,
be got in proper condition to receive the seed in autumn, these qualities are by no means ascertained, nor do its sen-
sow a plat in the garden, or the corner of a field, and trans- sible qualities indicate it to be a medicine of much
power.
plant thence at the end of April, or early in May. The Dr. Cullen classes it with the antispasmodics it is however
;

plants must be carefully drawn, and the land that is to receive less fetid thanGalbanum, though more so than Ammoniacum.
them well pulverized by harrowing and rolling. When it It has been
commonly given in hypochondriacal affections,
is thus in order, open a furrow six or eight inches visceral obstructions, menstrual
deep, and suppressions, and asthmas,
lay the plants in it regularly at the distance of ten inches especially when connected with a phlegmatic habit of body.
or a foot, taking care not to let the root be bent, and that Pasture Ground, is of two sorts: the one is low meadow

the plant stand upright after the earth is closed about it, land, which is often overflowed ;and the other is upland,
which should be done immediately by persons following the which lies high and dry. The former will produce a much
planter with a hoe, and who must be attentive not to cover greater quantity of hay than the latter, and will not require
the leaves. Open another furrow eighteen inches distant manuring or dressing so often; but then the hay produced
from the last, plant it as before, and so proceed till the field on the upland is much preferable to the other, as is also the
iscompletely cropped. When any weeds appear, hoe the meat which is fed in the upland more valued than that which
ground, and earth the plants. Dibbling, in Parsneps, is a is fatted in rich
meadows, though the latter will make the
bad method, as the ground thereby becomes so bound as fatter and larger cattle, as is seen in those
brought from the
not easily to admit the lateral fibres, with which the root low rich lands in Lincolnshire. But where
people are nice
of this plant abounds, to fix or work in the earth, on which in their meat,
they will give a much larger price for such as
account the roots never attain their proper size. With has been fed on the downs, or in short
upland pastures,
attention to the soil, the season for sowing, cleaning, and than for the other, which is much
larger. Besides this, dry
earthing the plants, and raising the seeds from the largest pastures have this superiority over the meadows, that they
and best Parsneps, there is no doubt that the crop would may be fed on all the winter, and are not so subject to poach
answer much better than a crop of Carrots. They are equal in wet weather, nor will there be so
many bad weeds pro-
to them, not superior, in fatting pigs ; for they make the
if duced ; which are great advantages, and do in a great mea-
flesh white,and the animals eat them with more satisfaction. sure recompense for the smallness of the The first im-
crop.
Clean washed, and sliced among bran, horses eat them provement of upland pasture, .is by fencing it, and dividing
greedily, and thrive with them ; nor do they heat horses, or, it into small fields of
four, five, six, eight, or ten acres each,
 PAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAS 265

in the hedge-rows, which will screen sort of manure appled : as, for instance, all hot sandy lands
planting timber-trees
the grass from the drying pinching winds of March, which should have a cool manure; cow's dung and swine's dung
in large open lands ; so that are very proper for such lands, as also marl and clay ; but
prevent the growth of the grass
if April turn out a cold dry month, the land produces very for cold land, horse-dung, ashes, or sand, and other warm

little hay; whereas in the sheltered fields the grass will begin manures, are proper. And when these are applied, it should
to grow early in March, and will soon after cover the ground, be done in autumn, before the rains have soaked the ground,
and prevent the sun from parching the roots of the grass, and rendered it too soft to cart on ; and it should be care-
whereby it will keep growing so as to afford a tolerable crop, fully spread, breaking all the clods as small as possible, and
ifthe spring should prove dry. But in fencing land, it must early in the spring harrowed with bushes, to let it down to
be observed not to make the inclosure too small, especially the roots of the grass. When the manure is laid on at this
where the hedge-rows are planted with trees ; because when season, the rains in winter will wash down the salts, so that
the trees are advanced to a considerable height, they will the grass will derive the advantage in the following spring.

spread over the land ; and where they are close, will render
There should be great care taken to destroy weeds in the
the grass sour ; so that instead of being an advantage, it will pasture every spring and autumn; for where this is not
greatly injure the pasture. The next improvement of upland practised, the weeds will ripen their seeds, which will spread
over the ground, and fill it with such a crop of weeds as
pasture is to make the turf good, where, either from the bald-
ness of the soil, or want of proper care, the grass has been will soon overbear the grass, and render it very weak, if
Where the sur- not destroy it; and it will be very difficult to root them out
destroyed by rushes, bushes, or mole-hills.
face of the land is clayey and cold, it may be improved by after they have got possession ; especially Ragwort, Hawk-

paring it off and burning it ; but if it be a hot sandy land, weed, Dandelion, and such others as have down adhering
then chalk, lime, marl, or clay, are very proper manures to to their seeds. The upland pastures seldom degenerate the
lay upon it; but this should be laid on in pretty good quan- grass which is sown on them, if the land be tolerably good ;
tities, otherwise it will be of little service to the land. If the whereas the low meadows which are overflowed in winter, in
ground be overrun with bushes or rushes, it will be of great a few years turn to a harsh rushy grass ; but the upland
will continue a fine and sweet grass for
advantage to grub them up towards the latter part of the many years without
summer, and, after they are dried, to burn them, and spread renewing. There is no part of husbandry of which the far-
the ashes over the ground just before the autumnal rains ; mers are in general more ignorant, than that of the pasture;
at which time the surface of the lands should be levelled, most of them suppose that when the old pasture is ploughed
and sown with grass-seed, which, if done early in the autumn, up, it can never be brought to have a good sward again so ;

will come up in a short time, and make good grass in the their common method of managing their land after
ploughing,
following spring. So also where the land is full of mole- and getting two or three crops of corn, is, to sow with their
hills, these should be pared off, and either burnt for the crop of barley some grass seeds, as they call them ; that is,
ashes, or spread immediately on the ground where they are either the Red Clover, which they intend to stand two
years
after the corn is taken off the ground, or
pared off, observing to sow the bare patches with grass-seed Ray-grass mixed
just as the autumnal rains begin. There are some pasture with Trefoil ; but as all these are at most but biennial plants,
lands which are full of ant-hills, which are not only disagree- the roots of which decay soon after their seeds are perfected,
able to the sight, but, when they are in any quantity, the so the ground having no crop
upon it, is again ploughed foi
grass cannot be mowed ; therefore the turf which grows over corn : and this is the constant round which _the lands art
them should be divided with an instrument into three parts, employed in, by the better sort of fanners, who seldom hav<
and pared off each way then the middle or core of the hills the least notion of laying down their land to
;
grass for anj
should be dug out, and spread over the ground, leaving the longer continuance ; therefore the seeds which they usuallj
holes green all the winter to destroy the ants, and in the sow are the best adapted for this purpose. But whatevei
spring the turf may be laid down again and after the roots
; may have been the practice, it is possible to lay down land
of grass are settled again inthe ground, it should be rolled which has been in tillage with grass in such a manner as that
to settle the surface, and make it even. If this be properly the sward shall be as good, if not better, than any natural
managed, it will be a
great improvement to such land. Where grass, and of as long duration. But this is never to be
the land has been thus managed, it will be of great service expected in the common method of sowing a crop of corn
to roll the turfs in the months of February and March with with the grass-seeds for wherever this has been practised,
;

a heavy wood roller, always observing to do it in moist if the corn has succeeded well, the
grass has been very poor
weather, that the roller may make an impression : this will and weak ; so that if the land has not been very good, the
render the surface level, and make it much easier to mow grass has scarcely been worth standing ; for the following
1

the grass, than when the ground lies in hills ; and will also year it has produced but little hay, and the year after the
cause the turf to thicken, so as to have what the people crop is worth little either to mow or feed. It cannot indeed
usually term a good bottom. The grass likewise will be the be expected to be otherwise, for the ground cannot nourish
sweeter for this husbandry, and it will be a great help to two crops ; and if there were no deficiency in the land, yel
destroy bad weeds. Another improvement of upland pas- the corn being the first and most vigorous of growth, will
ture, is the feeding them every other year ; for where this is prevent the grass from making any considerable progress so ;

not practised, the land must be manured at least every third that the plants will be extremely weak and very thin, many
year ; and where a farmer has much arable land, he will not of them which came up in the spring being destroyed by the
care to part with his manure to the pasture. Therefore corn; for wherever there are roots of corn, it cannot be
every farmer should endeavour to proportion his pasture to expected there should be any grass. Therefore the grass
his arable land, especially where manure is scarce, otherwise must be thin, and if the land is not in good heart to sup-
he will soon find his error ; for the pasture is the foundation ply the grass with nourishment, that roots may branch oul
of all the profit, which
may arise from the arable land. after the corn is gone, there cannot be
any considerable
Whenever the upland pastures are mended by manure, there crop of Clover ; and as the roots are biennial, many ol
should be a regard had to the nature of the soil, and a proper the strongest plants will perish soon after are cut,
they
VOL ii. 87. 3T
256 PAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAS
and the weak plants, which had made but little progress as to overbear the grass ; for where this has been
neglected,
before, will be the principal part of the crop for the succeed- the weeds have taken such possession of the ground, as to
ing year, which is
many times not worth standing. Hence, keep down the grass and starve it ; and when these weeds
when ground is laiddown for grass, there should be no have been suffered to remain until they have shed their seeds,
crop of any kind sown with the seeds, and the land should the land has been so plentifully stocked with them as
wholly
be well ploughed, and cleaned from weeds : otherwise, the to destroy the grass ; hence it is one of the
principal parts
weeds will come up at first, and grow so strong as to over- of husbandry, never to suffer weeds to grow on land. If the
bear the, grass which, if they be not pulled up, must be ground be rolled up two or three times at proper distances
,

entirely destroyed. The best season to sow the grass-seeds after the grass is up, it will press it down, and cause it to
upon dry land is about the middle of August, if there be an make a thicker bottom ; for as the Dutch Clover will put out
appearance of rain for the ground being then warm, if there roots from every joint of the branches which are near the
;

happen some good showers of rain after the seed is sown, the ground, so by pressing down the stalks, the roots will mat
grass will soon make its appearance, and get sufficient root- so closely together, as to form a sward thick enough to cover
ing in the ground before winter; so will not be in danger of the whole surface of the ground, and form a green carpet,
having the roots turned out of the ground by frost, especially which will better resist the drought. For if we examine the
ifthe ground is well rolled before the frost comes on, which common pastures in summer, in most of which there are
will press it down, and fix the earth close to the roots. patches of the Trifolium Pratense growing naturally, we shall
Where this has not been practised, the frost has often find these patches to be the
only verdure remaining in the
loosened the ground so much, as to let in the air to the roots fields. And this, the farmers in general acknowledge, is the
of the grass, and done it great damage ; and this has been sweetest food for all sorts of cattle yet never had
;
any notion
brought as an objection to the autumnal sowing of grass; of propagating it by seeds till of late
years. Nor has this
but it will be found to have no weight, if the above direction been long practised in England, for till within a few
years
be practised : nor is there any hazard in sowing the grass at there were not any of the seeds sowed in
England though
;

this season, but that of dry weather after the seeds are sown ;
now there are many persons who save the seeds produced
for if the grass comes up well, and the ground is well rolled upon their own lands, which are found to succeed full as
in the middle or end of October, and repeated in the begin- well as any of the foreign seeds which are
imported ; as this
ning of March, the sward will be closely joined at bottom, White Clover is an abiding plant, and certainly the
very best
and a good crop of hay may be expected in the same summer. sort to sow, where pastures are laid down to remain for as
:

In very open exposed cold lands, it is proper to sow the the hay-seeds which are taken from the best
pastures will be
seeds earlier than is here mentioned, that the grass may have composed of various sorts of grass, some of which may be
time to get good rooting, before the cold season comes on but annual, and others biennial; so when those go ofF, there
for in such situations vegetation is over will be many and
to
stop
its growth ;
large patches of ground left bare and naked,
early in the autumn, so the grass being weak may be de- if there be not a sufficient
quantity of White Clover to spread
stroyed by frost; but if the seeds be sown in the beginning over and cover the land. Hence, a good sward can never be
of August, and a few showers follow soon after to bring up expected where this is not sown; for in most of the natural
the grass, it will succeed much better than any that is sown pastures, we find this plant makes no small share of the sward;
in the spring. But where the ground cannot be prepared and it is equally good for wet and dry land, growing
naturally
for sowing at that season, it may be performed in the middle upon gravel and clay, in mort parts of England; which is a
or latter end of March, acco r ding to the season's being early plain indication, how easily this plant may be cultivated to
or late ;
for in backward springs, and in cold land, the grass great advantage in most sorts of land throughout this king-
has been sown in April with success : but in sowing late dom. The true cause why the land that is in tillage is not
there is danger of dry weather, especially if the land be light brought to a good turf again, in the usual method of hus-
and dry, so that whenever the seeds are sown late in the bandry, is from the farmers not distinguishing which grasses
spring, it will be proper to roll the ground well soon after are annual, from those which are perennial : if annual or
the seeds are sown, to settle the surface, and prevent its being biennial grasses be sown, they will of course soon
decay; so
removed by the strong winds which at that time prevail. that, unless where some of their seeds may have ripened and
The sorts of seeds which are the best for this purpose, are fallen, nothing can be expected on the land but what will
the best sort of upland hay-seeds, taken from the cleanest naturally come up. This, together with the covetous method
pastures, where there are no bad weeds if this seed be of laying down the ground with a
;
crop of corn, has occa-
gifted to clean it from rubbish, three, or at most four bushels, sioned the general want of increasing the
pasture in many
will be sufficient to sow an acre of land the other sort is the
:
parts of England, where it is now much more valuable than
Trifolium Pratense, eight pounds of which will be enough any arable land. After the ground has been sown in the
for one acre of land. The grass-seed should be sown first, manner before directed, and brought to a good sward, the
and then the Dutch Clover-seed may be afterwards sown ; way to preserve it good is, by constantly rolling the ground
but they should not be mixed together, because the Clover- with a heavy roller, every
spring and autumn, as has been
seed being the heaviest, will fall to the bottom, and conse- before directed. This piece of husbandry is
rarely practised
quently the ground will be unequally sown with them. After by farmers ; but those who do, find their account in it, for it
the seeds are sown, the ground should be lightly harrowed, is of
great benefit to the grass. Another thing should also,
to bury them ; which operation ought to be performed with be carefully performed, which is, to cut
up Docks, Dandelion.,
a short-toothed harrow, otherwise the seeds will be buried Knapweed, and all such bad weeds, by their roots, every
too deep. Two or three days after sowing, if the surface of spring and
antumn this will increase the quantity of good
;

the ground be dry, it should be rolled with a barley-roller, to and preserve the pastures in
grass, beauty. Dressing these
break the clods and smooth the ground, which will settle pastures every third year, is also a good piece of husbandry,
it, and prevent the seeds from being removed by the wind. for without it no one can to obtain
reasonably expect good
When they are come up, if the land should produce many crops. Besides this, it will be proper to mow one season,
weeds, these should be drawn out before they grow so tall and feed the next ; but where the ground is mown,
every year
 PAS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PAS 257

it must be constantly dressed, or the ground will be soon They sow ten bushels to the acre, four pounds of
Hop Tre-
exhausted. Of late years there has been an emulation, espe- foil, Black Nonesuch, Medicago Lupulina, or White Clover,
cially among gentlemen,
to improve their pastures, by sowing and some persons add two pounds of Ray-grass. After the
several sorts of grass-seeds ; and there have been some per- crop is cut, suffer no cattle to enter till next hay-harvest,
sons, of little skill in these matters, who have imposed on when the grass may be either cut or fed but there is danger
;

many ignorant people, by selling them seeds of some foreign generally mow
from the cattle in the last way. The farmers
grass, recommending them for some particular quality; by the first crop for the sake of seeds, because that affords more
them to be of little value, and, than the succeeding ones. If sown with
trying which, they have found barley, roll as soon
after losing a season or two, have had their work to begin as the barley is off the ground, and
lay on dung after the first
again. On this account, it is dangerous to trust those who, crop of grass is mowed. The decided'superiority of the Mid-
upon slight experiments, have ventured to recommend without dlesex farmers in the art of hay-making, has been acknow-
judgment; for of all the sorts of grass-seeds which have been ledged by all who make any pretensions to agricultural skill.
brought from America, none have been found equal to the They reduce it to a regular system, unknown in other parts
Common Poa Grass, either for duration or verdure. It grows of the kingdom. When the grass is about to be mown, the
naturally in England, and, with about six or seven other farmer engages a certain number of persons for that work,
sorts, is the best worth cultivating, although the trouble of according to the extent of his lands. At the same time he
collecting the seeds in any quantity is so great as to deter provides five hay-makers to each mower, who are paid by the
most persons from attempting it; while those who purchase day. On the first day all the grass mown before nine o'clock
is tedded; in which
hay-seeds, find them so mixed with the seeds of weeds, that operation great care is taken to shake it
they have been compelled to adopt the plan ?>Ir. Miller recom-
out well, and strew it evenly over the ground. After this, it
mends, that of sowing only the White Dutch Clover seeds, is turned once or twice with similar care; and in the course

and waiting for the natural grass coming up amongst it; which of the afternoon, is raked into what is called
single wind-
method has generally succeeded better than by sowing hay- rows, and towards the evening is put into grass-cocks. On
seed with be duly weeded, rolled, and
for if the pasture the second day, the business commences
it; by tedding all the
dressed, all bad weeds maybe destroyed, and a fine durable grass mown on the first day after nine o'clock, and on this
turf obtained: whereas, the Burnet, and many other plants day before nine o'clock. Next, the grass-cocks are well shaken
which have been extolled as good winter food, being of short out into separate plats, called staddles, of five or six
yards
duration, are very improper for improving land ; nor are diameter ; the staddles are next turned, and after that is done,
there two better plants yet known for the purpose of fodder, tlie grass tedded in the
morning is turned once or twice in
than the Lucern and Sainfoin ; for where these are sown the manner above described, for the first After dinner
day.
upon proper and duly cultivated, they will produce a
soils, the staddles are formed into double wind-rows ; the grass is
much greater quantity of food, than can be procured from next raked into single wind-rows ; then the double wind-rows
the same quantity of land, sown with any other abiding plant. are put into bastard cocks ; and
lastly, the single wind-rows
The following are the directions of Mr. iStillingfleet, for are put into grass-cocks. On the third day, the grass mown
laying down land to grass : Plough the land in March as deep and not spread on the second day, and that also mown in
as the nature of the soil will admit ; harrow when the weeds the early part of this day, is first tedded in the
morning, and
are about flowering, namely, some time in May, or sooner, the grass-cocks are spread into staddles, as before, and then
be a forward spring plough ten days after harrowing
if it ; ;
the bastard-cocks into staddles of less extent. These lesser
harrow when the weeds come up again if any dung or com- ; staddles, though last spread, are first turned, then those that
post be prepared for the land, let it be laid on ; plough at were grass-cocks, and lastly the grass once or twice ;
in the
this time, a moderate depth immediately, so
and plough it in after which, the people go to dinner. Should the weather
that the teeth of the harrow after rolling may reach it ; roll prove fine, the hay which was in bastard-cocks the pre-
the land down every day as it is ploughed with a light roller, ceding night, will this afternoon be in a proper state to be
and observe not to spread the dung long before it is ploughed carried, but not if the weather has been cloudy and cool. In
in harrow well when the weeds produced by the dung ap-
; the latter case, the first operation after dinner is to rake the
pear, so as to bring the dung up, and mix it wiih the soil ; grass-cocks of the last night into double wind-rows, and the
observing not to harrow more at once than can be ploughed grass which was this morning spread from swaths into single
in one day plough it up after the harrows the same depth
; wind-rows. Afterwards, the bastard-cocks of the last night
as before, and follow the plough with a roller. The land are made up into full-sized cocks, and care taken to rake
will now lie under the proper preparation for the seeds, the hay up clean, and also to put the rakings upon the top of
which may be sown after the first soaking rain, from the end each cock. Next, the double wind-rows are put into bastard-
of August to the end of September, in the following manner. cocks, and the single wind-rows into grass-cocks, as on the
Plough the laud about the same depth as before harrow it ;
preceding days. On the fourth day the great cocks are
once in a place, and sow the seeds after the harrow then, ;
usually carried before dinner. The other operations of the
with a hurdle bushed with black-thorn bushes, harrow the day are conducted in the same routine as those already
seeds in ; when the plants appear, roll the land with a light described, and so on daily till the harvest is finished. The
roller, and not before, except the weather prove very dry, in manner and period of applying the manure, are studied by
which case' be necessary to roll it with a very light
it will the Middlesex farmers with the greatest attention.
They
roller after the bush-harrow ; a light dressing of good manure observe the state of the atmosphere, and should it indicate
laid on with the first frost, will be of great use in preserv- rain after the hay is removed from the ground, they
put the
ing the grass the first season, and encouraging its growth dung of neat cattle upon it. Should the barometer however
afterwards and a light roller used after every frost will be
; not promise rain in considerable quantities, the
decomposed
of great service in the first winter. In Yorkshire, there are manure is allowed to remain on the dunghills till the end of
three modes of sowing grass-seeds : the first in August ; the September, at which time it is put on while the ground is
second and most common, with barley and the third upon ;
dry enough to bear the loaded carts without injury. Mea-
heat in March. The first is the best, and the last the worst. dow land, in the occupation of cow-keepers, is usually mown
 PAS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PAS
two or three times during summer; the great number of Heath. See Erica.
cows kept by them enabling them to dress it every year. Hemlock. See Conium.
As their chief object is to obtain their hay of a soft grassy Kidney Vetch. See Anthyllis.
nature, they cut young, conceiving it to be better pro-
it
Knapweed. See Centaurea Nigra.
vender for milk cows in that state than after the seedling Knot-Grass. See Polygonum Amculare.
stems have risen. Ladies' Bedstraw. See Galium.
The following very useful list of herbs of pasture, and of Ladies' Finger. See Anthyllia.
such plants as are commonly found growing among grass, Ladies' Mantle. See Alchemiila.
whether useful or hurtful, is here inserted for the accommo- Ladies' Smock. See Cardamine.
dation of the farmer, agriculturist, and florist. It is arranged Lamb's Lettuce. See Valeriana.
alphabetically under the common English names, with a Lucern. See Medicago.
reference to their Botanical Names, to which they can
readily
Meadow Rue. See Thalictrum.
refer in the other parts of this work ; and where
they may Meadow Saffron. See Colchicum.
find a full description, with interesting particulars. Meadow Saxifrage. See Peucedanum.
Adder's-Tongue, Common. See Ophioglossum Vulgatum. Meadow Sweet, See Spiraea.
Agrimony, Common. See Agrimonia Eupatoria. Milfoil. See Achillea.
Anemone, Wood. See Anemone Nemorosa. Milkwort. See Polygala.
Archangel, White. ) See Lamium Album, and Lamium Mint. See Mentha.
Archangel, Purple. $ Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass. See Myosotis.
Purpureum.
Arsesmart. See Polygonum Hydropiper. Nettle, Dead. See Lamium.
Basil. See Clinopodium. Nonesuch. See Medicago.
Bedstraw. See Galium. Nut, Earth, or Pig. See Bunium.
Bellflower. See Campanula. Oxe-eye Daisy. See Chrysanthemum.
Betony, Wood. See Betonica Offidnalis. Pagils. See Primula.
Bluebottle. See Centaurea. Parsnep. See Pastinaca.
Brakes. See Pteris. Pasque Flower. See -Anewone.
Bugle, Common. See Ajuga Reptans. Penny-Grass. See Rhinanthus.
Burnet. See Poterium and Sanguisorba. Pilewort. See Ranunculus.
Butterbur. See Tussilago. Plantain, Great. See Plantago Major.
Buttercups. See Ranunculus. Plantain Ribwort. See Plantago Lanceolata.
Cammock. See Ononis. Poppy, Spatling. See Cucubalus.
Camomile. See Anthemis. Primrose. See Primula.
Campion. See Agrostemma and Cucubalus. Ragwort. See Senecio.
Caraways. See Carum. Ramsons. See Allium.
Carrot. See Daucris. Rattle, Red. See Pedicularis.
Catmint. See Nepeta. Rattle, Yellow. See Rhinanthus.
Cheese Renning. See Galium. Rest-harrow. See Ononis.
Chickweed. See Alsine and Arenaria.
Cknquefoil. See PotentUla.
Clary. See Salvia. See Juncus.
Clover. See Trifolium. Sage. See Salvia.
Cock's-comb. See Rhinanthus. Sainfoin. See Hedysarum.
Coltsfoot. See Tussilago. Saint John's Wort. See Hypericum.
Corn Salad. See Valeriana. Satyrion. See Satyrium.
Cow Parsnep. See Heracleum. Saw-wort. See Serratula.
Cow Weed. See Chterophyllum. Scabious, Sheep's. See Jasione.
Cow Wheat. See Melampyrum. Scorpion Grass. See Myosotis.
Cowslip. See Primula Vulgaris. Self-heal. See Prunella.
Crane's Bill. See Geranium. Silver Weed. See PotentUla. .

Crowfoot. See Ranunculus. Sorrel. See Rumex.

Cuckow Flower. See Cardamine. Succory. See Cichorium.
Cudweed. See Gnaphalium. Tare. See Ervum and Ftoa.
Daisy. See Bellis. Thistle. See Carduus and Serratula.
Dandelion. See Leontodon. Thyme. See Thymus.
DeviVs Bit. See Scabiosa. Toad-flax. See -AnitrrAinuw.
Dock. See Rumex. , Toad-flax, Bastard. See Thesium.
Dropwort. See Spiraa. Tormentil. See Tormentitta Erecta.
Elecampane. See Inula. Trefoil. See Medicago and Trifolium.
Fern. See Filex and Pterit. Trefoil, Bird's-foot. See Zoftw.
Flag. See Iris. Valerian. See Valeriana Offidnalis.
Fleabane. See Inula. Vetch. See Ficta.
Foxglove. See Digitalis. Wt/d Williams. See Lychnis.
Garlick. See Allium. Wild Woad. See /teerfa
Goat's Beard. See Tragopogon. Farrow. See Achillea.
Harebells. See Hyacinthus. Most of the plants of the above list are beneficial in some
Hawkweed. See Hieracium. respect or other, though not always in regard to cattle.
 PAS OR. ROTANTCAL DICTIONARY. P A V 259

Their qualities and uses are pointed out under their bota- by heavy cattle. Nou * w * e d should be suffered to seed,
nical names, as they occur in the regular arrangement of the
nor a tuft of stale grass to stand ; n a
pasture-ground, which
It may save much trouble to should not at least once during the summer be levelled with
genera to which they belong.
inform the reader, that the following plants are useful, either the scythe ; thus at a small expense ^eeds will be converted
as medicine, or for Cardamine Pratensis, into nutriment, and waste ground into r ass. See Grass
good quadrupeds. aitt*.^
and Meadows.
Rumex, Acetosa, Tragopogon; most of the leguminous plants,
as Lotus, the Vetches in general, the Medicago, and espe- Pavetta a genus of the class Tetrandria, ordet
;
Monogy-
cially the Trefoils, Milfoil, Succory,
and Ribwort, which are nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth
bell-sKaped,
weed's in their wild state, are so much improved by cultivation very small, obsoletely four-toothed, surrounding the germen'.
as to become useful plants. The principal pasture herbs that Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; tube long, slender,
cylin-
are injurious are the following : Allium Vineale and Ursinum ; dric; border five-parted, spreading, shorter by half than the
Anemone Nem.orosa; Bellis Perennis, occupying so much tube; segments lanceolate. Stamina: filamenta four, very
room ; Caltha Palustris ; the various species of Thistle, and short, above the throat of the corolla ; antheree awl-shaped,
of Carex or Sedge Centaurea Nigra, Calcitrapa Cbsero-
; ; spreading, the length of the border. Pistil : germen inferior,
phyllum; Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Colchicum, Erica,
; turbinate; style filiform, twice as long as the corolla; stigma
Heracleum, Sphondylium, Inula Dysenterica, Rushes, Mer- thickish, oblong, oblique. Pericarp: berry roundish, one-
curialis Perennis, Pedicularis, Pteris, several sorts of Ranun- celled. Seeds: two, convex on one side, cartilaginous.
culus; and Rhinanthus Crista Galli, which is almost the only Observe. Berry two-celled. Seeds : solitary, one often abor-
annual plant which keeps its ground in pastures to any great tive, so that the fruit seems to be one-seeded. There are
extent, owing to its seeding early. It can only be kept frequently two coadunate berries, crowned with a double
down by pasturing the ground two years successively. Other calix. To avoid confusion, Loureiro would place such of
annuals, such as Purging Flax, the Eyebrights, Hawkweeds, these plants as have a one-seeded berry in this genus; such
and Sheep's Scabious, being of little consequence. Rnmex as have a two-seeded
berry in that of Ixora ; and those
and Senecio Jacobaea are also injurious. In order to extirpate which have a one-celled two-seeded berry, in a new genus.
these weeds from pastures, the docking iron, the spud, and ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-
the hand, should be unremittingly employed on fit occasions. form, superior. Stigma: curved. Berry: two-seeded, one
The biennial thistles may be cut off within the ground, often abortive. The species are,
and, not suffered to seed, may be easily destroyed, unless
if 1. Pavetta Indica. Smooth: leaves lanceolate, elliptic,
renewed from their nurseries in hedge-rows, way-sides, &c. stipules smooth within ; calices obsoletely four-toothed ; flow-
The Carduus Acaulis ought to be diligently cut up with the ers in bundles, white
very corymbs trichotomous, fastigiate,
;

spud ; but it infests only dry upland pastures. The Serratula on a long filiform peduncle. Native of the East Indies.
1

Arvensis is a true perennial, and runs dreadfully at the root; 2. Pavetta Villosa. Branches and calices villose, hoary;
thus increasing two ways, by root and seed it is rather an
: leaves lanceolate-elliptic; flowers in bundles. Branches
op-
arable weed, and cannot be extirpated by ploughing three posite, four-cornered, jointed, densely villose, hoary; the last
inches deep. This is common in rich pastures in the joints more compressed. Found in Arabia Felix.
neighbourhood of arable lands, head-lands, and way-sides, 3. Pavetta
Longiflora. Branches smooth leaves lanceo-
;

where it is suffered to seed without control. In mowing- late, elliptic; stipules hairy within; calices four-cleft; flowers
grounds, it is seldom suffered to seed but mowing certainly
;
in bundles. It be doubted whether it is
may more any thing
tends to spread it, if it be cut down while in flower, though than a variety of the preceding. The branches and leaves
some think it destroys it. The only radical cure for this are quite smooth the calix has a few small hairs scattered
;

evil in pastures is, to extirpate the plants by the docking over it, not visible without a magnifier corolla an inch and
;

iron and the hand after rain, when alone they will pull out, half in diameter. Native of Arabia Felix.
and even then seldom completely. The ground therefore 4. Pavetta Caffra. Leaves obovate; flowers subumbellate ;
must be carefully looked over a second time, to take out calices bristle-awned. This is a smooth tree, with round
those thistles which have sprung up from pieces of roots left branches ; heads of flowers sessile, terminating the shorter
in on the first operation. The Carices or Sedges, the Junci branchlets. Native of the Cape.
or Rushes, Caltha or Marsh Marigold, Iris or Flag, Pedi- 5. Pavetta Pentandria. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, acumi-
cularis or Red Rattle, the whole tribe of water plants, and nate; panicle trichotomous, axillary; flowers five-stamined,
snch as require a soil tenacious of wet, can only be effec- white, highly fragrant, appearing in the vernal months. This
tually destroyed by judicious draining and dressing with is a shrub, with a stem the
height of a man, upright, branched,
coal-ashes, and other warm manures. Fern or Brakes must even. It flowers in the spring, and is commo.nly called in
be extirpated by paring and burning. The Docks, Ragwort, Jamaica Wild Coffee it is as it were a middle species
:

and Knapweed, will yield only to the docking iron and the between Psychotria, and Pavetta, which are very
Coff'ca,
hand and should never be suffered to seed, nowithstand-
;
nearly allied ; seems to approach nearest to the last in
but it

ing the notion that prevails in the inland counties, that the its inflorescence, and the form of the flowers,
although they
best way to get rid of Docks on grass-land, is to let them have five stamina. Native of the West Indies.
spend themselves by seeding: if the old plant be thus spent, 6. Pavetta Arenosa. Branches brachiate leaves tuber- ;

it leaves an innumerable
progeny to represent it. The fol- cled, opposite. This is an unarmed shrub, upright, four
lowing four things are necessary in order to improve pas- feet high, with many brachiate reclining branches. There
ture-land : 1 Draining and watering, for each of which see
. are so many prominent tubercles on each side of the leaves,
Meadows. 2. Weeding and top-dressing. that they appear as if they had sand sprinkled on them, and
3.
Laying the
land so as to clear itself of surface water, levelling ant-hills hence the Chinese call this the Sand Plant. Flowers white,
and other inequalities, and running a heavy roller over it in terminating, fastigiate. Native of China, near Canton.
the spring. 4. Putting on different stock at proper seasons, Pavetta Parasitica. Stem
7. parasitical; leaves in whorls;
so that the This is common upon trees
herbage may be kept fine by being closely bitten, flowers in little
axillary balls.
and the surface regular by not being poached in wet times, in the gardens of Cochin-china.
VOL. ii. 87. 3U
260 P AU THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PEC
Paullinia; a genus of the class Ooiauilria, order Tngyma. Native of Swartz says, it is common in the woods
Curasao.
GENERIC CHARACTER. C^tx: perianth five-leaved; leaf- of Jamaica, with its
slender, woody, flexile stalk, raising
lets ovate, concave, spreading, permanent; the two outer itself
frequently to a very considerable height among the
Corolla: petals four, bushes it is so tough and yielding that it is
opposite, one of the inuer larger. ;
commonly cut
as large as the calix, clawed, two into junks, barked, and used for
obovate-oblong, tw^e riding and walking sticks.
more distant ; nectaries two, one four-petalled, inserted into 9. Paullinia Barbadensis ; Barbadoes Paullinia. Leaves
the claws of the corolla, the other of four glands at the base biternate middle petiole margined, the rest naked. This
;

Stamina: filamenta eight, simple, short, united differs from the

of the petals. preceding principally in the form of the
at the base; antheree small. Pistil: germen turbinate, leaves, and the slighter and less frequent incision of them.
three-sided, blunt; styles three, filiform, short; stigmas Native of the West Indies.
simple, spreading. Pericarp : capsule large, three-sided, 10. Paullinia Divaricata. Leaves biternate; leaflets ovate,
three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: solitary, obovate. Observe. acute, mostly entire; petioles naked ; panicles divaricating;
According to Plumier, the second species has a large three- wings of the capsules ovate. Native of Jamaica.
sided, three-celled, three-valved capsule, and the fourth 11. Paullinia Polyphylla;
Parsley-leaved Paullinia, or
three capsules jointed in the middle, but separable, bearing Supple Jack. Leaves triternate ; petioles naked. Native of
the seeds at top, winged below. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. the West Indies.
Calix: five-leaved. Petals: four. Nectary: four-leaved, 12. Paullinia Triternata. Leaves triternate; petiolets
unequal. Capsule: three, compressed, membranaceous, con- margined. This climbs to the height of twenty feet; branches
nate. To propagate the plants of this genus, procure the round, smooth, grooved, long, flexible. Native of woods in
seeds from the countries where they naturally grow. As the island of St. Domingo.
soon as they arrive, sow them in small pots, filled with light 13. Pauilinia Japonica; Japanese Paullinia. Leaves qui-
earth, and plunge them into a moderate tan-bed. If the nate, pinnate, petioletted, margined stem herbaceous, un-
;

seeds arrive in autumn, plunge the pots into the bark bed in armed ; flowers opposite to the leaves, panicled ; peduncles
the stove, and probably the plants may come up the follow- the length of the leaves. Native of Japan.
ing spring ; but if they arrive in spring, plunge the pots into 14. Paullinia Vespertilio. Leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate,
a moderate hot bed under a frame, where they may be con- acuminate, gashed petioles ;
naked capsules pedicelled, with
;

tinued all the summer ; in autumn remove them into the stove horizontal lanceolate wings. Native of the West Indies.
for the winter, watering them now and then sparingly. The 15. Paullinia Pinnata ; Winged-leaved Paullinia. Leaves
following spring plunge the pots into a new hot-bed under pinnate ; petioles margined ; leaves shining. Native of Bra-
a frame, whicrrwill bring up the plants in about six weeks, zil, Jamaica, and St. Domingo, in dry sandy places.
if the seeds be good. When the plants are fit to remove, 16. Paullinia Tomentosa ; Downy-leaved Paullinia. Leaves
plant each in a small pot filled with light earth, and plunge pinnate; petioles margined; leaflets tomentose. Native of
them into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, observing to shade South America.
them till they have taken new root; after which they should 17. Paullinia Diversifolia ;
Different-leavedPaullima.
have free air admitted to them daily, in proportion to the Leaves superdecompound ;
petioles margined, the lowest
warmth of the season. In the autumn they must be removed pinnate, the rest ternate. Native of South America.
into the bark-stove, where they must constantly remain. As Paul's Betony. See Veronica.
they require much room and have little beauty, they are Pea. See Pisum.
seldom propagated in Europe. The species are, Pea, See Lathyrus.
Everlasting.
1. Paullinia Asiatica ; Asiatic Paullinia. Leaves ternate ; Pea, See Cardiospermum.
Heart.
petioles and stem
prickly, round ; flowers white, smelling Pea, Pigeon. See Cytisus.
strongly fruit commonly trieoccous, but sometimes qnadri-
; Pea, Sweet. See Lathyrus.
coccous, and even pentacoccous, saffron-coloured, with black Pea, Winged. See Lotus.
spots, of an acrid taste with some sweetness. Native of the Peach Tree. See Amygdalus.
East Indies. Pearl-wort. See Sagina.
2. Paullinia Seriana. Leaves ternate ;
petioles naked ;
Pear Tree. See Pyrus.
leaflets ovate-oblong. Receptacle a white fungose tubercle, Pecten Veneris. See Scandix.
growing to the axis of the fruit. Native of S. America. Pectis; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia
Paullinia Nodosa.
3. Leaves ternate ; petioles naked ; Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common, five-
middle leaflet obovate. Native of South America. leaved, cylindric leaflets lanceolate, blunt, almost
;
equal.
4. Paullinia Cururu. Leaves ternate ; petioles margined. Corolla: compound, rayed; corollets hermaphrodite, about
Native of South America. six in the disk, Gaertner says four ; females about five in the
5. Paullinia Mexicana ; Mexican Paullinia. Leaves bi- ray, Gaertner says about six ; proper of the hermaphrodite
ternate ; all the petioles margined ; stem prickly. Native of funnel-form, five-cleft ; of the female ligulate, ovate, (or,
Mexico. according to Gaertner, quite entire,) shorter than the calix.
6. Paullinia Carthaginensis ; -Carthaginian Paullinia. Stamina: in the hermaphrodites, filamenta five, short; antherae
Leaves biternate ; all the petioles margined ; stem unarmed. cylindric, tubular. Pistil: in the hermaphrodites, germen
This has the leaves more cut than the other species ; and linear ; style filiform ; stigma bifid in the females,:
germen
they are very thin, whereas in the rest they are more or less linear; style filiform; stigmas two, revolute. Pericarp:
coriaceous and thick. It is entirely void of prickles. Native none. Calix: unchanged, spreading. Seeds : in the florets,
of Carthagena, New Spain. solitary, linear; down with two or three spreading awns,
7. Paullinia Caribaea ; Caribbean Paullinia. Leaves various in length and breadth. Receptacle : naked. ESSEN-
biternate ; all the petioles margined ; branches prickly. TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved, cylindric. Florets
Native of the Caribbees. of the ray : five. Down : awned. Receptacle : naked.
8. Paullinia Curassaviea; Shining-leaved Paullinia. Leaves The species are,
biternate ; all the petioles margined ; branches margined. 1. Pectis Ciliaris. Leaves linear, ciliate. Root branched,
 FED OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. FED 261
-

with filiform radicles ; stem herbaceous, half a foot high, an unwelcome guest in meadows, being disagreeable to cattle,
branched, dichotomous, diffused, round, smooth. The leaves and thought by some to be destructive to sheep it is rather
:

when bruised have a sweet smell like Savory. Annual. It caustic, and appears to be seldom eaten. Native of many
flowers in June, and is a native of Hispaniola. parts of Europe, particularly the northern parts, in marshes
2. Pectis Punctata. Leaves linear, quite entire, dotted and wet meadows flowering in June and July.
;

underneath. Stem herbaceous, a foot high or more, angular, 2. Pedicularis Sylvatiea ; Pasture Lousewort, or Heath

branched, smooth ; branches opposite, erect, axillary. Red Rattle. Stem branched at the base calices oblong,
;

Native of sandy coasts in Hispaniola. angular, even; lip of the corollas cordate. Root annual;
3. Pectis Linifolia. Leaves linear, quite entire, even on branches from the root, long, spreading close to the ground ;

both sides. This plant is spreading and slender, and seldom leaves sinply pinnate, with roundish acutely serrate
pinnas;
rises above eighteen or twenty inches in height. Annual. flowers rose-coloured, in a cluster at the top of the plant,
Common in all the sugar islands of the West Indies. and sparingly on the branches. The expressed juice, or a
4. Pectis Humifusa. Leaves ovate, dotted underneath, decoction of this plant, has been used with advantage as an
ciliate on both sides at the base. Annual. Native of Gua- injection for sinuous ulcers. It is said that if the healthiest

daloupe and Santa Cruz. flocks of sheep were fed with this plant, they would become
Pedalium a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
; scatiby in a short time, that the wool would get loose, and
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix:perianth five- that they would be overrun with vermin. This is also
applied
parted, small, permanent ; the upper segment very short, to the preceding species ; but the fact seems to be, that the
the lowest longer. Corolla: one-petalled, subringent; tube presence of these plants indicates (a very bad pasture, and
three-cornered, with the belly flat ; border five-cleft, wide, the want of proper food may occasion the cattle to fall into
oblique ; segments rounded ; upper ones smaller, lowest bad condition, and to breed vermin. It flowers in June, and
wider. Stamina : filamenta four, glandular-hairy at the base, is a native of
many parts of Europe and Siberia, where it is
shorter than the tube, two shorter than the rest ; antherae found in wet pastures and heaths.
cordate, twin, terminated by a gland; rudiment of a fifth 3. Pedicularis Rostrata; Beaked Lousewort. Stem ascend-
filamentum between the shorter stamina, with a very small ing, slightly leafy; helmet of the corollas acuminate, beaked;
antherse. Pistil : germen conical ; style the length of the calices crested, subhirsute. Root black, thick,
having large
stamina; stigma bifid, the upper seg.ment reflex, the lower fibres swelling .out a little in the middle. Native of Swit-
revolute. Pericarp : drupe juiceless, ovate, pyramidal, four- zerland, Austria, Carniola, Dauphiny, Piedmont, and Sile-
cornered, the corners thorny towards the base. Seed: nut, sia, on the most lofty mountains.
covered with bony fibres variously interwoven, four-winged, Pedicularis Sceptrum Carolinum ; Sceptred Lousewort.
4.
two-celled; nucleuses two, oblong, covered with an aril, one Stem simple ; flowers by threes, in whorls corollas closed ;
;

lower. Gsertner observes, that there is a void cell below calices crested ; capsules regular. This is
distinguished from
the fertile ones. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five"- the other species by the gape of the corolla being closed, the
parted. Corolla: subringent, with a five-cleft border. Nut: roundish and acuminate, but regular, whereas in the
pericarp
suberous, four-cornered, thorny at the corners, two-celled, others u is bent with an
oblique point. It was called
Scep-
Seeds: two. The only known species is, trum Carolinum (in honour of Charles XII.) by Rudbeck, who
1. Pedalium Murex ;
Prickly-fruited Pedalium. Stem discovered it in Lapland, where it was also found
by Linneus,
leaves opposite, obovate, blunt, toothed, truncated, in such abundance at one place on the
simple ;
highway, that it stop-
naked, with the petioles glandular on each side ; flowers axil- ped a horse going full speed. It grows also in Dalecarlia,
lary, solitary, small ; fruit nodding. This plant smells very Ostrobothnia ; between i and Ulloa ; near Cpsala in
strongly of musk while in flowers. Native of maritime situ- Westrogothia and sometimes, but more rarely, in bogs, wet
;

ations in the East Indies. woods, &c. in Norway, Prussia, and Russia.
Pedicularis ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio- 5. Pedicularis Verticillata ;' Whorled Lousewort. Stem
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one- simple ; leaves in fours ; root more simple, or less branched
leafed, roundish, ventricose, with a five-cleft equal mouth, than in the other sort; flowers red ; they are small and beau-
permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent; tube oblong, tiful. It appears to b biennial. Native of Switzerland,
gibbous ; upper lip helmet-shaped, erect, compressed, emar- Austria, Carniola, the south of France, Silesia, and Siberia.
ginate, narrower; lower spreading, flat, half three-cleft, 6. Pedicularis Resupinata;
Topsy-turvy Lousewort. Stem
blunt; middle segment narrower. Stamina: filamenta four, simple; leaves lanceolate, serrate, crenulate; flowers' resu-
the length of the upper lip, under which they lie concealed ; pine ; corolla of a very deep purple, turned upside down ;
two shorter antherre incumbent, roundish, compressed.
; helmet hooked, compressed ; standard white, rounded. It
Pistil: germen roundish; style filiform, in the same situation varies with flesh-coloured and milk-white flowers. Native
with the staraina, but longer ; stigma blunt, bent in. Peri- of Siberia.
carp: capsule roundish, mucronate, oblique, two-celled, Pedicularis Recutita; Jagged-leaved Louseivort.
7. Stem
opening at top; partition contrary. Seeds: several, ovate, simple ; leaves pinnatifid, serrate ; spike leafy ; calices co-
angular ; receptacle subglobular, in the base of the capsule. loured ; corollas blunt. Root perennial, woody. Native of
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft. Capsule: two- Switzerland, Austria, and Silesia.
celled, mucronate, oblique. Seeds: coated. This is a beau- 8. Pedicularis Tristis ; Dull-coloured Lousewort. Stem
tiful genus of
plants ; but are with difficulty preserved in simple ; helmet of the corollas villose at the edge. This is
gardens, being mostly inhabitants of boggy alpine places. a very hairy plant ; flowers heaped into a
spike or head.
The
species are, Native of Siberia.
1. Pedicularis Palustris; Marsh Lousewort, or Red Rattle. . Flammea ; Upright Lousewort. Stem sim-
9. Pedicularis
Stem branched; calices crested, callous, dotted; lip of the ple leaves pinnate, imbricate backwards.
; This at first
corollas oblique. Root annual ; stem about a foot high, up- resembles the fourth species in miniature, but it is
only three
right, angular, purplish, hollow; branches spreading; leaves or four inches high ; spike terminating the stem, and
covering
and flowers distant; corolla purple, varying to white. It is a third part of it, upright, compressed,
oblong ; corolla
262 PED THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PEL
narrow, deep yellow, the lower lip very small, the upper 21. Pedicularis Gladiata. Stem simple; leaves lanceolate,
narrow, almost upright, blunt. Native of Lapland, Swit- pinnatifid, dentated spikes leafy, rough ; flowers alternate,
;

zerland, Silesia, and Siberia. yellow, tinged with purple. Grows in rich soil, and grassy
10. Pedicularis Hirsuta Hairy Lousewort.
;
Stem simple ; moist places, from Pennsylvania to Virginia.
leaves tooth-pinnate, linear; calices hirsute. Root perennial; Peganum; a genus of the class ( Dodecandria, order Mo-
spike terminating, very short, but thick and quadrangular ; nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
flowers six to twelve, yellow, sessile. It differs from the leaved ; leaflets linear, often toothed, erect, the
length of the
rest, in its widely embracing petioles, villose calices, the corolla, acute, permanent. Corolla : petals five,
oblong,
colour of the corolla, and the notches of the leaves. Native ovate, from upright spreading. Stamina: filamenta fifteen,
of Lapland, Dauphiny, Piedmont, and Siberia. awl-shaped, shorter by half than the corolla, dilated at the base
11. Pedicularis Rosea; Rose-coloured Lousewort. Stem into a cup-like nectary under the
germen ; antherse oblong,
simple ; leaves pinnate ; pinnas oblong, pinnatifid calices ; erect. Pistil: germen roundish, three-cornered, raised on
hirsute ; spike when young close, afterwards loose, with small a receptacle from the base of the flower;
style filiform, round,
bractes ; corolla red. This plant has seldom more than one, the length of the antherae ; stigma oblong, three-sided. Peri-
two, or three stems from a root. Native of Carinthia. carp : capsule roundish, three-cornered, three-celled, three-
12. Pedicularis Incarnata; Flesh-coloured Louseivort. Stem valved, with contrary partitions. Seeds: very many, ovate-
simple ; leaves pinnate, serrate calices rounded, smooth ;
;
acuminate. Observe. This genus differs from Ruta, as Ce-
helmet of the corollas hooked, acute ; flowers many, red, in lastrus from Euonymus ; for what is taken from the number
a long loose spike. There is one variety which is smaller, of the pistil, is added to the stamina, and vice versa. ESSEN-
and smooth and another with the leaves less cut, and almost
: TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved, or none. Corolla:
simple ; the stem lower, and the flowers fewer, the colour of five-petalled. Capsule: three-celled, three-valved, many-
fire, inclining more or less to yellow. Native of Switzerland, seeded. The species are,
Austria, Dauphiny, Silesia, and Siberia. 1. Peganum Harmala;
Syrian Rue. Leaves multifid.
13. Pedicularis Lapponica; Lapland Lousewort. Stem Root as large as a man's little finger, and becoming woody
simple; leaves pinnatifid, serrate; calices bifid, blunt; root by age the stalks decay every autumn, and new ones arise
;

perennial ; corolla yellow, with the upper lip compressed, in the spring ; they grow about a foot long, and divide into

produced at the tip, reflexed downwards, and prominent like several small branches, at the ends of which the flowers are
an eagle's beak. Native of the mountains of Lapland, and produced, sitting close between the leaves ; corolla white.
Dalecarlia, Denmark, and Siberia. Willich remarks, that the calix should rather be considered
14. Pedicularis Comosa; Spiked Lousewort. Stem simple; as a floral leaf; for it has the same structure with the leaves,

spike leafy ; helmet of the corollas acute, emarginate;

calices and is
perfect and expanded long before the opening of the
five-toothed lateral roots whitish, tuberous, thicker at the
;
flower. It flowers in
July, and in warm seasons the seeds
end, the middle root is bigger and blackish. Native of the will ripen here in the autumn. Native of Spain, the county
mountains of Italy, Dauphiny, and Siberia. of Nice, of Syria. Cappadocia, Galicia, and Siberia. Both
15. Pedicularis Foliosa; Leafy-spiked Louseivort. Stem it and the next
species are propagated by seed, sown thinly
simple ; spike leafy helmet of the corollas very blunt, entire ;
;
on a bed of light earth, in the beginning of April when the :

calices five-toothed. Root simple, biennial. Gouan remarks, plants come up, keep them clean from weeds at the end of ;

this very different from the other

is species, even when not October, or beginning of November, when the stalks decay,
in flower. Native of Switzerland, Austria, and France. cover the bed with tanner's bark, ashes, or saw-dust, to
keep
16. Pedicularis Canadensis ; Canadian Lousewort. Stem out the frost, for the roots are somewhat tender when young.
In March following, transplant them into a warm situation
simple spike somewhat leafy ; helmet of the corollas bristly,
;

two-toothed; calices truncated downwards. Root perennial. and dry soil, where they will continue for several years.
Native of North America. 2. Peganum Dauricum. Leaves lanceolate, slightly cre-
17. Pedicularis Tuberosa; Tuberous Lousewort. Stem nate ; stem herbaceous. Native of Siberia.
calices crested helmet of the corollas hooked-beak- 3. Peganum lletusum. Leaves wedge-shaped, abrupt; stem
simple ; ;

ed. Root thick, and a little tuberous, black, and fibrous. shrubby. A shrub, with spinous, downy branches called by ;

The flowers form a very thick spike, closer at top than at the Arabians Gharghed. It grows near Alexandria in
Egypt.
bottom, they are yellowish or whitish the upper lip of the
;
Pelargonium ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order
corolla is sickle-shaped. Native of the Swiss, Italian, and Heptaudria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
Siberian mountains. leafed, five-parted ; segments ovate, acute, concave, perma-
18. Pedicularis Gyroflexa. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets nent; upper segments ending in a capillary nectariferous
|

somewhat toothed, and blunt; flowers turned to the

curled, tube, decurrent along the peduncle. Corolla : petals five,
left, hooked-headed. Root perennial, composed of a dark obcordate or ovate, spreading, large, irregular. Stamina:
black trunk, often carious, three or four lines in diameter, from filamenta ten, awl-shaped, united at the base, at' spreading
which spring thick lateral fibres, horizontal, quite simple, top, unequal, at length all shorter than the corolla, three of
not at all swelling out any more than the trunk them sometimes, but seldom five, castrated anthera seven,
pretty long, ;

of the root. There is a variety with finer and more distinct oblong, versatile. Pistil: germen five-cornered, beaked;
leaves, a yellow flower, and the pistil longer than the corolla. style awl-shaped, longer than the stamina, permanent ; stig-
Native of the south of France, Switzerland, Carniola, and mas five, reflex. Pericarp: capsule five-grained, beaked, the
cells opening inwards, the beak
Piedmont. spiral, bearded on the inside.
19. Pedicularis Greenlandica. Stem simple leaves pin- ; Seeds: solitary, ovate, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
nate, serrate calices oblong, smooth helmet of the corollas
; ; Calix: five-parted, the upper segment ending in a capillary,
Native of Greenland. nectariferous tube, running along the flower-stalk. Corolla
awl-shaped, bowed, longer. :

20. Pedicularis Lanceolata. Stem simple ; leaves lanceo- five-petallcd, irregular. Filamenta : ten, unequal, three of
late, inciso-dentate ; spikes aphyllous calices glabrous; cap-
; which, seldom five, are castrated. Fruit: five-grained, beak-
sules short. Grows in the Illinois country. .
ed; beak spiral, bearded within. The species are,
 PEL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PEL 263

* Root Turnip-like : Umbel compound. are new potted, all the roots on the outside of the balls of
Stemless :

earth should be carefully pared off", and as much of the old

1. Pelargonium Hirsutum Various-leaved Crane's Bill.
;

Leaves obovate or lanceolate, quite entire or pinnatifid, earth drawn away from the roots as can be done with safety
the to the plants ; then, if they require it, they should be
rough-haired, ciliate ; root turbinate, perpendicular, at put into
upper part thickened and imbricate as it were with red sti- pots a size larger than those out of which they were taken,
pules ; stem none, except peduncles or scapes, on which
there putting a quantity of fresh earth into the bottom of the pot ;
is one leaf near the origin of the umbels ; flowers umbelled. then place the plants upon that, being careful that the ball
Native of the Cape of Good Hope. All the species of this about the roots of the plant is not so high as the rim of the
genus may be propagated by seeds they may be sown upon
:
pot, that some room may be left to contain the water which
a bed of light earth towards the end of March, where the may be given to the plants. Then the cavity all round the
ball should be filled up with fresh earth, which should be
plants will appear in a month or five weeks after, and will
be fit to remove by the beginning of June, when they should gently pressed down, and the bottom of the pot beaten upon
be carefully taken up, and each planted into a separate pot the ground to settle down the earth ; then the plant should
filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and placed in a shady be well watered, and the stem fastened to a rail, to prevent
situation till the plants have taken new root ; then they may the wind from displacing the roots before they are fixed in
be removed into a sheltered situation, and placed among the new earth. The compost in which these plants thrive
other of the hardier green-house plants, where they may best, (where there is not a conveniency of getting some good
remain till autumn, when they must also be removed into the kitchen-garden earth,) is fresh hazel-loam from a pasture,
green-house, and treated in the same manner as other hardy mixed with a fourth or fifth part of rotten dung : if the earth
kinds of green-house plants. But those who are desirous of be inclinable to "bind, then a mixture of rotten tan is prefer-
having their plants large and flowering soon, sow the seeds able to dung ; but if it be light and warm, then a rnj^ture
upon a moderate hot-bed in the spring, because they will of cow-dung is best this compost should be mixed three or
:

then come up much sooner, and will be fit to remove long four months before it is used, and should be turned over
before those which are sown in the open air ; yet when these three or four times, that the parts may be well mixed and
plants come up, there must be great care taken to prevent incorporated ; but where a quantity of good kitchen-garden
their becoming weak ; and when they are transplanted, the earth can be had, especially if it be such as has been well
pots should be plunged into another moderate hot-bed, ob- worked, and is clean from the roots of bad weeds, there will
serving to shade them from the sun till they have taken new need no composition, for in that they will thrive full as well
root then they must be gradually inured to bear the open as in any mixture which can be made for them,
;
especially if
air, into which they should be removed at the beginning of the earth have lain in a heap for some time, and has been
June, and placed in a sheltered situation with other exotic two or three times turned over, to break the clods, and make
If these plants be brought forward in the spring, it finethese sorts should not be planted in
plants. :
very rich earth,
most of the sorts will flower in the same summer, and the for although that would cause them to grow very luxuriantly,
plants being strong before the winter, will make a better they will not flower so well as in a poorer soil. These plants
appearance in the green-house. The shrubby African Gera- must be frequently looked over during the winter, whilst
niums are commonly propagated by cuttings, which if plant- they are in the green -house: all the decayed leaves should
ed in a shady border in June or July, will take good root in be carefully picked off", for if left on they will not
only render
five or six weeks, and the plants unsightly, but when they fall off" will make a litter
may then be taken up, and planted
into separate pots, placing them in the shade till among the other plants and if suffered to rot in the green-
they have ;

taken new root; after which they may be removed into a house, will occasion a foul, nasty, damp air, which will be
sheltered situation, and treated in the same manner as seed- very prejudicial to all the plants: hence, to avoid this, they
They should be hardened gradually in the should be constantly picked off every week, and
ling plants. during the
spring, and towards the middle or end of May they may be summer season they will require to be picked every fortnight
taken out of the green-house, and at first placed under the or three weeks ; for as the branches advance, and new leaves
shelter of trees, where they may remain a fortnight or three are produced on the
top, the under ones as constantly decay,
weeks to harden, and then should be removed into a situa- and require to be removed. The species of the two first
tion where they may be defended from
strong winds, and divisions of this genus, are
generally increased by parting
enjoy the morning sun till eleven o'clock ; where they will their roots in
August. Every tuber will grow, if it have a
thrive better than in a warmer situation. As they grow bud or eye to it. They may be planted in the same sort of
pretty fast, they soon fill the pots with their roots ; and if earth as above directed ; and if the pots be
plunged into an
they stand long unremovcd in summer, they frequently put old tan-bed, under a good frame in winter, the
plants will
out their roots through the holes at the bottom of the pots thrive better than in a green-house the glasses may be
:

into the ground, and then the plants will grow drawn oflf every day in mild weather, and if they are well
vigorously ;

but when they are suffered to grow long in this manner/it covered in severe frosts, it is all the shelter
they require ;
bedifficult to remove them, for if their roots be torn
will
they should have little wet in winter, and therefore the glasses
off, allthe younger branches will decay, and should be kept over them in heavy rains, or in mild weather
many times the
plants are killed. Therefore the pots should be moved once raised only at the top.
in a fortnight or three weeks, in the summer months, and the
Pelargonum Pinnatum Pinnated Crane's Sill. Um-
2. ;

roots, which may be then pushing through the holes in the bel subcompound; leaves pinnate; leaflets roundish, ovate,
pots, cut off, to prevent their striking into the ground. These undivided, hirsute on both sides. Root thick, yellowish,
plants will also require to be new-potted at least twice in the descending, having few fibres ; stem scarcely any, except the
summer the first time should be after they have been three
;
scapes, which have sometimes leaves, sometimes none; corolla
weeks or a month out of the green-house the second should
;
papilionaceous, reddish white, with deeper-coloured veins.
be toward the end of August or the beginning of September, It flowers in. April. Native of the
Cape.
that the plants may have time to establish their new roots 3.
Pelargonium Rapaceum Caraway-leaved Crane's Bill.
;

before they are removed into the green-house. When these Leaves decompoundedly laciniate, villose. Root
fleshy, two
VOL. ii. 88. 3 X
 264 PEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PEL
inches thick and more, consisting of several irregular tubers, heads come out several slender stalks, nearly a foot in length,
and frequently half a foot in width, within purple, on the prostrate, with rounder leaves than those near the root, but
outside covered with a brownish bark, and perennial; flow- of the same texture and odour. The flowers are produced
ers scentless, appearing in April. This used formerly to be from the side of these stalks, three, four, or five standing
known in gardens by the name of Horsehead Geranium, in together upon slender peduncles they are white, and being
;

allusion to the remarkable shape of the flower : three of the small, make little appearance. It flowers
during most part
of the summer. This species is known by the delicate soft-
petals cohere like the wings and keel of a papilionaceous
flower, and are of a white or pale plush colour the other
;
ness of its leaves, and their highly aromatic and powerful
two are reflexed, rose-coloured, and spotted, and look like a smell, which is renewed by rubbing after the plant' has been
divided standard, of the same kind of blossom. Native of dried upwards of twenty years. Native of the Cape. It may
the Cape. be propagated by seeds, or from heads slipped off from the
** Almost short fleshy stalks these heads should have their lower
,
stemless : Root tuberous. ;

4. Pelargonium Lobatum ; Vine-leaved Crane's Bill. Stem- leaves stripped oflf, and then be planted single in a small
less ;umbel compound leaves ternate or quinate, lobed,
; pot; or if the heads are small, two or three may be put into
tomentose. Roots tuberous, from which come out three or one pot. Plunge them into a very moderate hot-bed, shade
four broad leaves, divided into several lobes, like a vine-leaf, them, and refresh them gently with water; they will take
root in a month or five weeks then harden them gradually
spreading flat on the ground, crenated, on short footstalks ; ;

to the open air, where they may remain till autumn, when
peduncles immediately from the root, about a foot high,
naked, terminated by a bunch of dark purple flowers, having they must be removed into shelter for the winter.
long tubes, sessile, and emitting a very agreeable odour in Pelargonium Grossularioides Gooseberry-leaved Crane's
10. ;

the evening, somewhat like the Bergamot pear. It flowers Bill. Peduncles subbiflorous, filiform leaves cordate, ;

in July and August. Native of the Cape. roundish, gashed, toothed ; stems very smooth. This is a
5. Pelargonium Triste; Niyht-smelling Crane's Bill. Sub- biennial plant, sending out a great number of very slender
caulescent: umbel simple; leaves multifid, laciniate, villose; trailing stalks, extending a foot and half in length ; flowers
segments lanceolate. Root thick, roundish, tuberous, with on short slender peduncles, coming out at every joint from
several hairy leaves springing from it, which are finely divided the side of the stalks ; they are very small, and of a reddish
almost like those of the Garden Carrot; they spread near colour, single, or sometimes two or three together. They
the ground, and among them come out the stalks about a continue in succession all the summer, and the seeds ripen
foot high, having two or three leaves of the same sort, but in about five weeks after the flowers Naave of the
decay.
smaller, and sitting close ; from the stalks arise two or three Cape. Sow the seeds on a moderate hot-bed, or on an open
naked peduncles, terminated by a bunch of yellowish flowers, bed of light earth in the spring ; the latter will require
only
marked with dark purple spots, which smell very sweet after to be kept clean from weeds, and to be thinned where they
the sun has left them. Native of the Cape. are too close they will flower in July and August, and, if
:

6. Pelargonium Flavum ; Carrot-leaved Crane's Bill. Sub- the autumn prove favourable, the seeds will ripen in Sep-
caulescent: umbels simple; leaves decompoundedly laciniate, tember. Those which were raised on the hot-bed will come
hirsute ; segments linear. Root tuberous stems several
; ;
and more certainly perfect seeds. Some of
earlier to. flower,
corolla straw-white; petals wedge-shaped. It is a rough- these plants, if put into pots, plunged into an old tan-bed
haired plant. The two upper petals are ascending the ;
under a frame, and treated as directed for the tuberous-rooted
middle ones concave, converging, inclosing the fifth petal. sorts, may be preserved during the winter.
It flowers from July to September. Native of the Cape. 11. Pelargonium Anceps Angular-stalked Crane's Bill.
;
**
Herbaceous, or sujfruticose. Umbels many-flowered; flowers in a sort of head; leaves
7. Pelargonium Tabulare; Rough-stalked Crane's Bill. cordate, roundish, obsoletely lobed ; stem three-sided, anci-
Peduncles few-flowered ; leaves roundish, .cordate, five-lobed, pital. Native of the Cape.
blunt; stems decumbent, hairy; corolla papilionaceous, yel- 12. Pelargonium Althseoides; Althaa-leaved Crane's Bill.
low, twice as long as the calix, with the upper petals wider, Peduncles many-flowered ; leaves cordate, ovate, sinuate,
reflex, emarginate, the rest linear. It flowers during the toothed, the uppermost pinnatifid. Plant depressed, wholly
greater part of the summer. Native of the Cape. subtomentose ; petals the length of the calix, dark purple on
8. Pelargonium Alchemilloides ; Lady's- Mantle-leaved the outside, with a white edge, red within, the two upper
Crane's Bill. Peduncles four-flowered or thereabouts leaves ; ones with blood-red dotted streaks at the base ; calices hir-
orbiculate, palmate, gashed, very hairy. Stem herbaceous, sute; beaks very short. Native of the Cape.
decumbent stigmas sessile.
; This sends out several herba- 13. Pelargonium Senecioides Small White-flowered Crane's
;

ceous stalks, about a foot and half in length flowers blush-

; Bill. Peduncles three-flowered involucres and calices blunt;
;

colour, several together upon very long peduncles ; there is leaves bipinnatifid, laciniate stem herbaceous.
; Annual ;'

a succession of them during all the summer months, and the flowering in July. Native of the Cape.
seeds ripen about a month after the flowers are fallen. There 14. Pelargonium Coriandrifolium; Coriander-leaved Crane's
is a
variety of it with a dark circle in the middle of the Bill. Peduncles subtriflorous ; corollas subtetrapetalous ;
leaves. This, having herbaceous stalks, is best propagated leaves bipinnate, linear; stem herbaceous, smoothish. This
is an annual, or rather biennial
by seeds: the cuttings indeed will take root, but the seed- plant, with branching stalks
ling plants are preferable. Where the seeds of this and usarly a foot high. The flowers stand upon naked peduncles,
many other sorts are permitted to scatter, there will be a which proceed from the side of the stalks, on the side oppo-
supply of young plants in the spring following, provided the site to the leaves. They are of a pale flesh-colour, appear
seeds are not buried too deep in the in July, and the seeds ripen in September, soon after which
ground.
9. Pelargonium Odora^issimum Sweet-scented Crane'}
;
the plants decay. Native of the Cape. Being an annual
Bill. Peduncles five-flowered or thereabouts leaves round-
; plant, it is propagated by seeds sown on a gentle hot-bed in
ish-cordate, very soft. This has a very short fleshy stalk, the spring. When the plants are strong enough to remove,
dividing near the ground into several heads; from these plant each in a separate small pot, plunged into a moderate
 PEL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PEL 265

about three feet high, and sending

tnots at the joints, rising
hot-bed, shaded, and gradually hardened to the open air,
into which they may be removed in June : when the plants >ut several irregular smooth branches flowers four or five
;

have filled the pots with their roots, shake them out, preserv- m a peduncle; petals dark purple, broader than in the
and put them into pots' a eventeenth species, and having a very agreeable scent in
ing a ball of earth to the roots,
size larger : in these they will flower and ripen seeds, soon he evening. It flowers most part of the summer. Native
after which they will decay. of the Cape. See the seventeenth species.
15. Pelargonium Myrrhifolium ; Myrrh-leaved Crane's 21. Pelargonium Fulgidum; Celandine-leaved Crane's Bill.
Bill. Peduncles subtriflorous ; corollas subtetrapetalous ; Jmbel twin leaves three-parted, pinnatifid-gashed middle
; ;

leaves bipinnatifid, the lower ones cordate-lobed. Stem some- segment very large. This has a fleshy stalk, which seldom
what root knobbed, tuberous, from which come rises a foot high, and puts out a very few branches pedun- ;
strigose ;

out several pretty large leaves. The peduncles rise imme- cles short, having at the top two or three flowers with unequal
It flowers during most part
diately from the root, and
sometimes have one or two small jetals, of a deep scarlet colour.
leaves towards the bottom, where they often divide into two of the summer. Native of the Cape.
naked peduncles, each terminated by a bunch of pale-red- 22. Pelargonium Quercifolium ; Great Oak-leaved Crane's
dish flowers, which smell sweet at night. It flowers from May Bill. Umbels submultiflorous ; leaves cordate, pinnatifid,
to August, and is somewhat shrubby. Native of the Cape. crenate ; sinuses rounded ; filamenta ascending at the tip.
**** Stem shrubby, twisted, branched, more than four feet high.
Shrubby, with a fleshy thick Stem.
16. Pelargonium Tenuifolium; Fine-leaved Crane's Bill. There are two varieties, larger and smaller. It flowers from
Umbels many-flowered ; leaves decompoundedly pinnate, March to August. Native of the Cape.
multifid, linear, hirsute; stem fleshy; flowering branches 23. Pelargonium Radula; Multifid-leaved Crane's Bill.
slender. Native of the Cape. Umbels few-flowered; leaves pinnatifid, laciniate, rugged,
17. Pelargonium Carnosum Fleshy-stalked Crane's Bill.
;
revolute ; segments linear. Stem shrubby, covered with an
Umbels many-flowered leaves pinnatifid, laciniate petals
; ;
ash-coloured bark, branched, two feet high ; corolla papilio-
linear; joints fleshy, gibbous. This has a thick fleshy naceous, rose-coloured, with red lines ; the claws white ; the
knotty stalk, rising about two feet high, sending out a few two upper petals reflex and wider. The whole plant has a
slender fleshy branches, at the ends of which the flowers are It takes the name Radula, from
strong smell of turpentine.
produced in small clusters the petals are narrow and white,
; the rough rasp-like surface of its leaves. There are two
making no great appearance ; they continue in succession a varieties, a larger and a smaller indeed, as it is readily
;

great part of the summer. This, with the nineteenth, twen- raised from seeds, it affords many seminal varieties. It may

tieth, and thirty-fourth species, has more succulent stalks also be increased by cuttings. Native of the Cape.
than the others hence their cuttings should be planted in
; 24. Pelargonium Graveolens ; Strong-scented Crane's Bill.
pots filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into Umbels many-flowered, subcapitate ; leaves palmate, seven-
a very moderate hot-bed, where they should be shaded from lobed ; segments oblong, blunt, revolute at the edge. Stem
the sun in the heat of the day, and have but little water, for arborescent, a fathom in height, branched, the tender branches
they are very apt to rot with much moisture. When wel pubescent; corolla papilionaceous, pale purple, with deeper
rooted, they may be separated, and planted in pots filled with lines on the upper petals, which are wider and reflex. This
the same sort of earth, placed in the shade till they have plant has a strong smell, which varies, and resembles tur-
taken new root; then they may be removed into a sheltered pentine, lemon, or roses. It flowers from March to July.
situation, where they may remain till autumn. These four Native of the Cape.
sorts should be sparingly watered, but especially in the win- 25. Pelargonium Papilionaceum ; Butterfly Crane's Bill.
ter, or when the air is damp, as they are liable to contracl Umbels many-flowered ; leaves roundish, cordate, angular ,
a mouldiness from the moisture, or in damp air: they wil corollas papilionaceous ; wings and keel minute. This rise*
thrive much better in an airy glass-case than in a green- with an upright shrubby stalk seven or eight feet high, send-
house, because in the former they will have more sun and air ing out several side-branches, with large, angular, rough
than in the latter. leaves, on short footstalks. The flowers are produced in
18. Pelargonium Ceratophyllum ; Horn-leaved Crane's large panicles at the end of the branches ; the two upper
Bill. Umbels many-flowered ; leaves remotely pinnate, petals, which are pretty large, turn upwards, and are finely
fleshy
round; segments channelled, obsoletely trifid. It flowers variegated ; but the three under ones are very small, and
in May, and continues flowering during most of the summer being bent back are screened from the sight, unless the flower
months. The seeds ripen here. Native of the south-wes be viewed near. It flowers from April to July. Native of
coast of Africa. It
may be increased both by seeds anc the Cape.
cuttings, but is found to be more tender than many other 26. Pelargonium Inquinans; Scarlet-flowered Crane's Bill.
sorts, and more liable to be injured by damps. Umbels many-flowered ; leaves orbiculate-reniform, scarcely
19. Pelargonium Crithmifolium Samphire-leaved Crane's
; divided, crenate, tomentose, and clammy. This rises with
Bill. Umbels many-flowered, panicled ; leaves bipinnate a soft shrubby stem to the height of eight or ten feet, sending
fleshy, dilated and jagged at the tips; petals obtuse, the out several branches, which are generally erect ; flowers in
upper ones crisped at the base. Root perennial stem a
; loose bunches, on long, stiff", axillary peduncles corolla ;

foot or two in height, nearly erect, simple, swelled, round bright scarlet. The flowers make a fine appearance, and
glaucous, smooth, leafy, flowering at the top ; flowers very there is a succession of them during all the summer months.
numerous, inodorous, rather elegant than splendid ; petals The leaves, when bruised, stain the fingers of a ferruginous
all of an equal length, white ; the two upper ones colour ; hence Linneus's trivial name.
crisped on There are several
each side at their base, and spotted with purple. Native o varieties, differing in the colour and splendour of their flow-
the Cape. See the first and seventeenth species. ers. Native of the Cape. This species was, according to
20. Pelargonium Gibbosum ; Gouty Crane's Bill. Umbels Martyn, first brought into England about the year 1718 it :

many-flowered ; leaves pinnate, pinnatifid, confluent at the soon became common, and is
justly admired for the vivid
tin ; joints fleshy, gibbose. Stalk round, fleshy, with swelling scarlet of its copious flowers.
266 PEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PEL
27. Pelargonium Hybridum ; Bastard Crane's Bill. Um- 35. Pelargonium Cucullatum Hooded Crane's Bill. Um-
;

bels many-flowered ; leaves obovate, crenate, smooth, fleshy ; bels submultiflorous ; leaves kidney-form, cowled,
slightly
petals linear. Stem smooth ; leaves like those of the 50th scolloped, and finely toothed. This rises with a shrubby
species, but broader, obscurely lobed, and somewhat downy ; stalk, eight or ten feet high, sending out several irregular
flowers of a scarlet red, with longer petals thati those of the branches ; the petals are large, entire, and of a blue
purple
In the flower this species greatly resembles the colour ; the seeds have short
preceding. hairy beaks. It flowers from

preceding, but the herb is smaller. Native of the Cape. June to September. This is a large and showy species,
28. Pelargonium Zonale; Common Horse-shoe Crane's Bill. remarkable for its grayish hoary aspect, rounded, funnel-like
Umbels many-flowered leaves cordate, orbiculate, scarcely
; leaves, and copious hairy umbels of large purple flowers, the
lobed, toothed, marked with a concentric zone. This rises upper petals finely pencilled, and marked with a dark central
with a shrubby stalk, four or five feet high, and divides into spot. Native of the Cape.
a great number of irregular branches, so as to form a large 36. Pelargonium Angulosum Marshmallow-leaved Crane's
;

bush, frequently eight or ten feet in height ; the flowers are Bill. Umbels many-flowered; leaves rounded, cowled, angu-
produced in pretty close bunches, on axillary peduncles five lar, toothed. This bears much resemblance
to the preceding,
or six inches in length, coming out towards the ends of the and has been confounded with but the leaves are of a
it;
branches ; they are of a reddish purple or rose colour, are thicker substance, divided into many acute
angles, having
very showy, and continue in succession during the greatest purple edges, which are acutely indented the stalks and ;

part of the summer. There is a variety with tine variegated leaves are very hairy the branches are not so
;
irregular as
leaves, and the flowers vary much in colour, from purple, those of the former, nor are the bunches of flowers near so
through the different shades of red, up to high scarlet. large. It flowers in
July and August. Native of the Cape.
Native of the Cape. 37. Pelargonium Acerifolium Maple-leaved Crane's Bill.
;

29. Pelargonium Heterogamum Red-flowered

; Crane's Bill. Umbels five-flowered, or thereabouts leaves palmate, five- ;

Umbels many-flowered ; leaves suborbiculate, gash-lobed, lobed, serrate, wedge-shaped at bottom, undivided. It flowers
toothed; stem erect, shrubby. Native of the Cape. in April and May. Native of the Cape.
30. Pelargonium Monstrum ; Cluster-leaved Crane's Bill. 38. Pelargonium Cordatum Heart-leaved Crane's Bill.
;

Leaves orbiculate, reniform, obsoletely lobed, complicated, Umbels many-flowered leaves cordate, acute, toothed; lower
;

curled. Native of the Cape. petals linear, acute. Stem shrubby, branched; flowers at the
31. Pelargonium Bicolor; Two-coloured Crane's Bill. Um- ends of the stem and branches; corolla papilionaceous,
large
bels many-flowered leaves ternatifid, lobed, toothed, waved,
; pale purple. There are several varieties of this species which
villose. Stem shrubby, twisted, covered with an ash-coloured strike readily from cuttings. Native of the Cape.
bark branches round, villose, subherbaceous, a foot long
; ;
39. Pelargonium Echinatum Prickly-stalked Crane's Bill
;

corolla almost regular, papilionaceous, wheel-shaped petals ;

Stem stipules permanent, spinescent leaves cordate
fleshy ; ;

deep crimson, with a white edge. Jacquin observes, that roundish, from three to five lobed, densely downy beneath;
the whole plant has very a strong smell; and Curtis adds, flowers umbelled umbels seven or eight flowered. This
;
plant
that it obviously differs from all the other species in the par- somewhat resembles the preceding in its habit. The three
ticular shape of its leaves, and the colour of the flowers, lowermost petals of the flower are pure white, with a little
which are usually of a rich and very dark purple, edged with gibbosity at the base of each the two uppermost are marked
;

white they appear from June to August.

: It is not disposed with three irregular spots, of a rich purple colour,
inclining
to ripen its seeds, neither can
it be
very readily increased by to carmine ; the two lower spots narrowest, and of the
deep-
Native of the Cape. est colour. It varies with petals of a rich
cuttings. purple colour, in
32. Pelargonium Vitifolium ; Balm-scented Crane's Bill. which the spots are similar, but not so conspicuous. It pro-
Flowers in heads ; leaves cordate, three-lobed, somewhat duces its seed in favourable seasons, but is generally propa-
rugged stems upright, seven or eight feet high. The flowers
; gated by cuttings. This plant is not very common but ;

grow in compact clusters, on the top of long, naked, axillary deserxes attention from its singularity, and bejng ornamental.
peduncles, rising much higher than the branches ; being Native of the Cape.
small, and of a pale blue colour, they make no great figure, 40. Pelargonium Tetragonum ; Square-stalked Crane's Bill.
but there is- a succession of them during most part of the Peduncles two-flowered ; branches four-cornered, fleshy co- ;

summer. Native of the Cape. rollas four-petalled. Stem angular; angles

sometimes four,
33. Pelargonium Capitatum; Rose-scented Crane's Bill. three, succulent, as is the whole plant; corolla very hand-
Flowers in heads leaves cordate, lobed, waved, soft. Stems
; some, papilionaceous ; the two upper petals an inch and half
diffused, four or five feet high. The flowers grow in close in diameter, semitubular at the base, upright, reflex at the
roundish heads, forming a sort of corymb; they are of a pur- tip, purple on the outside, white within, having two oblong
plish blue colour, with dark veins, and
continue in succes- feathered spots, of a deep purple colour. A degree of singu-
sion great part of the summer : the leaves, when rubbed, have larity runs through the whole of this plant; its stalks are un-
an odour like dried Roses. Native of the Cape. equally and obtusely quadrangular, sometimes more evidently
34. Pelargonium Glutinosum ; Clammy Crane's Bill. Um- triangular ; its leaves few, and remarkably small its flowers ;

bels few-flowered; leaves cordate, hastate, quinquangular, on the contrary are uncommonly large, and, which is most
clammy ; stem shrubby, covered with a gray bark, three feet extraordinary, have only four petals ; previous to their expan-
high and more branches declining and decumbent, green
; sion, the body of filamenta is bent so as to form a kind of bow.
and clammy, as is the whole of the plant; corolla much There is a variety with beautifully coloured leaves. It flowers
larger than the calix, papilionaceous, pale purple, variegated
from June to August. It is easily propagated
by cuttings.
witli red streaks the two upper petals wider, reflex
; the ; 41. Pelargonium Peltatum Peltated Crane's Bill.
; Um-
middle of the leaf is generally stained with purple. Several bels few-flowered; leaves five-lobcd, quite entire, fleshy,
varieties have been produced from seed, from which it is peltated branches angular.
; This has many weak fleshy
sometimes propagated it is also readily increased by cut-
; stalks,which require support, and extend to the length of
tings. Native of the Cape. See the seventeenth soccies. two or three feet; the flowers are on uretty long axillary
-
 PEL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PEL 267

four or five, of a purple colour, 51. Pelargonium Scabrum ; Rough-leaved Crane's Bill.
peduncles, each sustaining
Umbels few-flowered leaves wedge-shaped, semitrifid, rug-
coming out in succession, during most of the summer months. ;

The seeds frequently ripen here. Native of the Cape. ged ; lobes lanceolate, loosely serrate. Stem shrubby, round,
42. Pelargonium Lateripes; Ivy-leaved Crane's Bill. Um- three or four feet high, the thickness of a finger, upright, of
bels many-flowered ; leaves cordate, five-lobed, somewhat a reddish bay colour, branching from the axils, very rough,
It flowers during the as is the whole plant, but becoming smooth by age ; petals
toothed, fleshy ; branches round.
greatest part of the summer.
Native of the Cape. blunt, of a purple rose-colour, the two upper twice as wide
43. Pelargonium Cortustefolium ; Cortusa-leaved Grant's as the others, with a dark red spot at the base. It flowers

Bill. Umbels many-flowered ; leaves cordate, gash-lobed, from August to November. Native of the Cape.
waved, bluntly toothed; stipules awl-shaped. Stem shrubby, 52. Pelargonium Crispum Curled-leaved Crane's Bill.
;

Peduncles subtviflorous; leaves distich, cordate, three-lobed,

woody, branched, almost upright, round, the thickness of a
feet high and more, brown flowers handsome; curled, muricated stipules heart-shaped nectary the length
finger, three ; ; ;

the two upper petals large, widely wedge-shaped, purple, of the calix. This is a pretty species, and valued more par-
with several branched streaks of a darker purple arising from ticularly for its lemon-scent. There are two varieties, one
the base, and above these a transverse band, of the same with leaves half an inch in diameter, the other above an inch.
colour. Native of the Cape. It flowers from
July to November. Native of the Cape.
44. Pelargonium Crassicaule ; Thick-stalked Crane's Bill. 53. Pelargonium Adulterinum; Hoary Trifid-leaved Crane's
Umbels many-flowered ; leaves kidney-form, obacuminate ; Bill. Peduncles subbiflorous; leaves cordate, three-lobed,
stem fleshy, branched, even. It flowers in
July. Native of waved, villose, soft. It flowers in April and May. Native
the south-west coast of Africa. of the Cape.
45. Pelargonium Cotyledonis; Hollyhock-leaved Crane's 54. Pelargonium Extipulatum ; Soft-leaved Trifid Crane's
Bill. Umbels compound; leaves cordate, peltate, wrinkled ; Bill. Umbels few-flowered ; leaves cordate, three-parted,
stem fleshy. It flowers from May to July. Native of the lobed, toothed, hoary ; stipules scarcely any. The whole
island of St. Helena. plant is very smooth, and somewhat glaucous; stem shrubby,
**
Shrubby, with a woody Stem. a foot high, with round upright branches ; corolla papilio-
46. Pelargonium Ovale ; J3val-leaved Crane's Bill. Um- naceous, pale flesh-colour, the three lower petals hanging
bels few-flowered ; pedicels elongated leaves elliptic, tooth-
; down, without spots, and white on the outside ; the two
ed ; stems hirsute ; root-leaves numerous ; corolla papiliona- others upright, bent back at top, having spots of a darker
ceous, twice as large as the calix, red ; the upper petals colour. The leaves have a very pleasant smell, not unlike
longer, wider, reflex. It flowers from May to July. Native Swept Marjoram. It flowers from May to August.- Native
of the Cape. of the Cape.
47. Pelargonium Betulinum; Birch-leaved Crane's Bill. 55. Pelargonium Tornatum ; Ternatc Crane's Bill. Stem
Umbels few-flowered ; leaves ovate, unequally serrate, levi- shrubby, hispid ; leaves opposite, ternate ; leaflets
wedge-
gated. Stem shrubby, four or five feet high, sending out shaped, gash-trifid, serrate, scabrous. Stem suffruticose,
several branches ; corolla large, red, with the two upper dichotomous, round, purple, villose, erect, two feet high and
petals bigger than the three others. The flowers vary con- more ; branches simple, short, resembling the stem ; flowers
lateral and terminating, umbelled
siderably both in size and colour, generally pale pink ; its corolla whitish flesh-
;

foliage is different from that of the other species, and, as its colour ; petals oblong, entire, equal, with a double
purple
name imports, like that of the Birch Tree. It flowers during streak at the base. This differs very materially from the other
most part of the summer, and is
readily propagated by cut- species, in the unusual roughness of the stalks, as well as in
its whole habit.
tings. Native of the Cape. It is
easily raised from cuttings. Native of
4'8. Pelargonium Glaucum Spear-leaved Crane's Bill.
;
the Cape.
Peduncles two-flowered leaves lanceolate, quite entire,
; 56. Pelargonium Tricolor ; Three-coloured Crane's Bill.
acuminate, glaucous. Stem shrubby, with round, rod like, Umbels three-flowered leaves oblong, bluntish, hoary, cut
:

declining branches, two feet high corolla papilionaceous,

; and somewhat pinnatifid, obscurely three-lobed the two :

white ; the upper petals wider, reflex claws purple.

; It upper petals rugged at the base, with prominent shining dots.
flowers from June to August. It rarely ripens its seed with This scarcely exceeds a foot high in this country, -growing
us, and is therefore usually raised from cuttings, which are up with a shrubby stem, and spreading widely into numerous
not very free in striking. Native of the Cape. flowering branches, so much disposed to produce flowers in
49. Pelargonium Tricuspidatum Three-pointed Crane's
; constant succession, that during most of the summer the
Bill. Peduncles two-flowered ; leaves three-pointed middle ;
plant is loaded with a profusion of them. They generally
lobe more produced, subserrate ; midrib muricated under- go off without seed ; and when anyis produced, there is
neath ; root branched. Stem shrubby, two feet high and generally one perfect and four abortive. The whole plant
more, very much branched, smooth, round, the thickness of is covered with short white hairs, which give to the
foliage
a reed or the little finger, almost upright, when old dusky, a somewhat silvery hue. The two uppermost petals are of a
when young more or less blood-red. It flowers from May to beautiful red, having their bases nearly black the three;

August. lowermost are white. Instances occur in which one or more

50. Pelargonium Acetosum; Sorrel Crane's Bill. Umbels of the white petals have a stripe of red ; and the dark colour
few-flowered; leaves obovate, crenate, smooth, fleshy petals ; at the base of the upper petals is in a certain degree soluble
linear. Stem shrubby, six or seven feet high, sending out in water ; for on the plants being watered, the white
petals
several side-branches ; peduncles axillary, long, sustaining- here and there become stained by the colouring matter, which
three or four flowers, with narrow unequal petals, of a pale in a diluted state is purplish as the flowers decay, this
:

blush-colour, with some stripes of a light red. A variety apparently black part, distinguished by the roughness of its
with scarlet flowers has been raised from seed. The flowers surface, arising from prominent lucid points, is sometimes
continue in succession during most part of the summer. perforated with numerous small holes. Native of the Cape,
Native of the Cape. Most of the branches in this species, running out speedily
VOL. ii. 88. O 1
268 PEL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PEL
into flowering stalks, form few proper for cuttings,
which are the border, dark blood-red. It flowers in Native of
May.
struck with difficulty, and perfect seeds are but sparingly the Cape.
produced. 65. Pelargonium Depressum ; Flat-umbelled Cranes Bill.
57. Pelargonium Carneum; Flesh-coloured Cranes Bill. Stemless root rapaceous, simple ; leaves narrow, lanceolate,
:

Stemless : root rapaceous, simple, oblong, brown, two inches acute, smooth
umbels finally depressed, smooth four fila-
; ;

long, perennial ; leaves bipiunate ; pinnules gashed, smooth- menta fertile peduncles about eight, an inch long, some-
;

ish ; five filamenta fertile. It flowers in March and what villose, channelled, forming at first a convex umbel,
April.
Native of the Cape. but afterwards spreading out so much that the umbel is flat
58. Pelargonium Barbatum Bearded Crane's BUI. Stem-
;
and depressed. It flowers in March and April. Native of
less : root rapaceous, simple; leaves pinnate; pinnas pinna- the Cape.
tifid, lanceolate, linear, acute, bearded at the tip ; five fila- 66. Pelargonium Longrflorum;
Long-flowered Crane's Bill.
menta fertile ; petals linear-wedge-shaped, blunt, half turned Stemless : root rapaceous, simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
back, very pale rose colour ; the two upper ones approxi- smoothish ; four filamenta fertile petals
very long, linear,
;

mating, twice as broad as the rest, sometimes emarginate, sharpish, channelled, erect at bottom, but spreading very
and marked below with two red lines ; the three lower ones much above, an inch and half long, very pale yellow, with
have only one line. The umbels and their stalks are
downy.
a longitudinal purple band above the claw, of a
very deep
It flowers in April. Native of the Cape. colour in the uppermost ones. The uppermost
petal is some-
59. Pelargonium Melananthon times so deeply cloven, that the corolla
Dark-flowered Crane's
;
appears to be six-
BUI. Stemless : root rapaceous, simple ; leaves pinnate, petalled. Native of the Cape.
somewhat hispid pinnas lobe-gashed, blunt; five filamenta
;
67. Pelargonium
Chamsedryfolium ; Germander-leaved
fertile ; petal wedge-linear, blunt, upright, and white to the Crane's Bill. Peduncles one or two flowered. Stems her-
middle, reflex, and very dark purple above. It has but baceous, decumbent ; leaves oblong, blunt, serrate, villose ;
very little smell when bruised ; and flowers in April and May. five filamenta fertile root branching, annual.
; The whole
Native of the Cape. plant villose, and smelling rather disagreeably. Petals the
60. Pelargonium Triphyllum ; Three-leaved Cranes Bill. length of the calix, wedge-shaped, blunt, upright, spreading
Stemless : root rapaceous, simple ; leaves ternate crenate, a little at top, white with a dark
purple disk, the two upper-
smooth ; five filamenta fertile ; petals wedge-shaped, blunt, most twice as broad as the other three ; antheree yellow ;
upright at bottom, and thence spreading very wide, rose- germen hirsute. Native place uncertain.
coloured, a little longer than the calix ; the two upper ones 68. Pelargonium Trichostemon ;
Hairy-stamined Crane's
almost twice as wide as the others, a little longer, with blood- Bill. Peduncles few-flowered ; leaves roundish, ovate,
red dots below ; style and stigma of a very dark blood-red bluntly serrate, velvety. Stem biennial, almost erect; fila-
colour. It flowers in April. Native of the Cape. menta hirsute, five fertile ; root branched, biennial ; petals
61. Pelargonium Heterophyllum ; Various-leaved Crane's very blunt, uniformly red purple, spreading very much above
Stemless root rapaceous, simple ; leaves ternate and the claws, the two
Bill. :
upper ones very wide, and roundish, the
smooth, ciliate leaflets often lobed five filamenta other three oblong.
entire, ; ; It flowers in
March, and the following
fertile petals wedge-shaped, springing from a long upright
;
months.
claw, turned back at top, blunt, twice as long as the calix, 69. Pelargonium Buck's-horn Plantain-
Coronopifolium ;

white the two upper ones a little wider, with a long dark
;
leaved Crane's Bill. Peduncles two-flowered leaves lance- ;

blood-red spot above the claws. When bruised it has the olate, linear, toothserrate, smooth above, somewhat rough-
smell of turpentine, and flowers in March and April. Native haired underneath. Root
branching, the thickness of a reed,
of the Cape. brown, long steins few, procumbent, half a foot high, round,
;

62. Pelargonium Nervifolium Nerve-leaved Crane's Bill.

; more slender by half than a reed petals blunt,
perennial, ;

Stemless root rapaceous, simple; leaves ternate, three-lobed,

:
spreading very much, white at the claws, the rest purple ;
and entire, many-nerved, smooth, prickly, ciliate at the edge the two upper ones
; very wide, obovate, with the claw on
five filamenta fertile petals twice as long as the calix, each side produced and wedge-shaped the three lower from
;
wedge- ;

shaped, very blunt, reflex, and spreading very much, white; a narrow claw oblong. The little smell it has is unpleasant.
the two upper ones wider, with two branching red It flowers in June and There is a variety with smaller
stripes July.
arising from the base. It has a slight smell of with the claw of the two
turpentine flowers, upper petals white, and
when bruised. It flowers in March and April. Native of crowned with a deep-red band.
the Cape. 70. Pelargonium Bullatum; Bladder-leaved Crane's BM.
63. Pelargonium Longifolium ; Long-leaved Crane's Bill. Peduncles two-flowered corollas four-petalled. Stem bien-
;

Stemless root rapaceous, simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, nial leaves ternate,
pinnatifidly lobed, somewhat hispid on
: ;

smooth, the older ones often pinnate ; four filamenta fertile both sides; five filamenta fertile; root branched;
;
petals
petals wedge-shaped, blunt, half reflex, uniformly red purple; always four, very pale purple or flesh-colour, twice as long
the two upper ones a little wider. The flower-stalk is soli- as the calix; antheree scarlet;
stigma blood-red; fruit hir-
tary, three or four inches high, bearing about three unequal, sute, two inches long. It flowers in the summer, and when

downy, accompanied by a leaf or two, each rubbed has an unpleasant smell.

partial stalks,
terminating in a downy umbel of several rose-coloured flow- 71. Pelargonium Betonicum
Bctony-leaved Crane's Bill.
;

ers. It flowers in March and April. Native of the Cape. Peduncles few-flowered corollas four-petalled. Stem bien-
;

64. Pelargonium^Ciliatunf Ciliated Crane's Bill. Stem- nial ; leaves pinnatifid, lobed, somewhat
:
rough-haired ; five
less root rapaceous, subsimple ; leaves lanceolate, acute at
: filamenta fertile ; root brown, round, the thickness of a reed,
both ends, ciliate, smooth underneath, hairy above, often biennial petals wedge-shaped, blunt, spreading, flesh-co-
;

appendicled ; five filamenta fertile ; petals linear, cuneiform, loured or white, twice as long as the calix ; the two
upper
bluntish, erect at bottom, but spreading very much at top, ones much and having two branching red lines. It
larger,
twice as long as the calix, pale yellow ; the three lower flowers in summer, has but little smell, and is rough-haired
unspotted ; the two upper, above the claw to the middle of all over.
 FED OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. FED 269

72. Pelargonium Lacerum; Jagged-leaved Crane's Bill. ish ; Stem shrubby, erect, when young rug-
stipules ovate.
Peduncles five-flowered; corollas five-petalled. Stem bien- ged peduncles axillary, alternate, erect, somewhat rugged ;
;

nial, hairy ; leaves pinnate, lobed, gashed five filamenta ;

the lower often opposite to a leaf: petals blunt, spreading;
fertile; root branched; petals blunt, spreading, pale flesh- the three lower oblong, shorter, pale rose-colour; the two
colour; the two uppermost obovate, very wide, with two upper wedge-shaped, three times as wide as the lower ones,
twice as long as the calix, all over dark red, with longitu-
branching blood streaks above the claw; the three lower
ones much shorter and narrower, almost spatulate; fruit dinal bands of a much darker red. The leaves have scarcely
rough-haired; smell unpleasant. It flowers from May to July. any smell and the flowers rather a disagreeable scent. They
;

73. Pelargonium Longicaule ; Long-stalked Crane's Bill. appear in the summer.

Peduncles from one to five flowered ; corollas four-petalled, 80. Pelargonium Patulum. Peduncles two-flowered; leaves
seldom five-petalled. Stem biennial, hirsute; leaves pinnate, somewhat kidney-shaped, lobe-gashed, acutely crenate,
lobed ; seven filamenta fertile ; root branched. It resembles smooth above. Stem shrubby ; six filamenta fertile. The
the preceding very much but it very seldom has five petals,
;
stems arise from a branched root petals wedge-shaped, :

and has always seven fertile filamenta. It flowers from May blunt, pale rose-colour, spreading; the two upper ones
to July, and has an unpleasant smell. emarginate, almost twice as wide as the three others, and
74. Pelargonium Multicaule Many-stalked Crane's Bill.
; having a red band below the middle. It flowers in summer,
Peduncles five-flowered, or thereabouts corollas four-petal-
;
and has little scent.
led. Stem biennial, smooth ; leaves pinnate-lobed, smooth ;
81. Pelargonium Balsameum. Umbels few-flowered; leaves
seven filamenta fertile; root the thickness of a reed, or rather somewhat rough-haired ; lobes lanceolate, acute,
five-parted,
more, about three inches long, round, branched, pale petals ; gashed, somewhat rigid. Stem shrubby; peduncles axillary,
spreading, deep purple, with deeper purple bands above the round, somewhat rough-haired, sustaining from one to three
claw ; the two upper spatulate, subemarginate, almost twice flowers petals flesh-coloured, spreading very much ; the
:

as long as the calix ; the two lower blunt, less than half the two upper ones obovate, emarginate, or quite entire, twice
breadth, and much shorter than the others. It flowers in as wide as the three lower, which are oblong, narrow, blunt,
April and the following months, and is void of smell. quite entire ; stigma blood-red. It flowers in summer, and
75. Pelargonium Anemonaefolium; Anemone-leaved Crane's has a balsamic scent like that of Tacamahaca.
Bill. Peduncles four or five flowered ; corollas five-petalled. 82. Pelargonium Hermannifolium. Peduncles two-flow-
Stem biennial; leaves pinnate, lobed, somewhat rough-haired ered ; leaves cuneate, roundish, gashed, rough-haired, rigid,
underneath, smooth above ; seven filj^menta fertile root ;
distich ; stem shrubby ; petals white, or tinged with flesh-
round, the thickness of a reed, brownish ; petals wedge- colour, twice as long as the calix. It is easily distinguished

shaped, rose-coloured, twice as long as the calix, blunt, from the fifty-second species by having no smell, or at most
spreading; the two upper onps much wider, and marked only a very slight smell of turpentine when bruised. The
with branched blood-red lines. It flowers in the summer, leaves are larger, and it is also a hrgher plant.
and when bruised has an unpleasant balsamic smell. PelMory, Bastard. See Achillea.
76. Pelargonium Hirtum ; Rough-haired Crane's Bill. Pellitory of Spain. See Anthemis.
Umbels five-flowered, or thereabouts ; leaves tripinnate, hir- PcllitoryoftkeWall.),, D^etarta.
See P
. .

sute ; pinnules linear. Stem fleshy root round, the thick-

; Pellito/y, Common. }
ness of the little finger, half a foot long; peduncles hirsute, Peltariaa genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Sili-
;

roughish, spreading, three or four inches long, sustaining

culosa. GENERIC
CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-
from three to five flowers in an umbel ; petals spatulate, leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, erect, coloured, deciduous.
blunt, spreading, red purple; the two upper ones nearly Corolla four-petalled, cruciform
-.

petals obovate, entire, ;

twice as wide as the others, and of a deeper colour; stigma flat, with claws shorter than the calix. Stamina : filamenta
blood-red. It flowers in March and April, has but little six, awl-shaped, the two opposite ones shortest, the length of
and that the calix
smell, is
unpleasant. ; antherse simple. Pistil: germen roundish, com-
77. Pelargonium Tomentosum Crane's Bill.
; Downy pressed ;
style short
stigma simple, blunt. Pericarp : silicic
;

Umbels many-flowered, simple and compound leaves cor- ; entire, suborbiculate, compressed, flat, one-celled, not open-
date, mostly five-lobed, serrate, tomentose, very soft. Stem ing. Seed: single, (one to three, according to Gsertner,)
fleshy; root branched; peduncles terminating, solitaiy, in roundish, compressed, flat, emarginate. ESSENTIAL CHA-
pairs or threes, about three inches in length, the thickness RACTER. Silicle: entire, suborbiculate, compressed, flat,
at most of a pigeon's quill, almost erect, or spreading a not opening. The species are,
little ; petals oblong, blunt, a little longer than the calix, 1. Peltaria Alliacea; Garlic-scented Peltaria. Leaves
white with a little longitudinal red band at the claw ; the two embracing, oblong, undivided ; stalk upright, branching,
upper ones spreading very much, and three times as wide as about two feet high. White flowers terminate the stalk in the
the three lower ones, which are extended downwards. It form of umbels. It flowers m
May and is a native of stony ;

flowers in April and the following months. mountainous places in Austria. It is easily propagated
by
78. Pelargonium Ribifolium Currant-leaved Crane's Bill.
; seeds, which ripen in July, and may be sown 'in small patches
Umbels many-flowered depressed, somewhat halved; leaves
; in the borders of the
flower-garden, at the beginning of
cordate, three-lobed, serrate, somewhat hirsute; lobes lobed, April. When the plants are come up, leave four or five in
gashed. Stem fleshy; root branched ; petals blunt, snow- each patch, pulling the others out to
give these room to grow,
white, without any spot ; the two upper ones longer, three and keeping them free from weeds.
times as wide as the others, wedge-shaped, emarginate, half 2. Peltaria Capensis;
Cape Peltaria. Stem-leaves quinate-
turned back; the three lower ones sublinear, quite entire, pinnate, linear, somewhat fleshy; petals white, subemarginate,
stretched forwards. It flowers from July to August, and four times as big as the ttilix, Native of
spreading, sessile.
has a strong smell. the Cape.
79. Pelargonium Fuscatum. Umbels four-flowered ; leaves Penaea ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order
Monogy-
cordate, roundish, mostly five-lobed, acutely serrate, smooth- nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth two-leaved;

I
270 PEN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PEN
concave, equal, coloured, shorter
leaflets opposite, lanceolate, double; outer three-leaved, one-sided, caducous; leaflets
by half than the Corolla: one-
corolla, loose, deciduous. linear,acuminate inner one-leafed, five-parted, permanent
; ;

petalled, bell-shaped ; border four-cleft, spreading a little, segments lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, longer than the
much shorter than the tube ; segments sharp. Stamina : fila- corolla. Corolla: petals five, roundish, spreading, fastened
rnenta four, awl-shaped, extremely short, placed on the tube to the pitcher of the stamina. Stamina: filamenta fifteen, fili-
of the corolla between the divisions of it, upright, naked ; form, upright, shorter than the corolla, united into a pentagon
antherse upright, flattish, emarginate both ways. Pistil: pitcher, but free above; antherae sagittate, upright; ligules
germen ovate, four-cornered style four-cornered, by four
; lanceolate, petal-shaped, upright, each between
five, linear,
membranaceous longitudinal wings stigma cruciform, blunt,
;
every three stamina, springing from the pitcher. Pistil:
permanent. Pericarp: capsule four-cornered, furnished with germen ovate; style filiform, thickened above, striated,
the style, four-celled, four-valved. Seeds : in pairs, somewhat longer than the stamina, permanent; stigma obsoletely five-
oblong, blunt. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-leaved. toothed. Pericarp: capsule membranaceous, subglobular,
Corolla : bell-shaped. Style: quadrangular. Capsule: four- acuminate, five-celled, five-valved; partitions contrary. Seeds:
cornered, four-celled, eight-seeded. The plants of this genus eight, ovate, acute, four on each side, fastened withinside
are shrubs, rugged below, with the vestiges of fallen leaves ; to the partition. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: double;
leafy above ; flowers terminal or axillary, solitary or aggre- outer three-leaved inner five-parted. Stamina: fifteen, with
;

gate, red, white, or yellow. They have been little examined, five ligules, petal-shaped.
Capsule: five-celled, many-seeded.
except in dried specimens. The species are, The only known species is,
1 . Penaea Sarcocolla ; Ovate-leaved Penaa. Leaves ovate, 1. Pentapetes Phcenicea; Scarlet-flowered Pentapetes.
flat; calices ciliate, larger than the leaf; corollas blunt. An Leaves hastate, lanceolate, serrate. Stalk upright, two or
humble, branched, and bushy shrub. Native of the Cape. three feet high, sending out side-branches the whole
length ;
2. Penaea Mucronata Heart-leaved Peneea.
; Flowers those from the lower part of the stalks are the longest, the
terminating leaves acuminate, smooth style four-cornered.
; ; others gradually diminish so as to form a sort of
pyramid.
Native of the Cape. Flower monopetalous, cut into five obtuse segments almost
3. Peneea Marginata to the bottom of a fine scarlet colour, appearing in July,
Margined Pentsa. Leaves cordate,
; ;

margined ; flowers lateral. This is a stiff shrub, with the and ripening into seed in autumn. Native of India, Japan,
branches commonly in threes. Native of the Cape. China, and Cochin-china. The seeds must be sown upon a
4. Peneea Lateriflora;
Side-lowering Penaa. Leaves good hot-bed early in March, and when the plants are fit to
ovate; flowers lateral, sessile; stems red, with elongated remove, there should be a new hot-bed prepared to receive
branches. Native of the Cape. them, into which should be plunged some small pots, filled
5. Peneea Tomentosa ; Downy-leaved Peneea. Leaves with good kitchen-garden earth in each of these one plant
;

ovate, tomentosR flowers lateral.

; Native of the Cape. should be placed, giving thpm a little water to settle the
6. Pensea Fucata ; Painted Pe/twa. Leaves rhomb-ovate; earth to their mots; they must also be shaded from the sun
bractes wedge-shaped, acute, coloured; flowers pmpic. till
they have taken now root then they should be treated
;

Native of the Cape. in the same way as other tender exotic plants,
admitting the
7. Pensea Squamosa; Sealy Peneea. Leaves rhomb-wedge- free air to them every day in proportion to the warmth of the
shaped, fleshy corollas rather large, white, or yellowish.
; season, and covering the glasses with mats every evening to
Native of the Cape. keep them warm. When the plants are advanced in their
8. Penoea Fruticulosa; Shrubby Pena-a. Leaves some- growth so as to fill the pots with their roots, they should be
what oblong, blivnt bractes orbieulate, acute. This is a
; shifted into larger pots, filled with the same sort of earth as
small shrub, with round branches, at the end of which are before, and plunged into another hot-bed, where they may
the flowers. Native of the Cape. remain as long as they can stand under the glasses of the
9. Penaea Myrtoides Myrtle-leaved Pencea.
; Leaves lan- beds without being injured ; and afterwards they must be
ceolate branches upright, round, red
: flowers terminating,
; removed either info a stove or a glass-case, where they may
subsolitary.. Native of the Cape. be screened from the cold, and in warm weather have
plenty
Pennantia ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Dioecia. of fresh air admitted to them. With this management the
GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite Flower. Calix: plants will begin to flower early in. July, and there will be
none. Corolla: petals five, lanceolate, acute, spreading very a succession of flowers continued to the end of
September,
much. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, the length of the during which time they will make a good appearance. The
petals; antherae oblong, incumbent. Pistil: germen supe- seeds ripen gradually after each other in the same succession
rior, bluntly three-cornered style none; stigma flat, pcltated, as the flowers were produced, so that they should be
;
gathered
subtrilobate. Pericarp : three-sided, two-celled. Seed : soli- as soon as their capsules begin to open at the These
top.
tary, subtriquetrous. Mule Flower. Calix and Corolla : as plants are sometimes turned out of the pots when they are
above. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, twice as long as strong, and planted in warm borders ; where, if the season
the petals ; antherae ovate, incumbent. ESSENTIAL CHA- prove very warm, the plants will flower pretty well, but in
RACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: five-petalled. Stamina: that case they seldom perfect their seeds.
five. Pericarp : three-sided, two-celled, with solitary sub- Penthorum; a genus of the class Decandria, order Pen-
triquetrous seeds. The only known species is, tagynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth one-
1. Pennantia Corymbosa. A tree or shrub, with round leafed, five or ten cleft, acute, permanent.
:
petals Corolla
leafy branches, dotted, and somewhat downy when young. often five (seldom more,) linear,
very small, between the
Native of New Zealand. segments of the calix. Stamina: filamenta ten, bristle-shaped,
Penny Grass. See Rhinanthus. equal, twice as long as the calix, permanent; antheree
Pennyroyal. See Mentha Pulegium. roundish, deciduous. Pistil : germen coloured, ending in
Pennywort, Marsh and Water. See Hydrocotyle. five conical upright styles, the same length with the stamina,
Pentapetes; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order and distant; stigmas blunt. Pericarp : capsule simple, five-
Dodecandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth cleft, with conical distant angles, five-celled. Seeds: nume-.
 PEP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PER 271

rous, very small, a little compressed. Observe. It differs third. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: bell-shaped, with
from Sedum in having no nectaries. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- a twelve-cleft mouth. Petals : six, inserted into the calix,
TER. Calix : five or ten-cleft. Petals: none, or five. or none. Capsule : two-celled. The species are,
1. Peplis Portula; Water Purslane. Flowers axillary,
Capsule: five-cusped, five-celled; according to Gartner,
The solitary; leaves stalked. This is an annual creeping plant;
compound, five-beaked. species are,
1. Penthorum Sedoides ; American Penthorum. Leaves stems numerous, branched, dichotomous, from half a foot
stalks about a foot high ; flowers alter- or a span to a foot in length, angular, jointed, of a reddish
oblong, alternate ;

nate, pedicelled, ascending. Biennial. Native of Virginia. colour; flowers very small, solitary, reddish, opposite, sessile.
It flowers at the end of July, and ripens seed in autumn. It flowers from July to September. Native of many parts of
2. Stem simple, cylindrical; leaves
Penthorum Chinense. Europe, in bogs, marshes, ditches, and especially where
water has stagnated in winter and becomes dry in summer.
elongate-linear-lanceolate, subpetiolate, unequally serrated ;

This plant 2. Peplis Tetrandra. Flowers one-petallled, four-stamined.

spikes cymose, terminal ; seeds ovate, like horn.
was brought into England from China by Sir George Staun- Annual.- Native of the West Indies, in dry shady places at
ton and described, as above, by Frederick Pursh.
;
the foot of mountains an.d trees.
Pentstemon; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio- 3. Peplis Americana. Flowers axillary, solitary; leaves
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- thick, spathulate-obovate; flowers without petals. This plant
is inundated
leafed, five-parted, permanent; segments lanceolate, almost during its flowering time in slow-flowing places
equal. Corolla: one-petalled, two-lipped; tube longer than of rivers, in Pennsylvania. The flowers are so diminutive,
the calix, gibbous above at the base, wider at top, and that to examine them it requires a strong microscope.
ventricose underneath upper lip upright, in two ovate obtuse
; Pepper. See Piper.
segments lower lip longest, three-parted the segments
; ; Pepper Grass. See Pilularia.
ovate, blunt, bent down, shorter than the tube. Stamina : Pepper, Guinea. See Capsicum.
filamenta four, filiform, diverging at the tip, inserted into the Pepper Mint. See Mentka.
base of the tube, and shorter than it, the two lower longer ; Pepperwort. See Lepidium.
antherae roundish, distant, included, bifid, with the lobes Perdicium ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
divaricating. The rudiment of a fifth tilamentum, between gamia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: com-
the upper ones, is inserted into the tube, the same length with mon, oblong, imbricate, rayed corollets hermaphrodite in
;

the stamina, filiform, straight, bearded above at the tip. the disk, female in the ray proper of the hermaphrodite
:

Pistil: germen ovate; style filiform, the length of the tube, tubular, semibifid inner lip two-parted, acuminate, equal,
;

bent down at the tip ; stigma truncate. Pericarp : capsule outer semitrifid, linear, equal ; of the female linear,
ligulate,
ovate, acute, compressed, two-celled, two-valved. Seeds : three-toothed, two-toothed within at the base. Stamina:
ESSENTIAL in the
numerous, subglobular. Receptacle : large. hermaphrodites ; filamenta five, short ; antherse cylin-
CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: bilabiate, ven- dric, tubular, five-toothed. Pistil : in the hermaphrodites ;
tricose. Rudiment of a fifth stamen, bearded above. Cap- germen small ; style simple ; stigma bifid, blunt in the :

sule : two-celled.The species are, females, style semibifid ; stigmas blunt. Pericarp : none.
1. Pentstemon Lsevigata; Smooth Pentstemon. Stem Calix: unchanged. Seeds; solitary, obovate ; down capil-
smooth barren filamentum bearded above. Root perennial,
; lary, sessile, very copious, the length of the calix, fastigiate.
creeping, fibrous, white flowering branches in a manner
; Receptacle: naked. Observe. The flower resembles a semi-
dichotomous, with the flowers two together corolla pale ;
floscular corolla, though it is
really rayed. The character
taken from the first species, which is
purple, somewhat hirsute on the outside. Native of North is
very distinct in the
America. This plant may be increased by sowing the seeds genus. The second species agrees with the genus in its bila-
either in the autumn or early in spring the places where biate capsules, but differs in the whole habit. The third
they are to remain, or in beds, to be removed in the begin- species has subradiate flowers, and hermaphrodite bilabiate
ning of summer to the borders or clumps of the pleasure florets in the disk and ray. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corol-
ground. kts: bilabiate. Down :
simple. Receptacle: naked. The
2. Pentstemon Pubescens ; Hairy Pentstemon. Stems species are,
1. Perdicium Semiflosculare. Flower semifloscular; scape
pubescent barren filamentum bearded from the tip below
;

the middle. See Chelone. one-flowered, naked ; root fibrous ; down simple. Native of
3. Pentstemon Frutescens. Stem fruticose ; branches an- the Cape.

gled, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, sessile, slightly glabrous; Perdicium Radiale. Flowers subradiate; outer calix
2.
racemes terminal, subcorymbose filament sterile, longitudi-
; four-leaved stem shrubby flowers few, yellow. Browne,
; ;

nally bearded; flowers purple. This small shrub was found who calls it the Shrubby Trixis, says, that this little shrub is
by Lewis on the north-west coast of America, and somethnes very common in the savannas about Kingston, Jamaica, and
attains to more than a foot in height. seldom rises above four or five feet in height. The common
Peony, or Piony. See Paeonia. receptacles are disposed at the extremities of the branches,
Peplis; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogy- and the outer divisions of the flowers grow gradually smaller,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: bell-shaped, perma- and curl more downwards as they approach the centre ; which
nent, very large, with the mouth twelve-cleft ; toothlets gives the whole at first sight somewhat the appearance of a
alternate, reflex. Corolla: petals six, ovate, very small, radiated flower.
inserted into the throat of the calix. Stamina: filamenta six, 3. Perdicium Brasiliense. Flowers subradiate calices ;

awl-shaped, short; antheiae roundish. Pistil: germen oval; simple. Stem herbaceous root-leaves lanceolate, ovate,
;

style very short ; stigma orbiculate. Pericarp :

capsule repand-toothed, subpubescent, viscid ; flowers at the top of
superior, cordate, two-celled ; partition opposite. Seeds : the stem naked, several ; corolla Native of Brazil.
yellow.
4. Perdicium
very many, three-sided, very small. Observe. In many florets Magellanicum. Leaves' runcinate; stem
on the same plant the corolla is entirely wanting. In the two-leaved, simple, one-flowered ; flower white, rayed. This
second species the parts of fructification are less by one pretty little plant is a native of Terra del Fuego.
VOL. ii. 88. 3 Z
272 PER THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PER
5. Perdicium Tomentosum. Leaves lyrate, tomentose plant has a strong balmy fragrance. Native of the East
underneath. This is a small, stemless, herbaceous plant. Indies.
It flowers in April and May. Native of Japan. Periploca; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy-
6. Perdicium Laevigatum. Stem rather shrubby; leaves nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-cleft,
stalked, lanceolate, entire, fringed; flower-stalks terminal, very small ; segments ovate, permanent. Corolla : one-petal-
mostly in pairs. Native of Porto Bello. led,wheel-shaped, five-parted segments oblong, linear, trun-
;

Pergularia; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy- cated, emarginate ; nectary very small, five-cleft, surround-
nia, or rather Gynandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: ing the genitals, putting out five threads, curved inwards,
perianth one-leafed, five-cleft, upright, acute, permanent. shorter than the corolla, and alternate with it. Stamina :
Corolla: one-petalled, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, longer filamenta short, curved inwards, converging, villose; antheree
than the calix; border five-parted, flat, with oblong segments; twin, acuminate, converging over the stigma, with lateral
nectaries five, semi sagittate, erect, compressed, attenuated
.
cells; pollen-bags five at the notches of the stigma, each
into a dagger point, curved inwards, with a nodding tooth common to two antheree. Pistil: germina two, ovate, approxi-
at the outer base. Stamina : filamenta not ascertained ; mating ;
styles uniting at top ; stigma capitate, convex,
antheroe two to each gland, curved upwards, divaricating, five-cornered, with the corners notched. Pericarp : follicles
obovate, pellucid, yellow, with scarcely any discernible two, large, oblong, ventricose, one-celled, one-valved, glued
pollen; tubercles (glands) five, immersed in the stigma. together at the tip. Seeds : very many, imbricated, crowned
Pistil; germina two, ovate, acuminate; styles none, (two, with a down. Receptacle : longitudinal, filiform. Observe.
villose ; stigmas obsolete, according to The character is taken from the first species. ESSENTIAL
very short, united,
Smith.) Pericarp: follicles two. Seed: not ascertained. CHARACTER. Nectary: encircling the genitals, and putting
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Contorted. Nectary: surround- forth five threads. The species are,
ing the genitals with five sagittated cups. Corolla: salver- Periploca Grseca ; Common Periploca.
1. Flowers inter-
shaped. The species are, nally hirsute, terminating leaves ovate, acute.
; Stems
1. Pergularia Glabra; Smooth Pergularia. Leaves ovate, shrubby, twining round any support, more than forty feet in
acute, smooth stem shrubby ; peduncles axillary, subdi-
; height, covered with a dark bark, and sending out slender
vided, alternate. Native of the East Indies. branches, which twine round each other. The flowers come
2. Pergularia Edulis ; Eatable Pergularia. Leaves ovate, out towards the ends of the small branches in bunches, and
acuminate, smooth ; stem herbaceous. Native of the Cape. are of a purple colour. It flowers in
July and August, but
3. Pergularia Odoratissima ; Sweet-scented.
Pergularia, or rarely ripens seed in England. Native of hedges and thickets
Chinese Creeper. Leaves heart-shaped, nearly smooth ; nec- in the Levant. This is easily propagated by laying down
tary and genitals shorter than the tube of the corolla ; stigma the branches, which will put out roots in one year, and may
conical, obtuse. Root branching, much spreading, whitish ; then be cut from the old plant, and planted where they are
stem shrubby, twining, branched, round flowers the size
;
to remaia. These may be transplanted either in autumn
of the Primrose, pale yellowish green, with a sweet lemon- when the leaves begin to fall, or in the spring before they
like smell, especially in the
evening. There is a variety of begin to shoot, and must be planted where they may have
this with somewhat rounder leaves, and more flowers.
tawny support ; otherwise they will trail on the ground, and fasten
It is cultivated for its
agreeable fragrance in the gardens of themselves about whatever plants are near them.
the East Indies. Its native place is uncertain. It thrives 2. Periploca Secamone ; Green Periploca. Flowers inter-
either in, a stove or warm conservatory, flowering throughout nally hirsute, panicled ; leaves lanceolate, elliptic ; flowers
the summer and autumn. small. Said to be a native ofEgypt, but U is uncertain.
4. Pergularia Purpurea; Purple Pergularia. Leaves 3. Periploca Leevigata Smooth Periploca.
;
Corollas
heart-shaped, smooth segments of the corolla linear, oblong,
; smooth, with blunt segments cymes trichotomous leaves ; ;

smooth ; umbels proliferous ; branches twining, slender, ash- oblong, lanceolate, veined, even. Stem smooth corolla ;

coloured, appearing villose when examined by a glass. greenish yellow within. Native of the Canary Islands.
Native of the East Indies and of China. 4. Periploca Angustifolia Narrow-leaved Periploca. Co-
;

5. Pergularia Japonica. Leaves heart-shaped, smooth; rollas smooth segments emarginate cymes trichotomous ;
; ;

segments of the corolla ovate, villose within umbels simple.

;
leaves lanceolate, vetnless, even. Stem smooth ; segments
Stem twining, round, smooth, simple flowers axillary pedun-
; ;
of the corolla more produced on one side, purple, within the
cles erect. Native of Japan, where it flowers in August. edges pale yellow, with a whitish subtomentose dot toward
Perilla; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno- the middle. Native of various parts near the Mediterranean,
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one- as on Mount Shibel Ischel in the territories of Tunis.
leafed, upright, half five-cleft; segments equal, the upper- 5. Periploca Esculenta; Esculent Periploca. Corollas
most very short, permanent. Corolla : onc-petalled, irregu- smooth, wheel-shaped ; racemes axillary ; leaves linear-lan-
lar, four-cleft ; upper emarginate ; lateral ones
segment ceolate, veined. Root stems and branches
filiform, fibrous;
spreading lowest longer, blunt.
; Stamina : filamenta four, numerous, twining, round, smooth, running over bushes of
simple, distant,shorter than the corolla ; antherae bifid. considerable size flowers large, beautiful white, with a small
;

Pistil: germina four; styles two, filiform, connected, the tinge of the Rose, and striated with purple veins, inodorous.
length of the stamina; stigmas simple. Pericarp: calix Native of the East Indies, where it grows in hedges and
unchanged. Seeds: four. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: among bushes, on the banks of water-courses, pools, &c.
short. Stamina : distant. casts its leaves during the dry season, and is in flower and
uppermost segment very Styles :
two, connected. The
species are, foliage during the rainy season. Cattle eat it. From its
1. Perilla Ocymoides. Leaves ovate, almost naked, ser- elegant flowers, it deserves to be introduced into the flower-
rate, on petioles the length of the leaves ; racemes lateral, garden.
and terminating, rough-haired, flowers small, white, 6. Periploca Emetica; Emetic Periploca. Corollas smooth;
upright;
vein-
solitary, or by threes, rough-haired in the calix, with corymbs few-flowered, axillary; leaves linear-lanceolate,
leafy bractes longer than the flower. Annual. The whole less. Stem shrubby, with diffused rod-like even branches.
 PER OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PET 273

East flowers in August and September.

Thunberg says, the root is used as an emetic
in the thin. It Native of the
where it is found growing at the foot of mountains. East Indies.
Indies,
7. Periploca Indica; Indian Periploca. Spikes axillary, 2. Perotis
Polystachya. Culm branching ; leaves flat ;
imbricated ; leaves elliptic, obtuse, mucronate. Stem smooth. joints bearded. Native of the East Indies.
Native of Ceylon. Persian Lily. See Fritillaria.
8. Periploca Capsularis ; New Zealand Periploca. Leaves Persoonii; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
lanceolate, quite entire, opposite ; cymes axillary, diffused. gynia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: none. Petals:
Native of New Zealand. four, staminiferous towards the base; glands four at the
9. Periploca Africana African Periploca.
;
Leaves ovate, base of the germen. Stigma: blunt. Drupe: one-seeded.
acute; flowers corymbed; stem hirsute. This has many Observe. This genus differs from Loranthus, to which it is
slender stalks which twine about each other, and by a shrub nearly allied, in the number of parts, and in the want of a
or other support will rise nearly three feet high, putting out calix. It consists of subvimineous shrubs leaves commonly
;

several small side-branches ; these are hairy, as are also the alternate, without stipules ; corolla smooth within ; antherae
leaves. The flowers come out in small bunches from the linear, finally bent back ; style permanent, smooth ; drupe
eatable in most ; flowers yellow.
side of the they are small, of a dull purple colour,
stalks ; Twenty-two species are
and have a sweet It flowers in the summer, but does
scent. known, all natives of New Holland.
not produce seeds here. Native of the Cape. If sheltered Ferula ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Polyandria.
under a common frame or green-house during winter, and GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth two-,
removed abroad with other hardy exotic plants in sum- leaved, very small ; leaflets opposite, oblong, somewhat con-
mer, they will thrive, and flower very well ; but as all the cave, spreading, the upper ones twice as big as the other.
a milky juice, so they should not Corolla: petal one, semiglobular-concave, hanging down,
plants of this genus have
have much wet, especially in cold weather, lest it rot them. heart-shaped at the base, scarcely emarginate at the tip;
They are easily propagated by laying down their branches, nectary membranes multifid, somewhat plaited, erect, inserted
which in one year will have roots enough to transplant; into the receptacle between the two rows of the stamina.
these should be planted in a light sandy loam, not rich ; Stamina: filamenta very many, (twenty-four to thirty,^ set
and the pots must not be too large, for they will never thrive transversely in a double vow, thick, upright, the height of
when overpotted. the nectary ; antherse thickish, four-cornered,
oblong, blunt,
10. Periploca Tunicata. Leaves oblong-heart-shaped, upright, raised above the nectary. Pistil: germina four,
acuminate; flowers umbelled; stem twining, even. Imported barren, very small, subglobular, very shortly pedicelled,
from Tranquebar. placed at the angles of the receptacle above the nectary ;
1

11. Periploca Sylvestris. Leaves roundish-ovate, netted- style very short, upright ; stigmas three, with segments pel-
veined, pubescent underneath flowers umbelled.
; Stems tate, standing out at the tips. Female, on a distinct tree.
shrubby, tomentose. Native of the East Indies. Calix : as in the male, deciduous. Corollas : as in the male;
12. Periploca Oochin-chinensis. Stem arboreous leaves ; nectary as in the male, with the membranes approximating,'
fleshy ; racemes terminating flowers bluish white, on short
;
somewhat inflated, filling the disk of the receptacle. Pistil :
racemes. It is a middling-sized tree, with spreading branches. germina four, fertile, inserted into the receptacle, as in the
Native of Cochin-china and Bengal. male, a little larger, shortly pedicelled; style to each, upright,
13. Periploca Fruticosa. Leaves oblong-cordate, pubes- short, three-cornered; stigmas as in the male. Pericarp:
cent; flowers axillary; stem shrubby, climbing. The flowers capsule obovate, subtrigonal, hanging down from the elon-
come out in small bunches from the wings of the leaves, they gated pedicel, three-celled, three-valved ; valves bifid, at
are small, white, and of an open bell-shape, and are suc- length two-parted. Seeds: solitary, obovate, truncated,
ceeded by swelling taper pods, filled with seeds crowned smooth, small. Observe. The calix is rather a double bracte.
with long feathery down. Native of Vera Cruz. It is tender, The corolla before it unfolds is globular, with a longitudinal
and will not thrive in England, unless the plants are placed suture ; when that opens, the original or proper orifice be-
in a warm stove. They may be propagated by laying down comes transverse, the receptacle almost prominent beyond
their branches ; or from seeds, when they can be procured the corolla, and the flower hangs down from the nodding
from the places where they naturally grow. These should apex of the incurvated peduncle. The only species is,
be sown upon a good hot-bed, and when the plants come up 1. Ferula Arborea. Native of New Granada, about Mari-
they must be treated like other tender exotic plants. quita.
Periwinkle. See Vinca. Peruvian Mastick Tree. See Schinus.
Perolis ;a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia. Pelaloma ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume two, equal, acute, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
awned valves, containing a single flower. Corolla: two goblet-shaped, five-toothed, superior, permanent; teeth sharp,
minute, awnless, membranaceous valves, much shorter than almost upright. Corolla : petals five, oblong, spreading,
the calix ; nectary two minute scales at the base of the ger- each inserted by the claw between the teeth of the calix,
men. Stamina filamenta three, capillary ; antherae oblong.
: deciduous. Stamina: filamenta ten, placed on the margin
Pistil : germen superior, oblong; styles two, capillary, shorter of the calix, longer than the corolla; antherae oblong, incum-
than the corolla; stigmas feathered, divaricating. Pericarp: bent. Pistil: germen ovate, in the bottom of the calix ;
none, except the closed permanent calix. Seed: one, linear- style long, awl-shaped ; stigma simple, acute. Pericarp :
oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two equal awned berry globular, fleshy, crowned with the calix, one-celled.
valves. Corolla: two minute awnless valves. Style: deeply Seeds: solitary, or in fours, angular on one side, convex on
divided. The species are, the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix; goblet-shaped,
1. Perotis Latifolia. Culm simple; leaves waved; joints five-toothed. Petals: five, inserted between the teeth of the
smooth ; sheath half an inch or more in length, whitish, calix. Stamina: on the margin of the calix. Berry: one-
especially towards its origin, ending
in a scarcely visible celled. The species are,
whitish ligule ; spike a hand or half a foot in length, very 1. Petaloma Myrtilloides. Peduncles solitary, one-flow-
274 PET THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PET
ered leaves subsessile, ovate, attenuated, oblique at the
;
which must be sown on a hot-bed early in the spring. When
base. Trunk straight, twenty feet high, no thicker than the they appear, transplant each into a separate pot, and plunge
human leg ; bark almost smooth, gray, with some very white the pots into a moderate hot-bed. When the plants have
whence its name of Silver Wood. The wood is hard, obtained a good share of strength, inure them by degrees to
tts,
gh, heavy, and good for looms, handles, staves for oars, the open air, into which remove them towards the end of
or scouring rods for guns. Native of Jamaica, and other June, placing them in a warm situation, where they may
parts of the West Indies. remain till autumn, when they should be placed in the stove
2. Petaloma Mouriri. Peduncles corymbed, axillary; during winter, and have a moderate degree of warmth. They
This will produce flowers and seeds
leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate ; berries seeded. is a every summer, and continue
tree, from thirty to forty feet in height, and a foot and half several years constantly remaining green throughout the
in diameter, with a grayish bark, and a whitish, hard, com- year. The species are,
Native of Guiana, in the forests bordering on 1 . Petiveria Alliacea ; Common Guinea-hen Weed. Flowers
pact wood.
the river Sinemari, flowering in November, and fruiting in six-stamined. Root strong, striking deep into the ground ;

January. Named by the natives Mouririckira. stems from two to three feet high, jointed, and becoming
Petesia; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia. woody at the bottom. It is a common plant in most of the
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, bell- islands of the West Indies, where it grows in
shady woods,
shaped, superior, with the mouth toothed. Corolla: one- and all the savannas, in such plenty as to become a trouble-
petalled, funnel-form tube cylindrical, longer than the
; some weed. As this plant will endure much drought, it
calix border four-parted; lobes rounded, blunt. Stamina:
; remains green when others are burnt up; the cattle then
filamenta four, awl-shaped, the length of the tube ; antherse feed on it, and it gives their milk the taste of garlic, to which
somewhat oblong. Pistil: inferior the specific name alludes; their flesh also becomes
germen ; style filiform; intolerably
stigma bifid, acute.
Pericarp berry :
globular, crowned,
rank. Browne informs us, that it is very common in all the
two-celled. Seeds: very many, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHA- lower lands of Jamaica, and is so remarkably acrid, as to
RACTER. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; stigma bifid. render the smell and taste hardly tolerable. On a
chewing
Berry : many-seeded. The species are, of the plant, it burns the mouth, and leaves the tongue
little

1. Petesia
Stipularis. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tomentose black, dry, and rough, as it appears in a malignant fever.
underneath; flowers in lateral thyrses. This shrub is a native however thought to be liked by Guinea-hens, and hence
It is
of Jamaica. its name
of Guinea-hen Weed. It thrives most in a
dry soil
2. Petesia Carnea. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, even ; and a gravelly situation, and flowers in June.
flowers in terminating trifid cymes. Native of the island of 2. Petiveria Octandra Dwarf Guinea-hen Weed. Flowers
;

Namoka in the Great Southern Ocean. eight-stamined. This is very like the first, but differs in
3. Petesia Tomentosa. Leaves oblong, tomentose on both having a shorter and narrower stalk, and in the flowers hav-
sides. Native of the woods of New Spain. ing eight stamina. Jacquin describes it as a shrubby plant,
Petitia ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia. smelling strong of garlic. Native of the West Indies.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, small, Petrea; a genus of the class Didynamia, 'order Angio-
upright, four-toothed, inferior, permanent. Corolla: one- spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
petalled; tube cylindrical, upright, long; border four-cleft; leafed, bell-shaped border five-parted, spreading, very large,
;

segments ovate, acute, flat, reflex, half the length of the coloured, permanent segments oblong, blunt, closed at the
;

tube. Stamina: filamenta four, awl-shaped, very short, in throat by five double abrupt scales. Corolla: one-petalled,
the upper part of the tube; anthers Pistil: ger- wheel-shaped, unequal, less than the calix; tube very short;
upright.
meu routidish, superior: style awl-shaped, upright, the length border flat, five-cleft; segments rounded, almost equal,
of the stamina ; stigma simple. Pericarp: drupe roundish. spreading very much; the middle one larger, and of a
Seed: nut ovate, blunt, two-celled; kernels solitary, oblong. different colour. Stamina: filamenta four, concealed* within
Observe. Flowers often three-stamined, with the calix and the tube of the corolla, ascending, two shorter; antherse
corolla trifid. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-toothed, oval, erect. Pistil : germen ovate ;
style simple, the length
of the stamina ; stigma blunt.
inferior. Corolla: four-parted. Drupe: with a two-celled Pericarp: capsule obovate,
nut. The only known species is, flat at top, two-celled, concealed at the bottom of the calix.
1. Petitia
Domingensis. This is a small tree, with four- Seed: single, fleshy. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-
cornered striated branches; flowers numerous, white. Native parted, very large, coloured. Corolla: wheel-shaped. Cap-
of the woods of the island of St. Domingo. sule: two-celled at the bottom of the calix. Seeds: solitary.
Petiveria ; a genus of the class Hexandria, or, according The only known species is,
to Swartz, of the class Heptandria, order Monogynia. 1. Petrea Volubilis. with a woody stalk, to the
It rises
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leaved ; leaf- height of fifteen or sixteen feet, covered with a light gray
lets linear, blunt, equal, spreading, permanent. Corolla: bark, and sending out several long branches, having a whiter
none, except the coloured calix. Stamina : filamenta six bark than the stem the flowers are produced at the ends of
;

to eight, unequal, awl-shaped, converging; antherse erect, the branches in loose bunches, nine or ten inches
long;
linear, sagittate, bifid at top. Pistil: germen ovate, com- each flower upon a slender pedicel, about an inch in length.
Dr. Houston found a
pressed, ernarginate ; style very short, lateral, in the groove variety of this with blue petals, of the
of the germen stigma pencil-shaped.
;
Pericarp : none, same bright colour with the calix, and making a fine appear-
except the crust of the seed. Seed: single, oblong, narrower ance, each branch being terminated by a long string of these
below, roundish, compressed, ernarginate, with four barbed flowers, whence he has ranked it in the first class of beautiful
hooks, bent back outwards, rigid, acute, the middle ones American Trees. It is propagated by seeds, which must be
longer; Gsertner says naked, but armed above with reflex obtained from the places where the trees grow naturally, and
spines. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-leaved. Co- very few of them are good. They must be sown in a good
rolla: none. Seed: one, with reflex awns at top. These hot-bed ; and when the plants come up, they should be each
plants may be increased by slips or cuttings as well as seeds ; planted in a separate small pot, filled with light loamy earth,
 PEU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PEU 275

and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, and afterwards fillets, as in the Parsnep. The
root has a strong fetid smell,

placed in the bark-bed

in the stove, where they should con- and an acrid bitterish Wounded in the spring,
unctuous taste.
remain, and be treated like other plants from the same it
yields a considerable quantity of yellow juice, which dries
stantly
into a gummy resin, and retains the strong scent of the root.
country.
Petrocarya; a genus of the class Heptandria, order Mono- Its virtues have not been properly ascertained. There is a
gynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one leafed, variety called Italian Sulphurwort, which is a much larger
,-urbinate, five-cleft; segments ovate, acute, rigid, spreading, plant; the leaflets are also much longer, and the flowers and
It grows on the mountains, and also in the low
(the two upper ones more erect;)
leaflets two, oblong, con- seeds bigger.
cave at the base of the perianth. Corolla : petals five, ovate, vallies, by the side of rivers in Italy. The Common Sulphur-
acute, unequal, less than the teeth of the calix, and inserted wort is a native of the most southern parts of Europe, in
into it between the segments. Stamina: filamenta fourteen, moist meadows. Gerarde found it growing very plentifully,
than the teeth of the calix, inserted into the on the south side of a wood belonging to Waltham, at the
capillary, longer
edge of it below the petals; seven antheriferous, the other Nase, in Essex; also at Whitstable and Feversham, in Kent.
seven in the opposite part of the calix, barren antheree seven,
;
Ray observed it near Shoreham, in Sussex; and adds, that it
roundish, gaping inwardly. Pistil: germen ovate, villose ; was said to grow abundantly on the banks of the Thames,
style cylindrical,
curved in, villose, longer than the stamina; and in the marsh-ditches near Walton, not far from Harwich.
It has been more recently observed near Feversham, and near
stigma capitate. Pericarp: drupe large, ovate, compressed,
fleshy, fibrous, one-celled. Seed: nut ovate, compressed, si- Yarmouth and Clay, in Norfolk.
nuous-wrinkled, longitudinally tubercled; shell thick, very 2. PeucedanumAlpestre; Alpine Sulphurwort. Leaflets
hard, two-celled ; kernels oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. linear, branched
roots perennial.
; Stems round, not so
Calix : turbinate, five-cleft, with two bractes at the base. Co- deeply channelled as in the preceding, sustaining a large
rolla: five-petalled, less than the calix. Filamenta: four- umbel of yellow flowers. It flowers in June, and the seeds
teen, seven of which are barren. Drupe: inclosing a two- ripen in September. Native of the forest of Fontainbleau,
celled nut, with a stony cell. The species are, and some other parts of France ; also of Germany.
1. Petrocarya Montana. Leaves ovate. This is a tree, 3. Peucedanum Capillaceum; Hairy-leaved Sulphurwort.
with a trunk twenty-four feet high, dividing at the top into Leaves bipinnate; segments capillaceous, grooved. Native
very thick, wide, spreading branches ; the ramulets, or smaller of the Cape of Good Hope.
branches, being villose, or reddish. The flowers are white ; 4. Peucedanum Tenuifolium; Fine-leaved Sulphurwort.
the drupe smooth, and fulvous, four inches long, with a thick Leaves bipinnatifid; segments lanceolate, opposite and al-
acid bark; and the nut or kernel, in each loculament of the ternate, margined. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.-
putamen, is sweet and edible. Native of the woods of 5. Peucedanum Sibiricum;Siberian Sulphurwort. Leaf-
Guiana. lets linear,acute ; primordial umbels sessile. It has no uni-
2. Petrocarya Campestris. Leaves cordate. This tree has versal involucre. Native of Siberia.
a trunk from thirty to forty feet high, branching at top; 6. Peucedanum Japonicum; Japanese Sulphurwort. Leaves
flowers racemose, axillary, terminal, and resembling those of five times three-parted; leaflets wedge-form, trifid. Stem
the preceding species. Native of the woods of Guiana. round, flexible, upright, branched, the thickness of a goose-
Petty-Whin. See Genista. quill, scarcely a foot high. Native of the coast of Japan.
Peucedanum; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy- 7. Peucedanum Silaus; Meadow Sulphurwort, or Saxi-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel universal mani- frage. Leaflets pinnatifid ; segments opposite ; universal
fold, very long, slender ; partial spreading; involucres uni- involucre two-leaved. Root perennial, long, wrinkled, black
versal many-leaved, linear, small, reflex ; partial less ; peri- on the outside, white within, having a sweet aromatic flavour,
anth proper, five-toothed, very small. Corolla: universal with some sharpness stems several, from two to three feet
;

uniform ; florets of the disk abortive ; partial of five, equal, in height, almost as thick as the little finger at bottom, round,

oblong, incurved, entire petals. Stamina: filamenta five, striated, full of pith, red near the ground, branched from the
capillary; antherse simple. Pistil: germen, oblong, inferior; bottom, the branchlets coming out at long intervals from the
styles two, small; stigmas obtuse. Pericarp: none; fruit, axils of the leaves ; flowers greenish-white, and are generally
ovate, girt with a wing, striated on both sides, bipartile. all fertile, but some of the central ones are sometimes barren.
Seeds: two, ovate, oblong, compressed, more convex on one The whole plant has a strong, but not unpleasant smell, ap-
side, with three rais'ed streaks, girt with a wide entire mem- proaching to that of Parsneps. Native of many parts of
brane emarginate at top. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fruit: Europe, as Switzerland, France, Germany, England, &c. in
;

ovate, striated on both sides, girt with a membrane. Invo- moist meadows. It flowers in August.
lucres: very short. These plants are propagated by seeds 8. Peucedanum Alsaticum; Small-headed Sulphurwort.
sown in the autumn, soon after they are ripe, those which are Leaflets pinnatifid; the little segments trifid, bluntish. Stem
sown in the spring seldom succeeding, or at best not coming upright, three or four feet in height, and sometimes as high
up till the spring following. Keep the plants clean from as a man, round, slightly striated, grooved only towards the
weeds, and in the autumn transplant them where they are to top, very smooth, tinged with red, and wholly ted at the
remain. They love a moist soil, and a shady situation, but base, jointed, dichotomous. Umbels very copious, small,
will not thrive under the drip of trees. The species are, It flowers in June and Native of Ger-
yellowish. July.
1. Peucedanum Officinale; Common
Sulphur-wort. Leaves many, Switzerland, and Italy.
five times three-parted, filiform, linear ; rqot perennial, divid- 9. Peucedanum Aureum; Golden Sulphurwort. Leaves
ing into many strong fibres which run deep into the ground; bipinnate; leaflets of the stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, of
stem upright, from two to four feet high, slightly striated, the root-leaves oblong and multifid. It is a biennial plant,
bright green, jointed, smooth; umbel large, the water rays flowering in June. Native of the Canaries.
longest ; fruit middle-sized, compressed into the shape of a 10. Peucedanum Nodosum; Knobbed Sulphurwort. Leaf-
thin lens; seeds subfoliaceous, surrounded
by a very narrow lets alternately multifid. The stalks rise a foot and a half
attenuated rim, having on the flat sides two dark ferruginous high, having
pretty large knots at the joints, from each
of

1 89. 4 A
276 PHA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHA
which springs a leaf, cut into many divisions the flowers ter-
;
scapes upright, terminated by a raceme. Flowers large and
minate the stalks in umbels, and appear in the beginning of handsome. Native of the Levant.
July. Native of Candia. 8. Phaca Incana; Hoary Bladdery Bastard Vetch. Stem-
11. Peucedanum Geniculatum; Jointed Sulphunvort. less, hoary :
fruiting calices ovate, inflated, villose ; leaflets
Leaves roundish, kidney-form, crenate. Native of New oblong, blunt ; scape a span long, round, upright. It differs
Zealand. from the preceding in its hoarinciss, the villoseness of the
Peziza; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Fungi.' fruiting calices, and in having oblong, blunt, approximating
GENERIC CHARACTER. .Fungus bell-shaped, sessile, con- leaflets ;flowers sessile, the lower ones more remote, spread-
cealing lens-shaped seed-bearing bodies plant concave
; ; ing. Native of Armenia.
seeds on the upper surface only discharged by jerks. Dr. 9. Phaca Prostrata ; Procumbent Bastard Vetch. Stem-
Withering has given a great number of British species of less : leaflets binate, linear, silky ;
scape procumbent ; calix
this Fungus Arrangement, to which the reader is re-
in his villose; teeth lanceolate, short. Found in the salt-sands,
ferred. Persoon defines 151 species of this plant, which he about the lakes of Siberia.
divides into seven sections. 10. Phaca Microphylla ; Small-leaved Bastard Vetch.
Phaca; a genus of theclass Diadelphia, order Decandria. Stemless: leaflets binate, ovate, obtuse, villose; calix muri-
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, cate and hairy teeth hispid every way corolla large, purple.
; ;

tubular, five-toothed. Corolla: papilionaceous; standard Found by Pallas in the sandy islands of Siberia.
obovate, straight, larger; wings oblong, blunt, shorter; keel 11. Phaca Muricata. Stemless: leaflets in threes or fours,
short, compressed, blunt. Stamina: filamenta diadelphous, linear, awl-shaped, muricate underneath; calix smooth; teeth
(simple and nine-cleft;) antherse roundish, ascending. Pistil: ciliate; root-leaves several, from avillose tuft,longer; corollas
germen oblong ; style awl-shaped, ascending; stigma simple. yellow. Found by Pallas in the mountainous fields of Siberia.
Pericarp: legume oblong, inflated, half two-celled, with the Phcethusa; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga-
upper suture depressed towards the lower. Seeds: several, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common
mia Superflua.
Kidney-form. Observe. The legume is straight in some, in many leaved; leaflets in a double row, oblong, gaping at the
others recurved, so that the tip almost touches the base. In tip, blunt. Corollas: compound, half-radiate; corollets her-
some species of Astragalus, the partition of the legume not maphrodite, several in the disk; females one to three in the
being fastened to the lower suture, though it approximates ray, only on one side of the flower; proper of the hermaphro-
to it, the great affinity between that genus and this is appa- dites funnel-form, five-toothed, pubescent; female ligulate,
rent. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Legume: two celled. oblong, toothed, very long. Stamina: in the hermaphro-
The plants of this genus are propagated by seeds, sown where dites; filamenta five, very short; antheree cylindrical, tubu-
they are intended to remain. They should be left about six lar, a little longer than the corolla. Pistil: in the hermaph-
feet asunder, that there may be room to dig between them rodites; germen oblone, villose; style filiform, longer than

every spring, which is all the culture they require, except the stamina; stigmas two, reflex: in the females; germen
keeping them clean from weeds. The species are, oblong, a little bigger; style filiform, the length of the her-
1. Phaca Boetica;
Hairy Bastard Vetch. Caulescent, maphrodites; stigmas two, reflex. Pericarp- none; calix
erect, hairy. Legumes round, boat-shaped; roots perennial, unchanged. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites, solitary, oblong,
running very deep into the ground; stems commonly near compressed, villose; down of two awns: in the females, very
four feet high, becoming woody, but decaying every autumn ; like the others. Receptacle: chaflfy; chaffs linear, acute,
flowers in spikes, copious, large, and handsome, pure white, longer than the calix. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
but seldom opening in England, unless the season proves subcylindric, many-leaved, with unequal recurved scales;
very warm, and never producing seeds here. Native of Spain. florets, hermaphrodite, several in the disk; females, one or
2. Phaca Alpina; Alpine Bastard Vetch. Caulescent, two in the ray. Receptacle: chaffy. Seeds: hispid, without
erect, hairy : legumes round, boat-shaped. This has smooth any proper down. The only known species is,
stalks, which do not rise so high as those of the preceding ; 1. Phaethusa Americana. Stem gigantic, eighteen feet
the flowers are smaller, the pods shorter, and hanging down. high, narrowly four-winged by the decurrent petioles; leaves
It flowers in July, in two years from the seeds, and the roots large, opposite, ovate, acuminote, triple-nerved, obsoletely

rarely live longer than three or four years. Flowers yellow. serrate, subpubescent. Pursh strongly suspects this plant
Native of Siberia, Lapland, Austria, &c. to be the same with Verbesina Siegesbeckia ; although Mi-
3. Phaca Salsula ; Salt Bastard Vetch. Caulescent, erect, chaux considers it to be different. Native of Virginia.
canescent:leaves pinnate; legumes peduncled, globular, Phalaris; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.
drooping. Native of Siberia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: double, one-flowered;
4. Phaca Sibirica. Caulescent : leaflets in fours, lanceo- outer glume two-valved, compressed; valves boat-shaped,
late, blunt, silky ; calix villose ; teeth bristle-shaped. Native compressed, keeled, acute, almost equal, with the edges
of Siberia, in very dry sand. straight, converging parallelly; inner two-valved ; valves lan-
5. Phaca Australis Trailing Bastard Vetch.
; Stem ceolate, acute, pubescent, small, incumbent on the back of
branched, prostrate leaflets lanceolate ; wings of the flowers
; the corrolla at the base. Corolla : two-valved, less than the
semibifid. Flowers white, with a purple-tipped keel. When calix; valves oblong, concave, acute, the inner smaller; nec-
young it is hirsute, but as it advances it becomes smooth, tary two-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, hyaline, gib-
and appears like a different plant. It flowers in May and bous at the base. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary; an-
June. Native of the south of Europe. theree oblong, forked. Pistil: germen ovate; styles two,
6. Phaca Trifoliata; Three-leaved Bastard Vetch. Leaves capillary, connate at the base; stigmas villose. Pericarp:
ornate, oval, blunt legumes semiorbiculate; stems filiform,
; none : the corolla grows round the seed like a crust, and does
branched. Native of China. not open. Seed : single, ovate, oblong, acuminate, smooth.
7. Phaca Vesicaria; Smooth Bladdery Bastard Vetch. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calir: two-valved, keeled, the
Stemless, smooth: fruiting calices ovate, inflated; leaflets valves equal in length, inclosing" the corolla. The species
lanceolate; root-leaves pinnate, twelve-paired, and more; are,
 PHA OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHA- 277

1 . Phalaris Canariensis ; Cultivated Canary Grass. Pani- fibrous, perennial, crowned with tuff.s of spreading glaucous
cle awnless, subovate, spike-shaped; calicine glumes boat- leaves, which endure the whole winter; culm simple, gene-
shaped, entire; corolla four-valved, outer-valves lanceolate, rally solitary,mostly leafy below, round, smooth, purple and
smooth, inner villose. Root annual; culm from a foot to shining above, from ten to eighteen inches in height. -Native
eighteen inches in height, upright, round, striated, swelling a of several parts of Europe, and Siberia. In England, it was
little at the joints, and at the lower ones often branching; first observed in Cambridgeshire ; and afterwards on
Chip-
leaves almost half an inch in breadth, of a lively green, with penham Park wall, in the same county. It flowers in J une
something of a glaucous hue. The lower part of the upper and July. Some botanists rank this and the two next spe-
leaf swells out like a spathe, completely involving and protect- cies in the genus Phleum.

ing the head of the flowers while young. It is a native of the 8. Phalaris Arenaria; Sea Canary Grass. Panicle awn-
Canary Islands; but is now found in a wild state in Britain, less, cylindrical, spike-form; calicine glumes keeled, quite
Flanders, Hesse, Silesia, France, Italy, and Spain. It has entire, ciliate ; culm branched. Root annual, fibrous, downy ;
been observed in New's-wood, adjoining to Malvern in Wor- stems several, dividing from the crown of the root, or a little
cestershire; behind the observatory at Oxford; near New- higher, as in wheat, sometimes bent in at the joints, clothed
Cross, on the Maidstone road; by Deptford creek; and in with leaves, the edge of which is a little rough, their sheaths
Charlton wood. It flowers from June to
August; and is cul- long, inflated, striated, and smooth. Native of several parts
tivated for the sake of the seeds, which are the best food of Europe. In England, it is common on sandy coasts, and
for the
Canary, and other small birds. The cultivation of in the adjoining fields: as at Yarmouth; on Newborough
this grass is chiefly confined to the isle of Thanet, where it sands; in the isle of Anglesea; on SwafFham and Newmarket
is esteemed a profitable crop ; and
may be so, where there is heaths and near Preston Pans, in Scotland.
;

water carriage to London, for there is the principal demand 9. Phalaris Aspera; Rough Canary Grass. Panicle awn-
for it. Sow the seeds thin, on drills made a foot asunder; less, cylindrical, spike-form; calicine glumes keeled, gibbous
when the plants come up, thin them where they are too close, at top ; corolla two-valved, smooth; root annual, fibrous;
so as to leave them at nearly two inches' distance in the rows. culms a span high, upright, branched, and sheathing at the
Hoe the ground three times in the intervals, to destroy the base. Native of several parts of Europe, as France, Italy,
weeds. Two gallons of seed is sufficient to sow an acre; and and Sicily. In England, it occurs on Gogmagog-hills, New-
if the seed be sown market heath, and near Bourn Bridge, in Cambridgeshire;
by a hopper, the spring of which is pro-
perly set, to let it out at equal distances, this will be the and in the meadows below King's Weston, near Bristol.
best method of cultivating Canary Grass. As this seed is a 10. Phalaris Utriculata ;
Bladdery Canary Grass. Pani-
slow grower, it is liable to be overrun with weeds, for which cle ovate, spike-form; calicine glumes boat-shaped, dilated
reason it should be sown after clover, on a gentle clay; but at the back; awn longer than the glumes; root annual,
on strong soils, a fallow is the best tilth. It is in general a fibrous; culms a foot high, several upright, decumbent be-
valuable crop ; and the chaff produces better, and a fore flowering time. It flowers in June and Native of
greater July.
quantity of horse meat, than any other. The seed should be Italy. This species should be ranked in the genus Alopecurus.
sown at the end of or beginning of March, in fur- 11. Phalaris Ppradoxa; Bristly-spiked Canary Grass. Pa-
February,
rows, twenty to the rod, and six gallons of seed to the acre. nicle awnless, oblong, spike-form; calicine glumes boat-
The land must be dunged with fifty or sixty cart loads on shaped, one-toothed; corolla two-valved, smooth; lowest
an acre. florets end-bitten; root annual, fibrous.- Native of the Le-
2. Phalaris Aquatica; Water Canary Grass. Panicle awn- vant and Barbary.
less, cylindrical,spike-shaped; calicine glumes boat-shaped, 12. Phalaris Hispida; Hairy-caliced Canary Grass. Spikes
somewhat toothletted ; corolla three-valved, inner valves vil- digitate; glumes rugged; leaves ovate ; culms capillary, de-
lose, outer minute, awl-shaped. Root annual according to cumbent, erect at top, jointed, smooth, branched, a foot high ;

Linneus perennial and bulbous, according to Desfontaines.

;
spikes from three to six. Native of Japan.
Culm reedy: from the swelling sheath of the upper leaf issues 13. Phalaris Villosa. Panicles many-flowered; flowers
one smooth, thick, spike-shaped panicle, of an oblong-ovate ovate, villose. Grows in the woods of Carolina.
form. Flowers in June and July. Native of Egypt. Phallus; a genus of Fungus. GENERIC CHARACTER.
3. Phalaris Capensis;
Cape Canary Grass. Panicle spiked, Fungus even on the under surface; a net-work of cells on the
ovate; glumes entire; culm jointed, decumbent ; annual. upper surface; seeds in the cells. The species are,
Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 1. Phallus Esculentus ; Esculent Morel. Pileus or cap
4. Phalaris Bulbosa; Bulbous Grass. Panicle ovate, cellular; stipe or stem naked, wrinkled. This- stem is
Canary
awnless, cylindrical, spike-shaped; calicine glumes boat- hollow, naked, and white, one or two inches high, and from
shaped, toothed corolla two-valved, smooth root bulbous
;
; ; half an inch to an inch in diameter. The cap is entirely
culm a foot high, swelling out at the base, commonly into united to the stem, from the size of a pigeon's to that of a
three round bulbs, one above another, the lower swan's egg; with very large cells, angular like a honey-comb;
having fili-
form fibres at the bottom. Native of Spain, the Levant, and the colour off -the cap is pale yellow, or buff when young,
Barbary; in which latter country the roots are not bulbous; but becomes brown when old. There is a variety which is
but that, in Grasses, does not make a specific distinction. small, and black, found on the sandy heaths of Norfolk. Mr.
5. Phalaris Nodosa Knobbed-rooted
;
-Canary Grass. Pani- Sowerby gathered plenty of the blackish Morels at Newington
cle oblong; leaves rigid. Native of the south of Europe. in Surry, on an old garden ground, among sugar-baker's
6. Phalaris Dentata; Tooth-keeled
Canary-Grass. Spike rubbish. It is commonly found in woods, under hedges, and

subpanicled, cylindric; glumes serrate; rulm jointed. This among bushes^ in a loamy soil, and springs up in April arfd
a handsome grass, and .very distinct from the other
species May: it hag an airreeable smell. We are informed, that
it first
sight. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Morels are observed to grow in the woods of Germany, in
7. Phalaris Phlnoides; Cats-tail the greatest plenty where rharcoal has been made.
Cdnnry Gnus. Panicle Hence,
learly cylindrical, spike-form; glumes, linear-lanceolate, the people who collected "thorn to sell, made fires in the
itnoothish, their inner margin abrupt. Stem simple; root woods with heath, broom, &c. to obtain a more plentiful

['
278 PHA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHA
crop ; until so much mischief had arisen from this practice, size of a nutmeg, of an oblong ovate shape, white, smooth,
that it was found necessary by law. According
to forbid it
gelatinous within, the inner coat cut off at top ; stalk beyond
to Mr. Sowerby, in his elaborate work on English Fungi, the the volva, an inch and half or two inches in length, the size
Morel belongs much more properly to the genus Helvella, if of a large goose-quill, round, filiform, terminating in a point
we consider its texture, duration, and qualities. It is well at bottom, cellular, somewhat transparent, of a pale orange
known, and much esteemed as an ingredient in gravies and colour, hollow within, soon becoming flaccid head sitting
;

ragouts, both recent and dried for this purpose, it may be

; on the stem, sessile, about half an inch in length, and of the
kept many months, or even years. In Great Britain, it has same diameter with the stem, oblong, a little pointed, imper-
been observed at Moor Barns, Trumpington, Triplow, &c. ; vious, and whitish at top, at first of a livid colour, and
ia Magdalen College walks, Headington Wick Coppice, and covered with a very thin shining membrane, under which is
Shotover plantations : at Stone, and Swanscomb, in Kent ; a small quantity of a greenish liquid almost without scent ;

at Boughton, Walcot, Weekly, &c. in Northamptonshire ; which being removed, the surface of the head appears of a
near Asply and Onthorp, in Nottinghamshire in Scotland, ; red colour, and transversely wrinkled, but by no means cel-
at Blair in Athol ; in the woods at Langholm in Eskdale ; lular, as in the stinking Morel. This Fungus was first dis-
and in Logton wood, near Dalkeith, &c. covered in this country in the woods and shady places near
2. Phallus Impudicus; Obscene or Stinking Morel. Pi- Shrewsbury it has also been found about Caen wood, and
;

leus or cap cellular above, even underneath, not united to about Silsoe in Bedfordshire. Curtis observes, that the
the stem ; stem perforating the pileus, and open at the end ; structure of the head by no means agrees with Linneus's
roots fibrous ; fibres large, round, white, creeping a little generic character. It differs from the
preceding species, in
under the surface, with white globules or tubercles growing having no pileus properly speaking, but the part, on the out-
to them here and there, which when full-grown project above side of which the seminal matter is lodged, forms a head,
ground, and appear in the form of eggs, a little flattened at which is only a continuation of the stalk, differing in its
the base, smooth, the size of a tennis-ball, white, and heavy. structure and colour this head has a wrinkled, not articu-
:

On the bursting of this, the stalk rises up, and is about the lated surface; within these wrinkles, which are not very
thickness of the thumb, four inches and more in height, a deep, the seminal matter is contained, and covered by a
little crooked, round, white, spongy, hollow, very light, and very thin membrane.
pointed at both ends. Cap somewhat conical, sitting loosely Pharnaceum; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Tri-
on the stalk, at first smooth, solid, olive-coloured, slippery, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
soon becoming highly fetid the cells being as yet filled with
; leaved ; leaflets subovate. concave, spreading, equal, perma-
the matter containing the seed, which flowing out, or being nent, coloured within, having a thin edge. Corolla : none ;
eaten by the flies, the outer surface appears cellular, the inner hence the edge of the calix is thin, and the inside of it is
a little wrinkled, the top as if cut off, very white, oblong, and coloured. Stamina : filamenta five, awl-shaped, the length
open. Though this Fungus is so intolerably fetid, yet in its of the calix ; antherce bifid at the base. Pistil : germ ovate,
egg state it has no offensive smell ; the o'dour resides in the three-cornered; styles three, filiform, the length of the stami-
green matter which fills the cells of the cap, and is commonly na stigmas blunt. Pericarp: capsule ovate, obsoletely three-
;

very soon devoured by flies, particularly the large blue flesh- cornered, covered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds : nume-
fly. It remains many days in the egg-state, before it bursts rous, shining, orbicular, depressed, surrounded by a sharp rim.
through its wrapper ; but this being done, the stem pushes Observe. The parts of fructification differ in the sixth species.
up with amazing rapidity, attaining the height of four or five ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-leaved. Corolla: none.
inches in a few hours. The offensive green matter, already Capsule : three-celled, many-headed. The species are,
noticed, contains the seeds, which may be seen by the as- 1. Pharnaceum Cerviana ; Umbelled Pharnaceum. Pedun-
sistance of a good microscope. Such as have courage to cles subumbelled, lateral, equalling the linear leaves.
smell this matter closely, will find it much less disagreeable Annual, flowering in June. Native of Russia and Spain.
than at a distance, for it then seems to have a slight pun- 2. Pharnaceum Lineare ; Linear-leaved Pharnaceum.
gency, like that of volatile salts. The wrapper is filled with Umbels unequal leaves linear, in remote opposition. Stem
;

a clear jelly, like the white of an egg, but stiffer; within this even, prostrate, jointed, with knobbed knots, dichotomously
is found the green matter, and within that the young plant : branched; flowers in a spurious umbel, of a tawny hue.
when it shoots up, the wrapper and the clear jelly remain at Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
the root. The disagreeable carrion-like smell of this Fungus 3. Pharnaceum Teretifolium ; Round-leaved Pharnaceum.
has occasioned it to be called Stinkhorns in some counties. Leaves filiform, mucronate umbels
; lateral. Stem erect, fru-
It nourishes not
only several species of flies, but also snails tescent. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
and slugs, which are extremely fond of the stem. In August, 4. Pharnaceum Microphyllum. Tomentose peduncles :

September, and October, it appears in woods and hedge- umbelled ; leaves ovate, roundish, obtuse, interwoven with
rows, in some places abundantly, in others but sparingly. wool ; flowers few, yellowish. Native of the Cape.
It has been found near London, about Hackney; in Coomb 5. Pharnaceum Marginatum. Leaves ovate, margined,
wood at Norwood in the closes about Streatham but more
; ; blunt; flowers axillary, sessile. Native of the Cape.
plentifully in a small fir wood on Hampstead heath. It has 6. Pharnaceum Mollugo; Bedstraw Pharnaceum. Pe-
been noticed in sandy places near Bungay in Suffolk in ; duncles one-flowered, lateral ; flowers the length of the leaves.
Kingstone woods, Oxfordshire at Silsoe and Market Street
;
Stem depressed ; root annual ; peduncles at the whorls, not at
in Bedfordshire at Middleton 'in Nottinghamshire in the
; ; the forkings of the stem, four or five, the length of the leaf,
woods of Blair, at Athol and in the sands by the sea side,
; one-flowered. The whole plant in its appearance greatly re-
on both sides of the Forth, and at Carubber bank, in Scot- sembles Illecebrum Ficoideum. Native of the East Indies
land. and Cochin-china.
Phallus Caninus ; Red-headed Morel.
3. Pileus or cap 7. Pharnaceum Glomeratum. Flowers glomerate; stem
wrinkled, red, covered with a greenish matter, conical, closed flexuose leaves linear.
; Root annual. Native of the Cape
at the end ; stem yellow, tapering at the bottom ; volra the of Good Hope.
 PHA OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHA 27J

a. Pharnaceum Serpyllifohum. Peduncles one-flowered, 2. Prrarus Ciliatus. Panicle somewhat branched ; calices
axillary leaves ovate, blunt. Stems branched, dichotomous,
; apetalous, ciliste, awwless; culms very leafy, two feet high ;
filiform, jointed, smooth peduncles lateral, capillary, the
;
leaves linear, narrow, rugged. Native of the East Indies.
of the leaves. Native of the 3. Pharus Amtatus. Panicle umbelled; calices apetal-
length Cape.
9. Pharnaceum Quadrangulare. Subfruticose leaves ous, awned, naked; culm above the water, scarcely two feet
:

linear, imbricate, in four rows. The stems are rather n height. Native of the East Indies.
shrubby, having the appearance of heath flowers white,
; Phascmn; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci.
green on the outside. Native of the Cape. > ,nrclt di ao
- GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsule: ovate, veiled, subses-
10. Pharnacfium Incanum; Hoary Pharnaceum. Com- sile, or on a short bristle, closed on erery side, sometimes
mon peduncles very long; leaves linear; stipules hairy. with the rudiment of a lid, never opening. Males: subdis-
Shrubby, with an upright proliferous stem ; branches whitish, coid, terminating, or gemmaceous, axillary. For the species,
with tunicated stipules flowers green and white.
; Native of the reader is referred to Withering''s Arrangement. They are
the Cape, and of Cochin-china. found chiefly on banks and heaths, but sometimes in bogs.
11. Pharnaceum Albens. Common peduncles very long-; Phaseolus; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-
leaves linear, without stipules. This is a little shrub with dria. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
white stems.-* Native of the Cape of Good Hope. two-lipped; upper lip emarginate; lower three-toothed. Co-
12. Pharnaceum Dichotomum ; Forked Pharnaceitm. Pe- rolla: papilionaceous; banner heart-shaped, blunt, emargi-
duncles axillary, elongated, dichotomous; leaves in whorls, j
nate, reclined, the side bent back ; wings ovate, the length
linear. Annual. Native of the Cape. of the banner, placed on long claws, keeled, narrow, rolled
13. Pharnacenm Distichum. Racemes two-parted, flexu- spirally contrary to the sun. Stamina: filamenta diadel-
ose ; leaves sublinear, pubescent flowers small ; capsule
;
phous, (simple and nine-cleft,) within the keel, spiral anthe- ;

one-celled. Native of the East Indies. rse ten, simple. Pistil: villose;
germen oblong, compressed,
14. Pharnaceum Cordifolium. Racemes two-parted, ter- style filiform, bent in spirally, pube*rent above; stigma
minating; leaves obcordate. Root fibrous ; stems herbace- blunt, thickish, villose. Pericarp: legume long, straight,
ous, a foot high, prostrate, even, knobbed at the joints ; coriaceous, blunt, with a point. Seeds: kidney-form, oblong-
branches alternate flowers white. Native of the Cape.
;
compressed. ESSP.XTIAI, CHARACTER. Keel: with the sta-
Pharus ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Hexandria. mina and styles spirally twisted. The seeds of the tenderest
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers: peduncled. Ca- which are cultivated either for curiosity or ornament,
species,
lix: glume two- valved, one-flowered; valves ovate, membra- should be sown in a moderate hot-bed in the spring and ;

naceous, coloured outer short., sharpish

;
inner twice us
; when the plants come up, they must be carefully transplant-
long, rounded at the tip. Conilla glume two-valved, longer ed into pots, filled with light fresh earth, and plunged into
:

than the calix valves equal, oblong, membranaceous, co- a hot-bed to facilitate their taking root; after which they
;

loured outer sharpish, keeled below the tip; inner emargi- should be inured to bear the open air by degrees, and may
;

nate. Stamina: filamenta six, very short, upright; antheree be Removed into it at the end of June or beginning of July,
linear, cloven at both ends, the length of the corolla. Fe- in a sheltered situation. As they advance in growth, the
male Flowers : larger, sessile, in the same panicle. Calix perennial sorts must be removed into larger pots.
: Srme
glume two-valved, one-flowered valves lanceolate, membra- that are less tender may be sown on a warm border at the
;

naceous, sharpish, nerved, almost equal. Corolla: glume end of April and when the plants run up, they must be sup-
;

two-valved, a longer; outer valve subcylindric, rigid,

little
ported. -The species are,
*
closely pubescent; end three-sided, sharp; back keeled, bent Climbing.
back, and shaved at the. base inner valve linear, very narrow,
;
1. Phasdolns Vulgar-is; Common Kidney Bean. Stem
membranaceous, with the margins folded together, the edge I

twining; flowers racemed, pairs; bractes smaller than the

in
thickened oa both sides, pubescent, with the tip cloven, the calix; legumes pendulous; leaves ternate, acuminate, rounded
same length with the outer. Pistil : gerracn linear; Style at the base, rough, on long petioles; corolla white, yeltow,
simple ; stigmas three, capillary, pubescent, prominent from purple, or red; legume oblong, swelling a little at the seeds,
the outer corolline glume. Pericarp : none ; the outer glume when ripe one-celled; seeds several, ovate or oblong, kidney -
of the corolla enlarged invests the seed, muricatcd all round shapod, smooth, and shining: they vary exceedingly in shape
with soft adhering little hooks. Seed: oblong, grooved on and size, but particularly in colour, being white, black, blue,
One side, large. Observe. Schreber could not perceive any red, and variously spotted. The varieties of this species are
nectary. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: glume two- very numerous; the principal are the small White Dwarf,
valved, one-flowered. Male Corolla: glume two-valved. the Black Dwarf or Negro, and the Liver-coloured Bean for
Female Corolla: glume one-valved, long, involving. Seed: early crops. There is also the Battersea and Canterbury,
one. The species ate, I
and the large Dutch, which last grows very tall. Also the
1. Pharus Latifolius; Wild Jamaica Oat. Panicle branch- |
Scarlet Bean, the twining stalks of which, if properly sup-
ed; calices apetalous, naked, awnless. This grass has many i
ported, will rise to the height of twelve or fourteen feet; its
filamenta, three or four inches long, with lateral fibrils unit- leaves are smaller than those of the Common Garden Bean;
ing in a roundish root; root-leaves several, encompassing
1

the flowers grow in large spikes, are much bigger, and of a

the stalk, and one another by their footstalks, which are stri-
th
deep scarlet colour, the pods arc large and rough; and the
ited, of a light brown colour, and about nine inches long;
at seeds are purple, marked with black, though sometimes pure
stalk about a foot and half high, having below two
st:
white. Native of the East Indies; but is much cultivated
very short
joints dividing at a foot from the ground into several branches, in our gardens for the use of the table: it is the young
on which are naked flowers half an inch in length, sessile, shells, or pods, that are eaten, and these are very whole
alternate. The male flowers are smaller than the females, some, but when they crow old they are apt to occasion fla-
and stand on pretty long peduncles at the back of the others. tulencies and indigestion. They are reported to be of a
-Native of the woody hills of Jamaica, where it is called diuretic nature, and to cleanse flic kidneys and ureters of
Wild Oats, and is reckoned wholesome food for cattle. gravel and sabulous concretions; but they are little regarded
89 4 B
280 PHA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHA
except for food. Propagation and Culture. The following are sown in the full ground. These transplanted Beans will
are the best methods of raising Kidney Beans for the table. not grow so strong as those which are not removed, nor will
The three sorts which are usually cultivated for early crops, they continue so long in bearing, but they will come at least
are the Small White Dwarf, the Dwarf Black, which is called a fortnight 'earlier than those which are in the full ground.
the Negro Bean, and the Liver-coloured Bean. The stalks The first crop intended for the full ground, should be put in
of these never being very long, may be planted much nearer about the middle of April; but these should have a warm
together than the larger-growing kinds, and they require but situation and a dry soil, otherwise the seeds will rot in the
little support. They are planted on hot-beds under frames, ground ; or if the weather should prove so favourable as to
or in pots which are placed in stoves, to come early in the bring up the plants, yet there will be danger of their being
spring, for which purpose they are better adapted than any killed by morning frosts, which frequently happen in the
of the others ; but they are inferior to several of the others beginning of May. The second crop, which should be one
in point of goodness; though, as they may be had at a time of the three large sorts last mentioned, should be sown
when the others cannot be so well obtained, they are gene- about the middle of May. These will come into bearing be-
rally cultivated in gardens ; and where there are not the con- fore the early kinds are over, and if they be of the scarlet
veniences of stoves or frames for raising them very early, sort, will continue fruitful till the frost destroys the plants in
they are planted in warm borders, near hedges, walls, or the autumn, and these will be good as long as they last. The,
pales, where they will be fit for use a fortnight earlier than manner of planting them is, to draw shallow furrows with
the other sorts. The next to these are the Battersea and a hoe, at about three feet and a half distance from each
Canterbury Kidney Beans, which do not ramble far, and, other, into which you should drop the seeds about two inches
producing their flowers near the root, bear plentifully for asunder then with the head of a rake draw the earth over
;

some time ; the Battersea Bean is the forwarder of the two, them, so as to cover them about an inch deep.
'
If the season
but the other will continue bearing much longer ; they are be favourable, the plants will begin to appear in about a
both better flavoured than any of the three former sorts, but week's time after sowing, and soon after will raise their heads
when they begin to be large, are very stringy and tough. There upright when the stems are advanced above the ground,
;

are two or three sorts of Kidney Beans with erect stalks cul- you should gently draw a little earth to them, observing to
tivated. These want no support, as they do not put out any do it when the ground is dry, which will preserve them from
twining stalks ; hence they are much cultivated by the gar- being injured by sharp winds but care must be taken not to
;

deners, as also because they produce a great plenty of pods ; draw arty of the earth over their seed-leaves, as it would rot
but they are goodness to all the other, especially
inferior in them, or at least greatly retard their growth. After this
that sort with black and white seeds, the pods of which have they will require no farther care, but to stick them when the
a rank flavour, and when boiled become soft and meally ;
plants begin to run, and to keep them clear from weeds until
so that it should never be cultivated for the table. The best they produce fruit, when they should be carefully gathered
sorts for culinary purposes are the Scarlet Blossom Bean two or three times a week for if permitted to remain upoit
;

already noticed, and a white Bean of the same size and the plants a little too long, the plants will be weakened, and
which appears to be only a variety of the scarlet, as the beans spoiled for eating. The large sorts of Kidney
shape,
it differsin no other respect but the colour of the flowers Beans must be planted at a greater distance, row from row ;
and seeds, being equal in size and flavour. And next to for as these grow very tall, if the rows are not at a greater
these is the Large Dutch Kidney Bean, which grows as tall distance, the sun and air will be excluded from the middle
as either of these, so must be supported by stakes, other- rows therefore they should not be less than four feet dis-
;

wise the stalks will trail on the ground and spoil. That with tance row from row and when the plants are about four
;

scarlet flowers is of a better quality than this, as well as inches high, the stakes should be thrust into the ground by
hardier: and although it will not come up so early as some the side of the plants, to which they will fasten themselves,
of the dwarf kinds, yet as it will continue bearing till the and climb to the height of eight or ten feet, and bear plenty
frost puts a stop to it in autumn, it is much preferable to of fruit from the ground upward. The Dutch and French
either of them for the pods of this sort when old are seldom preserve great quantities of the Large Dutch Beans for win-
;

stringy, and have a better flavour than the young pods

of ter use, which they stew and make good with gravies and
those sorts, and will boil greener; and where this is sown in sauces. There are some persons who raise these Beans
.he same situation and soil as the Battersea Bean, it will not in hot-beds, in order to have them early. The only care to
je a fortnight later. All the sorts are propagated by seeds, be taken in the management of these plants when thus raised,
which are too tender to be sown in the open air before the is to allow them room, and give them as much air as conve-
middle of April for if the weather should be cold and wet nient when the weather is mild as also to let them have a
; ;

after they are in the ground, they will soon rot; or if the moderate heat for if the bed be over-hot they will either
;

Tiorning frosts should happen after the plants come up, they burn or be drawn up so weak as seldom to come to good.
rill be destroyed therefore the best way to have early Kidney The manner of making the hot-bed being the same as for
;

Beans, where there is no conveniency of frames for raising them, raising Cucumbers, (which see,) need not be repeated here ;
is to sow the seeds in rows
pretty close upon a moderate hot- but observe, when the dung is equally levelled, to lay the
bed, the latter end of March or the beginning of April. If the earth four or five inches thick, and let the great steam of
heat of the bed be sufficient to bring up the plants, it will be the bed pass off before you sow the seeds. The time for
enough; this bed should be arched over with hoops, that it doing this must be proportioned to the season when you
may be covered with mats every night, or in bad weather. In this desire to bring your Beans to table but the surest time for
;

bed the plants may stand till they have put out their trifoliate a crop is about the first week in February. The manner of
leaves, then they should be carefully taken up, and transplanted sowing the seeds of these plants is, to let a few rows of them
in warmborders near hedges, pales, or walls. If the seastm remain ungathered in the height of the season for if you ;

proves dry at the time of removing them, the plants should gather from the plants for some time, and afterwards leave
be gently watered to forward their taking root, and after- the remaining for seed, their pods will not be near so long
wards they must be managed in the same way as those which and handsome, nor will the seed be so good. In autumn,
 PHA OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHA 281

when you find they are ripe, if the season be dry, pull up the vhite liver-coloured, or speckled dwarfs. The pots or boxes,
lied with light rich earth, may be placed upon the top of
plants, and spread them abroad to dry; after which you
be wall which surrounds the bark-bed, or upon shelves upon
may thresh out the seed, and preserve it in a dry place for
use. For forward crops of Dwarf Kidney Beans, the early ny convenient part of the house. When the seeds begin to
White and Negro sorts are the best, and bear the longest. prout, moisten the mould; and when they are grown up,
For the main crop, the Speckled, Battersea, and Canterbury vater them frequently, or at least three times a week. Where
Dwarfs, are to be preferred, being plentiful bearers, and of oom is wanting, the seeds may be set in small pots, and
long continuance. To secure a regular supply from the ransplanted into larger ones for fruiting.
middle or end of June to October, they should be sown from 2. Phaseolus Lunatus; Scimitar-podded Kidney Bean.
the middle of April to the middle or end of July, every Stem twining; legumes scimitar-shaped, somewhat crescent-
fortnight or three weeks. For the first crop the soil must be .haped, even; peduncles many-flowered; flowers yellow,
dry and the situation warm and sheltered, the drills
light, with a spreading green banner of the same colour as the ca-
drawn north and south. The other crops are better in the ix. It is eaten in Cochin-china, but is more esteemed for

open quarters. In dry weather the Beans about to be sown he beauty than the flavour of the seeds. It flowers here in
should be soaked some hours in water, or else the drills lune and July. Native of the East Indies.
should be well watered immediately before they are put in. 3. Phaseolus Bipunctatus. Stem twining legumes scimi-
;

The climbing sorts, or runners, are not fit for early crops, tar shaped, pubescent; seeds with two dots at the hilum or
but principally for summer and autumn from July to Michael- scar. Native of the Cape.
mas, or till frosts put an end to them. The first or second 4. Phaseolus Inamoneus. Stem twining; banner revolute,
week in May is early enough to put in the first crop of these ;
of the same colour with the calices root annual.
;
The whole
and the second may be planted any time in June. Two crops )lant is smooth ; flowers inelegant, with a concave greenish
will furnish an abundant and* constant supply. To raise >anner, and long, obtuse, concave wings, stretched out, and
Dwarf Kidney Beans by artificial heat, they should be sown whitish, as is the spirally intorted keel. Native of Africa. .

in a very moderate hot-bed at the end of March, and planted 5. Phaseolus Farinosus. Stem twining; peduncles sub-
out when they are an inch or two high, and the weather is capitate; seeds four-cornered-cylindrical, meally flowers ;

favourable, in a warm border. They may be sown on the rose-coloured ; seeds downy, appearing as if covered with
surface in the hot-bed, or in large pots but it is best to put
; meal ; leaves angular, like those of Ground Ivy. Native of
them in small pots, three in each pot, because they may be ;he East Indies.
turned out for transplantation, with the ball of earth about 6. Phaseolus Trilobum ; Three-lobed Kidney Bean. Stem
their roots, and thus be scarcely sensible of their removal. t\alf- twining, decumbent, smoothish leaflets three-lobed
; ;

They must however be gradually inured to bear the open lobes orate stipules ovate
;
legumes cylindrical. This is
;

air, by taking off the covering whenever the weather is mild, the same with Dolichos Trilobus, which see.
f
and exposing them by degrees; refreshing them frequently l. Phaseolus Vexillatus Sweet-scented Kidney Bean.
;

with water, when they cannot have the benefit of warm Stem twining peduncles thicker than the petiole, forming a
;

showers. After they are transplanted they should be well head; wings somewhat sickle-shaped, difform; legumes linear,
watered, to settle the earth to their roots ; and it will much strict ;
stipules loose at the base, and bifid ; flowers few,
forward their growth, if they be covered occasionally with sessile, sweet-smelling. This plant is intermediate between
hand-glasses when the nights are cold. After all, however, this genus and that of Dolichos. Native of the West Indies.
this crop will only come into bearing a fortnight sooner than 8. Stem twining flowers in heads
Phaseolus Helvolus. ; ;

plants sown in the natural

ground. But to
produce Kidney calices bracted; wings expanded, very large leaflets deltoid, ;

Beans for the table in April and May, or perhaps towards oblong; petioles an inch long. Native of Carolina.
the end of March, they must be raised and continued in a 9. Phaseolus Semierectus ; Dark-red-flowered Kidney
hot-bed, which should be made by the middle or end ol Bean. Stem half- twining; flowers in spikes calices with- ;

February. When the heat and steam is abated, and the bed out bractes ; wings expanded, larger; leaflets ovate ; stipules
is covered six or
eight inches thick with mould, sow the somewhat ensiform. It flowers in July. Native of the West
seeds of one of the small early dwarf sorts in drills fifteen or Indies.
eighteen inches asunder, an inch deep, and two or three 10. Phaseolus Alatus. Stem twining; flowers in loose
inches apart; give them air, and refresh them with water in spikes ; wings the length of the banner ; pedicel slender, very
fine weather. When they are fully grown, if they press short, purple. Native of Carolina.
much against the glasses, raise them at bottom to give the 1 1 Phaseolus Caracalla ; Twisted-flowered Kidney Bean,
.

plants room to grow freely. They may also be raised on a or Snail Flower. Stem twining ; banner and keel spirally
very hot bed in December or January ; and removed when convoluted. Perennial. The flowers are produced in slender
of a proper size into another hot-bed, made as directed for .spikes : they are of a purplish colour, and have an agreeable
Cucumbers only the dung need not be so thick, less heat odour, being succeeded by slender compressed pods, con-
;

being required. When this bed is of a moderate warmth taining several oval compressed seeds.- -Native of Brazil.
lift the
plants out of the other with a trowel, leaving as much 12. Phaseolus Aconitifolius. Stem twining ; leaves sub-
earth about their roots as you can, and plant them at four-
qumquepartite ; leaves alternate, smooth, ternate petioles ;

teen inches' distance row from row, and four inches and nerves at the back hairy; flowers small, with a wide ban-
plan
from plant. Give them a moderate watering, but afterwards ner disposed in a sort of raceme. Native of the East Indies.
be sparing of water ; and shade the beds from noon till th 13. Phaseolus Hirtus. Stem half- twining; legum esround ;

sun is nearly ofF, giving them air in mild weather. Th keel horned to the left; root annual; peduncles axillary,
frames should be two feet high in the back, sloping to fifteei from two to three inches long, hispid in a sort of head, but
inches in front, and the bed should be four feet broad. Ir it rarelv
happens that more than two of the flowers are fer-
hot-houses or stoves early Kidney Beans may be had a tile. 1 'hey are of a dirty yellow colour, the upper part espe-
almost any time with ease, by raising them in "pots or long cially of the banner Native of Turkey.
being brownish.
uarrow boxes. The best sorts for this purpose are the 14. Phaseolus Tuberosus. Stem ?canclcnt banner revo-
earlj ;
 282 PHE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHI
lute root tuberous, fascicled ; flowers wholly yellow, in
;
informs us, that the horses in Sweden by eating this plant
sobterminating racemes. Native of Cochin-china. are sfsized with a kind of palsy; hence Withering and Sib-
15. Phaseolus Turikinensis. Stern twining, very much thorp have named it Horsebane. This effect, however, is not
branched ; leaflets conical, small, thick banner revolute, of
; to be ascribed to the plant, but to a coleopterous insect breed-
the same colour with the flowers white, in axillary
calix ; ing in the stalks, which he therefore names Curculio Para-
racemes. Native of Tonquin, and cultivated in Cochin-china. plecticus. In the winter, the roots and stern, dissected by
** the influence of the weather, afford a curious skeleton or net-
Upright.
16. Phaseolus Nanus; Ihvarf Kidney Bean. Stem up- work. The leaves of this plant are sometimes added to dis-
right, bractes larger than the calix ; legumes pendu-
even ; cutient cataplasms; and for this purpose, Boerhaave speaks
lous, compressed, wrinkled. This spreads out wide, and highly of it. The seeds are recommended in intermittents,
^supports itself without any prop flowers white. ;It is sown and are said to be diuretic, antiseptic, and expectorant ; the
in great abundance in the fields of Italy, in the month of dose is from one to three drachms daily. When taken in
May. Retzies remarks, that the character, taken from the large doses, they produce a sensation of weight in the head,
relative size of the bractes, is very uncertain ; they being in accompanied with giddiness. They have an aromatic acrid
some varieties larger, in others less than the calix. Native taste, approaching to that of Lovage: distilled with water,
of the East Indies. they yield an essential oil, of a pale yellow colour, and a strong
17. Phaseolus Radiatus. Stem upright, round flowers in ;
penetrating smell one pound of the seeds affords an ounce
;

Seads ; legumes cylindric, horizontal; leaves ternate, broad of watery extract, but nearly double that quantity of spirituous
anceolate, hairy ; stipules in pairs, acute ; petioles long. extract, of which more than three drachms consist of resin.
.Native of Ceylon, Amboyna, China, Cochin-china, and Japan. The medicinal efficacy of this plant rests chiefly on the testi-
18. Phaseolus Max; Hairy-podded Kidney Bean. Stem monies of Ernstingius and Lange, by whom various cases of
upright, straight, angular, hispid ; legumes pendulous, rough- its successful use are published,
especially in wounds and
haired; flowers pale, or greenish-yellow; seeds black, varie- inveterate ulcers, and even in cancers ; also in pulmonary
gated with brown, the size of Coriander seed. It flowers in consumption, asthma, dyspepsia, and intermittent fevers.
June and July. Native of India. Dr. Woodville judiciously observes, that though the disorders
19. Phaseolus Mungo ; Hairy-headed Kidney Bean. Stem above named are so dissimilar, as to afford no satisfactory
flexuose, round, hirsute ; legumes in heads, rough-haired. evidence of the medicinal qualities of these seeds, yet they
The whole plant is covered with hairiness, of a colour like appear to deserve further investigation. In running streams
red wine; seeds many, subovate, brownish green, esculent. the leavesbecome divided, like those of Ranunculus Aqua-
Native of the East Indies, China, and Cochin-china. tilis, same situation. Dillenius remarked it between
in the
20. Phaseolus Lathyroides. Stem upright; leaflets lan- Woodstock and the Duke of Marlborough's bridge at Blen-
ceolate; flowers in a sort of spike, alternate, mostly in pairs, heim, in such abundance as to impede the course of the
close together, blood-red banner of a paler red ; wings deep
; stream also in Hackney river.
:

red, twice as large as the banner keel whitish. Native of

; 2. Phellandrium Mutellina; Mountain Water Hemlock.
Jamaica, in moist sandy grounds. It is common in the sa- Stem almost naked; leaves bipinnate; root thick, branched,
vannas about Spanish Town. the head crowned with bristles petals commonly purple, un-
;

21. Phaseolus Sphserospermus. Stem upright; seeds equal. Linneus remarks, that it has the leaves of Chserophyl-
globular, dyed at the hilum; corolla white peduncles axil- ; lum and that the involucrets are of the same length with
;

lary, strong, nine inches in length. They are reckoned the the umbellets. Scopoli says, that in the Alps it is a small
sweetest and best food of any of the Kidney Beans. Native plant, but becomes three times as big
in a garden and has ;

of both Indies. the fruit crowned with a considerable

calix, but not with a
Pheasant's Eye. See Adonis. circle. Haller observes, that it has a very aromatic smell,
Phellandrium; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Di- and that the goodness of the Alpine pastures is inferred from
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel universal, the abundance of this plant. It flowers in August. Native
manifold partial similar : involucre universal, none ; partial
;
of Siberia, Austria, Carniola, and Switzerland.
seven-leaved; leaflets acute, the length of the umbellet; pe- Philadelphus ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Mo-
rianth proper, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla: universal, nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
almost uniform; florets all fertile in the disk, smaller; pro- leafed, four or five parted, acuminate, permanent. Corolla:
per unequal ; petals five, acuminate, cordate, inflex. Sta- petals four or five, roundish, flat, large, spreading. Stamina:
mina: filamenta five, capillary, longer than the corolla; an- filamenta twenty or twenty-five, awl-shaped, the length of
therse roundish. Pistil: germen inferior; styles two, awl- the calix; antherae erect, four-grooved. Pistil: germen in-
shaped, erect, permanent ; stigmas blunt. Pericarp : none : ferior style filiform, four or five parted ; stigmas simple.
;

fruit ovate, even, crowned with the perianth and pistils, bi- Pericarp: capsule ovate, acuminate at both ends, naked at
partile. Seeds: two, ovate, smooth. ESSENTIAL CIIARAO the top by the calix being barked, four or five celled, parti-
TER. Florets of the disk smaller; fruit ovate, even, crowned tions contrary. Seeds: numerous, oblong, small, decumbent,
with the perianth and pistil. The species are, arilled, fastened to the thickened edge of the partitions; arils
1. Phellandrium
Aquaticum ; Common Water Hemlock. club-shaped, acuminate, toothletted at the base. ESSEN-
Ramifications of the leaves divaricated ; root biennial radi- ;
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four or five parted, superior.
cal fibres abundant, placed in whorls at the lower joints of Petals : four or five. Capsule : four or five celled, many-
the stem, which they support by rooting in the mud stem ;
seeded. The species are,
curved at bottom, and then upright, hollow, and cylindrical, 1.
Philadelphus Coronarius ; Common Syringa. Leaves
four inches in thickness, smooth, striated, and slightly grooved, somewhat toothed. This is a shrub that sends up a great
branched, distorted, three or four feet in height; corolla number of stalks from the roots, seven or eight feet in height,
small, white; petals little, unequal. It is a native of most having a grey bark, and putting forth several short branches
parts of Europe, by the side of rivers, ditches, and ponds, from their sides. The flowers come out from the side and at
where there is mud; flowering in June and July. Linneus the. ends of the branches, in loose bunches, each on a short
 PHI OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHI 283

pedicel ; they are white,

and have a strong scent, which at superior, roundish; style simple, the length of the stamina;
some distance resembles that of Orange flowers ; but near, stigma thickish. Pericarp: berry ovate, globular, two-celled.
it is too powerful for most persons they appear at the end
: Seed: solitary, flattish on one side, convex on the other, one
of May, and generally continue great part of June. It sel- of them frequently abortive. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
dom produces seeds that ripen in this country. There are Calix: four-toothed. Corona: four-cleft. Berry or Drupe :
two varieties worthy of notice: 1. The Dwarf Syringa, which two-celled. Seeds: solitary. The species are,
seldom rises above two feet high. The leaves are shorter, 1.
Phillyrea Media; Lance-leaved Phillyrea. Leaves ob-
more ovate, and little indented on their edges: the flowers long, lanceolate, entire, and serrate. This is a bushy smooth
come out singly from the side of the branches, and have a shrub, with many straight, roundish, pale brown, leafy, wand-
double or treble row of petals, of the same size and form as like branches leaves opposite, on short stalks, of a dull co-
;

the other, and the flowers have the same scent ; but flower- lour, elliptical, with a small point; flowers yellowish white;
ing very rarely, it is not much esteemed. 2. The Carolina fruit the size of a small pea, dark purple, bitter and nause-

Syringa, which rises with a shrubby stalk about sixteen feet

ous. There are two varieties, the Privet-leaved, and Olive-
high, sending out slender branches from the sides, opposite leaved ; but they are both of humbler growth, seldom more
to each other ; leaves smooth, shaped like those of the Pear- than eight or ten feet high. This, and the third species, are
tree, entire, opposite, on pretty long footstalks. The flowers very proper to intermix with other evergreen trees of the
are produced at the ends of the branches; they are large, same growth, to form clumps in parks, or to plant round the
but scentless ; each has four white oval petals spreading borders of woods, which are filled with deciduous tree's,
open, and a large calix composed of four acute-pointed where in the summer time the dark shade of these ever-
leaflets. The Common Syringa is
extremely hardy, and will greens will make a fine contrast with the brighter green
thrive any soil or situation, but will grow taller in
in almost leaves of the deciduous trees; and in winter, when the latter
light good ground than in that which is stiff. It is
usually are destitute of leaves, they will have a fine effect, besides
propagated by suckers, which are sent from the roots in great affording a shelter for the feathered race. They may be
plenty these should be taken from the old plants in au-
: trained up to stems, so as to be out of the reach of cattle,
tumn, and planted in a nursery, to grow one or two years, and planted in open places, where, if they be fenced against
till
they have obtained strength, and then may be trans- cattle till they have acquired their full growth, they may be
planted to the places where they are designed to remain. afterwards exposed. The other species, which are of hum-
They are commonly disposed in plantations of flowering bler growth, must be confined to gardens or other inclosures,
shrubs, among others of the same growth, and mix very well where they may be secured from cattle, hares, rabbits, &c.
with the Lilac, Gelder Rose, and Laburnum; and is particu- These plants are propagated either from seeds or layers ;
larly valuable from its thriving under the shade of trees, and but the latter being the most expeditious method, is gene-
forming a blockade against low buildings, where persons have rally preferred. The best time to lay them down is in au-
no dislike to the powerful odour. It may also be increased tumn, when you should dig the ground round-the stems of
by cuttings, planted in October, in a moist shady border; the plants intended to be layed, making it very loose ; then
and by layers, from young twigs put into the ground'at the making choice of a smooth part of a shoot, make a slip up-
beginning of the winter, which will be rooted by the follow- ward, in the same manner as is practised in laying of Carna-
ing autumn. The other species may be increased in the tions, and then bend the branch gently down to the ground,
same way, but are too delicate to endure the open air of our making a hollow place by the hand to receive it ; and having
fickle climate. placed the part which was slit into the ground, so as that
2. Philadelphus Scoparius ; Myrtle-leaved
Syringa. the slit may open, you should fasten it down with a forked
Leaves lanceolate, quite entire, all the
rigid, three-nerved, stick, that it may remain steady, covering that part of the
flowers five-cltft; calicine segments coloured, deciduous. branch with earth about three inches thick, observing to keep
Stem arborescent, very much branched, almost upright, full the upper part erect. Keep them clear from weeds the
of chinks, ash-coloured. Native of New Zealand, where the spring and summer following, and in the next autumn most
fresh-flowering shoots were used as tea by the sailors in of them will be rooted ;
they should then be carefully taken
Captain Cook's ship. They supposed it to be serviceable off, and planted in a nursery, where they may be trained up
in the sea-scurvy and at first found the infusion sweetly
; for three or four
years in the manner you intend them to
aromatic and fragrant, though it afterwards became very grow ; during which time dig the ground between the rows,
bitter. It flowers in June and July. and cut about the roots of the plants every year, which will
3. Philadelphus Aromaticus Sweet-scented Syringa.
; cause them to strike out strong fibres, sa ,as to support a
Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerveless, quite entire ; all the good ball of earth when they are removed. "Observe also to
flowers five-cleft; calicine segments coloured, deciduous. support their stems with stakes in order to' make them
It flowers in July and August. Native of New Zealand. straight, for if neglected they will grow very crooked and
4. Philadelphus Laniger ; Hoary Syringa. Leaves oblong, unsightly. When the plants have been thus managed three
acute, quite entire, pubescent ; calices woolly. It flowers in or four years, transplant them into the places where they
June and July. Native of New
South Wales. are designed to remain. The best time for this work is the
5. Philadelphus Lewisii. Leaves ovate, acute, entire, cili- end of September or the beginning of October; but in re-
ated at the margin segments of the calix, acute style of
; ;
moving them, dig round their roots, and cut off all downright
Ihe length of the stamina, trifhl; stigmata three. Grows on or strong roots which have shot out to a great distance, that
the waters of Clarck's river, and flowers in
July. you may the better preserve a ball of earth to each plant,
Phillyrea; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogy- otherwise they are subject to miscarry ; and when you have
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, planted them in their new quarters, lay some mulch upon
tubular, four-toothed, very small, permanent. Corolla : one- the surface of the ground, to prevent their drying. Sup-
petalled, funnel-form; tube scarcely any; border four-parted, port the plants also with stakes, unul they have taken fast
revolute, acute; segments ovate. Stamina: filamenta two, hold of the earth, to prevent their being turned out of the
opposite, short; antherse simple, erect. Pistil: germen ground, or displaced by the winds, which will destroy' the
89.
284 PHI THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHL
fibres that were nearly put out, and greatly injure the plants. lary, on each side of an herbaceous white colour, in small
They delight in a middling soil, which is neither too wet clusters ;
they come out in March, but, being small, do not
nor stiff, nor too dry; though the latter is to be preferred to make a great appearance. 2. Prickly Broad-leaved Phillyrea,
the former, provided it be fresh. Those sorts which have with the leaves ovate-oblong, acute, finely serrate, flat.
small leaves are commonly two years before they take root 3. Ilex-leaved Phillyrea. Leaves lanceolate acute, serrate,
when laid; therefore they should not be disturbed, for the rais- bent obliquely. Very abundant in the south of Europe, on
ing them out of the ground greatly retards their rooting. If open hills.
; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono-
they be propagated by seed, it should be sown in autumn after Philydrum
it becomes
ripe, for if kept out of
the ground till spring, it gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe one-leafed,
will not grow till the second year. The seeds will do best ovate, acuminate, longer than the corolla: perianth none.
rf
they be sown in pots or boxes filled with light loamy Corolla: petals four, two outer larger, ovate; two inner
earth, and placed under a garden frame, where they may smaller by half, lanceolate. Stamina : filamentum single,
be screened from hard frost, but always exposed to the open free-awl-shaped antheree fastened on both sides to the fila-
;

air in mild weather. If the seeds be sown early in the mentum above the middle; cells subglobular. Pistil : ger-
autumn, the plants will appear in the spring but if they ; men superior, oblong style ? Pericarp : capsule oblong,
;

should fail to come up, the pots must be removed into an obsoletely three-sided, three-celled, three-valved ; partitions
eastern border, and plunged into the ground, where they contrary. Seeds: very numerous, irregularly shaped like
may only have the morning sun ; and should remain there, saw-dust. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Spathe: one-flow-
during the following summer, but should be constantly ered. Perianth : none. Corrolla : four-petalled, irregular.
weeded, and in the autumn removed again under a frame Capsule: three-celled, many-seeded The only known
for shelter in winter; and if the. seeds were good, the plants species is,
will certainly appear in the following spring. Towards the 1.
Philydrum Lanuginosum. Root perennial ; stem two
middle of April, the pots should be again plunged into the feet high, herbaceous, quite simple, spongy, upright, round,

ground on an eastern border, to prevent the air from drying woolly ; leaves awl-shaped, thick, woolly, upright; racemes
the earth through the pots, which generally happens when long, upright, terminating; flowers peduncled, golden, sup-
they stand upon the ground, so that they must then be fre- ported by short, acuminate, hirsute spathes; seeds extremely
quently watered, which should be avoided if possible. The minute. Native of wet places in China and Cochin-china.
Michaelmas after, the plants ought to be taken out of the Phleum; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.
pots, and planted in a nursery bed, covering the surface with GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume one-flowered, two-
old tan to keep out the frost and if the winter be severe,
; valved, oblong, linear, compressed, gaping, with two cusps
cover them with mats, and afterwards treat them as layers. at top; valves straight, concave, compressed, embracing,

-They are all hardy enough to thrive in the open air in Eng- equal, truncated, mucronated at the top of the keel. Co-
land, and are never injured except the winters are very se- rolla: two-valved, shorter than the calix; outer valve em-
vere, which sometimes causes their leaves to fall, and kills bracing the inner, which is smaller; nectary two-leaved;
a few of the weaker branches, but these are repaired by new leaflets ovate, concave, acute. Stamina : filamenta three,
shoots in the following summer, so that there are few of the capillary, longer than the calix; antherse oblong, forked.
evergreen trees which are hardier than these, or that are Pistil : germen roundish ; styles two, capillary, reflex stig- ;

more worthy of cultivation. They were formerly planted mas feathered. Pericarp : none ; the calix and corolla in-
against walls, to which they were trained, to cover them ; closing the seed. Seed: single, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHA-
or, if they were placed as standards, their branches were RACTER. Calix: two-valved, sessile, linear, truncated,
sheared either into balls or pyramids, like most of the ever- with a two-cusped tip. Corolla: inclosed. For the propa-
green trees so that when the antique taste of laying out
; gation of this genus, see Grass- The species are,
gardens was exploded, the evergreens were generally ba- 1 Phleum Pratense ; Meadow Cat's-tail, or Timothy
.

nished, and for some years there were but few sorts culti- Grass. Spike cylindric ; calix ciliate, awned ; culm erect ;
vated, whereby several valuable kinds of evergreen trees root perennial; leaves lanceolate, pointed, rough on the
were almost entirely lost in England, and have been with upper surface and along the nerve; sheath streaked, smooth;
difficulty since retrieved. In the manner in which the ever- spike regularly cylindric, and blunt at the top, sometimes
green trees and shrubs are now disposed in gardens, they five or six inches long, but usually in its wild state much
have a very fine effect, especially during the winter season, shorter : at first sight it bears some resemblance to that of
when the other trees are destitute of leaves. Fox-tail Grass, but on examination it will be found very dif-
2. Phillyrea Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Phillyrea. ferent in form, colour, &c. The flowers are very closely
Leaves linear-lanceolate, quite entire; stalk ten or twelve set on the spike; peduncles very short, somewhat branched.
feet high, sending out opposite branches, covered with a This Grass varies much in the size and in the length of the
brown bark, spotted with white. The flowers come out in spike ; it has also a leafy spike, in common with many other
large clusters at each joint of the branches, sitting close like Grasses, occasioned by the seeds germinating in wet weather
whorled flowers, and almost surrounding them they are ; without failing. A varietywith a bulbous root is noted for a
small and white. Native of Italy, Spain, and Portugal. distinct species; but this swelling of the root is a very equi-
3. Phillyrea Latifolia Broad-leaved Phillyrea.
; Leaves vocal character among the Grasses. It was much recom-

ovate-oblong, subcordate, serrate. It sends out several mended about thirty years ago, under the quaint appellation
strong branches, which grow erect, and are covered with a of Timothy Grass, which it is said to have acquired from
gray bark; leaves an inch and half long, and an inch broad, Mr, Timothy Hanson, who first brought the seeds of it from
firm, of a lucid green, and serrate, each serrature ending in New York to Carolina. It then had a great character in
a spine. There are several varieties 1. The Smooth Broad-
: North America under the name of Herd Grass. Its reputa-
leaved Phillyrea, which rises with a strong upright stem to tion here was, however, but short-lived, as it has not one
the height of eighteen or twenty feet, dividing into several good quality in which it is not excelled by Fox-tail Grass :
harsh, and late in
It
branches, covered with a smooth grayish bark flowers axil- ; but, besides this, it is its appearance.
 PHL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHL 285

might however answer very well with other

coarse grasses, green on both sides, on shorter and wider petioles, bluntly
notched about the edge, but the notches scarcely visible, es-
in moistground, kept very close down by feeding.
2. Phleum Alpinum Alpine Cafs-tail Grass. Spike ovate,
; pecially on the upper ones the surface wrinkled and hir-
;

awns about as long as the glumes root peren- sute ;

the twigs on which the flowers grow are commonly
;
cylindrical ;

nial, inclined to creeping, and a little tuberous

stem mostly curved in, and reclined whorls on each shoot sometimes
; ;

solitary, simple, ascending

a foot or more in height, leafy two or only one, terminating the uppermost branchlets, com-
below, naked, smooth, striated, and very straight above. posed of several broadish hirsute leaflets, and large flowers
Native of the mountains of Lapland, Switzerland, &c. In of a dusky yellow colour, in a wide head. This plant was
Britain it was first discovered near Garway Moor in Scot- formerly kept in pots, and housed in winter with other exotic
land and probably may be found in similar situations in plants but of late years it has been planted in the open air,
;
;

other parts of our island, since it forms a principal part of where it is seldom injured by cold, unless in very severe win-
the turf in the most elevated pastures of Switzerland. It ters so it is intermixed with other shrubs of the same growth
:

flowers with us at the end of July. in shrubberies, where it adds to the for as these
variety ;

3. Phleum Gerardi. Spike roundish ; glumes ciliate shrubs retain their hoary woolly leaves all the year, they,
;

culm simple sheaths of the leaves ventricose root perennial, make a good appearance in winter and their yellow flowers,
; ; ;

with an oblong bulb, transverse, and woody as it grows old, which continue great part of the summer, being intermixed
rooting deeply, with blackish fibres springing from the lower with their hoary leaves, have a good effect. These shrubs
part of the transverse tuber. -Native of the high mountains should have a dry soil, and a warm sheltered situation, or
of Provence, Italy, Carniola, Syria, and of the Pyrenees. they will not live in the open air. They may be planted
4. Phleum Nodosum Knobbed-rooted Cat's-tail Grass. among Cistuses of all the different sorts, the Shrubby Moon
;

Spike cylindrical culm ascending; leaves oblique; root bul- Trefoil, Wormwood Tree, and some other exotic shrubs, of
;

bous. Dr. Withering says there are three or four bulbs on the same countries, which require a warm situation, and a dry
the culm, half an inch asunder, and two lanceolate scales to soil, being too tender for open plantations which are exposed
each bulbous joint. Found near Bath, on the Warminster to strong cofd winds and as they are not of long duration,
;

road, and in dry hilly pastures in most places. they are better when separated from trees and shrubs which
Phlomis; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno- continue many years, for they rarely live above twelve or
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- fourteen years in dry ground, and not more than half that
leafed, tubular, oblong, five-cornered, toothed, permanent time in cold moist land, or where they are not well sheltered
;

involucre below the whorl. Corolla : one-petalled, ringent They are propagated by parting their roots or by cuttings,
; ;

tube oblong upper lip ovate, vaulted, incumbent, com- which if planted in a bed of light earth in April, just before
;

pressed, villose, obsoletely bifid; lower lip trifid the middle the plants begin to shoot, and covered with mats to screen
;

segment larger, two-lobed, blunt the side ones small, more them from the sun every day, as also to observe when the
;

acute. Stamina: filamenta four, concealed under the upper ground is dry to give them water gently, they will get good
lip, of
which two are longer antheree oblong. Pistil : ger- roots in about two months or ten weeks, when they may be
;

men four-parted; style the length and situation of the sta- carefully taken up, and transplanted into a nursery to re-
mina stigma bifid, acute the lower cleft longer. Pericarp:
; ;
main one year, and then be transplanted to the places where
none ; calix containing the seeds at the bottom. Seeds : they are designed to stand, for they will not bear transplant-
four, oblong, three-sided. Observe. It differs from Leonu- ing afterwards,
rus by the want of points on the antherse. The figure of the 2. Phlomis Purpurea ; Sharp-leaved Purple Phlomis.
calix and lips of the corolla varies. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- Bractes lanceolate, acute, pungent. Calices five-cornered,
TER. Calix : angular. Corolla : upper lip incumbent, com- acuminate ; leaves underneath very closely woolly ; stem
pressed, villose. The species are, rather shrubby, erect, branched, slightly quadrangular, co-
1. Phlomis Fruticosa; Shrubby Phlomis, or Jerusalem vered with thick wool, especially the younger branches ;
Sage. Leaves roundish., tomentose, crenate ; involucres lan- footstalk channelled,
very woolly : the wool of the whole
ceolate ; stem shrubby. Native of the southern parts of Eu- plant is formed like stars, as in various species of this
rope, in dry rocky situations, especially near the sea. Mr. genus, and several others. It flowers in June. Native of
Miller divides this and its varieties into three species. The Spain. This and the next species may be propagated and
first has a pretty thick
shrubby stalk, covered with a loose treated in the same way as the first, only this is more im-
bark, rising five or six feet in height, and dividing into many patient of cold. Severe frost indeed will destroy both of
irregular branches, which are four-cornered and woolly when them in the open border; hence they require some occasional
young, and afterwards become woody ; their joints are protection, and a plant of each should be kept in the green-
pretty far asunder ; at each of these are placed two roundish house to guard against accidents.
leaves, opposite, on short foot-stalks, they are woolly on their 3. Phlomis Italica;
Blunt-leaved Purple Phlomis. Bractes
under side the flowers come out in thick whorls round the
;
lanceolate, obtuse, unarmed. Calices truncate, pointless ;
stalks, and are yellow; they appear from June to August ; leaves woolly on both sides. This plant is common in our
but the seeds very rarely ripen here. The second, or nar- gardens. It flowers from June to August. Native of Por-
row-leaved Phlomis, does not rise so high as the other; the tugal. See the preceding species.
branches are weaker; the leaves longer, narrower, and 4. Phlomis Nissolii. Root-leaves cordate, sagittate, tomen-
rourfder ; the whorls of flowers smaller, but the flowers of the tose, villose on both sides ; root perennial, as are also the
same shape and colour. The third, has a shrubby stalk like lower leaves, which do not rise immediately from the root
the first, but seldom rises more than three feet and a half but stand in clusters upon short trailing woolly branches ;
high, sending out branches on every side. Dillenius des- stalks annual, slender, a foot high these stalks generally
;

cribes the stems of this species as from a foot to two feet in send out two side-branches opposite near the bottom, and
height, woody, and upright; branches opposite, quadrangu- from this division, to the top, have thin whorls of yellow
villose ; leaves thick, at first hoary, but afterwards green flowers, not closely joined together, but each flower stands
n the upper surface : those on the The flowers appear in June and July, but there
flowering branches are separate.

fir,
286 PHL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHL
are seldom any seeds produced in England. It grows na- 12. Phlomis Urticifolia ; Nettle-leaved Phlomis. Leaves
turally in the Archipelago, and also in Spain. This and the ovate, serrate, canescent; involucres awl-shaped; calices
next species may each be propagated by slips in the spring. obliquely truncate, membranaceous, nine-toothed. Stem
They require a dry soil and warm situation, with the same herbaceous, upright, branched, villose when magnified, ca-
precautions against frost as the rest. nesoent whorls many-flowered
; flowers small.- Found in
;

5. Phlomis Lychnitis ; Sage-leaved Phlomis. Leaves lan- the East Indies, and Arabia. See the tenth species.
ceolate, tomentose; floral leaves ovate ; involucres biistle- 13. Phlomis Indica; East Indian Phlomis. Involucres
shaped, woolly. This has the habit of the first species, but linear ; calices one-lipped, oblique ; leaves ovate,
hairy ;
the leaves are narrower ; the corolla is scarcely bigger than whorls toward the top, two or three, thick, surrounded with
the calix'; involucres linear, crinite, with long hairs; root erect, linear, keeled, villose involucres. Native of the East
perennial. It flowers from June to August. Native of the Indies. See the tenth species.
south of prance, Italy, and Spain. For its propagation and 14. Phlomis
Moluccoides. Leaves ovate; involucres
culture, see the preceding species. bristle-shaped ; the
lower lip of the calix rounded, large,
"
6. Phlomis Laciniata ;
Jagged-leaved Phlomts. Leaves al- membranaceous. This is a shrub with villose branches;
ternately pinnate leaflets jagged ; calices woolly. Root per-
;
whorls remote, fourteen-flowered. Native of Arabia. See
ennial stalk a foot and a half high, decays in the autumn,
;
the tenth species.
but the lower leaves continue all the year; flowers in whorls; 15. Phlomis Glabrata. Leaves ovate, serrate : lower lip
calix downy; corolla of a dusky purple colour. Native of of the calix produced, three-toothed; branches reversely
the Levant. It flowers in June, but does not ripen seeds hairy. Stem herbaceous, uprigh't, acutely angular ; corolla
here ; and is propagated by offsets from the root, which it under the upper segment of the calix, and twice as long;
sends out very sparingly. Very sharp winters sometimes filamenta the same length as the corolla. Native of Arabia.
kill it, and the next species, in open borders. See the tenth species.
7. Phlomis Samia. Leaves ovate, tomentose underneath; 16. Phlomis Alba. Leaves ovate, serrate, villose; calices
involucres awl-shaped, strict, three-parted. Stem upright, five-toothed, oblique. Stem herbaceous, smooth, bluntly an-
hirsute, four-cornered, herbaceous ; root perennial. Native gular branches hairy at top corolla twice as long as the
; ;

of the Isle of Samos, and found also in Barbary. See the calix. Native of Arabia. See the tenth species.
preceding species. 17. Phlomis Biflora. Leaves ovate, serrate calices soli-
;

8. Phlomis Herba Venti ;

Rough-leaved Phlomis. Invo- tary, opposite, ten-toothed. Stem herbaceous, branched,
lucres bristle-shaped, hispid leaves ovate-oblong, rugged.
; slender, weak, slightly villose; peduncles very short, soli-
Stem herbaceous ; root perennial when large, it sends up a
;
tary, opposite, one-flowered. Native of the East Indies.
great number of square stalks, covered with a hairy down, See the tenth species.
and having sessile leaves on them corolla bright purple.
;
It 18. Phlomis Nepetifolia; Catmint-leaved Phlomis. Leaves
flowers from July to September. Native of the south of cordate, acute, serrate, subtomentose ; calices six or eight
France, Italy, Persia, and Tartary. It may be increased by toothed, upper and lower tooth larger. Stem herbaceous ;
parting the roots in autumn, when the stalks begin to decay, whorls few, towards the top, globular, many-flowered, an-
that the plants may get root before the frost comes on ; but it nual. It flowers here in September and October. Native
should not be parted oftener than every third or fourth year, of the East Indies. See the tenth species.
if it be expected to have many flowers. It is hardy, and may 19. Phlomis Leonurus; Narrow-leaved Phlomis, or Lion's
be planted in exposed places, but never in moist ground. Tail. Leaves lanceolate, serrate ; calices ten-cornered, ten-
9. Phlomis Tuberosa Tuberous Phlomis. Involucres his-
; toothed, pointless. Stem shrubby. This is a very handsome
pid, awl-shaped ;leaves cordate, rugged. Stem herbaceous ; plant when in flower ; the corolla is of a tawny or golden
root tuberous ; stalks purple, four-cornered, five or six feet colour, and shining like silk. It rises with a
shrubby stalk
high ; flowers of a pale purple colour, and hairy ; they appear seven or eight feet high, sending out several branches, which
in June and July, and the seeds ripen in September; soon are four-cornered ; the branches have each two or three ses-
after which the stalks decay, but the roots will abide many sile whorls of flowers towards the end. There is a variety
years. Native of Siberia. Sow the seeds upon an eastern of it with variegated leaves. It flowers from October to De-
border in the spring, and keep the plant clean from weeds, cember. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. This, and the
and in the autumn transplant them where they are to remain :
following speies, are increased by cuttings planted in July:
in the following summer it will produce flowers and seeds. after the plants have been so long exposed to the open air as
It isvery hardy, and will thrive in almost any soil or situation. to harden the shoots, they will take root very freely. Plant
10. Phlomis Zeylanica ; White Phlomis. Leaves lanceo- them in a loamy border with an eastern aspect and if they ;

late, subserrate ; heads terminating; calices eight-toothed. are covered closely with a bell or hand glass to exclude the
Stem of the same height as in the nineteenth species, up- air, and are shaded from the sun, it will forward their putting

right, herbaceous, four-cornered, blunt; corolla white, upper out roots but when they begin to shoot, raise the glasses to
;

lip hirsute, very short, vaulted close, entire.

It is biennial, prevent their drawing up weak, and by degrees expose them
flowering from June to October. Native of the East Indies. to the open air. As soon as they have taken good root, take
This and the eight following species being natives of hot them up, and plant each in a separate pot filled with soft
countries, must be kept in the bark-stove. Several of them loamy earth, and placed in the shade till the plants have
are annuals, and can only be propagated by seeds procured taken new root ; then remove them to a sheltered situation,
from the country where they grow. where they may remain till October, when they must be re-
11. Phlomis Caribsea; West Indian Phlomis. Leaves ovate, moved into the green-house, and afterwards treated as the
lanceolate, villose; whorls roundish, very close ; involucres Myrtle, and other green-house plants, taking care to
water
bristle-shaped, hirsute.Stem herbaceous root branching.
;
this species plentifully.
It isan annual plant, two feet high, upright, and without 20. Phlomis Leonitis ; Dwarf Shrubby Phlomis. Leaves
any scent. It flowers from July to September. Native of ovate, blunt, subtomentose, crenate ; calices seven-toothed,
the West Indies. See the preceding species. awned ; stem shrubby; branches four-cornered, in pairs; co-
 PHL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. JPHL 287

rolla neither so long nor so deep-coloured as the preceding open air then they should be soon after removed into a bed
;

It flowers in June and July. Native of the Cape. See the oi"
good soil phuiting them about six inches' distance everv
;

preceding species. way, observing to shade them from the sun, and water them
21. Phlomis Chinensis. Leaves ovate-serrate, tomentose duly till they have taken new root; after which, if they arc
<ilky ; whorls, ten-toothed.
calices in Stem shrubby,- will kept clean from weeds, they will require no other care till
Tour-cornered hispid branches corolla white, with the uppei
; autumn, when they should be transplanted into the borders
hirsute on the outside. Native of China. of the flower-garden, where they are designed to remain.
ip compressed,
22. Phlomis Biloba. Leaves ovate-oblong, tomentose, If some of the plants be put into pots, and sheltered under a

"rom four to six flowers in a whorl ; calices half five-cleft hot-bed frame in winter, they will flower strong the following
-r, wool-bearing; upper lip of
the corollas two-parted. summer, and these may be placed in court-yards, or other
Mrms herbaceous, upright, branched, villose, woolly, with places near the habitation, when they are in beauty, and
iiunt corners; flowers sessile, or on very short pedicels ; co- being mixed with other flowers will be very ornamental.
rolla the size of that in the eighth species, purple, villose, The species are,
tnmentose on the outside. It is a very beautiful
species, and 1 . Phlox Paniculata
Panicled Lychnidca.; Leaves lanceo-
quite distinct from the rest. Native of Algiers. rugged at the edge. Stem even; corymbs pani-
late, flat,
Phlox ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogynia. cled segments of the corolla rounded flowers in a terminat-
; ;

GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, cy- ing corymb, composed of many smaller bunches, which
lindrical, ten-cornered, five-toothed, acute, permanent. Co- have each a distinct foot-stalk, and support a great number
rolla: one-petalled, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, longer of flowers of a fine lilac hue, without scent, which stand on
than the calix, narrower below, curved in border flat, five- short slender pedicels. It is a large lofty plant,
;
requiring
parted segments equal, blunt, shorter than the tube. Sta- frequent supplies of water.
;
It flowers in August and Sep-
nuna filamenta five, within the tube of the corolla, two tember. Native of North America.
:

2. Phlox Undulata ; Waved-leaved Lychnidca. 7,eaves

longer, one shorter antherhue in the throat of the corolla.
;

Pistil germen conical

:
style filiform, the length of the sta- oblong, lanceolate, somewhat waved, rugged on the edge.
;

mina; stigma trifid, acute. Pericarp: capsule ovate, three- Stem even; corymbs panicled; segments of the corolla some-
cornered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: solitary, ovate. what retuse flowers blue, appearing in July and August.
;

ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: salver-shaped. Fila- Native of North America.

menta : unequal. Stigma trifid. Calix: prismatical. Cap-
: 3. Phlox Suaveolens White-flowered Lychnidea. Leaves
;

<sule: three-celled, one-seeded. -The plants of this genus lanceolate all over. Stem very smooth raceme panicled ; ;

delight in a moist rich soil, not too stiff, in which they will flowers white, moderately sweet-scented. It flowers in July
^row tall, and produce much larger bunches of flowers than and August. Native of North America.
n dry ground for when the soil is poor and 4. Phlox Maculata Leaves
;
dry, they fre- Spotted-stalked Lychnidea.
;

quently die in summer, unless frequently watered. They are oblong, lanceolate, smooth. Stem somewhat rugged racemes ;

generally propagated by parting their roots, because they do corymbed. Towards the upper part of the stalks are small
lot often produce seeds in England. The best time for this branches, opposite, each terminated by a small bunch of
is in autumn, when their stalks
begin to decay; these roots flowers; but on the top of the principal stalk is a long loose
should not be divided into small heads, if they are expected spike of flowers, composed of small bunches from the axils
to flower well the following summer, nor should
they be
at each joint each cluster having one common peduncle,
;

parted oftener than every other year, because when they are near an inch long, but the pedicels are short. The flowers
often removed and parted, it will greatly weaken the roots, are of a bright purple colour, and appear late in July if ;

so that they will send out but few stalks, and those will be the season be temperate, or the soil moist, they will continue
so weak as not to rise their usual height, and the bunches of in beauty a great part of August, but rarely perfect seeds in
flowers will be much smaller. When the roots are trans- England. Native of North America.
planted and parted, it will be a good way to lay some old 5. Phlox Pilosa Hairy-leaved Lychnidca.
;
Leaves lan-
tan or other mulch upon the surface of the ground about ;eolate, villose. Stern upright; corymb terminating; flowi r

their roots, to prevent the frost from

penetrating the ground; light purple, appearing at the end of June, but seldom ure
for as they will have
put out new fibres before winter, the followed by seeds in England. Native of North America.
Frost when severe often kills the fibres, 6. Phlox Carolina; Carolina Lychnidea. Leaves lanceci-
whereby the plants
suffer greatly, and are sometimes
destroyed. The first, sixth, ate, even. Stem rugged; corymbs subfastigiate. TK
and seventh species, propagate pretty fast by their spreading resembles the next species, but the stem is three times as
roots, but the others increase but slowly this way; therefore ligh, and somewhat rugged. Native of Carolina.
the best method to propagate them is by and these, 7. Phlox Glaberrima Smooth Lychnidea. Leaves linear-
cuttings, ;

as well as the fourth sort, may be obtained in abundance in anceolate, smooth. Stem upright; corymb terminating;
that manner. The best time to plant the cuttings is about :ube of the corolla twice the length of the calix segments of ;

the end of April or the beginning of May, when the shoots :he border roundish, spreading, of a light purple colour. The
from the roots are about two inches high these should be
; lowers appear in June, but, unless the season prove warm,
cut oft" close to the ground, and their tops should be short- are not succeeded by seeds in England. Native of North
ened, then they must be planted on a border of light loamy America.
earth, and shaded from the sun until they have taken root; 8. Phlox Divaricata Early -flowering Lychnidea.
;
Leaves
or, if they be planted pretty close together, and covered )road-lanceolate, the upper ones alternate. Stem bifid pe- ;

with bell or hand glasses, shading them

every day from the duncles in pairs; corollas pale blue, with a crooked tube. Sir,
sun,<hey will put out roots in five or six weeks; but when urtis says itflowers in Maywith the Yellow Alyssum, but that
they begin to shoot, the glasses should be gradually raised t is neither of so long duration, nor so ornamental, as soiiie

.to admit the free air to them, otherwise the,y will draw f the other species: and as it seldom exceeds a foot in height,
up
weak, and soon spoil as soon as they are well rooted the t may on this account be regarded as a suitable rock-plant,
:

glasses should be taken off and the plants inured to the t flowers from April to June. Native of North America.
90. 4D
288 PHL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PH<E
9. Phlox Ovata ; Ovate-leaved Lychnidea. Leaves ovate ; very branchy; leaves linear, superior, alternate, dilated at
flowers solitary ; stalks two or three, slender, about nine the base ; racemes
paniculate-corymbose ; segments of the
inches high. The flowers come out singly at the top of the corolla cuneate-oblong, emarginate ; teeth of the calix subu-
stalk, and have very slender tubes, with a border of five round- late, equal to the tube; flowers white, with a red or purple
ish spreading segments ; they are of a light purple colour, and centre, similar to the white variety of Vinca Rosea, the
appear in July, but are not followed by seeds in England. fructifications appearing in such abundance that they cover
Native of Maryland, and other parts of North America. the whole shrub. Grows on the plains of Columbia.
10. Phlox Subulata; Awl-leaved Lychnidea. Leaves awl- Phoenix; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Triandria.
shaped, hirsute ; flowers opposite. If this plant be left to GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix: spathe uni-
itself, the stems trail on the ground the young shoots are of
: versal one-valved ; spadix branched ;
perianth three-parted,
a reddish white, and slightly villose; flowers from one to very small, permanent. Corolla: petals three, concave,
three or four in an umbel, drooping before they expand; ovate, somewhat oblong. Stamina: filameiita three, very
calices villose corolla pale purple or flesh-colour, with an
; short; antheree linear, four-cornered, the length of the co-
eye of dark but brilliant purple, disposed in a star-like form. rolla. Female Flowers: on a different plant, or on the same
The flowers appear at the beginning of May, and are spadix. Calix and Corolla: as in the male. Pistil: germen
bnt delicate, requiring shelter during the roundish; style awl-shaped, short; stigma acute.
extremely pretty, Pericarp:
period of their flowering, which is shorter than in most of drupe ovate, one-celled. Seed: single, bony, subovate, with
the other species. It should be frequently renewed by cut- a longitudinal groove. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
tings, which strike readily, and may be suffered to grow three-parted. Corolla : three-petalled. Male. Stamina :
Either jn its natural procumbent way, or be made to appear three. Female. Pistil: one. Drupe : ovate. The plants
to more advantage by training it to a stick. Native of Vir- of this genus may be easily produced from the seeds taken
out of the fruit, provided they be fresh, sown in
ginia. pots filled
1 1. Phlox Sibirica ; Siberian Lychnidea. Leaves linear, vil- with light rich earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed
lose; peduncles in threes. Stem from two inches to a hand of tanner's bark, which should be kept in a moderate tenv
in height. From the uppermost axils peduncles from two to perature of heat, and the earth frequently refreshed with
four, about an inch long, hirsute, each bearing one purple water. When the plants come up, they should be each
flower, varying to white, with purple streaks. Native of planted into a separate small pot filled with the same light
Siberia. rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed
again, observing to
12. Phlox Setacea; Bristle-leaved Lychnidea. Leaves refresh them with water, and also to admit air to them in
bristle-shaped, smooth flowers solitary.
; The stalks rise to proportion to the warmth of the season, and of the bed in
the height of a foot, when supported; but if left to them- which they are placed. During the summer they should
selves, trail on the ground. Corolla of a beautiful light remain in the same hot-bed, but in the beginning of August
purple, with a dark .eye. The whole of this plant forms a let them have a great share of air, to harden them against
highly ornamental bush of flowers. Native of Carolina; and, the approach of winter; for if they be too much forced, they
like most of the others, is easily raised from cuttings, which will be so tender as not to be preserved through the winter
should be struck early in the spring, to make them become without much difficulty, especially if you have not the con-
flowering plants the next season. To obtain this plant in veniency of a bark-stove to keep them in. The beginning
perfection, it is necessary to renew it yearly; old plants be- of October, remove the plants into the stove, placing them
ing less productive of flowers, and less perfect in their foli- where they may have a moderate share of heat, these being
In mild winters, like many other plants from Carolina, somewhat tenderer while young, than after
age. they have acquired
this will live abroad, but requires the shelter of a frame, some strength though indeed they may sometimes be pre-
;

rather than more tender treatment, in severe frosts. served alive in a cooler situation, yet their progress would
13. Phlox Aristata. Plant feeble, erect, viscidulo-pubes- be so much retarded as not to recover their vigour in the
cent; leaves linear-lanceolate; panicles loose, fastigiated; succeeding summer. Nor is it worth the trouble of raising
pedicels subgeminate segments of the corolla oboval tube these plants from seeds, where a person has not the conve-
; ;

curvated, pubescent teeth of the calix very long, subulate

; niency of a stove to forward their growth ; for where a stove
;

flowers red, or sometimes white. Grows in sandy fields is wanting, they will not grow to any tolerable size in twenty
from Pennsylvania to Carolina. years. When the plants Ve removed, which should be clone
14. Phlox Stolonifera. Plant creeping-stoloniferous, pu- once a year, be very careful not to bruise or injure their
bescent; radical leaves spathulate-obovate little stems oval- large roots, but clear off all the small fibres which are inclin-
;

lanceolate corymb with few flowers, straggling segments able to mouldiness for if these are left on they will in time
; ; ;

of the corolla obovate; teeth of the calix linear, reflex; decay, and hinder the fresh fibres from coming out, which
flowers blue, with a purple centre, very handsome. Grows must greatly retard the growth of the plants. The soil in
in the high mountains of Virginia and Carolina. which they should be placed must be compounded in the
15. Phlox Pyramidalis. Plant erect, glabrous; stem sca- following manner Half of fresh earth taken from a pasture
:

brous leaves cordate-ovate, acute segments of the corolla ground, the other half sea-sand and rotten dung or tanner's
; ;

cuneate-truncate; teeth of the calix somewhat erect, lanceo- bark, in equal proportion; these should be carefully mixed,
acute; flowers beautiful purple.
late, Grows in mountain and laid in a heap three or four months at least before it is
meadows from Pennsylvania to Carolina. This plant is used, but should be often turned over, to prevent the growth
named by Walton, Phlox Carolina. of weeds, and to sweeten the earth. Observe also to allow
16. Phloi
Latifolia. Plant erect, glabrous; stem smooth; pots proportioned to the size of the plants but never let
;

leavescordate-ovate ; segments of the corolla suborbicu- them be too large, which is more injurious than their "being
late teeth of the calix lanceolate, slightly acuminated.
;
too small. During summer let them be frequently refreshed
Pursh is inclined to think this plant merely a variety of with water, but not in large quantities; in winter also they-
Phlox must be now and then watered, if placed in a
Pyramidalis. especially
17. Phlox Speciosa. Plant erect, glabrous, frutescent, warm stove, but if not, they will require less water. These
 PHCE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHO 269

of the Roman
plants are very slow growers even in their native countries, bary they turn handsome beads, for the use
for it has Catholics, of these stones. The Date is said to strengthen
notwithstanding they arrive to a great magnitude ;
the stomach and to and
been often observed by the old inhabitants of those countries, intestines, stop looseness, promote
that the of some of these kinds have not advanced two expectoration, for which purpose it is given
m
pectoral de-
plants
so that when they are brought
ten years; coctions. It is also recommended in the piles, given in red
feet in height in
into these cannot be expected they should
countries, it wine. The juice of the Date Tree is procured by cutting oif
advance very fast, especially where there is not due care the head or crown of the more vigorous plant, and scooping
taken to preserve them warm in winter. But however slow the top of the trunk into the shape of a basin, where the sap
of growth these plants are in their native countries, they may in ascending lodges itself, at the rate of three or four quarts

be "greatly forwarded here by placing the pots in a hot-bed a day, during the first week or fortnight; after which the
quantity daily diminishes, and at the end of
six weeks 01
of tanner's bark, which should be renewed as often as neces-
and the plants always preserved therein both winter two months the tree becomes dry, and serves for tiinli; i .

sary,
and summer, observing to shift them into larger pots as they fire-wood. This liquor, which has a more luscious sweet-
advance in growth. The species are, ness than honey, is of the consistence of a thin syrup, but
an intoxk
1. Phoenix Dactylifera; Common Date Palm Tree. Fronds quickly becomes tart and ropy, acquiring
distillation an
quality, and giving upon
1

This rises to a ci
pinnate; leaves folded together, ensiform. agreeable spirit
which is the general name for all hot liquors extracted
great height in the warm countries
the stalks are generally
:
araky,
by the alembic. From the leaves of the tree they
m-ike
full of rugged knots, which are the vestiges of the decayed
other baskets, or bags, in Barbary. In Egypt they make fly-tlaps
leaves, for the trunks of the trees are not solid like
trees ; the centre is filled with pith, round which is a tough of them, and brushes to cleanse their sofas or cloths. The
bark full of strong fibres while young, but as the trees grow hard boughs are used as fences to their gardens, and cages
old the bark hardens and becomes woody. The leaves of to carry their fowls to market. The trunk is
split for the

these trees, when grown to a size for bearing fruit, are six or same purposes, and is even used small buildings.
in It

for the trees serves likewise for firing. The threads of the web-like inte-
eight feet long, and may be termed branches,
have no other ;
these have narrow long leaves, or pinnae, set gument between the boughs, make ropes, and the rigging of
on alternately their whole length. These trees have male smaller-vessels.
flowers on different plants from those wliich produce the 2. Phoenix Farinifera; Small Date Palm Tree. Fronds
of the male trees be- pinnate; leaves narrower, more pointed.
The small trunk
fruit, and there is a necessity for some
in their to render them fruitful. Most this has is only about o.ne, or at most two feet high, and so
ing planted vicinity
that it is never seen, ;::<
of the old authors who have mentioned these trees, affirm, entirely enveloped in the leaves,
that unless the female or fruit-bearing Palm Trees have the whole appearing like a large round bush. Native of <

assistance of the male, they are barren hence in those

: mandel, in dry barren ground, chiefly on sandy lands ,:t a
small distance from the sea. It flowers in January ami Fe-
places where there are no male trees
near the female, the
inhabitants cut off the bunches of male flowers when they bruary, and the fruit is ripe in May.
The fruit is a sin^.'t-
are just opened, and carry them to the female trees, placing seeded drupe, the size of a large French bean, of a purple
them on the branches near the female flowers to impregnate colour: this the natives eat as gathered from the bush,, with-
them which, they all agree, has the desired effect, render-
;
out any preparation. The leaflets are wrought into m .>.?< ;

have been the common petioles are split into three or four, and i:si',l
ing the trees fruitful, which would otherwise
barren. Padre Labat, in his account of America, mentions for making ordinary baskets of various kinds : but these art!
a single tree of this kind, growing near a convent in the not so proper for "this purpose as the Bamboo. The srni'll
island of Martinico, which produced a great quantity of fruit, trunk, when divested of its leaves, and the strong brown
which came to maturity enough for eating ; but as there was fibrous web that surrounds the trunk at their insertions, is
and six in diarnett r
no other tree of this kind in the island, they were desirous generally fifteen or eighteen inches long,
to propagate it, and accordingly planted great numbers of at the thickest part; its exterior or woody part consists cf
the stones for several years, but not one of them grew ;
white fibres matted together, which envelope a large quantity
therefore, after having made several trials without success, of a farinaceous substance, used as food by the natives in
were to send to Africa, where these plants times of scarcity; but to separate this from the fibres, the
they obliged 1

grew in plenty, for some of the fruit, the stones of which trunk is split into six or eight pieces, then dried, beaten in
they planted, and raised many of the plants. He then con- wooden mortars, and afterwards sifted ; the rest of the pre-
paration consists in boiling the
meal into a thick gruel, or
jectures, that the single tree, before mentioned, might be
It seems to be much k-ss
probably so far impregnated by some neighbouring Palm as it is called in India, congee.
Trees of other species, as to render it capable of ripening nutritive than Sago, and is less palatable, being considerably
the fruit, but not sufficient to make the seeds prolific. The bitter when boiled; but probably, by more care in the pre-
flowers of both sexes come out in very long bunches from the the mode, it might be improved.
paration, or by varying
trunk between the leaves, and are covered with a spatha or Loureiro has described a dwarf Phoenix, or Date Palm,
sheath, which opens and withers ; those of the male have six which he characterizes by its having six stamina, and a
short stamina, with narrow four-cornered antheree filled with dwarf trunk. It seems in most respects not to differ from
farina. The female flowers have no stamina, but have a that described above from Coromandel. Native of Cochin-
the capital of
roundish germen, which afterwards becomes an oval berry, china, on mountains six leagues from Huaea,
with a thick pulp inclosing a hard oblong stone, with a deep Cochin-china, in rocky places near streams.
furrow running longitudinally. The bunches of fruit are Pkormium; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Moiio-
sometimes very large. The fruit of this tree makes a great GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla:
gynia.
and part of into a tube, ob-
part of the diet of the ir'.iabitants of Arabia petals six, ascending obliquely, converging
Persia. In Upper Egypt many families subsist entirely upon long, connate at the base, unequal three outer acute,
;
more
raised on the back; three inner longer, rounded at the
it.
They make a conserve of it with sugar, and even grind
the hard stones in their hand-mills for their camels. In Bar- top, concave. Stamina: filamenta six, filiform, ascending,
290 PHR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
longer tlian the corolla; antherse erect, subtriquetrous. quite entire, flat, obliquely grooved, smooth, coriaceous ;
Pistil: germen bluntly three-sided; style filiform, ascending, flowers white, collected into a large, sessile,
hemispherical
a little shorter than the stamina; stigma simple. Pericarp: cyme, bursting out below the middle of the .gaping petiole.
capsule oblong, three-sided, the angels grooved, acuminate, The germen is commonly abortive. Native of Malabar,
three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: very many, oblong, com- China, and Cochin-china, in shady wet places. The leaves
pressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: are used for wrapping up cakes, &c. in the oven whence. Lou-
six-petalled, the tlxree inner petals longer. Capsule: ob- reiro's trivial name of Placentaria when tender, and not
:
yet
long, three-sided. Seeds: oblong, compressed. -The unfolded, they infuse them in spirit of rice, or sugar diluted
onlyknown species is, with three times its
quantity of water, to make vinegar.
Phormium Tenax; New Zealand Flax Plant.
1. Leaves Phylica: a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogy-
many; inflorescence branched; flowers like those of the Hya- nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common receptacle of
cinth. Native of New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and other the fructifications scaly, collecting the flowers into a disk ;

islands in the Southern Ocean. The inhabitants of New perianth proper, one-leafed, five-cleft, turbinate mouth vil-;

Zealand make a thread from the fibres of the leaves, with lose, permanent. Corolla : none scalelets five, acuminate,
;

which the women weave a variety of fine matting for cloth- one at the base of each division of the calix,
converging.
ing and other yses. Many other plants of the Liliaceous Stamina: filamenta five, very small, inserted under the scale-
tribes might be applied to the same purposes: and this is l.-t; antherae simple. Pistil: germen at the bottom of the
now manufactured in Norfolk Island, where canvass and corolla; style simple; stigma obtuse. Pericarp: capsule
other coarse linen cloth have been made with the thread. roundish, three-lobed, three-celled, three-valved, crowned.
Pftrynui; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno- Seeds: solitary, roundish, gibbous on one side, angular on
spermia- GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- the other. ESSENTIALCHARACTER. Perianth:
five-parted,
leafed, cylindric, gibbous above at the base, striated, with a turbinate. Petals :
none, but five scalesdefending the sta-
two-lipped mouth; upper lip narrow, longer, with three awl- mina. Capsule: tr.icoccous, inferior. As these shrubs do
shaped converging teeth lower lip blunt, bifid. Corolla :
; not produce seeds in England, they are propagated
by cut-
oue-petalled, ringent; tube the length of the calix; upper tings, and slips of the young shoots. There are two seasons
lip shorter, subovate, emarginate, straight lower lip larger, ; for planting these ; the end of March, before the
plants be-
more spreading, trifid, the middle segment more produced. gin to shoot, and the beginning of August. In the first
Stamina: filamenta four, two on each side the upper ones, season plant them in pots, and plunge them into a
very
shorter ; antherse roundish, converging, in the throat of the moderate hot-bed, covering them close with bell or hand
corolla. Pistil :
germen oblong; style filiform, the length glasses, shading them in the middle of the day, and re-
of the stamina stigma blunt. Pericarp none calix un-
;
>
;
freshing them gently with water : they will put out roots in
changed, grooved, converging. Seed: single, oblong, roundish, two months, then inure them to the open air, and when they
grooved on one side Geertner says, ovate, drawn to a point
; have obtained strength, take them carefully out of those pots,
attop, obscurely five-cornered. ESSENTIALCHARACTER. Ca- and plant each in a separate sm?ll pot, filled with soft loamy
lix: two-lipped, five-toothed. The species are,
Seed: one. earth, placing them in a shady situation until they have taken
1 .
Phryma Leptostachya. Leaves
ovate, serrate, petioled ; new root; when they may be removed to a more sheltered
calix one-leafed, five-cleft. Stem a foot high, obtusely qua- place, there to remain till autumn. In the second season,
drangular, smoothish, brachiate; flowers opposite, remote. plant the cuttings in pots, which may be either plunged into
Native of North America. an old hot-bed or in the ground, covering them close as be-
2. Phryma Dehiscens. Calices finally opening longitudi- fore, and treating them in the same way: when they put out
nally; stems suflfruticose at the base; branches opposite, roots, it will be too late to transplant them, and they must
few, upright; corolla like that of Vervain border five-cleft, ; remain in the same pots until spring. If these are placed
small, almost equal, with rounded segments. This plant is under a hot-bed frame in autumn, where they may. be pro-
associated with the preceding, till it is better known, though tected from frost, and exposed to the open air in mild wea-
it has a different appearance. Native of the Cape. ther, they will succeed better than when they are more ten-
Phrynium; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono- derly treated. As these shrubs are too tender to thrive in the
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathes many, open England, they must be kept in pots, and housed
air in

acute, imbricate, many-flowered perianth three-leaved leaf-

; ;
in winter, but they require no artificial heat. In summer they
lets awl-shaped, erect, equal. Corolla: one-petalled, tubu- may be placed abroad in a sheltered situation. As they
lar ; border seven-cleft ; the three outer segments acute, al- flower in winter, they make a good appearance in the green-
most equal, reflex ; the four inner obtuse, erect, unequal, house or dry-stove at that season. The first sort will live
nectary long, channelled, erect. The four inner segments through the winter, when mild, in a warm sheltered situation,
belong properly to this. Stamina: filamentum one, awl- but always dies in severe frost. The species are,
shaped, short, growing to the side of the nectary at bottom; 1.
Phylica Ericoides; Heath-leaved Phylica. Leaves
anther oblong, irregular, emitting little balls of pollen, dis- linear, in whorls; they are about half an inch long, bright
tinguishable by the naked eye. Pistil: germen ovate, three- green, and somewhat hairy. This is a low bushy plant, sel-
cornered, inferior; style thick, short, rather longer than the dom rising more than three feet high ; the stalks are shrubby
stamen ; stigma concave, inclined towards the anther. Pe- and irregular, dividing into many spreading branches, subdi-
ricarp : capsule obtusely triangular, three-celled. Seed: viding into smaller ones. At the end of the very shoot, the
nuts three, ovate, or smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. flowers are produced in small clusters, sitting close to the
Calix : three-leaved. Corolla : inner segments four, obtuse, un- leaves ; they are of a pure white, begin to appear in the au-
equal. Nectary: tube filiform; border four-parted. Capsule: tnmn, continue in beauty all the winter, and decay in spring.
three-celled. Nuts : three. The only known species is, - The flowers are slightly odoriferous. Native of the Cape.
1.
Phrynium Capitatum. Perennial stemless, five feet : 2. Phylica Lanceolata ; Lance-leaved Phylica. Leaves
high: on four-fifths of it are very straight, round, regular, scattered, lanceolate, tomentose underneath; heads terminat-
shining petioles ; leaves a foot long, ovate-oblong, sharp, ing, hirsute. Native of the Cape.
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 291

3. Phylica Bicolor Two-coloured Phylica. Leaves linear,

;
18. Phylica Racemosa; Recemed Phylica. Leaves ovate,
calices shorter than the corolla. Stem smooth; flowers simple; panicle racemed. Stem
pubescent common
five futt
;

determinately branched branches rod-like, rufescent, white,

; high, shrubby, with determinate branches. It is doubtful

Native of the Cape. whether this plant does not form a distinct genus. Native
pubescent.
4. Phylica Capitata; Downy Phylica. Leaves linear- of the Cape.
heads terminating. It 19. Phylica Parviflora; Small-floweved Phylica. Leaves
lanceolate, villose ; bractes woolly ;

flowers from February to April. Native of the Cape. awl-shaped, acute, rugged, somewhat hairy; branches panicle
5. Phylica Eriophoros Pale-flowered Phylica.;
Leaves li- many-flowered. This shrub grows to the height of two feet,
near, somewhat tomentose underneath, rolled back at and is very like the first species ; but the branches are many-
hairy,
the edge heads terminating flowers tomentose.
; ;
It flowers flowered, and the flowers smaller. Native of the Cape.'
in November. Native of the Cape. 20. Phylica Secunda. Leaves linear, mucronate, smooth ;

6. Phylica Plumosa; Woolly-leaved Phylica. Leaves li- heads terminating, hirsute. Native of the Cape.
near, awl-shaped; the uppermost hirsute. This
has an erect Phyllachne ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monandria ;

shrubby stalk, which rises near three feet high, covered

with or of the class Gynandria, order Diandria. GENERIC CHA-
a purplish bark, and here and there some white down upon RACTER. Male Flowers. Calix perianth three-leaved, su
:

it; flowers collected in small heads at the ends of the perior; leaflets very small, awl-shaped. Corolla: one-pe-
branches, white, woolly, fringed on their borders, cut into talled tube gradually widening and spreading border five-
; ;

six acute segments at top. It flowers from March to May. rleft, spreading segments oblong, blunt, the length of the
;

Native of the Cape. tube. Stamina: filamentum single, capillary, erect,, the
7. Phylica Villosa Villose-leaved Phylica. Leaves linear,
; length of the corolla, with a gland on each side at the base;
the upper ones villose flowers in racemes.
;
Native of the antheree globular, three-grooved. Pistil : rudiment of a gt>r-

Cape. men ; style and stigma none. Female Flowers, on a differ-

8. Phylica Imberbis; Beardless Phylica. Leaves linear, ent plant. Calix and Corolla : as in the male. Pistil: ger-
obtuse, rugged; flowers terminating, pubescent. Native of men turbinate, inferior; style filiform, straight, the length of
the Cape. the corolla, with a gland on each side of the base : stigma
9. Phylica Stipularis Stipuled Phylica.
;
Leaves linear, capitate, four-cornered, with four tubercles, the two upper
stipuled; flowers five-horned. Stem proliferous, naked, or ones larger. Pericarp : berry inferior, one-celled, many-
somewhat rugged from the fallen leaves heads of flowers ; seeded. Seeds: numerous, ovate-oblong, very small, fastened
with a many-leaved calix of naked, obovate, two-parted scales, to the receptacle. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.. Male, Calix:
interwoven with wool. Native cf the Cape. three-leaved, superior. Corolla: funnel-form. Female.
10. Fhylioa Pinifolia; Pine-leaved Phylica. Leaves ace- Stigma: four-cornered. Capsule: inferior, many-seeded.
rose, flat on both sides, very smooth flowers panicle-ra-
; The only knownspecies is,
cemed. It is a fathom high, and remarkable for its smooth- 1. Phyllachne Uliginosa. Leaves small, awl-shaped, cre-
ness, and flat fir-like leaves. Native of lofty mountains at nulate, with a cartilaginous margin; stems closely approxi-
the Cape. mating, covered with imbricate leaves, proliferous into two
11. Phylica Cordata; Heart-leaved Phylica. Leaves cor- or three branchlets flowers terminating, sessile, white.
; It
date, ovate, spreading; stem proliferous. Native of the Cape. is a
pretty plant, having the structure of a Moss all over, but
12. Phylica Dioica Dicecous Phylica.
; Leaves cordate; adorned with flowers of a very different kind. Native of
flowers dioecous ; corolla with white hair.
Native of the Cape. Terra del Fuego.
13. Phylica Buxifolia; Box-leaved Phylica. Leaves Phyllanthus; a genus of the class Monoacia, order, Mon-
ovate, scattered, and by threes, tomentose underneath. This adelphia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Males- Calix: peri-
rises with a shrubby erect stalk five or six feet high, when anth one-leafed, six-parted, bell-shaped, coloured; segments
old covered with a rough purplish bark, but the younger ovate, spreading, blunt, permanent. Corolla none, except
:

branches have a woolly down. The flowers are collected in the calix be called so. Stamina: filamenta three, shorter than
small heads at the ends of the branches; they are of an herba- the calix, approximating at the base, distant at the tips ;
ceous colour, and make no great appearance. It flowers antherae three, two-lobed. Females. Calix : perianth as in
during a great part of the year. Native of the Cape. the males. Corolla: none; nectary a rim of twelve angles,
14. Phylica Spicata; Spiked Phylica. Leaves oblong, surrounding the germen. Pistil: germen roundish, obtusely
cordate, acuminate, tomentose underneath ; spikes cylindri- three-cornered; styles three, spreading, bifid; stigmas blunt.
cal ; flowers the length of the bractes. This species differs Pericarp: capsule roundish, three-grooved, three-celled;
from all the rest by its inflorescence, or head of flowers, cells bivalve. Seeds: solitary, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHA-
elongated into a villose spike. It flowers in November and RACTER. Male. Calix : six-parted, bell-shaped. Corolla :
December. Native of the Cape. none. Female. Calix: six-parted. Petals: none. Styles:
15. Phylica Callosa ; Callous-leaved Phylica. Leaves ob- three, bifid. Capsule: three-celled. Seeds : solitary. These
long, cordate, acuminate, hairy, tomentose underneath ;
plants may be propagated by seeds, when they can be pro-
flowers in a sort of head. This is very distinct from the cured from the countries where they grow naturally. They
eleventh species, with which it agrees in the form of the must be sown on a hot-bed, and when the plants are suffi-
It flowers in March and April.
ciently grown up, each should be planted in a small pot
leaves. Native of the Cape.
16. Phylica Paniculata; Panicled Phylica. Leaves ovate, filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's
mucronate, smooth above, shining, tomentose underneath ; bark; shading and watering them until they have taken good
racemes leafy, panicled. This approaches to the eleventh root : after this, they must remain constantly in the bark-
species, but differs from it in not having the leaves rugged stove, and be treated in the same manner with plants from
above, and the flowers racemed and panicled. Native of the hot countries. They may sometimes be raised by planting
Cape. out slips, or by layers, managed in the same way as those
17.
Phylica Imbricata; Imbricate Phylica. Leaves cor- from seeds. The species are,
date, ovate, smooth ; flowers in racemes. Native of the Cape. 1. Phyllanthus Grandifolia; Great-leaved Phyllanthus.
90.
292 THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL: PHY
Leaves ovate, blunt, quite entire ;. stem arboreous. Native eet high, and is seldom thicker than a man's finger, of an
lerbaceous colour, and full of joints. It sends out several
2. Phyllanthus Nutans ; Pendulous-fiowered Phyllanthus. mall side branches towards the top, garnished with spear-
Shrubby leaves alternate, oval, glaucous underneath ra-
: ; haped leaves nearly four inches long, and almost two broad
cemes terminating, leafy, nodding; branches slender, co- n the middle, drawing to a point at each end. The flowers
vered with a light-coloured reddish-brown smooth bark, di- are produced at the ends of the branches in loose panicles ;
vided into twigs set with leaves. Native of Jamaica. they are small, of an herbaceous colour at their first appear-
3. Phyllanthus Mimosoides Mimosa-like Phyllanthus.
; ance, but, before they fade, change to a brown, or worn-out
Stem shrubby ; branches rod-like ; leaves pinnate, florifer- mrple. Native of the Canary Islands. It is
propagated by
ous. Native of Antigua. 11U lorn seeds, which must be sown on a bed of fresh light earth
4. Phyllanthus Conami. Stem shrubby, very much .owards the end of March, and the plants will come up by
branched; branches diffused; leaves petioled, roundish, he beginning of May when they are fit to transplant, they
;

attenuated, but bluntish at the tip; peduncles fascicled, should be put into separate pots, and placed in a shady
axillary. Native of the West Indies. situation until they have taken root ; after which
they should
Leaves >e removed into a sheltered situation, where
5. Phyllanthus Niruri; .Annual Phyllanthus. they may have
flowers peduncled.
pinnate, floriferous ; Root filiform, long, he morning sun in summer they require frequent watering;
:

white stem about a foot high, branched, erect, herbaceous,

;
n winter they must be sheltered from the frost, but require
roundish, even ; flowers on very short peduncles, axillary, to have as much free air as possible in mild weather the :

nodding, under the leaves. The seeds ripen in succession, second year the plants will flower if therefore in the spring
;

and are cast out of the capsules when ripe, with so much some of the plants are shaken out of the pots, and put into
force as to be thrown to a considerable distance. It is very the full ground, they will perfect their seeds much better
common in Barbadocs ; in the mountainous swamps of Ja- than those which remain in the pots. They may also be
maica; on the banks of rivers in Hispaniola; and in the raised by cuttings planted out in the summer. As these plants
East Indies. seldom continue in health above four or five years, it will b^
6. Phyllanthus Urinaria. Leaves pinnate, floriferous ; proper to raise a supply of young plants to succeed them.
flowers sessile stem herbaceous, procumbent. It has its
; The plants retain their leaves all the year, which being large,
trivial name from its diuretic quality. The whole herb is and of a shining green, make a handsome appearance in
milky. It is a native of the East Indies, China about Can- winter ; which is its chief use, as the flowers are of no value.
ton, Cochin-china, and the eastern coast of Africa. Physalis ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
7. Phyllanthus Bacciformis. Leaves pinnate, with six gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
leaflets female flower terminating ; male flowers three to-
; ventricose, half five-cleft, small, five-cornered, with acuminate
gether, lower ; stem half a foot high, quite simple, ascend- segments, permanent. Corolla : one-petalled, wheel-shaped ;
ing, angular, even, annual. Native of Tranquebar. tube very short ; borders half five-cleft, large, plaited ; seg-
8. Phyllanthus Racemosus. Leaves pinnate, flowering in ments wide, acute. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, very
a raceme at the tip; fruit berried, juiceless ; stem suffruticose small, converging ; antherse erect, converging. Pistil : ger-
-Native of Ceylon. men roundish ; style filiform, generally longer than the sta-
9. Phyllanthus Emblica ; Shrubby Phyllanthus. Leaves mina; stigma blunt. Pericarp: berry subglobular, two-
prnnate, floriferons; stem arboreous; fruit berried. This celled, small, within a very large, inflated, closed, five-
rises in Malabar with a tree-like stem, to the height of twelve cornered, coloured calix ; receptacle kidney-form, doubled.
or fourteen feet, but in England to not more than half that Seeds : very many, kidney-form, comprest. ESSENTIAL
height, sending out from the side many patulous branches. CHARACTER. Corolla: wheel-shaped. Stamina: converg-
Native of the East Indies, Cochin-china, and China; in the ing. Berry: within an inflated calix, -two-celled. The
last of which the berry is juiceless. species are,
* Perennial.
10.
Phyllanthus Maderaspatensis. Leaves, alternate,
wedge-shaped, mucronate. The cocculi are papery, not se- 1. Physalis Somnifera; Clustered Winter-cherry. Stem
parating from the epidermis, two-valved, opening with a shrubby; branches straight; flowers clustered; leaves ovate-
spring. Native of the East Indies. lanceolate, almost three inches long, and an inch and half
11. Phyllanthus Virgata. Leaves simple, alternate, linear, broad in the middle, downy, and on short petioles ; flowers
mucronate peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered stem
; ; small, of an herbaceous white colour, sitting very close to the
shrubby. -Native of the Society Islands. branches, and succeeded by small berries, nearly of the same
Phyllis : a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia. size as the Common Winter-cherry, and red when ripe. It
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel none, but a pani- flowers in July and August. Native of Spain, Sicily, Can-
cle; perianth very small, superior, two-leaved, obsolete. Co- dia, Barbary, and Zanguebar on the coast of Africa, and of
rolla: petals five, lanceolate, obtuse, revolute, scarcely con- Mexico in America. Sow the seeds on a bed of light earth
nected at the base. Stamina: filamenta five, shorter than in the beginning of April: when the plants are two or three
the corolla, capillary, flaccid; antherte simple, oblong. Pis- inches high, take them up carefully, and plant each in a
til : germen inferior ; style none ; stigmas two, awl-shaped, small pot filled with kitchen-garden mould, placing them in
pubescent, reflex. Pericarp: none ; fruit turbinate, oblong the shade till they have taken new root; then remove them
blunt, angular. Seeds : two, parallel, convex and angular on to a sheltered situation till the beginning of October, at
one side, flat on the other, wider at top. Observe. Stigmas which time remove them into the green-house, watering them
as in the Grasses, Elm, and Tetragonia. ESSENTIAL CHA- sparingly in winter. They will continue several years, if not
RACTER. Stigmas : hispid. Fructifications : scattered. Ca- too tenderly treated.
lix : two-leaved, obsolete. Corolla : five-petalled. Seeds 2. Physalis Aristata; Bearded Winter-cherry. Stem
two. The only known species is, shrubby; leaves oblong, entire, smooth; branches, petioles,
1
Phyllis Nobla Bastard Hare's Ear. Stipules toothed
.
; and peduncles, lanuginose ; calicine toothlets awned. Na-
This plant rises with a soft shrubby stalk about two or thre tive of the Canary Islands.
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 293

3. Physalis Flexuosa, Stem shrubby ; branches flexuose ; at bottom. Roots perennial, and creeping to a great distance:

flowers clustered. This has the habit and stature of the they shoot up many stalks in the spring, which are a foot
first species ; flowers in like manner scattered at the axils of high, or more. Flowers axillary, on slender peduncles,
the leaves; the calices also grow out and involve the berry; white, appearing in July. Native of the south of Europe,
but it differs manifestly in having the flowers smaller, the Germany, China, and Cochin-china. The berries of this plant
branches very flexuose, and hence the leaves, disposed as it were known to the ancients; they have an acidulous and not
were in a double row, are inserted into the outer angle of unpleasant taste, followed by a slight bitterness, which they
the flexure. Native of the East Indies. Sow the seeds on are said to derive from the investing calix. Though esteem-
a moderate hot-bed, and when the plants have four leaves, ed detergent and aperient, their fruit is chiefly recommended
transplant them on a fresh hot-bed, shading them fill they as a diuretic in suppression of urine, and for removing ob-
bave taken new root; then admit fresh air to them every day structions arising from gravel or mucus. From six to
in warm weather. When
they are three or four inches high, twelve cherries, or an ounce of the expressed juice, is given
take them up Carefully, and plant each in a small pot filled as a dose there seems however to be no danger from a much
:

with light loamy earth, placing them in a frame upon an old larger quantity ; for in some parts of Germany the country
hot-bed, and shading them until they have taken new root ; people eat them by handfuls, and in Spain and Switzerland
then gradually inure them to the open air, into which they they frequently supply the place of other eatable fruits. Ray
may be removed in July and being placed in a warm situa-
; says, that a gouty person prevented the returns of the dis-
tion, they may remain ther* till the end of September. order by taking eight of these berries at each change of the
The first winter, place them in a moderate stove ; but after moon. Instances of their good effects in dropsical and ca'!-
that, a green-house will afford sufficient protection. culous complaints are on record, but they are very little n-
4. Physalis Arborescens. Stem shrubby; leaves ovate, garded. This plant is easily propagated either by seeds or
hairy; flowers solitary; corollas revolute ; berries small, by parting the roots; the latter being the most expeditious
spherical, red, inclosed in an oval dark purple bladder. It method, is generally practised, any time after the stalks de-
flowers in June and July, but does not perfect its berries cay, till they begin to shoot in the spring; it loves a shady
except in warm seasons. Native of Campeachy. Sow the situation, and should be confined, otherwise the roots will
seeds in the same manner, and treat the plants as directed ramble to a great distance. Its only beauty is in autumn,
for the preceding; except that not being so
hardy, they when the plants are ripe.
must be kept in a moderate stove in winter; but in the 10. Physalis Peruviana; Peruvian Winter Cherry. Pu-
middle of summer they should be placed in the open air, in bescent: leaves cordate, quite entire. Stem in the stovo
a sheltered situation, for about three months for if constantly
;
perennial, lofty, divaricating, very finely pubescent, and
kept in the stove, they will draw up weak, and not flower. extremely soft, as are also the leaves; flowers solitary, pen-
It may also be increased by cuttings, planted in pots during dulous, yellow, with five dusky spots at bottom, visible at
the spring and summer months, and plunged into a gentle both sides, and the throat hirsute. It flowers from April to
hot-bed. October. Native of South America.
5. Physalis Curassavica;Curassavian Wititer Cherry. 11. Physalis Lanceolata. Leaves two together, oval-Ian-
Stem shrubby ; ovate, tomentose ; root perennial,
leaves ceofete, somewhat entire. Stem herbaceous, dichotomous ;
creeping. Native of Curacao in the West Indies. Part the calix villose. Grows in Lower Carolina.
roots of thisand the seventh species in the spring : place the 12. Physalis Philadelphia. Leaves ovate, repand-dentate,
plants under a hot-bed frame, or other moderate warmth, in glabrous. Stem herbaceous, very branchy ; peduncles soli-
winter; and during the months of July, August, and Sep- tary, much shorter than the petiole; flowers yellow, with
tember, in a warm situation in the open air. brown stripes. Grows in dry places on river sides from New
6. Physalis Tomentosa; Downy Winter Stem
Cherry. England to Virginia.
**
ahrubby, tomentose; leaves elliptic, oblong, tomentose; Annual.
flowers lateral, aggregate. Native of the Cape. 13. Physalis Tooth-leaved Winter Cherry.
Angulata:
7. Physalis Viscosa;
Clammy Winter Cherry. Leaves in Very much branched: branches angular, smooth; leaves
pairs, repand, blunt, subtomentose. Stem herbaceous, pani- ovate, toothed. This seldom rises to a foot in height ;

cled at top ; root creeping,

sending up a great number of flowers small, on short peduncles. Native of both Indies,
smooth stalks, about a foot high, dividing towards the Cochin-china, and Japan. This, like the other annual sorts,
top
into small spreading branches; flowers towards the
top axil- is
propagated by seeds sown on a moderate hot-bed, and
lary, on long slender peduncles, of a dirty yellow colour when the plants come up and are a little advanced, they
with purple bottoms. They
appear in June and July, and should be planted on a fresh-hot bed to bring them forward
are succeeded by viscous berries, of an herbaceous and treated in the same way as Capsicum. When they arc
yellow
colour, inclosed in a light green swelling bladder. Native of grown strong, and are hardened to bear the open air, they
America. See the fifth species.
may be transplanted with balls of earth to their roots into a
8. Physalis warm border, observing to shade and water them till they
Pennsylvania; Pennsylvanian Winter Cherry.
Leaves ovate, subrepand, blunt, almost naked; flowers in have taken root, after which they will require no other care
pairs. Stem herbaceous root not creeping. It flowers from
; but to keep them clean from weeds.
July to September. Native of North America. Sow the 14. Physalis Pubescens Woolly Winter Cherry. Very
;

seeds upon a warm border at the end of March when the ; much branched leaves villose-viscid, cordate flowers pen-
:
;

plants come up, thin them where they are too close, and dulous; fruiting calices roundish-globular, angular. This
keep them clean from weeds till autumn, when they should branches out very wide close to the ground, and the branches
be transplanted to the places where
they are to remain, frequently lie upon it; they are angular, and full of joints,
which ought to be in a warm situation, where
they will sur- dividing again into smaller branches; flowers produced on
vive the winter in mild seasons. the side of the branches, upon short slender nodding pedun-
9. Physalis
Alkekengi Common Winter Cherry. Leaves
; cles ; they are of an herbaceous yellow colour, with dark
in pairs, entire, acute. Stem
herbaceous, somewhat branched bottoms, and are succeeded by large swelling bladders, of a
294 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; PHY
light green, inclosing berries as large as common cherries, Stem angular, diffuse ; branches wavy ; leaves ovate, downy,
which are yellowish when ripe. It flowers in July, and the nearly entire. Found in the tropical parts of New Hollan.d.
berries ripen in autumn. Native of America, especially Vir- 26. Physalis Obscura. Leaves as if cordate-suborbicu-
ginia; also of Cochin-china, the Cape, and Port Jackson, late, acuminate, unequally dentated; stem herbaceous, diva-
New South Wales. If the seeds be permitted to scatter, the ricate, very branchy branches angulated flowers yellow,
; ;

plants will come up in the spring, and require no other care with brown spots and bluish anthers. Grows in the sandy
but to thin them, and keep them clean from weeds or, if the
: fields of Lower Carolina.
seeds be sown in the spring on a common border, the plants Physic Nut. See Jatropa.
will rise very well, and need no further care. Physiology of Plants. In addition to what has been said
15. Physalis Prostrata; Trailing Blue-flowered Winter upon this interesting subject in the Introduction to this Work,
Cherry. Very much branched; stem procumbent, round, we have the pleasure here to subjoin, for the satisfaction of
hirsute; leaves somewhat fleshy; flowers axillary, solitary, our intelligent readers, the entirely new system of Vegetable
or in pairs, peduncled, fragrant, fugacious, an inch in width ; Physiology, lately translated from the German of the cele-
corollas violet, with a whitish eye, and radiating lines of a brated Willdenow. " Besides the division into the
three
darker violet. Native of Peru. kingdoms of nature, natural bodies may be conveniently
16. Physalis Barbadensis ; Barbadoes Winter Cherry. arranged into two great classes, viz. organic and inorganic
Very much branched: leaves
ovate-cordate, pubescent; bodies. Inorganic bodies are those which are composed
flowers pendulous ; fruiting calices ovate, acuminate, angu- of heterogeneous particles, chemically or mechanically com-
lar; corolla yellow, with purple spots and antherse. Its bined, and which, even when somewhat regular in their
purple antherse, unclammy leaves, want of hoariness, flower- figure, are formed by external apposition. Organic bodies,
ing peduncles, nodding, and not very long, distinguish this on the contrary, are those which are regularly composed of
from the seventeenth species. Native of .Barbadoes. many differently formed organs, which, in the natural and
17. Physalis Chenopodifolia; Goosefoot-leaved Winter healthy state, have the same structure with all the indivi-
Cherry. Very much branched: leaves smooth, ovate, acu- duals of the same species. Thev grow larger in outward
minate, angular, toothed calices even, the size of the fruit, appearance by the action of an internal power, have a cir-
;

globular. This is sufficiently distinguished from the other culation of juices, and propagate their kind, so that they
species by the berries being of the same size as the calix. are continually reappearing in the same form that has been
Native place unknown. once prescribed to them. Under organic bodies are com-
18. Physalis Minima; Small Winter Cherry. Very much prehended animals and plants. The formation of organic
branched; fruiting peduncles longer than the villose leaf. bodies depends upon the diversity of matter and form. In
This is a small spreading plant, with oblong hairs at the every investigation, these are the last points which occur to
axils of the branches. Native of the East Indies flowering us, until we resolve them into their first principles. Vital
;

in July and August.

power or irritability is a property of organized bodies, which
19. Physalis Pruinosa ; Hairy Annual Winter Cherry. is connected with their composition and form; but we are

Very much branched leaves

; villose ;
peduncles strict. This still unable precisely to determine, whether it is merely the
has the appearance of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh species result of form and composition, or whether it constitutes an
;

but the antherse are yellow, not blue. It flowers in July and independent power: experience, at least, in the vegetable
August. Native of America. world, seem.s to favour the former supposition. The ele-
20. Physalis Virginiana. Stem herbaceous leaves ovate- ments, and the matter compounded from them, act ^upon
;

lanceolate, acutely toothed; root perennial, composed of organized bodies, and afford a stimulus, by which activity
strong fibres, from which arise two or three hairy stalks nine or excitation is produced. By the increase and continuance
or ten inches high, dividing into several branches. The of the stimulus, the irritability diminishes, and at last alto-
flowers come out at the side of the branches, at the base of gether subsides. Th"s the same stimulus, that roused the
the petioles, which are long and slender. Native of Virginia irritable principle to action, promotes the decay of the orga-
and Vera Cruz. nized body consequently life is an exertion of vital power,
:

21. Physalis Patula. Very much branched, patulous: by which a supply and combination of the matter belonging
branches angular, smooth leaves lanceolate, pinnate-toothed.
; to the composition of the organized body, is constantly pro-
This is a low annual plant; flowers small, white; fruit small, duced. By life, organized bodies are formed, increased,
yellowish when ripe. Native of Vera Cruz. and supported, and by it the parts which have been injured
22. Physalis Villosa. Very much branched branches
:
by accident are restored. The faculty of assimulation of
villose; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate-toothed. This is an the power of locomotion, and of reproduction, are therefore
annual plant; flowers small, of a pale yellow colour; fruit only consequences of life just as elasticity and contractility
;

round, as large as a cherry, and of a yellowish green when are properties of matter alone. Combinations of matter in
ripe.
Native of Vera Cruz. organized bodies, in consequence of the irritable principle,
23. Physalis Cordata. Stem erect, branched; leaves are regulated by other laws than those of chemical affinity;
ovate, serrate, toothed ; petioles and peduncles very long. and when the vital power ceases, they are destroyed ; i. e.
This is an annual plant, nearly two feet high. The leaves when the vital power ceases, the matter, of which organic
change to a purplish colour in the autumn; flowers small bodies are composed, is combined according to the laws to
and white ; berries almost as large as Heart Cherries, and of which inorganic bodies are subject. Elasticity, which is
that shape, yellowish green, with some purple stripes. Na- peculiar to the matter of organized bodies, appears both in
tive of Vera Cruz. the living and decayed state of vegetables. It is perceptible
24. Physalis Maxima. Stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate- in the ligneous fibre, in resins, and other parts and produc-
lanceolate, viscid ; fruit very large, heart-shaped. Annual tions of plants.
:
Contractility, is chiefly peculiar to
wood.
flowers small, pale yellow ; fruit pale
yellow when ripe. In economical use, the expansion and contraction of wood
Native of Vera Cruz. are very troublesome properties, which can be destroyed only
of Anasta-
25. Physalis Parviflora; Small-flowered Winter Cherry.
by a particular mode of treatment. The dry stalks
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 295

tica Hierochuntica, commonly called the Rose of Jericho, the Uon, but not a reproduction, for in the greater part of leaf-
seed-vessels of the genus Mesemhryanthemum, many species bearing wood, the whole surface is capable of producing
of which are known to gardeners by the name of the Candian buds and branches. Philosophers have constantly endea-
Flower, the dry calix of Carlina vulgaris, are in this respect voured to discover resemblances between animals and plants.
Aristotle called vegetables reversed animals. Linneus pur-
the same as wood. They expand in wet weather, and con-
tract when The same observation applies to Liver- sued this idea still farther; but his lively imagination carried
dry.
worts 'and Mosses, which during summer appear to be him too far, when he denominated heat, the heart, and
withered, but in cool moist weather, and in autumn, again earth, the stomach of plants, and even when he, with more

begin to grow and expand.

The contractility of ligneous justice, compared the leaves of plants to the lungs of ani-
Formerly it was mals. Comparisons of this kind must always fail,
fibres fits them for being Hygrometers.
as ani
that could grow in breadth, only by the ex- mals and plants differ very materially in the form of the
thought plants
the fibres of the wood organs of which they are composed.
pansion of the interstices between " But the most successful on this head was the immortal
when moisture pervades them. Mr. De Luc, however, has
shown, that the fibres themselves may be elongated, though Bonnet, who, in a very ingenious manner, has compared the
in a small degree, and may again contract. And he has egg, the embryo, the nourishment, and the generative organs
made the singular remark, that box-wood contracts its fibres of animals, to those of vegetables. This likeness, which phi-
at- losophers observed between animals and plants, chiefly con-
longitudinally when moist, but elongates them in a dry
sisted in. properties, which organized bodies possess without
mosphere. It however undergoes the changes in breadth
iu the same manner as other wood. He examined a great respect to their structure. It is, therefore, certainly worth
number of different sorts of wood but not one showed the while, to consider more accurately, in what respects plants
;

differ from animals. Animals take food by a certain aper-

.phenomenon of box-wood. That vegetables as organized
bodies are possessed also of vital powers, admits of no doubt, ture, and have a particular canal by which they propel their
as is sufficiently demonstrated by their growth, formation, excrementitious matter. Plants, on the other hand, take in
and decay. On a few different parts only, the operation of nourishment with their whole surface, and except transpira-
the applied stimulus becomes visible. The leaves of Mimosa tion, which they possess in common with animals, have no
pudica, sensitiva, casta, of Oxalis sensitiva,
Dioneea musci- peculiar canal to expel their excrements, unless we consider
pula, and otricr plants
which grow only within the tropics the drops which are found on the roots of some luxuriant
and under the equator, contract when touched. Less con- plants as a proof of the contrary. Plants have a structure
spicuous, but easily demonstrable, is the contractility in the altogether
different from that of animals. They consist of
indigenous species of Sun-dew, Droscra rotundifolia and variously combined vessels,
which are surrounded by a cel-
longifolia. 1 he filaments of Urtica, Parietaria, Berberis, and lular membrane. The existence of muscles in plants has not
others, show great irritability, and likewise the pistils of some yet been clearly evinced, nor have nerves
hitherto been per-
the stigma of Martynia. According to some ceived in them. The wood, which some have compared to
plants, especially
has certainly not the least resemblance to them.
experiments, light acts as a particular stimulus upon plants. bones,
Vegetables appear to be little susceptible of the power of Plants consist of a cuticle,
which appears in woody plants
Galvanism. The result of the experiments hitherto made, to be converted into the outer bark. It covers the inner
is so
very dubious that we cannot venture to advance any bark,
which is solely composed of vessels. This is followed
opinion upon this subject. Electricity acts powerfully upon by the soft wood,
as it is called. The wood is enclosed by
as well as upon animals, and the effects which it pro- the last, and surrounds the pith. The inner bark, alburnum,
plants
duces in both are exactly the same : viz. Electricity, when and wood, are one and the same substance at different
faintly applied, is beneficial to their growth, but becomes periods
of growth. The inner bark is converted into albur-
hurtful to them when exerted with any degree of violence. num, and this into wood. They are all three compressed
Van Marum destroyed plants by violent electric shocks, and vessels, which are more or less hard, or still soft. The pith
in very thick large trunks, by the
I
myself made a similar experiment on the Drosero rotundi- almost entirely disappears
folia. This plant remained quite uninjured in the electrical increasing solidity of the wood, and only in a few plants
bath, but when I began to extract sparks from its leaves, it remains uniformly throughout all parts of the trunk. We
soon withered away. The power of reproduction, which is find it in herbaceous plants, but most aquatic plants want
one of the consequences of life, is common to animals and it entirely. The steins of herbaceous plants have neither
plants. It is less perceptible in plants than in animals and alburnum nor wood. The epidermis, which rarely in them
worms. Slight wounds in the cortex heal very easily and is converted into bark, incloses a ring of vessels, correspond-
;

Duhamel, after he had, with the greatest care, completely ing with what in woody plants is called the inner bark.
removed the bark of a tree, observed it again beginning to Immediately beneath this we have a more or less dense cel-
appear. With regard to plants of many stamina, it has been lular membrane, which is often very succulent ; and next in
alleged by some, that, immediately after the removal of the it, a fleshy substance. This incloses the pith, which in fact
stamina, similar bodies, though void of pollen, are repro- is a cellular texture of a different nature, at times dry
duced. But this is not properly reproduction, because the or juicy, at other times consisting of close and narrow
parts thus procreated are not of the same structure as for- cells.
"
merly. The leaf of a plant, which has been at all mutilated, Animals, with the exception of some of the vermes, are
will never be renewed, neither will the leaves of flowers, simple beings, but most plants not so for only
;
some annuals
which have been injured, either in a perfect or imperfect and Palms are simple plants, the rest are all of a compound
state, ever be fully reproduced. If we divest a willow, or structure. If we put the seeds of an annual plant in the

any other tree, of its branches, and the tree produce new ground, plants grow from it, which soon flower, produce
ones, we cannot look upon this as a reproduction, because seeds, and then die. The buds of trees and shrubs are to
the tree is a compound plant, and every branch, or rather be considered as annual plants, for as soon as they have
every bud, can be considered only as a particular plant. blossomed and shed their seeds, they entirely decay.
The
Thus, then, the growth of the pruned branches is a produc- trunks of trees and shrubs, as well as the roots of perennial
90. 4F
290 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
plants, have a great many buds, which are all of the same a tasteless friable substance, destitute of smell, and soluble
nature, and may be considered as repositories of many other in cold or warm water, to which it communicates a
viscidity.
annual plants. They are, therefore, not simple, but, like the It is found in almost all plants, and in some forms the con-

polypes in the animal kingdom, compound bodies. Below stituent part ; for example, in the roots of the Althaea offici-
the bark in these plants, there are, according to the species, nalis, in the stalks of the Astragalus crcticus and gummifer,
the rudiments of a number of buds, which, by a due supply in the leaves of the Malva rotundifolia, in the seeds of the
of sap, may be finally evolved. New-formed branches of Pyrus Cydonia and Plantago CynopS, in the flowers of the
clipped willows, are therefore not to be considered as repro- Verbascum Thapsus, &c. It exudes from the bark of some
duced parts. We learn from chemical analysis, that the con- trees like gum for example, Mimosa mlotica, Prunus domes-
;

stituent parts of vegetables are very different from those of tica and avium. 2 .Sugar possesses a peculiarly sweet taste,
animals. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are the simple dissolves in cold or warm water, and in spirit of wine. It is
substances of which plants are principally composed. Azote found in a great many plants, but seldom pure, as it is ge-
is perceptible in all the
parts of animals, excepting in the nerally combined with mucilage, extractive 'acids, or neu-
It is found in few plants, and that
fat.
only in particular trals which have an excess of acid, neutral salts. Pure su-
parts. Carbon, is the chief constituent of vegetables. It is gar is obtained from Saccharum qfficinarum, Acer saccha-
from this that plants in dry distillation emit so great a quan- rinum and dasycarpum. A mixture of honey and manna
tity of carbonic acid gas, and leave behind them many pieces differ very little from sugar. 3. Vegetable acids consist of
of coal. Sulphur and phosphorus, both of which abound in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and their diversity originates
animals, are but rarely observed in the vegetable world. in the variable proportion of these constituents. We are at
Sulphur becomes perceptible in the roots of the Rumex present acquainted with six kinds of vegetable acids, namely:
Patientia, after they have been rubbed and immersed in i. Tartaric acid, is found as supertartrate of potash in the
water. Sulphur and phosphorus are both visible in plants fruits of the Vitis vinifera, Tamarindus indica, Berberis vul-
of the fifteenth class, (Tetradynamia,) which also contain garis, and Rhus typhinum, in the herb Melissa officinalis,
azote. They are found also in the seeds of the different and Centaurea benedicta, in the roots of the Ononis, &c. :

species of grain. The seeds of Sinapis alba, and Triticum 11. Oxalic acid, which, like the former, is frequently com-
cestivum, when distilled, emit phosphorus ; and the ashes of bined with potash, occurs as superoxalate of potash in dif-
all
plants of the Tetradynamia class contain phosphate of ferent species of the Oxalis and Rumex. It is found per-
lime. Potash, or vegetable alkali, exists in almost all plants, fectly neutralized in a great many barks and roots, and in
though in very small proportions. The Filices, the Erigeron this state is
particularly plentiful in Rhubarb in. Citric
:

Canadense, the fruits of the Syringa vulgaris and jEsculus acid, is discovered combined with a little mucilage, in the
Hippocastanum, are alone particularly supplied with it. It fruitsof Citrus medica, Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Vitis idaa, and
is found most
frequently in combination with vegetable Prunus Padus. It is found almost equally mixed with mu-
acids. Soda is peculiar to marine plants. Lime is a risi- cilage and malic acid, in Ribes Grossularia, Rubus Idceus,
duum found in the ashes of plants, and was formerly com- Ribes rubrum, Vaccinium Myrtillus, Pyrus Aria, Prunus Ce-
bined with vegetable acids. It is most plentiful in the Chara rasus, Fragaria vesca, &c. : iv. Malic acid, differs from the
tomentosa, a pound of which yields six ounces of carbonate preceding in this respect, that it never appears in a crystal-
of lime. In the Fungi, at least in the Peziza and Byssus, lized form. It is found as pure acid, and never combined
not a particle of lime can be discovered. Alumina, silica, with potash. It is contained almost pure, at least combined
and magnesia, are not nearly so general. The first occurs only with sugar and mucilage, in sour apples, in the fruits
very seldom. Silica exists in the ashes of most vegetables, of the Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Sorbus aucuparia,
but is found chiefly in the Grasses. In the Bambusa arun- and Prunus domestica. The juice of several species of Se-
dinacea, it produces a peculiar concretion. It also forms dum, Sempervivum, Crassula, and Mesembryanthenuim, con-
a constituent part of the fibres of plants. It appears to tains a great quantity of supermalate of lime: v. Benzoic
exist in the wood of the Alnus glutinosa and Betula alba, as acid, may be sublimed without being destroyed* It is dis-
the wood when turned upon the lathe frequently appears to covered in the resin of the Styrax Benzoin, in the balsam of
glitter. Magnesia is much less frequent than lime. Some the Myroxylon peruiferum, and Toluifrra Balsamum, and
plants, however, possess it in as great a degree. Thus, the the last of all in the fruit of the Vanilla aromatica: vi. Gal-
Salsola Soda has in one pound nearly five drachms of pure lic acid,
possesses the property of precipitating iron black,
magnesia. Barytes is alleged by some to exist in the Grasses. and is found combined with tannin in all
plants of an astrin-
Iron, but still more frequently manganese, is perceptible in gent taste. 4. Starch does not combine with cold water,
the ashes of almost every plant. The following salts, com- but combines with boiling water, and forms a well-known
pounded from neutrals, are the most abundant in the vege- paste. It is a constituent of the different species of corn,
table kingdom : Sulphate and muriate of potash, sulphate of bulbous roots, and others; such as, Orchis, Arum, Jatio-
of lime, sulphate of soda is not common. It is found in pha Manihot, Solanum tuberosum, Bryonia alba and dioica,
the Tamarix gallica. Muriate of soda exists in several ma- Poeonia officinalis, &c. The pulp of some Palms is pure
rine plants, and is found in a crystallized form on the leaves starch for example, the well-known sago of Carota urens.
;

of a South American plant. It is found in the seeds of some

Nitrate of potash is seen in the plants, as in jEsculus Hip-
Borrago officinalis, Helianthus annuus, Mesembryanthemum pocastanum, Amygdalus communis, Lichen islandicus, ran-
crystallimim and edule, Achillea miUefolium, Fumaria offici- giferinus, &c. and in many Liverworts. 5. Gluten seldom
nalis, Sonchus arvensis, &c. &c. Nitrate of magnesia, in occurs in the vegetable kingdom. It does not dissolve in
Zea Mays. water of any temperature. Before being dried it is very
" From the chemical
principles now premised, various sub- viscous, tenacious, and elastic; when dried, it resembles
stances are formed, according to the diversity of proportion, horn, and burns with precisely the same smell. Upon the
and the particular kind of combination. TTiese are called whole, as it contains azote, it approaches nearer to animal
the more immediate constituents of vegetables. The follow- substances. It is separated from the flour of wheat by wash-
ing are all that have hitherto been discovered: 1. Mucilage, ing in cold water. It is found also in the juices of Beech
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY -- -
297

and Birch and in the woody fibres of several plants.

trees, dized extractive. They also contain resin, sugar, mucus,
6. Albumen dissolves only in cold water. It is hardened by caoutchouc, and volatile oil. Several species of gum used
boiling water, and, when distilled, sets loose volatile alka-
-
by apothecaries belong to this class ; for example, Assafa
line salt. It is found in the farinaceous seeds of several tida, Sagapoenum, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, &c. &c. 14.

plants, in those of the Tetradynamia class,

in the juice of Volatile oil is an inflammable volatile liquid which, wholly
White Cabbage, in the root of Scilla maritima,&c. 7. The dissolves in spirit of wine, and in water. It has a
partially
extractive principle whenseparated from other remarkable taste and smell, and may be distilled over without
constituents
It is found in a
with which it is combined in the plants, is a solid bitter being destroyed. great, number of plants,
rough-tasted substance, which may be dissolved at any tem- and may be contained in all their parts, roots, wood, rinds',
perature in water or spirit of wine. It discovers itself chiefly leaves, flowers, fruits, principally, however, in the pulp of
by its great affinity for oxygen, which it rapidly absorbs, fruits. Although volatile oils all agree with one another HI
thus becoming insoluble in water. It is found in almost their essential qualities, they differ
considerably in regard i : >

every plant without exception, never pure, but combined colour, smell, taste, consistence, and weight. In progress of
with mucilage, sugar, resin, acids, &c. &c. In modern time they condense, and assume the appearance of resins, by
times only it has been properly distinguished. Formerly it being combined with oxygen. 15. Camphor is a solid white-
was confounded with vegetable mucilage, or, when by being coloured substance, friable, and very inflammable. It has a
combined with oxygen it had become insoluble in water, it peculiar smell and taste, and is extremely volatile. It exists
was considered as resin. The name, Soapy Matter, which chiefly in all the parts of the Laurus Camphora, as also in
is sometimes
given to this substance, is improper, and often many species of Laurus Cinnamomum, &c. Some volatile
leads to very erroneous ideas. 8. Tannin is a solid friable oils also contain it; for example, those of Lavandula
Spica,
brown substance of a very astringent taste, and has some Origanum Majorana, Salvia officinalis, &c. 16. The bitter
resemblance to the extractive principle, but differs in this principle is found in those plants which in a fresh condition
respect, that it transforms animal jelly int0 a viscid sub- burn the mouth and blister the skin, but which lose this
stance insoluble in water and proof against corruption. On property when dried; for example, Scilla maritima, Arum
this is founded a property which plants, containing this mat- maculatum, Helleborus
niger, Chelidonium majus, Digitalis
ter, possess, of converting the gelatinous skin of animals into purpurea, most of the species of Ranunculus, &c. &c. It is
insoluble leather. Tannin also precipitates in various co- sometimes combined with volatile oils; for example, Coch-
lours the metals which have been dissolved in acids. It pre- learia armoracia, officinalis, Sinapis alba, nigra, &c. 17.
cipitates iron black, by which means common ink is ob- The narcotic principle is considered as the original cause of
It is always found combined with
tained. gallic acid in the the bad effects which the fruit of several plants produces on
barks of many trees, in many kinds of wood and roots, in the the brain, in diminishing the power of sensation and motion,
leaves of some plants, and in the excrescences occasioned by and, when taken in large doses, by inducing
sleep, and in
It abounds
insects. chiefly in Quercus Robur and peduncu- the end occasioning vertigo, stupefaction, and even death.
lata, Rhus typhinum, in the bark of Salix, Alnus, Fraxinus, To this description belong Papaver somniferum, Hyoscyamus
and Cinchona, in the nut-shell of the Juglans regia, in the niger, Datura Stramonium, Prunus Laurocerasus, Atropa
roots of Tormentilla, Potentilla, Fragraria, Polygonum Bis- Belladonna, &c. 18. Fibrin must necessarily be considered
torta, &c. &c. 9. Fixed oil is an inflammable tasteless fluid as a proper constituent of
vegetables, as its chemical process
without smell, and is not soluble either in water or spirit of in plants is different from what it is in all other bodies. It
wine. Combined with caustic alkaline salt, it becomes soap, is quite insoluble, has neither taste nor smell, and, beside
which is soluble in water it is destroyed by the heat of boil- the three necessary elements, also contains azote.
:

" As the life of animals

ing water. It consists
principally of hydrogen and carbon, depends on external warmth, so
and is found almost exclusively in the seeds and fruits of likewise plants need a certain degree of it. Plants of warm
vegetables for example, Amygdalus communis, Linum usita- countries require more of it than those which belong to cold
;

tissimum, &c. &c. Cyperus tsculentus is the only plant ones. These are facts which need no further demonstration.
hitherto discovered, the root of which yields fixed oil. But whether plants, like animals, have a fixed and
peculiar
10. Wax is a vegetable oil condensed by oxygen, and is degree of heat, is a question which must now be answered.
discovered in the fruits of Laurus nobilis, Myrica cerifera, We find that trees or shrubs, in cold climates, if they grow
Tomex sebifera, and in the pollen of almost all plants. It is wild, endure the greatest cold without harm. As soon as the
from this that bees prepare their wax. 1 1 Resin is a brit- warmth of spring commences, they evolve their buds, and
.

tle solid substance, which, though insoluble in water, may

apparently suffer no bad effects from the cold, though their
be dissolved in oil and spirit of wine. It is melted with stem and branches are full of moisture. If in a
strong frost
slight heat, and burns with the application of flame. It is we put vessels with water close to such a tree, we shall find
found in a great many plants, as in the Pinus, Juniperus, that the water is converted into ice, but that the tree retains
&c. combined with real volatile oil, it is called Balsam. its sap unfrozen, and remains quite unhurt. The case is dif-
;

Some allege that the name Balsam should be given only to ferent in plants of warm and hot regions. The sap of these
such resins as contain benzole acid. 12. Caoutchouc is a plants
congeals at the least degree of cold, andthe plants
very elastic substance, not unlike leather, and is soluble only decay. Thus there appears a remarkable difference between
in ether. It proceeds like milky juice from the trees in the the plants of cold and those of hot climates. As long as
torrid zone; for example, Suphonia Cahucu, Commiphora plants livs, and possess sufficient vital
power to resist cold,
Madagascariensis, &c. It is found in the berries of Viscum their sap will not congeal. But after the buds have been
album. It is probably a constituent of several gum-resins. forced out by the warm weather of spring, they will, when
13. Gum-resins, mucus-resins, are to be considered not as exposed to cold
evenings, be observed to congeal. We find,
mere mixtures of mucus or gum and resin, but as possessing likewise, that dead or diseased branches are more liable to
a compound nature, and as properly forming the more im- be frost-bitten than
living and sound ones, and (hat branches,
mediate constituents of vegetables. T ne y fl w like milk by their sap being congealed, are The Birch and
destroyed.
from several plants. Some approach to the nature of oxi- some other pJants, it is well known, often have their roots
293 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
covered with ice, without suffering the least injury. In the case only with a few. The injection of vessels with a coloured
noithern hemisphere of our globe there are many and exten- liquid is accomplished by putting the stalk of a plant into a
sive tracts of Pine-trees, which resist with their evergreen decoction of brasil wood, and placing it in a warm tempera-
branches the most severe winter cold. From these observa- ture. Injections of this kind do not succeed with all plants,
tions it follows, that each .plant, according to its species, but are particularly suitable to the Impatiens Balsamina.
possesses a peculiar degree of warmth, which defends it The air vessels, are thin, hollow, corrugated vessels, smooth
against the inclemency of the weather. But this heat in ve- within, and running perpendicularly through the plants.
getables is not of such a nature as to enable us to judge of They are conductors of air, and never change their diameter,
its peculiar degree by our senses. We know that every ani- but uniformly remain open even in the hardest wood. How
mal has a certain degree of heat. We find a frog or lizard they are connected with the pores of the epidermis, has not
cold, although nature has, given them a certain degree of heat. yet been discovered by any observations. The adducent
The temperature of plants is such as to enable them to resist vessels, are situated close to the air vessels, and have a double
both heat and cold. If, in a hot summer day, we touch some direction. They either proceed in a straight line with the
ground which is much exposed to the rays of the sun, and air vessels, or they twine around them in wide or narrow in-
immediately after put our hand on green grass, equally ex- terstices, but they are often involved in spiral windings, so
posed to them, we shall find the ground much hotter than close that no interstice can be perceived. When they have
the grass. Fruits, though much in the sun, will be cool, this twisted appearance, they are called spiral vessels.
]
In
whereas a glass full of water will be quite warm in a much plants we discover twisted vessels of greater or less extent,
shorter time. Sonnerai discovered in the island of Lucon a as well as those which run straight out in lines. There are
rivulet, the water of which was so hot, that a thermometer also vegetables in which they are never twisted, but uniformly
immersed in it rose to 174 Fahrenheit. Swallows when fly- proceed in straight lines for example, Sagittaria sagittifolia,
;

ing seven feet high over it, dropped down motionless. Not- and all the Filices. It is a singular circumstance, that in the
withstanding this heat, he observed on its banks two species Filices, bundles of these last mentioned vessels are surround-
j

of Aspalathus and the Vitex Agnus Castus, which with their ed with a peculiar sort of membrane which is quite abstracted
roots swept the water. In the island of Tanna, Messrs. For- from the cellular texture, a section of which shows it to be
i

sters found the ground near a volcano as hot as 210 Fah- more or less circular, lunated, or of a different form. 1'hese
|

renheit, and at the same time covered with flowers. Hence vessels are much more delicate than air vessels in their dia-
it naturally follows, that plants, like animals, have a peculiar meter, and even do not retain the same figure. They visibly
temperature, according to their native countries, which they grow larger, become rough, and when beginning to harden
cannot exceed without injury. The experiments of Mr. J. have their interior covered with contiguous fibres; in the
Hunter and Schoepf shew us the same thing. The first put end they are almost completely obstructed. Reducent vessels,
a Scotch fir, three years old, in a freezing mixture of between descend between the cellular texture, and are variously accu-
15 and 17 Fahrenheit. The youngest shoot froze; the fir mulated. Sometimes they take a horizontal direction. Hed-
was again planted, the young shoot remained flaccid, but the wig supposes them to be intended for the purpose of trans-
first and second were fresh. Of young plants of oats, which piration. They are more delicate than the adducent vessels.
had only three leaves, one leaf was exposed to artificial cold Lymphatic vessels, are found upon the epidermis. They are
at 22, and was instantly frozen. The root was put into the extremely delicate, run singly, and are reticularly united.
same cold mixture, but remained uninjured. He then planted The circle or quadrate which is described on these vessels,
it, and all its parts grew, except the leaf, which had been has usually in its centre'an aperture, which, however, has no
frozen. The same experiment he repeated in a young bean connexion with the vessels. The reticular form varies greatly
;

a leaf of it was frozen in an artificial freezing mixture, and in vegetables. It is constantly found in every species, and
another fresh leaf was bent in the middle upon itself, put in a few is subject to some alterations. Thus, for example,
into a leaden vessel, and along with it the frozen leaf, which in the Lilium Chalcedonicum, these vessels run in an undulat-
had been previously thawed. He afterwards put the vessel ing manner, and describe very irregular oblong figures or
into a freezing mixture. The surface of the fresh leaf froze even rhombi in the Allium Cepa they do not undulate, but
;

as far as it came in contact with the vessel between 15 and proceed in an oblique direction parallel to one another by
17, the atmosphere being at 22. The frozen leaf froze short continuations of the sides in the Dianthus Caryophyl-
;

much sooner. These experiments were repeated, and at- lus they describe parallelograms which terminate pretty regu-
tended with the same result. The juice of spinnage and cab- larly. This reticular texture covers all the parts of plants,
bage, when squeezed out, conjealed at 29, and thawed only the apertures which it surrounds are not always obvious.
again between 29 and 30. This juice was frozen in a leaden On the root, on the surface of the leaves, on the interior side
vessel, and then put into another, with a cold mixture at 28. of the valves of the calix, especially when they are coloured,
The leaves of a growing fir-shoot, and a bean-leaf, were put on the interior of the petals, on the nectaria, in stamina and
upon the frozen liquid, which in that place thawed in a very pistils, no pores can be discovered, and only the cicatrice has
few minutes. The leaves had the same effect when removed them sometimes. That this kind of net on the cortex of vege-
to other frozen spots. tables is not occasioned by the pressure of the cellular tex-
" The anatomical
investigation of vegetables explains the ture, but consists of real vessels, appears to be beyond all
nature of their internal parts. The following organs have doubt. The cellular texture, is a very delicate membrane, di-
been discovered in them; air vessels, adducent vessels, redu- vided into an infinite number of variously formed small
cent vessels, lymphatic vessels, cellular texture, vegetable spaces, which are closely connected with one another. It sur-
fibre, and glands. These parts are visible only through mag- rounds the vessels, and occupies the internal as well as the ex-
nifying glasses, either by subjecting them to maceration, or ternal interstices, covers both surfaces of leaves, and is
most
by putting them in newly cut pieces under a microscope. plentiful in the juicy plants and fruits. The pith of vegetables
Some of them, particularly the adducent vessels, may be is a more dense cellular texture, distinguished by its bright
filled with a strong coloured liquid, by which means they are white colour, by its. finer and more compressed cells, and by
so much the more easily observed. This, however, is the its spungy appearance. The juices conveyed in the cellular
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 299

texture vary according to the different species. They are equal, they have not the most distant resemblance to animal
Resinous, in many species of Fir, &c. Gummy, in fruit-trees
; glands, and their having the same designation is entirely
and some species of Mimosa; Lymphatic, in almost all plants. owing to their being more or less roundish elevated bodies.
The colour of the juices found in the cellular texture, is also They are found internally and externally, according to their
very multifarious. The sap likewise varies in colour: It is situation. Internally, they are situated in the cellular texture,

White, in Papaver, Leontodon, Pinus, &c ; Yel-

Euphorbia,
or fleshy part of vegetables, and are found of a globular,
low, in Chelidonium; Red, in Rumex sanguineus, Dracsena somewhat oblong and lenticular figure, in the middle or the
Draco, Pterocarpus santalinus, and Calamus Rotang ; Blue, partitions of the cells, as also in the inner bark. Externally,
in the root of Pimpmella niyra; Green, in some Umbellatae; they are discovered in all parts of vegetables, either half
Colourless, in most plants. The juices in fruits are known to sunk in the cuticle, rising to the surface, or possessed of
be of all colours. Rafn discovered a great analogy between stalks. They have then a very extensive variety of shape;
the sap of plants and the blood of animals. He detected sometimes they are perpendicular, oblong, or depressed ;
with a microscope magnifying 135 times, in the lymph of Eu- sometimes very elevated and pointed, having their upper
phorbia pahtstris, round globules, like those in blood, swim- part furnished with a small hole, or even surrounded with an
ming in a fluid somewhat more clear, but not so clear as elevated margin. The different species of glands are exceed-
water. Fontana observed the same in the sap of the Rhus ingly numerous, and may be distinguished by calculating all
toxicodendron. Rafn, however, found in the Euphorbia, the varieties. Being sometimes more, sometimes less obvious,
besides the globules, prisms, which appear in Euphorbia pep- they are, in the Hypericum perforatum, considered merely
lus, helioscopia, esula, cyparissias, and lathyris, though contrary transparent particles, which are visible when exposed
somewhat different. In no plant but the Euphorbia and to the rays of light. In the Hypericum montanum, they are
Hura crepilans could he detect the prisms. One drop of easily observable by their brown colour; and in the genera
lymph of Euphorbia Canariensis, Caput Medusa, Chara nerii- Passiflora, Mimosa, and Croton, their magnitude is some-
folia, had one or two prisms at most. Alcohol congealed the times so very considerable, that the mere touch of them
juice of the Euphorbia, and formed a great deal of fibrous serves to convince us of their existence. Glands consist,
matter. Vitriol also converted it into fibres, which however internally, of a dense cellular texture, which is too dense in
were not so thick. The sap of Chelidonium consisted of no- proportion to the middle. Immediately under their skin,
thing but closely cohering globules. In the colourless vege- and upon the vertex, they contain a matter more or less
table juices, even in them which are seemingly moist, the coloured, odoriferous, or insipid, according to the variety
same globules appeared. A proof that the sap of some vege- of the plants. The glands which are situated in the interior
tables, for instance, the Potentilla anserina, is not, as Plenk of the plants, have no connection with the vessels; but
supposes, merely impure or unfinished water. Rafn found glands which are evidently situated on the outside of vege-
in those plants which have much cellular texture, e. g. the tables, have spiral vessels pressing forward to their centre,
Musa paradisiaca, Strelitzia regina, the globules smaller and then returning in a retrograde direction. The anasto-
and less frequent than in the species of Euphorbia. The mosis of vessels in the vegetable kingdom is totally different
apertures which are discovered between the lymphatic vessels from what it is in animals. The adducent, reducent, and
on the epidermis of plants are connected with the cellular air vessels, uniformly run in bundles through the vegetable
texture, and by the operation of the rays of light may be body more or less perpendicularly these separate into smaller
;

opened and shut, and, according to Hedwig, are designed for bundles, which unite with the nearest body, and out of these
transpiration. Secondary vessels, which Schrank has amply still smaller ones adhere to a greater body; so that, upon
described, are hairy or bristly formed elongations of the epi- the whole, by the separation and union of the bundles, a
dermis, of a complicated nature, hollow within, and are con- reticular appearance is produced. Lymphatic vessels, how-
nected too with the cellular texture. Some suppose that they ever, run singly, and anastomose like the vessels of animals,
are created for the purpose of suction. Soft down, and the their boughs really uniting with the other branches.
" After these
fleecy covering of several seeds, appear to be only protracted general discoveries made by physiologists in
secondary vessels. The .vegetable Jibre, is a thin filiform the vegetable kingdom, it will be proper regularly to examine
body, found in bundles, and has apparently no cavity within; the most remarkable phenomena which have been observed
it is encircled with a cellular texture, which forms around in vegetables from their origin out of seeds to their
decay,
it a
particular kind of sheath. That this single fibre of vege- and briefly to comprehend the inferences which hitherto
tables may consist of several, will not be but to have been drawn, that the recurring scenes of life and death
disputed
;

resolve it into its individual parts, and to demonstrate the in all their various forms
may thus be more fully elucidated.
most simple fibre, will probably continue to baffle our The structure of the seed has already been explained, and
researches. Rafn is much inclined to consider the vegetable we know that it serves the same purpose as the
egg of ani-
fibre as a particular and original organ, similar to the mus- mals, i. e. it contains the rudiments of a new being perfectly
cular fibre o animals. Hedwig, on the contrary, supposes similar to its parents, and waiting only for a favourable
it to be an obsolete constipated vessel. A great deal might opportunity of being evolved. All plants are propagated by
be advanced in favour of this last opinion for, as plants seeds
; ; and we may boldly exclaim with Harvey, " Omne
annually, form new vessels, the number of fibres appears to vivmn ex ovo." It cannot indeed be denied, that
they have
be increased by the old vessels. Notwithstanding, however, not been found in all plants; but their existence in Mosses,
it is
alleged, by others, that fibres at their very origin have Liverworts, Mushrooms, and many others, where formerly
been found constipated between the leaves of herbs. But it was obstinately disputed, has, by the unwearied diligence
even should future observations lead us to regard this fibre of philosophers, now been
completely ascertained and we
;

as a constipated vessel, still it appears certain that the skin have no doubt that
they wiH one day be observed in those
of the vessels themselves is of a muscular nature, as it is capa- where at present they are merely supposed to exist.
Agree-
ble of contracting and in a regular manner. Glands,
ably to the eternal and immutable laws of nature, we observe,
expanding
are in vegetables of multifarious situation and figure. Though
just as in the animal world, the same species arising always
their internal structure continues, upon the whole,
pretty from the seed and no other vegetable can ever issue from
;

VOL. II. 91. 4G

300 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
it, how different soever may be the circumstances of its ger- plants. The
nuts, as they are called, of this plant, when
mination. The sketch of the shoot is narrowly circumscribed they water, the natural habitation of the plant, shoot
lie in

by nature, and nothing is

capable of producing an alteration forth a long .plumule, which in a
perpendicular direction
in its parts. The same form will be retained, and propa- rises towards the surface of the water, its sides
pushing out,
gated for ever. A seed has integuments, corcle, and coty^ at certain distances,
capillary branched leaves. Some of
ledons. fastened by an umbilical cord; and as soon as
It is those leaves bend downwards, and take firm root at the
this separates, a cicatrice remains, called the Eye. In its bottom. In this case then the plant becomes fixed in the
vicinity lies the corcle. In the hardest seeds this last spot is ground, not by a peculiar root, which, like the rostel, pre-
the only one not covered by the internal hard membrane. existed in the seed, but only through the leaves. It would
When the seed is placed in the ground, moisture soon per- be as difficult as in the rostel, to state the reason
whysome
vades substance through this aperture, assisted by the
its of the undermost leaves bend downwards, and
by their capil-
warmth of the atmosphere. In the corcle and cotyledons, all lary extremities shoot forth roots. From this, however, we
the described vessels are present. In the last, the adducent are enabled to conclude, that some seeds may
support the
and air vessels divide themselves into numerous bundles, want of the rostel ; but that a germinating seed can exist
which frequently anastomose in the manner
peculiar to the without plumule and cotyledons, is a supposition altogether
plant. A cellular membrane covers on both
sides those ves- inadmissible. Nobody as yet has attempted to deny the
sels which spread on one plain surface, and contains the existence of the plumule in any seed. Linneus, Gartner,
reducent vessels. On both surfaces the lymphatics spread Jussieu, and many other botanists, denied that of the coty-
out and surround the apertures of the cuticle. The per- ledons, especially in the plants belonging to the class Cryp-
vading moisture is communicated to the vessels; the water togamia. Jussieu alone adds to those plants which have no
is decomposed by them, and hydrogen and oxygen trans- cotyledon, (Gsertner's acotyledones,) such as want the rostel.
pired. Carbonic acid gas, which seems to be shut up in Nature has provided plants with their cotyledons, that these
the neighbourhood of the umbilicus between the external might nourish the young plant in its tender infancy. Never
and internal membranes of the seed, is likewise partly set yet have I met with a single instance where this wise measure
free. The intercepted air which was received from ger- of nature was omitted. I examined
purposely all those
minating seeds, contained, in 10 cubic inches, sometimes plants which were said to want cotyledons, and always found
2, sometimes 3, 5, even 8 cubic inches of carbonic acid them. That in some plants the existence of the cotyledons
gas, and from 5 and 6 to 8 cubic inches of azote and was altogether denied, and others were said .to have one
hydrogen gas mixed. This gas, when mixed with atmo- only, others two, and several plants more than two, arose
spheric air, explodes at the approach of flame. The rest of partly from inaccurate observation, partly from mistaking a
the undecomposed water, with the fixed part of carbon and part of the plumula for a cotyledon. Placenta, or cotyledon,
is the name of the whole substance of a seed, not
hydrogen, pervades the vessels more and more, reduces the including
substance of the seed to a milk-white fluid, occasions a sti- the parts of the corcle. It rises in many plants with the

mulus, and by the irritability of the vessels, excites the plumule above ground, and is converted into leaves; or, it
action of the vital power. The vessels, filled with their sap, remains in the ground, and, as in the Gramina and Lilies, the
carry it to the corcle, which is elongated by it, and con- first leaf of the
plumule only rises, and this is what some
verted into a plant. The corcle consists, we know, of the thought to be a cotyledon. In Flax, and the species of Fir,
rostel and the plumule. From the first arises the root; from both cotyledons are converted into leaves, and the leaves of
the last the trunk, or the part above ground. Cutting a the plumula are evolved immediately after them, and are of
germinating plant in a perpendicular direction, so as to the same magnitude and appearance. Hence it was, that
divide it into equal parts, we observe in the middle of each botanists supposed there were many cotyledons. The divi-
cotyledon a hollow channel, which is called the chyliferous sion, therefore, of plants into acotyledones, monocotyledones,
duct, which is continued as far as the beginning of the rostel, dicotyledones, and polycotyledones, is erroneous. I am
its pith and fleshy substance, and at last acquainted only with three varieties, which are discovered
proceeds between
incloses the pith. This duct serves to convey the nourishing in the cotyledons of the germinating seed. The cotyledons
fluid, which the cotyledons contain, to the young plant. are either split into two parts, or they adhere so firmly to
Experience teaches us, that germinating plants, even though one another, that they cannot be separated. In the first
they have some leaves already evolved, cannot part with case, they grow out of the earth till they become visible, and
their cotyledons without endangering their lives; like a young- assume the appearance of leaves: these are denominated by
animal, which cannot want the feeding breast of its mother. botanists dicotyledones, and the same process takes place in
It is a remarkable phenomenon in the germination of seeds, the most of plants. As a very common example, I may adduce
that the radicle first elongates, and pushes into the earth, the Kidney Bean, Phaseolus vnlgaris. In the second case,
where, as soon as it fixes itself, the plumule appears in its they remain in the ground, and only the plumule grows up,
peculiar shape. Even though the seed should be inverted as in the Vetch, Vicia sativa, in the Pea, Pisum sativum, in
and put into the ground, so as to turn the rostel towards the all the Gramina, Lilies, &c. In the third case, the cotyledons,
surface, yet it never will grow upwards. It grows long, but or the two halves of the seed, are not divided, but pushed
soon turns the seed, and goes into the ground, so that it upon the ground, and on their side the plumule is evolved,
recovers its proper position. This observation, which may as in Juncus, &c. &c. I have not been able to
perceive any
be made every day, especially in the Kidney Bean, in the more varieties, and every one may easily satisfy himself of the
Common Bean, and other culinary seeds, has greatly attracted truth of what I have mentioned. I have observed, according
the attention of botanists. It is to be observed, that seeds to the changes in the cotyledons, five principal varieties,
are not all provided with the rostel, especially those of some which I call membraneous corclcs; filiform corcles ; split cor-
aquatic and parasitic plants, and perhaps all those which cles; earth corcles; and globular corcles; viz. Dcrmoblasta-,
Dr. Gsortner styles acatyledoncs. I was, as far as 1 know, I call such as have the
cotyledon in form of a membrane,
the first who discovered this by examining with great care which bursts in an irregular manner. This membrane is
the Water-caltrops, (Trapa naians,) one of the most singular found in the Fungi, where, in general, it disappears imme-
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 301

diately after their

evolution. We
would require still further constantly refused to germinate, very readily, in this way,
observations on this point, especially in the small Fungi, and vegetated, and produced plants which grew up very success-
even in these, different modifications may possibly appear; fully. The Mimosa scandens, which as yet is not to be
but this is merelya supposition about which nothing certain found in any botanic garden, grew very well with this acid.
is known. Most of the plants which have this peculiarity As every gardener cannot obtain the oxy-muriatic acid, Mr.
are so very small, that their existence and characteristic Humboldt proposes a very easy method to procure it without
varieties can be perceived with difficulty, much less is an difficulty. He took a cubic inch of water, a tea-spoonful
accurate knowledge of such very minute plants to be expected. of common muriatic acid, two tea-spoonfuls of oxyd of man-
Nemoblasta. These appear in Mosses and Filices, and may ganese, mixed it, and placed the seeds in them. The whole
perhaps be found also
in Algae. To prove their existence was now allowed to digest with a heat of 18 to 30 Reaum.
in the last, however, we still need more accurate observa- In this the seeds germinate excellently; but it is necessary
tions. The substance of the cotyledon in them divides into to take the seeds out, as soon as the corcle appears. That
two halves, and bursts into an irregular shape, resembling the seeds are not injured by the acid, is proved by the
threads. Plexeoblastae, are those in which the cotyledons ap- many plants which have been treated in this way, under the
pear above ground in two parts,
and change into leaves, which inspection of Mr. Jacquin, and in which vegetation went on
are of a different shape from the rest of the leaves. They are extremely well. It is the oxygen of the atmosphere which

elliptic in the species

of Phaseolus; linear in the Umbellatae stimulates the seed to germination. And this explains at once
and in the Plantago; cordate in the plants of the 16th class of the experiment of Mr. Achard, why plants vegetate faster
Liuneus; inversely cordate in those of the 15th class; reni- in very compressed air, than in air in its common state. Be-
fonn in the.riugent plants; wedge-shaped, and at the point sides oxygen, ammonia too favours the germination of seeds;
variously intersected, in the Lime-tree. Geoblastte, are those hence they germinate almost immediately when placed in dung,
which keep the substance of the cotyledons under ground, which therefore serves as manure. Cow-dung, we know,
c. g. the Vetch, Pea, the Gramina, Lilies, &c. They are of a consists of muriatic acid and ammonia. In fluids which con-
double kind: Rhizoblastce, where the seed has & rostel, and tain no oxygen, seeds will not germinate. Thus they never
shoots down a straight root, as in most plants belonging to germinate in oil, which consists of hydrogen and carbon.
this class : Arliizoblasta;, when the seed wants the rostel,
" It is the rostel of seeds
whichproduces the part of a plant
as in some aquatic and parasitic plants. Spheeroblastce, are under ground, and which is called the descending stem or
those whose cotyledons are not disunited, but which come root. But physioloists call that part only a root, which
out of the ground in form of little globules fixed u-pon a small carries nourishment from the soil to the plant, or what we
stalk, and have the plumula on" their side. This we meet before called radicles or fibres. In under shrubs, this stem
with in Juncus Bufonius, snbverticillatus, and some plants descending under ground, consists of a bulbous, tuberous,
related to it. Several botanists, who were unacquanted with fibrous, or oblong root. In annual plants it is more or less
this singular mode of germination, have mistaken the above- perpendicular; and in shrubs and trees its formation entirely
mentioned plant for a new one belonging to the 24th class resembles the stem. In this, foresters again distinguish
of Lianeus. two separate parts the thick one, which descends
:

" perpen-
It has long been known, that every plant affects its own dicularly, called the main root; and those parts which run
peculiar soil, and that on this account seeds do not germi- forth horizontally in the earth, which are their horizontal
nate in all kinds of soil, at least they soon decay in a disad- roots. Anatomy shews us, that in herbaceous and biennial
vantageous one. Various trials have been made, to make plants the adducent and pneumatic vessels form a circle in
seeds germinate in various matters, different from the usual the root, the inside of which is closely compressed, the out-
earths. Sukkow made salad plants grow in pounded fluat side lined with cellular texture. The reducent vessels lie
of lime and barytes. Bonnet made plants grow in sawdust, in this last; the lymphatics without
apertures in the epidermis.
slips of paper, cotton,
and even in an old book. That Cress Roots are quite destitute of pith ; we never meet with more
(Lcpidium sativum) germinates upon a piece of woollen than one vascular circle, for as the duration of the first is
cloth, is a well known fact. Mr. Humboldt's experiments only that of a year, or a few months, the new circle cannot
to make seeds germinate in metallic oxyds, especially the attach itself to the old. One exception to this we have in
red oxyd of lead, and massicot, &c. are more instructive. the Beet, (Beta vulgaris,) which is a biennial plant: its root,
In powder of coal and sulphur, seeds germinated likewise when about a year old, has from five to eight 'of these vas-
very well. He found that oxygen proved an extreme stimu- cular circles, as it is abundantly evident to any one who has
lus to plants, and that without it they never can be brought observed the Beet. It follows, therefore, that Beets produce
to germinate. On this account germination went on quickly them more once, and they make an exception to the
thr.n
in metallic oxyds, especially in minium. In oil, on the con- common which is worthy the notice of physiologists.
rule,
trary, carbon, hydrogen, in the filings of lead, iron, and Under-shrubs, which have no bulbs, knobs, or creeping roots,
copper, as well as in the powdered molybdenc and in alkalies, are provided with a concentrated circle of adducent and air
no one seed germinated. It soon occurred to him, that vessels, which is surrounded with a strong cellular texture
with oxygen as a stimulant he might forcibly make seeds inclosed in the external integuments. Like all other roots,
germinate faster and he actually found, that at the tempe-
;
they are quite destitute of the tube of pith. A new circle is
rature of 20 Reaum. all seeds vegetated most rapidly when formed every year in such a manner that, at the part which
steeped in oxy-muriatic acid. One instance alone will suf- lies nearest to the surface, we can determine precisely the
fice. The seeds of the Lepidium sativum germinated after age of the by the number of the. rings. The smallest
circle
six or seven hours, when put into oxy-muriatic acid; whereas, roots last many years, and are, according to the difference
when lying in common water, they required from 36 to 38 of the species, revived by new roots, which supply the place
hours. In a letter dated February, 1801, he writes to me, of the old ones when decayed. This is different in the
that in .Vienna they derived much benefit from the discovery creeping, tuberous, and firm bulbous roots: they have, ac-
of this fact; and that seeds twenty and thirty yeSrs old, cording to their species, their vessels in a circle closer to the
brought from the Bahama islands, Madagascar, &c. which centre, or more or less distant from it. They are, however,
302 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
annually renewed, and the old ones die. On this account blossoms. Lantaria Chinensis and Rhapis amndinacea, as
we find in most of them, for few live more than one year, well as some other small Palms, are remarkable from
having
only one circle. Bulbs, have at their base a fleshy bottom, a part of their root next the stump springing from the earth,
from which radicles and new bulbs shoot forth. This con- whence they have the appearance of being attached to a
sists of a reticular plexus of vessels, which are not circular as withered stump. The root is indeed, in the strictest signi-
in other roots. These plants change their station, and, in fication, the plant itself. The stalks, leaves, and flowers,
common with animals, move from one place to another. issuing from it, are only its elongations, which it makes on
The creeping root runs forth under ground; the branch, purpose to get proper nourishment. These may be cut off,
from which the new shoot arose, dies; and the young loot and the root will always again throw out new elongations.
.now becomes attached to a distant spot. The palmated The root may be divided, and each part will form a plant by
and testiculated roots, consist of two knobs, one of which itself; not so the stem, except in some ligneous plants, where

completely dries up, and on the opposite side a new one the stem is merely the root elongated. Resinous or
dry plants,
is formed. This happens every year; and the plant in this as Pinus, Erica, Rhododendrum, are an exception to this, as
way, after many years, appears on a different spot. Solid ..
in them the stem can rarely be injured, without injuring the
bulbs, especially the bulb of the Colchicum autumnale, whole plant. Many experiments made by inverting plants,
undergo the same change; on the side of the old bulb a prove clearly that the descending stem is not different from
If a Plum or Cherry tree, not too
appears, the old one decays, and the whole at last
new one the stalk above ground.
becomes attached to neither place: and this is the case thick, be bent with its top towards the ground in the autum-
with most bulbs and tuberous roots. Very re'markable, nal season, one half of the top buried in the ground, and one
and deserving particular attention, is the choice of food, half of the roots carefully taken out of the earth, covered at
which has been observed in some of the creeping roots. A first with moss, and then
gradually left quite uncovered; if
Strawberry plant, in a garden of excellent soil,
was planted afterwards, in the following year, the same is done with the
in a particular spot filled with sterile sand. Stalks and roots rest of the top of the tree and the roots, the tree will shoot
all grew out towards the sides where the good soil was, but forth leaves, on the branches of the root, and roots from those
the main plant decayed. Several other remarkable instances of its top, and in due time the root will come to blossom and

are, at present, inexplicable; so little do we know

of the bear fruit. A Willow is best adapted for making this experi-
ment in a short time, and with success.
physiology of plants. " We have
" The seen, that the root arises from the rostel of the
descending stem, is probably composed of the stalk
of the root, radicles, knobs or bulbs of various form, and seed; and from the plumule, which is always bending upper-
these parts are almost always covered with fibres, which, like most, the upper part of the plant above ground, whatever its
leaves, are renewed every year. In spring and autumn, and shape may be. The stem of herbs and shrubs, as well as the
even in winter, when every thing is covered with snow, new trunk, the scape, and the stalk, in short, all the varieties of
the stem, have a channel full of pith, surrounded with a
ones, in cold and temperate climates, spring in place of the ring
old dry ones. In warm and hot climates this happens during of adducent and air vessels. In the cellular texture lie the
the rainy season, therefore always at a period when the vege- reducent vessels. The and membrane full of
cellular texture,
table world appears to sleep. The radicles grow in the fol- lymphatics, inclose the whole. The ring which the larger
vessels form, accords with the form of the plant; triangular,
lowing manner; a small bundle of
air vessels lengthens,
the cutis, and runs into the ground. It is inclosed pentagonal, or hexagonal. The same happens in the growth
pierces
in a delicate cellular texture, covered by a thin membrane. of the stems of trees and shrubs during the first year. Every
Thus^the extreme point of such a radicle is merely the end year a new bundle of adducent and air vessels in a circular
of the spiral vessels, which absorbs the necessary food from form is added externally to the old ones. The innermost
the soil. Those fibres, which are never wanting in earthly bundles of vessels are more and more compressed, till the

plants, cannot perform this function of taking up

food longer pith at last, except where this is natural to some shrubs and
than one summer, after which they must be succeeded by new trees, entirely disappears, or is compressed to a very small
ones. All plants do not grow in earth, and therefore the point. The interior vascular circles become annually more
roots of some do not enter the ground. The parasitic plants dense, and at last get so hard as to form what is called wood.
are of this kind. The Cuscuta Europaa, when it
germinates, The less, or half-indurated external circles, consitute the

lengthens its filiform plumule, winds round neighbouring alburnum; and the outermost one, which is just newly formed,
&c. andr'unsalongthem. Its is now called the inner bark. This last, then, is a circle
growing plants, as Flax, Nettles,
restel decays, and along the whole surface of the filiform round the stem of the tree, consisting of numerous, young,
where it rests upon new-formed vascular bundles. It is divided into two parts,
branching stalk, a kind of warts shoot out,
the other plants, serving as roots. Algee, but especially the exterior layer changing into bark, the interior first form-
Lichens, are, by similar warts, attached to the trunk
of trees, ing the alburnum, and then the wood. The bark, in ligneous
and few pierce their external membrane. The Sphseriae grow plants as well as in herbs, is green and vascular; but as soon
of old decayed trees ; they pierce as it grows older, its green colour changes into brown; still
mostly on the inner bark
or elevate the external membrane, and are firmly attached by the lymphatics retain their power. But the more the tree
wart-like roots. The Misletoe (Viscum album) pervades advances in age, the browner and darker the bark grows; it
with its roots the woody part of branches, and becomes inti- cracks, and the function of expiration cannot go on as before,

mately blended with

it.
Amongst the numerous species of nor are the vessels in the cuticle any longer visible. Some
which the torrid zone produces, one species trees and shrubs lose their bark annually, and reproduce" a
parasitic plants
is particularly distinguished, which grows abundantly in the new one from the inner bark. As instances, may be given
Indies beyond the Ganges, the Epidendrum^os aeris, for it the Platanus occidentalis, and the Potentilla/rac^'eosa. The
grows and blossoms in the air, when hung up age of a tree or shrub may be easily determined by the number
in a room.
Mr. Loureiro, who saw this himself, assures us, that it vege- of these ligneous circles, upon cutting the stem off, close to
ceilings of rooms for years, and is remark-
the root. In the same manner the main root shews most
tates hung from the
ably reviving to the inhabitants by the fine odour of its accurately the age by its
ligneous circles, when cut directly
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 303

below the surface of the ground. In the Palmee, however, bestowed on the warm climates exclusively. But after them,
the particular growth of some West India which are
according to Daubenton's observation, this is very different. trees,
For if we cut a stem horizontally through, we find no differ- not of the Palm tribe, deserve notice. To those belong the
ence between an old or young tree. In them, the vascular genera Theophrasta and Spathelia. They have a simple,
bundles do not dispose themselves in a circular form. They very high, branchless stem, which in its whole surface is orna-
consist of vessels running in a straight line, without regular mented with bundles of leaves. How wonderful must be the
order, and inclosed by a cellular membrane. Nor do they appearance of a landscape with groups of such trees A
!

thicker or bark, but this is tree which grows in Africa, on the Senegal, presents the most
grow annually, possess proper
formed by the remnants of the leaves. Daubenton is not irregular appearance, and without question is the thickest tree
inclined to assign the name of wood to their substance and on the globe it is the Adansonia digitata.
; : Its stem is only

proposes, if it were to be given to their fibrous substance, ten or twelve feet high,
but so thick that its diameter is found
the name of lignum fasciculatum, to distinguish it from the to be from 25 to 30 feet. Its circumference, therefore, is
common wood, which he calls lignum reticulatum. As the from about 75 to 90 feet. Its top is very remarkable for ;

Palmee are destitute of branches, their leaves do not arise numerous and thick branches, of from 30 to 60 feet in length,
from buds, but are in fact only small separated bundles of runout from it in all directions. We ought, therefore, not to
vessels of the stem, which expand in a leafy form. Hence it be surprised that sometimes the hollow trunk of the Adansonia
is that the under part of the petiolus remains, and forms the is the abode of several negro families. Not less Wonderful is
bark. If the vascular bundles of a tree or shrub remain in a the tree called Rhizophora mangle, which bends its branches

straight direction, the stem ascends without forming any perpendicularly to the ground, and changes them into stems,
branches. The new shoots in the Hazel, (Corylus avellana,) so that one single tree covers the muddy rivers under the
Berberis valgaris, and all which the trunk of trees produced tropics of Asia, Africa, and America, for more than a mile,
when lopped, are a proof of this. As soon, however, as the with a forest consisting of numberless stems, which at the top
air-vessels become convoluted, and form a knot, branches have the appearance of a close-clipped bower. But there
are formed. By assistance of art, such straight shoots are varieties of stems, which at first sight scarcely would be
may be brought to branch, by making a transverse in- counted as such and which also, in regard to the structure
;

cision through the bark. The separated air-vessels heal, of their vessels, are different. The whole genus Cactus, with
the lips of the wound are several times convoluted, and its varieties, is an instance of this kind. The different links
growing larger, are obliged to form more gems, from which which commonly are taken for leaves, are parts of the stem.
branches arise. The leaves themselves are subulate fleshy points, which on
" The
growth of ligneous plants admits of five varieties : their base are covered with small prickles. They fall off, as
1. Trees and shrubs, have their stems beset with leaves. On soon as a bark is properly formed, and their former place is
the base of each petiolus a bud or gem is formed, which marked by the remaining bundles of prickles. The stem of
again becomes a leafy branch, provided with gems formed in some species of the genus Euphorbia, Cacalia, and Stapelia,
the same manner. If the main shoot grows at first in a is of the same nature. The links of the stem consist of a
straight line to a certain height without the buds on its sides double net-work of air and adducent vessels the whole is
;

being able, on account of the too hasty circulation of the sap, surrounded with a dense cellular texture, or a fleshy substance,
to form themselves into branches, or these, shpuld they really and the cutis itself has net-work of
lymphatic vessels with
be formed, not be able to grow any more, such a plant then apertures. The thorn, is, with regard to its anatomical struc-
becomes a tree, which has a straight and simple stem, with a ture, to be considered as a ligneous stem, and does in no
branching divided top. But if the stem divides near the root, respect differ from it. It arises generally from an incompletely
when the sap circulates more slowly, and each bud can un- evolved bud, which has begun to form itself, but wanting a
fold a branch, then this plant is a shrub. By means of change proper supply of nourishment, remains only hi form of a very
of soil, place, climate, and by art, trees may be changed into short, sharp, and bare twig. It is like the woody stem of a
shrubs, and vice versd. 2. Under-shrubs, have
very leafy tree or shrub, formed of the air and adducent vessels, which
branches, which, however, are very small, and only deposit have grown completely hard. It therefore remains fixed,
a very delicate circle of vessels. Hence every bud attached though the bark be taken off. That it arises from a want of
to a petiolus is not then food, is easily proved by the cultivation of thorny plants.
really evolved, as their branches are
very few. They are besides, as their branches are so deli- Most species of our fruit trees have thorns, but having been
cate, of short duration, and often replace their old decayed supplied in our gardens with extra food, the thorns become
branches, by young shoots from the roots. 3. The Pine tribe, boughs, and at last disappear entirely. Only such plants as
have, however, very leafy branches, which on their extreme the Black Thorn, which are almost covered with thorns, do
points only, and on one spot, evolve several buds, of which not lose them entirely by that treatment, though the number
that in the middle grows in a straight direction, the other is
always diminished. Nearly the same thing takes place in
unfolding on its sides. Hence the appearance of some Pines thorns which are not formed from imperfectly evolved buds,
like that of a twirling stick, by which, as
every year a new but are other parts of plants, changed in their appearance.
one is added, the age of the tree may be found. 4.
Shrubby Sometimes the petioli of pinnate leaves, when they remain
Gramina, have a knotty culm, with attached and dispersed after the leaves have dropped off, become thorns, as in Astra-
leaves. Each knot sends forth branches; but without a knot galus tragacantha, and other species of that genus. On the'
no branches appear. 5. Palmse &tL\\\a.frutescentia. These petiole they grow larger, sharper, and assume, after the flower
have a simple stem, which has leaves only at its top and if and fruit have fallen off, the shape of thorns ; for instance,
;

this be injured, the stem decays. The last sometimes retain Hedysarum cornutum: or lastly, the stipulse become sharp,
their life by lateral branches, but with the loss of the
beauty ligneous, remain, and change into thorns; for instance, in the
of their growth and appearance. Besides these varieties of Mimosa. Such changes, which frequently occur, especially
ligneous plants, there are many which make a transition from in Oriental plants, remain uniform or constant. The prickle,
one to the other. The Palms are incontestably the most is a
prolongation of the cutis, and can therefore be taken off
beautiful of all ligneous stems, which kind nature has
along with it. This consists of reticular, more or less ex-
VOL. II. 91. 4H
304 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P H Y

panded, adducent vessels, and a few air vessels, and is tomosing like plants. On this anastomosing of the vessels
covered with the vascular cutis. The most careful cultivation of leaves depends their form ; and as it differs in each
plant,
cannot convert a prickle into a shoot, as its air vessels become we need not be surprised at the diversity of leaves. If the
very rapidly ligneous, and separate from the inner bark, large vascular fascicle divides into three great divisions, a
and it is therefore only kept from dropping off by the cover- triangular leaf is formed; if it divides into more, then we see
ing cutis. Prickles have sometimes a peculiar shape ; they all the
species of compound leaves arise. If, for instance,
are almost of the shape of contorted tendrils in Nauclea the vascular fascicle at the base of the leaf
splits into smaller
aculeata, and other plants. Even the stipulse of some plants ones, a nerved leaf is formed. But if it run straightforward,
are converted into prickles ; for instance, Robinia pseuda- emitting single fascicles on its sides, then we have a veined
cacia, Berberis vulgaris, &c. Tendrils have the same struc- leaf. If there are on the margins of the leaf numerous anas-
ture of vessels, in herbaceous stems. They are, in fact, tomoses, such a leaf is then called folium integerrimum.
petioli, without the leafy expansion, but which, having not But if the fascicles spread in small unconnected branches
wasted their sap in the formation of leaves, have grown towards the margin, the leaf becomes, according to circum-
longer, and on this account have become too feeble to keep stances, serrated, dentated, crenate, and so forth. These
their straight direction. Hence arises their twisted shape. bundles of vessels in leaves are composed of air and addu-
It appears, as if the diminished force of the current of air cent vessels. The net-work they form, is in both its surfaces
had a particular influence upon the tendril. For each plant covered with cellular texture, in which the reducent vessels
that supports itself by tendrils, when distant from a wall, lie. And the external membrane, or cutis, which on both
tree, or shrub, sends out all its tendrils towards that side on sides invests the cellular texture, is provided with innumer-
which the plant is to attach itself. At least this phenomenon able lymphatic vessels, and their exhaling pores. The foot-
can scarcely be explained in any other way. The pith which stalk of leaves resembles in its structure that of the stem,
is found in the centre of stems, is a
spongy cellular texture, except that the air vessels on its base by their convolutions
which commonly is of a remarkably splendid white colour. form a knot, which serves for the evolution of the bud, their
It is not the least different from cellular texture, and in no direction being thus changed. This knot is of the same
respect like the spinal marrow of animals. Nature seems to nature as the supporter of a bulb. In rooty plants, radicles
have provided plants with it on purpose to deposit in it a are observed to shoot out as also in sessile leaves, or such
;

store of moisture, that they may not suffer during drought. as want the footstalk, we seldom find such a knot, and
Hence all trees and shrubs have it; but as soon as they grow therefore they will not always produce buds at their base.
older, they need it no longer, the wood being an excellent Of all the parts of plants, the leaves shew a particular irri-
substitute. On the same account it is unnecessary in water tability ;
especially in compounded leaves. Merely by touch-
plants, as they very rarely suffer from drought; all of them ing the leaves of Mimosa pudica, sensitiva, casta, Oxalis
have a hollow stem, without any pith. The gem or bud is sensitiva,Smithia sensitiva, and many others, they instantly
the embryo of a future branch, and its anatomy therefore contract. If single leaves, or the .main footstalk, be touched,
perfectly coincides with the anatomy of the stems and leaves, they remain contracted for some minutes. Almost all trian-
as they are inclosed in it in small compass. The period of gular leaves, and leaves which are composed of several small
their formation differs in different plants. In cold regions ones, contract at night, like the above plants, in such a
the bud is formed in autumn, covered with a great many manner that one leaf covers the other, and the whole becomes
scales, and so prepared for the mild spring. In warm and compressed. Whoever will take the trouble to examine the
hot regions this is different; there no pernicious frost plants of a garden at night-time with a lantern in his hand,
destroys the blossoms of the spring, and cold does not impair will find several of them in this state, which has been called
the vital power of the vegetable creation, therefore no pre- sleep. There are plants which, at a certain hour in the day,
caution was necessary. The buds unfold themselves imme- open and close their leaves. Du Hamel made experiments
diately from the bark into branches, without having remained with the Mimosa sensitiva, which at a certain hour in the
there in the form of buds for any length of time. However, evening shuts its leaves, and again at a certain time opens
we meet with exceptions to this rule. Hot climates too, have them. He put this plant in a leathern trunk, covered with
some bud-bearing plants; and we possess a few shrubs, espe- woollen blankets, and found that its leaves opened at a cer-
cially the Rhamnus/r</M/a, which never buds. Each bud tain hour in the morning, and again were shut up in the
unfolds a branch with leaves, which at the base of each evening. It has been alleged, that this
phenomenon varies
petiole again produces buds. In this manner their growth in its period, when going on in vacuo. A South American
continues. But this evolution of buds from buds, would shrub (Porliera hygrometrica,) uniformly contracts its fea-
continue without stopping, were it not so regulated, that thered leaves whenever it is going to rain, and is the surest
each bud, as soon as the blossoms and fruits are perfectly foreteller of the weather that one can have. A plant which
formed, decays. The evolution of the flowers, and after- grows in the marshes of South Carolina, Dionoea muscipula,
wards of the fruit, constitutes the invincible barrier to the has a singularly constructed leaf. At the apex of a lanceo-
growth of the branches. Each bud, like all vegetable pro- late leaf an elongation is seen armed with short prickles,
ductions, is formed by the spiral vessels. Cutting a bud in which as soon as an insect or other small body is put upon
a transverse direction, a white spot appears, continued to it, shuts itself, and does not open till the body caught
the very extremity of the bud, and this snow-white conti- by it becomes quiet. The species of Drosera rotundifolia
nuation is nothing else than a bundle of air vessels. If and lonr/ifo'lia, the leaves of which are planted on their mar-
the same is done at an early period, an elongation of a gins and surfaces with petioled glands, contract, according
small bundle of the spiral vessels is found. The leaves to Roth's observations, when stimulated, though very slowly.
are composed of the same vessels of which the root, A species of Filix in No th America, the Onoclea sensibilis,
stems, and other parts of vegetables, consist. But the has got this appellation merely from the circumstance, that
manner in which they arc disposed presents a remarkable its
young leaves, when they begin to unfold themselves,
difference. A great bundle of vessels enters the base of the shrink upon the least touch. In other respects, this plant
leaf, and divides on its surface in a rcticular manner, anas- shews no symptoms of irritability. The Nepenthes distilla-
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 306

has quite a different motion of sap from

toria, growing in Ceylon, has on the apex of its leaves a before its evolution
leaf-like ascidium, which at times opens and closes, and is what it has when in leaf. Various conjectures have been
even filled with water. This takes place also in a species of formed by other physiologists respecting the circulation of
this genus indigenous in Amboyna. Of all plants, however, sap in the vegetable kingdom. Some think that the sap
in this respect the most singular is the Hedysarum gyrans, ascends only through the vessels of the inner bark. Others
assert that it ascends to the wood through the roots, and
'

growing on the banks of the Ganges. It has trifoliate leaves,

of which the central one is larger than the two others. All descends through the cortex. Of this opinion are those who
these leaves move spontaneously. The large one rises back- have injected plants with coloured liquids. From their obser-
wards, up and down, the two smaller leaves at the sides have vations it would appear that the coloured juice proceeds from
the same movement, only somewhat vigorous. Laying hold of the substance of the root into the wood, and hence is com-
these leaves, and then removing the hand, quickens their municated to the leaves, from which it finds its way back
motions, as if they were to make up for the lost time, till at through the cortex. Brugmann has endeavoured to prove
last they return to their former slower motion. No particular the irritability of vessels, by shewing that the amputated
stimulus seems to act on them, and they do not contract like branches of the Euphorbia lathyris and myrsiitites, which
other irritable plants. Nor does this motion of the leaves de- emit a great quantity of milk, cease to do so as soon as the
pend on sun-light, for they move in light as well as in the dark, cut part is anointed with a solution of alum and sulphate of
even when the plant is perfectly asleep. It is besides remark- iron, so diluted that it leaves no stain on paper. Van Marum
able, that the leaves in the height of erection, and during repeated this experiment, but did not obtain the same result.
very warm days, like the animal muscular fibre, have a tre- Uslar, however, has observed that the amputated stalk of
mulous motion. The stipules and braeteee agree perfectly Euphorbia exigua and sylvatica, when immersed in a solution
with the leaves with respect to anatomical structure. The of alum or acetous acid, immediately, or at least in a short
floral leaves are sometimes coloured. time after, ceased to flow. Van Marum demonstrates, by
"From what has been said respecting the internal nature several remarkable experiments, the irritability of vessel*.
and chemical constituents of vegetables, and from the gene- He poured an electric stream over the branches of Euphorbia
ral observations which have been made, we are enabled, as lathyris, as well as through the whole plant of Euphorbia
far as these remarks extend, to form some conclusion respect- esula and cyparissus, for the space of 20 to 30 seconds. On
ing the vital process in plants. Like animals, they are pro- intersecting them, it was found that they did not emit any
vided with vessels, which contain juice they are susceptible milky juice, though, by compression, some of it was observed
;

to the application of stimuli, and thus are irritable;

they also to drop. He made the same experiment on the boughs of
correspond with animals in their evolution and formation. the Ficus carica, which were exposed for 15 seconds to an
Hence we might infer that they must have a circulation of electric stream. Girtanner asserts, that oxygen is a stumulus
sap. In our days, hardly any one will support Jampert, in to plants; that oxygen has a closer connection with the vege-
his attempt to prove, on mathematical principles, that plants table fibre than with other bodies ; that all bodies which
have no vessels, as their existence has been fully ascertained rapidly absorb oxygen, are stimuli to plants, and must pro-
by Grew, Malpighi, Mustel, Molclenhawer, Hedwig, &c. mote their growth. According to this theory, the experi-
&c. and as every one who doubts may be convinced of this ments of Mr. Humboldt, which he made on the germination
'
truth by ocular demonstration. Physiologists, however, do of plants, may be very well explained; and the observations
not agree in every respect. Hales considered the motion of of Ingenhouss and others, confirm the opinion that corn and
sap in vegetables as the ascent of a fluid in a capillary tube, other vegetables, in a bad soil, when sprinkled with well-
and alleged that it was carried forward merely by attraction, diluted sulphuric acid, grow just as well as if they had been
such as by light and heat. Malpighi was" the first who plentifully manured. We learn also from chemistry, that
ascribed irritability to the vessels, and asserted that their oxygen from the atmosphere very easily combines with the
diameter was contracted and enlarged. He even affirms, different species of earths and stone, particularly with vege-
that he observed, in the spiral vessels, a table mould. It is well known to every gardener and forester,
peristaltic motion,
similar to that of the animal intestines. But he must have that trees planted in spring grow so much better by having had
been deceived here, as the spiral vessels dry
immediately their holes digged in autumn, which during the winter were
when exposed to the air, and roll together in consequence of exposed to the influence of the air. Experiments have aJso
their extraordinary fineness. Corti admits the irritability of shewn, that soils which have been dug into loose heaps of
the vessels. Under the microscope, he pretends to have earth frequently stirred, and then exposed for half a year to
observed in the vessels of sixty-five plants a motion of the the influence of the air, produce a richer crop than if they
juice from joint to joint; and he supposes that every knot had been manured, and retain this fruitfulness longer than
in unison with its interstice has a
peculiar circulatory system by the application of manures. But, besides the mere oxygen,
quite independent of the other parts. Miller adopted the there are other bodies which act as stimuli upon plants.
opinion of Hales, that there was merely a rise and fall of the Most of these, however, appear only in an active state, for
sap, without a-ny fixed circular motion; that heat occasioned this reason, that they either contain oxygen or dissolve it.
the rise, and cold the fall, of the sap. Walker, who attempted Well or river water, considered as an aliment, being decom-
to investigate the motion of the
sap in trees which bleed in posed in the vegetable process, sometimes also constitutes a
spring, affirms, that in spring the sap first begins gradually stimulus. Rain water is much more beneficial to plants than
to ascend in the root, and at last rises to the
top, and that any other, because, according to Hassenfraz's investigation!,
this depends on the
temperature of the external air, but that it contains more oxygen. Caloric is an excellent stimulus to
the juices never descend. Owing to this, the buds at the vegetables, as it renders oxygen gaseous, and moistures more
extremity are developed first. The sap is supposed to ascend fluid consequently the influence of this matter becomes
:

between the bark and the wood but this effect is produced more powerful;
;
only, the degree of it must be proportioned
not by heat alone, but by its co-operation with an internal to the vegetable fibre. Thus,
plants at the tropics will sus-
unknown cause. He does not absolutely reject the opinion tain more heat than mountain plants, or those at th poles.
of there being a circulation, but
only supposes 'that the tree Muriate of ammonia, according to Brugmaun's observations,
306 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL: PHY
promotes vegetation. The branch of a Service tree was put the fibre in proof of which
;
may be adduced all subterrane-
into pure water, another into a solution of muriate of ammo- ous plants and all the species of Boletus for the
knowledge
:

nia; in 24 hours the former imbibed 5-12ths, the latter of which we are indebted to the researches of
Scopoli and
10-12thsof the liquid; and hence we may draw the probable Humboldt. These plants require a very small quantity of
conclusion, that the muriate of ammonia, by its stimulus, oxygen to promote their growth, and therefore as soon as
increased the activity of the vessels. Nitrate of potash is they are brought into the open air, they decay. This is
used by the Dutch gardeners as a means of promoting growth. even proved by the well-known observation, that rooms or
The bulbs of Narcissuses, Hyacinths, and other vegetables, repositories which are fusty or mouldy, are freed from this
grow much faster in water where this neutral salt is dissolved. inconvenience by the admission of air. Opium will destroy
Tromsdorf found also that a sprig of the Mentha piperita the irritability of plants
by it the irritability of Hedysarum
;

became 378 grains heavier in a solution of nitre, whereas a gyrans and Mimosa pudica was greatly impaired, and almost
sprig in common water gained but 145 grains in weight. completely destroyed. Vegetables die very soon in carbonic
Barton, however, directly maintains the contrary, because a acid gas as well as in nitrogen and hydrogen
;
gas. In the
few grains of nitrate of potash killed a Kalmia. But it is last of these, plants die
immediately ; but if it be mixed with
easy to conceive that a moderate stimulus to some plants, a little oxygen gas, they live for a short while, and
grow very
may be over violent and destructive toothers. Barton found luxuriantly. Mr. Humboldt, on the 14th February, 1792,
that in water in which camphor was diffused, a decayed twig put a germinating bulb of the Crocus vernus, which he had
rapidly recovered, which did not happen when it was placed planted, into one of the celebrated mines of Freyberg, several
in common water. A decayed branch of Liriodendron tuli- fathoms under ground. In this mine, the air was so much
pifera, and a withered flower of the yellow Iris, recovered contaminated with hydrogen gas, that his candle was extin-
in it, and remained long fresh. I myself tried this with a guished, and his lungs became sensibly affected. The germ
branch of Silene pendula, the flowers of which were quite of the bulb soon evolved, the leaves became
green, the
shrivelled ; in an hour's time I found the petals again per- flowers yellow, and the anthers even full of
pollen ; but on
fectly expanded, as if just evolved. Is it the hydrogen of the 17th the whole plant
suddenly began to putrefy. Several
the camphor which stimulates the vegetable fibre to such a plants shewed the same result. The hydrogen gas cannot
degree, as to produce this phenomenon? or is it a conse- however be considered as a stimulus of vegetables, as in its
quence of the composition of the camphor, that only the pure state it kills plants, and only when mixed with oxygen
exact proportion of carbon, which is found combined with shews the above phenomena. Plants live so long only, as
hydrogen in camphor, can stimulate the fibres ? This remains they can exhale oxygen when this stops, they are gone.
; In
to be determined. Light likewise is a very powerful stimulus the same manner, Sennebier and Ingenhouss observed that
of the vegetable fibre. Every body knows that hot-house plants confined in hydrogen gas, emitted oxygen day and
plants incline their stalks and leaves always towards the night ;but that when the oxygen gas was consumed, they
windows. A plant which has been confined for days in a could no longer subsist.
dark room, will, as soon as some light is admitted, however "The above numerous observations are sufficient to prove
small the aperture be through which it passes, bend its stalks that vegetable sap is not put in motion by mechanical prin-
towards the light. Who does not know, that the species of ciples, but that it is carried forward by the irritability pecu-
Lupinus, especially Lupinus luteus, turn in the open air liar to plants. The ascent of sap in warm weather, and the
their leaves and stalks towards the sun, and follow its course descent of it in cold weather, can no longer be argued ; but
in so steady a manner, as to enable us to
specify the hour of experiments, and the analogy between plants and animals,
the day from their direction ? Light is farther of particular clearly point out a circulation. For how could the juices
service to vegetables in promoting the decomposition of the of trees, which during winter continue bare, without foliage,
absorbed water, and separation of the oxygen for when this
;
and without discovering any symptom of vegetation, be at
oxygen gas accumulated in vegetables, all their parts
is all preserved, if in the
long succession of cold weather the
become white, as may be seen from plants which vegetate moisture which is found in the vessels were constantly to
in the dark. Even the light of a lamp effects the separation descend. We should at last necesarily find the branches
of the oxygen, as an experiment, of which I was eye-witness, quite destitute of fluid, which is never the case. Nor is the
fully proves, viz. that of Humboldt, who rendered Lepidium cessation of sap, or the congelation of it in very cold wea-
sativum, which had grown up in a dark cellar, green, by the ther, more admissible. We
know from experience, that when
faint glimmering of a lamp kept under it several days. All the juices of delicate exotic plants are coagulated by cold,
plants cannot support the stimulus of strong and constant they must die. The circulation of sap must therefore take
light. There appears to be a determinate degree of this sti- place in them, as they cannot, on account of the unfavour-
mulus, which they cannot without injury exceed. As young able season, make new shoots still, and survive; and, though
plants are much more susceptible than grown up ones, they much less vigorous,
they appear to exist in the same manner
thrive best in the shade. All forest plants are destroyed by as hybernating animals, such as the marmot and dormouse,
too much light. This is proved by the observations of Medi- which, during the winter, like amphibious animals and some
cus, Desfontaines, and Uslar, who found that the irritabi- insects, fall into a profound sleep, and are awakened first
lity of plants is strongest in the morning, fainter at mid-day,
with the returning warmth of spring. Experiments have not
and fainter still in the evening. Sennebie'r has made the yet discovered how the circulation of blood in these species
experiment of separating the rays of light, in order to dis- of animals adapts itself to the season of the year. What has
cover which of them is most favourable to vegetation ; and been adduced as proof of the ascent and descent of the sap
he found, that plants of Lettuce grow best in the yellow, in plants, is the
important, but altogether mistaken pheno-
and next in the violet. Those on which the invisible ray menon, that after the middle of January, with us after the
fell, came nearest to those which stand free in the collected 20th, the sap enters trees. At this period it is thought to
light. The irritability of the vegetable fibre is destroyed by descend, to be ready in the spring. But whoever thinks
all stimuli when they are too powerful or too long continued. that trees, shrubs, or herbs, are dead in winter, or without
Every stimulus must be proportioned to the irritability of action, is much mistaken. During the whole summer, th
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 307

root sends the food, imbibed by its fibres, to the stem, and recover so quickly. I observed a
Cherry tree, the stalk of
what the stem receives from the leaves is constantly employed which was broken immediately under the top, and in which
in the formation of new parts, till either this evolution ceases, the top was attached to the stem only by a small stripe of
from the strength being exhausted, as in annual plants, or bark. It was immediately fastened the buds were just
;

till the parts above ground, which can no longer resist

the but the flowers were still confined in about eight
opened, ;

inclemency of the weather, become separated,

as in herbs, days after nothing was observed at the top, it bloomed rather
shrubs, and trees. With the fall of the leaves in ligneous more luxuriantly, but in a short time all of it decayed.
the drying of the stem in herbs, all their I have observed also in the broken-off branches of fruit-trees,
plants, and with
exhausted. The great quantity of that the fruit became ripe and also that fruit-trees, the
vegetating powers are ;

moisture which the root forwarded to the plant, is consumed: stems of which were frozen, still continued to vegetate, till
in trees and shrubs, it is employed in the formation of towards the middle of June; they then decayed. Thus the
branches, of wood, alburnum, inner bark, leaves, blossoms, juice of trees, which is imbibed by the root, appears to be
and fruit, as well as in the formation of the root; in herbs, long in reaching the upper part. We must then take for
in the formation of the parts above ground, the fruit, and granted, that small coherence by means of the bark in the
the root itself. These fibres, which hitherto conveyed the broken top of the Cherry tree, and in the bough of the fruit-
food, begin to become brittle, and are no longer able to tree, had, as well as the still living wood of the congealed
serve this purpose. The sap which circulates in the vessels fruit stem, conveyed out of the root a sufficient quantity of
can no longer produce new shoots above ground, as the sap for some time. Be that as it may, it is certain that the
temperature is unfavourable. From the moment, then, that sap of the root is much longer or 'slower in reaching the top
the leaves of ligneous plants and the stems of herbs decay, of ligneous than of herbaceous plants. A shrub, the roots of
the plant begins to form new radicles in place of the old which are decayed, or consumed by insects, will for a long
ones. If at this period, in the latter part of autumn till the time have discoloured leaves, and yet live ; and will even
middle of January in our climates, a Birch or Walnut is vegetate some time after its root has been destroyed. It is

bored, no sap will proceed. The tree indeed has sap, but highly probable, that the circulation of vegetables is very
only as much as it
just wants, and as suffices to form new complex ; and Cord may not be far wrong when he ascribes
radicles. Hence fruit-trees, which had too much fruit, a circulatory system to every knot of plants. We
may there-
fore suppose that the root imbibes the fluids, which (on the
decay, because their strength by the great waste of sap is
too much exhausted. If such a tree or shrub has formed admission of heat, and the gases produced by it, are formed
radicles, before the middle of January, those active young- by the adducent vessels, particularly those that twine round
radicles perform their new
functions. They imbibe moisture, the air vessels) are communicated to the reducent vessels by
which they deposit the cellular texture, and collect in this
in means of the cellular texture and are again conveyed into
;

manner as much sap as the wasting of the powers, which the posterior adducent vessels through the same channels,
will be necessary in the next summer, requires. If at this rising by degrees higher and higher till they reach the stalk.
time a stem is bored, a great quantity of fluid flows out Here every knot that envolves a bud, appears to form, with
in those plants which receive a superfluity. But if, at the the leaves, a circulatory system, which by means of the pass-
end of January, or in February, the weather becomes mild, ing adducent and reducent vessels, and of the cellular tex-
this flow of sap ceases altogether, and trees, if then bored ture, is united to all the other systems, and to the whole
for the first time, give no sap ; a stream of it is observed plant. According to this principle, I may cut off from the
again when the weather becomes cold. Those
who adhere stalk, a small slip, which has only one knot, one bud, and
to the theory of ascent and descent of the sap, say, that in one leaf, and by placing it loose in the ground, render it a
warm weather the sap ascended too high, and in cold plant. As the slip which has its own peculiar circulation is
descended too low. This singular change, however, of its separated from the common circulating system, it will be for
flowing and ceasing to flow, depends on this, that as soon as a period in a state of inaction, without evolving any new
the weather is fine and mild, the transpiration of plants goes leaf, but in a short time, the vessels, which exist in this par'
on with greater rapidity; the quantity of the sap, therefore, of the stalk, viz. in the knot, the bud, and the leaf, begin
naturally becomes less ; on the contrary, in cold weather the to form a callus below, sending out new parts that become

transpiration is not considerable, and therefore the sap accu- roots ; these young roots soon imbibe nourishment, the bud
mulates. On this account the roots of herbaceous plants is evolved, and becomes a
young plant, in which again seve-
which are collected for medicinal purposes, are more effi- ral systems of circulation are found connected with the whole.
cacious in winter and spring, than in summer, when in full The following observation may serve as a proof that every
leaf and flower, because, at that time, they have prepared knot has its circulatory system If, in a young sprout, I cut
:

new sap by their young radicles. The circulation of sap in the knot on which the bud stands, it will not grow, or pro-
vegetables, cannot be of the same nature as it is found in duce a new plant neither will a piece of the stalk grow, in
;

quadrupeds, birds, fishes, amphibious animals, and insects ;

which there is no knot with the bud. As far as our obser-
else, we should observe a point from which all the fluids vations extend, the circulation of sap cannot be explained
proceeded, and where they again meet together. Were there in
any other manner. That, according to the differently
such a circulation, the Willow could not reproduce new formed plants, there are more or less anomalous circum-
stems from every little branch. The circulation of sap, then, stances or exceptions, is easy to be supposed. But of what
must resemble that which takes place in the polypi, as these nature is the circulation of sap in ligneous plants during win-
also may be dissected into several pieces, from each of which ter? In all probability, the juices continue to be moved in
new polypi are again formed. The nature of circulation the same general manner, and to be renovated from the root:
must be extremely various in the different classes of vege- their circulation of fluids, however, is slow, because no new
tables :
Impatiens balsamina, being a meadow plant, when- parts can be formed in the open air, and because the trans-
ever it is without water, immediately withers away; but when piration is considerably diminished. The nourishment requi-
water is poured upon it, in five minutes after all the leaves site for vegetables, is not all derived from the soil in which
and the trunk a^ain stand erect. A tree or shrub will not they are planted, the greatest quantity .being obtained from
VOL. II. 91. 4 I
308 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
the atmosphere. Shrubs, trees, and succulent plants in par- piration of plants was discovered by Bonnet in 1754,
first

ticular, receive their sustenance from the air

most of dew, : after him by 1773, and next by Ingenhous in
Priestley in
mist, and rain, are also rapidly absorbed by them. The se- 1779, afterwards by other celebrated philosophers, Senne-
condary vessels properly perform this function so do all fine ; bier, Scheele, Achard, Scherer, Succou, &c. &c. No branch
capillary elongations. Thus the green stalk, and the under of the physiology of plants has produced more numerous
surface of the leaves, chiefly absorb these moist vapours. experiments. The following are the results of all these labo-
Bonnet demonstrated this last fact by a beautiful experiment. rious investigations: Plants in sun-shine emit a
great quan-
He placed a leaf of the White Mulberry tree, with its upper tity of oxygen gas, but at night exhale a kind of air which
surface upon water, and it continued six days fresh and green. is unfavourable to animal
respiration. The quantity of this,
A leaf of the same tree, which was laid with its under surface however, is much less than that of the oxygen lost in the
upon water, remained for six months fresh, and in good day-time. Thus a constant circulation takes place in the
condition. Plants imbibe gases also, otherwise it would be atmosphere, the plants improving the air which has been
impossible to explain whence they derive the great quantity spoiled by the breathing of animals. The surface of leaves,
of carbon, of which they principally consist. all green stalks, and in
general the green part of vegetables,
" The function of exhale oxygen gas in sun-shine, but particularly green water-
transpiration is performed by plants
through apertures which are surrounded by the lymphatic plants, Pine-trees, Gramina, and many succulent plants.
vessels. Bonnet anointed leaves with oil, by which means The leaves of trees emit less of it than herbs. No oxygen
the process of transpiration was completely suppressed. gas whatever, even when exposed to the sun, is emitted from
They assumed a black colour, and decayed. I observed the Ilex aquifolium, Primus laurocerasus, Mimosa sensitiva, Acer
same thing in a hot-house plant, the leaves of which being foliis the petala, ripe fruits, the bark of trees,
variegatis,
oiled in order to destroy the aphides, all fell off. Plants the pedicels, and the ribs of leaves. The gas which is emit-
which have been exposed to the dust, by the continuance ted during night is by far less in quantity, either pure car-
of drought, lose the leaves, merely because their pores are bonic acid gas, or, as in most cases, often mixed with hydro-
obstructed. The number of the pores which are found on gen, sometimes also with azote.
" Water is the chief nourishment of
the whole surface of a plant, is by no means insignificant. plants. They absorb
Hedwig enumerated five hundred and seventy-seven in one itout of the earth by their roots, and above the earth they
single quadrate line, on the surface of
a leaf of the Lilium imbibe all the moisture which exists in the form of vapour.
bulbiferum. Thus, according to this computation, a square The light by its stimulus resolves water into its constituents,
foot would have nine hundred ninety-eight thousand seven hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen combines with the
hundred and forty-five. How many square feet of surface caloric, becomes gaseous, and conducted by the air-vessels
must a plant present to the air, and how great must be their runs out from the pores of the leaves. The hydrogen com-
number in a full-grown oak! The transpiration of plants is bines with carbon, which plants likewise absorb, and with
twofold, aqueous and gaseous. The aqueous is considerable several elements which the vegetable body receives in various
;

Hales made many experiments, which clearly prove this proportions, according to its organization, and forms the
assertion. A plant three feet high, lost in one hour, 1 Ib. and juices and other substances peculiar to vegetables. At night,
6 oz. during tUp night: if no dew fell, it sustained a loss of when the light cannot effect the decomposition of water,
six ounces ; but if dew fell, the leaves had imbibed 4 or 6 combinations and separations of another kind take place, and
ounces of moisture whereas in the day-time the transpira- for this reason plants then discharge carbonic acid and azotic
;

tion was always very considerable. Watson exposed a glass gases. The little oxygen which remains cannot stimulate
of 20 square inches within, to very warm sunshine, in a place the fibre so powerfully, consequently the quantity of trans-
where it had not rained for several months, and turning it pired matter is much less. The stimulus which the oxygen,
round upon a plot of mowed grass, he found it full of drops separated by the light, has exerted upon the fibre, occasions
of water, which ran copiously down ; he collected them by a relaxation, by which the sleep of plants, or folding of the
an exactly weighed piece of muslin, and repeated this expe- leaves, is produced. Light is absolutely necessary to plants,
riment for several days, between 12 and 3 o'clock; hence he as it nourishes them by means of its influence. If we except
was enabled to calculate that an acre of ground transpires subterraneous plants, and some species of Boletus, the vege-
in 24 hours, 6400 quarts of water. Brugmanns observed a tation of which is regulated by other principles hitherto not
particular kind of aqueous transpiration
in the roots of some investigated, vegetables cannot exist without the influence
luxuriant plants; he had put some plants of this kind into a of light. The direction and proper situation of the parts in
a drop of fluid every species depend entirely upon it. Plants also, which
glass filled with earth, and observed at night
in the top of the radicles he remarked as soon as such a affect the shade, require light, but that only in a moderate
;

of the sun would stimulate them too vio-

drop touched the roots of other plants, they dried immedi- quantity; the rays
ately. If this happened frequently, the plant decayed. lently. Young plants, as well as most of the Cryptogamous
Thus Oats, (Avena sativa,) were destroyed in this manner class, require-defence against too powerful light, but cannot
and the most of the Gra-
by Serratula arvensis ; Flax, (Linum usitatissimum,') by the live without its influence. Trees,
Scabiosa arvensis and Euphorbia peplus; Wheat, (Triticum mina, need a great deal of light, and hence all trees have a
asstivum,) by Erigeron acre; Buck-Wheat, (Polygonum/af/o- greater tendency towards the south than towards the north.
It is by the decomposition of water that the temperature
pyrum,) by Spcrgula arvensis; Carrots, (Daucus carota,)
the Inula hclenium. Hence he concludes, that weeds peculiar to plants is produced. Philosophers, however, are
by
with the fluid dropping from their radicles, suppress the not entirely agreed in their explanations of this phenomenon.
growth of the contiguous plants. But might not the weed Sennebier and Hassenfratz assert that
the oxygen, being set
the ali- free by the decomposition of water, unites with the caloric
destroy the cultivated plant, owing to its absorbing
and flows in a gaseous form from the
mentary matter with greater rapidity, and expanding sooner, ofthe vegetable fibre,
and thus prevent the further growth of the adjacent plant? pores of the vessels. Von Humboldt, again, supposes that
from the atmosphere, and combine in
Drops are also frequently observed on the leaves of quick- plants absorb caloric
on the The trans- the air with the oxygen, which is separated by the influence
growing plants, particularly top. gaseous
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 309

of light. He believes that in this manner the cooling shade formative organ in plants. He took away from a Cherry-
of trees may be accounted for. The functions of absorption tree in full bloom all its cortex longitudinally, and covered

and exhalation appear to take place in Mushrooms according it

closely with a layer of straw; many of the leaves fell off,
to their principles. This, however, needs to be confirmed some of the branches withered, and no fruit was produced.
future observations. Agaricus campestris and androsa- The tree continued diseased next year, but in the third sum-
by
ceus, continually exhale hydrogen. Oxygen appears to be mer it again acquired bark. Had the young wood, deprived
a stimulus to them, as the most of them when immersed in of the stem which is full of moisture, and which had lately,
are soon destroyed. for the first time, formed the new layer of inner bark, not
hydrogen and azotic gas
" How the matters which are absorbed been preserved from the access of the air, the juice would
by plants are assi-
milated, that is, are combined into the juices peculiar to the have dried up, and the tree been destroyed ; but the covering
to us. In none of the orga- of straw inclosed it as well as the cortex, and it again formed
vegetable world, is a mystery
nized bodies have we hitherto been able to explain this assi- the same layer of inner bark with the cortex. The hardened
fibres of vegetables, comprehended under the general name
milation, though there has been no want of theories upon
the subject. Some account for this beautiful operation by of Wood, have, however, different degrees of hardness in
mere contraction of the parts others, by the form of the proportion as they confine carbon by the power of their
;

active organs ; others again, by the form of the substances ;

organization, and the harder the wood proves, the slower is
but these are all very unsatisfactory hypotheses. This much, the growth of the tree or shrub. The firmest and hardest
in the mean time, appears certain, that the proportion of the woods, have, therefore, the most carbon, and require a long
parts, as well as the
formation and direction of the organs, time for their perfect vegetation; as, the White Beech,
and the greater or less irritability arising from them, may (Carpinus betulus,) the Red Beech, (Fagus sylvatica,) the
produce the various mixtures. But how comes it to pass, Oajc, (Quercus robur and pedunculata,) the Cedar of Leba-
that every part of a plant frequently differs in taste and in non, (Pinus cedrus,) Adansonia digitata, &c. &c. There
smell? Thus the root of the Mimosa Nilotica smells like are,however, exceptions to this rule; as Robinia pseudacacia,
Assafotida, but the flower emits a very agreeable odour. which grows very fast, and has firm hard wood. Every
The stem exudes the bland well-known gum arabic, and the shrub or tree with us, forms annually two shoots; the one,
juices which it contains are sour
and astringent. Manure which is the chief shoot, evolves in spring, the other is not
so strong, and appears towards the longest day, about St.
operates only as a stimulus on the fibre of vegetables, so
that they are enabled to absorb carbon the more rapidly, John's day, from which it has been called St. John's shoot.
and all the constituents are first composed. This is parti- The first is formed from the quantity of juices which the root
cularly evident from the above related experiments, where
has imbibed during winter. The second, from the moisture
delved earth, saturated with oxygen, as well as ground imbibed during the spring. In the torrid zone, both shoots
sprinkled with, diluted sulphuric acid,
made plants grow are equally strong, and hence plants there grow much more
more rapidly than a great deal of manure laid upon the luxuriantly.
" The
earth. The vessels appear particularly to prepare the juices, green colour "of the vegetable creation is a most
as fluids have been found completely prepared in the cellular refreshing sight. The investigation of its cause has long
texture of the root. It seems, however, as if the
receptacle occupied the attention of philosophers, and given rise to
of the manures in the cellular texture concentrated them still many hypotheses. When phlogiston still had a number of
more, and that this also contributes its effect to their pre- adherents, the explanation of the green colour was very
paration. Thus as glands prepare in general oily, seldom easy, as it was considered as an effect of this principle.
mucilaginous fluids, a great quantity of glands is therefore Since, however, the idea of its existence has been given up,
found in the leaves of all fragrant plants. Sometimes this different kinds of explanation have been devised. Berthollet
oil abounds so plentifully in the glands, that it may be sepa- observed, that the green of plants is not composed of blue
rated from them by mere pressure ; as in the rind of Citrus and yellow, as the prism does not analyze their green, like
medica, aurantium, &c. and in the leaves of Melaleuca leu- that of other bodies, into yellow and blue rays. After
codcndron. Vessels which are still young, are the most extracting with alcohol the green colour from the leaves,
active in plants. As soon as they begin to pass into albur- and exposing this mixture to the sun or atmosphere, the
num or wood, the circulation of their fluids is in a sensible green colour disappears entirely. The oxygen of the atmo-
degree slower. Thus the chief seat of life, particularly in sphere combines with the mixture, and banishes the colour.
ligneous plants, is to be sought for in the inner bark. Hence If a solution of ammonia, which consists of hydrogen and
trees become strong and large when they receive no external azote, be dropped into it, the latter separates the oxygen
wound on the stem, so as to injure the inner bark. Trees, from the mixture, and the green colour is restored to it.
the bark of which was frozen in. severe winters, will decay, From all the observations on this point, it follows, that
whereas those which lose their pith by cold, without their leaves, from which the oxygen has been withdrawn by means
inner bark being affected, may continue to grow without of light, are green, but have a pale or whitish colour where
sustaining any injury. Where the layer of the inner bark, the oxygen is accumulated. The mixture of hydrogen and
which as we know is composed of vessels, is thinnest, the carbon is now considered
by chemists as the cause of the
growth is most rapid, and leaves are also formed. For this green vegetable colour. The dark colour of the cortex in
reason, thin branches are provided only with leaves. The woody plants is, according to Berthollet's observations, pro-
inner bark begins in the alburnum, i. e. there are new vessels ducctl by the oxygen of the atmosphere. Mr. Humboldt
situated in the alburnum, which as long as they form a thin repeated his experiments, and found that wood, when enclosed
in oxygen gas, became black in two or three
delicate layer easily separable, are called inner bark. This days, and the
layer, however, hardens into alburnum, and at last into gas was mixed with carbon. It appears from this, that the
wood. Duhamel saw no connection between the cortex and oxygen of. the atmosphere .combines with the hydrogen of the
wood of a Willow-tree. He found, however, a moisture, vegetable fibre, and sets the carbon free, which s-hews its
which in the air became mucilaginous and tenacious; this particular black colour.
He alleges that it is the " The leaves of
he, with Grew, called Cambium. plants are of various duration; Most of
310 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
them in warm climates remain from three to six years on the forming one part of the flower. The calix was formed by the
branches. A few in colder climates, and only those which bark, the corolla by the inner bark; the stamens were formed
have a tenacious sap, as Ilex aquifolium and Viscum album, by the wood, and the pistils by the pith. He carried this
or such, which have sap of a resinous nature, as all the ingenious hypothesis still farther, by asserting, that in ligneous
Pine-tribe trees, retain their leaves during winter. All other plants each branch required five years for the final evolution
plants of the colder climates drop their leaves in autumn. of the flower, and that each year something was added to
This happens in many different ways. Some leaves decay the future flower. In the first year, for instance, the scales
gradually, and fall off, or remain on the stem in a dry state are formed, when the branch is
shooting out from the bud ;
till
spring; others fall off when still green, even in the mild in the second year the calix ; the corolla in the third ; in
serene days of autumn. In quite a different manner the the fourth the stamens ; and in the fifth the whole, for the
Robinia pseudacacia parts with its leaves. The pinnate leaves formation of which nature required all that time, is com-
of this tree first drop, then all the pinnulae, and at last, after pletely evolved. Linneus may be right so far, that plants
them, the petiole to which they adhered drops off. The require a certain time to blossom ; that in them previously a
cause of the falling off of the leaves is this During the
:
great quantity of sap, which has been so carefully elaborated,
summer the vessels of the petiole become gradually ligneous, as to become capable of forming parts so important for the
as the sap is conveyed to them in greater quantity, and the continuation of the species, is first laid up; but that every
whole frame of the leaves gets a more ligneous consistence. year any one part of the flower, as an effort, is produced,
The sap must inconsequence gradually stagnate, and at last would be very difficult to prove. As little can we suppose
the communicating substances between the stem and the that the pith alone is the only formative part in plants. It is

petiole are completely shrunk.

The wound which the stem clear from the account of its use and design, that it
may be
thus receives cicatrizes before the petiole separates. The wanted; which is contrary to the old opinion. But that the
connection now interrupted between the leaf and the stem, cortex, inner bark, wood, and pith, &c. should each form a
and their vessels, causes the petiole, by which they are con- peculiar part of the plant, is so much against common expe-
nected, to separate entirely, and thus, especially in calm rience, that it is hardly necessary to refute it. We
find in
serene weather, the leaves unavoidably fall off. For as the the springing flower, elongations of spiral vessels, but wo
rays of the sun still favour the last decomposition of the never see elsngations from each particular part, one forming
water, and the reducent vessels cannot convey the small the future calix, another the Corolla, and so forth. For
quantity of moisture to the knot of the petiole, the motio'h instance, in the Common Sun-flower, (Helianthus annuus,)
of the small quantity of sap naturally remaining will cause where on a large receptacle, numerous small flowers are
some sort of concussion, which is sufficient to occasion the placed, how should those elongations be able to unfold them-
fall of the leaf. In the Oak-tree the leaf cannot fall off in selves into florets from the bark, inner bark, &c. through
autumn, as the vascular fibre of this tree is very tenacious, such a receptacle ? There would arise a confusion amongst
and on this account the connection between the knot of the those small parts, which is never met with. Further, how
petiole and the stem is not broken. In the Robinia pseuda- should the stamina be produced in herbs, which are not lig-
cacia, the small and tender petioles of the leaves first are neous? or the pistil,
in plants which have no pith? Who
closed up, and -separate of course earlier from the common does not see that all these assertions are mere hypotheses,
petiole, which is still succulent enough to remain a short which may be refuted even without the aid of anatomical
time, but soon, as without the leaves it cannot subsist, has investigation ? The flower does not always appear in the
the same fate. It depends, therefore, entirely on the nature angles of the leaves or at the extremities of the stem, but
.of the leaf, how long it is to remain on the stem, and by no in some plants it shoots forth in very uncommon places.
means on the weather. The peculiar organization must not Rohria petioliflora has its flowers situated on the petiole.
be overlooked, as it really has a powerful influence. This is also the case in Salsola altissima, and some other
" The most species of the genus Ruscus, the flower
growth of the plant ends with the evolution of the plants. In is

flower. When a plant has acquired a certain degree of firm- found in the middle of the leaf. Most
species of Phyllan-
ness, (which, as they are so multifarious, does not happen in thus, Xylophylla, Polycardia, and one species of Ruscus,
each at the same time, or in the same age,) it then becomes R. androgynus, flower on the margin of the' leaves. On
capable of propagating its own species, and that part which branches which are leafless appear the flowers of Cynometra
we call the flower is now formed.' Its speedy appearance- in ramiflora, Ceratonia siliqua, Averrhoa bilimbi, and A. caram-
herbaceous plants, may generally be observed from the cir- bola, Bcehmeria rumiflora, and other plants. Most remark-
cumstance, that the minute scaly leaves grow gradually less, able is the station of the flower in a tree of the East Indies,
till the smaller and more delicate parts of the flower are at called Cynometra cauliflora. This very leafy tree has no
last unfolded. Goethe is therefore not mistaken, when he flowers but at the foot of its stem ; its leafy top never pro-
calls the growth of plants a contraction and expansion; an duces any.
The " The
idea which Wolfe already has endeavoured to prove. flower, consists of the calix, corolla, nectary, stamens,
flower is, as all the other parts of plants, formed by spiral and pistils. The calix and corolla are, in point
ot the distribu-

vessels, which, as soon as the first rude sketch, as it were, of tion of their vessels, exactly like the leaves. The calix, when
the flower exists, are already observable. Linneus formed a green, transpires, like the leaves, oxygen gas in sunshine;
very erroneous idea on this subject. He considered the pith but when it is coloured this does not take place. Both these
of a plant, which he believed to be of equal importance with the parts imbibe their necessary support from the air, and convey
spinal marrow of animals, as the sole formative organ in the it to the receptacle on which the flower is placed. The func-
whole vegetable kingdom. Vegetation in general, according tions of absorption and transpiration are performed by the
to his opinion, went on by means of the pith. The seed itself leafy parts of the flower as well as by the leaves of the plants.
was a small piece of pith,, which separated from the mother Only the coloured flower emits other gases. Hitherto it has
plant, on purpose to go through the same revolutions as the not been determined, whether the phenomenon which the
old plant had done. But he proceeded still farther, and Dictamnus albus presents in warm serene summer nights,
ascribed to each part of a plant a certain peculiar power in when there is no moonshine, is
produced by hydrogen gaa,
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 311

or by the transpiration of a fine volatile oil. If this blooming differ ineach. The seeds, if the germen itself does not
plant is in abundance, and about this time is moved suddenly
become a seed, are situated in it, and are connected with it
through an extended space, and if immediately adjoining by the umbilical cord. In its interior, it contains a clear
there be a piece of burning paper, a fine blue flame, which fluid, in which nothing particular can be perceived. When
may be easily extinguished, is instantly emitted. The the germen converted into a seed, the umbilical cord hangs
is

daughter of Linneus observed in the Tropeeolum majus, and together with the receptacle, and is very short. The internal
other flowers of a deep orange colour, an electric spark, structure of such a germen, is the same as that of the seed
during the dark and serene warm summer evenings. The contained in the germen. The style appears under a variety
nectaries, when they do not consist of mere glands, agree in of shapes. All the known vegetable vessels compose it, and
structure with the corolla. The stamens consist of the fila- ithas hollow tubes, which at the top are, by a tender cellular
ment and anther. They are likewise called the male organs texture, connected with the surface of the germen, and with
of generation. The filament, in the distribution of its ves- the cord of the seed. Hedwig, in his microscopical researches,
sels, sometimes resembles the herbaceous stem, sometimes found in the species of gourd, and its kindred plants, on the
the leaves, according to the variety of its shape, which dif- stigma, hollow channels, in which he detected a firm, yellow,
fers very much, but in each plant commonly bears a peculiar gelatinous body, which in the gourd was quadrangular, ran
and constant character. The anthers are formed of a thin through the whole extent of the style, and ended in the
but vascular membrane, filled with pollen. The pollen umbilical cord of the seed. It
appeared impenetrable, and
occurs under a variety of forms, which can be seen only incapable of carrying any fluid. But as, unquestionably, it
with a microscope. Jussieu, Duhamel, Needham, Gleichen, contributes to the fecundation of the pollen, either as a con-
and others, observed with a high magnifying microscope, ductor or as a conveying medium, he calls it conductor fruc-
that the grains of the pollen, when brought in contact with tificationis. Its use, however, is yet concealed from us ;

water, burst with a degree of violence, and emit a gelatinous and even not yet precisely ascertained, whether other
it is

mass. . Koelreuter, on the contrary, assures us, that ripe plants have it, or if a different regulation in them answers
pollen does not burst suddenly when wetted, but slowly the same purpose. The stigma consists of hollow absorbent
emits through its pores, or, if provided with small prickles, channels, the structure of which is observable only with the
through those, an oily fluid, which on the surface of water microscope. Those absorbent channels or tubes constitute
forms a distinct shining pellicle. He says further, that each the stigma. The pappus, which is met with in compound
single granule of the pollen consists of two membranes ; an flowers, and which exists completely formed in the ripe seeds,
external one, which is thick, elastic, cartilaginous, and full as a mere inor-
is
certainly not to be considered, with Rafn,
of very delicate vessels, in which last are the pores which ganic lifeless fibre. To me, it appears to consist of large
emit the oily liquid; and secondly, an internal very fine mem- elongations of the secondary vessels, which contribute a great
brane. The internal surface is lined with a very tender, elastic, deal to the condensation and proper preparation of the sap.
cellular texture, which contains the oily impregnating mass. They, indeed, grow themselves at the very period they per-
Hedwig, however, after his latest researches, dots not agree form these functions; when, therefore, the seed has attained
with Kffilreuter. He says, that each granule of the pollen its
proper size, the vessels of the pappus become plugged up,
consists of one vascular membrane only, filled in its interior and it remains
dry upon the seed. The stigma, now in its
with a gelatinous mass, but has no cellular texture whatever; state of puberty, or when fit for impregnation, is covered
and, according to him, the pollen emits this fluid at once- with a fluid, which Koelreuter likewise considers as oily,
it does not exude out
through pores. Hedwig examined but the nature of which is not yet investigated. The period
that portion of pollen, which had on the female stigma per- when the stigma is inoist and the anthers burst, is the period
formed its functions, and he found this observation confirmed. of impregnation. This copulation, however, is in plants
Even the stamens of the Mosses are, according to him, only performed in so very striking a manner, that we cannot con-
granules of pollen acting as the others. He finds a great template without admiration the wise measures which nature
similarity between this fructifying mass and the semen of has taken for the accomplishment of her designs.
" Most flowers
animals; only that, as well as in the animal kingdom, it are hermaphrodite, or such as have both male
differs in consistence in different
species. Most observations and female organs of generation ; and one would from this cir-
indeed coincide in this, that the moisture which is contained cumstance be led to believe, that in such flowers impregna-
in the pollen, is not oil, but a mere tion is readily completed ; this however is not the case with
gelatinous mass, which,
however, cannot easily be mixed with water. It is, however, all. Mr. Sprengal has made many observations on this point,
likewise proved by experience, that this mucus contains a most of which are highly important. He discovered two
considerable quantity of oil, for an oil
may be obtained from principal ways in which seeds are impregnated, to wit,
the pollen by pressure, as it takes fire when thrown into a
Dichogamy, and Homogamy. He calls it Dichogamy, when
flame, and, finally, bees prepare their wax from it. It does in a hermaphrodite one organ of generation is
flower
not however follow, that the whole is first evolved, and when this has lost its generative power,
oily ; for an almond
cannot be called merely an oily substance because oil the other organ arrives at perfection. This is again of a
may
be obtained from it; it contains this oil in a Either the male parts are formed perfectly,
gelatinous mass. twofold kind.
As in the animal kingdom, a more important question, What before (he female parts unfold themselves, which he calls
constitutes the impregnating power of the
pollen, or on what Dichogamia androgyna; or it is the reverse, the female
parts
does it depend? remains still unanswered. Is it a subtile first formed. This he styles Dichogamia gynandra.
being
oily vapour, or a subtile volatile aura? or is it, according Homogamy is, when both parts of generation are formed in
to others, Still we are here
electricity, or any other power? a hermaphrodite flower, exactly at the same period. Now,
in the dark. The female organs of fructification are the in a hermaphrodite flower, when Dichogamy takes place,
pistil, which consists of the germen, the style, and the stigma. impregnation cannot naturally happen without intermediate
The germen varies in its shape and structure in various means, by which both organs of generation may be brought
plants. It is
composed of all those vessels which we noticed near each other. Linneus thought that the wind performed
in the rest of the
plant ; their direction and distribution only this, but there are few plants where wind could do it. as
, VOL. ii. 92. 4K
312 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
most flowers have such a shape as would rather impede than they creep constantly to and fro, and so deposit the pollen
favour the access of .the wind. Koelreuter was the first who on the stigma. After this is done, the flower sinks; the hair,
observed clearly that many insects serve this purpose ; and which obstructed the passage, shrinks and adheres
closely to
Mr. Sprengel had leisure and patience enough to examine in the sides of the flower, by which means the small confined
the flower the manner in which insects proceed in completing gnats get free, and may now accomplish their farther destina-
the impregnation of plants. He found that various species tion. Who but must admire the wise provision of nature in
of bees, as well as many of the flying insects, are selected fecundating this seemingly trifling flower !Other instances of
by nature for this purpose ; and lie even observed, that some this kind could be mentioned. The dichogamic plants can
flowers had their peculiar insects, which alone visited them. be no other way fecundated than by insects.
Many flowers
His observations on this subject are very numerous. Those blossom in succession on one plant, and the restless insect,
insects, it is true, do .not visit the flower_on purpose to which flies from one flower to another, carries the
polleti to
impregnate it, they only seek after the sweet juice which them all. -Epilobium angustifolium may serve as an instance
exudes from it in the nectaries. Their hairy body, which of male Dichogamy, and Euphorbia
cyparissias as an
nature did not bestow without design, is covered with the instance of female Dichogamy. Homogamic flowers, that is,
polleri, and, whenever they visit another flower of the same such flowers as have their male and female organs of
gene-
species, the poDen is rubbed against the stigma, and impreg- ration formed at the same time, are
mostly impregnated by
nation is the -consequence. And every insect that is not themselves. Several, however, are visited by insects, which
limited to one sort of flower, but visits many indiscrimi- complete what perhaps was not completed in the usual "way,
nately, will, 'during a whole day, remain with the species on or what rain, wind, or unfavourable weather,
interrupted at
which it first fixed in the -morning, and not touch another, the proper period. In these flowers, the following arrange-
provided there be enough of the first species. Those flowers ment is made: When the stamens are larger than the pistil,
on-ry w.hich secrete a sweet juice, -are visited by insects. the flower stands upright, and the stamens incline themselves
Several of these flowers have one or more coloured spots, over the pistil ; or it lies horizontally, and the stamens curve
which Mr. Sprengel calls Macula indicantes, as they always themselves archways toward the style, so as to become of
indicate that a .plant exudes honey, and, as he believes, the same length with the pistil. Of the first- kind, the Par-
attracts them. In .flowers, the hairs are always placed so as nassia palustris is an instance. In it the stamens, five in
to prevent the rain from
dropping in, and not to allow the number, -recline all over the pistil in the following order:
insect to enter the flower at that place, on purpose that it First, one of the stamens places itself across the stigma, lets
may -be obliged to -make its way across the stamens. The its pollen
go, then rises up and resumes its former position.
filiform and leaf-like appendages, which we enumerated In the mean time the second is
already following in the same
amongst the parts of flowers, and which defend the honey, manner, and as soon as the first rises from the stigma, the
serve the same purpose. But it would be too prolix to give Other covers it ; the third succeeds like the two first, but as
a more detailed account of the manner in which insects do soon as it has risen, the two last come both at once. To the
ftiis, as any one has access to see and observe it, if in the second kind belong the Horse Chesnut, (jEsculus hippocas-
least acquainted with the structure of flowers. We need tanum,) and others. But if in homogamic flowers the stamens
only look -at the Iris igermanica, at many flowers of the class are shorter than the pistil, the flower is pendulous, so that
Didynamia, at be Syrophytum afficinale, and many other the pollen, when falling off, may be enabled to perform its
plants, in order to form a clear idea of it. One of the most functions. Rarely have such flowers an oblique or horizontal
singular 'ways of the fecundation of plants through insects, position, and in this case the style turns backwards, to reach
we have in the Aristolochia clematitis, which I shall decribe. the stamens. Some pendulous flowers, however, can be
This flower has a linguiform corol, which at its inferior part fecundated only by insects, as their stigma is so situated that
is spherical, towards the top it becomes
long and tabular, the pollen does not directly fall upon it ; but then these
and its margins end in a flat and spear-pointed manner. flowers have, as mentioned before, hair or other processes,
The pistil is placed in the round cavity of the corol, the which oblige the insect to enter them along the stigma ; so
germen of which is surrounded by six anthers, which are that, when they return or visit the flower repeatedly, they
shorter than the germen itself. The germen has no style, must rub the pollen against the stigma. Such plants as are
but is provided with a hexagonal stigma, which is very shal- of different sexes, and on one stem have both female and male
low, and on its upper surface has imbibing pores. The flowers, are mostly impregnated by insects alone. Only
anther -cannot empty the pollen upon the stigma, as the those impregnate themselves which have no nectaries, and
flower stands always straight upright during the period of where the male flowers stand close to the female flowers, as
The pollen therefore must necessarily fall to the in some species of Gramina,
flowering. Typha, Covx, Carex, and
bottom of the flower without being used, if no insects come others. In that case, such flowers have their female flowers
near the flower. And indeed if it be tried, and all insects situated lower than the male flowers, and their petals are

kept from -the flower by a thin, but firmly closed piece of very minutely or very deeply divided, so that the pollen,
gauze, no seeds will be formed. It happens indeed not when falling, can reach them. This is the case, for instance,
unfreqnently, that as it is a particular insect which impreg-
with the different species of Pimrs, and similar trees. Here
nates the flowers, when it is "wanting or not able to find the probably the wind too is of some -service. It disperses the

flower, this last -withers without having a single seed. This pollen in the air, so as often to involve the tree hi a kind of
insect is the Tipula pennicornis. The round bottom of the cloud. The sulphur rain, as it has been 'called, whidh falls
flower is, in its interior, quite smooth, but the tube is lined sometimes in spring, after thunder storms, proceeds frbm the
with dense hairs, every one of which is turned towards the pollen of the Pinus sylvestris. Such plants as have on one
interior, so as .'to form a kind of funnel, through which the Stem -male flowers only, on another female flowers alone, are
insect may very easily *nter, but as on its return all the all
provided with nectaries, and the 'male flowers are larger
hairs oppose it, it cannot come out. Several insects creep in and more obvious than the female, to allow more readily the
insects to carry the pollen to the female plant. The Valis-
through the aperture, but are obliged to remain in the cavity
of the corolla. Uneasy to fee corvfincd in so small a space, neria spiraKs, a water-plant of Italy, is of different sexes ;
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 313

in this themale flower parts with the stem, and swims upon flowers have such a direction, that they cannot easily be
the water, that the aquatic animals may the sooner carry its affected by rain but notwithstanding that, We see that a long
;

pollen to the female plant. Many foreign plants flower with continuance of rainy weather may frustrate the harvest of
us, having distinctly-formed hermaphrodite flowsrs, but not- corn and fruit. On this account, almost all aquatic plants
withstanding bear no seeds. The climate, however, is not that are provided with visible blossoms, raise their flowers
always the cause of their barrenness, but the want of insects, above the surface of the water, and after the blossoming the
which nature destined in their native countries to fecundate unripe fruit sinks down. Only those water plants which
their seeds, and which we have not, along with the trans- belong to the cryptogamous class, and some few, such as
planted, received into our gardens. One experiment will Najas, Caulinia, and Ceratophyllum, which have mucilaginous
confirm the truth of this observation : The Abroma ctugiista pollen apparently capable of combining with water, evolve
flowered for many years here, in a hot-house, where no their flowers under its surface ; it even would iseem that the
insects had access, without ever bearing a single fruit. The mucilaginous pollen of the Asclepiades, and Orcbides, perhaps
gardener tried the experiment to put the pollen, by means of suffers from water. Koslreuter examined, in a very laborious
a hair brush, upon the stigma of several flowers, and he got manner, how many grains of pollen might be required for a
perfectly formed fruit, which again gave him new plants. complete impregnation. His chief discoveries on this point
In many other cases this has been done, which the limits of are as follow: All the anthers of Hibiscus syriaats contained
this work will not permit us to mention. Might it not be 4863 grains of pollen ; no more than 50 or 60 of which were
advisable for gardeners, who wish to make Cherry-trees or necessary to a complete impregnation. But "whenever he
other fruit-trees bear very early in the season, when they took less than 50 grains, the seeds did not all ripen, but those
often get little or no fruit at all, to place a bee-hive with which were formed were perfect. Ten granules were the
bees in the hot-house, and at the same time to take care least he could take in this flower, as less would not suffice for
to let these busy insects get as many flowers as possible? it. The Mirabilis jalapa had 293 globules of pollen in one
Nature seems to have given a high degree of irritability flower; MirabiMs longiflara, 321 ; a<nd in each of the two
to some plants, merely to promote generation. Berberis plants, only 2 or 3 globules were sufficient for impregnation.
vulgaris has very irritable stamens, for if they are bent only The seeds did not appear more perfect, though many more
a little, they instantly rebound back to the pistil. Dr. Smith grains were put upon the stigma. To ascertain whether, in
found that a small part of them only is possessed of this flowers with several styles, each must be impregnated sepa-
irritability. Cactus tuna, has likewise a great deal of irrita- rately, Koelreuter in several of them cut all off
but one, and
bility in its stamens. If they are touched with a quill,
they the fecundation was as perfect as could be expected with all
all incline over the pistil. As soon,therefore, as insects the styles. Even in flowers, in which the style was entirely
touch these irritable spots those plants, the irritability
in
separated, fecundation took place through one of them. This
exerts itself, and stimulates the parts, and produces genera- experiment shews, that the tubes of one style communicate
tion. Several plants have these kinds of stamens, for instance, with all the rest, and that more styles and more pollen are
the whole family of Asclepias, &c. The elasticity of the sta- formed, merely to ensure their determination. From this
mens must in some plants produce generation, for instance,
also circumstance philosophers have concluded, that the cellular
in Lopezia, Urtica, Parietaria,
Medicago, Kalmia, and others. texture of all germens fixed in the receptacle, must have some
The style of some flowers seems to possess some degree of general connection.
irritability,
as it follows the stamens with its stigma. The "The great and wonderful process of generation has led
shutting and opening of flowers, called their Vigilise, do not various philosophers to form very peculiar hypotheses, which
belong to this subject, though by the way they may contribute each has tried to establish by a number of arguments. To
something to promote generation. It would appear that give an accurate account of all of them, would be transgressing
light stimulates these parts, and produces an expansion. the bounds of our present researches ; it will suffice to men-
For this reason, perhaps, most flowers open in sunshine. Por- tion only the most important. The first natural philosophers
tulaca oleracea, and Drosera rotundifolia, are thought, that an accidental mixture of sohd and liquid parts
very powerfully
stimulated, and therefore open about 12 o'clock, mid-day; was sufficient to form, according to circumstances, animals
but this violent stimulus relaxes their fibres so much earlier, or plants. This was called Generatio tequivoca. Others
and they shut in an hour after. The stimulus of day-light imagined, that the small animals which were observed in the
appears to be too powerful for (Enothera biennis, and it can- semen, (animalcula spermatica,) go into the ovaries of the mo-
not open till free from the influence of It re- ther, and thus form the future being. Others again, believed
strong light.
mains open during the night, from evening till that in the mother a rudiment of the future animal pre-existed,
morning, and
if the succeeding
day is cool and cloudy, it will not close its to which the semen of the male imparted life. However, this
flowers at all. The fibre of some flowers seems to act like theory was called the system of pre-formation, or the Systemu.
a hygrometer, in such a manner that the flower prieformationis, pr&delineationis, or the theory of evolution.
opens by
means of moisture, and shuts in a dry atmosphere. This is These three appellations properly denoted three different
observed in all the species of Carlina. But is it the too ideas ; but in reality they all concur in this one point, that
powerful stimulus of the light of the sun, which occasions all three suppose a pre-existence of the future being in the

Nymphsea alba to close in the evening, and during the night mother. Lastly, philosophers alleged, that the fecundating
to continue immersed in the water ? fluids both of female and male become mixed together, and
Light appears also to
operate on the separation of the fine fragrant matter of thus give existence to the future animal. This theory was
flowers, so that in some, this matter is separated merely by styled, Epigenesis. The generatio arjuivoca, was supposed
heat and light; in others, by heat alone, and rendered in former times chiefly to take place in insects, worms, and
percep-
tible to our organs of smell. It is requisite for the
perform- plants; but it is now entirely abandoned by all rational men.
ance of generation, that the stigma be moist, and the anthers
Harve-y's doctrine is now well known, omne vivo ex ovo ;
covered with pollen if there be any medium which farther observations of philosophers daily confirm this truth,
;
prevents
both, it cannot take place. Water does not combine with by new important observations. 1 would indeed no
longer
the pollen, and therefore the rain washes it notice this old theory, did not some botanists -explain the
away most
:
314 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P H'Y

formation of Fungi, merely by the fermentation of putrefying plants of the 21st, 22d, and 23d classes of Linneus, mostly
vegetable matter :their sudden rise, and the places which generate prolific hybrids. Linneus wrote a particular treatise
some of them always occupy, led them to form this idea. on hybrids, in which he attempted to explain the origin of
Though Patrin, and some later philosophers, suppose, that some particular plants ; but unfortunately he has given nothing
the last members of the organized body may, like the species but conjectures, for none of his observations accord with
of Boletus, and the intestinal worms, have their origin from experience. Should it not, from the observations made with
generatio aquivoca; I must confess that their hypothesis, regard to the hybrids of the animal and vegetable would, be
notwithstanding its ingenuity, never appeared to me sufficiently laid down as a rule, with some exceptions, that all hybrids

plain. The theory of animalcula in the semen' of animals are productive, but that some only want a warm climate to
being carried over to the ovarium of the mother, where the unfold the male semen ? I do not attempt to establish this
new animal is formed, has Leuwenhoeck for its author. Some rule as a certain truth; I rather wish,- that philosophers
in the vegetable kingdom, assumed pre-existing germs or would consider this subject more accurately, and attend more
corcles in the pollen, which in the mother's ovaries formed to the hybrids of different climates, in order to discover the
the future plant. The most zealous supporter of this opinion truth. But Koelreuter made some experiments, which afford
was Mr. Gleichen. Some even went so far as to see, under the clearest proof of the doctrine of Epigenesis, and the
the microscope, small asses in the semen of an ass, and small fructification of plants. I shall
only mention one of his obser-
lime-trees in the pollen of a lime. Strange things may be vations as an instance. He obtained a hybrid from Nico-
seen, if persons are disposed to see them. Koelreuter's obser- tiana rustica and paniculata. Nicotiana rustica was the female
vations at once overthrow this doctrine. The system of plant, paniculata the male. The hybrid, like all the others
pre-formation,
which in former times was generally admitted, which he brought up, had imperfect stamens, and kept the
is now, even by its most zealous admirers, much doubted in medium between the two species. He afterwards impregnated
the vegetable kingdom. Spallanzani, who in animals, by this hybrid with Nicotiana paniculata, and got plants which
means of tedious experiments, attempted to prove the pre- much more resembled the last. This he continued through
existence of the animal before the impregnation of the ovum several generations, till in this way, by due perseverance, he
in the ovaries, freely confesses, that there is no pre-existence changed the Nicotiana rustica into the Nicotiana
actually
of plants like that in animals. The Epigenesis, or generation paniculata.By these and other experiments, often repeated,
by a commixture of the fluids given out both by male and and made in various ways and upon other plants, it is quite
female, is what most physiologists now assume as the only obvious, that there is no pre-formation in plants. According
true theory of generation both in the animal and vegetable to the theory of Epigenesis then, the fluids of the male and
kingdoms. Koelreuter confirmed it by numerous experiments, female are mixed, and an offspring is obtained from these two,
of which we shall mention one only : He planted the Nico- which in form and properties resembles both father and
tiana rustica and paniculata. The first he deprived of all its mother. It were to be wished that all theories could be
stamens, and fecundated its pistil with pollen of the last spe- proved in as convincing a manner, as generation can be
cies. Nicotiana rustica has egg-shaped leaves, and a short demonstrated by the number of discoveries on this head,
greenish yellow corol ; Nicotiana paniculata, a stem half made in the animal and vegetable kingdom.
" But there have been
as long again as the former, and roundish cordate leaves, and philosophers, both in former and
much longer yellowish green corols. The bastard offspring modern times, who in plants have altogether denied the
of both, kept in all its parts the middle betwixt the two spe- existence of sexes. Smellie seems to favour this opinion, as
cies. He tried the same with more plants, and the result he repeated an experiment of Spallanzani's, with a female
accorded perfectly with the first. Were we therefore to admit plant of hemp, which he kept remote from all male plants,
the animalcula seminalia, the hybrids could necessarily not and notwithstanding obtained, though in a small quantity,
have differed in their form from the male plant; and, on the perfect seeds, and hence he deduces his argument. But such
other hand, were the system of evolution founded in nature, experiments are too difficult to be free from error; and who
they would have the same form as the female plant. The can positively assert, that he has not, even with the greatest
hybrid, however, was intermediate between both it therefore attention, been deceived? Spallanzani placed his female plant
;

certainly adopted some parts both from father and mother, in a room, to which no insects could get, and, for the greater
and was formed by Epigenesis. Koelreuter could only obtain security, likewise covered it. But could he, before the first
hybrids by intermixing similar plants. Dissimilar plants never flower appeared, distinctly enough distinguish the female
plant of the hemp? And could not a very small
produced them, even though, according to our system, they minute insect
escape his eyes, and effect a fecundation? Besides, how
belonged to one genus. often
It
appears by this, that nature seeks
to avoid unnatural mixtures. The instance of mules not do we find on hermaphrodite plants a single stamen ; which
generating, as it was once believed at least, induced many perhaps was here the case ? The few seeds which he got,
philosophers to make it an axiom, that hybrids are barren. prove, that a few single. parts were necessarily fecundated.
But we now know a good many instances in zoology of But even supposing that in hemp the female plant produces
hybrids being very productive; and even the instance of mules ripe seeds without fecundation, can we apply any conclusion,
does not prove any thing, as in warm climates they are some- however just from this single plant, to every other vegetable.
times prolific.Koelreuter likewise found hybrids of various We have in the animal kingdom an instance in the Aphis,
species of tobacco, and some more plants, to be sterile, the an insect which, without the aid of a male, propagates itself
pistil
in them being perfect, but the stamens not
completely till autumn. But who would, from this isolated observation,
formed. But there are now several instances of hybrid plants founded as it is in truth, attempt to deny in all animals the
which retain their original form, and propagate themselves. existence of a difference of sex ? Since Gleditsch first, in a
F shall mention a
few, with their parents. Sorbus hybrida : botanic garden, impregnated the Chamserops humilis, which
the mother was Sorbus aucuparia; the father, Crataegus is a female plant, with pollen of the male plant, whicn Koel-
aria. Rhamnus hybridus : the mother was Rhamnus al- reuter sent to him from Karlsruhe, and obtained ripe seeds
pinus ; the fath'.i, Rhamnus alaternus. What mixtures do and young plants, which before never had been possible,
not the species of Pelargonium
produce in our gardens? All thousands of similar experiments have been made, which pu
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PHY 315

we take the part of an individual, and convert it into a parti-

beyond doubt that two
it sexes exist in plants. Every person
convince himself of the fact, by repeating cular plant, in this way all the varieties may be multiplied.
may, indeed, easily
such experiments on the pecies of Melon and Gourd; and The seed therefore propagates only the species which may
every where in the vegetable kingdom
he will find two distinct grow, from it under many different appearances as varieties:
sexes. The seed already exists in the germen during the but in the branch, as in the bud, the germ is already formed,
time of blooming, before fecundation takes place, and contains and it is totally impossible that the shoot issuing from them
a very clear liquor, called, by Malpighi, the Chorion. With can alter in the least. Thus is the Apple of Borstdorf pro-
of the male semen pagated by grafts: inoculation will always remain the same,
this, most likely, the fecundating particle
is mixed, and thus produces the embrio of the future plant. but from the seed will be obtained many varieties entirely

Koelreuter, however, thinks that the moisture

of the stigma, different.
" The stem of
which he, according to his favourate idea of an oily impreg- ligneous plants, annually adds a new ring of
nating fluid in vegetables, supposes
likewise to be oily, is vessels. The first circles begin to become ligneous on their
mixed with the fluid of the male, and that these two combined sides. The wood has, in general, when young, a yellowish
are conveyed into the seed. However, be this as it will, white colour, which, according to the species of the plants,
alteration is observed to take place in the seed sooner assumes a darker hue every year. The quick circulation of
great
or later after fecundation, according to the variety of plants. the sap takes place only in the young vascular circles; in the
For in the neighbourhood of the navel a small vesicle appears, older ones the sap is carried along much slower, and they
filled with some liquid. The vesicle is called the sacculus have their irritability greatly diminished. The life of every
This vesicle shrub or tree consists only in the young rings of these vessels,
colliquamenti ; and
the liquor in it, the amnios.
grows larger, absorbs the chorion, which at last entirely dis- which is called inner bark, and the plant must die when this
appears, so that the cuticle finally becomes the
membrana is wounded. Thus, if a ligneous plant has performed its
interna of the seed. The amnios grows hard, and forms the offices for a number of years, then the innermost ring begins
As soon as the vesicle shews itself, the embryo to be obstructed, and to become more and more dense; this
cotyledons.
of the future plant likewise appears gradually, which consists occasions that those lying next them no longer obtain their
in the corcle. It is formed
gradually, and becomes visible in moisture from them. They therefore begin to move their
the Sun-flower, (Helianthus annuus,) three days after impreg- sap slower, and the youngest vascular circle becomes gradu-
nation in the Cucumber, (Cucumis sativus,) a week after;
;
ally thinner
and thinner. At last the sap stops likewise in
and in Meadow Saffron, (Colchicum autumnale,) some months the following ligneous ring; the young vascular circle cannot
after. beginning, but in time becomes, like
It is flaky in the form itself completely; few buds are now unfolded; the
the vesicle which contains it, larger and firmer. The vesicle small number of leaves cannot prepare sufficient sap for the
does not in all seeds increase in the same form in some it ; whole; and the common certain lot of organized bodies, death,
grows larger in its whole circumference, in others it grows sets the final insurmountable bound to vegetation. In herba-
longer towards one extremity, which runs straight out to the ceous plants all the vessels of the stem become dry and hand
opposite end, and the sides are extended. Thus the seed in one year; and as they can no longer
convey the sap, con-
comes to maturity, and when perfectly ripe, separates in dif- sequently the stem decays at the end of the year. Their
ferent ways from its mother plant, and begins a new life itself, root forms, as the stem of ligneous plants does, annually a
passing through all the scenes again, just now explained. new vascular circle, and it dies in the same manner, when all
This is the common way in which plants are propagated. those circles have become too ligneous. But such herbs, the
But we have plants, which do it in another way besides evolv- roots of which are annually renewed, are of constant duration.
ing their seeds. At the stem, or near the angles of the leaves, The old root dies, its fibres being entirely ligneous ; but a
by nature, or even through accident, the spiral vessels of plants new one appears, and is to be considered as a young plant.
form sometimes knots, which become buds, and separating Herbs, whether they live one year only, as the annual plants,
spontaneously from the plant itself, send out roots and leaves, or two years, as biennial plants, become so exhausted by the
thus forming an entirely new plant of the same species. Such formation of the flower and fruit, that the irritability of their
plants are called viviparous plants, (vegitabilia vivipara.) vessels becomes much impaired ; they therefore become quite
Several species of Garlic, (Allium,) the Lilium bulbiferum, ligneous, and the root and stem must decay after their fruits
Poa bulbosa, and other plants, do this spontaneously. The are ripened. They may, however, be preserved for several
garden Tulip, (Tulipa gesneriana,) exhibits this curious phe- years, if their flowers, when in the bud, be taken off. The
nomenon by means of a simple manoeuvre of art, if the flower same happens when their flowers are filled, in which case
is cut off before impregnation has taken place, and the stem fecundation does not take place, and consequently no fruit
with the leaves be allowed to remain, provided it be in a is formed. These vessels retain that irritability which is
shaded spot. Several succulent plants, for instance, Eucomis necessary for their duration, and which would have been lost
punctata, do it when treated in the above manner. Gardeners by the wasting of their strength, and their fibres become lig-
increase plants by layers, suckers, grafts, and inoculation, in neous more slowly. Natural death is not the same in all
a similar'manner. The bud of a tree or shrub, when grafted vegetables: as in all organized bodies, it ensues in three
into another stock, will there be unfolded, and must indeed ways. by the induration of the fibre; as in trees,
First,
be regarded as a different plant altogether. It is not
changed shrubs, and under-shrubs. Secondly, by the powers being
in its nature, but grows as if placed in the earth; the stem exhausted; as in annual and biennial plants. Lastly, by
only serves to convey the imbibed sap to it, which it must dissolution; as in soft Fungi, and the species of Boletus.
itself digest according to its nature. Agricola and Barnes, These plants imbibe a great quantity of moisture, which in-
it
appears, were more successful in these operations, for they creases with their age. In them no part becomes ligneous;
placed buds directly in earth, and produced perfect plants. but they die in too softened a state, and putrefy from a super-
It is remarkable in this kind of artificial increase, that where of moisture. The duration of life differs greatly in
fluity
branches or buds are in any way formed into new plants, by different plants. Some species of Boletus require only a few
layers, grafts, or inoculation, the plant from which they were hours for their evolution, and as soon again decay. Several
taken does not propagate as species, but only as variety. If Fungi live only a few days, others weeks and months. Annual

1 VOL. ii. 92. 4L

316 PHY THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PHY
plants live three, four, or at
the utmost eight months. Bien- 5. Phyteuma Comosa Glaucous Rampion.
; Flowers in a
nial plants continue sixteen, eighteen, and even twenty-four sessile terminating bundle; leaves toothed; root-leaves cor-
months. Many herbaceous plants grow a few years, but date; root biennial, or perennial. It varies with all the
several a long series of years. There are some shrubs and leaves spatulate and blunt. This is a beautiful plant, re-
trees which can live eight, ten, a hundred, even a thousand markable for its glaucous herbage, and purple inflated flowers.
years. With us the Oak and Lime-tree attain to the greatest Native of Monte Baldo, arid the
Tyrolese and Carniolian
age. The former may live six or eight centuries, and above; mountains.
and stems, almost as old, have been seen of the latter. But 6. Phyteuma Orbicularis; Round-headed Horned
Rampion.
the trees which in our globe arrive at the greatest age, are Head roundish leaves serrate root-leaves cordate. The
; ;

beyond doubt the Adansonia digitata, the Pinus cedrus, long woody root branches near the surface into several divi-
and the different species of Palm. The Adansonia probably sions, each bearing a dense tuft of petioled, smooth,
veiny,
lives longest of all, as its age is computed to be one, if not serrate, or rather crenate, leaves the stem is about a foot
;

many, thousand years. high, crowned with a dense head of dark blue flowers.
Phyteuma; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- Every part of the flower remains permanent, though faded,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one- till the seeds are
dispersed, or longer. The herb is milky,
leafed, five-parted, acute, from erect spreading, superior. but not acrid. Native of the south of Europe; and of
Eng-
Corolla: one-petalled, wheel-shaped, spreading, five-parted; land, on chalk downs, as about Leatherhead on Epsom ;

segments linear, acute, recurved. Stamina:

filamenta five, downs on the South Downs; near Maple Durham, in Hamp-
;

shorter than the corolla; antheree oblong. Pistil: germen shire; near Sutton and Dorking; on Beacon-hill near Fever-
inferior, roundish; style filiform, the length of the corolla, sham in Kent also between Kingsbury and Harrow; and
;

recurved; stigma bifid, or trifid, oblong, revolute. Pericarp: between Harrow and Pinner in Middlesex; and between
capsule roundish, two-celled
or three-celled, opening on both Selbury Hill and Beacon Hill in the way to Bath. It flowers
sides by a lateral hole. Seeds: very many, small, roundish. inJuly and August.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: wheel-shaped, with 7.
Phyteuma Nigra. Head ovate bractes bristle-shaped ; ;

linear segments, five-parted. Stigma: bifid or trifid. Capsule: leaves simply toothed; root-leaves cordate; stem-leaves lan-
roundish, two-celled or three-celled, inferior. All the Euro- ceolate, embracing. This plant is a native of Bohemia, and
are hardy plants, which will thrive quite singular, in the dark violet-colour of the flower, the
pean species of this genus
is

in the open air. They are propagated by seeds, which should bristle-shaped bractes, and the shape of the leaves.
be sown in autumn, for, if they are kept out of the ground 8.
Phyteuma Betoniccefolia. Spike, oblong; leaves simply
till the spring, they frequently fail, or at least lie a year in crenate; root-leaves lanceolate, cordate; stem-leaves lance-
the ground. The seeds should be sown on a bed of fresh olate. Native of Dauphiny.
undunged earth, where they are designed to remain, for Phyteuma Spicata; Spiked Horned Rampion.
9.
Spike
they do not
thrive so well when they are transplanted there- ;
oblong elongated styles somewhat hairy, trjfid; root-leaves
;

fore the best method is to make small drills across the bed cordate, doubly toothed; root yellow on the outside, white
about eighteen inches asunder, and sow the seeds therein ; within, having some ovate little tubers hanging to it at bot-
then cover them lightly over with earth, for if they be buried tom-; flowers sessile; corolla blue. The whole plant abounds
too deep they will rot in the ground. In the following spring with a milky juice. The root is eaten boiled ; and bees are
the plants will come up, when they should be diligently fond of the flowers. Native of Germany, Switzerland, Aus-
weeded, which is all the care they require; only they should tria, France, and Italy.
be thinned where they are too close, so as to leave them six 10. Phyteuma Ovata. Spike ovate; styles hirsute, longer
or seven inches apart in the rows and afterwards they require
;
than the flower, emarginate, bifid; root-leaves cordate, dou-
no farther attention, except weeding. In June they will bly toothed. Stem from eighteen inches to two feet in height,
flower, and in favourable summers ripen their seeds. As not branched; flower deep violet. Native of Bohemia,
they do not continue above two or three years, there should Switzerland, and Piedmont.
be seeds sown every other year to continue the sorts. They 11. Phyteuma Lobelioides. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tooth-

are plants which require little trouble to cultivate them, and letted, hispid; stem panic-led; flowers germinate, peduncled,
make a scattered. It resembles the
their flowers pretty variety in large gardens, therefore preceding very much; flowers
allowed a place amongst other hardy flowers. narrower. Native of Armenia.
they may be
The species are. 12. Phyteuma Lanceolata. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very
1 . Head somewhat leafy ; bractes
Phyteuma Pauciflora. finely toothletted, rugged stem branched at the base
; ;

ovate, ciliate; all the leaves linear-lanceolate, subcrenate.

branches very simple, leafy; flowers scattered, germinate,
This is a very small perennial plant; head single, thin, having sessile. Native of Armenia.
13.' Phyteuma Rigida. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
not more than large blue flowers; teeth of the calix
twenty obscurely
the length of the germen. Native of the south of Europe. toothletted, smoothish; stem quite simple, leafy; flowers
2. Phyteuma Scheuchzeri. Head somewhat leafy; bractes scattered peduncles three-flowered.
; It resembles the
pre-
linear, longer than the head;
leaves lanceolate, toothed; ceding very much. Native of the Levant,
root-leaves sometimes elliptic and blunt, or obsoletely cor- 14. Phyteuma Amplexicaulis; Toothed Leaves
Rampion.
date. Native of the Swiss and Piedmontese mountains. embracing, cordate-ovate, doubly serrate; flowers scattered.
3. Phyteuma Michelii. Head roundish ; bractes oblong- Stem round, smooth, simple, leafy; flowers on the upper part
lanceolate; leaves linear, rigid, almost entire. Native of the of the stem, distant, peduncled, large, bright blue. Native
mountains of the Valais and Tuscany. of the Levant.

Fhyteuma Hemisphaerica; Grass- leaved Rampion. Head Phyteuma Pinnata; Winged-leaved Rampion. Leaves
4. 15.

roundish; bractes ovate; leaves linear, almost quite entire, pinnate flowers in cymes. Stem somewhat branched, smooth,
;

scarcely shorter than the stem.

It resembles the preceding, grooved flowers the largest of any of the species, in many-
;

but differs in having the leaves longer, flaccid, and more flowered, scattered, alternate cymes, disposed on the upper
lanceolate. Native of the south of Europe. naked part of the stem. Native of Candia or Crete.
 PHY OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PIC 317

class Decandria, order Deca- space to grow, for they will overbear other plants if they
Phytolacca; a genus of the
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none, unless the are too near them, especially if the soil be good. Clear them
gynia.
corolla be called a coloured calix. Corolla: petals five, from weeds, and in the autumn they will produce flowers
roundish, concave, spreading, bent in at top, permanent. and fruits. The first frost will destroy the stems; but the
Stamina: filamenta ten, or eight, or twenty, awl-shaped, roots will abide, and shoot in the spring. In very severe
the length of the corolla; anthers: roundish, lateral. Pistil: winters the roots will be destroyed, especially in a wet soil,
orbiculate, divided externally by swellings, unless the surface be covered with mulch.
gerrnen depressed,
ending in eight or ten very short spreading
reflex styles; 4. Phytolacca Icosandra; Red Phytolacca. Flowers
orbiculate, de- twenty-stamined, ten-styled. It rises with an herbaceous
stigmas simple, permanent. Pericarp: berry
with ten longitudinal grooves, umbilicated stalk from two to three feet high, with several longitudinal
pressed, marked
with the pistils, and having as many cells. Seeds: solitary, furrows, and changes at the end of summer to purple. The
smooth. Observe. The sixth species has the flowers are large, white within, of an herbaceous colour on
kidney-form,
sexes distinct. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: none. the edges, and purplish on the outside, on short pedicels.
Petals: five, calicine. Berry: superior, five or ten celled, The berries are of a dark purple, very succulent, and their
and as many seeds. The species are, juice stains paper and linen of a beautiful purple colour,
1. Phytolacca Heptandra. Flowers seven-stamined, six- which would be very valuable if made permanent. Native
styled; leaves lanceolate.
Root perennial; stem two feet of the East Indies. This, and the second species, being less
high, branched, upright, striated, smooth, hollow. It is hardy, the seeds should be sown upon a moderate hot-bed
much smaller and tenderer than the other sorts; corolla in the spring. When the plants are fit to remove, transplant

white, green underneath, spreading. Native of America. them into another hot-bed, shading them till they have taken
2. Phytolacca Octandra White-flowered Phytolacca.
;
new root. Then treat them as other tender exotic plants;
Flowers eight-stamined, eight-styled. This has the stature and at the beginning of July set them out upon a warm border,
of the next species, but the leaves are whiter. Root perennial, or in pots filled with light rich earth, and shaded till they
long, and fleshy. The common peduncle is very short, and have taken new root: water them duly in dry weather, and
there are scarcely any pedicels; calix and corolla white, keep them clean from weeds. They perfect their seeds
quite flat, and not concave; berries black, the size of a large every autumn, and may therefore be easily preserved.
pea. The whole plant has a rank habit, and smells un- 5. Phytolacca Dodecandra; African Phytolacca. Flowers
pleasantly when bruised. It flowers from July to November. fifteen-stamined, five to eight styled. This shrub is a fathom
Native of Mexico. in height; stem upright, rude, tubercled, ash-coloured;
3. Phytolacca Decandra; Branching Phytolacca, or Vir- flowers scattered, on short pedicels, herbaceous, three lines
ginian Poke. Flowers ten-stamined, ten-styled. Root very wide; berry roundish, flattened, many-angled, but commonly
thick and fleshy, as large as a man's leg, divided into several five-angled, five-celled, marked at top with lines from the
thick fleshy branches, which run deep in the ground; stems styles, then growing to the berry, fleshy, soft, red, with a
three or four, herbaceous, as large as a good walking-stick, saffron-coloured juice, four lines in diameter. It is distin-
of a purple colour, six or seven feet high, dividing into many guished from the second and third species by its
shrubby
branches at the top. The peduncles come out from the stalks and decandrous flowers. It flowers in
May and June.
joints and divisions of the branches, and are about five inches Native of Abyssinia.
long; the lower part is naked, but the upper half sustains a 6. Phytolacca Dioica; Tree Phytolacca. Flowers dioe-
number of greenish-white flowers, and dark purple berries, cous, with many stamens. Stem upright, a little
branched,
ranged on each side like common currants. It flowers in very thick, gray; leaves scattered, oblong-ovate, acuminate,
July and August, and in warm seasons the berries ripen in entire, smooth, flat, or ascending on the sides, five inches
autumn. Native of Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Barbary long and two inches and a half wide; clusters drooping,
near Algiers, Virginia, Georgia, New England, and Jamaica. somewhat downy; flowers greenish-white, the female ones
Parkinson says, that the inhabitants of North America use smallest; berries large, crowded, pale, much depressed and
the juice of the root as a familiar purge. An ounce of the umbilicated. Native of South America. Plant cuttings,
dried root, infused in a pint of wine, and given to the
quantity during the summer months, in pots filled with light earth,
of two spoonfuls, operates kindly as an emetic, and is pre- and plunged into a moderate* hot-bed, covering the pots with
ferable to most others, as it hardly alters the taste of the wine. hand-glasses, and shading them. In five or six weeks they
The roots are applied to the hands and feet in ardent fevers. will put out roots; then plant each in a small pot, plunge
Farriers give a decoction of them to drench cattle; and
apply them into the bed again, shade them till they have taken
them in the form of poultice for discussing tumors. Poultry root,and then gradually inure them to the open air, where
they may remain till the end of September, when they must
are fond of the berries; but if eaten in large quantities,
they
give the flesh a disao;reable flavour. The juice stains paper be removed into a moderate stove for the winter season.
and linen of a beautiful purple colour, but it will not last long; Picramnia; a. genus of the class Dioecia, order Pentan-
though, if a method of fixing the dye could be discovered, it dria; or, according to Swartz, of the class Triandria, order
might be very useful. The vintners in Portugal for many Digynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: peri-
years used the juice of these berries to give a deep colour to anth one-leafed, three or five parted; segments lanceolate,
the Red Port Wines, to which it was thought to communi- erect. Corolla: petals three or five, lanceolate, from erect
cate a disagreable taste when mixed in too great a Stamina: filamenta three
quantity. spreading, longer than the calix.
Complaint of this practice having been made to government, or five, awl-shaped, approximating at the base, erect, longer
orders were given that the stems of this plant should be cut than the corolla; antherce ovate, twin. Female, on a dif-
down and destroyed before they produced berries. In North ferent plant. Calix: as in the male, permanent. Corolla:
America and the West Indies the young shoots are boiled as in the male. Pistil: germen oblong, somewhat com-
and eaten like Spinach. Sow the seeds in the styles two, short, recurved, permanent; stigmas
spring, upon pressed;
a bed of light earth and when the
;
plants come up, transplant simple, acute. Pericarp: berry ovate-roundish, two-celled.
them into the borders of the flower-garden, allowing them Seeds: two in each cell, ovate-oblong. Observe. Swart*
318 P 1C THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PIL
describes three stamina, a three-parted calix, and a three- upper side, and in their axils ; flowers
yellow. Native of
petalled corolla. In the specimens sent to Schroeber by many parts of Europe with us it occurs abundantly about
:

there are five stamina and five-cleft flowers. The the borders of fields, in a gravelly or calcareous soil ; flowei-
Crudy
is three-celled and one- ing in July and August.
berry sometimes, but very seldom,
seeded. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: three or five 4. Picris Flexuosa. Perianths hispid ; leaves toothed,
Corolla: three or five petalled. Berry: two-celled. cordate, embracing. Stem grooved, hispid ; flower on the
parted.
The species are, branches terminating, solitary. Native of Japan.
1. Picramnia Antidesma. Racemes very long; flowers 5. Picris Asplenioides.
,
Stem prostrate at the base; leaves
three-stamined. This is a small tree, with an upright, weak, rough, the lower runcinate; lobes rounded; calices imbri-
even trunk; branches subdivided, rod-like, spreading, bend- cate; leaflets reflex at the tip; root perennial, fusiform, the
an ash-coloured bark; berries thickness of a man's little finger; corollets sulphur-coloured
ing down, smoothish, with
oblong, the size of a gooseberry
when ripe, two-celled ; cells above, rose-violet underneath. Perennial. Found on the
two-seeded, at first scarlet, afterwards black. Native of sandy coasts of Tunis.
mountain coppices in Jamaica and Hispaniola. Dr. Browne 6. Picris Repens. Outer perianths imbricate, short;
says it is pretty frequent
about St. Mary's in Jamaica, and inner cylindric, eight-leaved, even. Stem creeping; flowers
seldom rises above eight or nine feet from the ground; it was few, yellow, on long scattered peduncles, almost equal to the
not put to any use there. Swartz relates, that it is looked leaves; root slender, very bitter. Native of China, near
upon as antivenereal by the negroes, who with more reason Canton.
The whole plant is Picrium; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia.
employ an infusion of it in the colic.
very bitter, and is called Major Bitters in Jamaica. It GENERIC CHARACTER.. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
flowers in August, and the fruit ripe in November.
is four or five cleft, permanent ; segments linear, acute, erect.
2. Picramnia Pentandra. Racemes shorter; flowers five- Corolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; tube the length of the
stamined. This is a small tree, with the branches, branch- calix; border four or five cleft; segments ovate, acute; nec-
lets, and leaves, as in the preceding; but the leaflets are tary scales four or five, at the base of each filamentum,
commonly wider. Native of the West Indies. between that and the tube of the corolla. Stamina : fila-
Picris; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia menta four or five, filiform, almost the length of the corolla,
jEqualis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common dou- inserted into the tube; antherse sagittate. Pistil: germen
ble; outer very large, five-leaved; leaflets cordate, flat, loose, oblong; style filiform, longer than the corolla; stigma capi-
ovate. Corolla: compound, tate, bilamellate. Pericarp: capsule ovate, half two-celled,
converging; inner imbricate,
imbricate, uniform, with numerous hermaphrodite corollets; two-valved. Seeds: very many, minute, fastened to the

proper one-petalled, ligulate, linear, truncate,

five-toothed. receptacle. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four or five
Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, very short; antherse cleft. Coro/fa: one-petalled, four or five cleft. Nectary: of
Pistil: germen subovate ; style the four or five scales. Stigma : bilamellate. Capsule : half two-
cylindric, .tubular.
length of the stamina; stigmas two,
reflex. Pericarp: none ; celled, two-valved. The speeies are,
calix unchanged, at length reflex. Seeds: solitary, ven- 1. Picrium Spicatum. With ovate-oblong sharp leaves, and
tricose, transversely grooved, blunt.
Down: feathered, sti- white flowers. This is an annual plant of about three feet
pitate. Receptacle: naked.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. high. The root is fibrous, branched, and somewhat woody;
Calix: double; the inner equal, the outer lax. the stem round and straight; flowers spiked,
Receptacle: axillary, and
naked. Seed: transversely grooved. Down: feathered. terminal; corolla white, not deciduous. The whole plant
The is bitter: it flowers at various times of the It is found
species are, year.
1. Picris Echioides; Rough Ox-tongue. Outer perianths near the banks of rivulets and pathways in Cayenneand
five-leaved, larger than the inner one, which
is awned. Root Guiana.
2. Picrium Ramosum.- With narrow
annual, branched; stem two or three feet high, round, firm, sharp-pointed leaves
striated, usually reddish, much branched ; both stem and and purple flowers. This species differs from the former in
branches irregularly set with scattered rigid spines, hooked having a branched stem, and smaller and narrower leaves.
at the end; lower leaves lanceolate, upper heart-shaped, and It flowers at all times of the
year; and is found in woods
flowers solitary, on grooved peduncles, and by rivulets in Guiana.
clasping the stem;
gradually thickening upwards; corolla yellow. The flower Pigeon Pea. See Cytisus Cajan.
and never closes See Bunium.
expands at four or five in the morning, Pig-nut.
before noon; sometimes it remains open till nine at night. Pilcorn, or Pillis. See Avena Nuda.
The only use to which this singular plant has been applied Pilewort. Ree Ranunculus.
is as a potherb but it can only be eaten when young, and then
; Pilocarpos; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
it is said to be agreeable the juice is milky, bitter, but not too
:
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth inferior,
acrid. It flowers in June and July and grows not unfre-
; very small, five-leaved; leaflets ovate, rounded. Corolla:
on banks, on the edges of corn-fields, and in woods five-petalled ; petals flat, small, ovate. Stamina : filamenta
quently
that have been cut down, in England, France, and Italy. five, inserted under the germen, erect, a little shorter than
2. Picris Aculeata; Prickly Ox-tongue. Hispid, rough: the petals ; antherse small, subcordate, erect. Pistil: ger-
stem naked at top leaves obovate-oblong, unequally toothed ;
;
men superior, flatted-globular, smooth, having five lines
flowers corymbed ; peduncles thickened at top; down fea- engraved on it at top towards the style; style scarcely any;
thered, stiped. It differs from the preceding in having DO stigma subsessile, acute. Pericarp: capsule composed of
outer five-leaved perianth. Perennial. Native of Barbary, five grains, two or three, and sometimes four, of which are

on the uncultivated hills. abortive, fastened from the base to the middle to an angular,
3. Picris Hieracioides; Hawkweed Ox-tongue. Perianths woody, short receptacle, distinct above. Seeds: solitary,
loose; leaves entire; peduncles scaly up to the calix. Stem arilled. Observe. very nearly allied to Euonymus.
It is

three feet high, round, furrowed, rough, with stiff hairs, ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Corolla:
much branched; the branches furrowed, purple on their five-petalled; filamenta inserted below the germen. Peri-
 PIM OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. I M 319

united below, smooth; corolla villose on the outside. This is a native of

carp: with from two to five cocculi or grains
elastic. The only known species is, New Zealand, in the fissures of rocks, both on the coast and
1. Pilocarpus Racemosus. A low shrub, with round, on the tops of mountains.
Smooth, pendulous branches, covered with ash-coloured bark, 3. Pimelea Pilosa. Hairy leaves linear, obtuse. Stem
:

and alternate, short, purplish brown branchlets; clusters ter- erect, woody branches repeatedly forked, short, spreading,
;

minal, solitary, many-flowered, a foot or more in length ; silky; leaves about an inch long, losing their hairs by age.
-

flowers bright purple. Native of the West Indies. Native of New Zealand.
Pihdaria; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Mis- 4. Pimelea Prostrata. Leaves ovate, sessile, fleshy nut ;

cellanese. GENERIC CHARACTER. Common

Receptacle : superior, small, clothed with the permanent silky white
globose, with four cells and four valves, lined with numerous corolla, ovate, acuminate, covered with a thin coriaceous
antherse, and many globose germina beneath them. The rind. Found on the dry mountains of New Zealand.
only known species is, Pimenta, or Pimento. See Myrtus.
1. Pilularia Globulifera; Pillwort, or Pepper Grass. Pimpernel. See Anagallis.
Stem perfectly prostrate and trailing, throwing out numerous Pimpinella; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy-
roots at every joint, by which it creeps to a considerable nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel universal of
extent; and also about three delicate slender leaves, two or many rays; partial of still more; involucre universal none;
three inches in length, simple, upright, awl-shaped, smooth; partial none ; perianth proper scarcely observable. Corolla :
fructifications globular, like pepper-corns, downy, solitary, universal almost uniform ; florets all fertile ; proper, petals
sessile, or on very short pedicels at the base or axil of the five, inflex-cordate, almost equal. Stamina: filamenta five,
leaves. What at first sight seems a capsule, is in fact a simple, longer than the petals; antherse roundish. Pistil:
hollow receptacle, as in the Fig, which separates into four germen inferior; styles two, very short; stigmas subglobular.
valves, and is internally divided into as many cells the ;
Pericarp : none ; fruit ovate-oblong, bipartile. Seeds : two,
valves are lined with organs of fructification, several sessile oblong, narrower towards the top, on one side convex and
club-shaped antherse being in the upper part, and about as striated, on the other flat. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Petals:
many oblong germina occupying the lower. Jussieu says the bent in.
Stigma: subglobular. Fruit: ovate, oblong.
antherse are most numerous; and also remarks that the seeds These are hardy perennials, except the seventh, which is an
are coated. Mr. Sowerby found the germina shaped like an annual plant. They are propagated by seeds, sown in the
acorn reversed, and terminating in a small acute style. autumn rather than in spring. When they come up, thin,
From this it appears that the Pilularia has almost as good a them where they are too close, and keep them clean from,
claim to a place among perfect flowers as the Fig, and might weeds the second year they will flower, and produce ripe
:

perhaps be ranged in the order Polyandria, of the class seeds. The roots will abide some years in poor land. r

Monoecia. In habit and sensible qualities it has most affi- The species are,
nity with the Equisetum, Lycopodium, and other plants of 1. Pimpinella Saxifraga ; Common Burnet Saxifrage.
obscure fructification, which are akin to the proper Ferns. Leaves pinnate root-leaflets roundish, uppermost linear.
;

The fructification is produced from May to the end of autumn. Root perennial, strong, woody, highly aromatic and pungent,
It is in shallow ponds and watery places, on gra-
found to some persons not unpleasant, especially when dry stems ;

velly or sandy commons or heaths: as, on Hillingdown com- about a foot high, erect, slender, rigid, round, striated, and
mon, and Hounslow heath, in Middlesex near Yarmouth in
;
roughish, varying much in luxuriance, generally branched
Norfolk St. Faith's Newton near Norwich
; on Hainford
; above flowers small, white, with long stamina top of the
; ;

and Stratton heaths in the same county; in the ponds on the germen very tumid, and reddish. There is a wonderful
upper part of Streatham in Surry; and about two miles from diversity in the size and foliage of this species. It often
Mold, near AfFa's dyke, in Flintshire, on the north side of happens that the root-leaves become like those of the stem,
the Chester road. and then it has been supposed to be a distinct species. It
Pimelea; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogynia. would be impossible to follow this vegetable proteus through
For its GENERIC CHARACTER, see Passerina. ESSENTIAL all its changes: we shall only mention the following varieties:
CHARACTER. Calix : none. Corolla: four-cleft. Stami- 1. The Black-rooted German Burnet Saxifrage: the stalk of
na: inserted into the throat. Nut: covered with a bark, this rises nearly two feet high, dividing into several branches,
one-celled. Observe. These plants are united to the genus. which have one narrow five-pointed leaf at each joint, and
Passerina by the younger Linneus, because he was not will- are terminated, like the second species, by bunches of white
ing to break a natural genus, on account of a diversity in flowers; so that it may be a variety of that species. Will-
the number of stamina. He remarks that the flowers have denow distinguishes it by the pubescence of the stem and
the odour of Syringa, and that the the root-leaves, he says, are subcordate, gashed,
plants are evergreen. leaves :

The species are, blunt, and toothed; the stem-leaves bipinnate and linear.
1. Pimelea Linifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate; heads The root, when wounded, pours out a blue milky liquor. It

terminating, involucred; corolla villose on the outside. It is a native of

dry soils in Germany. 2. Root-leaves, de-
has a small zigzag root, from which rises a straight, round, scribed by Withering as doubly winged the leaflets wing- ;

smooth, upright stem, generally branched in an irregular cleft, with entire segments; stem-leaves doubly winged, with
manner, though sometimes appearing dichotomous, in con- entire leaflets floral leaves cloven at the end. Common
;

sequence of the young branches springing in pairs from the Burnet Saxifrage is a native of most parts of Europe, and is
upper part of the old-flowering ones. The bark is reddish, found in dry, gravelly, or calcareous pastures; flowering from
cracking longitudinally, and its inner layer is remarkably Midsummer through the autumn.
silky flowers in terminal heads, numerous, inodorous.
; In 2. Pimpinella Magna Great Burnet Saxifrage. Leaves
;

England it is a green-house shrub, bearing, from February pinnate; leaflets ovate, the terminating one three-lobed. Root
to August, numerous
elegant white flowers. Native of the perennial, woody; flavour like that of the preceding species,
rocks on the coast of New South Wales. but rather weaker; stem two feet or more in height, round,
2. Pimelea Gnidia. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, very striated flowers commonly white, about the size of the last,
;

VOL. n. 92. 4M
320 PI M THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P I N
and them in structure but in alpine situations they
like ; a pleasant warm taste,
accompanied by a considerable degree
often become rose-coloured. There is a variety with the of sweetness. In distillation with water, three
pounds of them
root biennial and branched the stem grooved and angular,
;
yield an ounce or more of essential oil, which, even when the
panicled with branches; flower white; seeds smooth. Found air is not
sensibly cold, congeals into a butyraceous white con-
in Austria and the Levant. The root of this plant is very crete. Its smell is
very durable and diffusive, and its taste
acrid, burning the mouth like pepper. It affords a blue milder and less pungent than almost
any other distilled vege-
oil: its
acrimony has caused it to be employed in order to table oils. These seeds likewise yield an oil by expression
cure the tooth-ach ; and also for the more important pur- of a greenish colour and grateful taste,
strongly impregnated
pose of removing freckles from the skin. It is likewise with the flavour of the seeds: sixteen ounces,
slightly moist-
chewed to promote the secretion of saliva, and is used in ened by exposure to the steam of boiling water, are said to
gargles for dissolving viscid mucus in the throat. The Ger- afford one ounce,
composed of a gross insipid inodorous
mans prescribe it for the dropsy and asthma. The seeds are oil, of the same nature with common expressed oils, and a
carminative, they disperse wind in the stomach, and are part of the essential oil of the seed, on which the flavour
good in colics the roots are powerfully diuretic, and may depends. The seeds have been long used by physicians as
:

be given with advantage in disorders arising from obstructions an aromatic and carminative, in preference to those of most
of the viscera. The roots are best taken in a strong infusion, other umbellate plants
they have also been esteemed good
;

and the seeds when reduced to powder six or seven grains in pulmonary complaints, and, like those of Fennel, to pro-
;

of the latter is a sufficient dose. Native of the south of mote the secretion of milk. Their chief use, however, is in fla-
Europe, Germany, Switzerland, and England. With us it tulencies, and in the gripes to which children are more espe-
grows chiefly in woods and hedges in a calcareous soil, flow- cially liable and they are combined with such purgatives as
;

ering in August, and even later. Ray remarks, that it grows are likely to produce these effects: weakness of the stomach,
in the woods of Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, and Kent: diarrhoeas, and loss of tone in the
primse vise, are likewise
it has also been observed in Ripton wood in
Huntingdonshire ; complaints in which Aniseed are supposed to be peculiarly
at Ballard in Worcestershire ; in Hollingshall wood, Leices- useful. The essential oil, which is the only officinal prepa-
tershire ;about Thirsk and Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire ration now directed by the Pharmacopoeias, is
;
generally
under the walls of York near Clandon Place in Surry ; in grateful to the stomach, and may be taken in the dose of
;

Petworth Park at Brentwood ; at Greenhithe on Hamp- twenty drops. In diseases of the breast, the oil is
; ;
preferred ;

stead Heath ; at Leads near Claremont in Surry ; about but in flatulencies and colics, the seeds in substance are said
Guildford and Godalming; between Wimbledon and Mer- to be more effectual. An infusion of them in water quenches
ton; in Stow and Noke woods, Oxfordshire; in Wednesbury thirst, and checks purging. There is a spirituous water dis-
field, Staffordshire, with a red flower and in the hedges tilled from them, and kept in the shops, which may be used
;

near Maidstone, Kent, with jagged leaves. for all the above purposes
by those who dislike the flavour
3. Pimpinella Lutea; Yellow Burnet
Saxifrage. Leaves of the seeds ; and if a glass of it be taken after meals, it
pinnate, pubescent; leaflets cordate, toothed, gashed in assists digestion, and prevents the bad effects which some-
front; peduncles filiform, panicled. Stem smooth, even, leufy times follow a free use of vegetables. The oil is said to be a
below, leafless above, and branched; peduncles nodding; poison to pigeons. The seeds of this plant should be sown
umbels small ; petals yellow, very small. It flowers in sum- in the beginning of April, upon a warm border, where the
mer, and has an aromatic odour. Native of Mount Atlas. plants are to remain when they come up, thin them, and
;

4. Pimpinella Glauca. Leaves superdecompound. Stem keep them clean from weeds. It is too tender to be culti-
,

angular, very much branched; root fusiform, fibrous, brown vated for profit in our climate.
without, white within flowers small, white.
; Native of Ger- 8.
Pimpinella Dichotoma. Peduncles opposite to the
many, France, and Italy. leaves ; floriferous leaves twice trifid ; petioles membrana-
5. Pimpinella CapensisCape Burnet Saxifrage. Leaves
; ceous, winged. This plant is about a foot high, very much
superdecompound; segments acute; stem striated. Native branched, and panicled with numerous white umbels. Native
of the Cape of Good Hope. of Spain.
6. Pimpinella Peregrina Nodding Burnet Saxifrage.
; 9. Pimpinella Dioica; Least Burnet
Saxifrage. Umbels
"Root-leaves pinnate, crenate ; upper leaves wedge-form, very numerous, compound, and simple flowers dioecous.
;

gashed ; umbels before flowering drooping. Root long, white, Root perennial, fusiform, running straight down stem from ;

and fibrous, of a very sharp taste ; stem solitary, two feet half a cubit to a cubit in height, upright, angular, striated,
high, striated, and branched above. The flowers are white, leafy, smooth, very much branched ; branches patulous ;

and the petals hairy on the back. The fruit is very small, flowers yellowish or whitish. It flowers in
May and June.
and ovate-roundish, crowned with two spreading styles, and Native of Austria, Provence, Switzerland, and England, where
separable into two brown seeds, flat on one side, gibbous and it has been found
upon St. Vincent's rocks, near Bristol, and
striated on the other, and beset with numerous pale bristles; above Uphill in Somersetshire.
they have no smell, and when first chewed scarcely any Pinaster. See Pinus.
taste, but in a short ti(ne are very acrimonious, and excite a Pine-Apple. See Bromelia.
very great heat in the fauces. Native of Italy, Spain, &c. Pine-Tree. See Finns.
7. Pimpinella Anisum ; Anise. Root-leaves trifid, gash- Pinguicula a genus of the class Diandria, order Mono-
;

ed; stem-leaves acutely laciniatcd. Root annual; stem afoot gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth ringent,
and half high, dividing into several slender branches, which small, acute, permanent; upper lip erect, trifid; lower reflex,
have narrow leaves on them cut into three or four narrow seg- bifid. Corolla: one-petalled, ringent; longer lip straight,
ments; flowers small, yellowish-white; seeds oblong, swelling. blunt, trifid, supine ; shorter lip bifid, blunter, more spread-
It flowers in July, and, if the season
prove warm, the seeds ing nectary awned, produced backwards from the base of
;

will ripen in autumn. It is a native of the Stamina : filamenta two, cylindrical, curved,
Egypt, but is culti- petal.
vated in Malta and Spain, whence the seeds are ascending, shorter than the calix; antherse roundish, clapped
annually im-
ported into England. The seeds have an aromatic smell, and close to the stigma. Pistil: germen globular; style very
 PI N OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P I N 321

short; stigma two-lipped; upper lip larger, flat, reflex, cover- close, at Crosby Ravensworth in Westmoreland ;
upon Ingle-
ing the antherse; lower lip very narrow, erect, bifid,
shorter. aorough fells, twelve miles from Lancaster; in Harwood near
Pericarp: capsule ovate, compressed at the tip, opening at Blackburn, in the same county ten miles from Preston, in
;

the top, one-celled. Seeds: very many, cylindrical ; recep- Aunderness; in the boggy meadows about Bishop's Hatfield ;

tacle free, or detached. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: and also in the fens in the way to Wittlesmere from London,
Calix : two-lipped, five-cleft. Huntingdonshire; also in Hampshire; and in many parts
ringent, with a spur.
in
Cap-
sule: one-celled. The species are, of Wales. In Yorkshire, says Gerarde, where it doth espe-
1. Pinguicula Lusitanica ; Pale Butterwort. Nectary cially grow, and in greatest abundance, it is called Butter-
blunt, shorter than the petal; scape villose; capsule globular. worts, Butter-root, and Yorkshire Sanicle.
Root perennial. Like all the rest of this genus, this herb is des- 3. Pinguicula Grandiflora ; Great-flowered Butterwort.
titute of a stem, the leaves being radical, spreading, ovate, Nectary awl-shaped, straight, the length of the flower; upper
obtuse, viscid, pale, with reticulated red veins, involute in lip spreading, emarginate; capsule ovate. The leaves of this
the margin ; stalks several, hairy, especially in their lower species are twice the size of those of the preceding; as is also
a the flower, which is of a violet purple colour: spur awl-
part, with short, spreading, glandular hairs, tipped with
viscid fluid ; flowers a little nodding ; tube of the corolla shaped, the length of the flower ; upper lip dilated, emar-
nearly cylindrical, yellow, streaked with red; capsule exactly ginate; lower wide, buntly three-lobed, and not deeply three-
globular. Native of Portugal ; found also in England, as parted as in the preceding. Native of the mountains in the
about Kilkhampton, and midway from Oakhampton to Laun- south of France, and in Ireland.
ceston in Stoneham park, Hampshire
; on the borders of
; 4. Pinguicula Alpina ; Alpine Butterwort. Nectary awl-
bogs in Dorsetshire near Ayr in Scotland in the islands of
; ; shaped, reflex, shorter than the petals ; corolla white, with a
Lamlash and Skye; and on Croagh Patrick, in the county of yellow palate, and reflex spur; capsule oblong, beaked.
Mayo, in Ireland. It is common in all the western counties; Villars remarks, that the flower more open, the nectary
is

and flowers in June and July. shorter, and the leaves wider, less elongated, and more yel-
2. Pinguicula Vulgaris ; Common Butterwort. Nectary low, than the common sort. Native of the Alps, of Lapland,
cylindrical, acute, the length of the petal ; capsule ovate. Norway, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Dauphiny, and
This is a smooth plant; the leaves are less involuted; scapes Piedmont. It flowers in June.
smooth, only a little pubescent at the top ; the structure of 5. Pinguicula Villosa; Villose Butterwort. Scape strict,
the stigma, and its close application to the stamina, are very pubescent; nectary awl-shaped, straight, very short ; leaves
remarkable. Linneus remarks, that the soft upright prickles, nerved ; corolla violet-coloured, with a spur standing out.
which cover the leaf, secrete the glutinous liquor ; and that it is only one-sixth of the size of the second species, and
the corolla is violet, purple, and reddish, with white lips, and differs from the first in having the scape strict, the leaves
an ash-coloured woolly spot on the palate. If the fresh- three-nerved, and the flowers smaller. Native of Lapland,
gathered leaves of Butterwort are put into the filtre or strainer Norway, and Siberia.
through which warm milk from the reindeer is poured, and 6. Pinguicula Crystallina ; Crystalline Butterwort. Nec-
the milk be set by for a day or two to become acescent, it tary obtuse, shorter than the irregular six-cleft petal ; seg-
acquires consistence and tenacity, neither the whey nor the ments of the calix oblong ; flower-stalk smooth at the base.
cream separating ; and in this state it becomes an extremely This is distinguished by a glandular crystalline clothing like the
grateful food, which is much esteemed in the north of Swe- Ice-plant. Found in watery places in the island of Cyprus.
den. There is then no further occasion to have recourse to 7. Pinguicula Elatior. Nectary subulate, obtuse, shorter
these leaves, for half a spoonful of the prepared milk, mixed than the corolla ; tube ventricose on the upper side ; scape
with fresh warm milk, will convert it to its own nature, and so villous beneath flowers of a beautiful amethystine colour.
;

on. This experiment, however, has not succeeded when tried Grows in open swamps on the sands of Carolina and Georgia.
with cow's milk. The juice of the leaves
destroys lice ; and 8. Pinguicuia Lutea. Nectary subulate, recurved, shorter
the country people use the viscid substance found on the than the c-ampanulated corolla ; lips dentated ; scape sub-
leaves to cure cracks in cows' udders. The plant is generally villous; flowers yellow. Grows in the pine-barrens of Lower
supposed to be hurtful to sheep, and is called white rot, be- Carolina.
cause it appears to occasion a disease which the farmers 9. Pinguicula Pumila. Nectary shorter than the tube;
call the rot : but it may be
questioned, whether the rot in corolla somewhat oblong-tubular ; scape short, without hair ;
sheep be so much owing to the vegetables in marshy grounds, flowers small, purple. Grows in the open swamps of Georgia.
as to the Fasciola Hepatica, a flat insect called a Fluke, from 10. Pinguicula Acutifolia. Plant very smooth; leaves
its similitude to a flounder or fluke, and which is found in Grows in shady woods, near rivers
erect, oval, very sharp.
such situations adhering to stones and plants, as well as in in the
vicinity of Lake Mistassins.
the livers and biliary ducts of See Bromelia.
sheep affected with the rot. Pinguin.
From experiments made on purpose, and conducted with Pinus; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Monadelphia.
accuracy, it appears that sheep, cows, horses, goats, and GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, disposed in
swine, will not feed upon this plant. It is a native of
bogs, racemes. Calix: scales of the bud opening, and no other.
in many parts of Europe ; Stamina : filamenta very many, connected
flowering with us in May and June. Corolla : none.
It abounds in the northern counties, and in
.Scotland; also in at bottom into an upright column, divided at top ; antherce
Norfolk; it has been found on Hinton and Feversham moors, erect, naked. Female Flowers, on the same plant. Calix :
and in the fens near Ely in Cambridgeshire; on the
Ampthill strobile subovate, consisting of scales, which are two-
bogs, in Bedfordshire; on Bullington green, and under Head- flowered, oblong-imbricate, permanent, rigid. Corolla: none.
ington wick-copse in Oxfordshire; on the little bog by Charl- Pistil: germen very small; style awl-shaped; stigma simple.
ton wood near Shooter's hill ; on
Pets-bog near Chiselhurst; Pericarp: none; the strobile serves for a calix, having before
and on the mere near Feversham in Kent; at
Harrington ami been closed, but now only converging. Seed : nut augmented
Wellingborough, in Northamptonshire ; at Basford Scottum by a membranaceous wing, which is larger than the seed, but
in Nottinghamshire:
anciently, it was found growing in Crag- less than the scale of the strobile, oblong, straight on one
322 PI N THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P I N
side, gibbous on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. infusion of the buds is
highly commended as antiscorbutic.
Male. Calix : four-leaved. Corolla : none. Stamina : very The kernels or seeds are excellent restoratives in
consump-
many, with naked antheree. Female. Calix: strobiles with a tions, and after long illnesses. The best way of giving them
two-flowered scale. Corolla : none. Pistil: one. Seeds: two, is in an emulsion beat
up with barley-water ; which is also
winged at the base of each scale. The species are, very good for heat of urine, and other'disorders of the urinary
*Pine with two or more Leaves from the same sheathing Base. passages. The resinous juice which flows from this tree,
Pinus Sylvestris; Wild Pine Tree, or Scotch Fir. either naturally or when it is cut for that
purpose, is what
1.
Leaves two in a sheath, rigid; cones ovate, conical, the length we call common turpentine. It is a thick honey-like sub-
of the leaves, single, or two together, rounded at the base. stance, of a brownish colour, and a strong disagreeable smell.
In a favourable soil, this tree grows to the height of fourscore When this turpentine has undergone the operation of being
feet, with a straight trunk, and oblique branches; the bark is distilled for the oil or spirit of turpentine, what remains in
of a brownish colour, and full of crevices; the wood is the red the still is common resin, which is yellow if the fire be extin-
or yellow deal, which is the most durable of any of the kinds guished in time, or otherwise black. The several kinds of
yet known. Few trees have been applied to more uses than turpentine and resins are chiefly used for composing plaisters
this: the tallest and straightest afford masts to our navy; the and ointments. Sometimes they are made into pills, and
timber is resinous, durable, and applicable to numberless taken inwardly, and are good against the whites, and those
domestic purposes. Native of dry, stony, sandy hills in Scot- runnings which remain after claps when the virulence of the
land, and other northern parts of Europe, flowering in May, disorder is abated. The farina of the male flowers is some-
and ripening seed two years afterwards. This species lives times in spring carried away by the wind in such vast quanti-
to the age of 400 years or more. From the trunk and branches ties from the forests of these trees, that ignorant
persons have
of this and others of the genus, tar and pitch are obtained ; as been alarmed with the notion of its raining brimstone.
are barras, burgundy pitch, and turpentine, by incision. The There are several varieties, which we shall briefly notice :

resinous roots are dug out of the ground, in many parts of 1. The Tartarian Pine. Leaves in twos, glaucous; cones
the Highlands of Scotland; and being divided into small very small. This has a great resemblance to the Scotch
splinters, are used by the inhabitants instead of candles. Pine, but the leaves are broader, shorter, and their points
The fishermen make ropes of the inner bark; and hard more obtuse they emit a very strong balsamic odour when
;

necessity has taught the Laplanders and Kamtschadales to bruised; the cones and seeds are very small, some of the lat-
convert it into bread : to effect this in spring, they strip off ter are black, and some white. Native of Tartary. 2. The
the outer bark carefully from the fairest trees, and collect Mountain or Mughoe Pine Tree. Leaves often in threes,
the soft white succulent interior bark, and dry it in the narrower, green ; cones pyramidal, with blunt scales. The
shade ; when they have occasion to use it, they first toast it seeds of this are much less than those of the Pinaster, but
at the fire, then grind, and after steeping the flower in warm larger than those of the Scotch Pine. Villars says, it is the
water to take off the resinous taste, they make it into thin cakes, most common sort on the mountains of Dauphiny, and that
and bake them. Linneus observes, that this bark bread will the shortness of the trunk,and other characters, disappears
fatten swine; and that the boys in Sweden when lower
in insomuch that it cannot
frequently peel off it
grows situations,
the bark in spring, and eat it with the greatest
avidity. then be distinguished from the common sort. Native of the
The manner by which tar is procured, is by cutting the tree Swiss mountains, where it is called Torch Pine, grows there to
into pieces, which are enclosed in a large oven, with a chan- a great height, is lull of resin, and the wood when first cut of a
nel at the bottom :a sufficient degree of heat is then ap- reddish colour. 3. Sea Pine tree. This has smooth leaves,
plied, by which the tar is forced out of the wood, and runs the cones are very long and slender, and the seeds are about
off by the channel ; a process termed distillatio the same size with those of the Pinaster. It grows in the
per descen-
sum. Tar is properly an empyreumatic oil of turpentine, maritime parts of Italy, and the south of France. Propaga-
and has been much used as a medicine, both internally and tion and Culture. All the sorts of Pines are propagated by
externally. Tar-water, or water impregnated with the'more seeds, which are produced in hard woody cones the way to ex- :

soluble parts of tar, has been a very popular remedy in vari- tract the seeds, is to lay the cones before a gentle fire, or in the
ous obstinate disorders, both acute and chronic; and though sun, which will cause the cells to open, and then the seeds
its medicinal
efficacy has been greatly exaggerated, the cele- may be easily taken out. If the cones be kept entire, the
brated Dr. Cullen acknowledges that he experienced it to seeds will continue good for some years so that the surest
;

he a valuable medicine, and that it appeared to strengthen way to preserve them is to let them remain in the cones, until
the tone of the stomach, to excite appetite, promote
digestion, the time for sowing the seeds. If the cones be kept in a
and cure all symptoms of dyspepsia while at the same time warm place in summer, they will open and emit the seeds ;
;

it
manifestly promotes the excretions, particularly that of but if kept cool, they will remain entire for some years, especi-
urine. The proportions that have been commonly employed, ally those which are close and compact: and the seeds which
are two pounds of tar to a gallon of water; these are well have been taken out of cones of seven years old, have grown

days, and then very well, so, that they may be transported to any distance,
stirred together, suffered to settle for two

poured off: from a pint to a quart, according to circum- if well ripened and properly packed. The best time for sow-
stances, may be taken in the course of twenty-four hours. ing is about the end of March; and when the seeds are sown,
Dr. Cullen thought that the acid principle gives the virtue to the place should be covered with nets, to keep of the birds,
tar- water; and hence the
bishop of Cloyne, who first brought otherwise, when the plants begin to appear with the husk of
tar-water into repute, preferred the
Norway tar to that of the seed on their tops, the birds will pick off the heads of the
New England, the former containing mare acid than the plants, and destroy them. Where the quantity of seeds to
latter. An ointment of tar is directed both in the London be sown is not great, it will be a good way to sow them either
and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias, and has been with light loamy earth, which may be
chiefly used in in boxes or pots filled
cutaneous disorders. From the cones or Pine a diu- removed from one situation to another, according to the sea-
apples
of the seeds,
retic oil is
prepared, like oil of turpentine; and a resinous son of the year; but if there be a large quantity
extract, which .has similar virtues with balsam of Peru. An so as to require a good space to receive them, they should be
 P I N OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P I N 323

own on an east or north-east border, where they may be to be made, the best method will be to raise the plants either
screened from the sun, whose heat is very injurious to these upon a part of the same land, or as near to the place as pos-
above ground. Those seeds sible, and also upon the same sort of soil a small piece of
plants at their first appearance ;

which are sown in pots or boxes, should also be placed in ground will be sufficient to raise plants enough for many
a shady situation, but not under trees ; and if they be screened acres : but as the plants require some care in the first raising,
from the sun with mats at the time when they first come up, if the
neighbouring cottagers, who have many of them small
it will be a good method to preserve them. Most of the inclosures adjoining to their cottages, or where this is want-
sorts will come up in about six or seven weeks after they are ing, a small inclosure should be made them for the purpose
sown, but the seeds of the Stone or Cultivated Pine, and of raising the plants, and they are furnished with the seeds
two or three of the others, the shells of which are very hard, and directions for sowing them, and managing the young
frequently lie in the ground
a whole year so that when the
; plants till they are fit for transplanting, the women and chil-
the first year, the ground should not dren may be usefully employed in this work, and the pro-
plants do not come up
be disturbed, but kept clean from weeds, and the following prietors of land agreeing with them to take their plants when
will rise. This frequently happens in dry raised at a certain price ; it would be a great benefit to the
spring the plants
seasons, and when they are sown in places a little too much poor, which would ensure their care to prevent the planta-
exposed to the sun. Hence the surest method is to soak tions from being destroyed. The Scotch Pine, as was before
the seeds in water twenty-four hours before they are sown. observed, being the hardest of all the kinds, and the wood
When the plants appear, they must be constantly kept clean of it the most useful, is the sort which best deserves care.
from weeds and in very dry seasons, if they are now and
;
This will thrive upon the most barren sands, where scarcely
then gentlv refreshed with water, it will forward their growth; any thing but Heath and Furze will grow ; and there are
but this must be done with great care and caution, for if many thousand acres of such land lying convenient for water
they are hastily watered, it will wash the tender plants out carriage, which at present are of little profit to any body,
of the ground, or lay them down flat, which often rots their that might by plantations of these trees become good estates
shanks ; so that unless it be judiciously performed, it will to their proprietors, and also a national benefit; and as the
be the best way to give them none, and only to screen them legislature has taken this into consideration, and passed laws
from the sun. If the plants come up too close, it will be a forencouraging such plantations, it can hardly fail to produce
good method to thin them gently about the beginning of great public advantage. And although the present posses-
July. The plants which are drawn up may then be planted sors of these plantations may not reap much profit, yet their
on other beds, which should be ready to receive them imme- successors will receive large interest; and the pleasure
diately, because their tender shoots are soon dried and which those growing trees will afford them, by beautifying
spoiled at this season of the year. This work should be the many dreary parts of the country, will in some measure
done if possible in cloudy or rainy weather, and then the requite their trouble and expense, and at the same time create
plants will draw out better roots, and will soon put out new employment for the poor. The expense of making these plan-
fibres again ; but if the weather should prove clear and dry, tations is what most
people are afraid of: but the greatest
the plants should be shaded every day from the sun with cost is that of fencing them from the cattle, for the other is
mats, and now and then gently refreshed with water. In trifling, as there will be no necessity for preparing the ground
drawing up the redundant plants, take care not to disturb to receive the plants ; and the charge of planting an acre of
the roots of those left remaining in the seed-beds; and on land with them, will not be more than twenty or thirty shil-
this account, if the ground beJiard, it should be well watered lings, where labour is dear, exclusive of the
plants, -which
some time before the plants are thinned, to soften and loosen may be valued at forty shillings more. The distance at which
the earth ; and if, after the plants are drawn out, the beds they should be planted is about four feet, but always irregular,
are also gently watered, to settle the earth to the roots of the avoiding planting in rows as much as possible ; and in the
remaining plants, it will be of great service to them ; but it process, the great art is not to take up the plants faster than
must be done with great care, so as not to wash out their they can be planted, so that some men have been employed
roots, or lay the plants. The distance which should be in digging up the
plants, while others were planting. Those
allowed these plants in the new beds, is four or five inches who take up the plants must be looked after, to see they do
row from row, and three inches in the rows. The tender not tear off their roots, or wound their bark and as fast as
;

sorts should be sheltered in winter by frames or mats. In they are taken up, their roots are covered, to prevent their
these beds the plants may remain till the spring twelve-months drying, and put into their new quarters as soon as possible.
after, by which time they will be fit to transplant where they In planting, take care to make the holes large enough for
are to remain for good, for the younger the
plants are when the roots, and also to loosen and break the clods of earth,
planted out, the better they will succeed; for although some and put the finest immediately about their roots, settling it
sorts will bear transplanting at a much greater
age, yet young gently down with the foot. If these directions be observed,'
plants set at the same time, will in a few years overtake the and a proper season chosen for planting, there will be little
large ones, and soon outstrip them in their growth ; and there doubt of the plants succeeding. After the plantations are
isan advantage in planting young, by saving the expense made, the only care they require for five or six years, will
of staking, and much watering, which large be to secure the plants from cattle, hares, and rabbits,
plants require.
The best season to transplant all the sorts of Pines, is about which will make great destruction in a short time by gnawing
the latter end of March or the beginning of April, the branches, which always greatly retards, and often de-
just before
i
they begin to shoot; for although the Scotch Pine, and stroys, the plants. By the time five or six years have past,
some of the most hardy sorts, may be transplanted in winter, the branches of the young trees will have met/ and begun to
especiallywhen they are growing on strong land, where they interfere with each other: hence they will require cautious
may be taken with balls of earth to their roots ; yet this is pruning. The lower tier of branches only should be cut oft"
not advisable for common practice, being often attended in September, at which time there will be no danger of the
with bad consequences, but those which are removed in the wounds bleeding too much and the turpentine will harden
;

spring rarely fail. Wherever large plantations are designed over the wounds as the season grows cold, and prevent the
VOL. ii. 93. 4N
324 PIN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P I N
wet from penetrating the wounds. These branches should flowers compose a handsome golden
thyrsus, and the females
be cut off close to the stem of the plants, and care should have rich crimson scales. While the trees are
young they
be taken in doing this not to break the remaining branches of are fully furnished with leaves,
especially where they are not
the young trees. This work should be repeated every other so close as to exclude the air from those within; but as
they
year, at each time taking off only the lower tier of branches advance in age the branches appear naked, and all those
;

for if the plantations be much thinned, it will greatly retard which are situated below become
unsightly on this account, :

their growth, as it generally does that of all trees but as and because the timber of the Scotch Pine' is much
;
preferable
these trees never put out any new shoots where they are to this, it has been more It grows
generally propagated.
pruned, they suffer more from amputation than those which naturally in the mountains of Italy, and in the south of
do. In those parts of France where there are forests of these France, where there are forests of the
trees, which, if suf-
trees, the proprietors always give the faggots to those who fered to stand, grow to a large size in Switzerland
they are
;

prune the young trees first, for their labour, so that it costs frequently cut into shingles for covering their houses, and
them no money. At the second pruning the proprietor lias also for making pitch in the south of France the:
young trees
one third of the faggots, and the dressers have the other two are cut for stakes to support vines.
for their work and afterwards the faggots are equally divided
; 3. Pinus Inops; Jersey Pine Tret. Leaves two in a
between the workmen and proprietors but vigilant care must sheath
; cones oblong, conical, the length of the leaves,
;

be taken to prevent them from cutting off too much. For solitary, rounded at the base scales echinated. This never ;

about twelve or fourteen years they will require no more rising to any great height, is the least esteemed of the whole
pruning, for their upper branches will kill those below where genus in the country. While the trees are young they make
they have not air but soon after this, if the plants have a pretty good appearance, but when they get to the height
;

made good progress, it may be necessary to thin them but of seven or eight feet they become ragged and unsightly,
;

this should be gradually performed, beginning first in the and are therefore not worth cultivating here. It grows natu-
middle of the plantation, leaving the outside close to screen rally in most parts of North America.
those within from the cold, by degrees coming to them at 4. Pinus Resinosa American Pitch Pine Tree. Leaves
;

last, whereby those which were first thinned will have had two in a sheath cones ovate-conical, rounded at the base,
;

time to get strength, and will not be in danger of suffering solitary, shorter by half than the leaf scales unarmed. In;

from the admission of cold air. When these plantations are close forests this grows very tall, with a
remarkably smooth
thinned, the trees should not be dug up, but their stems red bark the timber is very heavy, and therefore unfit for
:

cut close to the ground, for their roots never shoot again, but masts. Native of Canada, and the western parts of New York.
decay in the earth, so there can no harm arise by leaving 5. Pinus Halepensis; Aleppo Pine Tree. Leaves two in
them, and then the roots of the remaining plants are not a sheath ; cones ovate, conical, rounded at the base, rather
injured. The trees which are now cut will be fit for many shorter than the leaf; scales obtuse. This tree branches out
purposes ; those which are straight will make good putlocks on every side near the root the branches at first grow hori-
;

for the bricklayers, and serve for scaffolding poles so that zontally, but turn their ends upwards; their bark is smooth,
;

there may be as much made by the sale of these as will and of a dark
gray colour. The leaves emit when bruised
defray the whole expense of the planting, and probably a strong resinous odour. Most of the trees of this species
interest for the money into the bargain. The Scotch Pine were killed in the severe winter of 1740. It is a tree of
grows well upon almost every soil. If they do not grow so middling growth, and is found near Aleppo, and in several
fast on sand and gravel as on moist ground, the wood is other parts of Syria.
much preferable for those trees which have been cut down
; 6. Pinus Pinea Stone Pine Tree. ; Leaves two in a sheath,
upon moist soils where they have made the greatest progress, primordial ones ciliate cones ovate, blunt, almost unarmed,
;

when they have been sawn out into boards have not proved longer than the leaf; nuts hard. The seeds are more than
so valuable, the wood being white and of a loose texture, twice the size of the Pinaster. The kernels are
frequently
whereas those which have grown upon dry gravelly ground served up in desserts during the winter season in
Italy and
have been nearly equal to the best foreign deals and there the south of France ; and formerly they were used in medi-
:

is no doubt but the plantations made within the last

thirty cine here ; but Pistachio nuts have been generally substituted
years will not only turn out greatly to the advantage of their for them. The wood is white, and not being so full of resin
possessors, but of great national utility this therefore is the as many of the other sorts, it is not cultivated for timber,
;

sort of Pine that should be planted on barren lands. As the but chiefly for the
beauty of its leaves, and for the nuts, the
upright growth of these trees renders their wood more kernels of which are as sweet as Almonds, but with a slight
valuable, they should be left pretty close together to draw flavour of turpentine. Sir George Staunton states, that the
each other up. If they be left eight feet asunder each way, kernels of the Stone Pine are much relished by the Chinese.
it will be sufficient room for their growth and if at the first Native of the south of Europe. The seeds of this species
;

thinning a fourth part of the trees be taken away, the others being so large, may be set in drills, six inches asunder, four
may stand twelve or fourteen years longer, by which time inches from each other, and an inch deep. The following
they will be of a size for making ladders and scaffold poles ; spring they may be planted out in rows, two feet asunder,
so that from this sale as much may be made, as not only and one foot in the rows ; where they must continue two
to pay the remaining part of the expense of planting, but years, and then be removed where they are to remain. In
rent for the land, with interest; and the standing trees will addition to what has been said concerning these trees, and
be left for the fortunes of younger children. For further particularly of the Scotch Pine, under the first species, we
directions, see the 6th species. here insert the following important additions from various
Pinus Pinaster; Pinaster, or Cluster Pine Tree. Leaves
2. eminent agricultural writers. Bradley advises heath-land,
two a sheath, somewhat rough at the edge cones oblong,' which is generally sandy, and in which we commonly find
in ;

conical, shorter than the leaf, attenuated at the base scales abundance of morass ground, to be planted with Fir Trees.
;

echinated. This grows to a very large size and the branches We have some instances of this sort of land cultivated in this
;

extend on everv side to a considerable distance. The male manner. At the earl of Aylesford's, near Guildford in Surry,
 P IN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P IN 325

we have an example of the good thriving of these trees,upon be plunged in the tub as deep as they stood in the ground ;
a hill of common white sand, in which one could hardly and if they continue several hours in this situation, so much
expect the least vegetable quality ; and the trees now grow- the better. A plantation of Scotch Pine can be made at
more than forty years, much less expense than any other tree in the northern parts
ing there have not been planted
feet high ; but it is to be of Scotland, because the young plants can be afforded at a
although they are more than forty
observed that they are hardly six feet asunder, which may smaller price. In Aberdeenshire, plants of two years old
be the true cause of their unusual height, and the freeness (and above that age no experienced planter will ever buy
of their stems from knots. Hunter's directions for raising them) sometimes sell at four-pence the thousand, consisting
Fir are as follows Let the cones be of twelve hundred ; and they seldom exceed eight-pence
plantations of Scotch
: :

from thriving young trees ; besides this, there are men who will undertake to complete
gathered in February or March,
heat of the sun, thinly spread on coarse the whole enclosing and planting at the distance of a yard
expose them to the
canvass, taking them under cover at night, and only exposing from each other, and supply the deficiencies for five years,
them while the sun shines. When any quantity of the seed is at the rate of from ten to thirty shillings the Scotch acre,

shed, separate it from the cones ; otherwise the first dropped according to the size of the enclosure and the nature of the
seeds would become too dry. The sowing must be finished fence. It is found by experience that there is scarcely any

at the end of April or the beginning of May ; so that if the soil so bad, or any exposure so bleak, where this tree will
cones will not yield their contents to the sun, they must be not live, if the plantation be of sufficient extent, and not

gently kiln-dried. A light loamy soil, trenched a foot and upon the very summit of high peaked hills. They do not
half deep, and laid out in beds five feet broad, answers best indeed bear the sea air very well ; nor is t'he wood ever of
for sowing. Let the seeds be sown very thick, and covered a good quality, or the tree long-lived, upon clayey soils.
with a thick sifting of mould from the alleys. The plants Several planters in the south of England have found that the
will thus rise like a brush, and a good crop will have above a Pinaster, or second species, bears the sea blast much better
thousand in every square foot. No manure should be given than any of the other Pines. The Spruce Fir will bear a
still more
them, that weeds may not be introduced ; the drawing up of exposed situation than the Scotch Pine, and after
which brings up many of the tender plants, and by loosen- a few years it shoots up with still greater luxuriance. But
ing the ground lets in both frost and drought. When they the cones not being to be had in equal abundance, and the
have the growth of two seasons, plant them out irregularly plants being more difficult to rear, they are sold at a much
from the seed-bed, three feet asunder, upon the grounds higher price. Silver Fir in a good soil prospers well, and is
where they are to rise to perfection ;
planting the driest a beautiful tree, but the price of the plants is too great to
ground in autumn eighteen months after sowing, and con- admit of large plantations of them being made. Where the
tinuing till frost sets in. Begin again in February, or rather situation is bleak, and much exposed to strong blasts of
as the weather admits, and continue the work if necessary wind, the plantation must not only be of considerable extent,
to the end of April. It is best to plant thus from the seed- but the trees must be planted very close, so as to be not
bed, for when they are removed into the nursery, the roots more than from two to three feet asunder the more exposed
:

must be pruned considerably before they can be planted the situation, the closer they must be ;. for it is observed,
where they are to continue, which adds greatly to the that until the branches intermingle, and thus serve to give
expense ; and nursing causes a luxuriant growth in this a mutual support to each other, the trees never begin to
hardy mountainous tree, which spoils its nature, and robs it advance with vigour. Where the plantations are thus thick,
of longevity. The trees which grow spontaneously from seed, there is a necessity for beginning to thin them out from the
come up very close, and grow very slow for these reasons
; tenth to the fifteenth year after planting. Where the planta-
they are taller, less knotty, and of a closer harder grain, tions are extensive, these thinnings sell at a small price ; but
than planted trees which are usually set in a richer soil and there are few situations in which they will not do more than
allowed more room. Mr. Boutcher directs the cones to be pay for the expense of cutting them out. Their leaves and
gathered or picked up in March or April, and kept in a dry branches afford a very wholesome nourishment to cattle and
place till the hottest weather, when they should be treated sheep. In mountainous countries, where snow sometimes .

as he has directed for Larch and afterwards kept in boxes or

; lies upon the ground for
many weeks together, the benefit
bags in a dry room till the season of sowing, which should which may occasionally be derived from such plantations will
be the middle of March, or as soon afterwards as the land is be very great and the larger branches that are left make
;

dry, and the weather favourable, on shady borders of gene- excellent fire-wood. The seeds of Pines are better extracted
rous loose mould, at the rate of a pound of good seed to a from cones, by laying them in the sun, than by the fire.
bed of sixty feet long by three feet and a half broad cover-; The application of too great a heat will injure or destroy
ing them a quarter of an inch thick. As the plants begin to vegetation in them ; and the practice of laying the cones on
appear, water them in the morning every four or five days the floor of a malt-kiln, which is said to prevail with seeds-
for five or six weeks, if the weather be dry without frost. men, will account for the badness of seed purchased from
From the beginning to the middle of April following, trans- them. It may also be too old, and should be sown as soon
plant them from the seed-bed in rows fifteen inches asunder, as possible after being taken from the cones ; the seeds of
and six or seven inches in the row, giving them three or four the Stone Pine especially, which, whether kept in the cones
plentiful waterings if the weather require. Let them remain or taken out, are never good after the first year.
two years, and they will be fit to encounter all difficulties, 7. Pinus Tseda ; Frankincense Pine Tree. Leaves three in
and to succeed in the worst soils and coldest situations. For a sheath ; cones oblong-conical, shorter than the leaf, aggre-
the purpose of immediate shelter, they may be removed once gate; scales echinated. The Canadian French built a sixty-
more into rows, three feet asunder, and eighteen inches in four gun ship entirely with the wood of this tree, which is
the row, to stand two years longer. In all the removals, like that of Scotch Pine, but has more resin. Native of
have by you a tub of water and earth, mixed to such a con- North America. There are several varieties j of which the
sistence as that a considerable quantity will adhere to the Three-leaved Virginian Pine Tree is most worthy of notice.
roots of the plants. As soon as they are taken up, let them There are many of them in the noble plantations of the duke
326 PIN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PIN
of Bedford at Woburn, which were twenty feet high when It grows best upon a moist light soil, not too wet, and will
they were not of many years' standing, and kept pace with also thrive on a loamy soil, if it does not approach too near
the other sorts in the same plantation. to clay. The seeds should be sown with a little more care
8. Pinus Palustris ; Swamp Pine Tree. Leaves three in a than the Scotch Pine, because their stems being not so
sheath, very long; cones subcylindrical, echinated; branches strong, they are more. apt to go off while young; if therefore
roughened with ramentaceous stipules. As the leaves are a they are sown in the full ground, the bed should be screened
foot and more in length, growing in tufts at the ends of the with mats from the sun every day, but exposed to the dews
branches, they have a very singular appearance ; the wood every night. If all the plants be removed into beds in
July,
is of little use except for fuel. Native of Carolina and it will be a sure way to preserve them ; but as they grow
Georgia. It does not succeed well in most places here ; in faster than the Scotch Pine,
they should be planted farther
severe frosts the leading shoots are often killed ; and in dry asunder, their rows six inches distant, and the plants four
ground it will not thrive : unless the soil be favourable, it is inches apart. This will allow them room to grow, till the
to little purpose to plant this sort of Pine. spring twelvemonth following; when they maybe either trans-
9. Pinus Cembra ; Siberian Stone Pine Tree. Leaves five planted where they are to remain, or into a nursery, where
in a sheath ; cones ovate, blunt ; scales pressed close ; nuts they may stand two years to get strength but the sooner
;

hard. This is confounded with the Swiss Stone Pine; but they are planted where they are to stand, the less danger
the cones of the latter are short and roundish, with close there will be of their succeeding, and the larger they will
scales, whereas those of the Siberian Pine are long, and the grow; for although they will bear transplanting at a greater
scales looser ; the leaves have a near resemblance. But the age, yet when they are planted young, they will muke much
plants raised from Swiss seeds make much greater progress greater progress, and grow to a greater size. When planted
than the others, which can scarcely be kept alive in England. in a soft hazel loam, shoots of one year have frequently
The Cembra Pine grows higher up the Alps than any other measured two feet and a half in length ; and they have con-
species, and is even found at elevations where the Larch will
tinued for some years to grow in proportion. They should
not grow. The wood is very soft, and, having scarcely any have a sheltered situation, for where the trees have been
grain, is very fit for the carver; hence the peasants of the much exposed to the south-west winds, they have not made
Tyrol, where this tree abounds, make various sorts of carved half the progress of those which grew in shelter and in large
;

works with this wood, which they dispose of among the com- plantations those on the outside have not kept pace with
mon people of Switzerland, who are fond of the resinous smell those in the middle, nor have their leaves retained their ver-
which it exhales. Linneus, and other botanists, make this dure so well.
the same with the Siberian Stone Pine, which resembles it 12. Pinus Cedrus ; Cedar of Lebanon. Leaves tufted,
much; but Duhamel and Haller maintain them to be distinct perennial cones ovate, abrupt, their scales closely pressed ;
;

species. The Siberian Pine is lofty. and straight, pushing crest of the anthers ovate, flat, erect. This noble tree has
out few side-branches ; whereas the Swiss Pine is small, a generally striking character of growth, so peculiar to itself
knotty, and often deformed. The wood of the Siberian has that no other tree can be mistaken for it. It is placed by Lin-
no smell, and the cones are different. In the Brianconnois neus along with the Larch, in the same genus with the Firs and
the Cembra is called Alviez, and in Savoy Aroles; but Vil- Pines. The sturdy arms, says Evelyn, grow in time so weighty,
lars remarks, in reply to this latter objection, that it has as often to bend the very stem and main shaft. The leaves
different names -in almost every village of Dtiuphiny. The somewhat resemble those of the Larch, but are somewhat
kernels are good to eat, and yield abundance of oil, which longer, and closer set, erect, and perpetually green, which
smells a little of turpentine, and is pectoral and diuretic. those of the Larch are not, but hanging down, dropping
It is likely to thrive in bleak rocky situations, or on peaty off, and deserting the tree in winter. The cones are tacked
moors ; the timber is large, and the bark of the trunk of a and ranged between the branch-leaves, in such order as to
whitish cast. Wainscoting, flooring, and other joiner's work, appear exceedingly curious and artificial, and at a little dis-
made of the planks, are of a fine.r grain and more beautifully tance extremely beautiful ; these cones have the bases rounder,
variegated than deal, and the smell is more agreeable. A shorter, or rather thicker, and with blunter points, the whole
white odoriferous resin is extracted from the wood. circumzoned as it were with pretty broad thick scales, which
10. Pinus Occidentals ; West Indian Pine Tree. Leaves adhere together in exact series, to the very summits, where
five in a sheath, rugged along the edge, very long; cones they are sometimes smaller ; but the entire lorication is
oblong ; scales truncated at top. Native of the West Indies. smoother couched than those of the Firs within these repo-
;

11. Pinus Strobus; Wet/mouth or White Pine Tree. Leaves sitories under the scales, nestle the small nutting seeds of a
five in a sheath ; cones cylindrical, longer than the leaf, loose. pear-shape. Many wonderful properties are ascribed to the
This is the most useful and tallest species, often attaining to wood of this celebrated tree, such as its resisting putrefac-
a hundred feet high in its native country. The bark is very tion, destroying noxious insects, continuing a thousand or two
smooth and delicate, especially while the tree is young. The years sound, yielding an oil famous for preserving books and
wood is esteemed for masts of ships ; and there was a law writings, purifying the air by its effluvia, &c. With respect
made in the 9th of Queen Anne, for the preservation of these to its durability, we have better evidence than that of the
trees, and to encourage their growth in America. Found on heathen writers, who say that in the temple of Apollo at Utica
the sides of hills, in a fertile soil, from Canada to Virginia, a beam of this wood was found perfect at the age of two
flowering in May. It is only within the last half century thousand years. In their relation of its properties there is
that they have been propagated in any great plenty in Eng- much vulgar error and confusion but we know that this was
;

land, though there were some large ones growing in several the species of timber employed in building the sumptuous
places long before. The value of the timber in our island, temple and palace of Solomon at Jerusalem; and its durability
especially in cold soils, is perhaps doubtful ; nor will it bear receives no doubtful confirmation, from their standing so
the severity of our winters, and the variableness of our many hundred years, and at last perishing, not by decay,
springs, except in particular situations and soils. It is how- but by fire. The allusion of (he royal Psalmist, of spreading
" like a Cedar in
ever a very beautiful species, and fit for masts particularly. abroad Libanus," shews that he was well
 P I N OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P I N 327

acquainted with this tree, which is remarkable for the

wide lowing spring: but it will be proper to place them under a
spread of its branches, rather than for its height. Had frame in winter, or cover them with mats, if the season proves
Milton known it as well, he would never have spoken of it very severe; for while they are young they are in danger of
as affording an losing' their tops, if pinched by frost, for they often shoot late
" of shade." in the autumn. In April, before the plants begin to shoot,
Insuperable height loftiest
It not only found on mount Lebanon or Libanus, but on
is they should be carefully taken up, and transplanted into beds
the mountains Amanus and Taurus. Solomon's fourscore at about four inches' distance, closing the earth gently to their
thousand hewers must have considerably thinned the forest roots : these beds should be arched over with hoops, and
of Lebanon ; and in fact travellers concur generally in the covered with mats in the heat of the day, to shade the plants
observation, that there are probably more Cedars now in Eng- from the sun till they have taken new root; and if the nights
land than are remaining upon that celebrated mountain. prove frosty, it will be proper to keep the mats over them in
Those however which yet remain are preserved with religious the night, but in cloudy or moist weather they must be always
strictness, and on the day of the Transfiguration the Patriarch open. After the plants are well rooted, they will require no
repairs in procession to these trees, where he celebrates a other care but to keep them clean from weeds, unless the
festival, called the Feast of Cedars. The Cedars at Chelsea, season should prove very dry, in which case it will be proper
which form such prominent objects upon the river Thames, to give them some water once or twice a week ; but it must
are probably the first that were
planted in this country. only be in small quantities, for too much wet is often very
They still appear to be perfectly sound, and exactly correspond injurious to them ; so that it will be better to screen them
with what has been above stated, of their being rather remark- from the sun in hot weather, to prevent the earth from drying
able for widely spreading branches, than for great height. too fast, or cover the surface of the ground with moss to keep
The following dimensions of a fine Cedar tree, growing at it cool, than to water the
plants often. In these beds, the
Hillington near Uxbridge, will give the reader an apt idea of plants may stand two years, then in the spring they should
the figure of this remarkable tree. The height fifty-three be either transplanted to the places where they are designed
feet; the extent of the branches from east to west to remain, or to a nursery where they may grow two years
ninety-six,
from north to south eighty-nine feet the circumference of
; more; but the younger these trees are when planted out for
the trunk close to the ground, thirteen feet and a half; twelve good, the better they will thrive, and the longer continue.
feet above the ground, fourteen feet
eight inches; at the When they begin to shoot strong, the leading shoot generally
height of thirty feet and a half, just under the branches, inclines to one side; if therefore you intend to have them
It has two
straight, support them with stakes, observing to keep the
fifteen feet eight inches.
principal branches, one
of which is forked eighteen inches above its origin, before it leader close tied up, until you have got them to the height
divides it measures twelve feet round, after its division one of you design them, ottierwise their branches will extend on
the forks measures eight feet and a half, the other seven feet every side, and prevent their growing tall. During the time
ten inches. The other primary branch at its origin measures they are in the nursery, says Marshall, and after planting out,
ten feet, and soon dividing out two secondary ones, each five many will frequently have a tendency to droop in their lead-
feet and a half; it is supposed to be about J30
years old. ing shoot as soon therefore as this is perceived, an upright
;

The cones of this tree are frequently brought from the Levant, stake must be driven into the ground, to which the shoots
and we have them now of our own growth. If they be pre- should be tied with bass-matting, to keep them in their up-
served entire, t'lie seeds will keep good in them several right growth. This, however, will not always effect it for
years; ;

the time of their ripening is

commonly in the spring, and some plants, in spite of the bandage,
will shoot downwards.
those which come from abroad are nearly one In this case, when first discover signs of such a tendency,
year old before they
we receive them, for which
they are not the worse, but rather it will not be
injudicious to lighten the head, by nipping off
the better, the cones having
discharged a great part of their the extremities of some few of the largest branches. When
resin by lying, and then the seeds are much more these trees are planted out to remain, they should be left to
easily
extracted, than from such as are newly taken from the tree. nature, after being properly fenced ; not a knife nor a hatchet
The best way to get the seeds out is to split the cones, should come near them ; lopping even their lowest branches
by
driving a sharp piece of iron through the centre lengthways, is so injurious, that it at once retards their growth, and
then with your fingers you may pull out the seeds, which
you diminishes their beauty. They were formerly mutilated into
will find fastened to a thin
leafy substance, as are those of pyramids, and sheared as Yews, which wholly ruined their
the Fir tree : but before the seeds are taken out, it will be
appearance, which consists in the singular extension of their
proper to put the cones in water for twenty-four or thirty branches. Their shoots being for the most part declining,
hours, which will render them easier to split, so that the seeds and thereby shewing their upper surface, which is constantly
may be taken out with greater safety; for there will require clothed with green leaves, in so regular a manner as to appear
care in doing it, otherwise many of the seeds will be at some distance like a green carpet, and these waving about
spoiled,
as they are very tender, and will bruise when there is with the wind, form a most agreeable object at a distance,
any
force
employed in their extraction. Some think the best
it
especially if planted on a rising ground. See the first and
mode to thrust a wooden peg down the hole, rather bigger sixth species.
than the iron one, after the cones have been soaked. The 13. Pinus Pendula; Black Larch Tree. Leaves fascicled,
seeds should be sown in boxes or pots of fresh earth in soft, bluntish scales of the strobiles covering the bractes.
light ;

March, and treated as directed for the Firs,

only these require This isnot mentioned by botanists, nor has it been long
more shade and water in summer time while
young. When known Europe: the wood is equal to the European Larch,
in
the plants come up, which will be in seven or and the bark excellent for tanning. It does not promise to
eight weeks,
they must be guarded from the birds, otherwise they will form such large trees as the European, and therefore should
pick off their tops, as they do those of the young Firs they ; be planted with those of lower growth, to make a variety.
must also be constantly kept clean from weeds, and not It will endure the severest cold of this climate. Found in
placer! under the drip of trees. The plants may remain in low cedar swamps, from Canada to New Jersey, flowering in
iliesc boxes, or in the
pots in which they were sown, till the fol- April and May.
VOL. ii. 93. 4O
328 PIN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P IN

14. Pinus Larix ; Common White Larch Tree. Leaves years. Larch wood, says Dr. Anderson, pessesses so many
fascicled, soft, bluntish ; bractes standing out beyond the valuable qualities, that to enumerate the whole would appear
scales of the strobiles. This is a quick-growing tree, and will extravagant hyperbole. It is known to resist water almost
rise to the height of fifty feet; the branches are slender, for ever without rotting. The piles of this timber, on which
and the ends generally hang down. In the month of April the houses of Venice were built many hundred years ago, are
the male flowers appear disposed in the form of small cones ; still as fresh as when
first put in. Stakes of it have been
the female flowers are collected into egg-shaped obtuse cones, tried in the decoys of Lincolnshire, which between wind
which in some have bright purple tops, but in others are and water have worn out two or three sets of oak stakes,
white :this difference is accidental, for seeds taken from without discovering any symptoms of decay. It is also known
either will produce plants of both sorts the cones are about to possess the valuable property of neither
:
shrinking nor
an inch long, and the scales are smooth ; under each scale warping when put into work nor is it liable to be pierced
;

two winged seeds are generally lodged. There are three by worms in our climate. It is known to be one of the
other varieties of this tree ; one a native of America, another quickest growing trees, remarkably hardy, and extremely
of Siberia, and another of China. Between the two first beautiful being much more easily reared than the Oak, it
:

there is so little difference in their characteristics that they could be spread over a great extent of mountains, if suffici-
cannot be distinguished as different species, though in the ently bare of herbage, at little or no expense, by the natural
growth of the trees there is a remarkable difference. The shedding of its seeds. It would be valuable not only for
other from China seems to be a sort of Pine, and is so ship planks, but even crooked timbers might be obtained by
hardy that it will thrive in the open air without any protec- using a little art to bend it while young. For flood-gates in
tion. Pallas thus distinguishes the European Larch from navigable canals and wet docks, it exceeds every thing that
the American. In the latter, the branches are more slender, can be obtained in this climate and would be inimitable
;

with a bark more inclining to yellow, and the scars more for barrel staves. In building, it would answer all the pur-
slender and clustered; the leaves are more tender, narrower, poses to which Fir is now applied, being much stronger and
more glaucous, and the outer ones in each bundle shorter ; more durable than that wood. It is next to incombustible ;
cones only one third of the size, blunt, with scales scarcely and deserves to be strongly recommended to planters in this
exceeding twelve in number, thinner, more shining, retuse, country, particularly in the most rugged and barren districts.
emargiaate ; wings of the seeds straight, more oblong, nar- It is much more valuable than the Scotch Fir for
plantations
rower, and together with the seed itself of a more diluted of larger extent in almost every situation. It was first culti-

gray colour. In the European Larch, the bark of the branches vated as an ornamental tree, rather than for profit but :

is of an ash-coloured wherever it has been introduced, it grows so freely, is so

gray ; the leaves a little wider, bright
green, all nearly equal, commonly more than forty in a bun- beautiful when in leaf, or covered with its abundant pink
dle ; the cones an inch long, with above thirty woody, stri- blossoms in the spring, and is so elegant also in its form,
ated, rounded, entire scales ; seeds brownish gray, with that it is sure to become a favourite with the planter. Dr.
subtriangular wings somewhat bent in in both the cones
: Anderson say's, that the Larch was employed among the
are bent upwards on very short peduncles. Native of the Romans, in preference to every other kind of wood, in build-
south of Europe, and Siberia, flowering in March and April. ing, where strength and durability were required: and Vitru-
No tree is more valuable, or better deserves our attention in vius attributes the sudden decay of buildings erected in his
planting, than the Larch. It has been long cultivated in
Eng- time, in a great measure to the want of Larch in the neigh-
land. The Venetians employ it not only in houses, but in bourhood of Rome ; it having been exhausted before his
naval architecture. It seems to excel for beams, doors, win- time, and the expense of bringing it from a distance being
dows, and masts of ships ; it resists the worm ; being driven so high as to amount to a prohibition. The same author has
nitothe ground, it becomes almost petrified; and will support adduced a variety of satisfactory instances and experiments,
an almost incredible weight. In Switzerland, where these from which the durability of this wood is established beyond
trees abound, and they have a doubt, even in the early stages of its growth. And there are
scarcity of other wood, they
build most of their houses with it ; and great part of the fur- also incontestable proofs of what has been already observed,
niture is also made of the wood, some of which is white, and that it neither shrinks nor warps, and is not liable to be
some red, but the latter is most esteemed. The redness of the attacked by the worm during the course of several ages.
wood is by some supposed to be from the age of the trees, and It is not known whether it will resist the sea-worm : the
not from any difference between them, but is rather owing experiment might however be tried by sinking a sound well-
to the quantity of turpentine contained in them.
They fre- ripened piece of Larch wood with an equally sound piece of
quently cut out the boards into shingles of a foot square, Oak on the river Medway at Rochester bridge, where it is
with which they cover the houses, instead of tiles or other well known that every other kind of wood is very soon per-
covering these are at first very white, but after they have
: forated by the sea-worm. The assertion above made, that
been two or three years exposed, become as black as char- Larch is incombustible, is thus explained where the masses
:

coal, and all the joints are stopped by the resin, which the are large, even if a fire be made upon the bare wood, though
sun draws out from the pores of the wood, which is hardened it will be
slowly corroded by it, yet, unless in particular cir-
by the air, and becomes a smooth shining varnish, which cumstances, it cannot be made to flame, so as to communicate
renders the houses so covered impenetrable to wind or rain ; it to other bodies. On account of its not being liable to
but as this is very combustible, the magistrates have made warp, or be destroyed by worms, the Italians use it for back-
an order of police, that the houses so covered should be boards to place behind fine drawings, when they frame and
built at a distance from each other, in order to glass them as also for picture frames, table frames, &c.
prevent fires, ;

which have done great damage in villages. In most countries because no other wood gives gilding such force, brightness,
where this wood is plentiful, it is preferred to all the kinds and as it were a sort of natural burnishing; and this is the
of Fir for every purpose: and in many places there are ships grand secret reason why Italian gilding- on wood is so greatly
built of it which are reckoned durable. Line-of-battle ships preferable to ours, which has often a tarnished spongy cast,
are built with it at Archangel, which
generally last fifteen ;ind looks like gilt gingerbread. The Italians also prefer it
 PIN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PIN 329

and every other purpose in building, they would be

for making the wheels of post-chaises and other carriages, rafters,
as being very durable, and unapt to crack. No boards make superior to any kind of wood hitherto employed for these
better wainscoting, or take paint better. The application purposes; and for ship-building, especially planks, it would
of it to shingles for covering barns or other out-houses would even be superior to Oak itself. There is not a branch or
be a great improvement, as it would look better than thatch; twig of this tree that may not be put to some useful purpose.
would be impenetrable by wind or rain ; and not burning The larger branches may be employed in fencing, and the
must be still more desirable, because the straw smaller for filling drains, and for fuel. In drains it is more
readily,
thatch is liable to all these accidents, and harbours vermin durable than any other wood ; and though the timber will
and all sorts of filth, to the great annoyance of the grain- not readily burn, yet the brush is found to make a fire almost
houses buildings so covered.
in In short, thatch, though equal to the billets of many other trees. A most valuable
cheaper first, is dearer in the long-run than tiling or
at. produce of the Larch-tree is the Venice turpentine which;

The shingles used in the Orisons are half an inch issues spontaneously from the bark ; but is more commonly
slating.
thick and a foot square; being of a tough nature, and nailed obtained by boring a hole with an auger, about two feet
down to the rafters, they are not liable to the inconvenience above the ground, till it reaches nearly to the heart of the
of being broken by forks, like tiles and slates. The thinnings tree ; into this hole is inserted a small pipe or cock, through
of Larch plantations may be applied to a variety of useful which the turpentine flows into proper vessels placed for its
purposes, while they are of a small size. In six, eight, or reception. This process is continued from the end of May
ten years, according to circumstances, the trees will have till the end of
September. When the trees will yield no
attained a size sufficient to be made into hayrakes. They more for that season, the turpentine is pressed through a
grow so straight, and the wood is so light, strong, and dura- cloth to purify it. That so obtained is usually thinner thait
ble, as to be peculiarly calculated for this purpose; and any of the other sorts, of a clear whitish or pale yellowish,
these rakes will remain firmer, and shrink less, than those colour, a hot, pungent, bitterish, disagreeable taste, and a
made from any other wood. About two feet cut off from strong smell, without any thing of the aromatic flavour of
the root-end will form the rake head ; and five feet above the Chian or Cyprus turpentine, obtained from Pistacia
that, with a very little taken off from the thickness of the Terebinthus. The common and Strasburgh turpentine is
under part, will form the handle. No wood is more proper from the Pinus Picea ; and the Canada Balsam, which may
for the teeth of the rake, than the red wood of a full-grown be considered as the purest of the turpentines, is procured
Larch, because it is not only tough, but little liable either to from the Silver and Balm of Gilead Firs. The turpentine
split or shrink. Nothing is so fit for shafts to hoes; for it is of the Larch resides in the bark and wood next to it, as
nearly as strong, and much more durable, than ash. Handles appears when the trunk is sawn transversely; for then it may
for brushes, brooms, scythes, &c. would occasion a vast con- be seen that the inner wood for more than half the diameter
sumption of the small spars. Light, neat, and strong chairs, is dry. The turpentine is not to be obtained in considerable
for rush bottoms, might be made of Larch wood at this age. quantities from very young trees, and in old ones it gradu-
Nothing will better answer for hop-poles, one set of which ally dries up, till at last it affords none:it is only after the

would outlast two or three sets of Ash. Hurdles, spars, and tree has attained the thickness of ten or twelve inches in,

gates, may be made of it, both lighter and more durable diameter, that it is thought worth while to collect the tur-
than any other wood and when the trees are sufficiently
; pentine and from that time, during forty or fifty years, if it
;

large, they may be split down for cart-shafts and in mining ; continues so long in vigorous growth, the tree will continue
countries they might be employed as posts for supporting to yield annually from seven to eight pounds of turpentine.
the roofs of the mines. The small tops cut off in making All the turpentines dissolve totally in rectified spirit ; they
these various works, would furnish a neat, elegant, cheap, become miscible with water into a milky liquor, by the medi-
and durable kind of railing, to be put upon the top of low ation of the yolk or the white of an egg, and more elegantly by
walls, especially for preventing light sheep from over-leaping mucilages. Distilled with water, they yield a subtile pene-
them. One end might be let into the coping, whether of trating essential oil, vulgarly called Spirit; a yellow or black-
sod, clay, or lime ; and the other end received into a slip ish resin remaining in the still, which forms the common
of sawn Larchwood, with holes bored through to receive their rosin of the shops. The essential oil, on being distilled in
points. From the straightness of the wood, this kind of a retort, becomes more subtile, and in this state is called
rail would be very neat, without much In the Ethereal Oil of Turpentine. The turpentines stimulate the
expense.
same manner, hen-coops, crates for packing earthenware, first
passages, and prove laxative ; and we are told by Dr.
glass, &c. might be made of those materials. But one of Cullen, that half an ounce or an ounce of Venice turpentine
the most extensive and beneficial uses of this kind of small triturated with the yolk of an egg, and diffused in water,
wood, is
purpose of enclosing. These spars, when
for the
may be employed in the form of an injection, as the most
the root thick enough, may be slit up the middle by a
is certain laxative in colics, and other cases of obstinate cos-
saw, and cut into lengths of five or six feet; or if smaller, tiveness. When turpentine is carried into the blood-vessels
they may be employed whole. As they are always straight, it stimulates the whole
system, hence its usefulness in chronic
and nearly of a uniform thickness, if driven into the ground rheumatism and paralysis. It read'ily passes off by urine,
for a few inches, in a row at the distance of a few inches which it imbues with a peculiar odour; also by perspiration,
from each other, with the split sides all one way, they would and probably by exhalation from the lungs and to these
:

make one of the neatest and most complete fences that can respective effects are to be ascribed the virtues it may possess
be seen. The tops of these uprights may be received into in gravelly complaints,
scurvy, and pulmonic disorders. In
a piece of sawn plank, with holes bored in it for that pur- all these diseases, however, and especially the last, this medi-

pose ; and supported at due distances by sloping pieces cine, as well as some of the gums and balsams of the terebin-
reaching from the ground to the top. These are a few of thinate kind, by acting as stimulants, are often productive of
the uses to which the small spires from the first
"thinnings mischief. Turpentine has been much used in gleets and fluor
of the plantations may be applied. As they advance to a albus and its efficacy in the latter is ascribed to its indu-
;

larger size, for windows, joists, flooring, parcelling, couples, cing some degree of inflammation in the urethra. The essen-
330 P I N THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P I N
tial oil, inwhich the virtues of turpentine reside, is not only fortnight after sowing give them gentle waterings every fourth
preferred for external use, as ambifacient, &c. but also inter- or fifth day, and in six weeks
they will begin to appear.
nally as a diuretic; and by Pitcairne and Cheyne, as a remedy Guard them from birds with nets, and water them every
for the sciatica, although few stomachs are able to bear it in second or third night for three weeks very : continue
gently
the doses which they direct. The Larch also yields a kind of this once twelve days to the end of August.
in ten or At the
manna, and two sorts of gum. The manna is found in the end of March or the beginning of April following.' remove
south of France, and is there called Manne de Briancon ; it is them from the seed-bed to the nursery, in rows three feet
white, concrete, and sweet, like fine new honey. It is rare, distant, and six or seven inches asunder ; watering them at
and only met with in little drops, so that it would be difficult planting, and once a week for five or six weeks after. At
to collect a pound of it the drops are more or less hard, the same time in the succeeding
year, remove them to another
:

and cleave to the leaves. It has been picked off the turf at nursery, in rows three feet distant, and fifteen or sixteen
sun-rise almost fluid, exactly in the state in which it is found inches in the row ; here let them remain two years ;
by this
upon the trees. Pallas informs us, that they have this manna time they will be five or six feet high, and of a
proper size
in the Russian empire, but that it is very rarely found con- to transplant in exposed situations, on meagre hungry ground.
crete, being soon washed off by the rains which prevail on Dr. Hunter directs, that just before sowing, the cones should
the Uralian mountains. He also mentions a gum that is be opened or torn into quarters by a knife, the
point of
produced by this tree in particular circumstances. When which must be thrust exactly down the centre, that the seeds
the woods are on which frequently happens in Russia,
fire, may not be damaged they should then be thrashed in a
:

the Larches are frequently scorched on the side next the room. Three thousand cones will generally produce a pound
flame to the height of several feet. If the scorching pene- of good seeds; which being winnowed or sieved will be
ready
trate to the pith, the inner part exudes a dry reddish gum, to sow in April. When the scales of the cones are so glued
rather less glutinous than gum-arabic, having a slight taste together that it is very difficult to separate them without
of resin, but wholly soluble in water. It is used in medi-
bruising the seeds; let them be laid in heaps six inches thick,
cine, and the native mountaineers chew it to fasten their in a shady but exposed situation, till the
beginning of May.
teeth, as an antiscorbutic, and highly nutritive substance ; Then let beds four feet in breadth be prepared, newly dug ;
they also use it as a glue to fasten their bows. The Siberian let the mould be raked to the sides, so as to form a kind of
ermine hunters, when their ferment or yeast which they ridge, to prevent the cones from falling into the alleys, which
carry with them to make the acid liquor which they call should be two feet wide for the convenience of the weeders.
Quass with, is spoiled by the cold, scrape off the albumen Cover these beds entirely with the cones; and if the weather
or half-formed substance between the bark and the wood, proves warm and dry, they will presently expand, and shed
which is very juicy and sweet, digest it with water over the the seeds. When a sufficient quantity is shed, remove the
fire during an hour, mix it with their rye-meal, bury the cones to a second bed, first giving them a shake in a coarse
dough in the snow, and after twelve hours find the ferment sieve, which will cause a considerable quantity of seed to
ready prepared in the subsiding faeces. Old Larches pro- fall, especially if it be done in the middle of the day : then
duce a Fungus which is called Boletus Laricis by Jacquin, sift fine mould a
quarter of an inch thick over the whole bed.
and by others Agaricus Purgans, or Purging Mushroom. If the weather should be dry, they must be
gently watered,
It is used in the northern countries as an emetic in intermit- and the beds kept clear of weeds. The cones may be removed
ting fevers. The body of it is saponaceous, and is used by to a third, and even a fourth bed. The times for laying
the females in some parts of Siberia to wash themselves, and them on depend on the dryness and warmth of the weather.
even their linen. It was celebrated formerly, but is now The seeds should come up thick, or else they will be apt to
deservedly fallen into total disuse, as a medicine. The Tun- be thrown out of the ground by the frost. The following
guses dye the hair of the reindeer with it and the roots of spring prick them out in beds, three inches asunder; and the
Gallium which produces a very deep red colour, that might
; second spring plant them in the nursery, in, rows three feet
be useful in our dyeing. Propagation and Culture. The asunder, and eighteen inches in the rows. Hence they may
great value of this tree is a sufficient justification for the be planted out finally the second or third year after. But as
length at which we shall now treat of its culture. Though those trees always thrive best that are removed small, they
tine cones of the Larch be of their full size in autumn, as the should be planted out as soon as they are of a sufficient size
seeds continue ripening all the winter, they should not be not to be injured by weeds. Dr. Anderson, who laboured
gathered till March or April. Then spread them in dry for twenty-five
years to turn the attention of his countrymen
covered places till May or June, and afterwards expose them in Scotland towards this useful tree, is of opinion that it
to the full sun for several weeks, when the cones will open, should be planted entirely by itself, because as it soon out-
and many of the best seeds come out, by shaking them in grows other trees, where the Larches are thinly scattered,
a wire sieve : to get out the rest, split the cones, by driving they are exposed to the wind, and their tender top-shoots
a small piece of sharp iron through the centre, and then by are apt to be damaged. He therefore recommends that the
exposing them again to the sun for a few days; the seeds will Larch should be made to shelter itself, by planting it very
stake out, or may He easily picked out with the point of thick, even so near as two feet. In a plantation made at
a knife. Though the seeds in the cone are good for four or this distance, the trees have shot
up with great rapidity,
five years, yet out of it they lose their vegetating quality in straight, clean, and healthy. His theory is this. It has
a few months therefore, as soon as they are got out, mix
: been often remarked that no wood of the Fir kind, raised in
them with fine dry sand, and keep them in bags till the sea- artificial plantations, ever
equals in quality that which is
son of sowing, which is the beginning of March, or as soon spontaneously produced the natural wood being closer in
;

after as the weather will permit. Sow them very thin in the grain, harder, and deeper in colour, with fewer knots
beds three feet and a half broad, with alleys of eighteen in it. The reason is, that in natural woods of Larch and
inches clap them gently in with the back of a spade, and other coniferous trees, the seeds being strewed very thick
;

sift over them fine compost earth, with one-fourth sea-sand upon the ground, the plants spring up very close. Being
or pit-sand. If the weather be
dry, and not frosty, in a straitened for room, their growth is stinted, and they
 PIN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PIN 331

which shall get the better. sixth to the tenth year from the time of planting, the whole
struggle for some years By
are overtopped, and die but still may be completed thus far by the thirtieth or fortieth year of
degrees the weaker plants
;

others struggle for life, and maintain the contest; and thus their growth during which time there will have been sold
;

attained a considerable height, when 10,210 spars, from fifteen to fifty feet in height, and propor-
it
goes on till they have
the boughs of the most vigorous trees spreading out above, tional thickness, in each acre. If it be thought advisable to
and thus a sufficient space is continue the thinning farther after this period, no whole
overtop all those that are near;
allowed for these trees to flourish, till they attain their full size. rows ought to be cut out any where, but only a single tree
During this long struggle, the growth
of the trees is slow, here and there. Now if we suppose that the sale of the spars
and consequently the fibres of the wood very close and hard. would.be sufficient to defray the expenses of making and
The side-branches too, having no room to spread abroad, are upholding the plantation and that each tree, at fifty years'
;

the winds and rubbing growth, instead of containing 360 feet of wood, as those at
kept weak, and are soon suffocated; by
of the trees round them, these branches are soon broken off, Dunkeld are known to do, should at the same edge measure
and the bark begins to close over the wound. The stem thus no more than seventy feet each, which is less than one-fifth
becomes clear of branches and smooth, and all the wood that of the others in that case the 680 trees on an acre would
;

afterwards grows over it is free from knots. In artificial contain 476,000 cubic feet of timber, which, at one shilling a
plantations we follow an opposite course anxious
: to admire foot, would be 2380, from which, if the rent be deducted,
the progress of our trees, no measures are adopted to retard at five shillings an acre, which for fifty years is 12. 10s. and
their progress at an early period, but rather the reverse; and interest for payment withheld 14. 10s. more, there will be a
were we even inclined to follow nature, the very expense of clear profit of 2353, without taking into the account any
planting so many trees on an acre would be a decisive bar to advantage arising from the turpentine. The late learned
such enterprises. The young trees are of course planted Bishop of Landaff, Dr. Watson, remarks, that the highest and
at a considerable distance, and are encouraged to grow as most craggy mountainous tracts in our island, two acres of
quickly as possible, and thus the wood is coarse in the grain, which do not afford sufficient sustenance for six* months iu
and soft. The branches too, having room to spread, advance the year to one sheep, might with a great prospect of success
with great luxuriance, and continue to grow till they attain a be planted with Larches and thus states the probable profit
;

large size, and of course render the wood full of large knots. which would attend such plantations. A thousand acres of
Though we cannot afford to make our plantations so thick such land might be enclosed with a circular wall six feet in
as those that grow naturally, we should approach as near as height, where the stones can be easily got for six shillings an
prudence will permit; and by planting Larches at two feet acre, or 300 for the whole five hundred Larches, two feet
:

distance, should derive profit sufficient to repay all the in height, so as to enable them to resist the long grass, might

expenses. At this distance an English statute acre will con- be planted on each acre for fourteen shillings hence a plan- ;

tain 10,890 plants. Being planted in rows, the younger the tation of 500,000 might be made for 1000. Now this sum
better, the ground laid dry, well fenced, and no grass or improved at compound interest, at the rate of 4 per cent,
weeds suffered to choak them ; in this state they may remain would in sixty years amount to the sum of 10,519: this is
six, eight, ten, or twelve years, according to the soil, or the the accumulated loss attending the enclosing and planting
purposes for which the thinnings are wanted, when they one thousand acres of rocky land in sixty years. The rent
should be thinned for the first time. This, however, ought of 1000 acres, at one penny an acre, is 4. 3s. 4d. a year;
not to be too long delayed, lest the tops, by growing too in eight years the Larches would be out of all danger from

close, should be so much smothered as to occasion a hurtful sheep, so that the loss of rent ought only to be estimated for
gap when the thinnings are taken away. One row should eight years ; but 4. 3s. 4d. a year, though improved after the
now be wholly taken out, so as to leave the plants four feet same rate of compound interest, would not amount to 40 in
apart, and, allowing three rows to remain entire, take out the eight years; say, however, it would amount to 81, which is

fourth, and so on. Thus, though the row on each side the allowing more than two-pence an acre rent; then would the
opening will lose its support on one side, its branches being whole expense in sixty years be 10,600. If the amount of
still intermixed with those on the three other sides, will give 81 for fifty-two years be taken into consideration, the ex-
it sufficient support. It is
necessary to cut oat a row com- pense will be 11,222. The sheep are here supposed to be
pletely, to admit of trailing out the long spires, together with shut out of the plantation for eight years ; but if it should
their tops, which could not otherwise be done. In conse- be found that sheep will not crop the Larch, and I, says Dr.
quence of this opening, the branches above will be permitted Watson, have reason to believe they will not, they need not
to grow more freely, and in this state they should remain till be shut out at all ; nor on districts where nothing but sheep
they intermingle again above, when they should receive the are depastured, need any fence be made. The advocates for
second thinning, by taking out the middle row that was left close planting, instead of five hundred, would require five
at the first, which will leave the plants in the rows four feet thousand Larches for each acre : I am not convinced of the
apart, and two feet from each other in the rows. When the utility of
such close planting, except where it is intended to
branches close again, the third thinning may be given, by nurse up Oaks, or other kinds of wood; but if that mode
cutting out every fourth row crosswise, and the fourth by should be adopted, the thinnings after twenty years' growth
taking out the cross row that was left between the two conti- would pay the expense of it. At the expiration of sixty
guous to it. Now the trees in a whole plantation are again years, suppose
that only 250 Larches remained on each acre,
reduced
1 CU to a square, standing four feet apart, and there will or that one-half had perished, the probable value of them
the,en remain 2722 trees on an acre, which deducted from the
may be thus estimated. From many experiments made by
10,890 planted, leaves 8168 taken out in successive thinnings.
10 myself, and collected from others, I find the annual increase
After a proper interval, the trees might be thinned as above in the circumference of the Larch, at six feet from the ground,
described, till they are gradually reduced to squares at eight to be one inch and a half on an average of several years; and
feet apart, which is perhaps the greatest distance that should this inference has been drawn from the actual admeasurement
be allowed to trees of this kind. At this distance an acre of Larches in different parts of England and Scotland, and of
will contain 680 trees. If their thinnings be begun from the different ages, from ten years old to fifty. On this supposition
VOL. ii. 93. 4P
332 PIN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PIN
the Larch would measure, one with another, ninety inches in very heavy and durable, but extremely brittle. Grows on
circumference, at six feet from the ground. Such a Larch the plains from New England to Virginia.
would measure above seventy at twenty feet from the ground, 17. Pinus Serotina. Leaves elongate, in threes; male
aments erect-incumbent ; strobiles ovate
supposing the length of the tree to be forty feet, neglecting ; aculei of the
the top ; then will its solid contents be eighty-five cubit feet, squames very fine and straight. Found on the edges of
and its value, at 9d. a foot, above three guineas. But as the ponds and swamps. This and the preceding species ripen
trees are supposed to be planted in a high, bleak, barren their seeds only after the second year. Pursh strongly sus-
situation, their annual increase may not be so great as was pects this plant to be merely a variety of the preceding.
there supposed : instead of being worth, at sixty years after It is from the
authority of Michaux that it is here inserted
admit that they are only worth as a distinct species.
planting, three guineas apiece,
ten shillings, then would the value of the whole plantation 18.' Pinus Pungens. Leaves in pairs, short, acute; stro-
be 126,000 ; and deducting the whole expense, there would biles ovate-conical; aculei of the squames elongate, subulate,
remain a profit of 114,400. The present value of this, incurved ; inferior ones reflexed. Grows on the Grandfather
to be received sixty years hence, is above 10,000, interest and Table mountains, Carolina.
'*
of money at 4 per cent, and will purchase an income of Fir. Leaves solitary, and distinct at the Base.
400 a year. By planting then, a barren estate of 1000 19. Pinus Picea; Silver Fir Tree. Leaves solitary, flat,
acres is improved from 4. 3*. 4d. to 400 a-year, reckoning emarginate, pectinate cones cylindrical, erect, with long
;

the value of a reversion as a present certainty : sixty years, pointed scales. This is a noble upright tree. The branches
it is true, is a great part of the life of man, but it ought are not very smooth, but the bark is smooth and delicate.
to be considered as nothing in the existence of a nation, The upper surface of the leaves is of a fine strong green,
or even of a family, which is a little nation. All waste and their under has two white lines running lengthwise on
lands, that will not do for converting into arable or pas- each side of the midrib, giving the leaves a silvery look,
with
wood; the high parts, and from which it takes its name. It has been observed in Ire-
ture, ought to be covered
especially the sheltered
hills in the high parts, with Larch ; land, that no tree grows speedily to so large a size as the
and the lower with Oak, Ash, &c. Their present applica- Silver Fir; some at forty years' growth, in a wet clay on a
tion to the summer maintenance of a few miserable sheep, rock, measuring twelve feet in circumference at the ground,
not to be persevered in, if any better use can be made and seven feet and a half at five feet high ; and one containing
ought
of them. Notwithstanding the opinion expressed by the seventy-six feet of solid timber. It is found to be excellent for
learned prelate, it is certain that cattle and sheep will attack boat-building. A gentleman in Hampshire floored his library
these trees, and therefore ought not to be admitted, even with this wood when fresh cut down, and the boards did not
after the trees have attained to a considerable size. An effi- contract in the least. Native of Switzerland and Germany,
cient fence is absolutely necessary for a plantation of Larch, Dauphiny, Austria, Siberia, Mount Caucasus, &c. Propaga-
because it is extremely impatient of wounds in its bark. The tion and Culture. The Firs are propagated by seeds, in the
nature of the fence must be determined by circumstances. same manner as the Pines. A gentle heat will serve to extract
A stone wall will be the most common, as the trees should the seeds of these, because their cones open much easier than
be 'chiefly planted on mountainous tracts, and it is the most those of the Pines, especially the Silver and Balm of Gilead
effectual, except against light-bodied sheep, which will easily Firs, which, if permitted to hang late in the autumn, fall to
overleap it, unless there be some defence of bushes, or a rail pieces and scatter their seeds. It is best, however, to
pre-
on the top of it. A ditch and bank is by no means an effec- serve the seed in the cones till the time of sowing, which is
tual fence against sheep, or even against cattle after some the end of March or beginning of April, in a north or north-
time, unless furze be thrown upon the top of the bank ; or east border; covering the seeds about half an inch deep
in three rows, two of which should be on the slope of the with the same light mould in which they were sown, and
bank, cutting one of the rows close every year, to keep it netting the beds to keep off the birds. In these beds the
from becoming open at bottom. When this fence decays, as plants should remain until the following spring, when there
it will in ten or twelve years, the outer line of Larches being should be a number of beds prepared in the nursery to receive
left, will make a fence of themselves, or at least with the the seedlings. In the beginning of April they should be
assistance of the Sweet Briar or Bramble planted between the transplanted into the beds, at the distance of six inches row
trees, and interwoven with their branches, and a rail from from row, and in the rows at three inches asunder, setting
tree to tree where it is wanted. To conclude this interesting them in a quincunx order. In removing these plants, they
subject: when we consider the many excellencies
of this should be very carefully raised up with a trowel, so as not
useful and elegant tree, it must be allowed that it was a greal to break off the fibres of the roots, nor should they be kept
misfortune to this country that it was not sooner introduced long out of the grownd. During the time they are out, their
and accurately known, for it is a positive fact, that this alpine roots should be covered, to prevent the wind from drying
their fibres ; and in planting, the earth should be pressed
plant was about half a century ago treated as a tender exotic,
and planted out with the most assiduous care and diligence close to their roots to prevent the air from penetrating to
in our hot-beds and hot-houses ! them. If the season prove dry, it will be proper to water the

15. Pinus Variabilis Two and Three-leaved, or Yellow Pine

; plants every week once or twice, according to the warmth of
Tree. Leaves elongated, two and three together, canalicu- the weather ; the beds should also be covered with mats, to
late strobiles ovate-conical, subsolitary aculei of the squames
; ;
screen the plants from the sun and drying winds, until they
incurved. It is found in most Pine-forests from New Eng- have taken good root; after which time they will require
land to Georgia. little farther care than to keep them clean from weeds. In
16. Pinus Rigida; the Common Black or Pitch Pine these beds the plants may remain two years, at the end of
Leaves in threes sheaths abbreviated ; male aments erect-
;
which they should be transplanted into an open spot of
incumbent; strobiles ovate; spines of the squames reflex ground, for their roots will in that time meet quite over the
Vast quantities of the timber of this kind are imported into beds. This ground to which they are to be removed, should
.Great Britain, where it is chiefly used for flooring, being be well trenched, and cleared from all noxious weeds, and
 PIN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PIN 333

made level. At the beginning of April, just before the plants too dry : but when they are planted in a proper soil, they
begin to shoot, will be a good time to remove them. In tak- grow to a very large size, and are extremely beautiful, having
them be careful not to tear off nor wound the under surface of their leaves white, and the upper of a
ing up, especially
the roots : and do not take up too many of them at one time, dark green colour. It is, however, frequently injured by
but rather plant them as fast as they are taken up, that they frosts that late in the spring, especially while young:
happen
for when they are planted in a warm situation, they are apt
may be as little time out of the ground as possible. The
distance at which they ought to be placed in the nursery, to shoot pretty early, and if any sharp frosts happen after
should be four feet row from row, and in the rows two feet they have pushed, the young shoots are killed ; so that they
asunder. This distance may by some be thought too great; lose a year's growth, and are rendered so very unsightly, that
but let it be considered how much their roots spread in the many times they are pulled up and thrown away. In cold
ground, as also that when they are planted nearer together, situations, however, where they do not begin to shoot so
it will be very difficult to take up the plants again without early, they are not subject to this disaster; and in many
cutting and tearing off their roots, especially
if
they are not such places they grow to a large size, and exhibit great
all taken up clean at the same time :these considerations beauty. Some fine trees of this species of Fir, grew upon
must have greater weight than that of the loss of a little natural bogs, where, by extending their roots, they had
ground, with all who have any regard for the future welfare drained the ground to a considerable distance round them.
of the plants. In planting them, it will be advisable to draw It is in vain to plant the Silver Fir in hot, dry, or rocky
a line across the ground, and to dig out a trench of a foot situations, where it commonly loses the top shoots, and the
wide, into which the plants may be placed at the distance of under branches soon become ragged. The largest and most
two feet asunder. Then fill the earth into the trench, cover- flourishing trees are seen on sour, heavy, obstinate clay, and
ing the roots of the plants with the finest parts of it, scat- though for ten or twelve years they do not advance so fast
tering it carefully between the roots ; and when the whole as other Firs and Pines, yet they will outgrow them all in
trench is filled in, press the earth gently down with your twenty years. In sowing all sorts of Firs, neglect not to
feet; but by no means tread it too hard, especially if the clap over the bed with the back of a spade. In the autumn,
ground be strong, or apt to bind too close. If the season after sowing, pick off all mossy hard particles from the beds,
should now prove dry, the plants should be watered to settle replacing them with some good soil, and then sifting over
the earth to their roots ; and if it should be repeated three some chaff, or rather saw-dust, that has lain some time.
or four times during the continuance of a dry season, it will In the succeeding spring, and during May and June, water
greatly promote their taking new root, and secure them from them frequently, and in autumn treat the beds as before.
the injuries of the drying winds. In this nursery the plants At two years old, when the buds begin to swell, remove them
may remain two or three years, according to their progress, from the seed-bed. For the other sorts of Firs, about the
and should be well weeded during that time, and have the latter end of March or the beginning of April, according

ground between the rows dug every spring in the doing of

; to the forwardness of the season, prepare a very moderate
which care must be taken not to cut nor injure the roots of bed, in length proportioned to the quantity of seeds to be
the plants this is all the culture they will require
during sown, and, where there are frames which can be spared for
their continuance in the nursery. When they are trans- this purpose, they may be placed upon the bed ; but where

planted into the places where they are to remain, the neces- these are wanting, the bed should be cradled over with hoops,
sary care to be taken is, in taking them up not to injure that they may be covered with mats or canvass ; then plunge
or cut off their roots, and to let them be as little time out the beds full of small pots, such as are commonly sold about
of the ground as possible, and while they are out to euard London for four shillings and two-pence per hundred. These
their roots from the drying winds. The surest time for pots should be filled with light undunged earth, and the
removing these trees is about the beginning of April ; for interstices between the pots may be filled up with any other
though they may be, and often are, removed with success earth which is nearest to the place ; then sow the seeds in
at Michaelmas,
yet
the spring is the best season,
especially these pots, covering them about half an inch with the same
in moist land. Most of the kinds of Firs will bear removmg light earth. In drying winds the earth ought to be covered,
at the height of six or seven feet ; but those of two feet
high to prevent the moisture from being drawn off too fast, which
are much better to transplant, and will in a few years would prove hurtful to the seeds ; nor should the seeds have
gain
the ascendant of taller trees. It is not therefore advisable too much wet, which would be equally injurious ; hence they
to transplant these trees when they are much above two feet should be seldom watered, and never in large quantities.
high, especially if they have stood in the nursery unremoved; When there is any appearance of frost at night, the bed
for then their roots will have extended themselves to a dis- should be covered. With this management the plants will
tance, and must be cut in taking them -out of the ground:
appear in five or six weeks' time, when they must be care-
and where great amputation used, either to the roots or
is
fully guarded from birds,
as was before directed for the
branches of these trees, the quantity of turpentine which com- common sorts, and also screened from the sun in the mid-
monly issues from the wounds will greatly weaken the trees. dle of the day but they must now have fresh air admitted
;

There is another advantage also in planting them when small, to them whenever the weather is favourable. They may
which is, that they will not require staking to secure them also be allowed to receive any gentle showers of rain, but
from being blown down by strong winds, which in tall trees must not have much moisture, which rots and causes them
is a great trouble and
expense and whoever will give them-
:
to drop. Upon the judicious care in this point depends the
selves the trouble to observe how much
the trees planted at whole success. It may seem strange to many, says Mr.
two feet high exceed those planted at a greater height, will Miller, that I should direct the sowing of the seeds of these
be convinced of the truth of what is here advanced. The trees, which are so very hardy, upon a hot-bed but from
;

Silver Fir requires a stronger land than the

Spruce, for in many trials I have always found they have succeeded much
dry ground they seldom make any great progress ; and many better this way than any other, for the gentle warmth of the
times, even after they have arrived to a considerable size, are bed will not only cause the seeds to vegetate much sooner
destroyed by very dry seasons, where the soil is shallow or than they would naturally have done in the cold ground,
334 PIN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P IN

but the plants will also rise much stronger, and consequently 22. Pinus Nigra; Black Spruce Fir Tree. Leaves
solitary,
be in less danger of rotting in their shanks. And as the four-cornered, scattered all round, straight, strict; cones
warmth of the bed is only to bring up the plants, so there oblong. There is another, called the White Spruce Fir. The
should be but little dung employed in making it; for after appellations of White and Black are given on account of the
the plants are up, they must be inured to the open air, and colour of the bark. There is also a Red Spruce, between
treated as hardily as the common sorts. There may be which and the Black there seems to be no real diflferencey
others, perhaps, who will object to the directions given for except that the Black is the largest. They all exude a fine
in such small pots, because where there is clear strong-scented resin, which is much used
sowing the seeds by the Ame-
any quantity of the seeds, it is usual to sow them in boxes, or rican Indians, to cure wounds and internal disorders. Their

large pots: but most sorts succeed better in small pots. young branches are indiscriminately used in making Spruce
20. Pinus Balsamea ; Balm of Gilead Fir Tree. Leaves Beer. Native of various parts of North America, &c.
solitary, flat, emarginate, subpectinate,
almost upright above; 23. Pinus Abies ; Norway Spruce Fir Tree. Leaves soli-
scales of the cone when in flower acuminate, reflex. This tary,somewhat four-cornered, sharpish, distich branches
;

beautiful tree rises with an upright stem, and has very much naked below cones cylindrical. This is the loftiest of our
;

the habit of the preceding, but the leaves are wider and European species, attaining to the amazing height of 125
blunter, disposed on each side along the branches like the and 150 feet, with a very straight trunk, and throwing out its
teeth of the comb, but in a double row, the upper one shorter spreading branches so as to form an elegant pyramid. The
than the under ;
underneath they are marked with a double vast woods of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, &c. are prin-

glaucous line, and each has eight rows of white dots they cipally composed of this, and of the first species of this genus.
;

are often cloven at top. From wounds made in this tree a This tree is called Norway Spruce, because we import its
very fine turpentine is obtained, which is sometimes sold for timber chiefly from that country. There are two principal
the true Balm of Gilead. It has long been cultivated in varieties of it, the White and Red, but both afford the white

England, for curiosity; but in general, though it grows to a deals the red deals are those cut from the trees of the first
:

considerable height, it seldom survives above twenty years. species. Rosin is collected to the quantity of forty pounds
Native of Canada, Nova Scotia, &c. flowering in May. annually from each tree. This Fir, and that of the Pinus
This, and the Hemlock Spruce tree, should have the beds Sylvestris, was formerly used for building ships, and is still
hooped over, to be covered with mats, for five or six weeks employed for masts, and some other parts, but seldom for
after the plants appear above ground when the sun is hot, the entire vessel, except in small craft its great consumption
; :

or the air cold and frosty, they should be watered every now among us is for the interior work of our houses, as beams,
second evening, when it does not rain. This tree requires joists, rafters, spars, floors, wainscot, doors and scaffold
;

a good deep soil, and a sheltered situation. See the pre- poles, balks, laths, boxes, and bellies for musical instru-
ceding and the next species. ments, are also made of Fir. It is
exceedingly smooth to
21. Pinus Canadensis Hemlock Spruce Fir Tree.
;
Leaves polish on, and therefore does well under gilding work ; it
solitary, flat, submembranaceous, sharpish, pectinate cones also takes black equal with the Pear Tree. It succeeds well
;

ovate, scarcely longer than the leaf. A very elegant tree, in carving, the grain being easy to work, and taking the tool
growing in some situations to an extraordinary size its bark every way. No wood takes glue
: so well, or is so easily
is a
good substitute for Oak-bark in tanning. Native of the wrought; cases and barrels for dry goods, shingles, hoops,
most northern parts of Canada, and on the highest moun- &c. are made of it and it yields pitch, tar, turpentine, and
;

tains, as far as South Carolina flowering in May.

; The resin ; while from the buds and tops the Spruce beer, ac-
seeds of this species have sometimes remained four or five counted so excellent in the scurvy, is made. No tree will
months, or even a whole year, in the ground, and then come yield a greater profit in cold land, nor is any more beautiful,
up very well; this caution, therefore,may prevent the pots standing singly on turf in large plantations, or more useful
from being too hastily turned out. The plants of this, and for shelter incold soils and situations. An incision being
of the preceding species, must be afterwards treated in the made into the bark of this tree, a clear tenacious fluid issues,
same way as the common sorts, with this difference only, which concretes into a resinous substance, known by the name
that they ought to be transplanted into a more shady situa- of Resina Abietis, which, after being boiled in water, and
tion, and moister soil. For while the plants are young, strained through a linen cloth, is called Burgundy Pitch.

they will not thrive if much exposed to the sun, or

in a
dry If, however, the boiling of the native resin be continued till

soil, but when they have obtained strength they

will bear the the water is wholly evaporated, and wine vinegar be then
open sun very well, and in a moist soil will make great pro- added, a substance named Colophonium is formed. Burgundy
gress whereas in dry ground they frequently stint, and pro-
; Pitch, which is chiefly imported from Saxony, is of a solid
duce plenty of male flowers and cones, by the time they get consistence, but rather soft, of a reddish-brown colour, and
to the height of four or five feet. When the branches of these not disagreeable in smell. It is entirely confined to external

stems are cut off to trim them up, it should be gradually use, and was formerly an ingredient in several ointments and
done, never cutting more than one tier of branches in one plasters. In inveterate coughs, affections of the lungs, and

year ; for if too many wounds are made at the same time on
other internal complaints, plasters of this resin, by acting
these resinous trees, the turpentine will issue out in such as a topical stimulus, are often beneficial. This tree grows
quantities as to weaken and check their growth. The best in the deep strong soils of Norway and Denmark, and will
time for pruning them is in September, at which time they also grow in almost any soil and situation in England, pro-
do not abound so much in turpentine as in the spring, and vided it be not within the reach of the smoke of great cities,
consequently do not bleed so much after pruning. What
which is very injurious to all sorts of Firs, which do not ever
flows out at that season is seldom more than is necessary for thrive so well in dunged land as in fresh uncultivated soils.

covering the wounds, and to prevent the wet and cold of the They have been brought into disrepute by being brought too
succeeding winter from penetrating the wounded parts. These close together, or too near other trees, whereby the air has
branches should be cut close to the trunk. See the nineteenth been excluded from their branches, which has occasioned
species for further directions. most of their under branches to decay so that when viewed
;
 p I p OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PI P 335

from the ground under their branches, they have a greater decoction, inspissated, yields an extract of considerable pun-
appearance of dead than living
trees. But where they have gency. A made in rectified spirit is extremely hot
tincture
been allowed a good distance, and planted in a strong fresh and fiery. Some have supposed Pepper to be less heating to
feathered within six the system than other aromatics. It is generally used as an
soil, they have had their branches quite
or eight feet of the ground, and that too in trees upwards of aromatic and stimulant; and has been successfully employed
hence they ought not to be planted nearer in some cases of vertigo, in paralytic and arthritic disorders.
sixty feet high :

than twelve feet apart, nor should they be so near where the Given in large doses, it has been found a remedy for intermit-
plantation is more than
three rows deep ; then eighteen or tents ; but it is said, in some instances, to have produced
The berries are excellent
twenty feet will be quite near enough, especially where the
fatal consequences in this disorder.

trees are designed to have the branches feathered near the against all coldnesses and crudities at the stomach. They
ground, which one of their chief beauties consists. Native
in give an appetite in such cases, and help digestion ; they are
of mountains in various parts of Europe, and the north of also good for dizziness of the head, in obstructions of the
Asia, in places watered by alpine rills. liver, and against the colic. We
frequently neglect things
24. Pinus Alba; White Spruce Fir Tree. Leaves solitary, as medicines that we use for food ; but there are few things
four-cornered, the lateral ones curved in branches almost ; of kind so strong as Pepper, when taken alone, and on an
its

naked beneath; cones subcylindrical. See the twenty-second empty stomach. The following is a brief account of the
species for farther particulars. method of planting and cultivating the Pepper vines, at Telli-
25. Pinus Orientalis; Oriental Fir Tree. Leaves solitary, cherry on the Malabar coast. They are planted in low firm
four-cornered. Native of the Levant. ground. In the beginning of June, when the rain falls inces-
26. Pinus Fraseri : Double Balsam Fir. Leaves solitary, santly, at the foot of a Jack, Mango, Cajou, Murica, or any
erect; cones ovate-oblong, erect; bracteoles elongate, reflex, other tree, the bark of which is rough and prickly, they dig
oblong-cuneate, emarginate, slightly mucronate, inciso-denti- a hole one foot deep, six inches in length and breadth, and
culate. Grows on the high mountains of Carolina, and on into this hole put a piece taken from the extremity of one of
the broad mountains of Pennsylvania > the branches of a Pepper vine. They then fill it up with
27. Pinus Taxifolia ; NootkaFir. Leaves solitary; planes earth, taking care that no water shall have access to the plant.
subdistich; cones oblong; anthers didymous. Grows on the In the month of July, the roots are found to extend them-
banks of the river Columbia, and on the north-west coast of selves, and the sprouts appear on the surface, and are tied to
America. This elegant and tall tree has some resemblance the tree, when a circular bank of earth is thrown up round
to the Pinus Canadensis, but the leaves are more than twice them, that they may enjoy the moistness of the water, which re-
the length, and entire; the cones also are longer, and dif- mains on the ground, and be thereby kept from being inflamed
ferently shaped. by the heats, which last till October. When the rains are over,
Piper; a genus of the class Diandria, order Trigynia. they cover the roof of the vine with fresh leaves, it matters
GENERIC CHARACTER. Galix: spathe none, perfect; spa- not from what tree, if they do but possess a cooling quality.
dix filiform, quite simple, covered with florets ; perianth When the ground is too dry, they water it morning and even-
none. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta none ; antheree ing, but only twice in eight days when they find it perfectly
two, opposite, at the root of the germen, roundish. Pistil : cool. They plant five or six sprigs at the foot of the same
germen larger, ovate ; style none ; stigma three-fold, hispid. tree,taking particular care that they do not touch one another.
Pericarp: berry roundish, one-celled. Seed: single, globu- Ten days after the rains are set in, they remove the leaves
lar. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix none. Corolla: : that cover the root of the vine, pull up the neighbouring grass,
none. Berry one-seeded.
: The species are, and demolish the circular bank of earth made to contain the
1
Piper Nigrum
. Black Pepper. ; Leaves ovate, com- water, that none may remain at the foot of the tree. This
monly seven-nerved, smooth; petioles quite simple. Stem they repeat in the month of August; and cherish the vines in
shrubby, very long, round, smooth, jointed, swelling towards this manner for three years. It must be observed, that the
each joint, slender, branched, scandent or
trailing, rooting at foot of the vines should be covered every year in the manner
the joints ; flowers sessile, lateral, and terminating in simple before mentioned. If the vine should be once overpowered
longish spikes, opposite to the leaves ; berry globular, of a by heat, it will begin to languish, and produce no fruit; so
red brown colour. The
necessary to follow the preceding instructions.
It
grows spontaneously in the East Indies that it is
and Cochin-china, and is cultivated with such success in Ma- leaves ought likewise to be removed in the month of June,
lacca, Java, and especially Sumatra, that it is exported from to prevent the white ant from eating the root of the vine, those
thence, and from Cochin-china, to every part of the world, vermin being much given to eat the leaves, which the rain
wherever a regular commerce has been established. White draws into the ground, and thereby come to the roots of the
Pepper was formerly supposed to be of a different species vine, which they prey upon likewise. Observe also that the
from Black; it is however nothing more than the vine its native countries is not too much affected
ripe berries Pepper in
deprived of their skin, by steeping them about a fortnight in by the heat of the sun, on account of the proximity of water.
water, and afterwards drying them in the sun. The berries It isnever planted at the foot of trees with smooth barks,
also that fall
ground when over-ripe, lose their outer
to the as would soon fall to the ground. All the plants of this
it
coat, and are sold as an inferior sort of White
Pepper. Black genus require a warm stove to preserve them in England.
Pepper is the hottest and strongest, and therefore most com- They may be propagated by seeds, if seeds can be procured
monly used for medicinal as well as culinary purposes. It fresh from the countnes where they grow naturally. They
differs from most of the other should be sown upon a good hot-bed in the spring, and
species in this, that its pungency
resides not in the volatile the plants come up, and are fit to transplant, they
parts or essential oil, but in a sub- when
stance of a more fixed kind, which does not rise in should be each put into a separate small pot filled with light
the, heat
of boiling water. This fixed substance is probably the resin- fresh earth, and replunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark,
ous part: the aromatic odorous matter seems to
depend upon shading them every day till they have taken fresh root; then
the essential oil. The distilled oil smells of the strongly they must be treated in the same way as other tender exotic
Pepper, but has very little acrimony; and the remaining plants, admitting fresh air to them daily, in proportion
to
VOL. ii. 94.
4Q
 336 P IP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PIP
the warmth of the season, to prevent them from drawing up It has several trunks eight feet high, two inches in dia-
weak ; and when the nights are cold, the glasses of the hot- meter at the base, upright, jointed, knobbed, ash-coloured ;
bed should be covered with mats to keep them warm. As branches numerous, round, swelling at the joints. Native
the stalks of most of these plants are tender when young, country unknown.
they should not have much wet, which would rot them; and 9. Piper Amalago ;
Rough-leaved Pepper. Leaves lan-
when water is given to them, it must be with caution not to ceolate-ovate, five-nerved, wrinkled. This is a shrub, from
beat down the plants for when that is done, they seldom
;
three to ten feet in height ; stem even ; branches dichoto-
rise again. In autumn they must be plunged into the tan- mous, jointed, subdivided, round, brownish green flowers;

bed of the bark-stove, and be sparingly watered in winter. clustered. Browne calls it SmalWgrained Black Pepper, and
They require the same warmth as the Coffee Tree and in ;
says that it grows very common in most of the hilly parts of
summer should have a large share of air in hot weather, but Jamaica, looking very bushy, and spreading on account of
must be constantly kept in the stove. its tender flexile branches ;it
begins to divide very near the
2. Piper Betle ; Betel. Leaves somewhat oblong, acu- root, and rises in tufts, frequently to the height of six or eight
minate, seven-nerved ; petioles two-toothed. Stem shrubby, feet or more. He used it for many months, and could not
manifold, very long, trailing, and rooting at the joints ; perceive any sensible difference between it, and that of the
spikes slender, solid. Native of the East Indies. It is the East, either in cookery or seasoning. The berries differ from
leaf of this species of Pepper plant which is called Betlc or the Black Pepper of the East Indies only in size, being sel-
Betel, and serves to inclose a few slices or bits of the Areca, dom bigger than a large Mustard seed ; but the taste and
(thence erroneously called the Betel-nut;) these, together with flavour is in every respect the same. It should be picked
a little chunam or shell-lime, are what the southern Asiatics when full grown before it ripens ; for, like the Pimento and
so universally chew to sweeten the breath, and strengthen the other spicy grains, it grows soft and succulent by maturity,
stomach: the lower class of people there use it, as the Euro- and loses its pungent flavour : it may then be dried in the
pean rabble do tobacco, to keep off the calls of hunger. sun, like the Pimento, and left adhering to the spikes, which
The consumption of it, like that of tobacco in Europe, is so seem to have the same flavour and pungency with the grain
great as to form a considerable branch of commerce ; the itself, and are as easily ground in the mill. The leaves and
Asiatics deem it the height of ill breeding to address a supe- tender shoots are used in discutient baths and fomentations,
rior without having some of it in their mouth ; and this, as and sometimes are pounded and applied to foul ulcers : the
it does not poison one, nor disgust the other, like the
filthy root is warm, and may be successfully administered as a reso-
weed to which civilized nations resort, is not without a lutive, sudorific, or diaphoretic ; but it aaswers best in infu-
plausible excuse. The worst effects it produces, is that of sions or light decoctions, which may be varied in strength
destroying the teeth; to which chewing and smoaking tobacco as occasion requires. There is no deobstruentof this nature
also essentially contribute, though they are more speedily that answers better in dropsies, or lighter obstructions from
ruined by the Betel, or rather by the lime that is always clammy toughness or inertion. Native of Jamaica, Hispa-
used with it. The women of Canara, on the Malabar coast, niola, and Barbadoes.
stain their teeth black with antimony, which preserves them 10. Piper Siriboa. Leaves cordate, commonly seven-
good to old age; while the men, who are great Betel-chewers, nerved, veined; stems hollow, shrubby, about four feet high,
seldom retain theirs they have reached their prime.
till divided into many small branches. The spikes come out
3. Piper Cubeba; Cubebs. Leaves obliquely ovate, or from the side of the branches. Native of the East Indies
oblong, veined, acute ; spike solitary ; peduncles opposite to and New Caledonia.
the leaf; fruits pedicelled. This is a very smooth shrub, 1 1 . Piper Excelsum. Leaves orbicular-cordate, commonly
with a jointed flexuose stem. Native of the woods in the seven-nerved peduncles terminating, solitary, bifid
;
stem
;

island of Java, and of Sierra Leone. arboreous. Native of New Zealand.

4. Piper Clusisefolium. Leaves obovate, blunt, veined; 12. Piper Lon gum ; Long Pepper. Leaves cordate, peti-
spike solitary, terminating. Stem perennial, thicker than a oled, and sessile; stems shrubby, round, smooth, branched,
slender, climbing, but not to any considerable height flow-
quill, branched, a foot high, at first upright, but afterwards
;

becoming decumbent from the weight of leaves and branches, ers small, in short dense terminating spikes, which are
and throwing out roots from the joints ; by which perhaps nearly cylindrical. The berries are very small, and lodged
in its native soil it fastens itself to trees. The whole plant is in a pulpy matter : like those of Black Pepper, they are first
smooth. Native of the West Indies. green, and become red
when ripe : they are hottest to the
5. Piper Capense ; Cape Pepper. Leaves ovate, nerved, taste in the immature state, and are therefore gathered whilst
to a blackish
acuminate; nerves villose. It is distinguished from the other green, and dried in the sun, where they change
larger species of the genus, which it resembles very much, or dark grey colour. Dr. Cullen observes, that Long Pepper
by having the veins of the leaves villose on the lower surface. has the same qualities with the Black, but in a weaker degree.
Native of the Cape. Native of the East Indies, especially of Java, Malabar, and
6. Piper Malamiris. Leaves ovate, sharpish, rugged un- Bengal.
13. Piper Methysticum; Intoxicating Pepper, or Ava, or
'
derneath nerves five, raised underneath
; stems round, stri-
;

ated, twining. "Native of both Indies. Kava. Leaves cordate, acuminate, many-nerved ; spikes
7. Piper Discolor. Leaves broad, ovate, five-nerved, very axillary, solitary, very short, peduncled, spreading very
smooth, discoloured on the hinder part; spikes more lax; much stem dichotomous, spotted, attaining the height of a
;

florets more remote. This is a shrub a fathom in height, fathom. The root of this plant bruised, or more frequently
with alternate, erect, subdivided, jointed, round, smooth chewed in the mouth and mixed with the saliva, yields that
to
branches. Native of the high mountains of Jamaica, where nauseous, hot, intoxicating juice, which is so acceptable
it is found
flowering in autumn. It varies with leaves atte- the natives of the South Sea Islands, and is spoken of with
nuated at the base, and blunt ovate-oblique. such just detestation by our voyagers. They pour the liquor
8. Piper Medium. Leaves ovate, acuminate, oblique, sub- of the Cocoa-nut, or pure water, into it; but the less it i
cordate at the base, five-nerved ;
spikes axillary, nodding. diluted,the more this acrid, poisonous, and nauseous beverage,
 PIP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P IP 337

is esteemed among the chiefs, to whom the use of it is mostly ceolate-ovate, oblique at the base, smooth, shining. This
also is a shrub, the height of a man, very much branched,
confined, because they become intoxicated, and then fall asleep
the sooner. The consequences of a free use of this most with a smooth round trunk; flowers very much crowded.
disgusting liquor are described as dreadful. The eyes and It flowers in spring. Native of the mountain-woods of
the whole body are inflamed, the skin becomes parched up, Jamaica.
exfoliates in scales, and throws out leprous ulcers, till at 23. Piper Pellucidum; Pellucid-leaved Pepper. Leaves
length decay and consumption ensue : and yet even those cordate, petioled ; stem herbaceous ; stalks succulent seven
who are accustomed to it cannot take the nauseous draught or eight inches high. The spikes of flowers come out at the.
without making wry faces, and their limbs quaking with end of the stalks ; they are slender, about an inch long, and
horror. In Otaheite it is called Ava ; in the Friendly and straight ; the flowers are very small and sessile, appear in
Sandwich Islands Kava, with a strong aspiration. It is dili- July, and are succeeded by very small berries, each con-
It is annual, and a native of
gently cultivated in all the islands of the South Sea, except taining a small seed like dust.
the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. The ground is dug South America and the West India islands, where it is found
over several times, and well-cleared from weeds, and then on the gravelly banks of torrents and rivers, being fond of
manured with shell or coral lime. moisture. In Martinico they eat the leaves as salad, with
14. Piper Latifolium; Broad-leaved Pepper. Leaves lettuce alone, with oil and vinegar, and call it Cresson, but
orbicular, cordate, nine-nerved ; spikes axillary, aggregate, its smell and taste are too powerful for most Europeans.

peduncled. This has none of the intoxicating qualities of the It flowers from April to September, and, if the seeds are per-

preceding, though it is a native of the Society and Friendly mitted to scatter, the plants will come up without trouble ;
Islands, of the New Hebrides, and in short of almost all the or, if the seeds be saved, and sown upon a hot-bed in the
islands of the South Sea within the tropics. spring, the plants will rise easily. Transplant them after-
15. Piper Decumanum ; Plantain-leaved Pepper. Leaves wards into separate pots, and plunge them into a hot-bed of
cordate, nine-nerved, netted; stems several, shrubby, upright, tanner's bark, treating them as other tender plants; but they
branched, smooth, a little knobbed, the height of a man or should not have much water.
more, an inch and upwards in thickness at the base when ; 24. Piper Alpinum. Herbaceous stem erect, nearly
:

old, brown; when young, green. When adult, it throws out simple leaves ovate, roundish, acute, veinless underneath
; ;

roots from the joints. It has an aromatic smell, but an un- pikes axillary. Native of the highest mountains of Jamaica,
pleasant taste. Native of t"he Caraccas. where it flowers in February and March.
16. Piper Retictilatum Netted-leaved Pepper.
; Leaves 25. Piper Hispidulum. Herbaceous, almost upright :

cordate, seven-nerved, netted stem round, upright, smooth, leaves roundish, petioled, very thin, rough-haired above.
;

a fathom high. The spikes come out from the side of the Roots small, capillary, divided, whitish stem two or three ;

branches opposite to the leaves; they are slender, and about inches high, jointed, diffused, round, striated, smooth, pel-
five inches long, a little
bending in the middle, and are lucid, succulent, brittle. The taste is bitter, not aromatic.
closely set with very small herbaceous flowers. Native of It is an annual plant, and flowers early in spring. Native of
Jamaica, Martinico, Hispaniola, and Brazil. Jamaica, in moist woods on the Blue mountains.
17. Piper Aduncum ;
Hooked-spiked Pepper. Leaves 26. Piper Tenellum. Herbaceous, simple, decumbent :

oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequal at the base, veined; spikes leaves -distich, ovate, veinless, ciliate at the edge; spike
solitary, axillary, uncinate. Stems several, shrubby, round, ascending. Root small, annual, simple, filamentose stem ;

knobbed at the joints, smooth, an inch and more in thickness, three or four inches high flowers very minute berry on a
; ;

branched, ash-coloured, upright, eight feet high. The spikes pedicel, three times as long as the germen, containing one
of flowers come out from the side of the branches,
opposite seed; when ripe it is the size of a small pin's head, 'of a
the leaves ;
they are slender, five inches long, and incurved, blackish colour, and of an aromatic flavour. Native of Ja-
closely set with flowers their whole length. It is called maica on the cooler mountains, on trunks of trees, especially
Spanish Alder in Jamaica, where it is a native, as also of such as are rotten, hanging down among the mess, and
Barbadoes, St. Domingo, and the Caraccas. flowering in summer.
18. Piper
Macrophyllum. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acumi- 27. Piper Acuminatum. Herbaceous leaves lanceolate-:

nate, smooth, unequal at the base, veined petioles appen- ovate, nerved, fleshy; stem almost upright.
;
Native of South
dicled; spikes axillary, solitary; stem round, striated. It is America, in moist woods, commonly on the trunks of rotten
a large shrub, two fathoms high. Native of the West Indies. trees.
19. Piper Geniculatum; Jointed
Pepper. Leaves oblong, 28. Piper Blandum. Leaves in threes, lanceolate, acu-
acuminate, oblique, many-nerved, smooth; stem and branches minate, three-nerved, ciliate, dotted underneath stem a ;

jointed. Stem subdivided towards the top, round, smooth, foot and half high. Native of the Caraccas.
about twelve feet high. Native of the Subherbaceous leaves lanceo-
stony woods of 29. Piper Amplexicaule. :

Jamaica. late-ovate, embracing, nerved, fleshy; stem simple. This

20. Piper Verrucosum Warted Pepper. Arborescent: species is easily distinguished by the leaves embracing the
;

leaves oblong, acuminate, Native of Jamaica and other West India islands, on
obliquely many-nerved, veined, stem.
smooth, coriaceous ; stem and branches warted. This tree rotten trees, and among the remains of those which have
is from fifteen to
twenty feet high, distinguished from its fallen.
congeners by its habit, its warted stem and branches, and 30. Piper Pallidum. Leaves alternate, obovate, commonly
its
large coriaceous leaves. Native of the interior of Jamaica, three-nerved; spikes solitary, subtcrminating. Native of the
where it is found on calcareous rocks. Isles.
Society
21. Piper Hispidum; Leaves ovate, 31. Piper Obtusifolium ; Blunt-leaved Pepper. Leaves
Hairy-leaved Pepper.
acuminate, oblique, hirsute, wrinkled, nerved, alternate, obovate, nerveless. This sends out from the roots many
veined; spikes erect. Stem six feet high, upright, round, succulent herbaceous stalks, almost as large as a man's little
hirsute, hispid. Native of the cooler mountains of Jamaica. finger. The spike is straight, erect, and about the size of
22. Piper Nitidum ; Leaves Ian- a goose-quill, closely covered with small flowers, which
Shining-leaved Pepper.
338 P IP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P I P

require a glass to be discerned: the whole spike much resem- smooth ; spike terminating, soli-,
four, elliptic, three nerved,
bles the tail of a lizard, which led Plumier to call it Sau- tary stem spotted. Native of Venezuela.
;

rurus. It flowers from April to September; and is a native 45. Piper Polystachyon Many-spiked Pepper. ; Leaves
of South America and the West Indies. It rarely produces in whorls, rhomb-ovate, quite entire, petioled, three-nerved,
seeds in England, but increases very fast by the stalks, which pubescent root perennial, creeping. The whole plant has
;

put out roots, as do many other species: it should have little an unpleasant taste, but hardly any smell. Native of the
water, especially in winter. If the plants be plunged into West Indies.
the tan-beds in the stove, the stalks will strike new roots into 46. Piper Quadrifolium. Leaves in fours, wedge-form,
the tan, and may be cut off to produce new plants. ovate, emarginate, subsessile ; stem erect. Native of South
32. Piper Retusuin. Leaves obovate, retuse. Native of America and Jamaica, on very lofty woody mountains.
the Cape of Good Hope. 47. Piper VerticiUatum ; Whorl-leaved Pepper. Leaves
33. Piper Glabellum. Herbaceous : leaves ovate, acu- in whorls four together, elliptic, blunt, three-nerved. Native
minate ; stem declined, rooting, very much branched. It is of Jamaica.
nearly allied to the twenty-seventh species, but differs in 48. Piper Stellatum ; Starry-leaved Pepper. Leaves in
having a weak stem, very much branched, somewhat creep- whorls, three, four, or five together, oblong, acuminate,
ing and rooting ; the leaves ovate-acuminate, less, and not three-nerved ; root simple, filamentose, whitish ; flowers very
so thick ; spikes smaller and shorter. It flowers in
spring. minute, green. Native of the mountain woods in Jamaica.
Native of the West Indies. 49. Piper Reflexum ; Reflex-leaved Pepper. Leaves in
34. Piper Serpens. Herbaceous : leaves roundish, acute, fours, rhombed, fleshy, reflex, and patulous ; stem creeping;

flat, discoloured ; stem creeping, Native of Jamaica, in roots filiform. Native of the East Indies, on the trunks of
rocky woods, among moss. old trees : found also at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the
35. Piper Cordifolium. Herbaceous : leaves obcordate, South Sea Islands.
50. Piper Pulchellum Small-leaved Pepper. Leaves in
petioled, plano-convex, fleshy ; stem creeping flowers very
; ;

minute, whitish. The whole plant has a sharp taste. It is fours, subsessile, oblong, nerveless, quite entire; stem round;
It flowers from July to September, and
very distinct from the others in the leaves. Native of Jamaica spikes terminating.
in old woods, and upon decaying trees. is a native of Jamaica.
36. Piper Nummularifolium. Herbaceous leaves orbi-
: 51. Piper Filiforme. Herbaceous :. leaves linear, blunt,
cular, concavo-convex ; stem filiform, creeping, rooting. the uppermost in whorls; stem filiform, creeping; roots capil-
Native of the interior of Jamaica, on old trees. lary.
Willdenow observes that .it is very nearly related to
37. Piper Rotundifolium. Herbaceous leaves roundish,
: the preceding species. Native of Jamaica, among the mosa
flat, fleshy ; stem filiform, creeping ; spikes terminating, at the roots of trees on high mountains.
shortly peduncled, round, solitary, small. Jacquin observes 52. Piper Ovatum. Leaves ovate, veined, many-nerved,
that the leaves are greasy to the touch, of a bright green, equal at the base; berries pedicelled, distant; branches even.
with a peculiarly fragrant reviving odour, entitling them to Native of Trinidad.
be ranked among the aromatics and cephalics, and which 53. Piper Caudatum. Leave? cordate, nine-nerved, veined,
they retain for several years when dried; he has seen a distil- smooth, attenuated, with a deep sinus at the base; stem
Native of Brazil.
led water from them, yielding the pleasant scent of the plant. shrubby, round, smooth, even.
Native of Jamaica and Martinico, in close moist woods, 54. Piper Rugosum. Leaves ovate-oblong, veined, smooth,
netted underneath; branches even;
covering the entire mossy trunks of old trees, and on stones nearly equal at the base,
covered with moss. .
petioles simple.
Found in Cayenne.
38. Piper Maculosum. Leaves peltate, ovate. Native of 55. Piper .ZEquale. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, veined,
Dominica. attenuated, equal at the base, smooth branches even, knee- ;

39. Piper Peltatum. Leaves peltate, orbicular, cordate, jointed. Found in the island of Montserrat.
blunt, repand ; spikes umbelled. It is 56. Piper Preemorsum. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic, atte-
readily distinguished
by its large peltate leaves. Native of Jamaica and Do- nuated, smooth, shorter on one side at the base; spikes re-
minica. curved at top. Native of Surinam.
40. Piper Subpeltatum. Leaves subpeltate, orbicular-cor- 57. Piper Obovatum. Leaves in threes, petioled, obovate,
branches diffused, root-
date, acuminate; spikes umbelled. Native of Amboyna and emarginate, smooth; stem creeping;
the size of a small packthread, alternate, except
Baley, in woods among the mountains. ing, smooth,
41. Piper Distachyon. Leaves ovate, acuminate spikes ; that sometimes the lowest are opposite, brown. It is sus-

Native of the mountains of Ja- be a Found in the island of Mont-

conjugate; stem rooting. pected to only variety.
maica, Hispaniola, and Dominica. serrat.
42. Piper Umbellatum Umbelled Pepper, or Santa Maria
;
58. Piper Microstachyum. Leaves oblong, acuminate,
Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, veined spikes equal at the base, veined underneath; spikes very short,
Leaf. ;

umbelled stem erect, grooved, pubescent root annual,

; ;
mucronate ; stem branched ;
branches dichotomous, round,
Native of the West Indies. Browne says it is very common striated above. Found
Cayenne. in
in the woods of Jamaica, and is seldom more than three or 59. Piper Grande. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, many-
four feet high; that the leaves are very large and round, and nerved, equal at the base and petioles branches striated, ;

smooth, the thickness of a goose-quill joints knobbed ;

Piso inter-
the foot-stalks embracing the stem at the insertion. ;

affirms the root to be a warm active remedy against poisons ; nodes three or four inches long flowers very minute. ;

and that a syrup is made of it in many parts of the sugar 60. Piper Scabrum. Leaves broad, ovate acuminate, ob-
colonies, which is much used by the inhabitants in colds erect. This is a shrub, five
lique, wrinkled, rugged ; spikes
and catarrhs. or six feet high stem upright, round, somewhat rugged.
;

43. Piper Trifolium ; Three-leaved Pepper. Leaves in Native of the mountains in the most temperate parts of
threes, roundish. Native of South America. Jamaica.
44. Piper Pereskisefolium. Leaves in whorhs of three or Piperidge Tree.
See Berberis.
 PIS OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P I S 339

Piscidia ; a genus of the class Diadeiphia, order Decan- Gsertner says, funnel-shaped. Stamina: five or six. Pistil:
ria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, one. Capsule: superior, one-celled, valveless; berry one-
bell-shaped, five-toothed ; the upper
teeth nearer. Corolla : seeded. Male and Female on the same, or on different
papilionaceous ; banner ascending, emarginate ; wings the plants. The species are,
Sta- Pisonia Aculeata; Prickly Pisonia.
length of the banner keel crescent-shaped, ascending.
1.
; Spines axillary,
mina: filamenta ten, uniting in a sheath, cloven above; an- spreading very much ; leaves ovate-acute at each end, smooth ;
therse oblong, incumbent. Pistil: germen pedicelled, com- calix of the fruit prickly. The male plants differ so much
acute. in appearance from the female, that those who have not seen
pressed, linear ; style filiform, ascending ; stigma
Pericarp : legume pedicelled, linear,
with four longitudinal them rise from the same seeds, would suppose they were dif-
membranaceous angles, one-celled, separated by double isth- ferent species. Jacquin describes it as an inelegant tree,
muses. Seeds : few, nearly subcylindric. ESSENTIAL CHA- with round reclining branches, wanting support. He ob-
RACTER. Stigma: acute. Legume: winged four ways. served many plants of this species about Kingston in Jamaica,
The species are, where they are abundant, and always traced the hermaph-
l.f Piscidia Erythrina; Jamaica Dogwood Tree. Leaves rodite and female flowers to different individuals. Browne
pinnate; leaflets ovate. It rises with a stem to the height of declares, that the flowers are very various being sometimes ;

twenty-five feet or more, almost as large as a man's body, hermaphrodite on every branch, sometimes male in one branch
covered with a light-coloured smooth bark, and sending out and female in another, and sometimes male, female, and her-
several branches without order at the top. Flowers of a dirty maphrodite, on the different parts of the same plant; but
white colour, succeeded by oblong pods, which have four lon- most commonly they are all of one kind. It is a strong
gitudinal wings, and are jointed between the cells. It is a
withy climber, the main trunk being sometimes no less than
native of Jamaica, by road sides, on dry chalky hills. five or six inches in diameter; but this is
It
generally in the
flowers about May or June, and throws out all its blossoms woods, where it is supported by the neighbouring trees. It is
before the appearance of the foliage, but the leaves appear cut for hoops, when there is a scarcity of other wood. In
soon afterwards. The bark of the root is used for the same Jamaica, they call it Cockspur, or Fingrigo. It is
very com-
purpose as the leaves and branches of the Surinam poison. mon in the savannas and other low parts of that island, as
It is
pounded, and mixed with the water in some deep and also in several others, where it is very troublesome to who-
convenient part of a river or creek, whence it may spread ever passes through the places of their growth, fastening itself
itself; and in a few minutes the fish float on the surface as if by its strong crooked thorns to the clothes ; and the seeds
they were dead most of the larger recover after a time, but
:
being glutinous and burry, also fasten themselves to whatever
the smaller fry are destroyed. The eel is not intoxicated touches them ; so that the wings of the ground doves and
with common doses, though it is affected very sensibly; for other birds, are often so loaded with the seeds as to prevent
the moment the partides spread where it lies, it moves off their flying, through which they become an easy
prey. It is
with great agility. Jacquin observes, that this quality of preserved for curiosity in European gardens, where i't is pro-
intoxicating fish is found in many other American plants. pagated by seeds, which should be sown in pots filled with
This is generally considered at Jamaica as one of the best light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark ;

timber trees in the island the wood is very hard and resin-
; and when the plants come up, they should be transplanted
ous, and is of a light brown colour, coarse, cross-grained, and into separate pots, and plunged into the hot-bed again, where
It makes excellent
heavy. piles for wharfs, and the stakes they may remain .till Michaelmas ; when they should be
soon form a good live fence. The bark of the trunk is very removed into the stove, plunged into the bark-bed, and
restringent; a decoction of it stops the immoderate discharge treated in the same manner as has been directed for tender
of ulcers, especially when it is combined with the Mangrove plants from the same country; observing to give them plenty
bark; it cures the mange in dogs; and would probably answer of water in hot weather, but only a small quantity in winter.
well for tanning leather. Both it and the next species are They are too tender to thrive in the open air of this country
equally propagated by seeds, when they can be obtained fresh at any season of the year, and should be constantly kept in
from the countries where they naturally grow, for they rarely the bark-stove. They retain their leaves most part of the
flower in Europe. The seeds must be sown upon a good year in England.
hot-bed in the spring, and when the plants come up, and are 2. Pisonia Subcordata. Unarmed: leaves cordate, round-
fit to
transplant, they should be each planted in a small pot, ish ; ; angles muricate at
fruits dry, subclavate, five-cornered
filled with light earth, and Native of Antigua, &c.
plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's the tip.
bark, and afterwards treated in the same way as the other 3. Pisonia Nigricans. Unarmed leaves ovate-acuminate;
:

tender exotics of the same kind. flowers cymed, erect; calix of the fruit pulpy, smooth. It is
2. Piscidia Carthaginensis. Leaflets obovate. It differs a small tree, without thorns, upright, twelve, and sometimes
from the preceding, in being double the size in all its parts.
twenty feet in height, with a trunk five inches in diameter ;

Native of the West Indies. when it grows in thick coppices, it acquires an inelegant
Pisonia; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Dioecia or, ; habit, not much unlike the first species. The berry is soft,
according to Swartz, of the class Heptandria, order Mono- black, containing a whitish pulp, which is often wanting,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: scarcely being probably eaten by insects, for it is always found in the
any. Corolla: one-petalled, bell-shaped, five-cleft; segments, unripe fruit. Native of Jamaica.
acute, patulous. Stamina: filamenta five, six, or seven, awl- 4. Pisonia Coccinea. Unarmed: leaves lanceolate-ovate;
shaped ; antheree roundish, twin. Pistil: germen oblong; peduncles terminating, loose; flowers nodding; fruits ber-
style short; stigma pencil-shaped. Female. Calix and Co- ried. Native of Hispaniola.
rolla, as in the male. Pistil: germen oblong ; style simple, 5. Pisonia Grandis; Superb Pisonia. Stem arboreous;
cylindrical, longer than the corolla, erect ; stigmas bifid. leaves oblong, pointed, smooth cymes compound flowers
; ;

Pericarp: berry oval, often five-cornered, valveless, one- polygamous stamens from seven to nine calix of the fruit
; ;

celled. Seed: single, smooth, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHA- prickly. Found by Brown in the tropical part of New
RACTER. Calix: scarcely any. Corolla: bell-shaped, or, as Holland.
VOL. ii. 94. 4R
340 PI S THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PIS
Pistacia a genus of the class Dioecia, order Pentandria. several places, during the month of
;
July, leaving a space of
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix ; ament loose, about three inches between the wounds from these the tur-
;

scattered, composed of small one-flowered scalelets; perianth pentine received on stones, upon which it becomes so much
is

proper, five-cleft, very small. Corolla: none. Stamina: fila- condensed by the coldness of the night, as to admit of being
menta five, very small
antherse ovate, four-cornered, erect,
; scraped off with a knife, which is always done before sun-rise.
patulous, large. Female on a separate
plant. Calix: ament In order to free it from all extraneous admixture, it is
again
none ; perianth trifid, very small. Corolla : none. Pistil : liquefied by the sun's heat, and passed through a strainer,
germen ovate, larger than the calix ; styles three, reflex ; after which it is fit- for use. The quantity produced is very
Stigmas thickish, hispid. Pericarp : drupe dry, ovate. Seed: inconsiderable; four large trees, sixty years old, only yielding
nut ovate, smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male: an two pounds nine ounces and six drachms: but in the eastern
ament. Calix: five-cleft. Corolla: none. Female: dis- parts of Cyprus and Chio the trees afford somewhat more,
tinct. Calix: trifid. Corolla none. :
Styles : two. Drupe: though still so little as to render it very costly ; and on this
one-seeded. The species are, account it is commonly adulterated, especially with other
1. Pistacia. Officinarum Pistachio, Tree, or Pistachia-nut
;
turpentines. The best Chio turpentine is generally about the
Tree. Leaves simply ternate and pinnate; leaflets oval. consistence of thick honey, very tenacious, clear, and almost
In the Levant it grows to the height of twenty-five or thirty transparent, white inclining to yellow, and of a fragrant smell,
feet: the bark of the stem and old branches is of a dark rus- moderately warm to the taste, but free from acrimony and
set colour, but that of the
young branches is of a light brown. bitterness. For the medicinal qualities of turpentine, see
The male puts forth its flowers first; and some gardeners Pinus Larix. This tree is as hardy as the first species, and
pluck them whilst yet shut, dry them, and afterwards sprinkle may be treated in the same manner : it has often survived
the pollen over the female tree but the method usually fol-
:
very severe winters.
lowed in Sicily, when the trees are far asunder, is to wait till 5. Pistacia Atlantica. Leaves deciduous, unequally pin-
the female buds are open, and then to gather bunches of nate; leaflets lanceolate, somewhat waved, petioled, winged.
male blossoms ready to blow ; these are stuck into a pot of This is a large tree, with a thick, wide, roundish head. From
moist mould, and hung upon the female tree, till they are the bark of the trunk and branches, at different seasons of
quite dry and empty. Native of Persia, Arabia, Syria, and the year, but especially in summer, there flows a resinous
India. -It is propagated by the nuts, which are obtained juice which hardens in the air, and is of a pale yellow colour,
from abroad, and planted in the spring, in pots filled with an aromatic smell, and a taste that is not unpleasant. This
light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a moderate is
scarcely to be distinguished from the Oriental Mastich,and
kot-bed when the plants appear, admit a large share of air
: is known by the same name among the Moors. It is inspis-
to them, to prevent their
drawing up weak; and by degrees sated into lamellae round the branehlets, or into irregular
harden them to bear the open air, to which expose them globules, differing in thickness and shape, frequently as big
from the beginning of June till autumn, when they should as the end of the finger or thumb, some of which drop from
be placed under a hot-bed frame to screen them from the the tree, and are found scattered on the ground. The Arabs
frost in winter; for while
they are young they are too tender cotlect this substance in autumn and winter, and make the
to live through the winter in
England without protection, same use of it as of the Mastich from Scio, chewing it to give
but they should always be exposed to the air in mild wea- a pleasant smell to the mouth, and brightness to the teeth.
ther. These plants shed their leaves in autumn, and there- At the foot of Mount Atlas, this is the largest tree which
fore should not have much wet in winter and in the
spring,
; grows there ; but the resinous juice is softer, and of a much
before the plants begin to shoot,
they must be transplanted less pleasant smell and taste, than that which flows from the
each into a separate small pot; and if they be plunged into trees of the desert, which is probably occasioned by the cli-
a very moderate hot-bed, it will forward their putting out mate being cooler, and the soil more moist and fertile. The
new roots ; but as soon as they begin t<.< shoot they must leaves have frequently round red galls on them, resembling
be gradually hardened, and placed abroad again they : berries. The Moors eat the drupes, and bruise them to mix with
may be kept in pots three or four years till they have got their dates. Native of Barbary, at the foot of mountains.
strength, during which time they should be sheltered in win- 6. Pistacia Lentiscus ; Mastich Tree. Leaves abruptly
ter and afterwards they may be turned out of the pots, and
;
pinnate; leaflets lanceolate. It rises to the height of eighteen

planted in the full ground, some against high walls to a warm or twenty feet, the trunk being covered with a grey bark, send-
aspect, and others in a sheltered situation, where they will ing out many branches, which have a reddish brown bark.
bear the cold of our ordinary winters very well, but in severe The male flowers come out in loose clusters from the sides
frosts they are often
destroyed. The trees flower and pro- of the branches, are of an herbaceous colour, appear in May,
duce fruit in England, but our summers are not. sufficiently and soon fall they are generally on different plants from
:

warm to ripen the nuts. the fruits, which also grow in clusters, and are small berries
2. Pistacia Narbonensis. Leaves pinnate and ternate, sub- of a black colour when ripe. It is a native of the south of
orbiculate. Native of Mesopotamia and Armenia. Europe and the Levant. Desfontaines informs us that it is
3. Pistacia Vera. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets sub- very common in Barbary, both wild on the hills and cult>>
ovate, recurved. This, as well as the second species, is pro- vated in gardens but that it is little, if at all, resinous,
;

bably a mere variety of the first, and of course a native of though the branches and trunk were wounded at different
the same countries. seasons of the year ; that the wood, however, yields an aro-
4. Pistacia Terebinthus; Common matic smell in burning ; and that the berries yield an oil fit
Turpentine Tree. Leaves
unequally pinnate leaflets ovate, lanceolate.
; It is a low both for the and the table. In the island of Chio the
lamp
thick shrub, the trunk and branches rugged, and bent in all officinalMastich is obtained most abundantly by making trans-
directions. The flowers form branching catkins at the verse incisions into the bark of the tree, whence the mastich
JWJJs of the leaves, and are reddish the wood is odorous and
; exudes in drops, which are suffered to run down to the
balsamic. The Cyprus or Chian turpentine, which this tree ground, and after they are concreted they are collected
for

furnishes, is
procured by wounding the bark of the trunk in use. The. incisions are made at, the beginning of August;
 PI S OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P I S 341

when the weather is very dry, and are continued till the end Pericarp : capsule ovate, compressed, 'one-celled. Seeds :
of September. Mastich is a resinous substance, imported into very many, oblong, depressed at the top, and there umbi-
licated with a dot, inserted
England in small, yellowish, transparent, brittle grains or horizontally to the back of the
tear,s ; it has a light agreeable smell, especially
when rubbed capsule, where it adheres to the corolla. Observe. This
or heated : on being chewed, it first crumbles, soon after plant was placed by Linneus in the class Gynandria; but
sticks together, and becomes soft and white like wax, without Swartz, after Jacquin, has placed it better in that of Mon-
impressing any considerable taste. It totally dissolves, except adelphia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: none. Co-
the earthy impurities, which are commonly in no great quan- rolla: one-petalled, tongue-shaped, entire. Antheree: six or
tity,
in rectified spirit of wine, and then discovers a degree of eight, placed on the filamentum. Style: one. Capsule: one-
warmth and bitterness, and a stronger smell than that of the celled, at the bottom of the corolla. The species are,
resin in substance. Boiled in water, it impregnates the liquor 1. Pistia Stratiotes. This is a stemless floating elegant
with its smell, but gives out little or nothing of its substance: plant; roots many, a foot and half long, putting forth simple
distilled with water, it yields a small quantity of a limpid es- fibres from their circumference, an inch and half in
length.
sential oil, in smell very fragrant, in taste moderately pungent. Leaves various in number and size, according to the age of
Rectified spirit brings over also in distillation the more vola- the plant, (while it is in vigour, about twenty,) spreading out
tile odorous matter of the mastich. It is a common practice in a circle or like a rose, a foot in diameter
they are ob-
:

with the Turkish women to chew this resin, especially in the ovate, attenuated at the base, for the most part quite entire,
morning, not only to render their breath more agreeable, sometimes emarginate, sessile, patulous, lanuginose at the
but to whiten the teeth, and strengthen the gums ; they also base between the nerves, and ,on the upper surface villose,
mix it with their fragrant waters, and burn it with other thick, spongy, a little succulent, and therefore well adapted
for floating; but on the back, from a thicker,
odoriferous substances in the way of fumigations. European very large, and
japanners also employ it in some of their varnishes. As a subovate area, they push forth ascending, very thick, and
medicine, it is thought to be a mild corroborant and astrin- extremely prominent nerves. Flowers whitish, inodorous,
gent; and, as possessing a balsamic power, it has been recom- axillary, solitary, and erect, on a short peduncle. Adanson,
mended in haemoptysis proceeding from ulceration, fluor in hisHistory of Senegal, asserts that the primary root is fixed
albus, debility of the stomach, and in diarrhoeas and internal strongly into the bank. Jacquin did not attend to this cir-
ulcers. Chewing it has been also said to be of use in pains cumstance, but remarks, that in taking the plants out of the
of the teeth and gums, and in some catarrhal complaints. water, he never found any resistance ; though he does sug-
There is a variety called the Narrow-leaved Mastich Tree, gest that the young plant may be fixed at first, and after-
which rises to the same height, but differs in having a pair wards break loose. Native of Asia, Africa, South America,
or two of leaflets more to each leaf, which is much narrower, and the West Indian Islands, in stagnant waters and quiet
and of a paler colour. Native of the country about Mar- streams ; flowering in April.
seilles, and some other places in the south of Europe. 2. Pistia Spathulata. Leaves upon the petiole, abruptly
The plants of this species are generally propagated by laying, angustated, dilatated above, rotund-obtuse flowers white, ;

down their young branches, which, if properly managed, will axillary. Grows in Carolina.
put out, roots in one year, and may then be cut off from the Pisum; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria.
old plants, and each transplanted into separate small pots. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, five-
These must be sheltered in winter, and placed abroad in a cleft, acute, permanent; the two upper segments broadest.
sheltered situation, and treated in the same way as other Corolla: papilionaceous; standard very broad, obcordate,
hardy green-house plants. It may also be raised by seeds reflex, emarginate with a point; wings two, roundish, con-
in the same way as the others; but ifthe seeds be not taken verging, shorter than the standard keel compressed, semi-
;

from trees growing the neighbourhood of the male, they

in lunar, shorter than the wings. Stamina: filamenta in two dis-
will not grow ; and if they are kept out of the ground till tinct sets; one simple, superior, flat, awl-shaped and nine ;

spring, the plants rarely appear till the spring following. awl -shaped, below the middle united into a cylinder, which
When these plants have obtained strength, some of them is cloven at top; antherse roundish. Pistil: germen oblong,
may be turned out of the pots, and planted against warm compressed ;
style ascending, triangular, membranaceous,
walls, where, if their branches be trained against the walls, keeled, with the sides bent outwards stigma growing to the
;

they will endure ordinary winters very well, and may be pre- upper angle, oblong, villose.
Pericarp : legume large,
served with a little shelter when the winters are severe. long, roundish, or compressed downwards, with the top acu-
Pistia; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Oct- minate upwards, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds: several,
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : . none. Corolla: globular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Style: triangular,
one-petalled, unequal, erect, permanent; tube short, closely above keeled, pubescent. Calix : has the two upper seg-
embracing the germen ; border cordate, roundish, widened, ments broadest. -The species are,
acuminate, entire, contracted in the middle on both sides by 1. Pisum Sativum; Common Pea. Petioles round; sti-
a lateral plait bent inwards. Stamvta: filamentum round, pules rounded at bottom, and crenate ; peduncles many-
thick, blunt, springing almost perpendicularly from the centre flowered. Root annual, slender, fibrous; s f ems hollow whilst
.

of the border of the corolla, hanging, over the branched, smooth, weak, climbing by termi-
pistil, sur- young, brittle,
rounded at the base by a membranaceous disk, and augment- nating tendrils leaves abruptly pinnate, composed usually
;

ed below on both sides by a fringe hanging down, the width of of two pairs of leaflets, which are oval and smooth corolla ;

the antheree; anthers six to eight, globular, placed in a ring white, greenish white, purple, or variegated; legumes com-
round the margin of the filamentum at the top; (Swartz says, monly in pairs, about two inches long, of an oblong form,
hree to eight, and generally three only.) Pistil: germen smooth, swelling at the straight suture where the seeds are
subovate, twice as long as the tube of the corolla, fastened fastened, flatted next the other suture, which arches. espe-
to the back of the
petal by a longitudinal thickened line, cially towards the end; seeds from five or six to eight or
extending to the very origin of the filamentum style thick, ; nine, commonly globular, but in some varieties irregular, or
rect, shorter than the filamentum; stigma blunt, subpeltate. approaching to a cubic form, smooth, white, yellow, blue,
342 P IS THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PI S

gray, brown, or greenish, with a small oblong umbilicus. dung is equally levelled, then the earth, which should be
The colour of the whole plant is glaucous or hoary green, light and fresh, but not over-rich, must be laid on about six
from a white meal which covers it. It is said to be a native or eight inches thick, laying it
equally all over the bed.
of the south of Europe. Loureiro informs us that it is found This being done, the frames, which should be two or two
China and Cochin-china, but not frequently, and that it feet and a half high on the back
in
part, and about eighteen
does not appear to be indigenous, though, according toThun- inches in front, must be put on, and covered with
glasses :
berg, it is cultivated in most provinces of Japan. The fol- after which it should remain three or four
days to let the
lowing are the principal varieties of Garden Peas, arranged steam of the bed pass off, before you put the plants therein,
which they are gathered for the table:
in the order of time in observing every day to raise the glasses to give vent for the
1 . The Golden Hotspur. 2. The Charlton. 3. The Read- rising steam to pass off; then, when you find the bed of a
ing Hotspur. 4. Master's Hotspur. 5. Essex Hotspur, moderate temperature for heat, take up the plants with a
fi. The Dwarf Pea. 7. The Sugar Pea. 8. Spanish Mo- trowel or some other instrument, as
carefully as possible, to
rotto. 9. Nonpareil. 10. Sugar Dwarf. 11. Sickle Pea. preserve the earth to the roots, and plant them into the hot-
1 -2. Marrowfat. 13. Dwarf Marrowfat. 14. Rose or Crown bed, in rows about two feet asunder; and the plants should
Pea. 15, Rouncival Pea. 16. Gray Pea. 17. Pig Pea. be set about an inch distant from each other in the rows,
The Hotspurs, like the Hastings enumerated by Parkinson, observing to water and shade them until they have taken
have their names from their coming to bear early in the season. root ; after which you must be careful
to give them air at all
The six first varieties are of this' nature, and being low- times when favourable, otherwise they will draw
the season is

growers, require sticks only three or four feet high; and the up very weak, and be subject to grow mouldy, and decay.
Dwarf Pea not so much. New varieties of these are raised You should also draw the earth up to the shanks of the
almost every year, which, because they differ in some slight plants as they advance in height, and keep them always clear
particular, are sold at an advanced price ; but these are not from weeds. Water should be sparingly given, for if too
permanent, and without the greatest care will soon degene- much watered they grow rank, and sometimes rot off at their
rate. The Sugar and Crown Peas agree in the remarkable shanks just above ground. When the sun shines hot, cover
property of having no hard rigid lining to the legume, so the glasses with mats, otherwise their leaves will flag, and
that their pods may be boiled and eaten entire ; they have a their blossoms fall off, without producing pods as will also
;

sweet and agreeable flavour. Besides the above, we have the keeping the glasses too close at that season. But when the
early Charlton Hotspur, the early Golden Hotspur. Nichol- plants begin to fruit, they should be watered oftener, and in
son's earliestHotspur, &c. Of the larger Peas, from No. 1 to greater plenty than before, for by that time they will have
13 and 15, there are also several varieties; as, the Large and nearly done growing, and the often refreshing them will occa-
Dwarf Marrowfat the Large and Dwarf Sugar Pea the
; ;
sion their producing a greater plenty of fruit. The sort of
Green and White Rouncival Pea, &c. They all grow tall, Pea which is generally used for this purpose is the Dwarf, for
and require sticks from five to six, and even seven or eight all the other sorts ramble too much to be kept in frames :
Teet high. Besides the Common Rose or Crown Pea, there the reason for sowing them in the common ground, and after-
is a variegated one, the
Egg Pea the Cluster Pea the
; ;
wards transplanting them on a hot-bed, is also to check their
Large Gray Pea the Crooked Gray Pea and innumerable
; ; growth, and cause them to bear in less compass ; for if the
others, of those which are used in field culture. Mr. Miller seeds were sown upon a hot-bed, and the plants continued
has a perennial Pea, which he calls Pisum Americanum, or thereon, they would produce such luxuriant plants as are
Cape Horn Pea, from its having been brought by lord not to be contained in the frames, and would bear but little
Anson's cook when he passed that cape, where this Pea was fruit. Another method is, to sow them under a south wall at
a great relief to the sailors but it is not so good for eating
; the end of September. Put them very near the wall ; and
as the worst sort cultivated in England. It is a low
trailing when they peep out of the ground, cover them with earth as
plant there are two leaflets on each footstalk, those below
;
they advance, about an inch thick : in frost protect them
spear-shaped, and sharply indented on their edges, but the with pease-haulm, wheat-straw, or dry fern. About the end
tipper ones small and arrow-pointed the flowers are blue,
: of January, if the winter has been mild, the Peas will be some
each peduncle sustaining four or five of them; legumes taper, inches above ground then make a hot-bed in the manner
;

nearly three inches long; seeds round, about the size of directed for Cucumbers, except that the dung must be only
Tares. Propagation and Culture. It is a common practice two feet thick. Let the bed be four feet broad, and cover
with the gardeners in the neighbourhood of London, to raise it with ten inches of
light virgin earth. The frames should
Peas upon hot-beds, to have them very early in the spring ; be two feet high in the back, sloping to fifteen inches in front.
in order to which
they sow their Peas upon warm borders Having put these on the hot-bed, tilt up the glasses daily,
under walls or hedges, about the middle of October; and that the steam may pass off, and when the bed is become of
when the plants come up, they draw the earth up gently to a moderate temperature, take up the Peas with a ball of
their stems with a hoe, the better to
protect them from frost. earth to their roots, and plant them fourteen inches row from
In these places they let them remain till the latter end of row, and four inches plant from plant. Water them mode-
January or the beginning of February, if they be preserved rately at planting, but afterwards sparingly.
Shade the
from frost, observing to earth them up from time to time as beds from eleven until the sun is nearly off; and at the
the plants advance in height, as also to cover them in
very same time give them air in mild weather. Cover the dung
hard frosts with pease-haulm, straw, or some other light cover- which surrounds the frames with earth, that when the glasses
ing, to preserve them from being destroyed. TheYi, at the are tilted up to give air, the Peas may not be blighted with
time before-mentioned, they make a hot-bed, in
proportion the rancid steam of the Dwarf Peas, and some of
dung.
to the quantity of Peas intended. This bed must be made of the early Hotspurs, may also be sown in pots in September,
sinking the pots in the common earth; and when
hot frost sets
good dung, well prepared, and properly mixed together,
that the heat may not be too The dung should be the be set under cover in a green-house
great. strong in, pots may
laid about three feet thick, or somewhat
more, according as or glass-case. Make a border in front of the green-house, of
the be4s are made earlier or 'later in the season ; when the
good fresh earth; and about the beginning of December take
 P I S OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PI S 343

the Peas out of the pots, and plant them in the borders in three feet asunder, and the Peas should be dropped in the
drills about an inch distance, covering them about two
rows at three feet distance, and ten inches asunder in the
Give them air, and draw the inches deep with earth and taking care that none of them
rows, watering them gently. ;

Let them have a good portion of lie uncovered, as that would attract mice, rooks, and
earth up to their roots. pigeons,
water while in bloom: and a crop of Peas will be thus to plunder the whole spot; and through this neglect it often

obtained as early as the beginning of March. The next sort happens, that a whole plantation is devoured by these marau-
of Pea which is sown to succeed those on the hot-bed, is the ders, who could not find them out so easily when they are
reckoned three or four sorts; not left in sight. About a fortnight afterwards, sow another
Hotspur, of which there are
as the Golden Hotspur, the Charlton Hotspur, the Master's spot with any large sort of Pea, to succeed those, and then
and some others, which dif- continue to repeat sowing once a fortnight till the middle or
Hotspur, the Reading Hotspur,
fer little from each other except in their early bearing, for latter end of May, some of these kinds; only
observing to
which the Golden and Charlton Hotspurs are chiefly pre- allow the Marrowfats, and other very large sorts of Peas, at
ferred. If, however, any of these be
cultivated in the same least three feet and a half, or four feet, between row and

place for three

or four years, they are apt to degenerate, row; and the Rose Pea should be allowed at least eight 'or
and to be later in spring fruiting, for which reasons most ten inches' distance from plant to plant in the rows, for they
curious persons procure their seeds annually from some dis- grow very large; and if they have not room allowed them,
tant place; and in the choice of these seeds, if they could they will spoil each other by drawing up very tall, and will
be obtained, from a colder situation and a poorer soil than produce ,no fruit. When these plants come up, the earth
that in which they are to be sown, it will be much better should be drawn up to their shanks, as before directed,' and
than on the contrary, and they will come earlier in the spring. the ground kept entirely clear from weeds; and when the
These must also be sown on warm borders towards the latter plants are grown eight or ten inches high, you should stick
end of October. When the plants appear, draw the earth up some rough burrows of brush-wood into the ground, close
to their shanks in the manner before directed, which should to thePeas, for them to ramp upon, which will support
be continued as they advance in height, always observing to them from trailing upon the ground, which is very apt to rot
do it when the ground is dry. This will greatly protect the the large-growing sorts of Peas, especially in wet seasons;
stems of the plants against frost; and if the winter should besides, by thus supporting them the air can freely pass
prove very severe, it will be of great service to cover the between them, which will preserve the blossoms from
falling
off before their time, and occasion them to bear much better
plants with peas-haulm or some other light covering,
as before
directed. This covering should be taken off in mild weather, than if permitted to lie upon the ground, and there will be
and only suffered to remain on during the continuance of the room to pass between the rows to gather the Peas when they
frost; for they are kept too close, they will be drawn very are ripe. The Dwarf sorts of Peas may be sown much closer
weak and tender, and be liable to be destroyed with the least together than those before-mentioned, for these seldom rise
inclemency of the season. In the spring you must carefully above a foot high, and rarely spread above half a foot in
clear them from weeds, and draw some fresh earth up to width, so that these need not have more room than two feet
their stems; but do not raise it too high to the plants, lest row from row, and not above an inch asunder in the rows.
by burying their leaves you should rot their stems, as is These produce a good quantity of Peas, provided the season
sometimes the case, especially in wet seasons. Take care to be not over dry; but they seldom continue long in bearing,
keep them clear from vermin, which, if permitted to remain so that they are not so proper to sow for the main crop, when
among the plants, will increase so plentifully as to devour a quantity of Peas is expected for the table, their chief excel-
the greatest part of them. The principal vermin that infest lency being for hot-beds, where they will produce a greater
them are slugs, which lie all the day in the small hollows of quantity of Peas, provided they are well managed, than if
the earth, near the stems of the plants, and in the night- exposed to the open air, where the heat or the sun soon dries
time come out, and make great havoc. They chiefly abound them up. The Sickle Pea is much more common in Holland
in wet soils, or where a garden is neglected, and over-run than in England, it being the sort mostly cultivated in that
with weeds. The best way is to make the ground clear all country ; but. in England they are only cultivated by curious
round the Peas; this will destroy their harbours; and after- gentlemen for their own tables, and are rarely brought to
wards in a fine mild morning very early, when these vermin market. The birds are very fond of this sort, and, if not
are got abroad from their holes, slack a quantity of lime, prevented, would often destroy the whole crop. It should be
which shquld be sown hot and thick upon the ground, and planted in rows about two feet and a half asunder, and
it will
destroy the slugs without doing any, or very little, should be managed as has been directed for the other sorts.
injury to the Peas, if it be not too thickly scattered. If this Although it has been recommended to sow the large sorts of
crop of Peas succeed, it will immediately follow those on the Peas for the main crop, they certainly are not so sweet as
hot-bed; but for fear this should miscarry, it will be proper the early Hotspur Peas, a succession of which ought also
to sow two more crops at about a fortnight's distance from to be continued through the 'season, in small quantities, to
each other, so that there may be the more chances to suc- supply the best tables. This may be done by sowing some
ceed. This will be sufficient until the spring of the year, every week or ten days; but all those which are sown late
when you may sow three or four more crops of these Peas: in the season should have a strong moist soil, for in hot
light
one towards the beginning of January, the other in the mid- land they will run up, and come to nothing. The large-
dle, and the last at the end of the same month. These two growing sorts may be cultivated for the common use of the
late sowings will be sufficient to continue the
early sort of family, because they will produce in greater quantities than
Peas through the first season, and after this it will be proper the other, and will also endure the drought better, but the
to have some of the
large sort of Peas to succeed them for early kinds are by far the cweetest-tasted Peas. The best of
the use of the family. On this account it will be well to sow all the large kinds is the Marrowfat, which, if
gathered
some of the Spanish Morotto, which is a great bearer, and young, is a well-tasted Pea; and this will continue good
a hardy sort of Pea, about the middle of
February, upon a through the month of August, if planted on a strong soil.
clear open spot of ground. These must be sown in rows about In the open ground, it- is better to sow two rows of Peas close
VOL. ii. 94. 4S
344 P I S THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P I S

a foot of each other, leaving be sown a fortnight or three weeks, later. In the common
together, or within ten inches or
between each pair of those close rows an interstice of two way of sowing they allow three bushels or more to an acre;
feet for the Dwarf Peas, or of three feet for the early climbers, but if they be drilled, a bushel and a half will be sufficient.
and three feet and a half or four feet for the larger sorts. The Green and Maple Rouncivals require a stronger soil
The reason of this is, that the stakes or bushes being placed than the white, and should be sown a little later in the
between two close rows, will support both; whereas in the spring; the drills also should be at a greater distance, as
common way" of sowing Peas, every row must have a row two feet and a half or three feet, for this sort is
apt to grow
of bushes. Gardeners who vie with one another for the rank, especially in a wet season. The ground between the
earliest Peas, never stake them, alleging that it gives them rows should be hoed two or three times. The Forty-day, or
the Charlton Pea, should be sown early in March; and if
liberty to grow too much
to the haulm, and that the early
fruit will thereby be prevented from ripening too soon. This Turnips are intended, not later than t'hat month: late-sown
may be the case" in sandy soils; but in strong lands, if the, crops are subject to the green fly or dolphin ; and to avoid
it is recommended to sow in
Pea, especially the larger sorts, are not supported, they that, February. If Peas are not
will infallibly rot before they can be fit for the table. Field intended as a preparation for Turnips, many sow before
Culture. Peas are cultivated by the farmer either alone or Christmas, but this must be on dry land, and in a dry time ;
with Beans. In strong lands the Bean is the predominant for if they are sown after rain or snow, the
crop will suffer.
crop; in lighter lands, the Pea. In such lands the Pea is By sowing the Charlton Pea early in March, the crop will
more frequently sown alone. The sorts commonly sown in be cleared in June, or the first week in July, which is a good
fields are the Gray, the Blue, and the White. Of these season for Turnips, and on all dry soils ought never to be
there are innumerable transient varieties in our different neglected. If the harvest happens to be later, the wads
counties. In Suffolk, where the culture of the Pea is well should be laid in rows, and the plough sent in, by which
understood, they reckon, 1. The Common White. 2. The a w*k, 01 perhaps ten days, may be gained. The
advantages
3. The Charlton. 4. The Blue. 5. The Large of this practice must be obvious, when it is considered that
Forty-day.
6. The Small Gray. 7. The Speckled. 8. The a thick smothering crop of Peas not only chokes weeds, but
Gray.
Large Dutch. 9. The Dun. The Gray, and other large improves the soil, particularly in leaving the surface loose
winter Peas, are seldom cultivated in gardens, because they and friable, from the putrefactive fermentation carried on
require a great deal of room, but are usually
sown in fields under the crop, by retaining the moisture, and excluding
in most parts of England. The best time for sowing these the sun; and if the land be ploughed directly, which is a
is about the beginning of March, when the weather is pretty great point, though much neglected, proves a fine prepa-
in a very wet season, ration for Turnips : the Peas are not the
dry, for if they be put into the ground only gain, but the
they are apt to rot, especially if the ground be cold ; these saving in tillage; for by this means the latter crop is put in
should be $t least allowed three or four feet from row to-row, upon one ploughing only, which can be effected no other
and must be sown very thin in the rows; for if they are sown way. Less than three bushels to an acre ought not to be
too thick, the haulm will spread so as to fall to the ground, sown broad-cast. One great object, perhaps the greatest, in
and ramble over each other, which will cause the plants to this crop is, to procure a thick cover over the soil, to
destroy
rot, and prevent their bearing. They will bear being sown weeds, and breed a moist fermentation on the surface, which
in autumn; and it is a common practice in Herefordshire to a thin crop cannot produce. If the produce only be regarded,

begin Pea-sowing as soon as the

wheat-seed is over. The and the hoes are designed to be perpetually at work, two
Peas which are sown in autumn, or before Christmas, are bushels, and even less, are enough: some sow four, but that
late sorts, and therefore are not proper where the crop is is
evidently too much. A common method in Suffolk is to
to be harvested time enough for Turnips. The best method put Peas on a lay with only one ploughing; the seed to be
to sow these Peas is, to draw a drill with a hoe two inches pricked in with iron dibbles. This method succeeds well,
the seeds in it, to draw but it should be practised only on loams and good sand:
deep by a line. Having scattered
the earth over them with a rake. This is a quick method very poor sand will not do for Peas; and on clay Beans
for gardens; but where they are sown in fields, they com- answer far better. When the crop is put on a stubble, the
the plough, and harrow land should be ploughed in autumn, and, if the season requires
monly make a shallow furrow, with
in the seeds. Where labour is dear, it is a great expense to it, twice in the spring; but one ploughing, judiciously timed,

weed and up the plants by hand-hoeing; but it may

earth may do better than two. The seed may be cither ploughed
be easily effected by a horse-hoe, which will not only kill the or harrowed in; if the former, it must be above three inches

weeds, but by stirring the soil render it mellow, greatly deep, but harrowing in is safer, if the harrows let them in
two inches; but in this case they must be watched against
promote the growth of the plants, and
render the- ground
titter receive another crop the following season.
to The rooks and pigeons. When Peas are planted by hand on a
Gray Peasthrive best on a strong clayey land; these are turf once ploughed, it called dibbling.
is A
man walking
backwards, that he not tread on the holes, strikes a
commonly sown under-furrow; but by this method they are may
too thick, and do not come up regularly; there- dibble that makes two holes, sometimes three, on a nine-inch
always they
fore should also be sown Being much hardier than
in drills. furrow, and is followed by boys, who drop a pea in every
the former sorts, these may be sown towards the end of hole. These operations are both performed in Suffolk, for
February. The Common White Pea will do best on light eight shillings an acre. They are covered by a bush-harrow;
usual method of and the peas come up about four inches every way, and,
sandy land, or on a loose rich soil. The
sowing these Peas, is with a broad-cast, and to
harrow them being so close, neither want nor admit of hoeing. Seven
in: but it is a much better way to sow them in drills about pecks, or two bushels, of seed, sow an acre. Drilling is used
three feet asunder; for less than half the quantity of seed on land in tilth. The rows should be doubled at eighteen
will do for an acre, and the ground may be hoed, both to inches asunder, and then an interval of two feet; in the hoe-

destroy the weeds, and earth up the

Peas. The usual time ing, attention should be given to make the two rows clasp
for these Peas is the middle of March or the begin- together. Drilled peas should be hand-hoed well while the
sowing
i
ing of April, on warm land ; but on cold ground they should crop is young, and afterwards in the intervals, taking care
 PI S OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PIS 345

not to tread on the plants. If weeds get up afterwards, they February to the end of March, and
apart, from the middle of
not to be meddled with ; for the crop will be pulled sometimes later. are hand and horse hoed, and are
They
ought
about, and spoiled in getting them out. Even horse-hoe- harvested from the middle of July till the end of September.
ing should not be ventured on after
the plants are near They are reaped with a hook, called a podware hook. The
maturity. Some hand-hoe once, and horse-hoe twice or produce is from one and a half to five quarters on an acre.
thrice afterwards, as there may be occasion. If broad-cast Leadman's Dwarf, and the Early Gray, are thought to be the
peas be hoed, it must be whilst they are very young
when : most prolific. The Early Charlton is frequently off the
they cling together, the hoe does more harm than good ;
ground in time to get a good crop of Turnips. Culture in
beside, if the land was in good order, and the seed sown thick Middlesex. About three thousand acres are annually crop-
enough, they would need no hoeing. Peas when nearly ripe ped with Peas in this county; they are much on the increase,
are apt to be devoured by rooks, pigeons, &c. they should and are cultivated in the most clean and garden-like manner.
therefore be well watched. They are generally cut with a On upwards of two thousand acres they succeed a clean crop
tool called a peas-make, which is half an old scythe fixed in of Beans ; in which case the Bean-stubble is ploughed up
a handle, with which they are rolled, as they are cut, into with a thin furrow about January, and during every dry time
These till March, and soon afterwards
small bundles called wads, in other places wisps. re-ploughed a full depth.
should be small, to dry well, and should lie out some days to The water furrows are kept open, and the land remains in
wither. In some countries they are reaped with a hook, and this state till seed-time. Peas sown to be sent green to
sometimes mown, but that is an injudicious practiee. Of all market, succeed Clover, Corn, or any other crop. In Essex,
crops this is the most uncertain, and it is rarely considerable ; they frequently follow Potatoes. As long as the land is
two quarters and a half on an acre, are about the average pro- cleared, and properly prepared, which will 'generally be
duce ; now and then four, four and a half, and five quarters, accomplished by the middle of November, White Hotspur
are gained, but probably not once in ten years. The greatest Peas are planted for podding for the London Market. The
burdens of straw, in crops that perfectly cover the ground, land is generally a dry loamy sand, and manure is constantly
do not yield a very large produce. If a man shades his land ploughed in during January and February after which it is
;

well, and gets two and a half, and three quarters, on an acre, harrowed, and is then fit for the reception of the seed, which
he has reason to be satisfied with the produce. When any is
put into drills fifteen inches apart, mostly across, but occa-
sorts are intended for seed, there should be as many rows sionally along the ridges and the seed is covered in with
;

left ungathered, as may be thought

necessary to furnish a the hoe. Some persons bush-harrow the" whole. The quan-
sufficient quantity; and when the Peas are in flower, they tity of seed sown
is
generally three bushels an acre such ;

should be carefully looked over, to draw out all the plants as are intended for podding are put into the ground every
which are not of the right sort; for there will be always some week or fortnight, during the months of January, February,
roguish plants, as the gardeners term them, which, if left, will and March, for a regular succession of crops to supply the
cause the others to degenerate. The rest must remain until market daily. Gray Peas are sown throughout the month of
their pods are changed brown, and begin to split. The plants March. Against the podding season, poor persons from
should then be pulled up and stacked till winter, or else every part of London apply to the farmers who have early
thrashed out as soon as they are dry, and put up in sacks. Peas. Many of the richer persons sell their Peas by the acre,
Let them not remain too long abroad after they are ripe, for to persons who employ the podders, and who gather by the
wet will rot them and heat after rain will cause the pods to
; sack of four bushels. About forty podders are set to ten
burst, and eject the seeds. By diligently drawing out bad acres. Carts are loaded, and sent off, so as to be delivered
plants, and marking those which come earliest to flower, the to the salesmen at market, from three to five o'clock in the
gardeners have greatly improved their peas of late years, and morning. In Essex, they are usually sold in the field, at five
they are constantly endeavouring to procure forwarder varie- pounds an acre, reserving the haulm for fodder. The Peas
ties. As it is scarcely any object with gentlemen to save are usually picked twice over, after which, if, from a scarcity
their own seed, except in the case of
having a particular sort of hands, any be left for seed, it is esteemed a loss. When
which they cannot purchase; soil is not advisable to continue hands are in plenty, the crop is picked clean, the haulm is cut
sowing the same seed longer than two years on the same up with hooks, removed on to every fifth ridge, or into a grass
ground. The principal use of Peas is to fatten hogs ; no field, to dry; it is then put into stacks for horse-feed, and the
other grain agrees better with those animals,
especially when land is prepared as speedily as possible for Turnips.
they are harvested dry, and ground into meal. Bread made 2. Pisum Maritimum Sea Pea. Petioles flattish above
; ;

of this meal was much in use in some parts of Scot- stem angular; stipules sagittate peduncles many-flowered.
formerly ;

land but of late it is said to have been almost Root perennial, running far and deep among the stones, or
;
wholly given
up. It is reported to be mixed with wheat flower the into the sand in every direction stems short and procum-
by ;

millers, when Peas' are reasonable. The straw, if well har- bent, thickly clothed with grayish glaucous leaves, each com-
a very considerable object for fodder; it is little
is
vested, posed of six or eight oval, entire, generally alternate leaflets,
Hay, and all sorts of cattle thrive well on
inferior to ordinary and ending in a divided tendril flowers rather large, a
;

gripe some horses, if given too soon.

it; but it is apt to It little drooping; corolla beautifully variegated with red and
should not be used before January ; and when it is found to It is accurately remarked
purple. by Dr. Smith, that this
gripe the animal, a few Turnips, Cabbages, Carrots, or species is almost as nearly allied to Lathyrus as to Pisum,
Potatoes, will correct that tendency. Culture of Pens in both in habit and generic character; and that Pisum Sativum
Kent. The following varieties are cultivated by
commonly is not more different in external appearance, from the genus
Kentish Farmers The Reading and Leadma'n's Dwarfs, for
: of Lathyrus, than Vicia Faba, or the Bean, is from the other
Splitting Peas, and fattening hogs the Gray Polt;
;
Nutmeg Vicise. These, however, he adds, are matters of opinion ;

Gray; Early Dun, called Sutton's Gray in East Kent; and and in so natural a class, it is very difficult to find out certain
Shepherd's Gray; all which are fattening for hogs. Besides and obvious marks of distinction. We learn from the epistles
others are cultivated for of the learned Cains, that the Sea Pea was first observed in
these,
S " or1 m "
many supplying the London
Seedsmen. All are drilled in rows, about the year 1555, when, in a great scarcity, the poor people on
"eighteen inches
346 P IT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P L A

the coast of Suffolk, about Orford and Aldborough, supported into a tube. Capsule : two to five valved, two to five celled.
themselves with it for some time. This story is retailed by Seeds : covered with a pulp. The species are,
Stow and Camden, with the addition, that they were supposed 1. Pittosporum Coriaceum; Thick-leaved Pitch-seed.
to spring up opportunely in that year of dearth, from a ship- Leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth, coriaceous; capsules
wrecked vessel laden with Peas ; whereas the Sea Pea differs two-valved. This is a green-house shrub, flowering in May:
from all the varieties of the garden or field Pea, in the length the stem is six or eight feet high, bushy, with round, finely
and continuance of its roots, the smallness and bitterness of downy branches, leafy at their summits; leaves crowded,
its seed, and the whole habit and appearance of the plant. alternate, remarkably coriaceous, of a fine green; flowers on
It had probably grown a long time unobserved on Orford umbelled pedicels, the length of the peduncle, tomentose,
beach, till extreme want called it into public notice. The powerfully fragrant, like Jasmine, but of short duration.
seed is so bitter that it would not be eaten, except in a want Native of the Canary Islands.
of better food, for it is neglected by the very birds : but the 2. Pittosporum Ferrugineum; Rusty Pitch-seed. Leaves
legend of its miraculous appearance in a time of scarcity, is smooth; footstalks clothed with rusty
elliptical, taper-pointed,
still believed by many good people. It may be propagated down; equally divided to the base.
calix Stem shrubby,
by seeds or by the roots, and, though a native of the sea- slender; flowers numerous, small, white. Found in New
coast, is easily cultivated in gardens. Guinea and the Molucca isles.
3. Pisum Ochrus; Yellow-flowered Pea. Petioles decur- 3. Pittosporum Undulatum Wave-leaved Pitch-feed.
;

rent, membranaceous, two-leaved: peduncles one-flowered. Leaves elliptical, pointed, smooth, waved at the margin; foot-
Root annual; stalk angular, nearly three feet high; flowers stalks nearly smooth; calix five-toothed, split on one side to

pale yellow, small; pods two

inches long, containing five or the base. A green-house shrub, flowering from April to June;
six roundish seeds, a little compressed on their sides; these flowers white, fragrant, in solitary, nearly simple, sessile
may be eaten green, but, unless they are gathered very young, umbels. Native of New South Wales.
they are coarse, and at best not so good as the. common Pea, Plagianthus; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order
like which it is cultivated. Native of Italy, Spain, &c. Dodecandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth
Pitcairnia; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono- segments very small.
five-cleft, short; Corolla: petals five,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: one-leafed, three- ovate, two closer together, more remote than the rest. Sta-
parted, half superior, tubular, swelling
at the base, perma- mina: filamenta collected into a cylinder; antherse about
nent; segments lanceolate, erect. Corolla: three-petalled ; twelve, ovate, clustered on the top of the cylinder. Pistil:

petals linear, convoluted, with

a nectariferous scale at the germen ovate, very small: style filiform, concealed within the
base. Stamina: filamenta six, inserted into the receptacle; tube of the stamina; stigma club-shaped. Pericarp: berry.
anther oblong, erect. Pistil: germen half superior, three- ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft. Petals: five,
cornered ; style three-grooved stigmas three, contorted.
; two approximating, remote from the other three. The only
Pericarp: capsules three, opening inwards. (L'Heritier says, known species is,

three-cornered, tricoccous, opening inwards three ways : 1. Plagianthus Divaricatus. A shrub, with alternate,
Swartz says, t'hee-celled, with the seeds opening inwards.) smooth, slender branches, clothed with a smooth, shining,
Seeds: very numerous, winged, or membranaceous-appen- purplish brown bark. Native of New Zealand.
dicled on both sides, fastened to the receptacle. ESSEN- Plane Tree. See Platanus.
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: three-leaved or three-parted, Plantago; a. genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
half superior. Corolla: three-petalled, with a scale at the gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-cleft,
base of each petal. Stigmas: three, contorted. Capsules: erect, very short, Corolla: one-petalled, perma-
permanent.
three, opening inwards. Seeds: winged. The species are, nent, shrivelling; tube cylinclric, globular; border four-cleft,
1. Pitcairnia Bromelieefolia; Scarlet Pitcairnia. Leaves reflex; segments ovate-acute. Stamina: filamenta four,
ciliate-spiny ;
peduncles and germina very smooth. Root capillary, erect, very long; antheree somewhat oblong, com-
perennial, with long, filiform, subdivided, fibres; stem none; pressed, incumbent. Pistil: germen ovate; style filiform,
stalk central, erect, two or three feet high; petals and fila- shorter by half than the stamina; stigma simple. Pericarp:
menta blood-red. It flowers in June. -Native of Jamaica, on capsule ovate, two-celled, opening transversely, having a loose
the shady sides and precipices of the mountains. partition. Seeds: several, or solitary, oblong. Observe. The
2. Pitcairnia Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Pitcairnia. some species is irregular, in others regular. ESSEN-
calix in
Leaves ciliate, spiny peduncles and germina tomentose.
;
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-cleft. Corolla: four-cleft,
Native of the island of Santa Cruz. with the border reflex. Stamina: very long. Capsule: two-
3. Pitcairnia Latifolia; Broad-leaved Pitcairnia. Leaves celled, cut transversely. Plants of this genus are seldom to
quite entire, somewhat spiny at the base. It flowers in be seen, except in Botanic Gardens: the greater number are
August. Native of the West Indies. hardy enough to bear the open air in our climate. They
Pittosporum; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- rise easily from seeds, of which they produce great abun-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix:
perianth five- dance, and require no nicety in the cultivation. Some, how-
leaved, inferior, deciduous. Corolla: petals five; claws con- ever, must be screened from frost. The species are,
cave, converging into a pitcher-shaped tube; borders ovate- 1. Plantago Major \Great Plantain, or Way-bread. Leaves

oblong, spreading. Stamina: filamenta five, inserted with ovate, smoothish, shorter than the petiole; scape round;
the receptacle, alternate with the petals, the length of the spike having the florets imbricate; seeds very many. There
claws, linear, compressed; antheree incumbent, arrow-shaped, are several varieties. The root when old is the thickness of
simple. Pistil: germen superior, roundish; style filiform ; the thumb, prsemorse, bitten ofF, or stumped, laying hold of
stigma obtuse. Pericarp: capsule subglobnlar-angular, mu- the earth by its fibres, which strike deeply, and are whitish.
cronate, three-celled, three-valved; cells flowing with a liquid The leaves have a weak herbaceous smell, and an austere
resin; partitions contrary to the valves. Seeds: three or four bitterish subsaline taste ; their qualities are said to be refri-
in each cell, angular, fastened to the partition. ESSENTIAL gerant, attenuating, substyptic, and diuretic. It was formerly
CHARACTER. Calix: deciduous. Petals: five, converging reckoned among the most efficacious vulnerary herbs, and the
 PL A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P L A 347

and 5. Plantago Media Leaves ovate,

common people now apply the leaves to Hoary Plantain.
fresh wounds, ;

cutaneous sores. Inwardly, they have been used in phthisical pubescent, longer than the petiole scape round spike cylin-
; ;

of blood, and in various fluxes, both drical seeds solitary.

; This species has the leaves small,
complaints, spitting
alvine and htemorrhagic. The seeds, however, seem better and less blunt than in the Common Great Plantain they are :

adapted to relieve pulmonary diseases than

the leaves, being hoary, commonly five-nerved, lying close to the ground, on
extremely mucilaginous. The roots
have also been recom- very short, dilated, petioles; spikes shoot close; root peren-
mended for the cure of tertian intermittents, and not unde- nial, large when fully grown, penetrating deep, and having
of Bergius. An ounce, or even numerous lateral fibres, by which it supports itself in the
servedly, from the experience
two, of the expressed juice, or the same quantity of a strong most scorching seasons it is also not destroyed by frequent
;

infusion, tnay be given for a dose but this quantity should

:
mowing, as most lawns and grass-plats testify. A single
be double in agues, and taken at the commencement of the drop of oil of vitriol on the crown of each root, is said to be
fit. Plantain is said to be a cure for the bite of the rattle- the most certain mode of eradicating these plants. Native of
snake but probably with little foundation, although it is
;
most parts of Europe, among grass, especially in calcareous
one of the principal ingredients in the remedy of the negro and gravelly flowering during the whole summer.
soils,
Coesar, for the discovery of which he received a considerable 6. Plantago Virginica;Virginian Plantain. Leaves lan-
reward from the Assembly of South Carolina. Remarkable ceolate-ovate, pubescent, somewhat toothletted spikes hav- ;

success, says a late writer, has attended its use in the liver ing the flowers remote ; scape round. In America it unfolds
complaint, and for spitting of blood. We know a recent its corolla, and
puts forth the stamina, which it scarcely ever
case of a person, who was for some years unable to attend does in Europe. Annual, and a native of Virginia.
his business, by reason of pain in the stomach, &c. who was 7. Plantago Altissima; Tall Plantain. Leaves lanceolate,
speedily cured by using it as tea. A mode of preparation five-nerved, toothed, smooth; spike oblong, cylindrical; scape
recommended, is this: Take the leaves, when free from angular. Root perennial ; spike scarcely an inch and half
moisture, bruise them in a mortar, wrap them in a cloth put in length, smooth, short, compact, and close, in proportion
in hot water for a time, and extract the juice keep it bottled,
; to the size of the plant. Native of Italy and Silesia.
and to a wine-glass full, add one-fourth of wine itself, for 8. Plantago Lanceolata ; Ribwort Plantain. Leaves lan-
a dose. Plantain, says Meyrick, is of a cooling, astringent, ceolate, entire spike subovate, naked ; scape angular. Root
;

healing nature. A decoction of the whole plant is good in perennial, when old appearing as if bitten off at the end. Dr.
disorders of the kidneys and urinary vessels. The root, dried Withering remarks, that the leaves, which come all from the
and reduced to powder, and taken in doses of about half a root and are lanceolate, in maritime situations are toothed all
drachm, is serviceable in fluxes of the bowels, attended with along the edges. A spike will sometimes contain one hundred
bloody stools. The expressed juice is good against spitting and thirty small flowers, crowded close together, with an
of blood, immoderate fluxes of the menses, and piles. The ovate pointed scale or bracte at the base of each. The cap-
seeds reduced to powder, and taken, stop the whites. The sule contains two oblong shining seeds, of an amber colour in
leaves bruised, and applied to fresh cuts, soon heal them, and each The stalks continue to grow after the flowering
cell.
are good to cleanse and heal ulcers. The seeds afford food is and sometimes shoot out to the length of two feet or
over,
to many of the small birds, and cattle in general readily eat more. 'When it grows in meadows, the leaves are erect, and
the leaves. It is a perennial plant, and flowers during the drawn up ; but in a dry barren soil, they are shorter, broader,
whole summer. Native of most parts of Europe, and Japan, and more spread on the ground. It grows spontaneously by
in meadows and gardens, and particularly by way-sides, the sides of roads in dry pastures, where it is left untouched
from which it derives its common name. by cattle, to feed small birds with the copious produce of its
Plantago Crassa Thick-leaved Plantain. Leaves ob-
2. ;
seeds. It has been generally considered as a weed, occupy-
ovate, shining, waved, somewhat fleshy, subsessile scape ;
ing the room of grasses, and other useful herbs but has lately ;

compressed below flowers imbricate, remote at the base.

;
been introduced into culture, under the name of Rib-grass*
This is a stiff roughish plant, very much divided, or many- as a good food for sheep, or to be made into hay for cattle in
headed it bears the open air in summer, but must be taken
:
general. Haller attributes the richness of the milk in the
into the green-house in winter. The root is perennial, con- Alpine dairies to this plant, and Alchemilla Vulgaris or
sisting of a heap of thick, branchy, white fibres the radical ; Ladies' Mantle. Linneus says it is eaten by horses, sheep,
leaves are numerous, thick, erect, and either of an ovate or and goats, but refused by cows. Sheep will eat it either
lanceolate form, from a channelled footstalk spikes round, ; green or dried, provided it be well gotten but it does not;

dense; seeds ovate, punctated, if viewed with a glass blackish, answer for pasturage, without a mixture of clover or grasses.
and not glossy. It is thought to be a native of the south of The total absence of this plant in marshy lands, is thought to
Europe. be a certain criterion of their wretched quality for in pro- ;

3. Plantago Asiatica; Asiatic Plantain. Leaves ovate, portion as such soils are improved, it will flourish and abound.
smooth scape angular spike having the florets distinct.
; ; Mr. Zappa of Milan, says, that this grass grows spontane-
This resembles the first species so much, that it might easily ously in every meadow of Lombardy, especially in those which
be taken for the same the spike, however, is longer, the
; are irrigated that it vegetates early, flowers at the beginning
;

flowers remote, the leaves usually somewhat toothed at the of May, ripens in five weeks, and is cut with Poa Trivialis.
base, and the scape angular. It flowers in
July. Native of He describes the length of the leaves as about a foot, and the
China and Siberia. height of the stalk about a foot and half; that it multiplies
Plantago Maxima; Greatest Plantain.
4. Leaves ovate, itself much by and a little by the roots, which it
the seed,
somewhat toothletted, pubescent, nine-nerved spikes cylin- ; continues some time to reproduce
for that it is eaten
;

drical, imbricate scape round. The root is fusiform, peren-

;
heartily by every sort of cattle, and particularly by cows in
nial, and the thickness of a finger; producing annually several grass, who like it most in May, when it has great influence
eaves with long footstalks, which are marked in front with on their milk that the hay is eaten more voraciously by
;

furrow. It flowers in July and August. Native of Siberia, cows, and has great influence on their flesh in short, that ;

t will bear the air. one of the best plants either for the milk or the
'
open it is flesh.
VOL. ii. 95. 4T
K"
348 P L A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P L A

Dr. Withering, Dr. Smith, and Mr. Curtis, do not esteem bractes concave, ovate, membranaceous at the edge, the
plant as a pasture or meadow herb. length of the calix ; segments of the corolla ovoid, sharpish,
this Practical men,
however, hold it in some esteem. Mr. Young informs us, rufescent; antherse thick, -yellow; style standing out, fili-
that he long ago recommended this plant for laying land to form, pubescent. Perennial, flowering from June to Sep-
grass, and sowed it on his own farm. At the same time he tember. -Native of the south of France, Spain, and Barbary.
thinks it extravagant to propose Dandelion and Sorrel, as 15. Plantago Argentea ; Silvery Plantain. Leaves narrow-

plants proper for a cow-pasture ; and conjectures that these lanceolate, quite entire, silky, hoary ; scape not striated ;
plants being found among good ones, have qualities
attributed spike round ; flowers very much crowded bractes ovate, ;

to them which they do not possess. Dr. Anderson observes, acute, membranaceous at the edge, shorter than the flower ;
that the Narrow-leaved Plantain, or Rib-grass, is very well corolla pale, rufescent, with the segments ovoid and smooth.
liked by horses and cattle, and yields a very good crop upon It is allied to the
preceding species, but has a shorter spike,
rich ground tending to dampness, if it is at the same time round, with the flowers very much crowded, not interrupted
soft and spongy ; but that upon any soil which has a tendency when the fruit is ripe. Native of Barbary.
to bind, or upon dry ground, it furnishes a very scanty crop. 16. Plantago Hirsuta; Hairy Plantain. Leaves linear,
And it has been adopted in some parts of Yorkshire as a ciliate; spike cylindrical; scape hirsute. Native of the
summer grass. As an article of pasturage for cattle and Cape of Good Hope.
it is there in high esteem it is not however much 17. Plantago Alpina; Alpine Plantain. Leaves linear,
sheep, :

liked by horses ; and as an article of hay, is held to be detri- flat;

scape round, hirsute spike oblong, erect.
; Root per-
mental to the crop, retaining its sap an unusual length of ennial, oblique, branched, creeping a little, often as if it were
time, and when fully dry, falls into a small compass, or is bitten off. According to Krocker, before the flowers open
broken into fragments, and left behind in the field. One the spike hangs down and after flowering, it becomes long
;

advantage of this plant is, that its seeds may easily be pro- and cylindrical. The bractes are as long again as the calix;
cured genuine. A small proportion of it may be eligible, as the corollas are blackish the capsules are smooth and dis-
;

it has stood the test of many years' established practice, and tinct. Native of Switzerland, Austria, and Siberia.
appears to be esteemed even among observant husbandmen. 18. Plantago Bellardi. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy,
Mr. Marshall tried it in Norfolk, as a substitute for Clover, higher than the round hirsute scape ; spike ovate, erect.
but gained no credit from the experiment the fact is, horses
: This is a small annual plant, often an inch, sometimes an
dislilke it, and they are the principal consumers of the Clover inch and half in height; bractes lanceolate, attenuated, the
crop in that county. It varies much in the size of the plant, length of the calix; segments of the corolla lanceolate.
breadth of the leaves, &c. The narrow leaves have only Desfontaines remarks, that it differs from the fourteenth
three ribs. The spike is sometimes surrounded by large species, to which it is allied, in having the hair spreading,
leaves instead of the usual small bractes it sometimes be-
; not pressed close, the spike shorter and denser, the bractes
comes an abortive panicle and is also found with two or
; awl-shaped, and the segments of the corolla very _small.
three heads. Native of Spain and Italy.
9. Plantago Capensis Cape Plantain. Leaves elliptic
; ; 19. Plantago Cretica; Cretan Plantain. Leaves linear,
of the spike distinct. Native of the Cape. flat, hairy; scape round, very short, woolly; spike roundish,
10. Plantago Lagopus Round-headed Plantain. Leaves
; nodding. This is a small annual plant, when cultivated
lanceolate, somewhat toothletted; spike ovate, hirsute; scape having the leaves longer, and not so closely woolly, and
round ; border of the corolla even. It flowers in June and upon the whole putting on a very different appearance from
July. This beautiful little plant, which is said to be a native the wild plant. Corolla yellow, with a purple eye. Native
of the south of France, Spain, Portugal, and Barbary, was of Crete.
found by Mr. Thomas Nuttall on the banks of the Missouri. 20. Plantago Barbata; Bearded-leaved Plantain. Leaves
11. Plantago Lagopodioides. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat toothed, bearded at the base ;

ciliate, toothletted stem leafy ; peduncles axillary spikes

; ;
spike globular, four-flowered. Native of Terra del Fuego.
ovate; bractes membranaceous segments of the corolla ovate.
; 21. Plantago Ciliata; Fringed Plantain. Leaves hoary,
Probably a mere variety. Found on the sands near Tozzer narrow-lanceolate scape about the same length with the
;

in Spain. leaves, hirsute; heads of flowers round, leafless; corollas

12. Plantago Lusitanica; Portugal Plantain. Leaves ciliate. This puts up several very short stems from the same
broad-lanceolate, three-nerved, somewhat toothed, and hairy ; head ; bractes ovate, concave, pubescent, membranaceous
at the edge, ciliate at the tip, the length of the calix, which
scape angular; spike oblong, hirsute. According to Desfon-
taines, the leaves are oval-oblong, nerved, toothletted, run- is villose, and has elliptic segments ; corolla of a pale rufous

ning down into a short petiole, tomentose at the base, and colour. Native of the sandy desert near Cassa and Elhamah
attenuated both ways scape striated, smooth, except at the
;
in Barbary. It is an annual plant.
22. Plantago Maritima; Sea Plantain. Leaves linear,
top, where it
is a little villose, with hairs pressed close;

spike ovate, cylindrical, covered with a soft

down. It flow- almost quite entire, channelled, woolly at the base; spike sub-
ers in July and August. Native of Spain, and found near cylindrical; scape round. Root perennial, woody, inversely
La Calle in Barbary. conical at the crown ; stalk five or six inches high ; corolla
13. Plantago Patagonica; Patagonian Plantain. Leaves whitish. No plant varies more in size than this : its leaves
lanceolate, linear,somewhat channelled, quite entire, woolly- being sometimes scarcely an inch, and at other times more
haired; scape round, hirsute; spikes cylindrical; stamina than a foot in length. The height of the stalk is more con-
not exceeding in length the tube of the corolla. This is very stant, but the number of flowers in the spike varies extremely.
It delights in a muddy soil, and is found on the highest
nearly allied to the next species, but the leaves are narrower,
more linear, and nerveless. Annual. Native of Champion mountains, as well as near the sea-shore. Dr. Withering
rirer.in Patagonia. notices two varieties One narrow-leaved with filiform leaves,
:

14. Plantago Albicans ; Leaves lance-

Woolly Plantain. a much smaller plant than the common sort, and flowering
earlier: this was found in the Isle of Wight, going out of
olate, oblique, villose; spike cylindrical, erect; scape round;
 PL A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PL A 349

flower in the beginning of June. The other flat-leaved, with corollas sharply four-cleft, of a whitish bay colour ; peduncles
flat-ribbed leaves very sparingly toothed; stalk about five axillary, villose, rigid. Native of the south of Europe, Bar-
inches high, and cylindrical observed near the Bristol Chan-
:
bary, and the Canaries.
nel, and near Yarmouth in Norfolk.
The Sea Plantain may 34. Plantago Squarrosa ; Leafy-spiked Plantain. Herba-
be readily distinguished by its very fleshy and smooth leaves, ceous :_ stems branched, diffused, decumbent; leaves linear,
channelled above, and concave below, with a tuft of wool quite entire; heads squarrose. From a white annual root
at their base, and the spike, however short, always cylindri- proceeds a weak stem, incurvated at the base, and from
cal. it is common on sea-coasts, and in the salt-marshes of thence, soon after its origin, oppositely branched, round,
Europe, Barbary, and North America, flowering
rather late villose,and half a foot high ; sometimes it grows extremely
in summer. branchy. It flowers in August and Native of
September.
23. Plantago Subulata Aid-leafed Plantain.
;
Leaves Egypt.
round. 35. Plantago Indica; Indian Plantain. Stem branched,
awl-shaped, three-sided, striated, rugged ; scape
Native of the south of Europe, especially on the sandy herbaceous; leaves quite entire, reflex; heads leafy. It
shores of the Mediterranean, growing in thick tufts ; also flowers in July and August. Native of Egypt, and of many
about Tlemsen in Barbary. parts of India.
24. Plantago Gracilis ; Slender-spiked Plantain. Leaves 36. Plantago Pumila; Dwarf Plantain. Stem branched,
lanceolate, loothletted, bluntish; scape round, not striated ; herbaceous leaves quite entire, fleshy ; branches even. Root
;

spikes close, very long. Native of Barbary. small, growing more and more slender as it descends, and
25. Plantago Recurvata ; Recurved-leaved Plantain. fibrillose at the edge. It is an annual, tender, and weak
Leaves linear, channelled, recurved, naked ; plant stemless. plant, so much like the preceding species, that at first sight
Annual. Native of the southern parts of Europe, and of the it
might pass for a small variety of it. Peduncles solitary,
Levant. filiform, hirsute, terminal, and axillary, rather shorter than
26. Plantago Macrorhiza ; Thick-rooted Plantain. Leaves the leaves, spreading. Native place unknown.
spathulate, gash-toothed ; teeth imbricate, mucronate ; scape 37. Plantago Cynops; Shrubby Plantain. Stem branched,
round, hairy. Root thick, twisted, somewhat woody spike ; suffruticose ; leaves quite entire, filiform, strict heads some-
;

very close, villose; bractes awl-shaped, a little longer than what leafy; peduncles axillary, the length of the leaves. It
the flower, setaceous at the top ; corolla rufescent, with flowers from May to August. Native of the south of Europe,
small ovate-acute segments. Native of Sicily and Barbary; Barbary, and Siberia.
found in the plains of Mazoule, .and on the way-sides and 38. Plantago Afra Barbary Plantain. Stem branched,
;

rocky coasts of Tunis. shrubby; leaves lanceolate; heads leafless; spikes several,
27. Plantago Serraria ; Saw -leaved Plantain. Leaves lan- at the ends of the branches. Native of Sicily and Barbary,
ceolate, five-nerved, tooth-serrate scape round. This hand-
; in the kingdom of Tunis, along the coast of the island of
some species grows with some varieties in moist shady places. Talarque.
Native of Silesia, Apulia, and Barbary. 39. Plantago Parviflora; Small-Jlowered Plantain. Leaves
28. Plantago Coronopus; Buck's- horn Plantain. Leaves opposite, linear, ciliate ; peduncles shorter than the leaf;
linear, toothed; scape round. Root annual; spike cylindri- heads round ; bractes pressed close, equalling the calix. Root
cal, from an inch or an inch and half to two inches in length ;
long, slender, twisted, descending, putting out here and
in sandy ground few-flowered, and so short as to be almost there capillary fibres; stems herbaceous, several from one
headless. -Native of most parts of Europe, Barbary, &c. in tuft, slender, pubescent. It is an annual
plant, native of
sandy and gravelly soils, and on the sea-coast ;
flowering all Barbary, in the great desert.
the summer. 40. Plantago Data. Leaves ovate, cordate, very wide,
29. Plantago Loeflingii ;
Spanish Plantain. Leaves linear, subdentate, glabrous ;
spikes very long ; flowers subimbri-
somewhat toothed; scape round spike ovate; bractes keeled,
; cate, lower ones scattered ; bractes ovate, acute. Grows
membranaceous. This differs from the preceding, in being on the river sides in Canada, Kentucky, Tennessee, ;md other
smaller and earlier, in having an ovate spike, with the western parts.
flowers more imbricate the bractes smooth and boat-shaped,
; 41. Plantago Caroliniana. Plant glabrous on both sides ;

whereas in that they are awl-shaped, very narrow, and pubes- leaves lanceolate, very entire, long; flowers remote; stem
It is an annual Grows in sandy grassy woods, from Virginia to
cent. plant; native of Spain, &c. on hills cylindrical.
and the borders of fields. Carolina.
30. Piantago Carnosa; Fleshy New Holland Plantain. 42. Plantago Interrupta. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, very
Very smooth leaves lanceolate, deeply toothed, somewhat
:
entire; spike long, slender, interrupted; flowers glabrous.
fleshy ; naked, as well as the flower-stalk, at their base ; Grows in shady woods, from Virginia to Carolina.
flowers from one to three. Found on Van Diemen. 43. Plantago PauciHora. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very
31. Hispid New Holland Plantain.
Plantago Hispida; entire, slightly glabrous scape cylindrical, shorter than the
;

Hoary and hairy leaves linear-lanceolate, toothed; beard-

: leaves ; spike with few flowers, interrupted ; bractes ovate,
less, as well as the flower-stalks, at their base ; spike of acute, glabrous. Grows on the sea-coast of New England
many imbricated flowers. Native of the south coast of New and New Jersey.
Holland. 44. Plantago Aristata. Leaves subsetaceous-linear ; spike
32. Plantago Amplexicanlis. Stem erect or simple; leaves oblong-cylindrical ;bractes subulate-aristate, longer than the
lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, quite entire, embracing ; heads flower. Grows in the natural meadows of Illinois.
subovate; peduncles in the heads of the axils of the leaves. Plantago Aquatica. See Alisma Plantago.
It
exactly resembles the eighth species. Annual. Native of Plantain. See Plantago.
Spain. Plantain Tree. See Musa.
33. Plantago Psyllium; Clammy Plantain, or Fleaivort. Plantain, Water. See Alisma.
Stem branched, herbaceous leaves somewhat toothed, re-
; Plantain, Wild. See Heliconia.
curved ; heads leafless. Root slender, annual, fusiform ; Plantations. See Woods.

I
350 P LA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P L A

Planting. Although the method of planting the various that the fruit must be small and ill-tasted. But after having
down under their several articles,
sorts of trees is fully set displaced these branches, cut off all such parts of branches
where each kind is mentioned, it may be of great use to give as have been accidentally broken or wounded, or they will
a brief general view of that important subject. The first remain a disagreeable sight, and often occasion a disease in
thing in planting trees is obviously to prepare the ground. the tree. By no means, however, ought the leading shoots
This should be done according to the different sorts of trees to be cut off, according to the injudicious practice of many ;
intended to be planted, and before they are taken out of the for they are necessary to attract the sap from the root, and

earth; for the less time they are out of the ground, the less thereby promote the growth of the tree. From experiments
danger there will be of their failure. In taking up the trees, made by cutting off the branches of several sorts of trees,
carefully dig the earth away round their roots, so as to come and putting them into phials filled with water, the tops being
at their several parts to cut them off; for if they be carelessly closely covered to prevent the evaporation of the water, it
torn out of the ground, the roots will be broken and bruised, was found that those shoots, the leading buds of which were
and the trees in consequence greatly injured. After they are preserved, did attract the moisture in much greater quantities
taken up, the next thing is to prepare them for planting: in than those shoots, the tops of which were cut off; and from
doing which there are two things to be principally regarded ; several experiments made by the Rev. Dr. Hales, we find
the one is to prepare the roots, and the other to prune their that great quantities of moisture are imbibed at wounds where
heads in such a manner as may most promote the future growth branches are cut off; so that by thus shortening the branches,
of the trees. At first as it respects the roots : all the small the wet, which generally falls in great plenty during the winter
fibres are to be cut off as near as possible to the place from season, is abundantly imbibed, and, for want of leaves to per-
which they are produced, except in those trees which are spire it off, mixes with the sap of trees, and thereby dis-
intended to be replanted the instant they are taken up, other- tending the vessels, destroys their contracting force, which
wise the air will turn all the small roots and fibres black, often kills the tree, and generally weakens it so much that
and then, if they are suffered to be replanted with the tree, some years will 'elapse before it can be recovered. In order
to satisfy himself fully on this point, Mr. Miller made the fol-
they will grow mouldy and decay, and thereby greatly injure
the new fibres which are produced, so that the trees often lowing experiment. I made choice, says he, of two standard
miscarry for want of this precaution. After the fibres are Almond-trees, of equal strength and age. These I took up
cut off, all the bruised or broken roots should be cut smooth, as carefully as possible, and, having prepared their roots as
otherwise they are apt to rot, and distemper the trees , and above directed, I pruned their heads in the following manner.
all irregular roots which cross each other and the downright Of the first, I only cut off the small branches, and such as
roots, especially in fruit-trees, must be cut off; so that when were bruised or broken, but preserved all the strong ones
the roots are regularly pruned, they may in some measure entire ; of the other, I shortened all the strong branches, and
resemble the fingers of a hand when spread open; then the pruned off the weak and broken shoots, as is the common
larger root should be shortened in proportion to the age and practice. These two trees I planted in the same soil and the
strength of the tree. The particular sorts of trees also are same situation gave them both equal attendance.and managed
;

to be considered, for the Walnut, Mulberry, and some other them as nearly alike as possible yet in the spring, when
;

tender-rooted kinds, should not be pruned so close as the these trees began to shoot, the shoots from that, the branches
more hardy sorts of fruit or forest trees, which in young fruit- of which were entirely preserved, came out earlier, continued
trees, such as Pears, Apples, Plums, Peaches, &c. that are to shoot stronger, and appeared more healthy than the other.
but one year old from budding or grafting, may be left about He afterwards made several other experiments, which suc-
eight or nine inches long, but in older trees they must be ceeded in the same manner from which it is reasonable to
:

left of a much gieater length but this is to be understood of

; conclude, that the shortening the branches is a great injury to
the larger roots only, for the small ones must be quite cut out, all newly planted trees, but
especially to Cherries and Horse
or pruned very short. Their extreme parts, which are generally Chesnuts, which are frequently killed by shortening the large
very weak, commonly decay after moving, so that it is better branches when removed. Having thus prepared the trees
entirely to displace them.
The next thing is the pruning of for planting, the next thing is the placing them in the ground :
their heads, which must be differently performed in different if however the trees have been so
long out of it that the roots
trees, for the design of the trees must also be considered : if are become dry, it will be advisable to put them in water
be fruit-trees, and intended for walls or espaliers, it is for eight or ten hours before they are planted,
they observing to
the better way to plant them with the greatest part of their put them such a manner that their heads may remain erect,
in

heads, which should remain on till the spring, just before the and be immersed therein, which will swell the
their roots only
trees begin to shoot, when they must be cut down to five or dried vessels of the roots, and prepare them to imbibe nou-
six eyes, the process of which is fully described under the vari- rishment from the earth. In fixing them, great regard should
ous kinds of fruit. But if the trees are designed for standards, be had to the nature of the soil; in which, if cold and moisr,
you should prune off the small branches close to the places the trees should be planted very shallow as also if it be a
;

where they are produced ; also, irregular branches which hard rock or gravel, it will be much better to raise a hill of
cross each other, and by their motion when agitated by the earth where each tree is to be planted, than to dig into the
wind rub or bruise their bark, so as to produce great wounds. rock or gravel, as is too often practised, whereby the trees
Besides, it makes a disagreeable appearance, and adds to are planted as it were in a tub, there being but little room
the closeness of the head, which should always be avoided for their roots to extend; so that after two or three
years'
in fruit-trees, the branches of which should be preserved as growth, when their roots have extended to the sides of the
far distant from each other as they are usually produced when hole, they are stopped by the rock or gravel, and can get no
in a regular way of growth, which in all sorts of trees is further, which causes the tree to decline, and in a few years
proportioned to the si/e of their leaves and the magnitude of die ; besides, these holes detain the moisture so, that the
their fruit : for when their heads are very thick, which is fibres of the plants are often rotted thereby. But when they
often occasioned by the unskilful shortening of their branches, are raised above the surface of the ground, tlieir roots will
the sun and air cannot pass freely between the leaves ; so extend and find nourishment, though the earth upon the rock
 P L A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P LA 351

or gravel be not three inches thick, as may be frequently this place it will be sufficient to
observe generally, that though
observed where trees are growing upon such soils. The next for the fruit-trees, a fresh soilfrom a pasture ground, such
is to the tree in the hole in such a manner, that as is not remarkably light, dry, strong, or moist, but rather
thing place
the roots may be about the same depth in the ground, as a soft loamy earth, is to be preferred, provided it be exposed

they were growing before they were taken up ; then break some time. If it be for wall trees, the borders should be
the earth fine with a spade, and scatter it into the hole, so filled with this earth to the width of six or eight feet, and

that it may fall in between every root, that there may be about two and a half deep. The depth should not be greater,
no hollowness in the earth; but by no means screen or sift because in that case the roots are enticed downward, which
the mould. After having filled in the earth, gently tread it we have repeatedly remarked is very prejudicial to fruit-trees.
close with your feet, but do not make it too hard, which is The same also must be observed for standard trees, where
a very great fault, especially if the ground is strong and fresh earth brought to the places in which they are planted,
is

inclinable to bind. Having planted the trees, provide a par- not to makethe holes too deep, but rather let them have the
cel of stakes, one of which should be driven down by the same quantity of earth in width ; which is much to be pre-
side of each tree, and fastened to it, to support it from being ferred. There are some persons who direct the placing the
blown down or displaced by the wind : then lay some mulch same side of the tree to the south, which before removing
upon the surface- of the ground about their roots, to prevent had that position, as a material circumstance to be strictly
the earth from drying. This is to be understood of standard regarded. The trials which Mr. Miller made, did not how-
trees, which cast their leaves; for such as are planted against ever enable him to discover the least difference in the growth
walls should have their branches fastened to the wall, to of those trees which were so placed, and others which were
prevent the tree from being displaced by the wind ; but reversed ; so that he concluded it unnecessary to observe this
there is no difference in their management, only to preserve particular direction. The distance which trees should be
their heads entire, and to place their roots about five inches planted at, must also be proportioned to their several kinds,
from the wall, inclining their heads thereto ; and the spring and the several purposes for which they are intended, all of
following, just before they shoot, their heads should be cut which is
explained in other parts of this work; but fruit-trees
down to five or six buds, as is fully directed under the seve- planted either against walls, or for espaliers, should be
rul articles of the different kinds of fruit. As to the watering allowed the following distances for most sorts of vigorous-
:

of all newly-planted trees, it should be done with great shooting Pear-trees, from thirty-six to forty feet; for Apricots,
moderation, nothing being more injurious to them than over- sixteen or eighteen feet; Apples, twenty-five or thirty-feet;
watering. Examples enough of this kind may be seen all Peaches and Nectarines, twelve feet ; Cherries and Plums,
over England, where plantations having been over-watered, twenty-five feet, according to the goodness of the soil or the
whereby the greatest part of the trees have failed, or at least height of the wall. This article has hitherto treated chiefly
those which have survived have mp.de little progress, through on fruit-trees and evergreens for gardens ; but we shall now
the abundance of water given to them having rotted off their proceed to the planting of forest and other trees, which are
fibres as soon as they were produced. And how can any in all large plantations of parks, and in extensive gardens,
reasonable person imagine that a tree will thrive, when the the most numerous. The modern practice of transplanting
ground in which it is planted is deluged continually with these sorts of trees from hedge-rows and woods, of large sizes,
water? From an experiment made by placing the roots of and at a great expense, has too generally prevailed in this
a Dwarf Pear-tree in water, the quantity of moisture imbibed kingdom, the generality of planters being in too great haste,
decreased very much daily, because the sap-vessels of the and by a mistaken notion of saving time, begin by transplant-
roots, like those of the cut-off boughs in the same experiment, ing such large trees as they find on their own estates, or that
were so saturated and clogged with moisture, by standing in they can procure in their neighbourhood, and please them-
water, that more of it could not be drawn up. This experi- selves with the hope of having fine plantations soon ; but if,
ment, it should be remarked, was tried upon a tree which instead of removing these trees, they would begin by making
was full of leaves, and thereby more capable to discharge a nursery, and raising their trees from seeds, they would save
a larger quantity of moisture than such trees as are entirely a great expense and much time, and they would have the
destitute of leaves : so that it is impossible such trees can constant pleasure of seeing their trees annually advance in
thrive, where the moisture is too great about their roots. their growth, instead of growing worse, as will always be the
The seasons for planting are various, according to the dif- case where old trees are removed, though many flatter them-
ferent sorts of trees, or the soil in which
they are planted ; selves with the hopes of success, when they find their trees
for those trees the leaves of which fall off in winter, the best shoot out in the following season ; and as these will often
time is in the middle or end of October, provided the soil be continue to grow for some years after, they continue their
dry but for a very wet soil, it is better to defer it'until the
;
expectations ; till, after waiting many years, in which time they
latter end of February or the
beginning of March, and for might have had seedling trees grown up to a fine size, if they
many kinds of evergreens the beginning of April is by far had been sown at the time that the large trees were planted,
they find their trees annually decaying, when they most
the best season, though some sorts
may be safely removed
at Midsummer, provided they are not to be carried
very far; expected their increase; for, says Mr. Miller, of all the plan-
but always choose a cloudy time in that part of the tations which I have seen of these large trees of any sort, there
year,
when they will take fresh root in a few days. On the is scarce one which has ever succeeded. In some of these
contrary, when these trees are removed in winter, during plantations, all the Elms which could be procured from the
which time they are almost in a state of rest, neighbouring hedge-rows have been removed, most of which
they do not
take root until the spring advances and sets the
sap in motion ; having been suckers produced from the old stumps, have
so that times they die, especially if the winter
many prove scarcely any roots: these have at a great expense been planted
severe. As to the preparation of the soil for planting, that and watered, and perhaps many of them have made consi-
must be adapted to the different sorts of trees, some derable shoots the whole length of the stem at every knot,
requiring
a light soil and others a
strong one: and all these particulars and many of them have continued ten or twelve years alive
the reader will find included without increasing half an inch in the girth of their stems ;
.under their proper heads. In
VOL. it. 95. 4U
352 P L A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P LA

and all that time have been growing hollow and decaying at siderable size; nor is
any timber, even of the trees which are
heart, so that when a severe frost in winter or a very dry transplanted young, equal in goodness to that which has
summer has occurred, they have produced an almost total grown from the seeds unremoved. But above all, if we con-
destruction of these trees. In other places great numbers of sider the sorts of trees usually planted, it will be found that
tall Oaks have been transplanted, which have appeared to they are not intended to produce useful timber; so that, upon
thrive for the first few years ; but in rive or six seasons after the whole, it is much to be doubted whether the late method
have begun to at the top, and died leisurely down to of planting has not been rather prejudicial, than productive
decay
the ground, which is a most offensive "sight to the owner. of the increase of timber. Most people are so much in a
Indeed the common method of transplanting these invaluable hurry about planting, as not to take time to prepare their
trees is of itself sufficient to destroy them, if it were at all ground for the reception of trees, but frequently make holes,
possible for them to survive their removal. The method and stick them in amongst all sorts of rubbish which is
alluded to is the practice of cutting off all their branches ; growing upon the land; and afterwards there has been no
for if the same tree were suffered to stand and have all its care taken to dig trie ground, or root out the noxious plants;
branches cut off, it would stint the growth so much, that but the trees have been left to struggle with these bad neigh-
it would not recover for several years, nor indeed could it bours, who have had long previous possession of the ground,
ever afterwards arrive to the size of those which are suffered and established themselves so strongly in it as not to be easily
to retain their branches. The reason given for this practice overcome. Now, what can be expected from such planta-
is, that if the branches were left upon the trees, they could tions of deciduous trees? For it is allowed that Pines and
not be supported, because the winds would blow them out Firs, if once well rooted in the ground, will soon get the better
of the ground another, which is bad philosophy, is, that as
: of the weeds, and in time destroy them. There are some
the "roots have been greatly reduced by transplanting, so careful individuals who begin better, and will be at all the
the heads of the trees should be reduced in the same pro- trouble and expense of preparing the ground and planting
portion. As to the first, it must be allowed that trees which the trees, but take very little care of them afterwards : so
are removed with great heads, are with great difficulty pre- that in the year after they are planted, it is common to see
served in their upright situatidn for the winds will have
;
them overgrown with weeds, that always retard the growth
such power against the branches, as to overset the trees if of young trees, and sometimes entirely destroy them. On
they are not very strongly supported with ropes. Therefore this account, says Mr. Miller, I would advise every person
this may be brought as an objection to the transplanting who proposes to plant, to prepare the ground well before-

of.large trees altogether, rather than in support of a practice hand, by trenching or deep ploughing, and clearing it from
which is so extremely prejudicial to them. As to the other the roots of all bad weeds ; which will lay a sure foundation
pretext, it has no foundation large amputations be
; for- if for future success and
profit. No person should undertake
made at the root, there ought not to be the same inflicted on more of this work than he can afterwards keep clean, for
the head, because it will imbibe the air at every orifice, to the all
plantations of deciduous trees will require care and atten-
great injury of the tree. Besides this, if we pay any regard tion during the first seven years. All small plantations there-
to the doctrine of the circulation of the juices in plants, we fore should have the ground annually dug between the trees;
must allow that the heads of the trees are equally useful to and between those that are large it should be ploughed :
nourish the roots as the roots are to the heads so that if : this will enable the roots of the trees to extend themselves,
there be a waste of sap both at the top and bottom of the so that they will find a much greater quantity of nourishment,
trees, it must weaken them in proportion. For whoever will for by loosening the ground, the moisture and air will more
be at the trouble to try the experiment on two trees of equal easily penetrate to the roots, to the no small advantage of
age and health, and cut off the branches from the one, leav- the trees :
but, besides this operation, it will be absolutely
ing them on the other at the time of transplanting, if the necessary to hoe the ground three or four times in the sum-
latter be .well secured from blowing down, it will be found mer, either by hand or with the hoe-plough. This will be
to succeed much* better than the other; or if the same thing objected to by many, on account of the expense but if the
;

be practised on two trees left standing, the tree, the branches first hoeing be performed
early in the spring, before the
of which are cut off, will not make half the progress of the weeds have gotten strength, a great quantity of ground may
other, nor will the stem increase in its bulk half so fast. be gone over in a short time; and if the season be dry when
Therefore where trees .are transplanted young, there will be it is
performed, the weeds will presently die after they are
no necessity for using this unnatural amputation, and the cut: and if this be repeated before the weeds are come up
success of such plantations will always afford pleasure to again to any size, it will be found the cheapest and very
their owner. "I have seen," said Mr. Miller, "some planta- best husbandry; for if the weeds be suffered to grow till
tions of Oak-trees, which were made fifty years ago, and they are large, it will be more expensive to root them out
had thriven beyond expectation most part of the time, but and make the ground clean; and they will have already rob-
are now annually decaying, and seem as if they would not bed the trees of great part of their nourishment. It is some-
continue many years longer, while trees on the same soil and times said to be necessary to let the weeds grow among trees
in the same situation, which were left standing, are in per- in summer, in order to shade the roots and keep the ground

fect health and vigour; and some of these transplanted trees moist; but this has come from persons of no skill, and the
which have been cut down, were found to be of little value, following is an exposure of this fallacy. If the weeds be

being shaken and decayed." We have often heard persons allowed to grow, they will certainly absorb all the moisture
remarking, that from the spirit of planting which has pre- from the roots of the trees for their own nourishment, so that
vailed of late years, great advantage will accrue to the public the trees will not profit by the kindly dews and gentle showers
of rain which are so beneficial to young plantations these
by the increase of timber; but whoever is skilled in the
:

growth of timber must know, that little can be expected will be entirely imbibed by the weeds ;
so that gre:tt rains
from most of our. plantations, because few of our planters only can descend to the roots of the trees.
Whoever has
have set out right. No valuable timber was ever yet pro- the least doubt on this head should try the experiment, l>y
duced from trees transplanted after they attained to any con- keeping one part of the plantation clean,
and suffer the
 P L A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P L A 353

weeds grow on another, and the truth will be seen in the

to structed; trees brought up, so as not to be fastened to stakes;
growth of the trees in short, though the weeding
different : or, if it cannot be avoided, to place three or four posts or
and cleaning is attended with an expense, the produce will stakes round each, and tie them up very gently. In violent

amply repay it, beside the pleasure that the sight of clean storms, it is indeed better to let them loose, and leave them
and orderly ground affords. In the disposition of trees in to themselves. Parasitic plants must be eradicated. Against
in gardens, there are very few the bite of smaller animals, and hail, precautions cannot
parks, and of shrubs and trees
of those who call themselves Designers, who have had much always be taken. Fractura. Fracture is the separation of
of the modern plan- the stem and branches into many pieces. "This may arise
regard to this particular for in most
;

tations, it is not uncommon to see an Oak, an Elm, or some from the violence of the wind, from too great an abundance
other large-growing tree, planted where a Rose-bush, a Honey- of fruit, much snow, or even from lightning. It is remark-

suckle, or a Sweetbriar, might with more propriety occupy able, that lightning runs along every species of trees, almost
the space; so that in a few years, if these large trees were always in a different manner. The birch (Betula alba) is, in
left growing, the whole plantation must make a disagreeable this respect, different from all other trees, that the lightning

appearance. See Nursery, and Woods. never runs along its stem, but only at the top beats off the
Plants, Diseases of. Very little being satisfactorily known, boughs almost in a circular direction. A fracture, if not
till lately, upon this subject, which is of the utmost practical complicated, and on branches or young stems only, may bu
importance to Farmers, Gardeners, Agriculturists, and every healed without difficulty. But when accompanied with con-
lover of botanical science ; the following able little treatise, tusion, or happening in trunks of old or gummy trees, no way
recently translated from the German, of the accurate and of recovery is known. In young trees and branches, even
indefatigable Willdenow, is here inserted. It not only describes sometimes in old ones, when instantly discovered, fractures
the disease, but the cause, and the best means for restoring heal easily, especially in spring till the end of June, provided
diseased plants to health and vigour. Such directions have every part be brought into its natural position, firmly tied up,
been long wanted, and the Translator, from whose labours and properly supported. But if there is contusion, or if a
we have extracted it, has certainly rendered a public benefit thick stem or bough is affected, the bough must be cut off,
his country.
" " or the stem cut down, to get new shoots from the stock or
to Plants," says Willdenow, are, like all
other organized bodies, subject to a great many diseases. The from the root. To prevent such an accident, trees with fra-
most common causes are, improper soils, preternatural habi- gile boughs must be, as much as possible, sheltered from the
tations, late frosts at night-time, long-continued rain, great wind. Fruit-trees should not, when pruned, have all their
drought, violent storms, parasitic plants, insects, and wounds gems left and care should be taken in gardens, that the
;

of various kindsr Disease plants, is that preternatural

in snow do not overload the boughs. Against the flash of
state by which their functions, or at least some of them, suffer, lightning, no means are of any service, except bringing con-
and the purpose for which they are destined prevented. The ductors, a plan which would be too expensive, and even
diseases of plants are of different kinds they attack either
; impracticable. Fissura. Fissure is the separation of the
the whole plant, and are then called -general diseases; or solid parts into anoblong cleft, which ensues spontaneously.
they only affect single parts, when they get the name of local It proceeds from two causes fulness of juice, or from frost.
;

diseases. We
style those diseases Sporadic, which, out of a To heal a split, nothing else is required than to put good
great number of the same species of plants, only attack one grafting wax on the wound, that the rain or other contents
or two, as consumption Epidemic, on the contrary, when
; of the atmosphere may not destroy the stem. To prevent
they attack a great number of plants, such as gangrene, clefts, the bleeding or scarifying, as it is called, of such trees,
necrosis, rubigo, and others. The diseases of plants are the bark of which is very hard, may be of service. A mode-
either such as attack them externally, and are occasioned by rate incision is made through the bark longitudinally; and a
various causes, or they proceed from internal sources. The plant that has too rich a soil, by which it becomes too succu-
former are, upon the whole, much more easily healed than the lent, should be transplanted into a poorer soil. To defend
latter. The diseases which proceed from internal causes, them against frost, plants should be covered with straw. A
originate in the increased or diminished irritability of the cleft occasioned by frost, sometimes degenerates into a chil-
fibre,and this may be also produced by a variety of causes. blain, from which afterwards, especially in Oaks, a blackish
The cure of plants is very simple: either the injured part is sharp liquor exudes, which at last produces exulceration.
cutoff, or the soil, the situation, and the degree of temperature, Defoliatio notha, is when the leaves fall not at the proper
altered. To
these expedients only, the healing of all plants period, but much earlier. It is occasioned
by men, insects,
is In vegetables, as well as in animals, diseases
restricted. acrid fumes, dust, and constant dry weather. In whatever
occur which are incurable, as consumption, canker when it is way it may happen, all depends on the nature of the plant
concealed, mutilation, deformity, &c. Most of them, how- affected with it, and on the season of the year in which- it
:ver, may be remedied. Vulnus, or a wound, is the separation happens. If it be a fast-growing tree, and the
injury happens
of the solid parts by external violence. It
may be occasioned before August, the tree may, if taken good care of, easily get
purposely by cutting off branches, or accidental rubbing off; leaves again, only it will have smaller foliage for the present
by friction of cattle ; or by friction against another object, season. But if the leaves fall after that period, and cool
when the wind agitates the stem; by the bite of animals; by weather comes on earlier than usual, or if it happens at a
the falling off of the parasitic plants; or even by
very large much later season, the plant maybe unwell for several years
hailstones. In all these cases, it is necessary to prevent the before a complete recovery takes place. If, on the contrary,
access of air to it, by some good firm cement, or
grafting wax. it
happens late in autumn, just before the natural fall of the
But if the wound has remained long uncovered, and exposed leaves, then it has no bad consequences; except the plants
both to wind and rain, and is of a great size, then the affected be natives of a warmer climate, and the branches which have
part must be cut off down to the sound wood, to prevent appeared already, be not yet hard enough, in which case they
mischief, and the whole afterwards be covered with will lose those branches, and perhaps some of the older ones,
^ax. The means of preventing wounds are obvious. Branches
by the invasion of cold. The defoliation by men, which is
nust be cut off cautiously; the access of cattle must be ob-
performed sometimes in spring, particularly with the Mulberry-

Kjreater
354 P L A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PL A
tree for bringing up the silk-worm, should be avoided, or at wards to expose it to the open air. Melliyo, or honey-dew,
least done with moderation. Insects which are noxious to is a sweet and clear
juice which, during hot weather, is fre-
plants, should be accurately known, and their way of propa- quently found upon the leaves, rendering them sticky, and,
gation understood, in order to obviate the bad effects which especially when there is a want of rain, causing them to fall
they produce, and to check their too great increase. Change off. This sweet matter is likewise secreted by aphides, from
of place is the only means of preventing the noxious influence peculiar glands at the anus. In tender plants, washing with
of acrid fumes, of great manufactures andiron-works, and the water, or with the above decoction, is of great benefit; the
like, as well as of dust. In long-continued drought, careful fumes of tobacco, likewise, kill the insects. Rubigo, or rust,
watering is advisable. The falling off of the leaves in autumn appears on the leaves and stems of many plants. It consists
is quite consistent with nature, and of no bad
consequence of yellow or brown stains, which, when touched, give out a
whatever; except, perhaps, when the leaves are dropping off powder of the same colour, which soils. Microscopical
too soon, on account of early night-frosts, and these can affect examination has shewn, that the rust-like matter is a small
only delicate foreign plants, of which care should be taken. fungus, which is called jEcidium, and the seed of which form
Hamorrhagia, is of two kinds, spontaneous, or occasioned this brownish soiling powder. We find them frequently in
by wounds. The Birch and Maple, when wounded, emit a the leaves and stems of Euphorbia cyparissias, Berberis vulga-
great quantity of juice, which, when allowed to flow too ris, Rhamnus catharticus, of some Gramina, of Wheat, Oats,
copiously, may end in the death of the plant. Spontaneous &c. If they are very numerous, especially in the different
hsemorrhagy arises from the great irritability of the plant, species of Gramina and Corn, consumption of the whole plant
and the soil is generally the accidental cause. The soil is is the consequence. Little can be done against this affection.
either what, in common language, is called too rough, that In grain, some have recommended to moisten the seed, before
is, it promotes too rapid a separation of the juices, which, on sown, in salt or lime-water, or to sow grain from countries
account of their large quantity, cannot be received into the where this disease does not prevail. Precautions are of no
vessels, and therefore must be discharged, and then they use. Lepra, is frequently met with on the trunks, especially
acquire in the air a corrosive property, by which the parts of young trees. If trunks are so entirely covered with algse,
are destroyed ; or the soil is too rich in general, rendering that the pores of the cutis are obstructed, we call the dis-
the plant full of juices, but unable to retain the moisture, temper lepra. Old trees have their trunks full of algse, with-
which, therefore, without corroding the posterior parts, they out suffering any injury, provided the smaller branches be
discharge, or deposit only externally their gummy constituents. free of lliern. But if young trees or shrubs grow in too
In most cases, spontaneous hsemorrhagy is incurable. Spon- sterile a soil, in too thin a stratum of fertile soil, in gravelly
taneous hsemorrhagy, from superabundance of sap, is either soil, in improper situations, too moist or too dry, if they are,
gummous, as in fruit-trees, or of a watery nature, as in the against their nature, too much exposed to wind, then they
Vine. This last species has been styled lachrymatio. The sicken, their bark cannot perform, with proper vigour, the
gummous hsemorrhagy proves rarely fatal, but should not be functions peculiar to it, as the skin of the tree, and they grow
allowed to make too much progress, and the wound should at last, even at their young boughs, all over with fungi of all
be healed up by wax. The watery haemorrhagy in the Vine, kinds. Vigorous adjacent plants, which are perfectly sound,
has no bad consequences whatever; for this plant is the will have few or no fungi on their stems. The lepra increases
same in winter as all ligneous plants. The radicles of it, sickness in plants, and they die at last of a consumption, if
which have been formed during the cold season, imbibe a not cleared of the fungi, if their cutis is not washed, and they
great deal of moisture from the ground, which they convey to are not transplanted to better situations and more proper
the stem. But as the weather is not soon enough favourable soils. Gallae, or galls, are produced by small flying insects,
for the shooting of it, and as the radicles imbibe more
sap the cynips of Linneus. Galls are round, fleshy, variously
than the tender stalks can contain, the superfluous sap exudes shaped bodies, which appear on the stem, petioles, peduncles,
from the gems or buds. In warm climates, the Vine does not and the leaves. They are formed in the following manner :
lachrymate; for there the leaves can unfold themselves in- The little insect pierces with its sting the substance of the
stantly, and the sap of course is properly digested. This plant, and deposits its eggs in this small aperture. The few
watery discharge of the Vine is not, therefore, to be considered air-vessels thus injured get a different direction, and twist
as a natural secretion, peculiar to the plant, but as the effect of round the egg. The irritation which the sting produces
cold climates. It, however, does not hurt the plant. in organized bodies, a greater flow o.
Albigo, occasions, as always
or mildew, is a whitish mucilaginous coating of the leaves of the sap towards the wounded place ; the sap is deposited in
plants, which often causes their decay. It is produced
by greater quantity than it ought to be, and a fleshy excrescence
small plants, or by insects. The first kind appears on the arises. The little larva which leaves the egg is nourished by
leaves of Tussilago/ar/ara, Humulus lupulus, Corylus avel- the sap, grows up, changes into a pupa, and escapes at last
lana, Lamium album, purpureum, and others. It is a small as a perfect insect, which propagates itself again in the same
It is singular, that each particular fly produces a gall
species of fungus, of great minuteness, which covers the way.
leaves : Linneus calls it Mucor Erysiphe. The second kind of a peculiar form. This, perhaps, may depend on the pecu-
for we find, that
is a whitish slime, which some
species of Aphis deposit on liar structure of the eggs of each species;
the leaves. As soon as there is the least appearance of mil- the eggs of different insects, when viewed with the microscope,
dew, all the leaves stained with it should be plucked off and assume peculiar shapes. On the Oak-tree, we find a variety
burned. In scarce and delicate plants, the leaves ought to of galls ; likewise on the Salix, Cistus, Glechoma, Veronica,
be washed. But where it is produced by aphides, a weak Hieracium, Salvia, and other plants. The galls of Salvia
decoction of the dry leaves of tobacco will be found most pomifera, which got its name from that circumstance, are
xerviceable. But if all parts of a plant are attacked, and the said to be of a pleasant taste, and are considered as an excel-
is hard and of
long duration, then the parts must, accord- lent dish in the Oriental countries. To remedy
this affection,
plant
ing to the nature of the plant, be taken oft. If it is an we can do nothing, but cut off the galls as soon as they ap-
annual plant, and of great delicacy, it will be best to wash it pear; yet this can be done only in very delicate plants, which
with a brush dipped in the decoction of tobacco, and after- we wish to preserve. The disease, however, rarely proceeds
 P L A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P LA 355

such a length as to hurt the plant materially. The Follicidus not get ripe, or the plant pushes out young shoots unseason-
carnosus foliorum, is a gall of a particular kind, which is ably from the stem. Most of the succulent plants suffer from
subulate and acute. It is found in Populus nigra and Tilia too copious a supply of water. Anasarca in plants is gene-
Europcea, and covers
the whole surface of the leaf. It arises rally incurable. Phthiriasis, is that disease of plants where
in the same way as the former, and by its great number the whole is covered with small insects, which suck out
sometimes sickens the plant. Contortions, owe their origin all its
sap, suppress the function of transpiration, and of
likewise to insects, which produce a swelling and contortion course hinder the farther evolution of its parts. This disease
of the leaves ; hence they become contorted, which is the is
produced by three different species of insects. By the
characteristic feature of the disease. It occurs in Cerastium, Aphis, of which each plant has almost a peculiar species.
Veronica, Lotus, Vaccinium. Verruca, or wart, is a small By the Coccus, of which there are various species. That
protuberance, which occurs chiefly
in fruits, for instance, in which in our hot-houses is mostly met with, the Coccus hes-
apples. Here insects are not the cause, but accidental peridum, is the most dangerous those which are commonly
;

occurrences. Of the same kind are the moles. They arise found on the roots of Scelanthus, Polygonum, and others,
from the wounds of the cutis. Both diseases are not hurtful, are less noxious. The disease is, lastly, produced by the
and, as yet, we know no means to prevent them. Tuber Acarus telarius, a small mite, which in hot-houses likewise
lignosum, is met with on trunks of trees. It seems to be pro- spins a very delicate web over the leaves of the plants, and
duced partly by insects, partly by changes of weather. It thus destroys them. Against the Aphis, careful cleaning, or
arises from a disturbance the active vessels of the inner
in even brushing with suds, or a decoction of tobacco, or strong
bark, which by the application of stimuli several times con- fumigation with tobacco, or sulphur in close rooms, may be
volve, without forming buds or boughs. They form, instead of service. The same means may be employed against
of this, great knobs, which often, in a bad situation, espe- the second species, where it may likewise be very beneficial
It not to place the plant, as soon as the temperature is mild, in the
cially through moisture, exulcerate. unfrequently
grows very large, without the least injury to the tree. open air, in a shady but airy place. This last destroys the
Squamationes, or spongy swellings, are produced like galls. canker, which in hot-houses chiefly attacks the genera Sida,
A small insect lays its eggs in the apex of a bud. Thus Hibiscus, Dolichos, and Phaseolus. Verminatio, or worms,
injured, the branch, which was to be formed from the bud, isnot, as in the animal kingdom, produced by worms, but
cannot be properly unfolded, it remains quite short all its ;
by the larvae of insects. The stem, leaves, and fruits, are
leaves, therefore, expand themselves from one point, but they attacked by it. The stem of some trees is very often eaten
are of small size. The whole has somewhat the appearance through, and must sometimes entirely decay on this account.
of a rose. This may be often seen in willows. Such spongy The willow, Salix alba ; horse-chesnut, .Ssculus hippocasta-
swellings are of bad consequence when in great numbers. num ; and Typha latifolia, may, in regard to the stem, serve
The only way to extirpate them, is, to cut them off before as very common instances. The leaves are often inhabited
they are properly formed. The Bedeguar occurs in roses by the well-known mining-worm, especially the leaves of
only, and has the same origin as the former, with this differ- cherry-trees. Fruits, as plums, apples, pears, hazel-nuts,
ence, that the insect which gives rise to the bedeguar, depo- and the grain of corn, and the like, are inhabited by the
sits a number of eggs in one
heap, in the middle of the bud. larvae of insects,which sometimes destroys them. Except
From this a fleshy mass of the size of a fist arises, which is the destruction of the larvae, no remedies will resist these
covered all over with hair-like coloured elongations, but ravaging enemies. Tabes, or the consumption of a plant, is
never has leaves. Chlorosis, is that affection of plants, when frequently a consequence of the already mentioned diseases,
their green colour entirely disappears, and all their parts or those which we have still to explain. It may however also
grow whitish. It arises from diminished stimulus, the plants originate from sterile or improper soil, unfavourable climate,
cannot excrete their oxygen, which therefore is accumulated. awkward transplanting, exhaustion of strength from too fre-
There are three causes of the disease want of light insects
: ; ;
quent flowering, insects, ulceration, &c. The whole plant
and bad soil. As soon as the plant is deprived of light, it can- gradually begins to decline, and dries up. As soon as this
not disengage the oxygen, hence it assumes a white colour, disease really appears, help is rarely possible. Teredo pino-
which however instantly goes off when the rays of the sun rum, is a kind of tabes, which attacks principally the albur-
are again admitted. This is the reason why plants, in dark num and inner bark of Pines. The disease arises from long-
rooms, between great masses of stone, in deep clefts of rocks, continued dry weather, or violent frost of long duration,
especially after preceding mild or warm weather, and violent
beneath the dark shade of shrubs and trees, &c. grow pale,
and of a whitish colour. Insects, which bite off the radicles Its signs are, an unusual discolouring of the
gales of wind.
of plants, or even nestle in them, and consume their food, acerous leaves, which are more or less of a reddish yellow
debilitate their vessels, render them insensible of the stimulus hue. A great number of small drops of resin appear on the
of light, and at last chlorotic. This occurs very frequently boughs, and, lastly, a putrid turpentine-like odour spreads
in Secale cereale. Here no remedies are of any use. Impro- in their neighbourhood ; the bark comes off, and the albur-
per soil, from which plants do not get a sufficient quantity num presents a blackish-blue appearance. At the same time
of proper food, sometimes renders them chlorotic. In such the well-known beetle appears, with several similar species
cases plants may recover by change of soil. Icterus, differs of insects. The Teredo is an incurable disease, and in large
from chlorosis, only in its colour, and by its cause, which forests nothing more can be done than to permit the removal
is cold coming on
early in autumn. It is indeed the natural of the pointed leaves or the moss round the roots of the Pine
death of the leaves, and can only hurt the plant itself when trees, as the trees are thereby weakened, and so much sooner
the cold begins in autumn before the due time. Plants
Anasarca, exposed to this misfortune. -Dcbilitas, s. deliquium.
or dropsy, rises in plants from which suffer from debility have all their p'arts, stern, leaves,
long-continued rain, or too
profuse watering. Single parts, in this case, are preterna- flowers, &c. hanging down quite relaxed. Debility owes it
turally swelled, and commonly putrefy. Some of the bulbous origin to foul air, want of light, of leaves, or of moisture,
and tuberous roots, for instance, are often too strong light, and other causes, which we must endea-
greatly swelled
after rain. Fruit becomes watery and tasteless. Seeds do vour to remove, in order effectually to remedy this evil.
VOL. it. 95. 4X
356 P LA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P LA

is a sterile or weak growth, the leaves branches, and by smaller plants. Late night-frosts, very
Suffocatio incrementi,
at last the whole plant decays.
become pale, and smaller, and frequently kill young shoots of plants, which therefore grow
It is different from consumption in this, that the causes of it black, and shrink. No other preservative can be used
are onlyaccidental, and may be removed, so that the plants against this than covering young plants as soon as cold nights
may still recover. Bad growth is occasioned by parasitic may be dreaded. Some assert, that they have derived great
plants, twining plants,
and too glutinous a soil. When those advantage from conductors of frost, which consist of a com-
impediments to growth are removed, the plants will soon pactly twisted cord of straw, directed into a vessel with
recover. Exulceratio, is a corroded part of a plant, from water. From severe winter cold, foreign trees suffer chiefly,
which proceeds an ichorous filthy water. It takes place after and such of our native plants as are very delicate. Their
wounds which are not properly taken care of, or which inner bark freezes, becomes black, and it is impossible to
have such an unfavourable situation, that rain or snow may save them. All the wounded part must be clipped, and the

stagnate in them. Farther, it is produced by insects, or main trunk with the roots only be allowed to remain, to
spontaneously by unknown causes. No ulcer heals of itself produce new shoots. Intense heat will produce the same
in plants it is more or less destructive, the slower we are in
;
bad effects in gardens, or even in forests, where foresters
All ulcerated parts ought to be taken are permitted to remove the mosses and dry leaves from the
bringing assistance.
off, and the sound parts covered with a coating of grafting roots. Single branches sometimes, by the too rapid growth
wax, or of Forsyth's cement. An ulcer often corrodes wood, of others, are deprived of their necessary food, and wither
pith, or other parts of trees,
from neglect of the gardener; away. This may happen without any injury to the plant.
in this case, all that is affected, must, without loss of time, Small fungi occasion this disease in the bulbs of the Saffron;
be cut away, and, as just now mentioned, the access of mois- it isa nuredo which destroys them. On the Gold coast of
ture must be prevented by the application of some grafting Africa, a wind blows called Harmattan, which kills the
wax or cement. From unknown causes, the bulbs of Hya- plants, making their leaves dry and black. Gaiigr<ena.
cinths and other fleshy roots exulcerate. We must endea- Plants affected with gangrene become soft and moist in some
vour to effectuate their cure by putting them in a dry place, single parts, which at last dissolve in a foul ichor. It chiefly
taking off the diseased part, and covering it with cement. attacks fruits, flowers, leaves, and roots, rarely the stem.
However, we rarely succeed, as the bulbs are mostly destroyed Gangrene arises either from too moist or too fat and luxu-
to the very centre. The best remedy for plants is the graft- rious ground, from infection and contusion. It scarcely

ing wax, if well prepared ; but in many cases, especially for admits of a cure, as it infests only single parts ; but if
of which the the causes which give rise to it are removed, it may be
large wounds, Forsyth's cement, for the receipt
king of England paid 15,000 dollars, is by far preferable prevented. Ustilago, appears especially in the species of
to the former. It consists of sixteen parts of cow-dung, gramina and grain ; rarely in other plants ; sometimes in
as much Scorzonera, Tragopogon, &c. It arises from a small fungus,
eight parts of dry lime taken from an old building,
charcoal, and one part of sand out of a river, which are to which occupies the whole ear, which therefore cannot evolve.
be mixed together into a thick salve. In place of cow-dung, Every part of it, on the contrary, becomes a black soiling
ox's blood, and instead of lime, dry chalk, may be employed. mass. Moist seasons are most favourable for its evolution,
This cement is to be spread thinly on the affected part, and and its formation is, under such circumstances, very rapid.
to be rubbed with a powder, consisting of six parts of char- That corn may not be affected with it, such grain only
coal, and one part of the ashes of burnt bones or carbonate should be sown which has not been kept in damp places,
of lime, till the surface of the cement is as smooth as if nor has been got from where the disease prevailed. It is
polished. Forsyth did wonders with this preparation, and natural to suppose that the infection would by such means
cured with it all wounds of plants without any further trouble. be propagated. Neither should the grain be placed too
It does not keep well, and therefore only as much of it must deep in the ground, especially where the soil is very fat or
be prepared, as is wanted for the time, or, if it is to be pre- moist. When, however, it is once begun, the plants dis-
served, it must be sprinkled with urine. It should further eased cannot be cured. In tender and scarce garden plants,
only be applied during dry weather, by which means it covers something may be done, by amputating the diseased part
the wound with a cortex. Rafn asserts, he had experienced before its perfect formation. But in general, this expedient
the same good effects from a mixture of pounded coal and is not advisable. Mutilation, happens especially in flowers,
potatoes, or some other soft substance, and
even prefers this and the name flos mutilatus is used, when single parts of a
to Forsyth's mixture. Carcinoma arborum, or a cancerous flower, particularly the corol, are not come to perfection.
affection, occurs principally in fruit-trees, when they lose The causes of this mutilation are unfavourable climate, and
too much gum, and undergoes an acid fermentation.
this improper soil. Flowers, notwithstanding this mutilation,
This disease appears frequently in low-lying gardens after often bear perfect seeds. The species of violet, Viola oclo-
deluges. A great spongy excrescence rises, which even in rata and canina, often produce in our climate, if the wea-
the driest weather discharges an acrid ichor, which corrodes ther is not warm enough, flowers wanting the corols. Cam-
every thing. We distinguish two species, the open and the panula hybrida has here no corols, but is said to have them
latent cancer. The first species is easily seen, and cured in France and Italy. In several of the campanulate flowers
But the second we see frequently the corol wanting for instance, in Cam-
by simply extirpating the affected part. ;

species may have spread far in length, and under the cortex, panula pentagona, perfoliata, media. Some other plants,
before it is discovered. We must then hasten to save the as Ipomoea, Tussilago, Lychnis, are liable to the same acci-
tree, and, after removing the wounded part,' apply Forsyth's dent. Ruellia clansdestina is thus called, because it has
cement to it. To obviate this disease, we must improve the sometimes flowers without the corols, sometimes with them.
station of the plant, and endeavour to prevent too much The same is said to be the case in its native country, Bar-
formation of gum in fruit-trees. Necrosis, or dry gangrene, badoes. Hespe-ris matronalis, during long-continued moist
is that disease which causes the leaves or other parts to weather, from superabundance of food, frequently bears
blossoms, where the corol becomes a second calix. The
grow black and dry. It arises from late night-frosts, severe
cold in winter, burning heat, suppuration of the sap in single Dianthus caryophyllus augments the scales of its calix so
 P L A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P LA 357

much that the flower becomes somewhat like the ear of wheat, spur or a cup, usually increase the spur or cup, and lose the
and the corol never appears. Less conspicuous is this dis- petals altogether, or they retain the last in their natural situa-
ease, when a few stamens only are not
so properly formed tion ; or, they lose sometimes the spur or cup, and enlarge
only
as the rule requires. Monstrositas, is the preternatural form the petals. Of the first kind, Aquilegia vulgaris, and Nar-
of single parts or a whole plant. In the flower and fruit the cissus pseudo-narcissus, may serve as instances. In the Aqui-

monstrosity is often such as

to prevent their use entirely. legia the petals are dislodged, and the spur only increased
The stem is sometimes writhed, bent, knotty, too much in number : in this case, then,
many spurs are enclosed in
Cold climates in general one another like so many cornets. In Narcissus the petals
depressed, and
in a lying posture.
make plants rough, small, and crippled. On high mountains remain natural, but the nectarium is multiplied. The same
the tallest trees are at last reduced to a small size. A mon- plants likewise present instances of the second kind ; in
strosity is sometimes
observed in leaves, by their becoming Aquilegia, the spurs are in this case entirely wanting, and the
deformed, either larger or more numerous, thicker, or frizzled. petals increase in number; in the same way Narcissus may
Every person has seen Trefoil with four leaves,
or the preter- sometimes want the nectarium, and the petals become full.
naturally red-coloured leaves
of the Beech-tree, and other The Violet and the Larkspur become full in the same manner.
varieties belonging to this class. Fruits likewise are variously Flowers which have one or a few stamens only, are seldom
deformed ; they are either very large or very small, grown full when they are full, and this is exceedingly rare, it is
:

together, distorted, crooked,

and the like. These may, how- only in such plants as have a monopetalous corol. As an
ever, produce good seeds. But fruits which are doubled, instance of this kind, I shall mention Jasrainum sambac.
where, when one is cut, a second one appears in its interior, Some of the natural families never yet produced any double
as sometimes happens in citron, and fruits which have no or full flowers. Such are, Palmae, Calmarite, Gramina,
seeds, (as, for instance, the Bromelia ananas, Muga paradi- Apetalse, (flowers without petals,) Amentaceee, Coniferee,
siaca Artocarpus incisa, Berberis vulgaris,) entirely fail us in Tripetaloidae, Orchidese, Scitamineee, Oleracese, Inundatse,
the end for which they were intended by nature. Monstrous Bicornes, Tricoccee, Stellatse, Umbellatse, Asperifoliee, Verti-
flowers are of no value for the botanist, as their sexual organs cillatee. Some of the last, however, afford an exception. In
are wanting, and he is unable without these to ascertain the those flowers which are styled "Personates, it has been only
genus. They are only of some importance to him, if
they observed in the species Antirrhinum. The papilionaceae,
elucidate any points in physiology. They are particularly have been found full in a few instances only ; as in Coronilla,
agreeable to garden amateurs, who have so vitiated a taste Anthyllis, Clitoria, Spartium. Full flowers, as we have just
as to despise simple nature in all its beauty, and with care now mentioned, occur most frequently in polypetalous corols,
often transplant these deformities into their gardens. but the monopetalous are sometimes seen full, though this
" The deformities in flowers are the Flos mul- was formerly denied as instances, are Colchicum, Crocus,
following : ;

tiplicatus,
a double flower; Flos plenus, a full flower; Flos Hyacinthus, Polyanthes, Convallaria, and Polygonatum. The
difformis,
a deformed flower; and lastly, Flos prolifer, a polypetalous corol becomes full by its petals, the mono-
proliferous flower. Flos multiplicatus, a double flower, is petalous by its laciniee. Full flowers are somewhat of the
the beginning of a full flower. Flowers are styled double, appearance of compound flowers, and consequently may be
when their petals exceed the usual number, bu* stamens and mistaken by the student for such but they are easily distin-
;

pistil still
remain to accomplish impregnation, and to produce guished by the following marks : 1. In the centre of a full

ripe seeds. The first beginning of a double flower is the flower, remnants of the style, are still to be seen. 2. Each
corolla duplex, or triplex, when the corol becomes double or petal is not furnished with stamens or a style. 3. After they
treble. Monopetalous corols are often double ; for instance, have blossomed, nothing remains, and no fruit whatever can
Datura and Campanula; but polypetalous corols still more be traced. 4. Lastly, no common receptacle is to be found.
frequently. As long as the pistil remains perfect in a flower, Compound flowers become full in a peculiar manner. Flores
and it can bear seeds, so long the flower is called double. semiflosculosi,when they grow mature, have a very long ger-
The cause of this deformity is the same as in the following. men, and a pappus which is as long again as the germen.
Very little care is taken to remedy this evil, as gardeners The linguiform corol, style, and stamens, are natural, but
even like to see full and double flowers. But if botanists the stigma is divided, and of the same length with the corol.
wish to see double flowers of herbaceous plants in their Such deformities occur in Scorzonera, Lapsana, and Trago-
natural state, they ought by all means to give them by pogon. By these characters, and by their never bearing ripe
degrees worse and worse soil. Flos plenus. A full flower is seeds, they may be distinguished from natural semifloscular
that where the petals have become so numerous as to exclude flowers. Flores radiati. Radiate flowers grow full in a two-
both stamens and style altogether. As such flowers want fold manner, either by the disk or centre, or by the rays. If
the necessary organs of impregnation, they will never be able the disk is full, it suppresses the radii altogether, and the
to produce seeds. The full and double flower both originate tubular corols grow longer, so as to get almost a club-shaped
from too great richness of soil. A number of vessels become form, and in this case the stamens are entirely lost ; for
stuffed with nourishing sap, in such a manner, that the petals example, Matricaria, Bellis, Tagetes, &c. In the same man-
and stamens split,
and are changed into more petals. Some ner, likewise, compound flowers become full, which naturally
flowers are so full that the calix bursts. Monopetalous flow- consist of tubular florets ; for instance, Carduus. From
ers are rarely full ; such as, Primula, Hyacinthus, Datura, natural flowers of the same external appearance, full flowers
Polyanthes. Polypetalous plants are oftener full ; as, Pyrus, may be easily distinguished by tho longer corol, and by the
Prunus, Rosa, Fragaria, Ranunculus, Caltha, Anemone, want of seeds. If the radius is full, then no disk can be seen,
Aquilegia, Papaver or Poeonia, and many others. Dianthus and such a flower gets much of the appearance of the flos
caryophyllus, and Papaver somniferum, have been brought semiflosculosus, from which, however, it may be distinguished
forward as fair instances to prove that full flowers may pro- at once, by there being not the least appearance of stamens.
duce seeds. But this proceeds from confounding a full From this simple full flower, the full compound flower differs
flower with a double one. The last may bear seeds, but a in this point, that there is a style attached to each petal. The
nil flower never. Flowers which have nectaries in form of a radius of a simple radiate flower remains the same in a full
358 P LA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PL A
radiate flower. If the radius be beset with prolific female grain. The seed becomes swelled three times its usual size
flowers, then the full flower, consisting of mere linguiform and tKickness, but has no corcle. The clavus arises in the
flowers, provided with prolific styles, and may without
is species of corn and gramina from an unknown cause, by a
difficulty, there be any natural plants in its neighbourhood,
if stagnation of the adducent and air vessels. There are two
come to bear ripe seeds. If the radius, on the contrary, con- distinct species of it: 1. The simple clavus, which is of a
sists of barren female flowers, we commonly find them to be pale violet colour, in its interior is whitish and mealy, with-
the same in the full flower. Flos diffbrmis, the difformed out any smell or taste, and may be ground along with the
flower, is not a full, but a barren flower, which in its appear- sound grain, without any bad effects on the last. 2. The
ance is unlike the natural plant. It occurs most commonly malignant clavus, which is dark violet, blue, or blackish,
in monopetalous flowers. Some of the labiate and ringent internally has a blueish-gray colour, a foetid smell, and a
Its meal is tenacious, imbibes warm
plants especially, belong to this kind for instance, Ajuga,
; sharp pungent taste.
Mimulus, and Antirrhinum. They grow sometimes longer water slowly, and has no slimy appearance when kneaded.
than usual, assume the form of egg-shaped corols, which are The bread has a violet blue colour. When eaten, cramps,
narrower at the top, and divided into four lobes several : and especially the raphinia of Cullen, are produced by it.
" We
call plants sterile or barren, when
long spurs are protruded from their base, which in these Sterilitas.
they
flowers are distinguished by the particular name of Peloria. produce neither flowers nor fruits. All full, deformed, and
The Antirrhinum linaria very often affords this variety. proliferous flowers, therefore, are sterile, because the stamens
Another species of difformed flower is the Snowball, Vibur- and pistil surfer in them. But some plants are sterile only as
num opulus.' This shrub has, small cam-
in its natural state, far as they do not produce blossoms. The cause of this may
panulate flowers, which on their margin are surrounded by be climate, too much sap, improper soils, and ill treatment.
large, unfertile, and rotate flowers. In gardens and in rich Plants, which are transplanted from a warmer climate into a
soil,all the flowers grow into large rotate corols, which are colder, bloom very rarely. An artificial degree of heat, like
three times the size of the natural corols. All the stamens their natural, is therefore frequently tried, but not always
and styles vanish of course. Another kind of difformed with good effect. The plants from the Cape of Good Hope
flower has been observed, though extremely rare. In one of require more warmth in winter than in summer, and, if they
the Umbellatee, just beneath the umbella, a compound flower have this, are sure to Fruit-trees, when they have
blossom.
was found resembling that of Bellis perennis. A flower like too much sap, and bark is too thick, have only a
their outer
this was found by Gesner on a Ranunculus. It is singular to thin vascular ring annually formed the sap therefore must
;

find on the stem of a flowering

Ranunculus and of an Umbella, ascend towards the top and the boughs, and fruit-trees of
the flower of the Bellis. Once it was thought, that the stems that kind grow often without ever having blossoms. Gar-
of both were grown together, and that the stem of the Bellis deners try to remedy this, by lopping some boughs, cutting
had grown and unfolded itself in the first like a grafted sprig. off part of the root, and by removing the plant to a sterile
But late observations have shewn, that this flower is not the soil ;but they are, notwithstanding all these precautions,
perfect flower of the Bellis perennis, but merely a congeries often disappointed. The best and easiest method is to bleed
of many flowers of the Ranunculus or Umbella, imperfectly or scarify such trees, as it has been called, or to scratch
unfolded, which have retained their small size and yellow superficially, and in a winding direction, their stem and
colour, and are enclosed in a number of whitish petals. principal branches. The vascular rings are then at freedom
Perhaps the bite of insects produces this deformity. Flos to expand, and the tree will bloom and bear fruits without
prolifer. A
proliferous flower is one flower contained within delay, as the circulation of the sap does not now go on with
another. This mostly occurs in full flowers. They are of a equal rapidity as before. Improper soil promotes sterility.
double kind first, in simple and in compound flowers.
; In If succulent plants, for instance, Cactus, or Mesembryan-

simple flowers, a stem rises from the pistil, which buds and themum, be placed in rich garden earth, they may grow in it,
flowers. This stem is scarcely ever covered with leaves, and but scarcely ever, at least very rarely, bear blossoms. Are
seldom more than one flower grows from another. Instances they, however, placed in a ground mixed with loam and sand,'
of this kind are, the Pinclove, the Ranunculus, Anemone, then they will easily shew their blossoms, if they are rightly
Roses, the Geum rivale, and Cardamine pratensis. The treated. Ill treatment indeed
suppresses in many a plant
deformity, however, is of a different kind in compound flowers; the approaching flower. Amaryllis formosissima, if kept
for in them a number of stems rise from the receptacle, constantly in pots filled with garden earth, produces many
which all bear flowers. Instances of this deformity are, Sca- leaves, but no flowers. But, if its bulb be taken out and
biosa, Bellis, Calendula, and Hieracium. In the Umbellatae, preserved in a dry place, out of ground, during the winter, a
something similar has likewise been observed, to wit, one flower will appear every year. Many other bulbous plants,
umbel growing out of the other, or, what I once myself saw which grow in sandy plains in warm climates, do the same.
in Heracleum
sphondylium, the tall stem had on its extreme Many examples might here be adduced, which for the sake
points green leaves and small umbels. Proliferous flowers of space I am forced to omit. Abortus. When flowering
are a great curiosity, but they never have perfect seeds. I plants, which are provided with perfect female organs of
saw it only once in a lemon, on the apex of which a stem generation, do not bear fruit. This originates from a want
rose with another lemon. I doubt indeed if there be
any of male organs of generation, their bad structure, want of the
proliferous fruits, the lemon excepted. In such fruits, how- impregnating insects, the heat of moisture and soil, sting of
ever, when the common receptacle grows larger, an appear- insects, and violent storms, various disorders, too great age,
ance like that of proliferous fruits is often met with. I have and too much sap or, lastly, when the flower appears at
;

repeatedly observed, in the Pinus larix, a proliferous stro- an unfavourable season. Every botanic garden can shew us
bilus. I have even seen a strobilus which
produced a sprig, numberless instances of abortion. How often do we lose
on which other strobili were formed. In the same manner exotic plants, bearing no seeds, because the male organs are
proliferous spikes are formed in rich soil, in Secale ccreale, either wanting, or in an imperfect state How often might
!

Phleum pratense, Alopecurus pratensis, and the like. A insects, could we obtain proper species, do this office! In
very remarkable monstrosity in the germen is, the Clavus in this case, a great deal may be done by the gardener. If there
 PL A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P LA 359

Pausanius tells us of a Plane-tree of extraordinary size and

is not sufficient warmth, which if
required, to ripen many
foreign fruits, they
must necessarily drop off in its immature jeauty in Arcadia, supposed to be planted by Menelaus ; so
us .hat the age of the tree when he saw it must have been about
statet Drought and sterile soil not unfrequently deprive
of the fruit which we expected. Careful watering may assist ;hirteen hundred years. That this tree was large and hand-
us here greatly. The larvse of various insects, and often some, we can easily believe but the age is incredible, espe-
;

these themselves, when perfect, rot and destroy the fruit. cially allowing the tree to be sound when seen by Pausanias.
Winds, old age, and accidents, often disappoint our hopes Pliny mentions one in Lycia that had mouldered away into
of gathering fruit. Here no remedies are of avail, except an immense cave, eighty feet in circumference. Caligula
From too great a quantity also had a tree of this sort, at his villa near Velitrse : the
avoiding the occasional causes.
of sap, many a fruit-tree throws off its fruits. This happens hollow of the trunk held fifteen persons at di-nner, with a
from the same cause that plants do not blossom for super- proper suite of attendants. Evelyn, Miller, and Gilpin, have
abundance of sap ; and the means above recommended in that related at length from .Elian, the adoration that was paid
case may serve us here as well. Most bulbous plants, when by Xerxes to a tree of this sort in Phrygia. And wherever
the sap accumulates, drop their immature fruit : they should any sumptuous buildings were erected in that country, the
therefore be planted in dry ground. Some bulbous plants porticoes which opened to the air generally terminated in
indeed only then ripen their seeds, if their unripe fruit be cut groves or lines of these trees. It was no less esteemed in

off with the stem, and kept thus lying for some time. If a Italy, after it was introduced there; and Pliny informs us
fresh air and insects, blossom that it was first brought over the Ionian sea into the island
plant which requires particularly
in the middle of winter, or, to speak more generally, in a cold of Diomedes, for a monument to that hero : thence it passed
season, fruit will seldom be produced. In this case, nothing into Sicily, and then into Italy. The same ancient author
can be done, unless, indeed, by some artificial mode of treat- asserts, that there is no tree whatsoever which so well defends
ment, the plant be made to blossom again in spring and us from the heat of the sun in summer, or that admits it more
summer." See Blights. kindly in winter ; the branches being produced at a distance
Platanus ; a genus of the class Monacia, order Polyan- proportioned to the largeness of the leaves, so that when the
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, compound, leaves are fallen in winter, the branches easily admit the
forming a globular ament. Calix : a very few small jags. rays of the sun. Lady Craven mentions some Plane-trees
Corolla: scarcely apparent. Stamina: filamenta oblong, which she saw in the Turkish dominions, of a size so gigan-
thicker at top, coloured ; antherse four-cornered, growing tic, that the largest trees we have in England would have
round the filamentum at the lower part. Female Flowers, appeared like besom-sticks in comparison. It is generally
forming a globe, numerous, on the same tree. Calix: scales supposed that this tree was introduced into England by the
many, very small. Corolla: petals many, concave, oblong, great Lord Chancellor Bacon, who planted a good many of
club-shaped. Pistil : germina many, awl-shaped, ending in them at Verulam, where they were flourishing in 1706, but
awl-shaped styles, with a recurved stigma. Pericarp: none; were destroyed a few years back. The Turks used to build
fruits many, collected into a globe. Seed: roundish, placed most of their ships with this timber, which is hard, close,
on a bristle-shaped peduncle, and terminated by the awl- takes a fine polish, and is valuable for a variety of useful
shaped style ; with a capillary pappus adhering to the base purposes. In Great Britain it is merely considered as an
of the seed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: ament ornamental tree, and is even less common than the next
globular. Corolla: scarcely apparent. Anthera : growing species in our plantations. Notwithstanding its backward-
round the filamentum. Female. Calix: ament globular. ness in coming out in the spring, and the sudden decay of
Corolla: many-petalled. Stigma: recurved. Seeds: round- its leaves in autumn, yet for its handsome appearance, and
ish, mucronate with the style, pappose at the base. The the great size to which it will grow, it deserves a place in all
species are, large plantations, especially near mansions, or on a moist
1. Platanus Orientalis ; Oriental Plane Tree. Leaves soil, and near streams of water, in which situations it will
subpalmate, five-lobed ; nerves smoothish underneath. This arrive at a prodigious magnitude. Culture. This species is
is a native of Asia, where it becomes very large. The stem propagated either from seeds or by layers, the latter of which
is tall, erect, and covered with a smooth bark, which annu- is
generally practised in England ; though the plants thus
ally falls off; it sends out many side-branches, which are raised seldom make such straight trees as those which are
generally a little crooked at their joints. The flowers come produced from seeds. It has however been generally thought,
out upon long peduncles hanging downwards, each sustain- that the seeds of this tree were not productive, merely
ing five or six round balls of flowers ; the upper, which are because they have not been sown at a proper season, nor
the largest, are more than four inches in circumference ; they managed rightly. Mr. Miller saw thousands of the young
sit very close to the peduncle. The flowers are so small as plants spring up from the seeds of a large tree, which were
to be scarcely distinguished without glasses; they come oul scattered upon the ground in a moist place ; and found that
a little before the leaves, which appear at the beginning ol if the seeds are sown soon after they are ripe, in a moist
June : and in warm summers the seeds will ripen late in shady situation, they will rise extremely well ; and the plants
autumn, and if left upon the trees will remain till spring, when thus obtained will make a considerable progress after the
the balls fall to pieces, and the bristly down which surrounds second year, being much hardier, and less liable to lose
the seeds helps to transport them to a great distance with their tops in winter, than those which are
propagated by
the wind. There are several varieties ; two of which are layers. And as the seeds often ripen in England, they may
the Maple-leaved Plane, and the Spanish Plane-tree : the be propagated in as great abundance as
any other forest tree.
first has heart-shaped leaves, five-lobed, smooth, distant See the next species.
toothed, abrupt and three-ribbed at the base ; the second 2. Platanus Occindetalis ; Western or American Plane Tree.
leaves three or five lobed, toothed, wedge-shaped and elon- Leaves with five
angles, slightly lobed, toothed, wedge-
-rated at the base,
triple-ribbed, nearly smooth. The Plane- shaped at the base ; nerves tomentose underneath. Stemi
ree has always been much esteemed in the eastern countries
straight, and of equal girth in most parts of the length. The
vhere it grows naturally, for its beauty and grateful shade branches extend wide on every side. The young ones have
VOL. ii. 96. 4 Y

K
360 PL A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PL A
a brownish, the old ones a gray bark, which is smooth, and what lightish mellow soil. In the winter, screen the seed-
falls off annually like that of the first species. The foot- bed with pea-straw, or some other light covering, that cart
stalks of the leaves are three inches long. The colour of the easily be removed -in mild weather. In the spring, before
leaves is a light green on their upper side, and pale on their the seeds vegetate, rake the beds
gently over with a short-
under. The flowers grow in round balls like the former toothed rake, sifting a little fresh rich mould on them, and
species, but are smaller
the leaves and flowers of both
: water them during dry weather in summer. In the
following
appear at the same time; and the seeds ripen in autumn. autumn, the beds having been made quite clean, put a little
Kalm calls it and says that it grows
the Virginian Maple, more good mould about the plants ; after which they will
in plenty on the shores of the Delaware. The Anglo-Ame- require no trouble but keeping them clean till they have had
ricans call it Button Wood, from its catkins or aments ; another season's growth ; when they may be removed into the
though Water Beech is a more common name. It grows
nursery in spring, in rows one yard asunder, and eighteen
mostly in low places, but especially on the edges of rivers inches distance in the rows. Observe, in propagating them
and brooks, and is easily transplanted to drier places if the by seed, though many will come up in the first spring, the
soil be good and as the leaves are large, and the foliage
; general crop must not be expected till the second. Dr. Hun-
thick, it is planted about houses and gardens, to afford shade ter recommends the cuttings to be taken from
strong young
in the hot season. It grows also in marshes and swampy wood, and planted early in autumn in a moist good mould.
fields, with the Ash and Red Maple; and is remarkable They are generally planted thick, and then removed into the
for its quick growth, being frequently as tall and thick as nursery but if a large piece of moist ground be ready, the
;

the best Fir-trees. There are such numbers of them on cuttings may be placed at such a distance as not to approach
the low meadows between Philadelphia and the ferry at too near each other before they are of a sufficient size to plant
Gloucester, on both sides of the road, that in summer it is where they are to remain, which would save the expense
a shady walk all the way and in Philadelphia itself, near
: and trouble of a removal. Mr. Boutcher recommends the
the Swedish church, some large trees of it stand on the cuttings to be planted at the beginning of March, in shady
shore of the river. In more than a century and half since its borders two feet row from row, and eight or ten inches in
it has not become very common, although, as the rows if
they are torn asunder at the joints, with a knob
:
importation,
Mr. Marshall observes, it is particularly refreshing to the of the old wood left, they will grow more readily. These
eye, and truly ornamental
the bright colour giving variety
; cuttings should be a foot or fourteen inches long, and buried
to groves and masses of wood, and in single trees or groups about eight inches deep. In two years they may be removed.
Mr. Gilpin remarks, that its stem In short, however these beautiful trees are propagated, after
being singularly elegant.
is -very picturesque it is smooth, and of a light ash-colour
; ; two years they may be planted out, in rows three feet and a
has the property of throwing off its bark in scales, thus half asunder, there to remain, or to be transplanted after
three years to another nursery, in rows six feet asunder, and
naturally cleansing itself, at least its larger boughs, from
moss and other parasitical incumbrances. No tree forms a three feet in the rows, where they may stand six or seven
more pleasing shade it is full-leafed, and its leaf is large,
:
years. The season for transplanting them is March, and they
smooth, of a fine texture, and seldom injured by insects. delight in a moist ground, particularly the second species ;

Its lower branches shooting horizontally, soon take a direc- so that where the land is dry, the two varieties mentioned
tion to the ground and the sprays, by twisting about in
;
under the first species are to be preferred.
various forms, up every little vacuity of shade. At the
fill Platylobium ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order
same time, it must be confessed that the twisting of its Decandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : bell-shaped,
branches is when the tree is stripped of its
a disadvantage, five-toothed; the three lower teeth acute and spreading, the
leaves and reduced to a skeleton. Nor indeed does its foli- two upper very large, obovate, obtuse, close pressed to the
the leaf, and the mode of its standard. Corolla : papilionaceous ; standard heart-shaped,
age, from the largeness of
growth, make the most picturesque appearance in summer.
twice as long as the calix, spreading, deeply emarginate;
The summer leaf, both of this and the preceding species, wings shorter than the standard, semi-obovate, with a blunt
bear so light a hue as to mix ill with the foliage of the Oak, incurved tooth on the upper side at their base ; keel of two
the Elm, and other trees. On the skirts of a plantation adhering petals, obtuse, as long as the wings, with a tooth
they sometimes form a disagreeable spot during
summer ; on each side of the base, embraced by the incurved teeth of
but' inautumn their leaves receive a mellow tint, which har- the wings. Stamina: filamenta ten, in one set, separated
monizes well with the waning colour of the wood. One of only on the upper side, and cloven nearly half their length ;
the finest occidental Planes, adds Mr. Gilpin, stands in my divisions equal, and curved upwards ; antherse nearly orbi-
own garden where its boughs feathering to
at Vicar's hill, cula'r,equal, versatile. Pistil: germen linear, very hairy;
the ground, form a canopy of above fifty feet in diameter. style recurved, smooth; stigma simple, sharp. Pericarp:
Culture. This tree will grow extremely well from cuttings, if legume pedicelled, clothed with scattered hairs, somewhat
they are planted at the beginning of October upon
a moist cimeter-shaped, perfectly compressed, obtuse, with a small
soil, and if watered in dry weather, will make prodigious pro- point, one-celled, extending into a flat border along the
gress so that in a few years after planting they will afford
; upper edge, considerably beyond the insertion of the seeds.
noble trees for avenues and shady walks. Both this and the Seeds: seven or eight, compressed, each on a curved white
be easily propagated in March by stalk. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: bell-shaped, five-
preceding species may
layers. Every twig will take root, if they be only pegged cleft, the two upper segments very large and obtuse legume
;

down, and covered with earth and the layers will be well
; pedicelled, compressed, winged at the back. The spe-
rooted in one year then they should be cut off from the old
: cies are,
Leaves
trees or stools, and planted in a nursery, where they may 1. Platylobium Formosum Orange Flat-pea.
;

remain two or three years to acquire strength, and should then somewhat all over stalk
ovate, heart-shaped; germen hairy;
be transplanted where they are to remain for the younger ; of the legume shorter than the calix bractes silky.
;
Stem
they are when finally planted, the better they will thrive. shrubby, four feet high branches opposite, round, rough-
;

The best time for sowing the seeds is autumn, upon a some- ish, covered with leaves, and ornamented
with numerous
 P LE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P LO 361

flowers ; leaves opposite,

on very short hairy stalks, of a beau- upper lip ; on the lower more intensely dotted towards the
flowers solitary, from the axils seeds compressed, of an ash-bay colour. It flowers from
green, glaucous beneath ; tip ;
tiful
of the uppermost leaves, opposite, on short hairy peduncles ; January to May.- Native of Africa. This generally ripens
its seeds, and can be propagated only by them.
standard of the corolla orange-coloured, striated almost half It
may be
crimson lines, from preserved in the dry-stove or green-house.
way to the edge, with beautifully radiant
a pale yellow spot at the base ; wings deep yellow keel ;
3. Plectranthus Galeatus Helmet-flowered Plectranthus.
;

whitish, tipped with a rich crimson ; pod an

inch and half Nectary gibbous ; pedicels branched ; leaves cordate-ovate,
and half as broad. Native of New South Wales, where acuminate, serrate. Stem villose, grooved ;
peduncle ter-
long,
it blooms all the year. minating pedicels opposite, branched bractes none corol-
; ; ;

las pu-bescent, with the lower lip galeated. Native of Java.

2. Platylobium Parviflorum ; Small-flowered Flat-pea.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate germen nearly smooth stalk of the
; ;
4. Plectranthus Forskohleei. Nectary gibbous ; racemes
Native of leafless ; stem equal ; leaves ovate, approximating towards
legume longer than the calix bractes smooth.
;

New South Wales. the top of the branches, hairy, very blunt, grossly crenate,
3. transverse at the base, quite entire ; corolla four times as
Platylobium Triangulare; Triangular-leaved Flat-pea.
Leaves somewhat triangular or hastate, with spinous angles; long as the calix, pale purple. Native of the mountains of
flower-stalks bracted at the base and summit, naked in the Arabia Felix and Madagascar.
middle legume several times longer than the calix.
;
Found 5. Plectranthus Crassifolius ; Thick-leaved 'Plectranthus.
ID Van Diernen's land. Nectary gibbous ; racemes bracted ; leaves ovate, fleshy.
Plectranthus ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Native of Arabia Felix.
Gymnospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cafe: perianth Plectronia : a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
one-leafed, subcampanulate, short, two-lipped; upper lip gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
ovate, wider, ascending ; lower lip four-cleft, acute, the two turbinate, obsoletely five-toothed, closed with sinuses, or
lowest segments a little longer. Corolla: one-petalled, rin- five villose scales, permanent. Corolla: petals five, lanceo-
gent, resupine ; tube compressed, longer than the calix. late, sessile, inserted into the throat of the calix. Stamina:
One turned upwards, wide, trifid ; the middle segment
lip
filamenta five, very short; antheree two-lobed, roundish,
larger, emarginate ; the lateral ones small the other lip
: each covered with the calicine scales. Pistil: germen infe-
turned down, narrower, entire, ovate-, acute, concave. Nec- rior; style filiform, shorter than the calix; stigma ovate.

tary a spur or bump from the base of the tube of the corolla, Pericarp: berry oblong, two-celled. Seeds: solitary, oblong,
produced upwards. Stamina: filamenta four, declined, awl- compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Petals: five,

shaped, of which two are a little shorter ; antherae simple. inserted into the throat of the calix. Berry: two-seeded,
Pistil: germen four-parted; style filiform, the length and inferior. The only known species is,
situation of the stamina; stigma bifid, acute. Pericarp: 1. Plectronia Ventosa. Leaves opposite, petioled, lanr
none ; but the calix contains the seeds at bottom. Seeds : ceolate-ovate, quite entire, even, longer than the internodes;
four, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: upper corymbs capillary, brachiate, shorter than the leaves. It is
segment large. Corolla: resupine; gibbous or spurred at a tree, with four-cornered branches. Native of the Cape.
the base. Filamenta : simple. The species are, Pliant Mealy Tree. See Viburnum.
1. Plectranthus Frnticosus ; Shrubby Plectranthus. Nec- Plinia ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Monogynia.
tary spurred racemes compound peduncles three-parted
; ; ; GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, five
stems shrubby, levigated, several, erect, very much branched, or four parted ; segments acute, flat, small. Corolla : four
brachiate, pithy, ash-coloured branches opposite, spread-
; or five petalled ; petals ovate, concave, widely spreading.
ing, obscurely marked with lines the thickness of a reed, Stamina: filamenta numerous, inserted into^the calix, capil-
brittle;
tender shoots four-cornered, pubescent, green ; leaves lary, the length of the corolla; antheree small. Pistil: ger-
broad, ovate, or shaped like a heart, only they are not men superior, small style awl-shaped, longer than the
;

emarginate, but produced at the base, acute or acuminate, stamina; stigma simple. Pericarp: drupe very large, glo-
doubly serrate, with equal, bluntish, waved serratures, bular, grooved. Seed: single, very large, globular, smooth.
wrinkled, nerved, and veined, with the nerves and veins ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four or five parted. Pe-
prominent on the lower surface only, villose, appearing dot- tals : four or five. Drupe :
superior, grooved. The spe-
ted underneath when viewed with a magnifying glass, spread- cies are,
ing, fragrant, four or five inches long, and three or four 1 . Plinia Crocea ; Saffron-fruited Plinia. Flowers five-
wide; flowers pedicelled ; corollas blue, five lines in length. petalled ; leaves abruptly pinnate ; fruit eatable. Native of
It flowers from June to September. Native of the Cape of America.
Good Hope. It perfects seads in England, and may be pro- 2. Plinia Pedunculata ;
Red-fruited Plinia. Flowers
pagated by them, or by cuttings, but must have the protec- four-petalled ; leaves opposite, petioled, simple, even, like
tion of the dry-stove. those of Myrtle, ovate berry roundish, the size of a plum
; :

2. Plectranthus Punctatus; Dotted Plectranthus. Nec- in this species it is inferior. It flowers in

January and
tary gibbous flowers in spikes.
; Stem herbaceous, rough- February, and is commonly cultivated in Madeira and the
haired; leaves ovate, acute, toothed, nerved, very much East Indies. It is the same with Myrtus Brasiliana and
wrinkled, villose, commonly spotted with brown in the disk, Eugenia Uniflora, which see.
the spot having stiffish brown hairs scattered over it, spread- Plocama ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
ing, reclining, from two to three inches long, from eighteen gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. perianth one- Calix:
to twenty-four lines wide, stinking; spikes
solitary, termi- leafed, very small, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla: one-
nating; and besides this, others short and solitary from the petalled, bell-shaped, five-parted ; segments oblong. Sta-
upper axils, erect, compact, bracted, hirsute, two inches mina: filamenta five, short, inserted into the tube anthevsc ;

long flowers on short pedicels, in a sort of whorl, aggregate linear, from incumbent erect. Pistil:
;
germen inferior, glo-
under each bracte, two or three lines in length ; corollas bular ;
style filiform, subclavate, longer than the stamina ;

very pale blue, marked with purple lines on the disk of the stigma simple, obtuse. Pericarp: berry subglobular, three-
36-2 PL U THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PL U
celled. Seeds: solitary, linear-oblong. ESSENTIAL CIIA- and, unless the autumn proves warm, does not flower at all ;
RACT'F.R. Calix : five-toothed, superior. Corolla: bell- and never produces ripe seeds. It is called Dentellaria in

shaped, five-cleft. Berry: three-celled. Seeds: solitary, Latin, Dontellaire in French, and in English Toothwort, from
linear-oblong. The only known species is, its
property of curing the tooth-ach ; being of a hot caustic
1 . Plocama Pendula ; Pendulous Plocama. Native of the nature, like Pellitory of Spain. Native of the south of Europe,
Canary Islands. and of Tunis in Africa. Two ounces of the plant, boiled in
Ploughman's Spikenard. See Baccharis and Conyza. four ounces of Olive oil, is recommended to cure the itch :
Plukenetia; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Mona- the sediment is tied up in a bag of linen, and the
patient is
delphia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth rubbed with it, moistening the outside of the bag from time to
of one leaf, in four deep ovate-acute, equal, spreading seg- time with the same oil. Allioni says, that the leaves are too
ments. Corolla: none. Stamina: filaments numerous, burning and inflammatory and therefore prefers an infusion
;

united in an imbricated manner, awl-shaped, very short; of the root, which he prescribed The bruised
successfully.
anthers small, smooth, of two tumid furrowed lobes. Female, root is laid on the wrist, to heal the tooth-ach it leaves a dark
:

on the same plant. Calix: perianth inferior, of one leaf, in lead-coloured mark on the place, which being very difficult to
four deep, ovato-lanceolate, acute, equal, spreading, per- wipe off, it has from that circumstance obtained the name of
manent segments. Corolla : none. Pistil: germen superior, Plumbago, or Leadwort. So acrid is the juice, that if suffered
four-lobed, depressed, smooth; style very long, cylindrical, to remain long, it will
destroy the skin and leave an ulcer.
declining, four-cleft
at the summit; stigmas four, capitate, Some apply it behind the ear, where it acts as a blister; but
globose. Pericarp : capsule four-lobed, coated, depressed, this is not a
very safe mode of proceeding. Hill says,
smooth, with dilated angles, of four cells, and eight elastic the dried root is very hot and biting to the taste, and,
being
valves. Seeds: solitary, large, compressed, with veiny held in the mouth, excites a plentiful discharge of humours,
wrinkles. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: in four and is frequently found an almost instantaneous cure for the
deep segments. Corolla : none. Stamens : numerous. Fe- head-ach. It likewise eases the tooth-ach,
by applying a
male. Calix and Corolla, as in the male. Germen: superior. little of it to the affected tooth. It
may be increased by
Style: simple. Stigmas: four, capitate. Capsule: four-lobed. parting the roots in autumn, which send out heads in plenty;
Cells : with solitary seeds.
elastic, The species are, these may be divided at any time when the weather is mild,
1 Plukenetia Volubilis ; Twining Plukenetia. Angles from the time the stalks decay, till the roots begin to shoot
of the capsule compressed, keeled. All the flowers are in the spring. It requires a light soil and warm situation,
green, and more singular than beautiful. Fruit the size of without which it will not flower. The roots should be
a small walnut. Native of the West Indies. allowed to spread, and the stalks require support and if the;

2. Verrucosa; Warty Plukenetia.

Plukenetia Angles plants be kept clean from weeds, and the ground be dug be-
of the capsules terminated by two tubercles. Native of tween them every autumn, they require no other culture.
Surinam. 2. Plumbago Lapathifolia ; Dock-leaved Leadwort. Leaves
3. Plukenetia Corniculata Horned Plukenetia.
;
Angles embracing, lanceolate, even stem divaricating. This resem-
;

of the capsules compressed, tapering, pointed. Found in bles the preceding, but the stem is higher, the branches
the woods of Amboyna, where it is known by the name of longer and divaricated, the leaves much larger and smooth,
Utta Bela. and the flowers one half less. Native of Spain.
Plum-tree. See Primus. 3. Plumbago Capensis ; Cape Leadwort. Leaves petioled,
Plum, Maiden. See Camocladia. oblong, entire, glaucous underneath stem erect.
; Native of
Plumbago ; a genus ot the class Pentandria, order Mono- the Cape of Good Hope.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, 4. Plumbago Zeylanica Ceylon Leadwort. Leaves petio-
;

ovate-oblong, tubular, five-cornered, rugged, with a five- led, ovate, smoothstem erect, round. This is a perennial
;

toothed mouth, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, funnel- plant, with a strong fibrous root, from which arise many
form tube cylindrical, narrower at top, longer than the calix;
: slender stalks, growing nearly four feet high. The upper
border five-cleft, from erect spreading, with ovate segments; part of the stalks divides into small branches, having smaller
nectary of five very small acuminate valves, in the bottom of leaves on them, and terminating in spikes of white flowers.
the corolla, enclosing the germen. Stamina: filamenta five, The upper part of the stalks also, and the calix of the flowers,
awl-shaped, free within the tube of the corolla, placed on are very glutinous, sticking to the fingers, and entangle small
the valves of the nectary; anthera small, oblong, versatile. flies that settle on them. It flowers from
April to November.
Pistil : germen ovate, very small ; style simple, the length Native of the East Indies and the Society Isles. It is
of the tube; stigma five-cleft, slender. Pericarp: capsule propagated by seeds, sown on a good hot-bed in the spring.
oblong, five-cornered, terminated by the permanent style, The plants come up in five or six weeks. When these are
one-celled, five-valved, clothed with the calix. Seed: single, fit remove, plant each in a separate small pot filled with
to

oblong, fastened to a thread, pendulous. ESSENTIAL CHA- light loamy earth, and plunge the pots into a hot-bed of tan,
RACTER. Corolla: funnel-form. Stamina: inserted into observing to screen them from the sun until they have struck
scales, enclosing the base of the corolla. Stigmas: five-cleft. new root. Let them have plenty of fresh air in summer, with
Seed: one. oblong, truncated. The species are, a moderate quantity of water every other day but less in;

1. Plumbago Europaea; European Leadwort. Leaves winter, both of air and water.
5. Plumbago Rosea Rose-coloured Leadwort. Leaves
embracing, lanceolate, rugged. Root perennial, striking deep ;

into theground; stalks many, slender, three feet and a half petioled, ovate, smooth, somewhat toothletted stem with
;

high, and channelled colour of the leaves grayish. The

;
gibbous joints. This is a shrubby plant, which frequently
upper part of the stalks send out many slender side-branches, grows to the height of four or five feet, and is perpetually
which have small leaves on them these, and also the prin- these
:
putting forth flowering spikes, of a pale scarlet colour;
cipal stalks, are terminated by tufts of either blue or white continue a long time, and hence, with proper management,
flowers, which are small, and succeeded by rough hairy seeds. it
may be kept in flower during most of the year. Native of
It seldom flowers in England till towards the end of October, the East Indies.
 P LU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P O A 363

6. Plumbago Scandens; Climbing Leadwort. Leaves cleaned off'

again: if
dropped on linen, it will eat holes like
stem fiexuose, scandent; flowers The
petioled, ovate, smooth; aqua-fortis. species are,
terminating, subpanicled, commonly
in spikes, sessile, scatter- 1. Plumeria Rubra; Red Plumeria. Leaves ovate-oblong;
ed, approximating. It flowers here in July and August. petiolesdowny, even. In Jamaica this plant is called the Red
Native of South America and Jamaica, in dry hedges. In- Jasmine: it rises to the height of eighteen or twenty feet.
crease this by cuttings, which strike freely; it is one of the The stalks are covered with a dark green bark, having marks
most ornamental plants which are kept in stoves. where the leaves are fallen ofF; they are succulent, somewhat
7. Plumbago Auriculata; Eared Leadwort. Leaves ovate, woody within, and abounding with a corrosive milky juiee.
oblong, petioled, scaly, dotted underneath ; petiole eared, Towards the top, the stalks put out a few thick succulent
embracing. Native of the East Indies. branches, with leaves at their ends of a light green colour,
Plumeria; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- full of
milky juice, having a large midrib, and many transverse
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five- veins. The flowers come out in clusters at the ends of the
parted, blunt, very small. Corolla: one-petalled,
funnel-form ; branches ; they are shaped like those of the Oleander, are of
tube long, widening gradually; border five-parted, from erect a pale red colour, with a yellow mouth, and have an agree-
spreading; segments ovate-oblong, oblique. Stamina: fila- able odour; they are so beautiful and sweet in South America,
menta five, awl-shaped, from the middle of the tube; antherse that the trans-atlantic ladies adorn their hair with them, and
converging. Pistil: germen oblong, bifid; styles scarcely place them among their linen, as we do Lavender. Mr. Miller
any; stigma double, acuminate. Pericarp: follicles two, has a variety of this, which he calls Plumeria Incarnata; he
long, acuminate, ventricose, bent downwards, nodding, one- received it from the island of St. Christopher by the name
celled, one-valved. Seeds: numerous, oblong, inserted into of Japan-tree, with an account that it had been then lately in-
a larger ovate membrane at the base, imbricate. ESSENTIAL troduced from the Spanish West Indies. The stalks are lower
CHARACTER. Corolla: contorted. Follicles: two, reflex. than in the above, the leaves thicker, and the veins larger;
Seeds: inserted into their proper membrane. This genus of the flowers also are paler-coloured, and in larger clusters, it
plants is propagated by their seeds, procured from their na- being common to have upwards of twenty open in one bunch,
tive countries. Sow them in pots filled with light earth, with a number to succeed these as they so that the clus-
decay,
plunge them into a tan-pit; and when the plants are two inches ters continue in beauty upwards of two months, during which
high, transplant them separately into small pots filled with time they make a most beautiful appearance in the stove, and
light sandy earth, and plunge them into the hot-bed again, afford a very agreeable odour. Native of the West Indies.
shading them in the middle of the day, until they have taken 2. Plumeria Alba; White Plumeria. Leaves lanceolate,
root: they must not have much water, for being very suc- revolute; peduncles tuberous above. This has the habit
culent, they would rot with much moisture. In hot weather of the preceding, but is less branched, and seldom above
they require a large share of fresh air, which should be ad- fifteen feet high;
abounding in a milky juice. The flowers
mitted by raising the glasses of the hot-bed daily, in propor- are white, with a yellowish eye, and diffuse so
very sweet and
tion to the warmth of the season; this will prevent their powerful an odour to a considerable distance, that it produces
being
drawn up too weak. Towards Michaelmas, when the nights the head-ach in some constitutions. This plant is not nearly
begin to be cold, the plants should be removed into the stove, so elegant as the former, yet the
beauty of its stem and leaves
and plunged into the bark-bed, where they must remain dur- should introduce it into every curious collection. It grows
ing the winter: and as at that time all these plants cast their abundantly at Campeachy, and is also found in Jamaica.
leaves, which do not grow again till the beginning of May, 3. Plumeria Obtusa; Blunt-leaved Plumeria. Leaves
they should then be watered very sparingly. They are every lanceolate, petioled, blunt. This produces small white flowers
one too tender to endure the open air of this country, even resembling those of the preceding species. Loureiro describes
in summer: and must therefore be
kept in the stove, where it as a thick
tree, above the middle size, with an ash-coloured
in warm weather
they must have a large share of free air, smooth milky bark, a juicy brittle wood, and thick twisted
but in cold weather they should be kept very warm. While branches. It has been found in both Americas, and is
pro-
they are young, it will be proper to continue them in the bably the same plant with Rumphius's Flos Convolutus, which
bark-bed; but when they have obtained strength, they may is a native of
Amboyna, China, and Cochin-china, where it is
be placed in a dry-stove, where they will thrive well, also cultivated on account of the beauty and sweet smell of
pro-
vided the gardener keep them in a moderate
temperature of the flowers.
heat, and they have not too much water. These plants may 4. Plumeria Pudica ; Close-flowered Plumeria. Border of
also be propagated by
cuttings, which should be taken from the corolla closed; leaves oblong, flat-veined; flowers nume-
the old plants two months before
they are planted, during rous, yellowish; the border erect, and shut even after they
which time they should be laid on the flues in the stove, that
drop, being rolled up like the flowers of Hibiscus. They
the part which joined to the old
plant may be healed over, succeed each other continually for two months together, and
before they are planted; otherwise These cut- have an odour much more agreeable than that of the preced-
they will rot.
tings should be planted in small pots, filled with light sandy ing species, or even of any other known flower. It is highly
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanner's bark, esteemed at Curasao, where it is called Douzelle, Damsel, or
shading them from the sun in the heat of the day, and refresh- Virgin, because of the closing of the flowers. They cultivate
ing them sparingly every week or ten days with water. If it there in the
gardens; but it is not known from what part of
the cuttings succeed, they will have taken root in about two South America it was introduced. It is a milky shrub, five feet
months, when they should have a larger share of air, to harden high, and of the same habit with the preceding species.
them by degrees to bear the sun and air, and Poa; a genus of the Class Triandria, order Digynia.
may after that
be treated as the old Observe. The milky juice of GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume many-flowered, two-
plants.
these plants is
very caustic, and esteemed poisonous. In cut- valved, awnless, collecting the flowers into a distich ovate-
ting off any of the" branches of the plants, if the knife be not oblong spikelet; valves ovate, acuminate. Corolla: two-
immediately cleaned, the juice will corrode it, and turn the valved; valves ovate, sharpish, concave, compressed, a little
blade almost black in a
very little time, so as not to be longer than the calix, with a scariose margin ; nectary two-
VOL. ii. 96. 4 Z
364 PO A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PO A
leaved; leaflets acute or jagged, gibbous at the base. Sta- sharpish, keeled, rugged, especially underneath and round
mina: filamenta three, capillary; antherse forked. Pistil: the edge. Dr. Withering remarks, that the root is
creeping;
germen roundish; styles two, reflex, villose; stigmas similar. the whole plant rough; the height from one foot and a hall
Pericarp: none; corolla cleaves to the seed, and does not to two feet or more; the panicle six or
eight inches long,
separate. Seed: single, oblong, acuminate, compressed on both and three or four broad when fully expanded; the florets
sides, covered. Observe. Some species have a two-flowered, mostly three or four in each spikelet, but generally three.
others a three or four flowered calix; and in some, the florets Its creeping root, and the
great roughness of the culm and
are connected at the base by a fine web of folded silky threads. leaves, sufficiently distinguish it from the ninth species, to
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : two-valved, many-flowered ; which it has otherwise some resemblance. Willdenow says,
and sharpish.
spikelet ovate; valves scariose at the edge, it is
sufficiently distinguished very branching diffused
by its
For the propagation and culture of this important genus, panicle, and especially by the great length of the ligule or
see Grass, Meadow, and Pasture. The species are, stipule. It is certainly one of our best Grasses, both for
hay
1. PoaAquatica; Water or Reed Meadow Grass. Panicle and pasturage : without it, it is difficult to form a good
erect, branched, loose; spikelets six-flowered, linear; florets meadow. Its chief qualities are, that it produces a large
blunt, seven-nerved. Root perennial, creeping; culms from quantity of sweet tender leaves, preferred by cattle to most
three to six feet high, upright, leafy, the thickness of a reed others, and convertible into exceedingly fine hay. It is
straw, two-edged, striated, smooth, the joints yellowish, and an early Grass, flowering about the middle of June. It
these below rooting all round ; leaves sword-shaped; seeds does not bear frost so well, neither does it shoot so early
of a pale brown colour. This is one of our largest Grasses. in the spring, as the ninth
species; but when the weather
Immense tracts of land in the fens of Lincolnshire, Cambridge- becomes warm enough to make Grasses in general shoot,
shire, and other counties, that formerly produced only use- this grows faster, and
produces a greater crop of bottom
less aquatic plants, and which still, though drained by mills, leaves than most others. Whilst that is found chiefly in
retain much moisture, are now covered with this Grass, which dry pastures, this principally occurs in moist meadows, or
not only affords rich pasturage in summer, but forms the on the edges of wet ditches; it loves moisture and a shelter-
chief part of their winter fodder. It has a powerfully
creep- ed situation. In wet ground it grows very tall, but in poor
ing root, and bears mowing well; on the banks of the Thames dry pastures it is diminutive. It is no small recomendation,
it is sometimes twice cut in one season. It grows not
only in says Mr. Curtis, to this Grass, that it is a principal ingre-
very moist ground, but in the water itself, and with Cat's dient in that uncommonly productive meadow near Salis-
Tail, Burr Reed, &c. soon fills up ditches, and occasions bury, mentioned by Stillingfleet, and described in the first
them to require frequent cleansing. In this respect, it is a volume of the Memoirs of the Bath Agricultural Society.
formidable plant in slow rivers, which are freed from it in 7. Poa Angustifolia ; Narrow-leaved Meadow Grass.
the Isle of Ely by an invention called a Bear, which is an Panicle diffused; spikelets four-flowered, pubescent; culm
iron roller, with a nnmber of pieces of iron, like small spades, erect, round. Linneus mentions this grass as growing every
fixed in it; this is drawn up and down the river by horses where with the preceding species in Sweden and Lapland.
walking along the bank, and tears up the plants by the roots, Dr. Smith thinks it a variety of the ninth species.
which are then borne down the stream. Like several other 8. Poa Gerardi; Panicled Meadow Grass. Panicle erect;
species, this varies with viviparous flowers: they appear from spikelets three-flowered, smooth; corollas acuminate, twice as
July to September. Native of most parts of Europe. long as the calix. Culm round, smooth, straight, a foot high
2. Poa Alpina; Alpine Meadow Grass. Panicle diffused; and more; corollas keeled, equal in length, of an elegant
spikelets four-flowered, cordate; glumes ovate, subfalcaet, bay colour, large, one wider than the other. It flowers in
free; lower stipules very short. Root perennial, with simple April and May. Native of the mountains of France, Italy,
elongated smooth fibres; culm a foot high, ascending, hav- and Switzerland.
ing two joints, naked at top, round, purple, shining. Dr. 9. Poa Pratensis; Smooth-stalked or Great Meadow
Smith says, that the glumes change into leaves, and a,t length Grass. Panicle diffused; spikelets four-flowered; glumes
the fructification into a bud. It flowers in June and lanceolate, five-nerved, connected by a villus; stipule abbre-
July;
and grows wild in the mountains of Lapland, Switzerland, viated, blunt. Root perennial, creeping by runners, easily
Silesia, Dauphiny, and Scotland. penetrating into the earth and crevices of walls. The late
3. Poa Laxa; Loose Meadow Grass. Panicle contracted, Mr. Curtis, whose attention to Grasses is well known, first
subracemed; spikelets three-flowered, pubescent at the base accurately distinguished this from the sixth species. As they
and on the back; calictne glume's mucronate; glumes of the are so alike in their general appearance as not to be distin-
corolla acute, of a dusky violet colour, with a membranaceous tinguished without nice examination, it may be well to give
white margin. Native of the mountains of Switzerland, his observations on them both, as a good botanical lesson.
Bohemia, and Silesia. This species is smooth in every part; but the stalks, the
4. Poa Biflora; Two-flowered Meadow Grass. Panicle leaves with their sheaths, and the branches of the panicle, all
dense; calices subbiflorous, smooth; culm ascending; flowers feel rough, if the plant be drawn downward between the thumb

numerous, minute. Native of the East Indies. and finger. In the sixth species, the sheath of the leaf is
5. Poa Hirta; Rough-haired Meadow Grass. Panicle flatter and more deeply flatted. Its root is simply fibrous; that

spreading, rod-like; calices subtriflorous, angular; sheaths of this species creeps, and sends out many white shoots. But
dotted, ciliate, as also are the leaves; keel of the calices finely what most plainly distinguishes them, is, that in the Pratensis
serrulate. Native of Japan. the membrane at the bottom of the leaf where the sheath
6. Poa Trivialis; Roughish Meadow Grass. Panicle dif- begins is very short and blunt; but in the Trivialis, long and
fused; spikelets three-flowered; glumes lanceolate, five-nerved, pointed. This is obvious even to a common observer, and
connected by a villus at the base; stipules elongated. Root never fails, let the Grass vary ever so much in size and other
fibrous; culms decumbent at the base and rooting, then erect, respects. These Grasses differ also in the size of the spike-
a foot and half high, simple, round, striated, somewhat rug- lets,and the number of flowers contained in each; in this
in the sixth
ged, leafy, frequently purple; leaves almost erect, flaccid, they are quinqueflorous, but biflorous or triftorons
 PO A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PO A 365

The former grows generally on walls, on dry banks, crowded and rugged, the outer valve of the corolla five-
species.
and meadows; the Trivialis is scarcely ever found on walls,
in nerved. Perennial and a native of Germany, in the Lower
;

seldom on dry banks, but most frequently in moist meadows, Hesse.

or by the side of ditches, where it flowers the first week of 16. Poa Anceps. Two-edged Meadow Grass. Panicle
June: the former appears in flower in the middle of May, diffused: spikelets five-flowered, acute, pubescent at the
and after it has once flowered, never shews an appearance of base; culm ancipital. Native of New Zealand.
the Trivialis is in bloom generally during 17.Poa Annua; Annual Meadow Grass. Panicle diva-
repeating it; while
the whole of the summer. Lastly, there is a firmness in the ricate; spikelets ovate; florets somewhat remote, five-nerved,
stalk of the Pratensis, not perceivable in the Trivialis. As to free; culm oblique, compressed. Root annual, remarkably
the pubescence or filamentose appearance, which seems to fullof fibres; herbage bright green, not glaucous; spikelets
connect the florets and calix together, and adheres to the variegated with green and white, rarely reddish. It is dis-

seeds so as to cause them to hang together as if there were tinguished from the sixth species by its general habit, its
cobwebs among them, that is found almost equally in both spreading panicle, its reclining culms, its smoothness, and
The foliage of this Grass begins to shoot, and to a greater softness and delicacy. It differs from the ninth
species.
assume a beautiful verdure, very early in the spring; but its species by having the branches or peduncles in pairs, its
flowering-stems come at least a week later than the Meadow panicle more thinly set, and its spikelets larger; from both
Fox-tail Grass. Where early pasturage is desired, it cannot those Grasses, by its inferior size, compressed culms, annual
be better obtained than by a combination of these two with root, the property of throwing out new shoots, and having
Sweet-scented Vernal Grass; and if crop be an object, Fox- the florets and seed separate, not hanging together by
tail should predominate. The Great Meadow Grass prefer- cobweb-like hairs. If Gramen, (Grass,) says
Ray, be so
ring a dry situation, keeps its verdure in a continued drought named a gradiendo or progrediendo, i. e. walking along, or
better than most others: but its root is like that of Couch- going forward step by step, no species exemplifies the
grass, (see Triticum Repens;) and ought therefore to be name more aptly than this, which differs very consider-
carefully introduced where the meadow is not intended to be ably from all other annual Grasses, in continaally throwing
permanent. From its not throwing up any steins or bents out new shoots, and producing new flowers and seeds; inso-
but once in the season, together with its hardiness and ver- much that if the ground be moist, a single plant will grow in
dure, it seems to be a good Grass for lawns. In dry soils the thismanner throughout the year, so that we generally find
crops from this Grass yearly diminish in quantity, so as at on the same plant young shoots and ripe seeds. In this
last to be very trifling: though Dr. Withering informs us, peculiar circumstance, therefore, it resembles the tropical
that it constitutes a considerable part of the herbage on the plants, and probably is the only one of our vegetables that
rich meadows in the various parts of Somersetshire; and Mr. affords us a specimen of their mode of growth. No Grass
Swayne adds, that in meadows which have been flooded the also is better entitled to the accurate
Ray's expressive epithet
whole winter, flourishes so as nearly to exclude every other of Vulyatissimnm; for it is common to
it
every quarter of the
Grass. globe, and occurs almost every where in meadows, gardens,
10. Poa Ferruginea; Rust-coloured Meadow Grass. by the sides of paths, and on walls; flowering all the summer,
Panicle spreading, capillary; spikelets five-flowered, oblong; and even in the winter, if the weather be mild. In open
glumes smooth. Native of Japan. fields the panicle frequently acquires a reddish
tinge. It
11. Poa Cilianensis. Panicle elongated, branched, flexu- becomes viviparous in alpine situations. In walks, pave-
ose ; spikelets four-flowered, smooth. Culms grooved, smooth, ments, and pitchings, it is one of the most troublesome weeds :
brown at the knots; leaves dark green, smooth, ciliate about in such situations, the most
expeditious way of destroying it
the sheath, two or three lines wide; peduncles mostly one- would be by pouring boiling water over it. The foliage of
flowered, sometimes two-flowered. Native of Italy. this Grass is tender, and
grateful to cattle, but never acquires
12. Poa Nervata; Five-nerved Meadow Grass. Panicle any great height; and is also liable to be killed by the winter's
strict; spikelets smooth, five-flowered, nerved; corollas frost and summer's drought. Mr. Stillingfleet "says, that it
smooth, having five raised nerves on each valve. Native of makes the finest of turfs; that it is called in some
parts
North America. Suffolk Grass, there being whole fields of it in High Suffolk,
13. Poa Trinervata; Three-nerved Meadow Grass. Pani- without any mixture of other Grasses, as it is thera thought to
cle diffused ; spikelets four or five flowered,
very sharp, rug- be the best grass for the dairy. May or June is the best time
ged; outer glume of the corolla three-nerved inner two- ;
to gather the seed in the greatest abundance; but as a
single
nerved; root perennial. This evidently differs from all the tuft of this Grass
maybe divided into a vast number of plants,
others except the second, and may be and as they grow with wonderful facility, an experiment, on a,
distinguished from
that by its longer culm, much wider leaves, smaller small scale at least, might be tried with it by
spikelets, transplanting
and by its narrow very acute glumes. It flowers in June it in moist weather. This species of Grass appears to be
and July. Native of Germany. one of the first general coverings which nature has provided
14. Poa Sudetica. Panicle from erect spreading; spike- for earth made bare from any cause; hence it is
frequent on
lets three-flowered, very smooth, mucronate. Culm erect, the edges of paths, where its seeds being scattered, quickly
compressed; sheath of the leaves loose, ancipital; height vegetate, and the plants, not being overpowered by more
four feet. Native of the mountains of Silesia, and of the luxuriant herbage, continue to flourish ; this gave occasion
marshes of Hanover and Magdebourg. toMr. Stillingfleet to suppose that this Grass thrived the
15. Poa Rubens; Red-panicled Meadow
Grass. Panicle more for being trodden on; but this supposition is certainly
spreading spikelets four-flowered, or thereabouts ; outer
; incorrect.
glume of the corolla five-nerved. Culm erect, compressed. 18. Poa Flava; Yellow Meadow Grass. Panicle diffused;
This is a middle species between the two Native of Virginia.
preceding: it differs spikelets ovate, oblong, shining.
from the Trinervata, which it most resembles in 19. Poa Barbata; Bearded Meadow Grass. Panicle
having
shorter broader leaves, a longer
ligule, a shorter panicle spreading, capillary; spikelets six-flowered, oblong; glumes
of a red colour, and less divaricate, the more
spikelets smooth-keeled. Root annual, in bundles of fibres; culm
366 PO A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PO A
simple, upright, round, smooth, a span almost erect; spikelets ten-flowered, or
in height; joints
thereabouts, OTate;
bearded. Native of Japan. lower calices many-valved. This is a middle
Grass, between
20. Poa Pilosa; Hairy Meadow Grass. Panicle spread- Poa Briza and Uniola. Native of the East Indies.
ing, strict; primary
ramifications hairy. Height fourteen and 29. Poa Racemosa: Racemed Meadow Grass. Panicle
sixteen inches; branchlets or peduncles very slender. Native squeezed close; spikelets ovate, nine-flowered; peduncles
of Italy about Bologna. very short. Native of the Cape.
21. Poa Palustris; Marsh Meadow Grass. Panicle dif- 30. Poa Cyperoides;
Cyperus-like Meadow Grass. Pa .

fused; spikelet subtriflorous, pubescent; leaves rugged under- nicies, spike glomerate; spikelets eleven-flowered. Culm
neath. Root perennial, creeping; culm from a foot to two branched; leaves awl-shaped. Native of the Cape.
feet in height, sometimes, but seldom, three feet; at first 31. Poa Verticillata; Whorled Meadow Grass. Panicle
decumbent, then erect, weak, round, rooting at the four or spreading, capillary, flexuose; spikelets eleven-flowered,
five lower joints by white capillary fibres, between the joints linear-subulate. Annual. Native of Spain, where it flowers
involved in green, white; and brownish sheaths, putting out ra July.
at almost every rooting joint a lateral shoot, rendering the 32. Poa Atrovireus. Smooth: culm erect; leaves some-
culm as it were dichotomous; the joints are very close near what rigid; sheath shorter than the internodes;
panicles
the base, but very remote in the upper part of the culm. spreading; spikeletg flat, linear; flowers loosely panicled;
Krocker distinguishes this from the sixth species, by its peduncles long, capillary, angular, flexuose, rough, branched,
creeping dichotomous culm; its
creeping root; its thinner, solitary, in twos or threes. Native of Barbary.
and its wider, longer, 33. Poa Abyssinica; Smooth
longer, and more diffused panicle; Upright Meadow Grass.
and rugged leaves and from the seventh species also, by its
: Panicle capillary, loose, erect; spikelets
four-flowered, even,
culm and leaves; its longer, as well as wider, panicle; and linear-lanceolate; leaves smooth, somewhat convoluted. Root
larger spikelets. Native of Denmark, Switzerland, Italy, annual ; culm slender, a little
compressed, branched, pro-
and Germany. cumbent at bottom, bent in at the knots;
stigmas purple:
22. Poa Glutinosa; Clammy Meadow Grass. Panicle the whole plant is very smooth. It is from the
grain of this
spreading, strict; spikelets
seven to nine flowered, some- plant that the common bread in isAbyssinia that prepared ;

what hirsute, glutinous. Culm simple; leaves somewhat hairy; made from wheat being used only by the
superior ranks.
calicine valves acute, keeled, minute. Annual. Native of The flour of the best kind of Tefl'is, according to Mr. Bruce,
Jamaica, in dry sand. as -white as that of wheat, and is
very light, and easily
23. Poa Prolifera; Proliferous Meadow Grass. Panicle digested; other kinds are of a browner and coarser quality;
spreading, strict; spikelets many-flowered, (sixteen
to twenty.) but that which grows on light is most esteemed.
ground
Culm very much branched, knobbed, proliferous at the joints, The manner of making the Teff bread is,
by taking a broad
as if it were with the origin of a younger plant. Native of earthen jar, and having made the flour into a
lump with
the Caribbee Islands, St. Lucia and Guadaloupe. water, they put it into the jar, and let it stand at some dis-
24. Poa Amabilis; Indian Meadow Grass. Panicle tance from the fire until it begins to ferment or turn
sour,
spreading; spikelets eighteen-flowered, linear. Native of the and then bake it into cakes of a circular form, and about
East Indies. two feet in diameter it is of a spungy soft
quality, and a
:

25. PoaEragrostis; Spreading Meadow Grass. Panicle hot disagreeable sourish taste. From the same bread, by
spreading; pedicels flexuose; spikelets serrate, ten-flowered; being well toasted, and infused in water for some days, is
glumes three-nerved. A
very elegant grass, with numerous prepared the common beer of that conntry, which is called
stems, from one to two feet high, quite smooth. Though an by the name of Bouza. It flowers in August and September,
annual, it throws out several inclined culms on a fibrous and is a native of Abyssinia.
root, thus forming a dark green turf. When the spikelets 34. Poa Capillaris ; Meadow Grass. Pani-
Hqir-panicled
of the upper panicle are ripe, the seeds fall immediately, and cle loose, spreading very much, capillary leaves hairy. ;

successively those of the middle and base of the culm. This Culm very much branched, and from six inches to two feet
quick falling of the seeds, is the reason why we may often in length, decumbent at the base, prostrate, filiform. Com-
observe the young flowers withering at the base, whilst those mon in the West Indies, Virginia, and Canada. This Grass
in the middle are in the state of full expansion, and the upper abounds in the meadows round Montreal. It is
very slender,
ones falling present ripe seeds, of an uncommon fineness, grows very close, and succeeds even on the driest hills ; but

though accompanied by the inner glume, and often by both. is not rich in foliage, the slender stalk
only being chiefly
Native of Greece, Switzerland, Dauphiny, Spain, and Italy, used for hay.
on walls; and also of Barbary and Siberia. 35. Poa Japonica; Japanese Meadow Grass. Panicle
26. Poa Badensis; Baden Meadow Grass. Panicle spreading, capillary; spikelets seven-flowered, and leaves
crowded, ovate; spikelets eleven-flowered, distich, ovate, smooth; culm branched. It differs from the preceding spe-
pubescent at the base. This Grass forms a turf; culm quite cies in the number of flowers, all smooth; in the smoothness

simple ; corollas nerveless, acute, pubescent at the base, of of the leaves, not hairy even at the base and in the
upright-
;

a dusky violet colour, with a membranaceous margin. Native ness and superior height of the culm. Native of Japan.
of Baden; on the rocks by the hot baths in Lower Austria; 36. Poa Malabarica; Malabar Meadow Grass. Branches
and Mansfeldt. Perennial. of the panicle quite simple; flowers sessile or
pedicelled;
27. Poa Cynosuroides; Bipinnate Meadow Grass. Pani- seeds distant; culm creeping. Native of the East Indies, in
cle pyramidal; peduncles spreading very much;
strict, sandy ground.
spikelets hanging down, distich. Culms of the same size as 37. Poa Chinensis; Chinese Meadow Grass. Branches
those of Wheat, simple; raceme simple, a foot long, com- of the panicle quite simple; flowers sessile; seeds imbricate.
posed of alternate, quite simple, equal peduncles, longitu- Culm erect; leaves hairy, especially at the sheaths. It varies
dinally pinnate on both sides from the base to the tip. with two, three, and four flowered calices; as well as in
Native of Egypt and the East Indies. height. Native of China.
28. Poa Unioloides; Uniola-like Meadow Grass. Panicle 38. Poa Punctata; Dotted-flowered Meadow Grass. Pa-
 P O A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P O A 367

nicle diffused; spikelets twelve-flowered; flowers diapha- parts of the waste ground west of the wet-dock near Clifton;
nous, even, with a brown spot within. Culm a foot and half and abundantly on the pier at Scarborough, within the spray
of a pigeon's quill, with of the sea. Culture produces little alteration in its appear-
high, ascending, even, the thickness
three in number Native of ance. Native of sandy inundated waste ground, near the
very swelling joints, often
Malabar. sea ; in England, Holland, and Sicily.
39. Poa Nutans ; Nodding Meadow Grass.
Panicle con- 43. Poa Rigida ; Hard Meadow Grass. Panicle lanceo-
tracted, nodding at the top ; spikelets ten-flowered ; valves late, distich, and pointing one way, squeezed close, smooth ;

reversed. Culms from two to three feet high, round, erect, rachis margined spikelets seven-flowered flowers round,
; ;

simple ; leaves narrow, short branches of the panicle in

; nerveless; root annual, furnished with few fibres. Dr. Wi-
half whorls. Native of Tranquebar. It is common on the thering remarks, that this may be distinguished from all the
borders of paddy-grounds in the East Indies. other species by the rachis or main fruit-stalk being broad
40. PoaTenella; Small Meadow Grass. Panicle oblong, on the side opposite to the direction of the branches, convex,
capillary, somewhat whorled ; flowers six together, very and edged with a paler green border. Mr. Curtis observes,
minute, nodding. Root annual; culms even, prostrate, that in dry and barren situations the stalks sometimes are
branched at bottom. Not only the leaves at the throat or found simple, the panicle also not branched, and the spike-
opening are hairy, but the whole panicle at the base of the lets, instead of containing about eight flowers, have no more
than three or four; in which case some make it another species.
peduncles has bundles of long white hairs, from three to six-
teen in number. It flowers in July and August. Native of The variation arising from an excess or scantiness of nourish-
the East Indies. ment, is what most plants are subject to ; and to form species
41. Poa Maritima; Creeping Sea Meadow Grass. Panicle upon such foundations is to multiply plants without end.
branched, somewhat squeezed together; spikelets five-flower- A complete knowledge of a plant, and of a Grass especially,
ed florets bluntish, roundish, obsoletely five-nerved; root
;
is
only to be attained by observing it at the different periods
creeping. Culms decumbent at the base, from six inches to of its growth in all the various situations in which it occurs.

a foot in height, very smooth, round, striated, leafy. Mr. Native of England, Holland, France,. Italy, and Germany,
Lightfoot remarks, that this is nearly related to Festuca Flu- also in Barbary, in dry, sandy, or stony places, on walls and
itans, and that perhaps sea water may occasion the difference : roofs ; flowering from May to August.
but this is an improbable opinion, because the outer and 44. Poa Spinosa ; Thorny Meadow Grass. Branches of
larger valve of the corolla in this plant wants the ribs, which the panicle alternate, compressed, spinescent; spikelets alter-
are so strongly marked in Festuca Fluitans the inner valve; nate, peduncled, ten-flowered; culm branched. See Festuca
also wants the open cleft at the end ; and the Flote Fescue Spinosa, which is the same plant.
Grass lias been examined while growing in the salt marshes 45. Poa Compressa; Flat-stalked Meadow Grass. Pani-
at Lymington, and was found to vary but little from that cle squeezed close, directed one way; culm ascending, com-
growing in inland places. Willdenow observes, that in the wild pressed ;florets angular, connected at the base by a com-

plant the panicle is squeezed close, narrow, and directed one plicated villus. Root perennial, creeping, consisting of downy
way, with spikelets having from four to eight flowers ; but fibres,thrown out from the lowest part of the stem, which is
in a garden the panicle is divaricate, and the spikelets have decumbent at the base, then rises obliquely, and is upright at
from five to twelve flowers. Native of Denmark, Britain, the top, where it is naked, at bottom it is leafy ; the first or
Germany, and France, on sandy coasts and in small marshes. lower joints are bent, the uppermost very long; it is striated,
Found also about Yarmouth between Bristol and the Hot-
; smooth, and about a foot high, and is very much compressed ;
wells ; near the canal from Droitwich to the Severn ; in the rachis from roundish flatted ; and all the branchlets at first
meadows near Wisbeach, &c. ; also in Scotland, on the isles close and erect, acutely angular and rough, a little zigzag ;
of Oransa and Skye, and at Loch Broom in Ross-shire. It as they flower, they spread considerably ; but immediately after
flowers in July. the discharge of the pollen they become again close pressed
42. Poa Procurribens ; Procumbent Sea Meadow Grass. to the main branch, so that the upper part of the panicle looks
Panicle lanceolate, directed one way, squeezed close, rug- as if it expanded first. By this mark the Grass may be known
ged ; rachis round ; spikes four or five flowered ; flowers at a distance. Native of most parts of Europe, in dry pas-
bluntish, nerved. Root fibrous, forming a turf; herb glau- tures ; on the tops of walls that are a little covered with earth ;
cous ; culms several, more or less prostrate, about a span upon house-tops; and in other very dry places; where it may

long, leafy, smooth, bent at the joints. Dr. Smith says that be found in flower from June to September, and may be easily
this Grass has an annual root, It can hardly be put
though Mr. Curtis thought it discriminated by its compressed stem.
perennial. In general habit it comes near to the seventeenth loan agricultural use, though all cattle eat it; for it does not
species, and also bears some affinity to the following species, thrive in moist or manured ground, and there are many better
though from them and all
sufficiently distinct others. The Grasses for dry situations.
stalks are for the most part procumbent but ; this procum- 46. Poa Sarmentosa; Sarmentose Meadow Grass. Pani-
bence does not appear to originate in the usual way from the cle squeezed close; spikelets lanceolate, ten-flowered; culm
weakness of the stalk, but from its being bent downwards at sarmentose. Native of the Cape.
a joint near its base as every stem is not thus acted on,
; 47. Poa Striata; Striated Meadow Grass. Panicle spread-
some are frequently found nearly upright: the foliage is of ing; spikelets ovate, ten-flowered or thereabouts; culm creep-
a glaucous hue, and, if examined with a magnifier, is found to ing. Native of the Cape.
be covered with numerous rough silvery particles. The panicle 48. Poa Amboinensis. Panicle squeezed close, directed
has a greater degree of rigidity than that of the seventeenth one way ; culm round inner valve of the corollas linear,
;

species the spikelets are much longer, less flat, and more
; curved, ciliate, like the sixty-third species ; from which it
regularly distant from each other; and each floret is ciliated differs in having the cilias many times smaller, the culms
at its base. This species was found by Mr. Curtis at the depressed, and the leaves short, scarcely an inch in length.
foot of St. Vincent's Rocks, on the edge of the river Severn. Native of the East Indies.
It has since been seen in some 49. Poa Viscosa ; Viscid Meadow Grass.
quantity on the inundated Panicle oblong,
VOL. ii. 96. 5 A
363 PO A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PO A
spreading; lower spikelets three-flowered, (three to five,) up- about a foot high, (Curtis says, a foot and half; and Wither-
per twelve-flowered. Culms rigid, finally viscid roots arti- ;
ing, only from nine to twelve inches,) round, leafy, striated,
culate, stoloniferous, producing bundles of leafy culms, a smooth. Though at first sight this Grass bears a near resem-
span high, and round. The culms, peduncles, pedicels, and blance to the seventeenth species, and no doubt is often
clammy as to besmear the feet and legs of
calices, are all so taken for that, it is, however, considerably taller its leaves
;

those who walk among this Grass, and cover them with the are narrower in proportion, and much more glaucous its ;

glumes. It fills the air with an odour of turpentine, that is spikelets also are much narrower as well as longer, and of
not unpleasant, especially in the evening. Found in the dry course contain many more florets, which are for the most
gravelly soils of Malabar. part prettily variegated with pale green and purple but the :

50. Poa Nemoralis Wood Meadow Grass. Panicle and

; chief character which distinguishes this from the seventeenth
leaves attenuated spikelets lanceolate, three-flowered or
; species, lies in the branches of the panicle, which, as the
thereabouts; glumes acutely obsoletely five-nerved; stipule plant goes out of bloom, are reflected or stretched out back-
very short, crenate. Root creeping a little ; culms several, wards, so as sometimes to touch the culm this is effected by
;

upright, a foot and half high, slender, slightly compressed, little tubercles at the base of the branches, on their
upper
striated, smooth. There is a variety wh'ich has the appear- sides only, which increasing in size as the plant advances in
ance of the sixth or ninth species ; but it is distinguished by its flowering, forces them backwards. Six years' cultivation
the species being unconnated; though hairy at the base, more made no alteration in the appearance of this Grass, which
acute, and less nerved and by the stipule being very short,
;
flowers from June to September, and is not of sufficient merit
subcrenate or ciliate; insomuch that it cannot by any means to recommend it for agricultural purposes. Native of the
be confounded with them. It flowers in June. Native of Palatinate, Silesia, Austria, and England. Hudson found it

many parts of Europe, in woods and shady places : it is most in Devonshire, Kent, Yorkshire, and Lancashire, on a sandy
common in the northern parts of Great Britain. soil. Mr. Curtis says, it is common in pasture's, and by road-
51. Poa Contracta ; Contracted Meadow Grass, Panicle sides on our sea-coasts, but that, like the forty-first species, it
contracted ; florets lanceolate, three together, naked, sessile; is not confined to maritime situations, for he found it among

leaves filiform. This is a very smooth grass, two feet high the grassy herbage on the right hand of the horse road lead-
and more, with a thick culm ; peduncles long and strict. ing up the hill to Hampstead, in tolerable plenty.
Native of the East Indies. 59. Poa Divaricata Spreading Meadow Grass.
;
Branches
52. Poa Filiformis; Thread-leaved Meadow Grass. Pani- of the panicle corymbed ; peduncles club-shaped ; spikelets
cle spreading; spikelets acute, four-flowered; leaves filiform. four-flowered; leaflets filiform. Culms several, a hand in
Native of the Cape. height, with one or two leaves on them, white or reddish ;
53. Poa Bulbosa; Bulbous Meadow Grass. Panicle sub- leaves two or three inches long, with wide sheaths. This is
flexuose spikelets four-flowered
;
glumes connected by a
;
a small, delicate, slender, annual grass, flowering in the
villus; leaves serrulate; culm bulbous at the base. Root spring the thickened flower-stalks, and the
: crowded little

perennial, fibrous, whitish, from which arise, in clusters, a spikelets, are characteristic of this species. Native of the
sort of bulbs involved in several whitish or brownish coats, south of France and Barbary.
which are the sheaths of the leaves, stretched out almost an 60. Poa Cristata ;
Crested Meadow Grass. Panicle
inch in length, and producing bundles of leaves, or else the spiked ; calices somewhat hairy, four-flowered or thereabouts,
culms. Native of Sweden, Germany, Spain, Barbary, and longer than the peduncle; petals awned. Root cespitose,
the Levant, in dry sandy places ; with us it is found only on composed of simple -tomentose fibres; culms solitary, simple,
the sandy sea-coast, over which its little dry bulbs are blown erect, a span high, even, leafy, especially at the base. From
in various directions in summer, till the rains in autumn the habit, this Grass should be considered as an Aira, rather
make them vegetate, and take deep root: the plants then yield than a Poa ; nor does the number of florets much stand in
abundance of short close herbage, a welcome spring food for the way, these generally being only two ; the point of the
cattle ; and flower in April and May. glume is sometimes extended into a short awn. Native of
54. Poa Disticha ; Double-rowed Meadow Grass. Spike- Germany, Switzerland, France, England, and Barbary, in dry
lets compressed, four-flowered, sessile, distich, spiked. This pastures, by way and wood sides, in barren land,
and some-
is a middle species between Poa Cynosurus and Triticum. times on walls flowering from June to August.
;

Native of Carinthia, Switzerland, and Italy, on the tops of 61. Poa Peruviana; Peruvian Meadow Grass. Panicle
the mountains. spiked; spikelets five-flowered, ovate; leaves and
culms pro-
55. Poa Bifaria ; Recurved-spiked Meadow Grass. Spike- cumbent, hirsute. Native of Peru. This species is an an-
lets sessile, distich lower remote, erect upper approximat-
; ; nual, and flowers all the summer in the open air, but must

ing, recurved. The whole of this grass is smooth. Native be put into the stove in winter.
of the East Indies. 62. Poa Glomerata; Glomerate-panicled Meadow Grass.
56. Poa Bromoides ; Bromc-like Meadow Grass. Sub- Panicle spiked, glomerate ; spikelets four-flowered ; corollas
spiked :
spikelets lanceolate, twenty-five flowered, lower on ciliate. Native of the Cape.
short pedicels, upper sessile; leaves bifarious, involuted. 63. Poa Ciliaris; Ciliated Meadow Grass. Panicle con-
Supposed to be a native of Lima. tracted inner valves of the glumes hairy, ciliate; culm from
;

57. Poa Spicata; Spike-panicled Meadow Grass. Panicle two inches to half a foot in height, simple, slender, erect,
spiked: flowers awl-shaped; florets remote. Culms several, smooth. This is a middle species between Briza and Poa.
ascending from the base, a hand in height, covered on every Browne says,that it seldom rises above six or seven inches,
side with the sheaths of the leaves. It has the habit of a and is sustained by a very slender weakly stalk it is easily
;

fine leaves, and downy

Festuca. Native of Portugal. distinguished by its delicate branches,
58. Poa Distans Reflexed Meadow Grass.
; Panicle head. Linneus remarks, that the panicle is red, and the
branched, effused branches finally reflexed spikelets five-
; ; cilias of the glumes white. Annual, flowering in July and
flowered florets Native of Jamaica and other West India Islands,
;
very blunt, obsoletely five-nerved, shining. August.
Root perennial, fibrous; culms several, decumbent at the base, on sandy grounds.
 PO A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 369

64. Poa Plumosa. Panicle diffused; calices six-flowered; most excellent crops each time, without manure, or any other
inner valves of the corollas linear, recurved, ciliated at the trouble than the mowing, lasting for the space of sixteen
back. Culms several, crowded, from six inches to a foot in years, without the least decline in the crops, the soil at the
flowers numerous, minute. It differs same time being a very indifferent one.
height, filiform, leafy ;
from the preceding species in the form of the panicle; and the 76. Poa Pectinacea.Panicles lax, patulous, erect; spike-
flowers, as well as the cilias, are smaller. Native of the lets linear, twelve-flowered leaves glabrous, with an erect
;

East Indies. culm flowers ovate, acuminate, trinerved

; neck of the ;

65. Poa Flexuosa; Zigzag Meadow Grass. Panicle flex- sheaths, and axils of the panicle, hairy. Grows in sandy
uose; spikelets three-flowered; glumes ovate, connected by a fields from New Jersey to Carolina.
yillus at the base; all the stipules lanceolate. Culms several, 77. Poa Spectabilis. Panicle divaricate, very branchy;
a span high, ascending, knee-jointed, with about three knots, spikelets pendulous, linear, ten-flowered flowers ovate, sca- ;

This brous ; neck of the sheaths, and axils of the panicle, hairy ;
leafy, somewhat angular
at top, striated, glaucescent.
is distinct from the second species, in its glaucous colour, leaves with an erect short culm, glabrous. This is a very
more leafy culm, narrower sharper leaves, rugged above, with sightly Grass; the large panicle is of a purple colour, mixed
longer sheaths; all the stipules of the same shape; the pe- with green stripes. It is found in
dry barren sand fields, from
duncles flexuose ; the glumes narrower and connected, .and New York to Carolina.
the keel and edge not bristly and silky. It is perennial, 78. Poa Reptans. Panicles fasciculate ; spikelets sub-
flowering in July. Native of the Highlands of Scotland. many-flowered; flowers oblong, acute, lax;
sessile, very long,
66. Poa Csesia ; Sea-green Meadow Grass. Panicle dif- leaves short, pubescent ; culm branchy, creeping. This is
fused; spikelets ovate, five-flowered; glumes lanceolate, some- the most delicate Grass in North America. It is found in
what silky, free ; stipules very short, blunt. Root subcespitose, mossy swamps and shady places in Pennsylvania, Virginia,

perennial ; herb glaucous culm a foot high, erect, round,

;
and on the banks of the Mississippi, flowering in
July.
striated, smoothish towards the base leafy, and having two
;
Podalyria. See Sophora.
knots ; above simple, straight, naked. It flowers in June and a of the class
Podophyllu.ru; genus Polyandria, order
July. Found on the mountains of Breadalbane in Scotland. Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth
67. Poa Cinerea ; Ash-coloured Meadow Grass. Stem- three-leaved, large, coloured, concave, erect; leaflets ovate,
leaves erect, involuted ; spikelets three-flowered, ciliate at concave, deciduous. Corolla: petals nine, orbicular, con-
the base, acute. Perennial, and probably a mere variety of cave, plaited at the edge. Stamina: filamenta very many,
the seventh species. Native of Dauphiny. very short; antherse oblong, latge, erect. Pistil: germen
68. Poa Brizoides ; Briza-like Meadow Grass. Panicle roundish; style none; stigma blunt, plaited. Pericarp:
contracted ; spikelets round, four-flowered, awnless, about a berry ovate, crowned with the permanent stigma, one-celled.
foot high; corollas purple at the base. The spikelets resemble Seeds : very many, roundish ; receptacle centra!, free. ESSEN-
Festuca Fluitans in shape annual. :Native of Dauphiny. TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: three-leaved. Corolla: nine-
69. Poa Fluitans ; Floating Meadow Grass. Panicle petalled. Berry :
one-celled, crowned with the stigma.
branched, divaricated ; spikelets close pressed, cylindrical, The species are,
many-flowered florets obtuse, with seven ribs, and interme-
; 1. Podophylhim Peltatum Duck's-foot, or May-apple.
;

diate ones at the base. Grows in ditches and slow rivulets; The root is composed of many thick tubers, fastened together
perennial, flowering throughout the summer, in most parts of by fleshy fibres, which spread, and propagate greatly under
Europe : found also in New South Wales. ground, sending out many smaller fibres, which strike down-
70. Poa Montana; Mountain Meadow Grass. Panicle ward steins solitary, simple, two feet high, crowned with two
;

strict ; spikelets two-flowered ;

glumes villose at the base ; large, stalked, peltate, lobed, and jagged smooth leaves, be-
culm straight, hard, with black knots. Native of Switzerland tween whose footstalks grows a solitary drooping white
and Piedmont. flower, appearing in May, and when it falls off, the germen
71. Poa Sabauda; Savoy Meadow Grass. Panicle loose; swells to a fruit of the size and shape of the common [lip, or
spikelets two-flowered ; flowers twice as long as the calix, fruit of the wild Rose. Native of many parts of North Ame-
very smooth culm three feet high, erect. This Grass has
; rica. propagates so fast by its creeping roots, that few
It
the appearance of an Avena, but there are no awns. Found persons are at the trouble of sowing the seeds. Every part
between Salencho and Chamouny, in Savoy. of the roots will grow; so they may be annually parted, either
72. Poa Viridis. Panicles diffuse ; spikelets ovate, sub- in autumn when their leaves
decay, or in the spring just before
quadriflorous glumes lanceolate, trinerve; ligule slightly
; the roots begin to shoot; they require no other culture but to
truncated. A common American grass, flowering in June. keep them clean from weeds. It loves a light
loamy soil,
73. Poa Crocata. Panicles lax, patulous; spikelets ovate, and a shady situation, and is so hardy as to be seldom injured
quadriquinqueflorous, pedicellated ; flowers oblong, subpu- by the frost.
bescent; leaves glabrous; sheaths with a naked neck; culm 2.Podophyllum Diphyllum. This is separated from this
erect, glabrous. Grows in Canada, Hudson's Bay, &c. genus by Barton, Michaux, and Pursh.
74. Poa Hirsuta. Panicles very branchy, capillary; spike- Pohlia; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci.
lets scattered, pedicellated, subquinqueflorous flowers ob- ; GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsule: ovate-oblong, placed on
long, acute, glabrous; leaves with a culm, glabrous; sheaths an obconical narrower apophysis^ Pcristome : double ; outer
very rough ; culm erect, thick. Grows in sandy fields from with sixteen broadish teeth, inner with a sixteen-parted mem-
New Jersey to Carolina. brane. Males: gemmaceous, on a distinct plant. There is
75. Poa Quinquefida. Panicles erect ; inferior branches but one species.
naked on the under side; spikelets oblong, alternate, sub- Poison Ash. See Rkus and Foxicodendron.
sessile, six-flowered ; leaves glabrous, with an erect culm ; Poison Nut. See Strychnos.
valves of the floscules quinquefid at the top. A very common Poke, Virginian. See Phytolacca.
Grass in mountain meadows, from New England to Carolina. Polemonium ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
Pursh says, that this Grass is mown twice a year, producing GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix one-
gynia. :
perianth
370 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
leafed, half five-cleft, inferior, goblet-shaped, acute, perma- Poley, Mountain. See Teucrium.
nent. Corolla : one-petalled, wheel-shaped ; tube shorter Polianthes; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogy-
than the calix, closed by five valves placed at the top bor- ;
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Corolla :
der five-parted, wide, flat; segments roundish, blunt. Sta- one-petalled, funnel-form ; tube curved inwards, oblong ;
mina: filamenta five, inserted into the valves of the tube, border patulous, with six ovate segments. Stamina : fila-
filiform, shorter than the corolla, inclining; antherse roundish, menta six, thick, blunt, at the top of the tube; antherse
incumbent. Pistil; germen ovate, acute, superior ; -Style linear, longer than the filamenta. Pistil: germen roundish,
the length of the corolla; stigma trifid, revolute. at the bottom of the corolla ; style filiform,
filiform, mostly shorter
Pericarp: capsule three-cornered, ovate, three-celled, three- than the corolla; stigma trifid, thickish, melliferous. Peri-
valved, opening at the top, covered ; partitions contrary to carp : capsule roundish, obtusely three-cornered, at the base
the valves. Seeds: very many, irregular, sharpish. ESSEN- involved in the corolla, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds:
TIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: five-parted, the bottom closed very many, flat, incumbent, in a double row, semi-orbiculate.
by valves bearing the stamina. Stigma: trifid. Capsule: ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : funnel-form, curved
three-celled, superior. The species are, in, equal. Filamenta: inserted into the mouth of the tube,
1. Polemonium Coaruleum; Common Polemonium. Leaves erect. Germen : at the bottom of the corolla. The only
pinnate ; flowers erect ; calices longer than the tube of the species is,
corolla. Root perennial, fibrous ; herb smooth ; stems upright, 1. Polianthes Tuberosa ; Common Tuberose. Root peren-
rising to the height of eighteen or twenty inches, seldom nial, tuberous, somewhat creeping; stem simple, erect, round",
more, leafy, panicled. Mr. Miller remarks, that the lower leafy, about three feet high; leaves scattered, linear-lanceo-
leaves have eleven or twelve pair of leaflets, besides the odd late, sheathing, smooth, pale, and rather glaucous; flowers
one ; that they are broadest at the base, end in points, and several, in a terminal, oblong, bracteated spike, white, some-
are sessile ; that the stem-leaves are of the same form, but times tinged with a blush of pink, their odour rich and deli-
decrease upwards in size ; that the stalks are hollow, chan- cious, most powerful at night, This well-known plant has
nelled, and terminated by bunches of flowers, which sit very been long cultivated in the English gardens, for the exceed-
close, and are of a beautiful blue colour: hence this is called ing beauty and fragrancy of its flowers as the roots are too
:

Blue-flowered Polemonium; it is also called Greek Valerian, tender to thrive in the full ground in England, there are few
and Jacob's Ladder, or Ladder to Heaven. Besides the persons who care to take the trouble of nursing up their offsets
variety with white flowers, which is very common, and fre- till
they become blowing roots, because it will be two or three
quently rises from the seeds of the blue, there is another, years before they arrive at a proper size for producing flowers ;
with variegated flowers ; and a third, with variegated leaves. and as they must be protected from the frost in winter, the
Caspar Bauhin observes, that this plant has nothing in com- trouble and expense of shelter is greater than the roots are
mon with the Valerians, except something in the shape of worth, for they are generally sold pretty reasonable by those
the leaves. It has not in fact the least affinity, in appear- who import them from Italy. The Double-flowering Tuberose
ance, character, sensible qualities, or medical virtues. The is a variety of the first, which was obtained from Mons. le
flowers appear at the end of May, and the seeds ripen in Cour, of Leyden. Other varieties are, the Striped-leaved
August. Native of Asia; and of the north of Europe, in Tuberose, and the Tuberose with a smaller flower. The last is
Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Lapland, and Denmark. frequent in the south of France, whence the roots have often
To propagate it, sow the seeds in the spring, upon a bed of been brought to England early in the spring, before their roots
light earth when they come up pretty strong, prick them
; have arrived from Italy, whence they are annually imported.
out into another bed of the same earth, four or five inches The difference between it and the common sort, lies in the
asunder, shading and watering them until they have taken stalk being weaker and shorter, and the flowers smaller. As
root; keep them clear from weeds until Michaelmas, and there is no way of propagating the double-flowered sort but
then transplant them into the borders of the pleasure-gar- by offsets, most people are careful to increase it; this is done
den. They are not of long duration, but by taking up the by planting them upon a moderate hot-bed early in March, and
plants in autumn, and parting them, they may be continued covering the beds in cold weather with mats or straw, giving
some years but as seedling plants flower stronger than
; them abundance of water in the drought of summer. In this
offsets, few persons propagate them by slips. The varieties bed the roots may remain till the leaves decay in autumn ;
may be continued by parting the roots at Michaelmas. They but if any frost should happen before that time, the beds
should have a fresh light soil ; if too rich, the roots will be apt should be covered, because if the frost enters so low as to
to rot in winter, and the stripes on the leaves to go off. reach the roots, it will kill them ; and if the leaves are injured
2. Polemonium Reptans ; Creeping Polemonium, also by the frost, it will weaken the roots. Where there is due
called Greek Valerian. Leaves pinnate, with about seven care taken to screen them from the frost and too much wet,
leaflets; flowers terminating, nodding. This has creeping it will be the best
way to let the roots remain in the bed till
roots, by which it multiplies very fast. The stalks rise nine the end of November, or the beginning of December, pro-
or ten inches high, sending out branches their whole length. vided hard frosts do not set in sooner; for the less time the
The flowers are produced in loose bunches, on pretty long roots are out of the ground, the stronger they will be, and
peduncles; they are smaller than those of the common sort, the sooner they will flower. When taken up, they should
and of a lighter blue colour. Native of North America. It be cleared from the earth, and laid in dry sand, secure from
may be increased by seeds or offsets like the preceding ; but frost and wet until the season for planting them returns.

though equally hardy, is less beautiful. The other sorts should be treated in the same way. It is
3. Polemonium Roelloides ; Roella-like Polemonium. next necessary to give directions concerning the roots annu-
Erect: stem filiform; leaves lanceolate, ciliate; panicle few- ally imported from Italy. In choosing the roots, select the
flowered, peduncled, naked. Found at the Cape. largest and plumpest, which, when perfectly sound, are the
4. Polemonium Campanuloides ;
Campanula-like Polemo- best: the fewer offsets they have, the stronger they will flower;
nium. Erect, smooth: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, erect; but the under part of the root should be particularly exa-
flowers terminating, solitary. Native of the Cape. mined, because it is there that they first decay. Before the
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 371

roots are planted, let the offsets be taken off, as, if left on, roots are strong and properly managed, the stems will rise
from the old three or four feet high, and each stem will produce ten or
they will draw away part of the nourishment
root, whereby the flower-stems will be greatly weakened. twelve flowers and in this the great beauty of the flowers
;

As these roots commonly arrive in England in the month of consists, for when there are but a few flowers upon the stalks,
February or March, those who are desirous to have these they will soon fade away ; so their places must be frequently
should make a moderate hot-bed soon after renewed for the flowers are produced coming out
in spikes
early in flower,
:

the roots arrive, which should have good rich earth laid upon alternately upon the stalk, the lower flowers opening first ;

the dung, about seven or eight inches deep this bed should
;
and as these decay, those above them open, so that in pro-
be covered with a frame, and when the bed is in a proper portion to the number of flowers upon each stalk, they con-
temperature, the roots should be planted six inches every
tinue in beauty a longer or a shorter time. The sort with
The upper part of the root ought not to be double flowers will require a little more care to have the
\vay apart.
buried more than one inch in the ground : when the roots flowers fair ; but this care is chiefly at the time of blowing,
are planted, there should be but little water given them until for the flowers of this sort will not open if they are exposed

they shoot above ground ; for too much wet will rot them to the open air: therefore when the flowers are fully formed,
while they are in an inactive state; but afterwards they will and nearly opening, the pots should be placed in an airy
require plenty of water, especially in warm seasons. When glass-case, or a shelter of glasses should be prepared for
the flower-stems begin to appear, a large share of air must them, that the dews and rains may not fall upon them, for
be admitted, or the stalks will draw up weak, and produce that will cause the flowers to rot away before they open ;
few flowers; for the more air these plants enjoy in good and the heat of the sun drawn through the glasses will cause
weather, the stronger they will grow, and the more flowers their flowers to expand very fairly. With this management,
will they produce. At the beginning of May, therefore, the says Mr. Miller, I have had this sort with very double flowers
frame m#y be quite taken off the bed, and hoops fastened extremely fair, and upwards of twenty upon one stem ; but
over it to support a covering of mats, which need not be where this has not been practised, I have rarely seen one of
laid over but in the night, or in very cold weather so that them in any beauty.
:

by enjoying the free open air, t'heir stems will be large ; and Pallia ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogy-
.f they are well watered in dry weather, there will be many nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: six-
large flowers on each stem. This first planting requires petalled; petals, the three outer ovate, concave, wider at the
more care than those which are to follow for in order to tip, blunt; the three inner alternate, with the outer bending
;

have a succession of these flowers, the roots should be planted in, nerved, very slender. Stamina : filamenta six, capillary,
at three different times: first, in the beginning of March; curved in at the tip, inserted into the receptacle ; antheree
next, in the beginning of April and lastly, at the end of round, twin. Pistil: germen globular, superior; style fili-
;

April, or the beginning of May these beds will require a form, subulate, incurved ; stigma simple, blunt.
:
Pericarp :
much smaller quantity of dung than the first, especially that berry globular, surrounded by the permanent reflex corolla.
bed which is last made ; for if there be but warmth enough Seeds: very many, as far as twenty, angular. ESSENTIAL
to put the roots in motion, it is as much as will be required: CHARACTER. Corolla: inferior, six-petalled. Berry .-many-
and this last bed will need no covering for very often those seeded.
; The only known species is,
roots which are planted in the full ground at this season, 1. Pollia
Japonica. Stem angular, erect, jointed, little
will produce strong flowers in autumn ; but in order to secure branched, rough, with villose hairs, two feet high ; branches
their flowering, it is always the best way to plant them on alternate, short, flowering successively, resembling the stem;
a gentle hot-bed. As to the second bed, that should be leaves on the lower part of the stem approximating, on the
arched over with hoops, and covered with mats every night, upper very remote, alternate, embracing, ensiform ; flowers
and in bad weather, otherwise the late frosts, which frequently verticillate, corymbed, snow-white. Jussieu doubts whether
happen in May, will pinch them. These plants may remain this plant be not more nearly allied to the Asparagi than the
in the beds until the flowers are near expanding, at which Jiinci, and whether the fruit be not really a berry. It flowers
time they may be carefully taken up, preserving the earth to in September. Native of Japan, near Nagasaki ; and of the
their roots, and planted in pots, and then placed in the island of Java.
shade for about a week to recover their removal; after which Pollichia a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono-
;

time the pots may be removed into halls or other apartments, gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
where they will continue in beauty a long time, and their pitcher-shaped, slightly five-cornered, five-toothed, perma-
fragrant odour will perfume the air of the rooms where they nent ; its orifice contracted by an elevated, pellucid, reticu-
are placed and by having a succession of them, they may
; lated ring. Corolla : petals five, alternate with the divisions
be continued from Midsummer to the end of October or mid- of the calix, fixed in the ring, small, triangular. Stamina :
dle of November but as the stems of these plants advance,
: filamenta one, incurved, proceeding from the orifice of the
there should be some sticks put down by each root, to which calix, through a cleft in the ring, opposite to and about the
the stems should be fastened, to prevent their being broken length of its upper segment, which is a little larger than, and
by the wind. It is a common practice with many people somewhat remote from, the rest ; anther roundish, two-lobed,
to plant these roots in pots, and plunge the pots into a hot- incumbent. Pistil: germen superior, in the bottom of the
bed ;
but there is much more trouble in raising them by this calix, ovate, smooth ; style filiform, as long as the calix,
method than by that above directed ; for if the roots are not forked stigmas two, obtuse, fringed.
:
Pericarp : none,
planted in very small pots, there will be a necessity of mak- except a thin membrane. Seed: solitary, ovate, filling the
ing the beds much larger, in order to contain a quantity ol cavity of the thickened calix. Receptacle: a scale under
the roots ; and if they be first planted in small pots, they each flower, roundish, succulent, often compound; after
should be shaken out of them into pots of a larger size when flowering, gradually enlarging, and at length becoming very
they begin to shoot out their flower-stems, otherwise the juicy, pellucid, white, and shining, obtuse, incurved, sup-
will be weak, and produce but few flowers; hence the porting the fruit on the inside about half ESSEN- way up.
her method is the best, if performed with care. When the TIAL CHARACTER. Calix : one leaf, five-toothed. Corolla-
VOL ii. 97. 5B
f'slks
372 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
five-petalled. Seed: solitary. Receptacle: producing suc- nate, with the permanent style, membranaceous, thin, valve-
culent aggregate scales, sustaining the fruit. The only less, not opening. Seed: single, kidney-form. Observe.
known species is, Most of the species have two bractes under the calix, and
1 .Pollichia Campestris ; Whorl-leaved Pollichia. Root which are taken by some for the calix, and the calix for the
fibrous, biennial ; stems several, inclined, round, invested corolla. Other species have two, three, or four calicine
with a thin white down, branched, leafy ; branches mostly leaflets. The stamina are generally one, two, three, or five
alternate, erect, leafy, many-flowered; leaves in whorls six inn-umber; the style is also sometimes double. ESSENTIAL
together, of which the two outermost are, generally speaking, CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Corolla: none. Style:
the largest, except in the lower part of the stem ; flowers in divided. Capsule: membranous, not bursting. Seed : one,
sessile, opposite, axillary clusters, at almost every whorl of almost naked. The species are,
the branches, numerous, small, green ; fruit a larger head of 1.
Polycnemum Monandrum ; One-stamined Polycnemum.
crowded, juicy, sweet, pearly-white scales, each supporting Monandrous: leaves linear, acute; stem erect. Perennial.
a brown cali-x, containing one seed. It flowers in September. Native of Siberia, on a dry saltish soil.
Native of the Cape. 2. Polycnemum Selerospermnm. Diandrous: leaves cylin-
Polyanthus Narcissus. See Narcissus Tazetta. dric, fleshy ; stem erect, branched. Annual. Found in the
Polycardia; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- muddy salt soils of Siberia.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: very small, five- 3. Polycnemum Arvense; Trailing Polycnemum. Tiian-
lobed. Corolla: petals five, rounded. Stamina: filamenta drous leaves awl-shaped, three-sided ; stem diffused.
: A
five, very short; antherae roundish. Pistil: germen broad ; small annual herb ; branches procumbent, simple, or subdi-
style one ; stigma notched. Pericarp : capsule coriaceous, vided, striated, somewhat hairy, knobbed, with a callus at
five-celled, five-valved, (sometimes three or four celled, three the inside of the base ; flowers axillary, sessile, solitary,
or four valved ;) valves septiferous in the middle; partitions whitish. Gaertner commends Adanson for having united this
seminiferous on each sids at the base. Seeds : few, oblong, genus with Camphorosma, the number of parts in the flowers
half-arilled at the hilum ; aril calix-form, laciniated. ESSEN- being so various, as the observations of Pallas have abun-
TIAL CHARACTER. Petals: rounded. Stigma : notched.
five, dantly shewn. It flowers in
July. Native of France, Italy,
Capsule: five-celled, five-valved. Seeds: arilled. The Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, in corn-fields.
only known species is, 4. Polycnemum Salsum ; Triandrous Polycnemum. Tri-
1. Polycardia Madagascarensis. This is a singular shrub, androus leaves filiform, fleshy, sheathing ; stem diffused.
:

approaching in habit to Xylophylla and Phyllanthus. Leaves Perennial. Found in the wet salt sands of Siberia.
alternate, petioled; the barren ones lanceolate, acute, or 5. Polycnemum Oppositifolium ;
Opposite-leaved Polycne-
obtuse, veined, quite entire ; the fertile or floriferous ones mum. Pentandrous leaves opposite, fleshy, cylindrical
: ;

quite entire, obcordate, wedge-form at the base ; flowers stem erect. Annual. This was discovered in the salt marshes
three or four on the top of the fertile leaf, at the end of the near the Caspian Sea.
midrib. Native of Madagascar. Polygala a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Octan-
;

Polycarpon; a genus of the class Triandria, order Tri- dria. GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calix: perianth five-leaved,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five- small ; leaflets ovate, acute ; two below the corolla, one
leaved; leaflets ovate, concave, keeled, mucronate, perma- above that, and two in the middle, subovate, flat, very large,
nent. Corolla,:
petals five, very short, ovate, emarginate, coloured like wings, permanent. Corolla : subpapiliona-
alternate, permanent. Stamina: filamenta three, filiform, ceous standard almost cylindrical, tubular, short, with a
;

shorter by half than the calix; antherse roundish. Pistil: small reflex mouth, bifid ; keel concave, compressed, ven-
germen ovate; styles three, very short; stigmas blunt. tricose towards the tip appendix of the keel in most of the
;

Pericarp: capsule ovate, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds: species two or three parted ; pencil-shaped bodies fastened
very many, ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five- to the keel towards the tip. Stamina.: filamenta eight, in two
leaved. Petals: five, ovate, very small. Capsule: one- sets, connected, enclosed within the keel ; antherae eight,
celled, three-valved. Seeds :
very many. The only known simple. Pistil: style simple, erect stigma
germen oblong ; ;

species is, terminating-, thickish, bifid. Pericarp: capsule obcordate,

1.
Polycarpon Tetraphyllum ; Four-leaved A ll-seed. Stem compressed,
with an acute margin, two-celled, two-valved ;

very much branched, diffused, divaricating; leaves opposite, partition contrary to the valves, opening at each margin.
or in fours, obovate, quite entire, somewhat fleshy, smooth ; Seeds: solitary, ovate; Gaertner says, with a glandular umbi-
stipules and bractes acuminate, scariose, white ; panicles licus. Observe. The appendix to the keel is different in the
terminating, dichotomous; flowers numerous, small, inodor- different species; and in many the pencil-shaped appendix
ous ; calix green, edged with white ; petals white. This is
wanting; and they are therefore called beardless. ESSEN-
common weed annual, and flowers from May to August,
is TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved, with two of the
and even Native of many parts of Europe, in a
in winter. leaves shaped like wings, and coloured. Capsule: obcordate,
dry soil as, in Germany, the south of France, Istria, Italy,
; two-celled. The species are,
*
and Barbary ; in England, on the coasts of Devon and Crestedthe flowers having a pencil-shaped appendix.
:

Dorset; about Lymston, near Exeter; close to the shingle 1.

Polygala Incarnata; Flesh-coloured Milkwort. Flowfrs
beach on the neck of the island, and about Exmouth in in spikes; stem herbaceous, branched, erect; leaves alternate,
Devonshire. awl-shapd root annual branches commonly three, in the
; ;

Polycnemum ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mo- upper axils long, narrow; leaves flat, very sharp, remote,
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five- scarcely eight for the most part upon the stem. Native of
leaved leaflets ovate, erect, mucronate, permanent. Corolla:
; Virginia and Canada.
none. Stamina: filamenta two or three, capillary, shorter 2. Polygala Aspalatha. Flowers in heads stems quite ;

than the calix ; antherue two-iobcd. Pistil: germen round- simple leaves bristle-shaped, scattered
; ;
corolla white, with
ish ; style
very short, two-parted stigmas obtuse. Pericarp:
; lanceolate wings, and a pencilled keel. It appears like an
capsule ovate, with the top ftaUish and margined, acumi- Aspalathus. Native of Brazil.
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 373

Polygala Braziliensis; Brazilian Milkwort.

3. Flowers and of Barbary, in dry heathy pastures, and on rocks, flow-
subspiked steins quite simple leaves lanceolate,
; ;
scattered ;
ering in June and July.
with the flowers on very 7. Polygala Major Large Milkwort. Flowers in racemes
spike straight, terminating, white, ; ;

short pedicels, without bractes. Native of Brazil. stem herbaceous, simple leaves linear, lanceolate. This is
;

4. Polygala Trichosperma Hairy-seeded Milkwort. Flow-

; very nearly allied to the preceding, but the flowers are always
ers in spikes stems rod-like, striated leaves linear root
; ; ; of a bright red purple, and the whole of the plant is larger,

perennial spikes
; terminating, oblong, toothletted below from and more upright. Probably a variety only. Native of
the falling of the flowers ; corolla minute, white. Nearly Austria.
allied to the first species. Native of New Granada. Polygala Monspeliaca MontpelUer Milkwort. Flowers
8. ;

5. Polygala Amara ; Bitter MUkwort. Flowers in racemes ; in racemes stem upright leaves lanceolate, linear, acute
; ; ;

stems almost upright; radical leaves obovate, larger. This root annual. Native of the south of France, of Piedmont,
agrees so nearly in habit with the next species, that they
are and of Algiers, on barren hills.
not readily distinguished. The radical leaves are thicker 9. Polygala Paniculata Panided Milkwort.;
Flowers
and obovate, wider and very blunt; the stem-leaves more crested clusters lateral, on very long stalks
; stems herba- ;

declining. The whole plant, except the root,

always is ceous, erect, branched at top leaves linear, acute. Root
;

extremely bitter a leaf slightly chewed affects the tongue

;
annual branches filiform, erect, leafy, smooth ; flowers
;

very strongly, soon diffuses itself over the whole jaws,

and minute, purplish, nodding, on very short pedicels. This
continues a long time. Probably the virtues attributed to beautiful little plant is a native of Jamaica and Hispaniola.
the thirty-third species reside in this equally. Gesner asserts, It has much the smell and taste of the
thirty-second species,
that an infusion of it purges without any harm : a tincture but is not so strong and disagreeable. It is a mild attenuant
of four ounces of it, in a pint of Canary wine, is extremely and sudorific, and may be administered in infusions 01
bitter, and of a brownish colour. It is employed in the decoctions.
pleurisy, in malignant and milk fevers, and 'in pulmonary 10. Polygala Sibirica; Siberian Milkwort. Racemes late-
consumption. A drachm of the root in powder, is given as ral, naked ; stems herbaceous leaves lanceolate. This has
;

a dose or an ounce, in a pint and half of water, boiled

; the habit of the preceding species. Native of Siberia.
down to a pint, and drank with milk. The thirty-second sort 11. Spear-leaved Milkwort. Flowers
Polygala Bracteolata ;

is more stimulant and resolvent, but this appears to abound in racemes ; bractes three-leaved ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
in balsamic resin. It is certainly more efficacious than Com- smooth stem erect, shrubby. This is a plant of great sin-
;

mon Milkwort but that is probably owing to its growing in

; gularity and beauty the purple of its flowers is brilliant in
:

mountainous situations. Allioni considers it as biennial. the extreme. There are four varieties worthy of notice : The
Native of France, Switzerland, Silesia, Austria, Carniola, and first has the keel
longer than the crest, the stem branched,
Piedmont. Sow the seeds of this, and of the three following and linear-lanceolate leaves. The second has the leaves
species, soon after they become ripe. These are rarely admit- linear-subulate, and the keel shorter than the crest, with a
ted into gardens, where they do not thrive well. larger purple flower. The third has subulate leaves, the
6. Polygala Yulgaris; Common Milkwort. Flowers in stem quite simple, and a smaller purple flower. The fourth
racemes; stems herbaceous, simple, procumbent; leaves has the leaves linear, blunt, and rugged, the stem branched,
linear-lanceolate. The perennial woody root throws out the flowers very small, whitish, or pale purple. The stem
many spreading procumbent stems, clothed with deep green is
shrubby in all, and the bractes are remarkable; whence
smooth leaves, which vary much in si/.e and figure. The the trivial name. They flower from May to July, and are
flowers are commonly blue, but are often white, flesh-coloured, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. This, and all the other
or purple, and in all cases maiked with green lines: their Cape sorts, may be increased by cuttings, some more readily
form is singular and elegant, like little flies, and they com- than others.
pose long terminal clusters. The permanent calix turns at 12. Polygala. Umbellata
Umbelled MUkwort. ; Flowers
length wholly green, and wraps up the young pod, closing subumbelled ; stem scarcely suffru-
leaves linear, subciliate ;

and drooping to protect it from rain so that the elegant ; ticose, a span high, somewhat branched, erect: annual or
fringed crest of the corolla protects the stamina and pistilla, biennial. Native of the Cape.
admitting air, but excluding rain and insects. The whole 13. Polygala Myrti folia; Myrtle-leaved Milkwort. Keel
herb is very bitter. An infusion of it, taken to the amount of the corolla crescent-shaped stem shrubby leaves even,
; ;

of a quarter of a pint every morning, fasting, has been suc- oblong, blunt. The flowers are very elegant, and are pro-
cessfully given for a catarrhous cough. Allioni says, it has duced at the ends of the branches they are large, white on ;

the same properties as the preceding species, in an inferior the outside, but of a bright purple within ; wings expanded
degree, and with less of the balsamic principle, though it is wide, and standard incurved. Each cell of the seed-vessel
not to be despised as a succedaneum to the thirty-third spe- contains one hard, smooth, shining seed. It continues flow-

cies, in pleurisy and peripneumony, and that it also promotes ering most part of the summer. Native of the Cape. This
expectoration. It possesses the virtues of the Rattlesnake
plant is propagated by seeds, which should be sown in small
Root, but in an inferior degree. It has been used in
pleu- pots. -filled with light loamy earth; soon after they are ripe
retic cases with many happy effects see the thirty-second
: these pots may be placed where they may have the morning
species. The powdered root may be taken in doses of half sun only, till October, when they should be placed under a
a drachm or more, or a strong decoction may be drank to hot-bed frame, and plunged into old tanner's bark, which has
the amount of a pint or more in a day, in which quantities lost its heat, where they may be defended from frost during
itsometimes acts as a brisk purgative, and sometimes it only the winter ; and in the sprkig the pots should be plunged
operates by sweat. Foreign writers celebrate it as a grateful into a moderate hot-bed, which will bring up the plants.
nutriment for cattle according to Linneus, cattle, sheep,
: When these appear, they should not be too tenderly treated,
and goats eat it, but swine refuse it. It is the only British but must have a large share of free air admitted to them ;
species, and is chiefly found in dry barren pastures, heaths, when they are fit to transplant, they should be carefully
or sheep-walks, though it is a native of most parts of Europe shaken out of the pots, and separated, planting each into a.
374 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
small pot filled with soft loamy earth, and plunged into a toothletted from the fall of the flowers, which are larger than
those of the common sort. Found in Cayenne.
very moderate hot-bed, to forward their taking new root,
26. Polygala Chinensis. Flowers in spikes, axillary; stem
observing to shade them from the sun, and gently refresh
them with water as they may require it, but they must not suffruticose ; leaves oval. Native of the East Indies.
have much wet. When they are rooted, they must be gra- 27. Polygala Chamsebuxus Box-leaved Milkwort. Flowers
;

dually inured to the open air ; and in June they may

be scattered; keel rounded at the tip; stem shrubby; leaves
It is an elegant little evergreen shrub, of low
placed abroad, in a sheltered situation, where they may
lanceolate.
remain till the middle or latter end of October, according as growth, with leaves like those of the Box, producing flowers
the season proves favourable ; then they must be removed from May to October, but most plentifully in June. Each
into the green-house, and treated in the same way as Orange- flower stands on a peduncle, proceeding from a kind of tri-
trees, being careful not to give them too much wet during phyllous cup formed of floral-leaves the true calix is com-
;

the winter season. In the summer they must be placed abroad posed of three leaves, which are nearly white ; the two outer-
with other green-house plants, where, by their long continu- most petals, similar to the wings of a papilionaceous flower,
ance in flower, they will make a fine appearance. are also white, or nearly so the third petal, which forms a
;

Flowers racemose kind of tube, and contains the stamina and pistillum, is white
14. Polygala Venulosa. crested, ;

at the base, but yellow towards the extremity, where it changes

wings of the calix three-ribbed, copiously veined, shorter
than the keel ; stem ascending leaves elliptic-lanceolate.
; by degrees to a bright bay colour. Clusius and Jacquin
Found in Cyprus, &c. flowering in May. mention a variety of this plant, with the calix and wings of a
15. Polygala Glumacea. Flowers crested, racemose ;
beautiful purple. Scopoli lias noticed four varieties 1. With
:

white wings, and a yellow keel. 2. With white wings, and

wings of the calix three-ribbed, slightly veined, twice the
Found in Cyprus, the keel red at the tip. 3. With red wings, and the tip of
length of the keel; leaves taper-pointed.
the keel yellow. 4. With red wings and keel, but the tip of
flowering in May.
16. Polygala Oppositifolia; Opposite-leaved Milkwort Stem . the latter variegated with red and yellow. Native of Austria,
shrubby ; leaves opposite, ovate, acute ; flowers crested ; Switzerland, Alsace, Germany, Dauphiny, and Italy. This
clusters short, terminal. This is a shrub two feet high, is a very difficult plant to cultivate in gardens, for it com-

branched at top branches alternate, erect, without scars.

; monly grows out of the fissures of rocks, hence cannot be
It flowers in August. Native of the Cape. easily transplanted, and it is with difficulty that the seeds are
17. Polygala Spinosa Prickly Milkwort. Flowers lateral
; ;
obtained from abroad. The seeds will not vegetate till they
stem shrubby; branches spiny; leaves scattered, oval, oblong; have been a whole year in the ground, unless they are sown
fruit drupaceous. This is a stout shrub, with the branches soon after they are ripe, when the plants will come up the
terminated by a strong spine. Native of the Cape. spring following. When they first appear, they make very
18. Polygala Teretifolia. Flowers lateral stem shrubby,
;
little progress in our climate, and are hard to transplant

branched; "leaves filiform, sickle-shaped. Native of the Cape. with safety, so that they are not much known in this country.
** Beardless the flowers without any pencil ; The best method of cultivating it is by seeds. They should
: heeled,
frutescent. be procured as fresh as possible from the places of natural
19. Polygala Theezans. Peduncles one-flowered; stem growth, and sown in pots as soon as they arrive the pots
;

shrubby; leaves alternate, lanceolate. This, like the Birch- should be plunged into the ground, where they may have jonly
tree, has the stem white at the bottom. Native of Japan the morning sun. If sown before Christmas, there will be a
and Java. chance of their coming up in the following spring. The pots
20. Polygala Trinervia. Peduncles one-flowered stem ; should be plunged into the ground, where they may have but
little sun in the following summer, and in trie autumn they
shrubby, angular; leaves alternate, cordate, cusped, three-
nerved flowers small capsules oblong, two-horned at the
; ; may be removed, and plunged into an old tan-bed under a
tip. Native of the Cape. hot-frame, where they may be protected from severe frost ;
21. Polygala Pensea. Flowers lateral, solitary; stem arbo- for although this plant is a native of the Alps, and other cold
reous ; leaves obtuse, petioled. This shrub is a native of mountains, yet, as the seeds will not be covered with snow
South America. here, as they are in their native soil and situation, they are
22. Polygala Diversifolia. Flowers in racemes stem arbo- ; frequently spoiled by the inconstancy of the weather in Eng-
reous ; older leaves oblong, ovate ; younger subovate. This land. When the plants come up, they should be placed in
is a small tree, with loose rod-like branches, subdivided, the shade during the summer ; and in autumn they may be
even, round. Browne calls it Bastard Lignum Vitae of the turned out of the pots, and planted in a border, where they
Red Hills, where this shrub grows very plentifully, generally may have only the morning sun, for they will not thrive long
rising to the height of seven or eight feet or more. It receives
in pots. If the winter
prove very severe, it will be proper to
the above name, because it tastes not unlike the gum of the cover the surface of the ground about their roots with mulch,
Lignum Vitae, and is sometimes used for the same purposes. to keep out the frost. If the plants take root in the border,
Swartz does not see why Linneus named it Diversifolia, the they should remain there undisturbed, and be only kept clean
leaves being all alike the reason, however, whether well found-
;
from weeds ; for the ground about their roots should not be
ed or not, is apparent from the specific character. Native of dug or dunged. They thrive best in a shady border of bog-
the woods of Jamaica; where, however, it is not common. earth.
23. Polygala Microphylla Small-leaved Milkwort. Flow-
;
28. Polygala Alopecuroides. Flowers sessile; leaves
ers in racemes; stems shrubby; leaves very minute, elliptic. crowded, ovate, keeled, hairy; stem shrubby, procumbent,
Native of Spain and Portugal. branched the branches covered with leaves and flowers.
;

24. Polygala jEstuans. Flowers in racemes; stem shrubby; Native of the Cape.
leaves lanceolate, petioled. Native of New Granada, in South 29. Polygala Mixta. Flowers sessile stem shrubby ;
;

America leaves round, mucronate, crowded. Native of the Cape.

25. Polygala Violacea. Flowers in racemes, lateral and 30. Polygala Squarrosa. Stem shrubby ; leaves aggregate,
crminating; stem shrubby, hairy ; leaves oblong; peduncles lanceolate, patulous. Native of the Cape.
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 375

31. Polygala Heisteria ; Heath-leaved Milkwort. Flowers Flowers in globular heads ; stem erect, quite simple ; leaves
lateral ; stem arborescent ; leaves three-sided, mucronate, lanceolate, bluntish ; root annual. Native of Virginia.
spiny. This is a polymorphous plant, being, when young 1

,
36. Polygala Triflora ; Three-flowered Milkwort. Pedun-
very different from what it is when it becomes old. In the cles subtriflorous ; stem erect; leaves linear, alternate. Na-
course of a few years it becomes a shrub of a considerable tive of Ceylon. Annual.
size, equalling a small Furze-bush, to which it bears a distant 37. Polygala Glaucoides. Peduncles many-flowered, late-
resemblance. The purple of the flowers is brilliant in the ral ; stems diffused ; leaves acute. This has the appearance
extreme, and they are plentifully produced almost through- of our common Milkwort. Perennial. Native of Ceylon.
****
out the year. -Native of the Cape. Beardless, herbaceous, branched.
32. Polygala Stipulacea. Flowers lateral stem suffru- ;
38. Polygala Ciliata; Fringed Milkwort. Capsules ciliate,
ticose; leaves in threes, linear, acute; stem filiform. Native toothed ; stem e-rect ; root annual ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
of the Cape. sessile, smooth, quite entire; flowers sessile, directed one
***
Beardless, herbaceous with a single Stem. way they are small, and variegated with pink, white, and
:

33. Polygala Senega; Officinal Milkwort, or Rattlesnake green. It varies with heart-shaped leaves and stems, half a
Root. Flowers in spikes; stem erect, quite simple, herbace- foot high, and branched. Native of Ceylon.
ous; leaves broad-lanceolate; root perennial, woody, branched, 39. Polygala Sanguinea; Red-spiked Milkwort. Pedun-
contorted, about the thickness of the finger, and covered with cles squarrose; stem erect; root annual; leaves alternate,
ash-coloured bark. The flowers are produced in loose ter- narrow, lanceolate ; spikes terminating, loose, blood-red,
minating spikes ; they are small, pale red, or whitish, and ovate. The lower flowers, when mature, drop off, whilst new
shaped like those of the common sort, buftheir keel has no ones are coming on, hence, the peduncle is jagged or squar-
beard or crest. It flowers here in July, but does not produce rose. Native of Virginia.
ripe seeds. Native of most parts of North America, on the 40. Polygala Verticillata; Whorl-leaved Milkwort. Flow-
sides of hills and in dry woods, flowering from June to ers separate ; leaves linear, in whorls ; root annual ; spikes

August. The root of this plant, under the name of Rattle- white, very narrow, with the flowers remote ; stem slender.
snake Root, was first introduced to the attention of phy- This little plant is exceedingly branched, and at each joint
sicians, nearly seventy years ago, by Dr. John Tennent, puts forth four or five narrow oblong leaflets. On the tops
whose intercourse with the Indians led him to discover that of the stems and branches it produces slender oblong spikes,
they possessed a specific remedy for the bite of the rattle- composed of whitish flowers. Native of Maryland.
snake, which was, for a reward, revealed to him, and found 41. Polygala Cruciata; Cross-leaved Milkwort. Leaves
to be the root of this plant. He was afterwards fully con- in fours. The head of flowers is of a green rufescent colour.
vinced of the efficacy of this medicine from his own expe- Native of Virginia.
rience; and observing that symptoms of pleurisy or peri- 42. Polygala Oxycoccoides. Stem shrubby, procumbent ;
pneumony were generally produced by the action of this leaves elliptic, obtuse, thickish. The older branches are
poison, he inferred that it might be a remedy in those tubercled and jointed, the younger ones smooth. Native of
disorders. It was
accordingly tried in pleurisies, not only by Mount Atlas, in fissures of rocks, flowering early in spring.
Tennent himself, but by several French academicians, and 43. Polygala Saxatilis. Stems shrubby, decumbent ;
others, who all unite in testimony of its good effects. How- branchlets pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acute; flowers capi-
ever, in many of these cases recourse was had to the lancet. tate, racemed. They are like those of the preceding, from
The repute which this root obtained in peripneumonic affec- which it differs in having lanceolate leaves, more slender and
tions, induced some to employ it in other inflammatory disor- acute, and pubescent branchlets. Native of Mount Atlas, in
ders, particularly in rheumatism. It has been said to be very the fissures of rocks.
successful in dropsies, which we can
the more readily credit, 44. Polygala Rosea. Stem shrubby at the base, rod-like,
from its
increasing the different secretions; for it
effect in
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers in loose racemes ;
produces a plentiful spitting, increases perspiration and urine, corollas fringed, tubular; upper lip two-lobed, lower fringed
and frequently purges or vomits. It is also reported to be a at the top, bright rose-coloured, often exceeding the wings.
medicine of great power in rendering the siziness of the blood Native of Mount Atlas.
more fluid ;
although De Haen asserts a strong fact to con- 45. Polygala Mariana. Flowers beardless, in oblong heads;
tradict that report. The usual dose
is from one
scruple to stem erect, branched ; leaves linear ; root perennial. Native
two of the powder or two or three table-spoonsful of the
; of Maryland. Cultivated like the thirty-third species.
decoction, prepared by boiling an ounce of the root in a pint 46. Polygala Americana. Flowers crested ; raceme termi-
and half of water till it is reduced to a pint. A little Madeira nating; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, tomentose.
wine is most effectual for removing the pungent taste, and This plant will not live in the open air of our climate, and
making it sit easy on the stomach. The seeds of this remark- as it will not thrive in a pot, is very difficult to preserve here.
able plant rarely hence the best way
grow in this
country ; It is propagated
by seeds, procured from abroad.
to to procure the roots from America, and to
propagate it is
Polygonum; a genus of the class Octandria, order Tri-
plant them in a bed of light earth in a sheltered situation.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth turbi-
In summer keep them clean from weeds, and nate, coloured internally, five-parted; segments ovate,
keep the sur- blunt,
face of the ground about their roots covered with old tan- permanent. Corolla : none, unless the calix be taken for it.
ner's bark, or any other kind of mulch, in winter, to Stamina: filamenta commonly eight, awl-shaped, very short;
keep
out the frost. anthersE roundish, incumbent. Pistil: germen three-sided;
34. Polygala Lutea Yellow-flowered Milkwort. Flowers three, filiform, very short ; stigmas simple.
;
styles commonly
in oblong heads; stem erect,
quite simple, herbaceous; leaves Pericarp : none ; the calix involving the seed. Seed : single,
lanceolate, acute spike terminating, large for the size of the
;
three-sided, acute. Observe. The first species has a two-
plant, composed of yellow flowers, closely set on. Native leaved calix, and three petals. Stamina in some, six; Pis-
of most parts of North America. tillum in some ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
species, bifid.
35. Polygala Viridescens ; Green-flowered Milkwort. Calix :
none, or five-parted, coloured. Corolla :
five-parted,
VOL. ii. 97. 5C
376 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
calicine, or none, if that be considered as the calix. Seed : nations, and in some parts of Siberia and Tartary. Plants
The species are, of this species, cultivated during four years in a garden,
one, angular.
*Atraphaxoides, with a frutesce/it Stem. constantly produced perfect seeds in July, and flowered as
Stem constantly a second time in September. These latter ger-
1. Polygonum Frutescens; Sltrubby Poh/gon/im,
shrubby; two, reflex; calix five-leaved; leaf-
calicir.e leaflets mina vegetated on the stem. Welsh Bistort, is a small vari-
lets when ripe equal or unequal, coloured or uncoloured, ety of this species and was found on a very high rock near
;

but constantly loose from the sit. a. It flowers in

July. Lhanberys. Native of many parts of Europe, in moun-
Native of Siberia. tainous pastures. In England it is found near Crosby,
2. Polygonum Atraphaxoides. Flowers hexandrous, digy- Ravensworth in the fields between Shap and Hardingdal
; ;

HOUS ;
leaves ovate, waved. near Wherf, and near the footway leading from that place
**Bistortae, with a single Spike. to Settle on the edge of Lemer Water at Carr End and in
; ;

3. Polygonum Bistorta; Great Bistort, or Snaheweed. Wensley Dale, all in Westmoreland. It is not infrequent on
Stem quite simple, with a single spike ; leaves ovate, waved,
the dry stony pastures in Scotland especially those on the ;

Recurrent. Root perennial, and not easily extirpated, some- mountain-sides, as about the pass of Killicrankie, near Blair;
what more or less bent or crooked, whence its names Bistort, about Loch Hannoch in Perthshire, Loch Urn in Inverness-
Snakewecd, and Adders-wort; outwardly of a chestnut, in- shire, on the lop of Ben Lomond; and in Benhuardal, in

wardly of a flesh-colour, furnished with

numerous fibres and Strath in ihc Isle of Skye.

creepers. The root being one of the strongest vegetable ***Pcrsicaricp, with abijid Pistil, and generally fewer Stamina
to the purpose of tanning than eiijlit.
astringents, might be well applied r
leather, if it could be procured in sufficient quantity the :
PolygoniimTirgiuianum; Virginian Persicaria. Flow-
>.

corollas quinquefid, unequal

young shoots are eaten in herb pudding, in the north of ers pcntandrous, senndigyiious ; ;

England, where the plant is known by the name of Easter leaves ovate; stems hard, round, green, with great joints on
Giant: and about Manchester they are substituted for greens, them. At the lops of the slalks, and from the joints of the
under the name of Patience Dock. The root was formerly leaves, spring spikes of white flowers, succeeded by flat,
considered to be alexipharmic and sudorific: but its uses black, shining seeds; root perennial, consisting of a great
seem only to be derived from its styptic powers. Dr. CuIIen bush of long black fibres. It flowers in August and Sep-
in intermittent fevers; and gave it, tember. Native of North America.
frequently employed it
both alone and with Gentian, to the quantity of three drachms 6. Polygonum l.apathifolium; Pale-flowered Persicaria,
a day. Meyrick observes, that all the parts of the plant or Pale-leaved Dead Flowers hexandrous, digy-
Arsesmart.
have a rough austere taste, but more especially the root, notis; peduncles rugged stipules awnless; seeds concave on
;

which of a very binding nature, and may be used to advan-

is each side. Root annual stem about three feet high, r&und,
;

tage, both externally

and inwardly, whenever astringency is smooth, hollow, branched, the branches spreading, swelling
as for incontinence of urine, immoderate menses, very much above the joints, patulous, and sometimes
decum-
required,
It is distinguished from the eleventh species by its
bleeding wounds, spitting of blood, the bloody flux, and
bent.
other fluxes of the belly. It is also of singular efficacy in a beingmuch more swelled, its stipules being
larger, its joints
soft spungy state of the gums, attended with looseness of the much more strongly ribbed at bottom, and without "ciliee ;
teeth and soreness of the mouth. Dried and reduced to and also by its broader leaves, the veins of which are rather
or boiled in wine, and taken pretty freely, it pre- deeper, and more strongly marked.
The following are strik-
powder,
vents miscarriage, helps ruptures, dissolves coagulated blood varieties: 1. That with a red stalk and red flowers,
ing
from falls, blows, &c.%nd kills worms in children. Native which is often found on dunghills and in corn-fields, and is

of many parts of Europe, Siberia, and Japan. It is most like the true species in every respect colour; but the but its

common in the northern parts of Great Britain, particularly red of the flowers is not so bright. 2. This not only varies
in moist meadows, where it is often a noxious weed, fre- in having its stalks spotted with red, but the spikes are much
more slender, rather more so than those of the eleventh
quently forming large patches, and
not easily extirpated it :

flowers in May and June. Near London it occurs by Bat- species, and also of a red colour, but not so bright. They
tersea; and in a meadow by Bishop's wood, near Hampstead ;
are often found together in the ditches about St. George's
in the meadows about Uxbridge; near Rickmansworth in Fields. When this variety grows in a rich soil, it becomes full
Hertfordshire; Hyde Mill, Luton, and Thurleigh, in Bed- as large as the true species; but in a different soil and situa-
fordshire; on the banks of the Isis beyond Ifley; and near tion, as on the watery parts of Blackheath and Peckham Rye,
it becomes much smaller,
Gosford bridge in Oxfordshire; Ham-green near Mathon, generally has its leaves whiter
and Hartley, in Worcestershire ; near the infirmary, Staf- underneath, and may be taken fbr the eleventh species, if
ford in the closes near Howes House, Whitwell, and Shel-
;
not attentively examined : its spotted stalk, and the rough-
ness of the petioles, will distinguish it readily. 3. The vari-
ford, Cambridgeshire; Brome and Heigham in Norfolk;
with leaves on the under is found here and
Tamworth and Fazeley, in Warwickshire ; near Derby ; Cof- ety hoary side,
there in corn-fields and other places, where the soil is not
grave in Northamptonshire; Lenton in Nottinghamshire;
about Sheffield, Halifax, Bradford, and Settle, in Yorkshire, very rich, and is obviously enough distinguished. Besides
in all of which places it is very common near Kendal in
;
these three remarkable varieties, it varies in size according
Westmoreland; near Newcastle-upon-Tyne and near In- ;
to the richness or poverty of the ground, and, like the
This plant may be propagated by eleventh species, the leaves are sometimes spotted and some-
verary in Scotland,
times not. Small birds are fond of the seeds of this species
planting the roots in a moist shady border, either in spring
or autumn. and its varieties, and the farmer should carefully weed them
4. Small or Alpine Bistort, or from his dunghills.
Polygonum Viviparum ;

Stem Persicaria.
Viviparous Snakeweed. quite simple, with a single 7. Polygonum Amphibium
Amphibious ;

loaves lanceolate, rolled back at the edge. This has Flowers ovate. Root
spike ; pentandrous, semidigynous spike ;

The or floating, a foot

the f:mie habit as the preceding, but is much less. perennial, creeping; stems rooting, erect,
roots have t!e same quality, and are eaten by northern and half or more long. This is the only European species in
 '
Of THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
 POL OH, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 377

the Persicaria division of this germs which has a perennial stone and gravel. The ashes of this plant, mixed with soft
root. It
may also be distinguished from others by the leaves soap, is a nostrum for dissolving the stone in the bladder;
being hollowed at the base, and fringed with hairs at the but it may be reasonably questioned whether it has any ad-
edges; they are also harsher, especially when the plant vantage over other semicaustic preparations of the vegetable
grows out of the water. This species has the name of Amphi- alkali. Its acrimony rises in distillation ;
and the distilled
Limn, from its growing both on land and in water. We may water, drank to the amount of two or three half-pints daily,
conclude that the latter is its natural situation, from its sel- has been found very effectual in some gravelly cases. Lin-
dom producing the fructification in dry places. From its neus observes, that this plant will dye woollen cloth of a
floating leaves the elder botanists thought it was apondicced, yellow colour; and that all domestic quadrupeds reject it.
but Ray rectified the mistake. Villars informs Us, that it was Native of most parts of Europe, and found in great
supposed in Alsace to be injurious to cattle; but he is of abundance on places that lie under water during the winter,
opinion that it is rather useful to them, on account of its acid flowering in September, a month later than the thirteenth
antiseptic qualities. He remarks very justly, (hat all marshy species from which it differs in its leaves of a yellower hue,
;

situations being unwholesome, the plants which are most its slenderer
spikes, and larger, more acuminate, and chestnut-
common there, are accused of doing all the mischief. As a colonred seeds.
weed, certainly few plants are more pernicious, for the roots 11. Polygonum Persicaria; Spotted Persicaria, or Dead
not only creep, but penetrate so deeply into the earth, that A rsesmart. Flowers hexandrous, semidigynous spikes ovate-
;

they ore seldom or never eradicated but as it rarely flowers

:
oblong, erect; peduncles even; stipules ciliate. Hoot simple,
on arable land, it is a more local plant than some of the fibrous; stem upright, sometimes rooting at bottom, two feet,
same genus, of the seeds of which waterfowl are very fond. or from two to three feet high, alternately branched, round,
Native of most parts of Europe, in ponds, ditches, and smooth, gradually thickened above the joints, often red.
rivers, and sometimes on arable land. In water its long Each leaf is usually marked with a central, black, or kidney-
creeping roots run deep into the mud, throwing out whorls of shaped spot, the under side spotted with glands, and some-
fibres here and there, whilst the leaves float times white and downy. This is very nearly allied to the
upon the surface,
and the beautiful spikes of flowers in July and August are sixth species, but the style is divided only half way down,
elevated above it. Frequently however, as liny observes, the mostly into two parts, and then the germen is a little convex
roots are thrown out with the mud in clearing ditches, and if on. each side; but sometimes into three parts, and then the
liy that or any other accident the plants get out of the water, germen is always triangular. It may be distinguished from
the stems grow more erect, the leaves become narrower and the preceding species, which are upright, of an ovate shape
hairy, and the flowers are more sparingly produced. more or less round. Its taste is slightly astringent. Woollen
8. Polygonum Filiforme. Flowers pentandrous, digynous; cloth dipped in a solution of alum, obtains a yellow colour
spikes filiform ;leaves ovate ;
stipules ciliate ; stem round, from this plant. Goats, sheep, and horses, eat it; cows
marked with obsolete raised lines, erect, villose, with close- and swine refuse it. Common in ditches and marshes in
pressed hairs, ferruginous. It flowers in
September and most parts of Europe ; flowering from July to September.
October. It is
very nearly allied to the thirteenth species. 12. Polygonum Minus; Small Creeping Persicaria. Flow-
Native of Japan, near Nagasaki. ers hexandrous, submonogynous ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
9. Polygonum Ocreatum ; Spear-leaved Polygonum. flat; spikes filiform, almost erect; stem rooting at the base.
Flowers pentandrous, trigynous; leaves lanceolate. Flowers This, which Mr. Curtis has ascertained to be a distinct spe-
in July. Perennial. Native of Siberia. cies, and not a variety of the preceding, as Linneus supposed,
10. Polygonum Hydropiper Water or Bitiny Pcrsicaria.
; is
very abundant in the watery parts of Tothill-fields, West-
Flowers hexandrous, semidigynous; leaves lanceolate, waved, minster; flowering in September. It has also been found

unspotted; spikes filiform, nodding; stem erect; root annual, on Putney common in a gravel pit on Malvern-chase in
;

fibrous. This plant is readily known by its pale unspotted Worcestershire, and on Costesy common, near Norwich.
leaves, and lax, slender, drooping spikes, of red and white 13. Polygonum Barbatum ; Bearded Polygonum. Flow-
in conspicuous flowers. Dr. Stokes remarks, that the ers hexandrous, trigynous; spikes rod-like; stipules truncate,
whole plant is sprinkled with minute glandular dots; but setaceous, ciliate; leaves ciliate, lanceolate; stem herba-
even with the surface, and more obvious with a moderate ceous, rufous. Thunberg describes three varieties, all which
than a higher magnifier; probably the seat of its
very acrid he found in the ditches and swampy parts of Japan. The
species he observed at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon,
property. Mr. Curtis adds, that these little cells or glands
are more particularly observable on the calix, which is accord- and Java.
ingly more biting than any other part of the plant. From 14. Polygonum Tinctorium; Dyers Polygonum. Flowers
its hot acrid taste it has the names of
Hydropipcr, Water hcxandrous, trigynous; spikes rod-like; stipules smooth,
Pepper, and Arsesmart. Withering observes, that the whole contracted, truncate, ciliate; leaves ovate, sharpish, smooth;
plant has an exceeding hot biting taste. cures those little
It stem herbaceous, perennial, round, two feet high, manifold,
ulcers in the mouth commonly called the thrush
; and the dis- nearly erect. Native of China, near Canton. The Chinese
tilled water, drank to the quantity of a pint or more in a use it to abeautiful blue or green colour; and the Japa-
day, dye
has been found serviceable in the gravel and stone. It is a nese cultivate the thirteenth, eighteenth, and twenty-fourth
diuretic of considerable efficacy, and has
frequently been species, for the same purpose.
administered with success in the jaundice, and the 15. Polygonum Orientale; Oriental or Garden Persicaria.
beginning
of dropsies. The expressed juice of the fresh-gathered plant Flowers heptandrous, digynous ; leaves ovate ; stem erect ;
appears to be the best preparation of it, and may be taken stipules rough-haired, salver-shaped; root composed
of many
with safety to the amount of two or three ounces for a dose. Stem round, five or six feet
strong fibres, growing in tufts.
This is the only Persicaria that has any pretensions to be an leaves and flaccid, flower-stalks panicled,
high; large, downy,
active medicine. When given in infusion or decoction, it hairy, laden with thick, obtuse, cylindrical, drooping spikes
proves diuretic, and hence is used in the dropsy and jaun- of beautiful crimson flowers. The stipules are deserving of
dice. The distilled water is recommended by Boyle in the notice, being unusual in their form, and making the stem look
378 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
as if ruffled. The seeds were first sent to Europe by Tourne- known in many countries by the name of Hogweed; in fact
fort, who saw it
growingin the prince of Teflis's garden in all granivorous domestic quadrupeds eat it, and the seeds
Georgia, and afterwards in the garden of the monks of the are useful for every purpose in which those of Buckwheat
Three Churches near Mount Ararat, where the plant is culti- are employed. This is one of our commonest plants, espe-
vated not only for the beauty of the flowers, but for its medi- cially in a sandy or gravelly soil, on banks by paths, and in
cinal virtues, which are the same with those attributed toonr corn-fields ; it frequently covers much ground, where the
common species. There is a dwarf variety of it, and another natural grass has been destroyed. Where it grows singly in
with while flowers it has also been observed
;
by Linneus to a rich or newly thrown up soil, a single plant will often cover
vary in point of hairiness, the Levant variety being less hairy the space of a yard or more ; and the leaves are then broad
than that from the East Indies. It flowers from July to and large, but when it grows very thick together, it is in
October, or till the frost in autumn comes on, soon after every respect smaller. On our sandy coasts it is found with
which the plant decays and dies. It will rise from scattered large oval thick leaves, but not perennial.
seeds much better than from those which are regularly sown ; 19. Polygonum Erectum; Upright Polygonum. Flowers
but where the seeds must be sown, it should be soon after axillary ; leaves oval ; stem erect, herbaceous. Native of
they are ripe in autumn. If sown in spring, they rarely suc- Philadelphia, in North America.
ceed; and even if some plants do come up, those never grow 20. Polygonum Articulatum ;
Jointed-spike Polygonum.
so strong. In the spring, transplant those planted in autumn Spikes jointed, panicled ; stipules sheathing, truncated; root
into the borders of the plantation or flower-garden, giving annual, small, fibrous; stem a foot high, with alternate
them room. At the beginning of July prune off the side- branches towards the top, subdivided into a flowering panicle.
shoots, to make them advance in height, and preserve them Native of Canada.
within compass, and when they are pruned up to five or six 21. Polygonum Divaricatum ; Divaricated Polygonum.
feet, they may then be permitted to shoot out side-branches. Flowers racemed; leaves lanceolate, smooth; stem divaricat-
It delights in a rich moist soil, and is distinguished no less ed, patulous. Root perennial, creeping, composed of many
for its superior stature than for the brilliancy of its flowers :
strong woody fibres; stems about three feet high, divided into
it will
frequently grow to the height of eight or ten feet, and many confused branches, which are generally bent at each
become a rival to the Sun-flower. It is commonly, but inju- joint; leaves clustered, stalked; flowers large, uniformly
diciously, sown in the spring with other annuals, thinning the white. This beautiful species is a native of Siberia, Switzer-
seedlings when they appear, so as to stand a foot apart. It land, Corsica, Dauphiny, and Piedmont, if we may suppose
requires very little care, and will bear the air of London better different authors mean the same plant, though there is great
than most other plants. hazard of their not coinciding exactly.
16. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum ; Pennsylvanian Persi- 22. Polygonum Undulatum ; Wave-leaved Polygonum.
caria. Flowers octandrous, digynous ; peduncles hispid ; Flowers racemed; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, waved.
leaves lanceolate ; stipules awnless. This has the appearance This very much resembles the preceding. Perennial, and a
and habit of the eleventh species, but all the parts are larger native of Siberia.
and stiffer. Native of Pennsylvania. 23. Polygonum Serratum ; Notch- leaved Polygonum.
'* Leaves crenate. Native of Barbary.
Polygona, with undivided Leaves, and octandrous Flowers. *****
Helxine, with subcordate Leaves.
17. Polygonum Maritimum ; Sea Polygonum, or Knot-
grass. Flowers octandrous, trigynous, axillary leaves oval-; 24. Polygonum Chinensis ; Chinese Polygonum. Flowers
lanceolate, evergreen; stem suffrutescent. This is not the octandrous, trigynous ; peduncles rugged ; leaves ovate ;
English Knot-grass, which is a variety of the next species. bractes cordate; stem four-cornered, smooth, even, grooved,
Native of the sandy coasts of the Mediterranean Sea; also of decumbent. Native of the East Indies, China, and Japan.
the Levant. About the solstice, bladders full of red juice In the two latter countries it is cultivated for dyeing, and
grow upon it, which produce an elegant red dye. produces a beautiful blue colour much like that from Indigo.
18. Polygonum Aviculare Common Knot-grass. Flowers
; The leaves are dried, then pounded, and made into small
axillary leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rugged at the edge
; ; cakes; with these it is said they dye linen, silk, and cotton.
nerves of the stipules remote; stem procumbent, herbaceous. When they boil them for use, they add ashes : the stronger
Root annual, branched, somewhat woody, taking strong hold the decoction is made, the darker is the blue colour obtained;
of the earth, of an astringent taste. The clusters of axillary and the weaker the decoction, the lighter the colour.
flowers are ped uncled, two or three together : they are 25. Polygonum Sagittatum
; Prickly Polygonum. Leaves
small, but not inelegant, variegated with white, green, and sagittate ; branches alternate, four-cornered,
stem prickly ;

blood-red. Meyrick says, that this Grass possesses a consi- the corners sharp, prickly backwards, smooth, almost upright,
derable degree of astringency, which renders it an excellent a foot long. Linneus observes, that it sometimes climbs up
medicine in loosenesses, attended with a discharge of blood, shrubs. Native of North America, Siberia, and Japan.
the bleeding piles, immoderate menstrual evacuations, and 26. Polygonum Arum-leaved Polygonum.
Arifolium ;

all other hsemorrhages. The juice is good to cleanse old Leaves hastate ; flowers on the branches
stem prickly ;

filthy ulcers,
and takes away pain and inflammation from the entirely aggregate; stigmas globular; seeds smooth and even,
eyes. In the present practice however this is justly super- with the angles entire. Native of Virginia, Florida, and
seded by more efficacious medicines. This plant obtains its Japan.
generic name from the abundance of knots on the ste-m; the 27. Polygonum Crassifolram ; Thick-leaved Polygonum.
trivial name avicularc, from the gratefulness of its seed to Flowers octandrous, trigynous leaves hastate, fleshy ; stem
;

small birds. The English appellation Knot-grass, has arisen, decumbent, unarmed. This is a smallish plant, scarce more
first, from the knottiness of the stem ; and second, because, than a span long. Native uncertain.
place
having been eaten by cattle, like many other plants, it has 28. Polygonum Perfohatum ; Perfoliate Polyganum.
been called a Grass, though bearing no resemblance to real Leaves triangular; stem prickly; stipules perfoliate, leafy,
Grasses. Hogs eat it with great avidity, and hence it is spreading, roundish. Native place uncertain.
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 379

Tartarian Polygonum. Leaves be housed. no danger of the seeds falling, nor does
'29. Polygonum Tataricum ;
It is in

cordate-sagittate; stem unarmed, erect; seeds somewhat it suffer much by

wet. It
yields fifty or sixty bushels upon
toothed ; root annual ; flowers white, on many-flowered, an acre, in good land.
with oblong curved corn- 31. Polygonum Convolvulus; Climbing Buck-wheat, or
axillary, and terminating peduncles,
man involucres. Native of Tartary and China. Black Bind-weed. Leaves cordate-sagittate ; stem twining,
30. Polygonum Fagopyrum Common Buck-wheat. Leaves
; angular; calicine segments bluntly keeled. Root annual,
cordate-sagittate ; stems almost upright, unarmed ; angles fibrous, of a brown colour ; the stem twining about corn and
of the seeds equal. Root annual, fibrous; herb succulent, a other plants to the height of two or three feet, roughish, and
foot or two high, with a zigzag, round, branched, leafy somewhat branched ; leaves pale green, smooth, entire,
stem ; racemes of flowers axillary and terminating, panicled, stalked; racemes peduncled, interrupted, having small leaves
upright, shorter than the leaves, on slender peduncles a.n
on them ; (Dr. Withering, who calls them flowering spikes,
inch or more in length. The flowers make a handsome observes, that they are longer than the leaves ;) flowers in
appearance, and are either quite white, or tinged with red ; bundles, nodding, white, on the outside green and purple ;

with the latter of which they become more deeply coloured. the three outer segments bluntly keeled, and not having the
Buck-wheat was supposed to have come originally from keel dilated. The seeds afford excellent food for small birds.
Africa, but it is now generally allowed that we derived it from They are, indeed 2 as good for use as those of the preceding
Asia. In China and Japan, the flour is. frequently made into species, if dependence may be placed on the representations
cakes. not indigenous in Europe, though it has found
It is of various authors, who agree that it produces more in quan-
itsway into most European
Florae, and occurs on dunghills, tity, and bears the cold better. It flowers from June to
Sep-
and about cultivated fields. It flowers in July and August. tember. Native of most parts of Europe, Siberia, and Japan,
The is made into thin cakes, called crumpets, in some
flour in corn-fields, gardens, and hedges.
parts of England and they are supposed to be nutritious,
;
32. Polygonum Multiflorum ;
Many-flowered Polygonum.
and not apt to turn sour upon the stomach. The seed is Leaves cordate stem twining, angular panicle of flowers
; ;

excellent for horses, either whole or broken, mixed with bran, branched root tuberous, somewhat fleshy, fibrous, white.-
;

chaff, or grains. A bushel goes farther than two bushels Native of Japan, where the root is esteemed as a cordial,
of oats, and, mixed with at least four times as much bran, and is used for that purpose raw; but it is said to taste best
will be full feed for any horse for a week. Four bushels of when roasted in the embers.
the meal, put up at four hundred weight, will fat a hog of 33. Polygonum Dumctorum Bush Buck-wheat. Leaves
;

sixteen or twenty stone in three weeks, giving him, after- cordate stem twining, even
; flowers keel-winged
; root ;

wards, three bushels of Indian Corn, or Hog Peas, broken annual. It is distinguished from the thirty-first species,
by
in a mill, and then mixed with plenty of water. Eight bushels having a longer and more twining stem, and by not being
of Buck-wheat meal will go as far as twelve bushels of Barley striated. The lobes at the base of the leaves are more
meal. Mortimer recommends to feed the plant off with milch rounded and the flowers are rather panicled than racemed.
;

cows, just before it blossoms, because it flushes them with Native of Germany, Switzerland, France, and Siberia, in
milk. The seeds are excellent food for poultry; but sheep, shady bushy places.
feeding on the green herb, are said to become unhealthy. 34. Polygonum Scandens ; Climbing Polygonum. Leaves
Duhamel advises the removal of bee-hives, in the autumn, to cordate stem erect, scandent. The numerous flowers come
;

situations where plenty of this plant is sown, as a field of out from the upper axils in spikes three inches long, on a very
Buck-wheat affords a rich repast for those interesting insects, short peduncle ; they are round, flat, swelled out in the mid-
the bees, in late and dreary parts of the season. This crop dle, and green, having a thin white membrane round them,
is not so common in England as upon the continent; but like a Parsnep seed when the seed is ripe, these membranes
:

there is more grown in Norfolk than in any other county. become somewhat and the protuberant part in the
larger,
Its principal use is to cleanse foul land, and for ploughing in middle turns brown. Perennial flowering in August and ;

as a manure, when it is fully grown. In a dry summer it is September. Native of America.

good fodder and, as a crop, it will produce an equal quantity
; 35. Polygonum Ciliatum. Flowers octandrous, trigynous ;

with Oats, and sell for more money. The farmer may sow stipules striated, blunt, ciliate spikes very short stem
; ;

any crop after it, especially Wheat. Winter tares may be herbaceous, simple, four-cornered, upright, slender, a foot
sowed in September, and mowed off as soon as convenient in and half high. Native of China.
the spring; then Buck-wheat may be sown the second week 36. Polygonum Odoratum. Flowers octandrous, trigynous;
in May, and ploughed in when in flower, which will be about spikes long, terminating; root creeping; stem herbaceous,
the second week in July; lastly, sow Wheat, each on one one foot high, nearly upright, simple. Native of Cochin-
earth; or seed Turnip maybe rolled in, harrowing with a china, in moist places, and cultivated all over the country as
light bush-harrow. Making Turnips succeed Buck-wheat excellent sauce for fish.
ploughed, is
good husbandry on light lands, where there is 37. Polygonum Cilinode. Flowers octandrous, semitri-
a difficulty in procuring manure; and upon heavy strong gynous leaves cordate stalk angular, prostrate or
; ;
climbing,
lands, that have been long under the plough, with two crops rough segments of the calix obtusely carinated.
slightly ;

and a fallow. Clay land, well pulverized, always produces a Grows in hedges and fields from Canada to New York, and
heavy crop of Buck-wheat, when sown in the month of June, flowers in July.
provided the summer proves tolerably dry after the sowing. Polymnia ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
There is no better way of laying down light lands to grass, gamia Necessaria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: com-
than in the month of June, to let Buck-wheat, with Grass mon, exterior, spreading, larger, four or five leaved, with
seeds, follow Swedish Turnips. Twelve pounds of White ovate leaflets; superior eight or ten leaved, with
boat-shaped
Clover, and eight pounds of Yellow Trefoil, may be sown erect leaflets. Corolla : compound, radiate ; corollets her-
upon an acre. One bushel is sufficient to sow an acre, but maphrodite, many in the disk ; female five or ten in the ray ;
some go as far as two bushels. After Buck-wheat is mown, proper of the hermaphrodite funnel-form, five-cleft ; of the
it must lie several days, till the stalk be withered, before it female ligulate, two or three toothed. Stamina: in the her-
VOL. ii. 97. 5D
380 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
maphrodites, filamenta five; anther* cylindric, tubular, a Polypodium a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order
;

littlelonger than the corolla. Pistil: in the hermaphrodites, Filices. GENERIC CHARACTER.Capsules: annulated, dis-
germen very small style filiform, the length of the stamina
; ;
tributed in roundish dots, on the back or lower surface of the
stigma blunt in the females, germen ovate, biggish style
: ; frond. Involucrum: entirely wanting. The investigation of
filiform, the length of the tube stigmas two, acute. Pericarp:
; species in this extensive genus is attended with difficulties,
none; the calix unchanged. Seed: in the hermaphrodites, from their general resemblance in habit, the difference of
none; in the females, solitary, obovate, gibbous, somewhat their appearance at different ages, and the defect of their

angular inwards, naked receptacle chaffy, convex, imbri-

; specific characters. Authors have not always used accurate
cate chaffs ovate, obtuse, the length of the florets, concave.
; terms in describing the fronds ; and to remedy this, the
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: exterior four or five leaved ; plants should not be gathered until they are in a state of full
interior ten-leaved, the leaflets concave. Down : none. Re- fructification. The attention should then be most particu-
ceptacle: chaffy. The species are, larly directed to the lower parts of the fronds or pinnas, for
1.
Polymnia Canadensis
Canadian Polymnia. Leaves
;
there the characters are most constant and observable, the
alternate, hastate-sinuate. This has an abiding root, which extreme parts generally running together so as to baffle every
sends up many tall stalks, sometimes nearly ten feet in attempt at description. We have only eighteen species in
height ; flowers of a pale yellow colour, and sessile. It grows England, and very few more are found in Europe; so that
naturally in several parts of North America ; flowering in being generally described from dried specimens brought from
June and July. This and the next species are both propa- remote countries, many inaccuracies have unavoidably crept
gated by seeds, procured from the country where they grow. in. The Common Polypody, and all the other sorts which
If they arrive from those countries in the spring, and are are hardy enough to bear the open air, being perennial plants,
then sown, the plants seldom come up till the following may be propagated by parting their roots in the spring before
spring; whereas if they could be obtained in November, and they shoot, and should be planted in a poor moist soil under
were immediately sown, the plants would appear in the fol- the shade of a wall, for if exposed to the sun they will not
lowing spring. Sow the seeds in a bed of light ground in the thrive. Many of them grow out of the joints of walls and
open air when the plants come up, thin them, and keep them
; old buildings, and the fissures of rocks, but are commonly
clean the following autumn then take the roots up care-
till ;
found exposed to the north. They are therefore well adapted
fully,and transplant them where they are to remain, allowing for rockwork. The species are,
*
each plant at least three feet. Keep them clean, and dig Frond undivided.
about them every spring. 1.
Polypodium Lanceolatuin
Lance-leaved Polypody.
;

2. Polymnia Uvedalia ; Broad-leaved Polymnia. Leaves Fronds lanceolate, quite entire, smooth ; fructifications soli-
opposite, hastate-sinuate. Root perennial, running deep in tary shoots naked.
; Native of South America.
the ground, sending up many stalks in proportion to their 2. Polypodium Lycopodioides. Fronds lanceolate, quite
size in the spring. These stalks in good moist ground rise entire, smooth; fructifications solitary; shoot scaly, creep-
nearly ten feet high. Stems terminated by a cluster of yellow ing ;
stems very long, slender, and compressed, fixing them-
flowers sitting close, having very short footstalks. The flow- selves to trees like Ivy, and putting out many short and long
ers appear in October, too late to produce seeds here, and branches. Native of the West Indies; found at Jamaica,
the stalks decay in winter. Native of Virginia. Martinico, and Domingo.
3. Polymnia
Tetragonotheca Narrow-leaved Polymnia. ; 3. Polypodium Angustifolium Narrow-leaved Polypody.
;

Leaves opposite, spatulate, subdentated. Root perennial ;

Fronds linear, lanceolate, very long, acuminate, rigid, with
stems about two feet and a half high, branching towards the a convex margin fructifications scattered, short, creeping.
;

top. Each of the branches has one large yellow flower at Native of Jamaica.
the end, shaped like a Sun-flower; before it expands, covered 4. Polypodium Gramineum ; Grassy Polypody. Fronds
with the inflated four-covnered calix. The seeds rarely ripen acuminate, quite entire, smooth; fructifications solitary;
in England, and the stems perish in autumn. Native of shoot naked. Native of Jamaica.
Carolina. Sow
the seeds as directed for the preceding, and 5. Polypodium Marginellum Margined Polypody. Fronds
;

manage it in the same manner. The roots will abide through wedge-shaped, linear, blunt, margined, smooth fructifica-;

the winter in the open ground, in a warm situation. In very tions solitary, crowded shoot very short, naked.
; Native
severe weather they should be covered with rotten tan, or of Jamaica.
pease-haulm. will live three years, but as they do not
They 6. Polypodium Repens Creeping Polypody.
; Fronds lan-
increase, be best to procure seeds annually from abroad.
it will ceolate, acuminate, smooth, entire; fructifications scattered;
4. Polymnia Abyssinica; Upright Polymnia. Leaves shoot creeping. Native of Jamaica.
opposite, sessile, oblong, lanceolate, subdentated; calices 7. Polypodium Serpens Rooting Polypody.
; Fronds lan-
five-parted; all the florets seminiferous. Root annual or ceolate, linear, smooth, somewhat waved fructifications
;

biennial stem herbaceous, from two to six feet high, round,

; solitary shoot hirsute, rooting.
; Native of Hispaniola.
the thickness of a finger, rugged, dotted with oval, convex, 8. Polypodium Acrostichoides. Fronds linear, entire,
brownish dots, sparingly branched at top leaves two or ; smooth; fructifications crowded. Native of the Society
three inches long, toothed in some parts, entire in others, Islands.

clasping the stem with their dilated base flowers terminal, ;

9. Polypodium Stellatum ;
Starry Polypody. Fronds lan-
stalked corolla yellow.
; It flowers here in April and May. ceolate, linear, blunt, quite entire, hoary underneath fruc- ;

Native of Abyssinia. tifications

solitary; shoots creeping, hirsute. 'Native of New
.0.
Polymnia Wedelia. Leaves lanceolate stem shrubby. ;
Zealand.
This is a shrubby scandent plant, with round, smooth, woody, 10. Polypodium Piloselloides; Mouse-ear Polypody. Fronds
slander, branched, brachiate stems peduncles one-flowered, ; lanceolate, quite entire, rough-haired, the barren ones ovate,
solitary, subterminating; new branchlets springing out at fertile, lanceolate; fructifications solitary; root creeping,
their base; flowers
yellow, less than an inch in diameter. mossy- Browne says it creeps along the ground, and casts
Nativu of Carthagena in New Spain, its small oval leaves on both sides, in an alternate order;
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 381

these seldom exceed an inch and quarter in length, and lie humours, was recommended in insanity and melancholy ;

commonly close upon the ground, or on rocks. Native of though, to act as a cathartic, the root must be given in its
South Amer-ica, and Jamaica, but rare in that island. recent state, and in a large dose. As a pectoral, it seems
11. Poly podium Immersum; Immerse-fruited Polypody. to promise more advantage; and, joined with liquorice, has
Fronds oblong, lanceolate or oblong, very blunt, acute at produced good effects in coughs and asthmatic affections.
the base, quite entire, smooth fructifications in rows, im-
; Withering observes, that the root is sweetish to the taste,
mersed. Native of the East Indies. but by long boiling it becomes bitter. When fresh it is a
12. Polypodium Heterophyllum Various-leaved Polypody.
; gentle purgative, and the best way of taking it is in au infu-
Fronds crenate, smooth, the barren ones roundish, sessile, sion six drachms of the root is a sufficient
;
quantity for a
the fertile ones lanceolate; fructifications solitary. Native pint of boiling water, and that is enough for two doses.
of South America. Meyrick also asserts, that the root is a safe and gentle pur-
13. Polypodium Crassifolium Thick-leaved Polypody.
; gative, and may be taken either in an infusion or decoction,
Fronds lanceolate, smooth, quite entire fructifications in in which forms it
; generally operates by urine as well as stool.
rows. Native of South America. It is serviceable in the
jaundice and dropsy, and is likewise
14. Polypodium Phyllitidis. Fronds lanceolate, smooth, an excellent ingredient in diet-drinks for scorbutic disorders.
quite entire fructifications scattered.
;
This grows in South It is
very common throughout Europe, in woods and shady
America and Jamaica, on the trunks of old trees, like our lanes, on the old stumps of trees, and on rocks and walls ;

common Polypody. in fructification from June to October. There are several

15. Polypodium Comosum ;
Many-cleft Polypody. Fronds varieties the most remarkable is that which has been long
:

lanceolate, smooth, quite entire, multifid at the top : fructi- noticed under the name of Welsh Polypody, and which Lin-
fications scattered. Native of South America. neus and some others consider as a distinct species. In it
16. Polypodium Trifurcatum Three-cleft Polypody.
;
the pinnas are pinnatifid, and the lobes serrate; and therefore
Fronds lanceolate, smooth, repand-sinuate, three-lobed at is
certainly, says Lightfbot, only a variety of the common sort,
top. Native of South America. This, like the preceding, as I have had frequent opportunities of determining by ob-
is
suspected to be nearly allied to the fourteenth species. serving its different gradations. In this state it is analogous
17. Polypodium Lineare. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, to a double flower among the more perfect plants and there- ;

smooth fructifications solitary. Native of Japan, flowering

; fore never produced fructifications. This is also observed
there in October. in a variety of Asplenium Scolopendrum, which see.
18. Polypodium Ensatum ; Sword-leaved Polypody. Frond 30. Polypodium Virginianum ; Virginian Polypody, Fronds
elliptic, ensiform, smooth, entire; fructifications scattered. pinnatifid; pinnas oblong, subserrate, blunt; root smooth.
Native of Japan. Native of Virginia.
**
Frond pinnatifid, with the Lobes coadunate. 31. Polypodium Otites. Fronds pinnatifid; lobes lance-
19. Polypodium Pica. Frond simple, cordate, three- olate, alternate, blunt, distant. Native of America.
lobed; lobes lanceolate, subulate, eared at the base, the 32. Polypodium Incanum ; Fronds pin-
Hoary Polypody.
middle one elongated. Native of Madagascar. natifid; pinnas lanceolate, blunt, distant, spreading, entire
'20.
Polypodium Phymatoides. Fronds simple, bifid, or underneath, and on the stipe hoary scaleletted. It rises in
five-lobed, lanceolate, above the fructifications warted. tufts, and seldom exceeds ten or twelve inches in length.
Native of the East Indies. Native of Jamaica, in low, cool, and shady places.
21. Polypodium Pendulum; Pendulous Polypody. Fronds 33. Polypodium Pustulatuni; Fronds pinnatifid, even ;
pinnatifid, subsessile, smooth, pendulous; lobes oblong, pinnas oblong, entire, acuminate. Native of Jamaica.
bluntish. Native of Jamaica. 34. Polypodium Scandens ; Scandent Polypody. Fronds
22. Polypodium ; Hastatum
Hastate-leaved Polypody. pinnatifid, even; pinnas linear, blunt, waved, distant ; run-
Frond trifid, Native of Japan.
hastate. ners rooting, scandent. Native of Jamaica.
23. Polypodium Crispatum ; Curl-leaved Polypody. Fronds 35. Polypodium Pectinatum. Fronds pinnatifid, lanceo-
pinnatifid, smooth; lobes semi-orbicular, crenate. Native late ; lobes approximating, ensiform, parallel, acute, hori-
of South America. zontal ; root naked. Native of Jamaica and Egypt.
24. Polypodium Incisum ; Gash-leaved Polypody. Fronds 36. Polypodium Taxifolium; Yew-leaved Polypody, Fronds
lanceolate, pinnatifid; lobes rounded, the lower cleft and pinnatifid ; lobes approximating, ensiform, parallel, acute,
united. Native of Jamaica. ascending ; root rough-haired. Native of South America.
25. Polypodium Trichomanoides. Fronds pinnatifid, some- 37. Polypodium Struthionis; Ostrich-feathered Polypody.
what hairy ; lobes semiovate, obtuse. Native of Jamaica. Fronds pinnatifid; lobes approximating, ensiform, repand,
26. Polypodium Myosuroides. Fronds pinnatifid, smooth ; horizontal. The whole figure of the frond resembles an
lobes united into a lanceolate top, fructiferous, the lower ostrich feather, except in bekig more flat together, thougli
ones remote. Native of Jamaica. each segment is
wavy. Native of South America.
27. Polypodium Suspensum. Fronds pinnatifid, smooth; 38.
Polypodium Squamatum; Scaly Polypody. Fronds
lobes semi-acute. Native of South America. pinnatifid, rugged; pinnas lanceolate, distant, horizontal,
28. Polypodium Asplenifolium. Fronds pinnatifid, quite entire. Native of South America.
hairy;
lobes semi-acute. Native of South America. 39. Polypodium Loriceum. Fronds pinnatifid, even ; pin-
29. Polypodium Vulgare; Common Polypody. Fronds nas lanceolate, distant, horizontal, repand. Native of South
pin-
natifid; pinnas oblong, subserrate, blunt; root scalv. The America.
lower pinnas are frequently barren. The thick roots are 40. Polypodium Alatum
; Winged Polypody. Fronds pin-
clothed with long, chaffy, rusty, or golden scales ; and the even ; pinnas oblong, distant, toothed. Native of
natifid,
fronds are erect, a span high, including their stalks, rather South America.
glaucous beneath ; with large golden copious dots of cap- 41. Polypodium Ellipticum; Elliptic-leaved Polypody.
sules. The root was employed as a purgative by the ancients, Fronds pinnatifid piniuts elliptic, even, entire shoot creep-
; ;

and being thought useful in expelling bile and pituitous ing. Native of Japan.
382 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
42. Polypodium Aureum Golden Polypody.
;
Fronds Fronds pinnate pinnas cordate, blunt, quite entire, repand.
;

smooth, and even; pinnas oblong, distant, the Native of America.

pinnatifid,
lowest patulous, the terminating one very large; fructifi- 58. Polypodium Simile. Fronds pinnate pinnas lanceo- ;

cations in rows. It flowers in March. Native of Jamaica late, quite entire, distant; the upper ones smaller; dots in
and Martinico, on the trunks of large trees. rows. Plant three feet high, upright. Native of America
43. Polypodium Quercifolium ; Oak-leaved Polypody. and China.
Barren fronds sessile, shorter, blunt, sinuate, fruiting ; fronds 59. Polypodium Dissimile. Fronds pinnate pinnas lan- ;

alternate; pinnas lanceolate. Native of the East Indies. ceolate, subpubescent, confluent, the lower ones distinct ;
*** dots scattered. Native of Jamaica.
Frond trifoliate ; Peduncle with three Leaflets.
60. Polypodium Serra Saw-leaved Polypody. Frond
;

44. Polypodium Trifoliatum; Three-leaved Polypody. bipinnatifid ; pinnas linear, very long, attenuated, serrate ;

Fronds ternate, sinuate, lobed, the middle ones larger. serratures semiovate, acute, striated. Native of Jamaica.
Native of the West Indies. 61. Polypodium Tetragonum Square-stalked Polypody.
;

**** Fronds bipinnatifid pinnas lanceolate, acuminate, opposite,

Prond pinnate. ;

45. Polypodium Lonchitis ; Rough Polypody, or Spleen- distant, horizontal segments ovate, bluntish
;
stipe four- ;

U'ort. Fronds pinnate ; pinnas crescent-shaped, ciliate-ser- cornered. Native of Jamaica.

rate, declined ; stipes strigose. Dr. Withering observes, 62. Polypodium Sanctum. Fronds subbipinnate ; upper
that this plant is about four inches long and an inch broad, pinnas coadunate; lower linear, blunt, entire; lowest biggest,
Native of Jamaica. See Acrosticlium Sanc-
generally curved, and that the larger serratures of the pinnas acute, crenate.
end in semi-transparent thorns. Native of Britain, Norway, tum ; they are the same.
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Carniola, Monte Baldp, and Virginia. 63. Polypodium Reticulatum ; Nttted-leaved Polypody.
In Wales it is found on the highest mountains of Caernar- Fronds pinnate ; pinnas oblong, quite entire, anastomosing,
vonshire ; on Glydar, near Llanberys ; and in Scotland at the rectangular; dots rectangular, approximating. Native of
foot of the rocks among the Highland mountains. America.
46. Polypodium Muricatum ; Thorny-leaved Polypody. 64. Polypodium Deltoideum ; Deltoid Polypody. Frond
Fronds pinnate ; pinnas falcate-lanceolate, subserrate, eared bipinnatifid lower pinnas abbreviated, entire, oblong, del
;

Native of Jamaica.
upwards, at bottom and in front spiny ; stipe scaly. Native toid, reflex.
of Jamaica. 65. Polypodium Cicutarium. Fronds ternate ; leaflets
47. Polypodium Semicordatum ; Half-heart-leaved Poly- bipinnate, laciniate at the base, bluntly gash-serrate, acu-
Frond pinnate; pinnas parallel, lanceolate, very minate, the lowest more gibbous. These little plants rise
pody.
smooth, obliquely cordate at the base the lower lobe more ;
three or four together from a tufted fibrous root, Native of
gibbous fructifications in four rows.
; Native of Jamaica. Virginia and Jamaica.
48. Polypodium Sagittatum; Arrow-leaved Polypody. 66. Polypodinm Fontanum ; Rock Polypody. Fronds
Frond pinnate pinnas lanceolate, blunt, entire, having a
; pinnate, lanceolate; leaflets roundish, sharply gashed; stipe
toothlet on each side at the base, the lower one mutilated, even. Dr. Smith has removed this species into the genus
triangular, minute. Native of Jamaica. Cyathea. Native of England, Germany, Switzerland, the
49. Polypodium Exaltatum Lofty Polypody.
;
Fronds south of France, Piedmont, and Siberia, upon moist shady
It is found above Hammersham church ; and near
pinnate; pinnas ensiform, entire, gibbous at the base inwards, rocks.
at the upper base upwards. Native of Jamaica, and the in Westmoreland; and also in Buckinghamshire.
Wyburne
continent of South America. 67. Polypodium Falcatum ; Sickle-leaved Polypody.
50. Polypodium Rhizophyllum Rooting-lcaved Polypody.
;
Fronds pinnate ; pinnas cordate, falcate, acuminate, entire ;
Fronds pinnate, decumbent, trailed at the tip, the fruiting fructifications approximating, scattered. This resembles the
ones rooting pinnas ovate-deltoid. Native of Jamaica. but the frond is larger, the leaflets on
; forty-fifth species,
51. Polypodium Auriculatum Eared Polypody. Fronds
; petioles,though very short ones, more pointed, and very
truncate at the bluntly serrate.Native of Japan.
pinnate pinnas falcate-lanceolate, serrate,
;

base, eared upwards. Native of the East Indies. 68. Polypodium Marginale. Fronds pinnate upper pin- ;

52. Polypodium Unitum. Fronds pinnate ; pinnas ensi- nas coaleseent lower ensiform, eared upwards, gashed; stipe
;

form, serrate ; serratures semiovate, nerved. Native of the villose. Native of Japan.
East Indies. 70. Polypodium Hirsutulum. Fronds pinnate; pinnas
53. Fronds pinnate; piunas oblong, bluntly serrate, eared upwards at the base. Native
Polypodinm Sophoroides.
ensiform, gash-serrate ; serratures semiovate, nerved, the of the Society Isles.
lowest serrature longer above. Native of Japan. 71. Polypodium Tenellum. Fronds pinnate; leaflets

54. Polypodium Triangulare. Frond pinnate ; "pinnas alternate, remote, linear, acuminate, -waved. Native of the
Native of South America. islands in the South Sea.
triangular, toothed.
55. Polypodium Obliteratum. Frond pinnate ; pinnas 72. Polypodium Dissectum. Fronds pinnate; leaflets
alternate, broad-lanceolate, attenuated, crenate, notched at piunatifid pinnules oblong, bluntly serrate, the lower ones
;

the tip and base, obliterated on both sides. Native of longer, scarcely coalescent. Native of the islands in the
Jamaica. South Sea.
Frond Fronds pinnate, pubescent;
Polypodium Crenatum Notch-leaved Polypody.
56. ;
73. Polypodinm Nymphale.
pinnate pinnas oblong-lanceolate, crenate, smooth fructi-
; ;
leaflets linear,very long, pointed, serrate, pinnatifid at the
fications in double rows. A noble Fern, whose stalks are base ; segments oblong, blunt, scarcely falcated forwards.
erect, angular, one or two feet high fronds nearly as long,
: Native of the islands in the South Sea.
of a few large leaflets beset with a row of small dots of cap- 74. Polypodium Invisum. Fronds pinnate, smooth ; leaf-
sules on each side of every transverse vein. Native of Ja- lets linear, very long, pointed, serrate, pinnate ; pinnas lan-
maica and Hispaniola. ceolate, falcate, acute, connate at the base. Native of New
57. Polypodium Cordifolium; Heart-leaved Polypody. Zealand.
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 383

75. Polypodium Pennigerum. Fronds pinnate, smooth ; Paris being deputed to make a complete trial of its efficacy,
leaflets linear, very long, pointed, subpinnate ; pin'nas ovate, t was
purchased by the king of France, and afterwards pub-
Native of New Zealand. ished by his order. After the patient has been prepared by
oblong.
an emollient clyster, and a supper of panada, with butter and
76.Polypodium Erectum. Fronds pinnate; pinnas oppo-
site,oblong, at the top linear, acuminate, serrate fructifi- ; salt, he is directed to take in the morning, while in bed, a
cations in a continued line along the margin. Native of the dose of two or three drachms of the powdered root, one
Society Isles.
drachm being the dose for infants. The powder must be
'

Frond bipinnate, or subbipmnate.

washed down with a draught of- water, and two hours after
77. Wood Polypody. Frond a strong cathartic of calomel and scammony is to be given,
Polypodium Phegopteris;
If this does
pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, pointed, pinnalifid, combined at proportioned to the strength of the patient.
the base, the lowermost pair deflexed. The root is creeping; not operate in due time, it is to be followed by a dose
the fronds about a foot high, pale green, with long pale stalks. of purging salts and if the worm be not expelled" in a few
;

The drooping posture of the two lower leaflets constitutes the hours, the process is to be repeated at proper intervals.
most striking character. Native of most parts of Europe, and That this treatment has been successful, there is abundant
of Virginia, in the clefts of rocks, moist and shady places, and evidence; but whether the Fern root, or strong cathartic, is
woods. With us in Devonshire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland ; as the principal a'lent in destroying the worm, has been doubted,
at Barrowfield wood near Kendal and by the fall of Lodore
; although does appear from experiments made in Germany,
it

near Derwentwater also in the lowlands of Scotland about

;
that the tape-worm has been expelled by giving the root
Lang'holm, and Panton bridge in Eskdale. repeatedly without the addition of any purgative. Meyrick
78. Polypodium Retroflexum. Fronds subbipinnate; low- says, the roots when chewed
are at first sweetish, but soon
est leaflets reflex pinnas jagged.
;
Native of America. become nauseous and bitter. Some people make use of them
79. Polypodium Fragrans Sweet Polypody.
; Fronds to destroy worms in children, others to remove obstructions
naked underneath, of the viscera, and a third class to cure the rickets.
bipinnate; pinnas ovate, sublobed, blunt,
bent back at the edge ; fructifications marginal ; stock dark 85. Polypodium Filix Foemina; Female Polypody, or
purple, smooth and even, with pale red chaffs towards
the Fern. Fronds bipinnate pinnules lanceolate, piunatifid,
;

base. When fresh dried, this species is

extremely fragrant. acute ; stalk waved, smooth, sometimes scaly. Native of
Native of the south of Europe ; known also in the East Indies. the northern and some of the more southern parts of Europe,
80. Polypodium Parasiticum ; Parasitical in moist and shady marshes, woods, and heaths, near rivulets.
Polypody.
Fronds semibipinnate, lanceolate lobes rounded, quite entire,
;
It is however by no means so common as the preceding.

striated. Native of the E.Indies, on trees. Found also in Java. 86. Polypodium Oreopteris; Mountain Polypody. Fronds
81. Polypodium Variura. F'ronds lateral, bipinnate; low- subbipinnate ;
pinnas alternate ;
pinnules quite entire, lan-
est leaflet pinnatifid. Native of China. ceolate, bluntish; fructifications marginal ; root scaly. Some
82. Polypodium Cristatum; Crested Polypody. Fronds of the most remarkable particulars in which this species dif-
fers from the following and from the eighty-third species,
subbipinnate; leaflets ovate, oblong; pinnas bluntish, sharply
serrate at the tip. Found in moist woods and shady places with both of which it has been confounded, are these first, :

in a gravelly soil, in chinks of moist rocks, on old walls, and the eighty-seventh species has a small creeping root, but this
in marshy places at the foot of decaying oaks, in the north a large scaly root wrapped and tied together with small
of Eurcpe. strong fibres, which cannot be separated without difficulty.
Polypodium Patens
83. Pubescent Polypody.
; Frond Secondly, when the former grows old, the under side of the
leaf is totally covered with the confluent fructifications, and
bipinnatifid, somewhat
villose underneath pinnas ;
linear-
lanceolate, elongated pinnules oblong, acute, entire, the lowesl
;
the edges of the pinnules are reflexed or contracted : in the
Native of Jamaica, on the banks of the Rio Cobra. latter the fructifications are always on the margins, both in
longer.
84. Polypodium Filix Mas ; Male Polypody, or Fern. a young and old state, and never run into one another.
Fronds bipinnate ; pinnas obtuse, crenulate ; stipe chaffy. Thirdly, this species is four times as large as the following
This is a native of Britain, growing about the borders one, which grows in boggy places whereas this is always
:

of woods near rivulets, and in

stony rocky places. Male found in dry woods and on moors, rarely growing near water.
Fern seems to have the same qualities with the Ptcris Aqui- It is said to have an agreeable scent, and is more frequent
lina, or Common Brake. Both are burnt for their ashes, in mountainous situations than any other species. It is found
which are sold to soap and glass makers. The bishop 01 both in England and Scotland, but most abundantly in the
Drontheim relates, that the curled leaves, at their firsi latter : in woods at Castle Howard and Hornby in moist ;

appearance, are boiled and eaten like Asparagus ; and that woods near Darlington, but never on dry hills in that neigh-
the poorer Norwegians cut off those succulent laminae like bourhood in a wood at Old Footswell near Bromsgrove
; ;

the nails of the finger, at the crown of the voot, which arc and on the north side of Shotover-hill.
the bases of the future stalks, and brew them into beer 87. Polypodium Thelypteris ; Marsh Polypody. Frond
adding a third part of malt; and in times of great scarcity bipinnate; pinnas pinnatifid, quite entire, covered with pollen
they mix it with their bread. The same author adds, that underneath. Native of the northern parts of Europe in bogs.
cut green, and dried in the open air, it affords not only an Found near Bungay in Suffolk ; St. Faith's, Newton bogs, near
excellent bitter, but, infused in hot water, becomes no con- Norwich ; and at the foot of Snowden near Llanberys.
temptible fodder to goats, sheep, &c. which will readily eat 88. Polypodium Aculeatum; Prickly Polypody. Fronds
and sometimes grow fat upon it. The root has been greatly bipinnate; pinnas lanceolate, ciliate, toothed; stipe strigose.
celebrated for its effects upon the tsenia or tape-worm ;
Native of most parts of Europe, of Barbary, Egypt, &<;. in
and this quality was known to the ancients, though, notwith- woods and shady places. There is a variety, the leaves of
standing its subsequent recommendation by Hoffman, it was which vary from six inches to a foot in height. It is also

generally neglected, till Madame Noufer, a surgeon's widow found in shady places.
in Switzerland,
employed a secret remedy as a specific in 89. Polypodium Hirtum. Frond at bottom tripinnatifid,
the cure of the tape-worm. The principal physicians at towards the top bipinnatifid, and finally pinnatifid ; segments
VOL. n. 98. 5E
384 POL THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POL
ovate, blunt, almost entire; stipe and branches rough-haired. and then thicker, so as to give somewhat of the shape of a
Native of Jamaica. head and neck; and it has sometimes two pendulous hairy
90. Polypodium Rhoeticum ; Stone Polypody. Fronds excrescences, resembling ears; at the other end a short shoot
bipinnate; leaflets and pinnas remote, lanceolate; serratures extends out into a tail ; four fronds are chosen in a suitable
acuminate. Native of England, France, Germany, Switzer- position,and are cut off to a proper length, to represent the
land, Carniola, and Siberia. With us, it abounds in Derby- legs :and thus a vegetable lamb or dog is produced, which
shire, Westmoreland, Wales, and Scotland. at a due distance it may be easy to mistake for a real
9.. Polypodium Elongatum; Cut-leaved Polypody Fronds
. animal. It is scarcely necessary to contradict the fables

bipinnate, smooth pinnas blunt, sharply serrate, the upper

; that have been related of this remarkable Fern root ; such
ones ovate, the middle oblong, the lower lanceolate, pinnatifid, as, that no grass will grow near it, the ground appearing as
sharpish. Native of Madeira and the Azores. if the lamb had fed it bare. Loureiro, who had an oppor-
92. Polypodium Noveboracense. Fronds bipinnate; pinnas tunity of examining it in its living state, declares that the
oblong, quite entire, parallel; stipe even. Found in Canada. root, when first cut, yields a tenacious juice, very like the
93. Polypodium Pubescens. Fronds bipinnate, hairy; blood of animals in colour and substance; but that all the
pinnas lanceolate-ovate, somewhat gashed, acute; the out- other wonderful stones told about it, are fabulous. In the
most confluent.- Native of Jamaica, but not common there. account of this plant, contained in our Philosophical Trans-
94. Polypodium Marginale; Marginal-flowering Polypody. actions, it is said that the down of the root is
commonly
Fronds bipinnate; pinnas sinuate, repand at the base; fruc- taken for spitting of blood, about six grains forming a dose,
tifications marginal. Native of Canada. and three doses pretended to cure such a haemorrhage and :

95. Polypodium Bulbiferum Bulbiferous

;
Polypody. that in China this down is used for stopping of blood in fresh
Fronds bipinnate leaflets remote pinnas oblong, obtuse,
; ; wounds, as cobwebs are with us, and is so generally esteemed,
serrate, bulbiferous underneath. Among the fructifications that few families are ever without it. This down is of a dark
are round globules, first green, then black, of a sweetish taste, yellowish snuff colour, shining like silk, some of it a quarter
like the root of the Common
Polypody; when ripe, according of an inch long. The celebrated physician- and botanist, Dr.
to Cornutus, they fall to the ground and strike root from Darwin, thus celebrates this peculiar kind of Fern, in his
;

which circumstance, Linneus calls them bulbs. Bobart rather Poem called " The Loves of the Plants."
conceives these globules, bulbs, or tubers, to be the work of " Cradled in
snow, and fann'd by Arctic air,
insects, because it is unusual to find two sorts of seeds on the
Shines, gentleZJaromete thy golden hair .'
;

same plant; but there are several plants which increase both Rooted in earth each cloven hoof descends,
by seeds and bulbs. Native of Canada. And round and round her flexile neck she bends ;

96. Polypodium Fragile Brittle

;
Polypody. Fronds Crops the gray coral moss and hoary thyme,
Or laps with rosy tongue the melting rime ;
bipinnate; leaflets remote; pinnas roundish, gashed. Accord-
ing to Dr. Smith, who makes this a Cyathea, the frond is
Eyes with mute tenderness h^r distant dain,
and its obovate and
Or seems to bleat, a vegetable Lamb."
bipinnate pinnatifid, segments notched,
the stalk winged, the flowers scattered, and the calix torn. 100. Polypodium Lacerum. Fronds bipinnate; pinnules
Dr. Withering has three varieties, but they have been all sessile; the outmost confluent, falcate, serrate; stipe scaly;
gathered from the same root. Native of Europe, on rocks. root creeping, scaly; scales close, membranaceous, brown,
In England it is found at Peak's Hole, and on walls about smooth. Native of Japan.
Buxton in Derbyshire; near Hyde, in Gloucestershire; in 101. Polypodium Setosum. Fronds bipinnate; pinnules
the road from Bourn Heath to Worms Ash, near Bromsgrove; lanceolate, gashed, entire; stipe bristly. Native of Japan.
and in Wales and Scotland. 102. Polypodium Glaucum. Frond bipartite, bipinnate,
97. Polypodium Regium. Fronds bipinnate; leaflets sub- glaucous underneath; pinnules gashed, entire. Native of
opposite ; pinnas alternate, laciniate. Native of Carniola, Japan ;
flowering in June.
France, and Piedmont. 103. Polypodium Dichotomum. Dichotomous : fronds
98. Polypodium Leptophyllum Fine-leaved Polypody.
;
pinnate; pinnas linear-lanceolate, quite entire, horizontal,
Fronds bipinnate, the barren ones very short; pinnas cunei- glaucous underneath. The ashes of this, with powdered alum,
form, lobate. This is a smooth, delicate, and almost diapha- are exhibited in aphthas and excoriations of the mouth, in
nous plant. Linneus, who doubted whether it were a Poly- Japan. The New Zealanders suck out the sweetish farina-
podium, says it is a middle species between this genus and ceous part of the root, having first roasted it, and beat it well
those of Acrostichum and Osmunda. Magnol and Barrelier with a stone or club. Native of Jamaica, Japan, and in the
make it an Adiantium; and Swartz affirms it to be a genuine dry mountains of New Zealand, and the Society Isles.
******
Asplenium, with bipinnate and tripinnatifid fronds, remote Prickly, with scattered Spines, or arborescent.
pinnas, and cuneiform, gashed, lobed,and solitary fructifica- 104. Polypodium Arboreum ; Tree Polypody. Fronds
tions. Native of Spain, Portugal, Provence, and Algiers, in bipinnate, serrate; trunk arboreous, unarmed. This Fern
the fissures of rocks. rises to the great height of twenty-five feet; it is, like the
99. Polypodium Barometz; Scythian Lamb Polypody. other Ferns and Palms, furnished only with ribs, which fall off
Fronds bipinnate; pinnas pinnatifid, lanceolate, serrate; roots gradually as it rises, while the new shoots spring up from the
Native of Tartary, China, and Cochin-china. top. It resembles the Palm tribe also, both in the form and
woolly.
Many authors have written upon this very singular plant, structure of its woody trunk, being very hard immediately
and most of them fabulously. Some have given a figure of under the bark, but loose, soft, and fibrous in the middle. It
it much
resembling a lamb, as the fruit of some plant, on the holds for many years, bears all the inclemencies of the weather,
top of a stalk. It is well known, however, to be the root, and is often used for where the smaller Palms are not
posts,
which, from the variety of its form, is easily turned into the at hand. Native of South America, Jamaica, Amboyna, and
form of a lamb, which the Tartars call Barometz. The root Cochin-china.
rises above the ground in an oblong form, covered all over 10.5. Polypodium Spinosum. Fronds bipinnate, serrate ;

"with hairs; towards one end it

frequently becomes narrower, trunk arboreous, prickly. It rises to the height of twenty
 POL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POL 385

feet, as large as the human leg, undivided, covered with the 121. Polypodium Glaucum. Fronds quadripinnate;
ends of the fallen petioles, which are dark brown, as big as branches and branchlets lanceolate; pinnas lanceolate, pin-
the finger, two or three inches long, thick set with short and natifid; segments ovate, acute glaucous underneath. Native
sharp prickles. Native of South America, and the islands. of Jamaica.
106. Polypodium Horridum. Fronds superdecompound ; 122. Polypodium Dissectum; Cut Polypody. Frond quad-
pinnas semisagittate, connected at the base, serrate at the ripinnatifid, smoothish pinnules ovate, blunt, gash-serrate
; ;

tip ; trunk prickly. Native of the West Indies. fructifications solitary branches and branchlets pubescent.
;

107. Polypodium Pyramidale. Fronds superdecompound; Native of Jamaica.

pinnas terminating, lanceolate, very long, serrate ; stipe 123. Polypodium Effusum; Spreading Polypody. Frona
prickly at bottom. Native of America. quinquepinnatifid, smoothish, membranaceous ; pinnules
108. Polypodium Asperum. Fronds superdecompound; acute, finely serrate; rachis of the branches margined.
pinnas obtuse, serrate at the tip, the terminating ones acu- Native of Jamaica.
minate; trunk arboreous, prickly. Native of America. Polypodium Ilvense. Fronds pinnate; leaflets oppo-
124.
109. Polypodium Muricatum. Fronds hipinnate ; pinnas site,united, blunt, hairy underneath, very entire at the base ;
ovate, toothlet-spiny. Native of America. see Acrostichum Ilvense. Found on Ben Lawers in Scotland,
110. Polypodium Villosum. Fronds bipinnate, hirsute; and Clogwyn y Garnedd in Wales.
pinnas oblong, obtuse, the terminating ones acuminate. 125. Polypodium Arvonicum. Fronds pinnate ; leaflets
Native of the West Indies. lanceolate, pinnatifid, hairy underneath; stipe hairy. Found
111. Polypodium Decussatum. Fronds bipinnate; pinnas in Wales.
horizontal, quite entire, obtuse, the terminating ones lanceo- 126. Polypodium Dentatum. Fronds pinnate; leaflets
late. Native of the East Indies. opposite, pinnatifid ; lobes sparingly cut at the sides, finely
******* Found in the
Frond superdecompound. toothed at the ends; stipe very slender.
112. Polypodium Axillare Slender Polypody.
; Frond highlands of Scotland.
tripinnate, smooth; pinnas oblong, serrate at the tip, adnate, 127. Polypodium Spinulosum. Fronds bipinnate; pinnas
few-flowered. Native of the island of Madeira. lanceolate ; pinnules linear, ovate, with sharp-pointed teeth.
113. Polypodium Umbrosum; Madeira Wood Polypody. Found on bogs on Birmingham heath, and Holluways in
Frond tripinnate, smooth ; pinnas lanceolate-linear, serrate, Devonshire.
adnate, many-flowered. Native of Medeira. 128. Polypodium Trifidum. Fronds bipinnate; pinnas
114. Polypodium Dryopteris; Branched Polypody. Fronds lanceolate, blunt; pinnules of the lowermost pinnas mostly
superdecompound; leaflets torn, bipinnate. Root thread- trifid stipe bordered.
; Found near Denbigh in North Wales.
shaped. The plant is from five to eight inches or a foot high. 129. Polypodium Vestitum. Fronds subbipinnate; pinnns
The pinnas do not grow exactly perpendicular, but decline rhomb-ovate, gash-serrate, the lowest lobed, subbipinnate;
towards the horizon. Fructifications in two rows of round stipe covered with scariose scales. Native of New South
dots upon each lobe. Bolton figures a variety with larger Wales.
leaves, which he found in White Scars near Ingleton, York- 130. Polypodium Nudum. Fronds bipinnate; leaflets and
shire ; and in the Peak of Derbyshire. The species is a native pinnas rhombed, gashed, crenate; stipe rugged. Native ol'

of many parts of Europe, on rocks, and in shady places. With New South Wales.
us, chiefly in the northern counties; as at Cornbury quarry in 131. Polypodium Setosum. Fronds bipinnate; leaves
Oxfordshire; in woods E. N. E.of the road up Frocaster Hill, subbipinnate; pinnas linear, gashed, serrate; serratures seta-
Gloucestershire; about North Brierly in Yorkshire; among ceous ; stipe villose. Native of New South Wales.
the rocks at the fall of Lodore on the side of Derwentwater, 132. Polypodium Aristatum. Fronds bipinnate; lower
Cumberland ; in Barrowfield wood, and other rocky woods leaflets pinnate pinnas rhomb-oblong, gashed
; segments
;

near Kendal ; in Scotland, at Langholm and Broomholm in mucronate, serrate ; stipe somewhat villose. Native of New
Eskdale; about Dunkeld in Stormount; and near Tintern South Wales.
Abbey Monmouthshire, South Wales.
in 133. Polypodium Adiantiforme. Fronds subbipinnate ;

15.
Polypodium Calcareum; Rigid Three-branched Poly- leaflets ovate, gashed ;lobes ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate,
pody. Frond tcrnate, doubly pinnate, erect, rather rigid; the lowest separate; stipe scaleletted, rough. Native of New
segments obtuse, somewhat crenate; dots confluent. Native South Wales.
of mountainous heaths, on a calcareous soil abundant about
: 134. Polypodium Medullare. Fronds bipinnate; leaflets
Matlock bath, Derbyshire. pinnate, very long, pointed ; pinnas oblong, subfalcate, acute,
116. Polypodium Speluncee. Fronds superdecompound, crenate; stipe rough; trunk arboreous, hispid. This is fre-
hairy leaflets lanceolate, pinnate ;
;
pinnas opposite, pinna- quent in the woods of New Zealand, where it is called
tifid. Native of both Indies, Cochin-china, and Egypt. Mamuga. The natives eat the pith of the root and lower
117. Polypodium Capense; Cape Polypody. Frond super- It has a taste like that of the
part of the trunk roasted.
decompound ; leaves bipinnate ; pinnas one-flowered at the Turnip, but better, and approaches to the Sago.
base. Native of the Cape. 135. Polypodium Extensum. Fronds bipinnate; leaflets
118. Polypodium jEmulum ; Dwarf Madeira pinnate, acuminate, serrate at the tip; pinnas oblong, serrate;
Polypody.
Frond quadripinnatifid, smooth ; pinnas oblong-linear, gashed ; stipe rough, with dots; stem arboreous. Native of the islands
pinnules toothletted at the tip. Native of Madeira. in the South Sea.
119. Polypodium Denticulatum. Frond quadriparite at bot- 136. Polypodium Dealbatum, Fronds bipinnate; leaflets
tom, at top tripinnate, smooth :
pinnules wedge-ovate, gashed, pinnate, acuminate, white underneath pinnas oblong, sub-
;

toothletted; fructifications solitary. Native of Jamaica. falcate, serrate ; stipe rough ; trunk arboreous. Native of
120. Polypodium Armatum ; Armed Polypody. Fronds New Zealand.
quadripinnate; pinnules lanceolate, crenulate, smooth above, 137. Polypodium Affine. Fronds bipinnate ; leaflets pin-
hirsute at bottom; fructifications crowded, branched; branch- nate, acuminate, white underneath; pinnas acuminate, linear-
lets rough ; trunk arboreous,
prickly. Native of Jamaica. oblong, crenate. Native of the islands in the South Seas. .
386 POM THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PON
138. Polypodium Lunulatum. Fronds bipinnate; leaflets in the preceding, but two, and multiplies of that number.
pinnate, serrate at the tip, setaceous ; pinnas linear-oblong, Native of New Caledonia.
falcate, serrulate at the tip; stipe rough. Native of the Pommereulla ; a genus of the class Triandria, order
islands in the South Seas. Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume tur-
139. Polypodium Latifolium. Fronds subbipirmate ; leaf- binate, three or four flowered, two-valved ; valves equal,
lets ovate,acuminate, pinnatifid and lobed; segments repand wedge-shaped, divaricate ut the base ; claw incurved, linear,
creuate ; stipe very smooth, shining. Native of the islands gradually widening, four-cleft ; segment dilated in a ring,
in the South Seas. and involving the florets, unequal; the side ones larger, lan-
Polypody. See Polypodium. ceolate, acute; the inner or middle ones shorter by half, awl-
Polypremum a genus of the class Tetrandria, order
; shaped, awned ; awn dorsal, inserted between the inner seg-
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth ments, solitary, straight, upright, larger than the valves.
four-leaved, permanent; leaflets lanceolate, keeled, coloured Corolla : glume two-valved valves unequal ; the outer very
;

within. Corolla: one-petalled, wheel-shaped; limb four- glumes, awned the inner very short, quite
like the calicine ;

cleft; lobes obcordate, the length of the calix. Stamina: simple or undivided, ovate, flat, awnless. Stamina : fila-
filamenta four, very short, in the throat of the corolla ;
menta three, very short; an there linear, the length of the
antherse roundish. Pistil: germen obcordate; style short, glumes. Pistil: linear ; style simple
germen stigmas two, ;

permanent; stigma truncate. Pericarp: capsule ovate, com- villose at the side.
Pericarp: none; corolla unchanged,
pressed at the tip, emarginate, two-celled, two-valved the ;
contains the seed till it is ripe, then gapes and lets it drop.
partitions contrary. Seed: numerous, fastened to an oblong Seed single, oblong, flat on the inner side, on the outer
:

ascending receptacle, connected with the partition below. convex, pellucid, very smooth. Observe. The flower resem-
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : four-leaved. Corolla : bles the figure of the Dianthus, with a narrow tube, and n
wheel-shaped, with obcordate lobes.
four-cleft, Capsule: spreading subradiate border for the florets in the centre of
;

compressed, emarginate, two-celled. The only known the flower converge to a point. ESSENTIAL CIIARACTI u.
species is, Calix: turbinate, two-valved, three or four flowered valves ;

1.
Polypremum Procumbens. Root annual
stems pro- ; four-cleft, awned at the back. Corolla: two-valved, awned.
cumbent; leaves linear, subulate, in whorls; peduncles one- The only species yet known is,

flowered, solitary, in the whorls of leaves flowers small, white.

;
1. Pommereulla Cormicopice. Root creeping, fibrous,
Native of Carolina and Virginia. white; leaves equilant, imbricate, in two rows, compressed,
Polytrichum ; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order scarcely a finger's length, even culms branched, scarcely
;

Musci. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Outer fringe, of thirty- longer than the leaves. It is a small and very singular Grass,

two, or sixty-four, short, flat, incurved teeth inner, a flat;

a few inches high. The flowers are spiked, each resembling
transverse, orbicular, undivided membrane. Veil generally a little shuttlecock. Native of the East Indies.
double ; the outer hairy. There are sixteen British species, Ponipion. See Cucurbita.
besides foreign. The following are most worthy of notice. Pomnm. See Pyms.
1.
Polytrichum Commune; Common
Hair-moss. Stem Poncca; a genus of the class Octandria, order Trigynia.
simple ; leaves finely serrated ; capsule
linear-lanceolate, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
erect, quadrangular; pedestal roundish. It forms large tufts five-parted; segments roundish, concave, spreading. Co-
of simple plants, matted together by the copious fibres of their rolla: four, lanceolate, acute, with a few hairy glands at
very long unbranched creeping roots. Common on boggy or the tip, longer than the calix, fastened to the annular recep-
turfy groves or woods throughout Europe. tacle of the flower. Stamina: filamenta eight, capillary,
2. Polytrichum Alpinum; Alpine Hair-moss. Leaves lan- inserted into the same receptacle, alternate (opposite to
ceolate-awl-shaped, finely serrated; capsule ovate, drooping; the petals larger, opposite to the corolla smaller,) the
pedestal turbinate ; stem branched. Native of Alpine tracts length of the corolla; antherae ovate. Pistil: germen ob-
in Wales, Scotland, Switzerland, &c. long, triangular, somewhat stalked; styles three, short;
Pomegranate. See Punica. stigmas acute. Pericarp : capsule three-celled, three-winged,
Pometia; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Hexandria. each wing two-valved. Seeds: solitary, ovate. ESSENTIAL
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix: peri- CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted, spreading. Petals: four,
anth one-leafed, wheel-shaped, six-cleft, very short; seg- with hairy glands at the tip. Germen : three-sided. Capsule:
ments roundish. Corolla: petals six, orbicular, erect, a little three-winged, three-celled, with one seed in each cell.
longer than the calix nectary a raised rim, with six little swell-
;
The only species known is,
ings. Stamina : filamenta six, awl-shaped, erect, three times 1. Ponaea Guianensis. This is a tree, with a middle-
as long as the corolla, placed on the margin of the nectary; sized trunk of twenty feet high, and branched at the top
antherae parabolical, bifid at -the base. Pistil: rudiment in into three dimensions, each of which is garnished throughout
the centre of the flowers. Female Flowers, in the same its whole length with leaves growing pretty near each other.
raceme with the males. Calix and Corolla: as in the males. Leaves winged, of many pairs of unequal-sided, entire, veiny,
Pistil: germen obcordate, twin, two-celled; style filiform, smooth leaflets, seven or eight inches in length. The flowers,
four times as long as the corolla; stigma compressed. Peri- which are very small, and of a whitish colour, are produced
carp: berry globular, fleshy, superior. Seeds: single, ovate, at the extremities of the branches on large spreading panicles;
in the centre of the
berry. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: they are sessile, and placed on the panicle in little approxi-
one-leafed, six-cleft. Petals: six. Male. Stamina: six. mating heaps. This tree is a native of Guiana, growing near
Female. Berry: globular, with one seed in the centre. the borders of rivers ; fruiting and flowering in November.
The species are, Pondweed. See Potamoyeton.
1. I'ometia Pinnata. Leaves pinnate; raceme superde- Pontcderia; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
compound, terminating. Native of the South Sea islands. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe common,
2. Pometia Ternata. Leaves ternate racemes almost ;
oblong, opening on the side. Corolla: one-petalled, two-
simple, axillary. The parts of fructification are not six as parted, tubular; upper lip straight, three-parted, outwardly
 POP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POP 387

unequal lower lip reflex, three-parted

; segments equal. ;
lary pappus. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: of
Stamina: filamenta six, inserted into the corolla, three of the ament a flat scale, torn at the edge. Nectary : turbinate,
them awl-shaped, longer, inserted into the mouth of the oblique, entire. Female. Stigma : four-cleft. Capsule: two-
tube, the three others into the base of it ; antheree erect, celled, two-valved. Seeds :
many, pappose. The spe-
oblong. Pistil: germen oblong, superior; style simple, de- cies are,
clined ; stigma thickish. Pericarp : capsule fleshy, conical, 1.
Populus Alba; White Poplar. Leaves sublobed, tooth-
with the tip wide and bent in, three-celled, triangular, three- ed, tomentose, and snow-white underneath ; lobes acute,
grooved. Seeds: roundish, very many. ESSENTIAL CHA- patulous ; female catkins ovate ; stigmas four. This tree
RACTER. Corolla : one-petalled, six-cleft, two-lipped. Sta- grows very tall, with a straight trunk, covered with a smooth
mina : three inserted into the top, three into the tube of the whitish bark. The Common White Poplar, and Great White
corolla. Capsule : three-celled. The species are, Poplar, or Abele, are varieties of this species. The Abele,
1 Pontederia Ovata
. Ovate-leaved Pontederia.
;
Leaves as Mortimer justly remarks, is a sort of White Poplar, only
ovate flowers in heads. Swartz says, that this plant belongs
;
much finer, bears a larger leaf, and makes a much stronger
to the class Monandria, and is very nearly allied to Thalia, shoot, being a much quicker grower. He adds, that the best
if it be not a species of that genus. Native of shady moist sort comes from Holland and Flanders, from which it is
places in Malabar and Cochin-china. sometimes called Dutch Beech. The Dutch look upon a
2. Pontederia Rotundifolia; Round-leaved Pontederia. plantation of these trees as an ample portion for a daughter ;

Leaves orbicular, cordate. Native of Surinam. which may be well allowed, if the calculation of Sir Richard
3. Pontederia Azurea; Blue-flowered Pontederia. Leaves Weston hold good. He began to plant them some years ago
roundish, elliptic, thickened at the base and petioles flowers ; about Richmond and calculated that thirty pounds being
;

in spikes. This is a stemlegs aquatic plant; root jointed, laid out on these plants, would render at the least ten thou-
with long capillary whitish fibres at the joints. Native of sand pounds in eighteen years, every tree affording thirty
Jamaica, in most of the lagoons and rivers. plants, each of which would yield thirty plants more, after
4. Pontederia Vaginalis. Leaves cordate raceme droop- ;
each seven years improving twelve-pence in growth, till they
ing. Native of the East Indies. arrive at their acme. Evelyn remarks, that the wood of the
5. Pontederia Limosa; Blue and Yellow Pontederia. White Poplar is sought for amongst sculptors and that both ;

Leaves cordate-ovate scapes lateral, one-flowered; flowers

;
it and the Black
Poplar are sawn into boards, which last a
triandrous. Native of Jamaica and Hispaniola, ou the banks long time in dry places. Anciently, shields were made of
of rivers. this wood which has since served for wheelbarrows, and
;

6. Pontederia Cordata ; Heart-leaved Pontederia. Leaves the sides of waggons and carts, being considered as a useful
cordate ; flowers in spikes. The stem rises a foot or two substitute for Ash. The Abele Tree is of a quick growth,
above the water; leaves smooth, on long, spungy, sheathing and bears cropping. The wood is soft, white, and stringy,
stalks ; flowers numerous, of a brilliant full sky-blue. Native and makes good wainscoting, being little subject to swell
of marshy places in Virginia, and most parts of North Ame- or shrink ; it is used in floors, laths, packing-cases, and
rica. As this plant grows naturally in moist boggy places, turners' ware. In floors it will last many years, and for its
it is
very difficult to be preserved in England nor does the ;
exceeding whiteness is often preferred to the Oak but being
;

plant arise from seeds, which have been sown in various soft, it is liable to take the impression of nails, which isthe
situations and differently treated, but never appeared. Three principal objection. For turnery ware it excels all other
or four plants that were sent to Mr. Miller from New woods in its whiteness, so that trays, bowls, and many
England,
were by him planted in pots, covered with moss, and con- domestic utensils, are made of it. The bellows-makers prefer
stantly supplied with water. With this management two of it, as also do the shoemakers, not only for the heels but the
them flowered, but, as they were not put under shelter, the soles of shoes. The poles are very proper to support Vines,
following winter destroyed them ; so that they probably might Hops, &c. and the lopping will supply good fuel, which is
be preserved under a hot-bed frame in winter, and safely often very scarce. This species is a native of Europe, in
exposed to the open air in mild weather. woods and hedges, and near rivers and brooks; flowering in
7. Pontederia Hastata; Hastate-leaved Pontederia. Leaves March, and the leaves are fully expanded in May or June.
hastate; flowers umbelled. Found near Madras, and in It is found from Sweden to
Italy, and also
in Siberia and
Cochin-china. This species is more difficult to preserve in Barbary. This, and all the trees of this genus, maybe pro-
England than the preceding, being a native of hot countries, pagated either by layers or cuttings, which will readily take
and always grows in watery places. root: also from suckers, which the White Poplars send up
Poplar Tree. See Populus. in great
plenty from their roots but they are less valuable
;

Poppy. See Papaver. when increased by suckers, being liable to send up too many
Poppy, Horned. See Chclidoniuin. suckers themselves. The best time for transplanting the
Poppy, Prickly. See Aryemone. suckers rs in October, when their leaves begin to decay.
Poppy, Spatling. See Cucubalus. These may be placed in a nursery for two or three years, to
Populus ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Polyandria. get strength before they are planted out where they are
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: ament oblong, designed to remain but if you intend to propagate them
;

loosely imbricate, cylindrical, composed of one-flowered, from large truncheons, it is better to defer the doing of that
oblong, flat scales, torn at the edge. Corolla: petals none. until February, when you may plant them from two to six
Nectary: one-leafed, turbinate, below tubular, ending at top feet long, thrusting them about a foot and a half into the
obliquely in an ovate border. Stamina: filamenta eight, ground. These will readily take root; and if the soil be
extremely short; anthene four-cornered, large. Female, on moist in which they are planted, they will arrive to a consi-
a separate plant. Calix and Corolla: as in the male. Pistil: derable bulk in a few years. Spring is the best season for
germen ovate, acuminate; style scarcely manifest; stigma planting the cuttings; though they will grow if planted in
four-cleft. Prricarp: capsule ovate, two-celled, two-va'ved; any of the winter months. They should all be vigorous
1valves reflex. Seeds: numerous, ovate, flying with a capil- shoots of the last year, or at least not older than two years,
VOL. 11. 98. 5 F
388 POP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POP
a foot and half in length. Plant them ten inches or a foot 3. Populus Nigra; Black Poplar Tree. Leaves smooth
in the ground, in rows two feet and a naif or a yard asunder, on both sides, acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the longitudinal
and a toot or eighteen inches from each other. Look over diameter longer catkins cylindrical, lax stigmas four. The
; ;

the plants in summer, to nip off all side-shoots. In two trunk is naked and lofty, covered with an ash-coloured bark.
years they may be planted out, if they are for small woods It is a quick-growing tree, and on the banks of rivers, and
or spinneys, in boggy or watery grounds. If they are for in moist situations, throwing out numberless suckers from

standards, they may remain in the nursery another year the roots. It loves a moist black soil, and bears
;
cropping
and when planted out will be worth, in twenty or thirty years, well. The bark being light like cork, serves to support the
as many shillings each. To form a coppice of these trees, nets of fishermen. The wood is not apt to splinter; it is
if the land be not so
boggy but that it may be ploughed, a light and soft, and sometimes used by turners it will make
:

crop of oats or other grain may be got off it the year preced- useful rafters, poles, and rails, and in a suitable soil brings
ing the planting, and in the autumn it should be ploughed in a quick return. It is so excellent for flooring boards, that
again. Let two-year old plants from the nursery be planted it is much used purposes of deal in some of the mid-
for the
one yard asunder. Hoe down the weeds the first year, land counties. This wood is so slow in taking fire, that the
afterwards they will require no further trouble till the time flames in a building on fire are said to have been stopped
of cutting, which may be in seven years ; and every four or where this timber had been used. Hence it is bad wood for
five years after they may be cut for poles, fire-wood, &c. fuel; but, like all other Poplar wood, very suitable for pack-
By these means boggy and marshy land will often produce ing-cases. In Italy this tree is trimmed for the vines to run
more than the best pasture. If the ground will not admit on. They poll or head the trees every second year, sparing
of ploughing and sowing, the plants must be set in holes at the middle straight and most thriving shoot, and at the third
the same distance. For timber-trees they may also be planted year cut that off also. The shade of this tree is very whole-
a yard asunder, and when the heads begin to interfere, every some in summer; but it does not become walks and avenues,
other tree may be taken away, or the weakest and least by reason of the suckers, and because it fouls the ground at
thriving removed; thus continuing to thin them as often as the fall of the leaf. It should be planted in woods, and to

necessary. After they are finally planted out, never strip flank places at distance, by its increasing thickness, as well
them up, nor take off any side-branches. as for the glittering brightness of the foliage. The young-
2. Populus Tremula; Aspen, or Trembling Poplar Tree. leaves are an excellent ingredient in poultices for hard and
Leaves roundish, tooth-angular, smooth on both sides foot- ;
painful swellings. The buds of both this and the White
stalks compressed; young branches hairy; stigmas four, Poplar smell very pleasantly in the spring, and, being pressed
auricled at the base. This tree causes a great litter in the between the fingers, yield a balsamic resinous substance,
spring, when their catkins and down fall off; and their which, extracted by spirits of wine, smells like storax. A
roots being very apt to produce a large quantity of suckers, drachm of this tincture in broth, is administered in internal
especially those trees which came from suckers, they are ulcers and excoriations, and is said to have removed obstinate
unfit to be planted near a house or garden ; but when inter- fluxes proceeding from an excoriation of the intestines. It is
spersed with other trees in large plantations, they afford an a native of Europe, from Sweden to Italy, near rivers, and in
agreeable variety, the leaves being very white on their under moist woods flowering in March.
; In the celebrated district
sides, which, when blown with the wind, are turned to sight. of Wase in Flanders, the whole of which is distributed into
This tree derives its name from the German Espe, which is small inclosures not more than an acre and half in extent,
their generic name for Poplars. The trembling of the leaves great quantities of White and Black Poplars are planted in
is proverbial ; and the Scotch Highlanders account for it the hedge-rows, sixteen or eighteen feet asunder
by they are
:

saying, that our blessed Lord's cross was made of this tree, not suffered to grow to any great size, but are cut down every
and therefore the leaves can never rest. This tree is of twenty or four-and-twenty years, and replaced by young
speedy growth, and will thrive in any situation or soil, but plants of the same the largest trees are always cut
sort ;

worst in clay. It impoverishes the land: its leaves

destroy down, to prevent the land from being too much shaded. Fifty
the grass ; and the numerous shoots of the roots spread so trees are allowed to an acre, and they are generally sold for
near the surface, that they will not permit any thing else to seven or eight florins apiece, for making wooden shoes, of
grow. The wood is extremely light, white, smooth, soft, which they not only send a prodigious quantity into other
and durable in the air. Pannels or packsaddles, milk-pails, provinces, but also supply all Holland with them. This
clogs, pattens, &c. are made of the wood. The leaves and leaf- species is not so apt to take root from large truncheons ;
stalks are sometimes set with red glandular substances, about therefore it is the better method to plant cuttings about a
the size of a pea, which contain an insect called Tipula Juni- foot and half in length, thrusting them a foot deep into the

perma. Native of Europe, from Sweden to Italy, in moist ground. These cuttings will take root very freely, and may
woods and in boggy ground ; flowering in March. A consi- be afterward transplanted where they are to remain. This
derable advantage may be obtained by planting this, and sort will grow upon almost any soil, but will thrive best in
indeed all the trees of this genus, upon moist boggy soils, moist places.
where few others would thrive. Many such places there are 4. Populus Dilatata; Lombardy, or Po, Poplar Tree.
in England, which do not at
present bring much money to Leaves smooth on both sides, acuminate, serrate, deltoid,
their owners, yet if planted with these trees, would in a very the transverse diameter longer. This differs from the pre-
few years overpurchase the ground clear of all expense but :
ceding chiefly in its close conical manner of growth. One
there are many persons who think nothing except corn worth beauty it possesses is almost peculiar to it, which is, the
cultivating, or if they plant timber, will have it Oak, Ash, waving line it forms, when agitated by the wind in most :

or Elm and should their land not be proper for any of these,
; trees one side is at rest while the other is in motion, but
it is deemed of little or no value : whereas if the nature of this waves in one simple sweep from the top to the bottom,
the soil were ascertained, and proper sorts of plants adapted like an ostrich feather on the head of a coquette. All the
to it, there might be a
very great advantage made of many branches coincide in the motion and the least blast makes
;

hirge tracts of land which now lie wholly neglected. an impression on it, when other trees are at rest. Its pecu-
 POP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. FOR 389

liar use in this country has hitherto been for mixing with other cordate, smooth ;
branches angular, winged ; shoots very
trees in ornamental plantations, and concealing unsightly strong, and generally cornered, covered with a light green
buildings. To this last purpose its upright, close, conical bark, like some sorts of Willow. It grows naturally in Caro-
mode of growing, with its feathering down to the ground, lina, where it becomes a very large tree. It may be
propa-
proves it to be well adapted. Its timber, though highly gated by cuttings or layers ; the latter is generally practised
prized in Italy, is inferior to that of the Black Poplar. by the nursery gardeners, being the surest method, and those
Populus Canescens Common White, or Grey Poplar.
5. ; plants are not so full of moisture as those raised by cuttings,
Leaves roundish, deeply waved, toothed, grey and downy so are less liable to be cut down by the frost when young,
beneath ; female catkins cylindrical stigmas eight. This is
;
as they are very apt to be a considerable length. They should
a taller and handsomer tree than the first species, with a be planted in a sheltered situation ; for their leaves being
beautiful sattiny bark. Native of wet ground in England, very large, the wind has great power over them ; and the
France, and Germany. branches being tender, are frequently broken or split down
6. Populus Balsamifera; Common Tacamahaca Poplar when they are much exposed.
Tree. Leaves ovate, serrate, whitish underneath ; stipules Parana ; a genus of the dass Pentandria, order Monogy-
resinous. The buds of this tree, from autumn to the leafing nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-leaved ;

season, are covered with abundance of a glutinous yellow leaflets lanceolate, blunt, commonly shorter than the corolla,

balsam, which often collects into drops, and is pressed from spreading, permanent when in fruit larger. ; Corolla : one-
the tree as a medicine. It dissolves in spirits of wine ; and petalled, bell-shaped, half five-cleft, erect, acute. Stamina :
the inhabitants of Siberia prepare a medicated wine from the filamenta five, capillary, spreading, commonly shorter than the
buds. This wine is a diuretic, and, as they think, service- corolla; anthersje incumbent, oval. Pistil: germen superior,
able iu the scurvy. The grouse, and other birds which subglobular style semibifid, longer than the corolla, bristle-
;

there feed upon these buds, acquire a flavour which is much shaped, permanent ; stigmas capitate. Pericarp: two-valved.
esteemed. By the growth of this tree in Europe, it seems Seed: not ascertained. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
not to be of a large size. It is a native of Canada, and some five-cleft; when in fruit larger. Corolla: bell-shaped. Style:
other parts of North America, whence the balsam is brought semibifid, longer, permanent. Stigmas: globular. Peri-
over to Europe in shells. It is smooth, of an even texture,
carp : two-valved. The only known species is,
and in colour like stained Galbanum, but lighter. Thistree 1. Porana Volubilis. It is a smooth twining shrub, with
sends up a great number of suckers from the roots, by which alternate heart-shaped leaves. Flowers small, in a large
it multiplies in.
plenty ; and every cutting which is
planted spreading panicle. Native of the East Indies.
will take root, so that when a plant is once obtained, plenty Porostema ; a genus of the class Polyadelphia, order Po-
may be raised. Plant the cuttings in the middle of February, liandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
in rich mellow earth, shaded from the mid-day sun, and leafed, coloured, permanent, six-parted ; segments ovate,
watered in dry weather. The succeeding February remove obtuse, the three inner less. Corolla: petals none ; nectary
them, smooth the extremities of their roots, cut off the strong of nine scales, oblong, truncate ; six outer inserted at bottom
side-branches, and plant them in rows three feet distant, and into the segments of the calix, and incumbent on them; three
eighteen inches asunder in the rows here let them continue
; inner fastened to the receptacle opposite to the former; each
two or three years, when they may be transplanted to the having four pores, the outer ones on the inner side, the inner
places where they are intended to remain. It will grow on ones on the outer side ; glands six, roundish, fleshy, growing
almost any soil and when there are void places in planta-
; to the bottom of the calix, between the inner and outer scales
tions, occasioned by the death of other trees, this will sooner of the nectary. Stamina: filamenta thirty-six, fastened to
and better supply their places than most others. the scales of the nectary, each proceeding from each pore ;

7. Populus Candicans; Heart-leaved Tacamahaca antherai roundish, compressed, peltate. Pistil: germen
Poplar
Tree. Leaves cordate, acuminate, whitish underneath. ovate, angular, immersed in the receptacle; style short;
Native of Canada. stigma obtuse, concave. Pericarp: drupe turbinate, fastened
8. Populus Laevigata; Smooth Poplar Tree. Leaves cor- to the calix (capsule, according to Aublet, roundish, four or
;

date, three-nerved, smooth, glandular at the base, unequally six celled, covered with the calix.) Seeds: two, according
serrate; petioles compressed; branches round. It flowers to Rolander ; (Aublet says, very many, extremely small.)
in March and April. Native of America. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: six-parted, unequal. Pe-
9. Populus Monilifera ; Canadian
Poplar Tree. Leaves tals: none. Nectary: nine scales, with four antherse on
subcordate, smooth, glandular at the base; serratures cartila- each. Capsule: covered, four or six celled, many-seeded.
ginous, hooked, somewhat hairy ; nerves patulous petioles ; The only known species is,

compressed ; branches round. It flowers in May ; and is a 1. This tree rises thirty feet high,
Porostema Guianensis.
native of Canada. the branches are cornered, straight, and
branching at top ;

10. Populus Grseca; Athenian horizontal flowers whitish, small, paniculated, terminal, and
Poplar Tree. Leaves cor- :

date, smooth, glandular at the base, remotely crenate ; peti- axillary, and exhale a very pleasant odour. It flowers in
oles compressed ; branches round. This resembles the tenth Guiana in April.
species in growth and foliage. It flowers in March and Portlandia; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-

April. Native of the islands of the Archipelago. gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved,
11. Populus Heterophylla; Various-leaved Corolla :
Poplar Tree. superior ; leaflets oblong, lanceolate, permanent.
Leaves cordate, the primary ones pubescent, and without tube long, funnel-form, ventricose; border
one-petalled ;

any glands at the base; petioles roundish; branches round. shorter than the tube, five-parted, acute. Stamina: filamenta
This is a
large tree; branches numerous, veined, and angular; five, awl-shaped, declined, almost the length of the corolla,
leaves broad and slightly serrate ; flowers in loose aments, from the bottom of the tube antherse linear, erect, the
;

making little show. It flowers in April and May. Native of length of the corolla. Pistil: germen five-cornered, round-
Virginia and New York. ish, inferior; style simple, the length of the stamina; stigma
12. Populus Angulata; Carolina Poplar Tree. Leaves oblong, obtuse. :
capsule obovate, five-streaked,
Pericarp
390 FOR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL: FOR
five-cornered, retuse, two-celled, two-valved, opening at the in a sheltered situation, and, in warm weather, should be

top partition contrary-

;
Seeds : very many, roundish, com- refreshed with water twice a week; but the stalks being very
pressed, imbricate. Observe. The first and fourth species succulent, too much wet always injures these plants.
have four and six stamina. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Co- Portulacca; a genus of the class Dodocandria, order Mo-
rolla:
club-funnel-shaped. AutJierte : longitudinal. Capsule: nogynia. GENEIUC CIIARACTE-R. Calix: perianth bifid,
five-cornered, obtuse, two-celled, two-valved, many-seeded, small, compressed at the tip, permanent, (Gsertner says, two-
crowned with the permanent calix. The species are, leaved, superior, caducous.) Corolla : petals five, flat, erect,
1. Portlandia Tetrandra ; South-Sea Portlandia. Flowers blunt, larger than the calix. Stamina : filamenta many,
tetrandrous ; leaves oblong, blunt, (obovate, according to sometimes twenty, capillary, shorter by half than the corolla;
Forster ;) stipules wide, dilated with a point. Stem shrubby, anthera simple. Pistil: germen roundish, (half inferior,
with rugged branches ; flowers axillary, solitary, stalked ; according to Gsertner ;) style simple, short stigmas five,
;

corolla white. Native of Savage Island, in the South Seas. oblong, the length of the style. Pericarp: capsule covered,
2. Portlandia Coccinea; Scarlet Portlandia. Flowers ovate, one-celled, (cut transversely, according to Gsertner.)
pentandrous; leaves ovate, coriaceous. This is a shrub,
Receptacle: free. Seeds: numerous, small. Observe. The
two or three feet high, erect, branched. Flowers deep scarlet. first four species have a circumcised capsule ; in the fifth,

Native of Jamaica, in the western parts, on mountainous seventh, eighth, and twelfth, the capsule is three-valved the :

precipices, where, however, it is not common, but flowers last also has a five-leaved calix. The third species has a
in June and July. four-parted corolla, eight stamina, and an inferior germen.
3.Portlandia Grandiflora Large-flowered Portlandia.
; ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: bifid or two-leaved. Co-
Flowers pentandrous. Swartz says, leaves lanceolate, ellip- rolla: five-petalled. Capsule: one-celled, cut round, or
tic; Smith, calicine leaflets ovate. Stem shrubby, but weak, three-valved. Receptacles: according to Gsertner, five, free,
and trailing; leaves opposite, elliptical, pointed, a span long, distant. The s.pecies are,
of a fine dark shining green flowers white, rather longer
; 1. Portulacca Oleracea; Garden Purslane. Leaves wedge-
than the leaves. The flowers exhale a very grateful and shaped flowers sessile.
; This is an annual and herbaceous
refreshing odour in the evening. Dr. Browne gathered it plant, with a round, smooth, procumbent, succulent stem ;
plentifully among the rocks at the foot
of mountains in leaves clustered, stalked, above an inch long; flowers clus-
Jamaica. It may be propagated either by seeds or cuttings. tered, terminal, small, yellow, opening but for a short time
The seeds, when they can be obtained, may be sown in pots towards noon. It differs from the wild sort only in
having
of light earth in the spring, and plunged in the tan-pit : the larger and more succulent leaves. If the garden kind be

cuttings do not strike very easily. They must be managed permitted to scatter the seeds, in two years it will become in
in the same way as other woody plants from Jamaica, and every respect like the wild plant. There are two other vari-
eties ; one with deep green leaves ; and the other with
require a stove-heat. yellow
4. Portlandia Hexandra; Laurel-leaved Portlandia. Flow- leaves, which is called Golden Purslane ; but they are only
ers hexandrous ; tube subincurved peduncles ternate ; leaves
; seminal variations. Native of both Indies, China, Cochin-
ovate ; calicine leaflets lanceolate. This is a shrub, six feet china, Japan, and the Island of Ascension, and of many
in height: the flowers are handsome, sweet, numerous,
nearly parts of Europe. It is a pleasant salad herb, and so whole-
three inches in length ; the petals flesh-coloured on the out- some that it is a pity it is not more used for that purpose,
side, white within, marked with lines. The seeds are gene- especially as it is excellent for those who are troubled with
rally eaten by insects. It flowers in August and September. scorbutic disorders ; and the expressed juice, taken while
Native of woods and coppices about Carthagena, Guiana, fresh, is good for the strangury and stoppage of urine. Sow
and Cayenne. the seeds upon a bed of rich light earth during any of the
Portulacaria ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Tri- summer months; but to have it early in the season, it should
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth two-leaved, be sown upon a hot-bed. This seed being very small, little
coloured, permanent; leaflets roundish, concave, obtuse, of it will be sufficient for a family. Keep the plants clear
spreading very much, opposite. Corolla petals five, obovate,
: from weeds, and in dry weather water them two or three times
obtuse, quite entire, concave at top, flat at the base, with a week ; in warm weather they will be fit for use in six weeks.
the sides mutually incumbent, spreading very much, almost To continue a succession, sow three or four times, at the
three times as long as the calix, permanent. Stamina: fila- interval of a fortnight or three weeks. If the seeds are
menta five, awl-shaped, very short, erect, two on each side of intended to be saved, leave some of the earliest plants for
the germen, the other solitary ; anthetse erect, ovate. Pistil : this purpose, drawing out all such as are weak, or have small

germen three-cornered, superior, the length of the petals ; leaves. When the seeds are ripe, cut up the plants, and
style none
stigmas three, spreading very much, ascending at
; spread them upon cloths to dry ; then beat out the seeds and
the muricated above.
tip, Pericarp : none. The calix and sift them, to clear them from the leaves and seed-vessels.

corolla, now erect, closely embrace the base of the seed. 2. Portulacca Pilosa ;
Hairy Purslane. Leaves awl-shaped,
Seed single, ovate-oblong, obtuse, winged, three-sided. Es-
: alternate axils hairy
; flowers sessile, terminating.
; This is
ENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: two-leaved. Petals : five. Seed: an annual herbaceous plant, with very succulent stalks, of a
one, three-sided, and winged. The only known species is, purple colour, and branching out greatly. Native of the
1. Portulacaria Afra; Purslane Tree. This plant rises West Indies. Browne says, it is cultivated in many of the
with a strong thick succulent stalk, to the height of three feet, gardens in Jamaica, where it has been introduced on account
sending out branches on every side, so as to form a kind of of its constant greenness, and the frequent shooting of its
flowers. It is found on the
pyramid. It is very easily propagated by cuttings, planted
Quays, or smaller sandy islands
during any of the summer months, and having been laid to beyond Port Royal; and grows in spreading tufts or beds
dry for some days before, in pots filled with sandy earth. It about the root. All parts of the plant are very bitter, and
must be placed in a warm glass-case in winter, where it may frequently used by the poorer people as a stomachic. This,
enjoy the full sun, and should have very little water during and the following, species, being too tender to live in the open
that season. In summer the plants should be placed abroad air, must be kept in pots, and placed in the dry-stove or
 POT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POT 391

tan-pit, according to the country whence they come. The and one and a half broad. The floating leaves afford an
herbaceous sorts are propagated by seeds, and the shrubby agreeable shade to fish, and are the habitation and food of
ones by cuttings. Browne says, that the second species a moth named Phalaena Potamogetonis. The swan also is
roots from the joints, and is very easily propagated in Ja- very partial to the roots of this aquatic plant. Linneus
maica, but thrives best in a warm rich soil. observes, that when it grows in water which is dried up in
3. Portulacca Quadrifida Creeping Annual Purslane.
; summer, it surprisingly changes its appearance, growing up-
Bractes in fours; flowers quadrifid; stem with hairy joints. right, and resembling a small Plantago. Native of Europe,
A small trailing annual, with yellow flowers. Native of in slow rivers, lakes, ponds, and ditches; flowering in July

Egypt and the East Indies. and August. Found also in New South Wales. Pursh dis-
4. Portulacca Halimoides; Downy-headed Purslane. Leaves covered a plant very much like this in North America, but
oblong, fleshy; stem corymbose; ftowers sessile. This grows he was not able to ascertain whether it was a variety or a
in beds, and spreads a little upon the ground. Annual and ;
distinct species.
a native of Jamaica. 2. Potamogeton Fluitans Long-leaved Floating Pondweed.
;

5. Portulacca Triangularis Triangular-racemed Purslane.

;
Leaves lanceolate-ovate, drawn to a point at both ends, on
Leaves obovate, fiattish raceme simple, three-sided. This
; long petioles, floating. This resembles the preceding, and
is a shrubby plant, two feet high flowers pretty, but scent-
; perhaps is only a variety, arising from places about Berlin ;

less. Native of the West Indies, on rocks. though it is constantly distinct. Found in the rivers of
6. Portulacca Crassifolia; Thick-leaved Purslane. Leaves Europe.
lanceolate, flat; racemes three-sided; stem erect. The whole 3. Potamogeton Heterophyllum Various-leaved Pondweed.
;

plant is very smooth. Upper leaves elliptic, drawn to a point at both ends, petioled;
7. Portulacca Anacampseros Round-leaved Purslane. ;
lower ones clustered, sessile, linear. Native of Germany
Leaves ovate, gibbous peduncle many-flowered
; stem ;
and Britain, in ditches and still pools.
shrubby. At the top of the stalk comes forth a slender 4. Potamogeton Perfoliatum; Perfoliate Pondweed. Leaves

peduncle, about two inches long, supporting four or five red cordate, embracing, all immersed. Stems very long, round,
flowers, appearing in July, but not succeeded by seeds in alternately branched, with leaves crowded about the top and
England. Native of the Cape. This may be propagated in branches. Every part of the plant, except the flower-stalks,
the same way as the most succulent sort of Aloes. is under water, so that it is only discovered by the spikes
8. Portulacca Patens Panided Purslane.
; Leaves lan- standing a little above the surface, in July and August, and
ceolate, ovate, flat; panicle branched; calices two-leaved; abounding in whitish pollen. It would seem that the respi-
stems round, woody at bottom, smooth, brittle, suberect. ration of such truly aquatic vegetables, must be as different
Native of the West Indies. from the respiration of those which inhale atmospheric air,
9. Portulacca Cuneifolia; Wedge-leaved Purslane. Leaves as the breathing of fishes is from that of beasts and birds.
flat ; lower peduncle of the raceme three- Native of Europe, Siberia, and Barbary, in ditches, ponds,
wedge-shaped,
flowered calices two-leaved.
;
This is allied to the preceding, lakes, and slow rivers also of Port Jackson.
;

and is a native of Egypt. 5. Potamogeton Densum Close-leaved Pondweed. Leaves

;

10. Portulacca Meridiana. Leaves elliptic, fleshy, flat; ovate, acuminate, opposite, clustered stem dichotomous
; ;

stem creeping, jointed, hairy; flowers sessile, terminating. spike four-flowered. This propagates itself by runners, which
A small, bushy, creeping herb, with yellow flowers encom- throw out fibrous roots here and there into the mud, and send
passed with wool. Native of the East Indies, flowering from up round stems, naked and simple below, dichotomous above.
twelve at noon through the day. It flowers in the early part of summer, in ditches, ponds,
11. Portulacca Decumbens Prostrate Purslane. Leaves
; and slow streams, in Britain, Denmark, Flanders, France,
obovate, mucronate; calices five-leaved ; stem shrubby, de- Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Siberia, and Barbary.
cumbent. Native of Egypt. 6. Potamogeton Lucens ;
Shining Pondweed. Leaves
12. Portulacca Fruticosa; Shrubby Purslane. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat, attenuated into the petioles; spike
obovate, flattish peduncles racemed
; calices five-leaved ; ;
many-flowered, squeezed close. There are two common
stem shrubby. Native of Jamaica where, Browne says, it is ; varieties of this species; which is frequent in ditches, ponds,
a beautiful plant, and grows in a gravelly soil, in the road lakes, and slow-flowing rivers, chiefly on a clay soil; grow-
through Cambridge Hill. ing, like most others of the genus, all immersed in the water,
Potamogeton a genus ; of
the class Tetrandria, order except the spike of pale olive flowers, which appears above
Tetragynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Co- the surface about midsummer, or a little after.
rolla: petals four, roundish, obtuse, concave, erect, clawed, 7. Potamogeton Crispum Curled Pondweed. Leaves lan-
;

deciduous. Stamina: h'lamenta four, (or, as Gsertner says, ceolate, alternate, waved, serrate. Ducks very readily eat
eight,) flat, obtuse, very short; antherse twin, short. Pistil: not only the seeds, but the leaves of this plant hence the :

germina four, ovate-lanceolate style short, (or, according to

; introduction of water-fowl probably would prevent its increas-
Gartner, simple, very short, recurved ;) stigmas obtuse. ing too much. -Native of Europe, Siberia, and New Holland,
Pericarp: none; (Gartner says, four, one-celled.) Seeds: in ponds and slow rivers flowering in June and July.
;

four, roundish, acuminate, gibbous on one side, compressed 8. Potamogeton Serratum; Serrated Pondweed. Leaves
on the other, and angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: Leaves lanceolate, opposite, somewhat waved. In the lakes
none. Petals : four. Style :
none, or very short. Seeds : of Switzerland this plant grows from the amazing length of
four, (Gsertner says, Drupes four.) The species are, ten to twenty fathoms, forming whole woods as it were, in
1. Potamogeton Natans; Broad- leaved Pondweed. Upper the midst of the waters. It is distinguished from the
pre-
leaves oblong-ovate,
petioled, floating: Withering says, ceding species chiefly, in having the leaves more in clusters,
elliptic, acute, rounded, and subcordate at the base. The and quite entire. Native of Europe.
root consists of lonsr simple fibres, running deep into the 9. Potamogeton Compressum Flat-stalked Pondweed.
;

mud the stem many feet in length, much branched, round,

; Leaves obtuse ; stem compressed. Withering remarks,
linear,
leafy ; the upper leaves are dark green, three inches long, that the leaves are narrower than the seventh species, and
VOL. n. 98. 5G
 392 POT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POT
not waved; the spikes shorter than the peduncles, and the Abbey in Yorkshire. Thousands of
species have been
this
flowers greenish. Native of Europe, in ditches and slow observed near Mickle Force, The best season
in Teesdale.
streams; flowering in June and July, when its small spikes for transplanting this
species is in October, that it may get
of about four brownish-green flowers, emerge from the new roots before the hard frost sets in ; for as it grows natu-
water. rally upon moist boggy land, when removed in the spring,
10. Potamogeton Gramineum ; Grassy Pondweed. Leaves if due care be not taken to water it in
dry weather, it is apt
linear-lanceolate, alternate, sessile, wider than the stipules; to miscarry. It will not live in a dry hot soil, but thrives

stem round, subdichotomous. It flowers in July. Native of exceedingly a cool moist ground in a shady situation.
in

Europe, in ditches and slow streams. Found in England 2. Anserina

Potentilla Silvery Cinquefoil; Silvenveed;
;

near Deptford on Binsey common in ditches by the road-

; ;
Wild Tansey ; Goose or Moor Grass. Leaves interruptedly
side going to Port Meadow, Oxford on the river Skern,; pinnate, serrate, silky underneath ; stem creeping; peduncles
near Darlington. Found also at Port Jackson. one-flowered. Root branched, outwardly dark brown or
11. Potamogeton Pusillum; Small Pondweed. Leaves whitish, furnished with small fibres, and penetrating deep.
linear, opposite, and alternate, narrower than the stipules, Few plants render themselves more conspicuous by the white-
ness of their leaves, and large golden flowers
spreading at the base; stem round; peduncles axillary.
in this parti- :

The whole plant is extremely slender, and much branched. cular however it is subject to variation, the leaves being
It flowers in July; appears to be perennial; and is found all sometimes silvery on both sides, and sometimes entirely
over Europe, in ditches and ponds in a clayey soil. green, but it is most commonly found with the upper side of
12. Potamogeton Pectinatum Fennel-leaved Pondweed.
;
the leaves green and the under side silvery the more clayey ;

Leaves bristle-shaped, parallel, approximating, distich, sheath- the soil, in general the whiter are the leaves. It thrives in

ing at the base. Root originating from a tuberous lump, then most situations, especially in clay, where the water is apt to
creeping horizontally, slender, much branched, as also is the stagnate, and is common byway-sides; flowering from June
stem, which floats under water, extending two or three feet. to September. Ray observes, that in his time, about Settle
Native of Europe, in ponds, and not unfrequently in rivers, inYorkshire they called the roots Moors, and that during the
in which it seldom flowers if the stream be rapid. There is winter the boys dug them up and ate them he adds, that :

a variety called Sea Pondweed, but the variation is very slight, he was a witness to swine devouring them greedily and that ;

an apothecary in that neighbourhood assured him that they

hardly sufficient to furnish a distinction.
13. Potamogeton Setaceum; Setaceous Pondweed. Leaves had a sweet taste like Parsneps. The common people in
bristle-shaped, opposite. Hudson found it in the peaty Scotland frequently eat them either roasted or boiled. In the
ditches of Lancashire. It flowers in July and August. islands of Tyrie and Col they are much esteemed, as answer-
Native of Europe. ing in some measure the purposes of bread, and have been
14. Potamogeton Contortum. Stem filiform ; leaves alter- known to support the inhabitants for months together during

nate, subulate-filiform, contorted. Found in rivulets in a scarcity of other provisions. In their barren and impover-
ished soils, and in seasons wherein their crops succeed the
Barbary-
Potatoes. See Solanum. worst, the roots of the Moor Grass never fail to afford a sea-
Potatoes, Canada. See Helianthus Tuberosus. sonable relief. The leaves are mildly astringent; dried and
Potatoes, Spanish. See Convolvulus Batatus. powdered, they have been successfully administered in agues:
Potentilla ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Poly- The usual dose is a table-spoonful of the powder every three
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, hours between the fit. The roots are more astringent than
flattish, ten-cleft; the alternate segments smaller, reflex. the leaves, and may be given in powder, in doses of a scruple
Corolla: petals five, roundish, spreading, inserted by their or more, in obstinate purgings, attended with bloody stools,
claws into the calix. Stamina: filamenta twenty, awl-shaped, and immoderate menstrual discharges. A strong infusion
shorter than the corolla, inserted into the calix antherae ;
of the leaves stops the immoderate bleeding of the piles ; and
elongate-lunnlate. Pistil: germina numerous, very small, sweetened with a little honey, it is an excellent gargle for
collected into a head styles filiform, the length of the sta-
;
sore throats. Cattle, horses, goats, hogs, and geese, eat
mina, inserted into the side of the germen ; stigmas obtuse. it ;
sheep only decline it. The leaves resemble Wild Tansey
Common receptacle of the seeds roundish, so much, that it is called Wild Tansey. It is a common
^Pericarp: none.
juiceless, very small, permanent, covered
with seeds, enclosed weed, and increases fast by roots and runners.
within the calix. Seeds: according to Gsertner, numerous, 2. Potentilla Sericea Silky Cinquefoil. Leaves bipinnate,
;

acuminate, wrinkled. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe .-ten- tomentose on both sides; segments parallel, approximating;
cleft. Petals : five. Seeds : roundish, naked, fastened to a stems decumbent. The habit of the leaves is that of the pre-
small juiceless receptacle. The species are, ceding, although they are very small, but it has the stem and
* fructification of the eighteenth species. Native of Siberia.
With pinnate Leaves.
1. Potentilla Fruticosa Shrubby Cinquefoil. Leaves pin-
; This, like most of the following species, is easily increased
nate stem shrubby. The whole plant is set with silvery
; by seeds, or parting the roots, or both. Autumn is the time
hairs: flowers terminating, solitary, peduncled, of a bright for sowing, parting, and transplanting.
yellow or gold colour, and very ornamental. Native of Multifid Cinquefoil. Leaves bipin-
4. Potentilla Multifida
;

Oeland, England, Siberia, China ; and between the rivers nate; segments quite entire, distant, tomentose underneath;
Delaware and New York, in North America. The beautiful stem decumbent. The habit shews much affinity with the
appearance of its flowers has brought it into gardens. Besoms twelfth species. Native of Siberia.
are made of it. It is singular that swine alone, who eat 5. Potentilla Fragarioides Ktrawberry -leaved Cinqwfoil.
;

almost every thing, reject this plant, while all other domestic Leaves pinnate and ternate, the outer larger; runners cieep-
graniyoropi animals eat it. Flowers in June and July. In ing. Native of Siberia.
this was first observed a century ago near 5. Potentilla Rupestris ; Rock Cinquefoil. Leaves lyrate,
England plant
Greta Bridge in Yorkshire, on the south bank of the Tees pinnate, in sevens, fives, and threes leaflets ovate, serrate,
;

below Thorp, where it still

grows ; and below Eggleston hairy ; stem erect. Native of several parts of Europe and
 POT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POT 393

Siberia, on shady alpine rocks. With us it has only been found fives,obovate, gash-serrate, hairy, submembranaceous; stem-
in Wales, on the sides of Craig Wreidhin mountain in Montgo- leaves in threes stem almost upright.
; Native of the moun-
It requires a moist soil and a shady situation. tains of Scotland, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, Silesia,
meryshire.
7. Potentilla Bifurca; Bifid-leaved Cinquefoil. Leaves and Dauphiny. It flowers in July.
the outmost Verna
pinnate, almost equal; leaflets oblong', subbifid, 19. Potentilla ;
Spring Cinquefoil. Root-leaves
confluent; root fusiform. Native of Siberia and Silesia. in wedge-shaped, serrate, marked with lines, ciliate,
fives,
8. Potentilla Pimpinelloides ; Burnet-leaved Cinquefoil. subcoriaceous stem-leaves in threes; stem declined.
; The
Leaves pinnate; leaflets roundish, toothed, equal; stem erect. whole plant is beset with soft shining silky hairs. The stems
It flowers from June to August. Found in Armenia among spread very widely in a circular direction among the grass.
rocks, by Tournefort. As the season advances, both they and the leaves turn red,
9. Potentilla Pennsylvania; Agrimony-leaved Cinquefoil. which colour, intermixed with the bright yellow of the flowers,
Lower leaves pinnate, upper ternate ; leaflets gash-serrate ; makes a striking contrast. Native of the dry elevated pas-
stem erect, pubescent. It flowers from June to August. tures in most parts of Europe: it has been long found near
Native of North America, and Siberia. Pontefract, and in other parts of Yorkshire; near Preston,
10. Potentilla Supina; Trailing Cinquefoil. Leaves pin- Giggleswick, and Carr End, Wensley Dale, in Lancashire ;

nate; stem dichotomous, decumbent. Root small, white many years ago at Bury in Suffolk; on Gogmagog hills, near
within, covered on the outside with brown scales. It flowers Cambridge; in Glogaeth, Caernarvonshire, North Wales;
in July. Native of Germany, Austria, and Siberia. and in Scotland, near Arthur's seat, in the king's park, Edin-
11. Potentilla
Floributida. Shrub erect, very branchy, burgh, as well as on Braid Hills, Craig Lochart, and other
and rough stipules ovate, entire
; leaves quinate-pinnate ;
; mountainous elevations. -There are so many varieties which
folioles linear-oblong, revolute at the margin; petioles short; approach so closely to many other species, that Haller
corymbs terminal, dichotomous, multiflorous ; segments of observes, its character and synonyms are very difficult to
the calix subequal ; petals subrotund, of the length of the make out.
calix. Grows in bog-meadows, and on the borders of lakes 20. Potentilla Astracanica; Astrachan Cinquefoil.
Root-
in Canada, and on the mountains of New York and New decum-
leaves and lowest stem-leaves quinate; stems villose,
Jersey; and flowers in July and August. bent at the base, dichotomous. Native of Asia, received by
** With
digitate Leaves. Jacqtiin from Astracan.
12. Potentilla Recta; Upright Cinquefoil. Leaves five to 21. Potentilla Canadensis; Canadian Cinquefoil. Leaves
seven, lanceolate, serrate, somewhat hairy on both sides quinate, villose; stem ascending, hirsute.
; Native of Canada.
stem erect, corymbose, forked, many-flowered. Blossoms 22. Potentilla Alba; White Cinquefoil. Leaves quinate,
It flowers in June and Native of silky underneath, converging, serrate at the tip; stems fili-
copious, yellow. July.
Germany, and the south of Europe. A hardy perennial. form, procumbent receptacles very hirsute. ;
Native of the
13. Potentilla Argentea; Hoary Cinquefoil. Leaves in south of France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Carniola,
fives, wedge-shaped, gashed, tomentose underneath stems and Hungary.
;

erect. The flowers appear in succession, and are numerous; 23. Potentilla Caulescens Alpine Cinquefoil. Leaves ;

the calix downy, as long as the corolla; the petals small, quinate, converging, serrate at the tips stems many-flow- ;

bright yellow, or golden-coloured, and soon shedding. No ered, decumbent; receptacles hirsute; petals oblong. Native
other species can be confounded with this. The pure white- of Austria, Switzerland, Silesia, Dauphiny, and Piedmont.
ness of its leaves, like those of the White Poplar, render this It may be increased by runners, like Strawberries, in autumn,
plant conspicuous whenever it is agitated by the wind. It is in a cool soil and shady situation.
said to indicate clay underneath the surface. Native of 24. Potentilla Clusiana Clusius's Cinquefoil. Leaves
;

Europe, and most parts of England. It is found among quinate, converging, serrate at the tip; stems many-flowered,
furze near Heldersham, Gamlingay, and White Wood, in decumbent; receptacles hirsute; petals roundish. This is
Cambridgeshire on Henley Park Hill, in Oxfordshire at an elegant species, growing among the Alpine rocks.
; ; Native
Ampthill, Aspley, and Rowney warren, in Bedfordshire; of Austria.
near Harefield in Middlesex; on Blackheath in Kent; at 25. Potentilla Nitida; Shining Cinquefoil. Leaves sub-
Holt Castle, in Worcestershire; among furze, on the heaths, ternate, tomentose, converging, three-toothed stems one- ;

and also on the walls at Purbeck, Dorsetshire plentifully flowered; receptacles woolly. Native of Monte Baldo, Dau-
;

about Harrowgate, in Yorkshire near Snenton in Notting- phiny, and Austria.

;

hamshire; and in the den of Bethaick, near Perth in Scotland. 25. Potentilla Valderia. Leaves septenate, obovate, ser-
It flowers from June to September. rate, tomentose stem erect; petals shorter than the calix
; ;

14. Potentilla Intermedia. Root-leaves in fives stem- receptacles woolly.

; The whole plant is silky hoary, with
leaves in threes; stem almost upright, very much branched. the stems and petioles evidently subhirsute. Native of the
Native of Switzerland and Dauphiny. mountains of Piedmont and Dauphiny.
15. Potentilla Hirta; Hairy Cinquefoil. Leaves septe- 27. Potentilla Reptans Common Creeping Cinquefoil, or ;

nate and quinate, wedge-shaped, gashed, hairy; stem erect, Five-leaved Grass. Leaves in fives, obovate, serrate stem creep- ;

It flowers from
rouu;h-haired. May to September. Native ing; peduncles one-flowered. Root fusiform, with few fibres,
of the south of France, the Pyrenees, and Silesia. penetrating deep, the size of the little finger, when old outwardly
16. Potentilla Stipularis Stipnlar Cinquefoil.
; Leaves in of a dark chestnut colour; the stems are long and trailing;
sevens, sessile, placed on the dilated stipules. Native of the leaves are upright, green, and rather hairy; and the flowers
Siberia. large, and yellow, whose stalks are taller than the foliage.
17. Potentilla Opaca Opaque Cinquffoil. Root-leaves Flowering from June to September. Native of Europe,
;

in fives, wedge-shaped, serrate; stem-leaves subopposite generally found in meadows and by way-sides.
; The roots
branches filiform, decumbent. Native of Germany, and some have a bitterish styptic taste. They were used by Hippocrates
parts of the south of Europe. and Dioscorides, and by the former particularly recommended
18. Potentilla Aurea; Gulden Cinquefoil. Root-leaves in for the cure of intermittents. The medicinal quality is con-
394 POT THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; POT
fined to the red cortical part of the root, and depends merely Native of the south of France, Granada, Siberia, and
upon its astringent effects ; it has therefore chiefly been pre- Japan.
scribed internally in diarrhoeas and other fluxes, and exter- 37. Potentilla Hirsuta. Plant erect, simple, very rough ;

nally in gargles for loose teeth and spongy gums, and in stipules lanceolate, entire ; leaves ternate, oboval, laciniate-
astringent lotions but its efficacy, except in large doses, is
: incise ;
panicles with few flowers ; pedicels short ; petals
inferior to many other plants of this class. The bark of the shorter than the calix ; flowers white, small. Grows in
root, says Withering, is a mild astringent, and powerfully Canada, and the western parts of New York.
resists putrefaction. Reduced to powder, and taken in doses 38. Potentilla Emarginata. Plant rough ;
stipules ovate,
of about a scruple, it stops purging, and is good in all kinds very entire ; leaves ternate ; folioles sessile, inciso-dentate,
of haemorrhages, but more particularly in excessive men- rough on both sides ; pedicels few, terminal, elongate, with
strual discharges, and spitting of blood. Taken in larger one flower; petals cuneate-oblong, emarginate, as long again
doses, it will frequently cure intermitting fevers and agues. as the calix. Grows in Labrador. A small plant.
A strong decoction of it is good for sore mouths. The leaves 39. Potentilla Norwegica. Plant erect, branchy, pubes-
infused in the manner of tea, are much used by country people cent; stipules oval, dentated; leaves ternate, rhomb-lance-
to allay the heat in burning fevers. The roots boiled in olate, inciso-dentate ; branches dichotomous pedicels short,
;

vinegar, and applied in form of a poultice, disperse swellings axillary, solitary; petals pale yellow, shorter than the calix.
or inflammations hi any part of the body and applied to
; Native of Norway, Sweden, &c. Grows also in the fields
old putrid sores, cleanse and dispose them for healing. The of Canada and New York, and flowers in June and July.
juice is good to bathe inflamed and sore eyes with ; and, Poterium ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Polyan-
drank to the amount of four ounces a day for several days dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in a spike.
together, is said to be almost a certain cure for the jaun- Calix: perianth three or four leaved; leaflets ovate, concave,
dice. It is likewise serviceable in the whites, and other spreading, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, four-parted.
disorders of the sex. The roots have also been used for Stamina: filamenta very many, thirty to fifty, capillary, very
tanning leather. As all our domestic quadrupeds will eat long, flaccid ;antherse roundish, twin. Female Flowers, in
the leaves, it is not an unwelcome plant in pastures. It is the same spike, above the male. Calix: perianth as in the
increased by roots and runners. male. Corolla: one-petalled, wheel-shaped; tube short,
28. Potentilla Pumila. Plant erect, subacaul, pubescent; roundish, converging at the mouth; border four-parted; seg-
leaves quinate, cuneiform, cut, lanuginose; peduncles shorter ments ovate, flat, reflex, permanent. Pistil: germina two,
than the petiole, simple, one-flowered ; petals roundish, ovate-oblong, within the tube of the corolla; styles two, capil-
scarcely longer than the calix. Grows in dry fields and lary, coloured, flaccid, the length of the corolla; stigmas
pastures, from Canada to Virginia, and flowers from May pencil-form, coloured. Pericarp: berry formed of the tube
to July. of the corolla, hardened, thickened, closed. Seeds: two;
29. Potentilla Simplex. Plant erect, simple, rough ; sti- according to Gartner, inverted. Observe. The fifth species
pules cut; leaves quinate, oblong-oval, coarsely serrated, has a fleshy globular berry, with oblong cylindrical seeds;
superior, sessile; peduncles axillary, solitary, elongate, uni- the first has a juiceless angular berry, with four-cornered
florous segments of the calix linear lanceolate petals rotund-
; ; seeds, acuminate at both ends, and two weak pistilla inserted
obcordate, longer than the calix ; flowers yellow. Grows in into the male flowers. Gsertner, who joins this genus with
fields, meadows, and dry woods, from Canada to Carolina. Pimpinella, calls the fruit a drupe. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
30. Potentilla Dissecta. Plant erect, branchy, slightly Male. Calix: four-leaved. Corolla four-parted. Stamina:
:

glabrous; leaves quinate; folioles pinnatifid; segments thirty to forty. Female. Calix: four-leaved. Corona: wheel-
entire, acute ; flowers terminal, subcorymbose. Grows near shaped, four-parted. Pistilla: two. Berry: formed of the
Hudson's Bay. hardened tube of the corolla. The species are,
"** With 1. Poterium Sanguisorba ;
ternate Leaves. Lesser, or Upland Burnet.
31. Potentilla Monspeliensis ; Montpelier Cinquefoil. Unarmed, with the stem somewhat angular: root perennial,
Leaves ternate ; stem branched, erect; peduncles springing penetrating deep into the earth. This plant has the habit
out above the joints. The flowers are white and large. Per- of Great Burnet: the leaves when bruised smell like Cucum-
ennial. Native of the south of France. The seeds of this, ber, and taste something like the paring of that fruit ; they
if
permitted to scatter, will produce plenty of plants in the are sometimes put into salads and cool tankards :
they are
spring. mildly astringent, and used in dysenteries and haemorrhages.
32. Pontentilla Speciosa ; Silvery Cretan Cinquefoil. There are great authorities for and against the introduction
Leaflets three, elliptical, obtuse, toothed, downy beneath ;
of this plant into our pastures ; and Mr. Young thus sums
stem shrubby. Petals white. Native of the hills of up the result of their conflicting evidence : That it is a good
Crete, &c. pasture in some places, and a bad one in others, he looks
33. Potentilla Tridentata ; Trifid-leaved Cinquefoil. Leaves upon as highly improbable; and imputes the diversity of
ternate, wedge-shaped, trifid at the tip. Native of New- accounts to circumstances unrelated, or, in some instances,
foundland and Greenland. It flowers in June. perhaps to prejudice. Cattle, the same accurate author
34. Potentilla Nivea ; Snow-white Cinquefoil. Leaves in remarks, may have been turned into it after it had got a
threes, gashed, tomentose underneath ; stem ascending. head, and was near seeding, when it is generally agreed they
Petals yellow. Native of Siberia. will not eat it. This, however, is not, he observes, peculiar
35. Potentilla Grandiflora ; Great-flowered Cinquefoil. to this plant, but also to others ; for what is
Ray-grass good
Leaves toothed, somewhat hairy on both sides; stem
in threes, for as feed after summer? The seed of Burnet
having fetched
decumbent, longer than the leaves; root perennial. It flow- a good price, much has been seeded, and the straw has been
ers in July, and the seeds ripen in autumn.- Native of Swit- often confounded with the hay. The original intention of
zerland, Dauphiny, the Pyrenees, and Siberia. it was for a winter
pasture ; and in that season cattle will
36. Potentilla Subacaulis; Stcmless Cinquefoil. Leaves eat and thrive on food, which at other times they will not
ternate, toothed, tomentose on both sides; scape decumbent. touch. This important circumstance has been too little
 POT OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. POT 395

noticed. Cattle may be turned into a Burnet field so hungry row backwards and forwards, and hoe or handweed it if
that they might feed on it for a time, without proving it to necessary. A dry soil suits it best. It grows in stony and
be good food in general. From actual practice, however, gravelly lands, but its natural bed is calcareous. The ill
the following facts may be deduced. First, the balance of success which has sometimes attended this crop, may perhaps
the account is greatly in favour of horses eating it in the be principally owing to its having been sown in an improper
common manner of all other food. Secondly, we cannot soil. It will not do where water settles on the surface, or on
as the balance of expe- a wet bottom, nor on newly broken up land, except after
deny it to be a good food for sheep,
riment inclines greatly in its favour. Thirdly, in a few Oats or Potatoes ; and the ground should be worked very
instances cows and oxen dislike it, but in many they eat it fine for its reception. For hay, it should be mown when in
freely. Thas, upon the whole, the reports are favourable : full blossom. When mown for seed, much of it will be lost;
but the proper application of Burnet seems to be, to leave it for what is full ripe is apt to shed, and, as it
ripens succes-
a good head in autumn ready for sheep in the spring, for sively, some will be quite green when the forwardest is quite
them to keep it down as close as possible about two months, mature.
2. Poterium
upon the plan of Ray Grass, and to let it stand afterwards Ancistroides. Suffruticose : leaflets very
for hay ; but the most advantageous method seems to be, to smooth, roundish, deeply toothed ; flowering-stem angular,
sow it with other Grasses in laying down land to pasture. procumbent. Native of Barbary, near Tlemsen, in the fis-
Subsequent trials have confirmed Mr. Young's judgment, sures of rocks, flowering early in the spring.
from which he collects the following advantages, derived by 3. Poterium Hybridum ; Sweet Burnet. Unarmed stems :

properly cultivating this plant on a suitable soil. The pro- cylindrical, strict. Native of the south of France, Italy, and
duce of it, both in hay and seed, is considerable the pas-
; Hungary. Sow the seeds in autumn, and the plants will
turage, not only in autumn and spring, but in winter, main- come up in spring : thin and keep them clean from weeds.
taining its growth and verdure in drought and frost, render
The second year they will flower, ripen their seeds, and decay.
4. Poterium Caudatum Smooth Shrubby Burnet. Un-
particularly valuable in general cattle and sheep
it : are fond ;

of it, and grow fat by it the milk, cream, and butter of

; armed, frutescent: branches round, villose; spikes elongated,
cows fed upon it, are excellent in quality, and great in quan- loose. Native of the Canary Islands. This and the next
tity :it will flourish and afford
large crops on sandy, gravelly, species may be increased by slips or cuttings, planted in a
and shaley soils. These are valuable qualities, and yet Bur- bed of light earth during any of the summer months, covering
net is not cultivated to any great extent, because it is not them close with a hand or bell glass, or shading them from
universally admitted that cattle and sheep will always eat the sun. When they have taken root, take them up, and
it. -There are some varieties scarcely worth mentioning as, :
plantthem singly in small pots, filled with fresh undunged
one that is much smoother; a second, that has no smell; earth. Place them in the shade till they have struck root,
and a third, with larger seeds. It is easily propagated in and then remove them to a sheltered situation. When frosts
gardens for salads, by seeds sown in autumn soon after they come on, place them under a hot-bed frame. They require
are ripe. If the seeds be permitted to scatter, the plants littlewater, especially in cold weather.
will come up in plenty ; and if these be transplanted into a 5. Poterium Spinosum ; Prickly Shrubby Burnet. Stem
bed of undunged earth, at about a foot distance every way, shrubby, with branched spines ; branches villous, somewhat
and kept clean from weeds, they will continue some years angular; spikes oblong, lax. A
bushy prickly shrub, with
without further care, especially if the soil be dry. It may abundance of small pinnate leaves, and oblong purplish
be increased by parting the roots in autumn ; but as it grows spikes. Native of the Levant.
so freely from seeds, this method is seldom adopted. Mr. Pathos ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia.
Rocque directs the ground to be prepared for Burnet in the GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : spathe globular, one-
same manner as for Lucerne to be ploughed or trenched as
: leafed, gaping on one side
spadix quite simple, thickened,
;

deep as the staple will admit, and to be well dunged the ;

covered all over with sessile fructifications perianth none, ;

seed to be sown broad-cast, without corn, twelve pounds to unless the corolla be taken for it. Corolla: petals four,
the acre, in April or any of the succeeding months, till wedge-shaped, oblong, erect. Stamina: filamenta four, flat-
August before sowing, harrow and roll after sowing, harrow
:
; tish, erect, narrower than the petals, and of the same length ;
with a light harrow, and roll again ten days after, the seed
; antherse very small, twin. Pistil: germen parallelopiped,
will come up with a round leaf; but it is
generally said by truncate style none ; stigma simple.
;
Pericarp : berries
others, that the seed takes about twenty-three days to vege- aggregate, roundish, two-celled. Seed: single, roundish
tate : keep the crop very clean the first year, and it will
keep ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Spathe: spadix simple, covered
itself clean afterwards. Unless it be sown early, Burnet Perianth : none. Petats : four. Berries : two-seeded.
must not be grazed the same summer, because when young The species are,
it. bleeds too much; but it should be left till Pothos Scandens ; Climbing Pothos. Petioles the
February or 1 .

March it may then be fed till the beginning of May, when

; breadth of the leaves ; stem rooting. This shrub climbs like
the cattle should be taken out, and it may be mowed for seed Ivy, throwing out fibres by which it adheres to walks, and
about the middle of June. The same agriculturist, who di- the trunks of trees. Native of the East Indies.
rects the ground to be prepared alike for Burnet and Lucerne, 2. Pothos Acaulis ; Stcmless Pothos. Leaves lanceolate,
says, in order to grow Burnet after Turnips are cleared off, quite entire, nerveless. This species also is parasitical, and
in March plough the same depth as was ploughed for the in habit resembles the Aloe. It is called Rat's Tail by the

Turnips then about the middle of May to trench-plough it,

: French in Martinico, from the form of the flowering spadix.
to break the staple and facilitate the growth of the roots. In Native of South America, and the West Indies.
the middle of June trench-plough again, but no deeper than 3. Pothos Lanceolata Lance-leaved Pothos. Leaves lan-
;

the first time, not to bring up the dead earth. Harrow and ceolate, quite entire, three-nerved ; scape three-sided at the
roll well, and then sow after which run a light harrow over
; Native of South America.
tip.
it, not to bury the seed too deep, and then roll it again : 4. Pothos Crenata ; Notch-leaved Pothos. Leaves lance-
then let it lie till August, when, if there are any weeds, har- olate, crenate, Native of the island of St. Thomas.
VOL. II' 99. 5H
 P RA THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRE
5. Pothos Violacea ;
Leaves ovate-
Violet-fruited Pathos. 1. Prasium
Majus; Great Spanish Hedge-Nettle. Leave*
lanceolate, entire-nerved, dotted. This
a subparasitical
is
ovate-oblong, serrate. This rises with a shrubby stalk two
whitish roots.
plant, with thick, long, simple, smooth,
feet high, covered with a whitish bark, and divides into
many
Browne observed it in the island of Jamaica, of which it is a branches. The flowers come out from the bosoms of the
native, in the woods above St. Ann's Bay ; and says that leaves in whorls round the stalks they are white, and have
;

it sticks pretty close to the trunk of whatever tree it grows large permanent calices, cut into five points. It flowers here
upon, but seldom runs above two or three feet in length. from June to August. Native of Spain, Italy, Sicily, Tunis,
Aublet found it in Guiana. and Algiers, in hedges. This, and the next species,
may be
6. Pothos Crassinervia ; Thick-nerved Pothos. Leaves propagated either by cuttings or from seeds if by cuttings, ;

oblong, acuminate, quite entire, veined, with the midrib of they should be planted on a shady border towards the end
the leaf three-keeled. The whole plant is smooth ; the roots of April. The cuttings ought not to be taken from such
are numerous. This is a parasitic species, growing on trees plants as have been drawn weak, but rather from those which
in hilly woods in South America. have been exposed to the open air, the shoots of which are
Pothos Cordata Heart-leaved Pothos. Leaves cordate ; short and strong and if a joint of the former
year's wood be
7. ; ;

lobes imbricate ; spadix nearly equal to the spathe. Native cut to each of them, they will more
certainly succeed. These
of South America. cuttings may remain in the same border till they are well
8. Pothos Macrophylla; Large-leaved Pothos. Leaves rooted, and then transplanted into pots that they may be
cordate; lobes divaricate; spadix much longer than the sheltered in winter under a common frame, where
they may
spathe. This is a subparasitical stemless plant : the leaves have as much free air as possible in dry weather, but
only
are about two feet long, ribbed, and veiny the spadix above
;
require to be screened from hard frost. If they be
propa-
a foot long, covered with brown flowers. Native of the West gated by the seeds, which the plants produce in abundance
Indies and Guiana. annually, the seeds should be sown on a bed of light earth
9. Pothos Pinnata; Pinnate-leaved Pothos. Leaves pin- in April, and in May the plants will come up, when
they
natifid ;
plant six feet high, and stemless. Native of the require no other care but that of keeping them clean from,
East Indies and Cochin-china. weeds and in the autumn following they may be transplanted
;

10. Pothos Palmata ; Palmate-leaved Pothos. Leaves pal- in the same manner as above directed for those raised from
mate ; lobes nine, lanceolate, blunt. It is a parasitic on the cuttings, and may afterwards be less tenderly treated as they
barks of trees in South America. acquire strength. A plant or two of each, may be allowed
11. Pothos Digitata; Digitate-leaved Pothos. Leaves to have a place where there are collections of the different

digitate, of about nine, oblong, sharpish leaflets. This is a sorts of evergreen shrubs, for the sake of
variety especially, ;

smooth plant, with a thick climbing stem, throwing out long where the different sorts of Cistus Phlomis, Tree Wormwood,
thick radicals. The spathe is finger-shaped, upright, and and Medicago, are admitted, because these are equally
about two inches long, and very thickly covered with flowers; hardy ; and when a severe winter happens, which destroys
the petals are white with green tips. Native of the hotter the one, the others are sure of the same fate ; but in mild
parts of South America, where it is parasitical on trees. winters they will live abroad, especially if planted in a
dry
12. Pothos Pentaphylla ; Five-leaved Pothos. Leaves rubbishy soil, and have a sheltered situation.
digitate, quinate, ovate, acuminate. Native of woods in 2. Prasium Minus ; Small Sicilian Hedge-Nettle. Leaves
Cayenne. ovate, with a double notch on each side. This has a shrubby
13. Pothos Foetida; Stinking Pothos, or Scunk Weed. stalk like the former, but rises a little higher; the bark is
Leaves cordate ; spadix subglobular. This is a hardy per- whiter. The flowers are somewhat larger, and are
frequently
ennial, flowering in March and April, before the flowers marked with a few purple spots. -Native of Sicily.
appear. The flowers exhale a very fetid odour, and are ses- Premna; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
sile, close to the ground. Native of North America. spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
14. Pothos Cannaefolia; Sweet-scented Pothos. Leaves leafed, campanulate, subbilobate, with the upper segment
elliptical, with simple parallel veins. Leaves radical, pointed ;
emarginate, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, irregular,
flowers whitish, and sweet-scented. Native of the West tubulous mouth quadrifid, blunt the two upper segments
; ;

Indies. erect, shorter, the others spreading. Stamina: filamenta

Prasium ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gym- four, erect, middling, the two lower shorter; antheras round-
nospermia. GENERIC CHAR'ACTER. Calix : perianth one- ish. Pistil: germen roundish; style cylindrical, shorter;
leafed, campanulate, turbinate, erect, bilabiate upper lip
;
stigma bifid. Pericarp: berry globose, four-celled. Seeds:
wider, semitrifid, acute; lower lip a little smaller, two-parted. solitary, bony, one side rounded, the other angular. ESSEN-
Corolla: one-petalled, ringent; upper lip erect, ovate, obso- TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-lobed. Corolla: four-cleft.
letely emarginate, concave; lower lip wider, trifid, reflex; Berry : four-celled. Seeds : solitary. This is a tropical
the middle segment larger. Stamina: filamenta four, awl- genus of shrubs, of which nine species have been described ;
shaped, pressed to the upper lip, spreading, shorter than the six are natives of New Holland, the rest of the East Indies.

upper lip, two shorter than the two others antherse oblong,
; The two following are given as specimens.
lateral. Pistil: germen quadrifid ; style filiform, the length 1. Premna Leaves elliptical, quite entire.
Integrifolia.
and situation of the stamina ; stigma bifid, acute, with one This is a small tree, much resembling the next species, and
segment shorter. Pericarp : berries four, at the bottom of perhaps only a variety of it. Native of the East Indies.
the calix, roundish, one-celled. Seeds: solitary, roundish. 2. Premna Serratifolia. Leaves serrate branches round, ;

Observe. The seeds themselves, being clothed with a berried purplish, with truncated margined scars on them from the
epidermis, have the nature of a berry hence we have a fallen leaves. Native of the East Indies.
:

tetragymnospermous bacciferous plant, by which mark it is Prenanthes a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
;

distinguished from all other plants of this order. ESSEN- gamia ./Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common
TIAL CHARACTER. Berries: four, one-seeded. The spe- calicled, cylindrical, smooth; scales of the cylinder the num-
cies are, ber of the corollets ; scales of the base few, unequal, very.
 PRE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P-RE 397

ihort. Corolla: compound, mostly of a single ring of flo- 8. Prenanthes Japonica; Japanese Prenanthes. Florets
rets corollets hermaphrodite, fire to eight and more, equal ; ifteen root-leaves lyrate ; stem almost naked
; ; flowers ter-
;

four-toothed. Sta- minating, panicled, yellow. Native of Japan.

proper monopetalous, ligulate, truncate,
anthene cylin- 9. Prenanthes Alba ; White-flowered Prenanthes. Florets
mina: filamenta five, capillary, very short;
drical, tubulous. Pistil: germen subovate; style filiform, very many; flowers nodding, subumbelled; leaves hastate,
reflex. It flowers in July and Root perennial;
.onger than the stamina; stigma bifid, Pericarp: angular. August.
stem herbaceous, two feet high ; flowers plentiful, white, with
none; caJix cylindrical, converging very slightly at the mouth.
a purple calix. This plant has a peculiar fragrant smell.
Seeds : solitary, cordate pappus capillary, sessile. Recep-
;

tacle: naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: calicled. Native of North America.

Florets: a. simple row.
in Pappus: simple, subsessile. 10. Prenanthes Repens; Creeping Prenanthes. Creeping:
naked. These plants are seldom admitted into leaves three-lobed ; stem creeping, rooting. Native of
Receptacle:
be sown soon after they are ripe, Kamtschatka.
gardens, but the seeds may
in a sheltered situation; and when the plants come up, they 11. Prenanthes Pinnata ; Pinnate-leaved- Prenanthes.
require no other care but to keep them clean from weeds. Shrubby : leaves unequally pinnate, many-paired ; leaflets

The linear, quite entire; particle compound. This shrub has

species are,
1.Prenanthes Tenuifolia; Fine-leaved Prenanthes. Leaves roundish resinous branches; flowers small, yellow. Found
inear, quite entire. Root perennial, oblong, twisted, oblique, on the rocks at the island of Teneriirfe.
12. Prenanthes Integra; Entire-leaved Prenanthes. Leaves
creeping, and here and there putting
forth other straight
roots. Native of the south of Europe, where it is found upon oblong, entire, smooth; paaicle contracted; root annual.
mountains. The whole plant smooth ; stem decumbent at bottom, and
2. Prenanthes Chinensis ; Chinese Prenanthes. Leaves creeping:, then ecect, round, striated, simple or panicled, a
linear, ensiform, entire, and toothed. The whole plant is
span high ; flowers yellow. Native of Japan.
'

smooth flowers yellow. Native of China and 13. Prenanthes Debilis ; Weak Prenanthes, Leaves ovate,
; pauicled,
Japan. entire; stem almost naked, erect. The whole plant is tender
3. Prenanthes Viminea Rushy-twigged Prenanthes. Frag-
; and smooth ; tool annual, fibrous flowers yellow. Native ;

ments of the leaves adhering to the stem. Root biennial or of Japan.

stems decumbent, from a 14. Prenanthes Dentaita; Tooth-leaved- Prenanthes. Leaves
perennial, oblong, pale yellow ;
foot or eighteen inches to two feet or even three feet in oblong, toothed-, smooth stem panicled ; flowering branches
;

length, hard, round. Native of the south of Europe ; it rod-like, erect, panicled; root-leaves petioled, oblong, blunt,
flowers in June and July. with a point toothletted. Native of Japan'.
4. Prenanthes Purpurea; Purple Prenanthes. Florets 15. Prenanthes Hastata Halbert-leaved Premanthes. Leaves
;

five; leaves lanceolate, toothletted. Root perennial, trans- hastate, embracing , toothed ; stem branched.
1

The whole
verse, long, woody, fibrous ; stem erect, three, four, or five plant is smooth ; flowers-on the extreme branches and branch-
feet high, much branched towards
the top, terminating by lets terminating, panioled, yellow. Native of Japan.
nodding panicles of crimson or purplish flowers, placed on 1.6. Prenanthes Humilis ; Dwarf Prenanthes. Leaves
naked axillary peduncles, longer than the leaves. Native of lyrate; lobes obtuse; stem almost naked; flowers terminat-
prance, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the south of France, ing in twos or threes root annual, fibrous. The whole plant
;

and from July to September.

It flowers smooth. Native of Japan.
Italy,
5. Prenanthes Muralis Wall Prenanthes.Florets five
; ;
17. Prenanthes Multiflora; Many-flowered Prenanthes.
leaves runcinate, toothed, terminal lobe five-angled.
their Leaves petioled, runcinate; lobes acute, toothed; panicle
Root perennial, somewhat woody, branched, pale brown, fustigiate, diffused. Root fibrous, annual stem branched at ;

milky. Flowers yellow, drooping before they expand. The the bottom, erect, grooved, vil lose, smooth at top, panicled,
whole plant smooth, tender, brittle, milky. There is a vari- two feet high. Native of Japan.
Native of many 1.8. Prenanthes Lyrata; Ly rate-leaned Prenanthes. Leaves
ety of it with the upper leaves undivided.
parts of Europe, in woods, hedges, and shady banks, in a runcinate, ly rate-toothed : panicle contracted. Root fibrous,
calcareous soil, and on walls ; flowering from July to Sep- annual. Native of Japan.
tember. Found near Hampstead heath, and near Hornsey, 19. Prenanthes Squarrosa. Leaves sessile, runcinate; seg-
in Middlesex; on the Willows by the old sluice at Grant- ments recurved, toothed. Stem fleshy, herbaceous, round,
chester; on Chippenham park wall; on the top of Staunton, striated, smooth, erect, simple, two feet high panicle oblong, ;

Harcourt-kitchen, and in Stokenchurch woods, Oxfordshire; thyrsoid. Native of Japan.

at Bishopsgate street in Norfolk; at Welwyn in Hereford- 20. Prenanthes Juncea. Stem very branched, sulcated,
shire; at Croydon in Surry; at Cleifden in Buckingham- glabrous; leaves cauline, remote, subulate, very short;
shire ; at Weekly in Northamptonshire ; at Basford in Not- branchlets unirlorous ; calices five-cieft, five-flowered; follicles
tinghamshire ; and at Peak's Hole in Derbyshire. membranaceous at the margin; iiovvers purple. Grows on
6. Prenanthes Altissima ; Tall Prenanthes. Florets five ; the banks of the Missouri.
leaves three-lobed stem erect. The flowers come out from
; 21. Prenanthes Virgata. Plant glabrous, from three to
the side of the stem in small bunches; they are of a pale yel- six feet stem very simple
; all the leaves lyrate-sinuate
; ;

low colour, and appear in July. There is a variety with branchlets subsecund; flowers pendulous, pale purple; calices
pale purple flowers, arising from the same seeds. Native ol glabrous, eight-cleft, ten-flowered. Grows in sandy fields,
Virginia and Canada, where it is called Dr. Witt's Rattle- near ditches, from New Jersey to Carolina.
snake Root, the roots being taken for an antidote to the 22. Prenanthes Crepidina. Leaves lato-lanceolate, une-
venom of the rattlesnake. qually angulate-dentate; panicles with terminal fascicles, few-
7. Prenanthes Chondrilloides; Chondrilla-like Prenanthes. flowered, waving; calices rough, from ten to twelve cleft.
Florets ten ; calices eight-cleft; leaves lanceolate; root-leaves Grows in Illinois, and on the high mountains of Carolina.
undivided, somewhat toothed ; stem panicled, Native of the 23. Prenanthes Serpentaria. Leaves dentate, rough ;
south of Europe. radical leaves palmate-sinuate; stem-leaves petiolate, sinuate-
398 P R I THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRi
pinnatifid, subtrilobous intermediate segments tripartite, the
;
2. The Paper White. 3. The Red or Purple of various
branches terminal, subpaniculate, short, shades. 4. The Hose in Hose. 5. The Double Yellow.
highest lanceolate ;

waving; calices -eight-cleft, twelve-flowered; flowers pale 6. The Deep Velvet Red. 7. The Pale or Flesh-coloured.
purple. Grows on the mountains of Virginia and Carolina. 8. The Dingy Purple, which grows wild in Scotland. The
This plant is known by the inhabitants under the name of requisites to constitute a fine Polyanthus are, a graceful
Lion's-foot ; and is in high esteem as a specific in curing the elegance of form, a richness of colouring, and a perfect sym-
bite of the rattlesnake. Pursh, in his travels through the metry of parts. Its qualities are much the same as those of
mountains of Virginia, had an opportunity of being a witness the Auricula, as to the stem or scape, the peduncles or
" A " and the fornatioi of the umbel, bunch, or
of the efficacy of this remedy. man," says he, living flower-stalks,
in Cove-mountains, near the Sweet Springs, was bit in the thyrse, corruptly called 'he truss. The tube of the corolla
foot by a Mocassin snake, a species considered the most above the calix should be short, well-filled at the mouth
dangerous. An inflammation and swelling of his whole leg with the antherse, and terminate fluted, rather above the
took place immediately ; but by taking the milky juice of this eye. The eye should be round, of a bright clear yellow,
plant boiled in milk, inwardly, and applying to the wound and distinct from the ground colour. The ground colour is
the steeped leaves, which were very frequently changed, he most admired when shaded with a light and dark rich crim-
was cured in a few days." As this plant deserves the atten- son, resembling velvet, with one mark or stripe in the centre
tion of the physician, we have given a figure of it, it being of each division of the border, bold and distinct from the
frequently confounded with the sixth species. Gronovius, edging down to the eye, where it should terminate in a fine
'

in his Flora, mentions Dr. Witt's Snakeroot under Prenan- point. The petals, technically called the pips, should be
thes Autumnalis, or Willdenow's Rubicunda, as a remedy large, quite flat, and perfectly circular, excepting the small
for the bite of the rattlesnake ; which shews that he had indentures between each division, which separate it into five,
information of the use made of this plant, though he did and sometimes six. heart-like segments. The edging should
not know the genuine species. In the Banksian Herbarium, resemble a bright gold lace, bold, clear, and distinct, and
is a specimen of Prenanthes Rubicunda, with the following so nearly of the same colour, as that the eye and stripes are
note in the hand-writing of Clayton. " This is the Rattle- scarcely to be distinguished. The roots are good as a sternu-
snake Root that Dr. Witt supposes to be the best cure for the tatory for the head ; the best way of using them is to bruise
bite of a snake; a very odd plant, hardly two leaves alike them, and express the juice; which being snuffed up the nose,
upon a plant, as to shape, or the indentings of the leaves." occasions violent sneezing, and brings away a great deal of
Prickly Parsnep. See Echinophora. water, but without being productive of any bad effect, which
See Cactus. is too often the case with remedies of this class. Dried and
Prickly Pear.
Primrose. See Primula. reduced to powder, it will
produce the same effect, but not
Primrose, Nightly, or Tree. See (Enothera. so powerfully. In this state it is said to be good for nervous
Primrose, Peerless. See Narcissus. disorders, but the dose must be small. The above prescrip-
Primula; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- tion is from Hill ; and Gerarde says, that a drachm and a

gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: involucre many- half of the dried roots, which are taken up in autumn, acts
leaved, many-flowered, very small; perianth one-leafed, tubu- as a strong but safe emetic. Culture. The roots of the wild
lar, five-cornered, five-toothed, acute, erect, permanent. plants of this, and the two following species, may be taken
Corolla: monopetalous; tube cylindrical, the length of the up and transplanted into gardens at Michaelmas, that they
calix, terminated by a small hemispherical neck ; border may have strength to produce their flowers early in the spring.
in a strong soil, but will grow in almost
spreading, half five-cleft; segments obcordate, emarginate, They delight any
obtuse ; throat pervious. Stamina: filamenta five, very short, sort of earth in shady situations. The beautiful varieties o"f
within the neck of the corolla ; antherse acuminate, erect, Polyanthus are produced by sowing the seed saved from
converging, included. Pistil: germen globular; style fili- plants with large upright stems, producing on each stalk
form, the length of the calix ; stigma globular. Pericarp : many flowers, being large, striped, open, flat, and are not
capsule cylindrical, almost the length of the perianth, covered, pin-eyed as from the seeds of such flowers there is room to
;

one-celled, opening with a ten-toothed top. Seeds: nume- hope for a great variety of good sorts but there should be no
;

rous, roundish. Receptacle : ovate-oblong, free. ESSENTIAL ordinary flower stand near them, lest by the mixture of the
CHARACTER. Capsule : of one cell, with ten teeth. Corolla: farina their seeds should be degenerated. These seeds should
tube cylindrical, with a spreading mouth. Stigma: globose. be sown in boxes filled with light rich earth in December,
The species are, taking great care not to bury the seed too deep, as it will be
1. Primula Verticillata. Leaves serrate, smooth; flowers sufficient to cover it slightly with light earth. These boxes
in whorls. Native of Mount Kurma, by rivulets. should be placed where they may have the benefit of the
2. Primula Vulgaris Common Primrose. Leaves toothed,
; morning sun until ten o'clock, but must by no means be
wrinkled scapes one-flowered border of the corolla flat.
; ; exposed to the heat of the day, especially when the plants
Root perennial, growing obliquely, appearing as if bit off at begin to appear ; for at that time a single day's sun will
the end, beset with thick reddish scales which are the remains destroy them. If the spring prove dry, refresh them often
of past leaves, sending down numerous very long round with water in very moderate quantities, and remove the
whitish fibres ; it has a singular smell, somewhat like that of boxes more into the shade as the heat increases. By the
Anise. Leaves light green, four or five inches long, but middle of May these plants will be strong enough to plant
much larger after flowering. Flower-stalks numerous, sim- out, at which time prepare some shady borders made rich
ple ; flowers of a pale sulphur-colour, upright, large, sweet- with cow-dung, upon which you must set the plants about
scented. Its varieties are very numerous, partly wild and four inches asunder every way, observing to water them until
partly obtained from culture. They are much esteemed by they have taken root; after which they will require no fur-
florists under the name of Polyanthi ; on this account we ther care but to keep them clear from weeds, until the latter
shall dilate on their qualities, and best mode of
propagation. end of August following, when you should prepare some
The names of the most esteemed are 1. The Single White.
: borders which are exposed to the east, with good light rich
 P RI OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. R I 399

earth, into which they should be transplanted, placing

them diately taken up, and soaked for two or three hours in a
six inches asunder, equally in rows; observing, if the season strong infusion of tobacco-water, and afterwards replanted
water them until they have taken root. In these in a fresh compost, at a distance from their former
soil or
prove dry, t-o
borders the plants will flower in the succeeding spring, when situation. whole bed or border be infected, the plants
If the

such of them as are unusually fine should be marked to be must all undergo the same process and removal. The old
and the restmay be transplanted into wildernesses bed or border should then lie fallow till the next season, or
preserved,
and other shady places in the garden, where, although they be planted with another crop not subject to such disasters.
are not very valuable flowers, they will afford an agreeable These plants may also be increased by slips or offsets taken
Those plants which you intend to preserve, may be off when they are fresh potted. For further particulars, see
variety.
removed soon after they have done flowering, provided it be the thirteenth species.
not intended to save seeds from them. They may then be 3. Primula Elatior; Great Coivslip, or Oxlip. Leaves
transplanted into a fresh
border of the like rich earth, allow- toothed, wrinkled, contracted in the middle; scape many-
distance as before, observing also to water flowered; border of the corolla flat. This is distinguished
ing them the same
them until they have taken root; after which they will require from the Primrose, by its many-flowered scape; and from
no further care except to keep them clean from weeds, and the Cowslip, by the flat border of the corolla. It is found in

as their roots will be in full vigour in the spring, they will woods, thickets, hedges, and sometimes in pastures, but is
then produce strong flowers, or, if the kind be good, they by no means so common as the Primrose and Cowslip. It
will be little inferior to a show of Auriculas. These roots has been found in calcareous soils among the thickets and
should be constantly removed and parted every year, and hedges of Cambridgeshire; on clayey pastures in Suffolk; in
the earth of the border changed otherwise they will dege-
; Headington-wick copse, Stow wood, and South Leigh, in
nerate, and lose the greatest part of flieir beauty. If you Oxfordshire; common in some parts of Bedfordshire; near
intend to save the seeds, which is the method to obtain a Hilland and Shillingley park, in Sussex; near Wray-house,
great variety, mark such of them as have good properties. adjoining to the river Rhodon in Essex and on high pastures
;

These should be, if possible, separated from all ordinary near Little Wenlock in Shropshire. It flowers in
April and
flowers, for if they stand surrounded by such as are plain- May. See the second species.
coloured, they will impregnate each other, whereby the 4. Primula Officinalis; Common Cowslip, or Paiyle.
seeds of the valuable flowers will not be near so good. The Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted in the middle; scape
best way therefore is to take out the roots of the inferior many-flowered; border of the corolla concave. The root is
sorts, and plant them in another place as soon as the flowers like that of the Primrose, but smells more
powerfully of
open. The flowers of those plants intended for seed, when Anise. Plentiful in the meadows and pastures of England,

growing in large bunches, should not be gathered, but those and other parts of Europe, but only on a strong soil of clay or
only that are produced singly upon pedicels. In dry sea- marl, flowering in April or May. The leaves are sometimes
sons the former must be now and then refreshed with water, used as a pot-herb, and in salads; they are recommended for
and number of their seeds, which
\vhich will increase the size feeding silkworms, and may serve the same purpose as seed-
June: this will be easily known by the pods
will ripen in ling Lettuces for the young worms before the Mulberry leaves
changing brown, and opening. At that time the plants make their appearance, as they only can aflfdrd the proper
should be looked over three or four times a week, gathering nourishment. The fragrant flowers make a pleasant wine,
each time such of the seed-vessels as are ripe; laying the approaching in flavour to the Muscadel wirtes of the south
seeds upon a paper to dry, and then putting them by until of France, which is of a gentle narcotic
quality, easing pain,
the season for sowing. As the plants which arise from seeds promoting sweat, and gently disposing to sleep. The flowers,
generally flower much better than offsets, those who would which are commonly supposed to possess a 'Somniferous
have these flowers in perfection should sow the seeds annu- quality, have a roughish bitterish taste, which they impart
ally. These plants blow at the same time, and require with their agreeable odour and yellow tincture both to water
nearly the same treatment, as Auriculas, both with respect and spirit. Vinous liquors impregnated with them, by mace-
to soil and situation they are, however, more impatient of ration or fermentation, and strong infusions of them drank as
;

heat and drought, and more partial to shade and moisture. tea, are supposed to be mildly corroborant, antispasmodic,
They may be set in the same sized pots and the same com- and anodyne. An infusion of three pounds of the fresh flow-
post as the Auricula, only with the addition of more loam ers in five pints of boiling water, is made into a sirup of a
:

or, they may be planted on cool shady beds or borders, fine yellow colour, agreeably impregnated with the flavour of

being very hardy, and seldom perishing in the coldest and the Cowslips. Hill observes, that the roots boiled in ale,
wettest seasons, because their parent is a native of this are given by country people in vertigoes or giddiness of the
country: but without proper precautions they will be de- head, with frequent and happy success; and the juice snuffed
stroyed by the heat of the summer. This dislike of heat up the nose, either alone or mixed with vinegar, will many
seems to indicate that the Polyanthus is a variety of the times give relief in the head-ach. Linneus having united the
Primrose, which requires shade, and not of the Cowslip, Primrose, Oxlip, and Cowslip, in one species, found no
which adorns our open pastures; though it is generally difficulty in naming it Veris; but for those who have since
regarded as a variety of the latter. These plants are very considered them as three species, it is not so easy. Acaulis
subject to the depredations of snails and slugs in the spring may tend to mislead novices, and Veris is too general; hence
of the year; hence the plants ought to be carefully examined the epithet Vulgaris is here applied to the Primrose, follow-
every morning. Their worst enemy, however, is a small red ing Hudson, Withering, Relhan, and Smith. The name
spider, or Acarus, which in summer forms its web on the Inodora might have suited the Oxlip, if the flowers really
under side of the leaves. These little insects, scarcely visible had not their very grateful smell: and Elatior would suit
without a magnifying glass, cause the leaves to become yel- better, compared with the Primrose, if the scape of the Cow-
low and spotted, and essentially destroy the plant: they slip were not the tallest of the three. This did not. escape
multiply rapidly, and will infest a large collection in a very Shakspeare's eye, who, in his Midsummer Night's Dream,
short time. Such plants as appear infected should be imtne- makes the Cowslip subservient to the Queen of the Fairies;
VOL. ii. 99. 51
400 PRI THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRI
and, in allusion to Queen Elizabeth's institution of tall mili- of March, and is
very liable to be infested with aphides or
tary courtiers called pensioners, says, plant-lice.
" The
Cowslips all, her pensioners be." 7. Primula Cortusoides; Cortusa-leaved Primrose. Leaves
The epithet Veris is improperly applied to the Cowslip, wrinkled, lobed ; scape many-flowered. In the wrinkled
which flowers later than the Primrose. OJficinalis is more appearance of its foliage this approaches to the Common
proper, it having been most used
in medicine. For their Primrose; whilst in its inflorescence, the colour of its flowers,
culture, see the second species. and solitary scape, which rises to an unusual height, it bears
2. Primula Farinosa; Bird's-eye Primrose. Leaves ob- an affinity to the lii'th
species. In the winter it loses the
long, toothletted, waved, mealy underneath; umbel erect, leaves entirely, and forms a sort of bulbous hybernacle above
fastigiate; border of the corolla flat. Root perennial, some- ground, which circumstance should be generally known, as
what praemorse, sweet-scented, and having numerous long per- many are deceived thereby, and throw the plants
away as if
pendicular fibres. This elegant plant is a native of many dead. The flowers 'are purple, and very handsome; they
parts of Europe, especially the most northern; and also of appear in June and July. Native of Siberia. This being a
Siberia: with us it is found in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, rare plant, it must be carefully treated, as was directed for
in wet or boggy pastures, or by the side of rills, flowering the last species. It may be raised from seeds, or increased
in July and August. The flowers are of a beautiful rose by parting the roots; but is liable to be lost, without careful
colour, varying with shades of purple, and they have been attendance.
found entirely white. The plant varies also much in its size : 8. Primula Villosa; Mountain Primrose. Leaves flat,
.

it has been found by Mr. Curtis in a bog in Skirrith wood serrulate, hirsute, or subvillose. This is a very valuable
near Ingleton, a foot and half high and in the cultivated plant
;
plant. Native of the mountains of Carinthia and Switzer-
he has observed a tendency to be viviparous, to produce one or land, and common along the whole chain of the Alps from
more tufts of leaves among the flowers of the umbel. In its Monte Vesulo into Savoy, and thence to Switzerland.
wild state seeds readily, and frequently when cultivated. It may be treated in the same
it
way as the three former sorts.
Towards the end of September the outer leaves fade, and the See also the twelfth species.
head of the plant forms itself into a knob or button, a kind 9. Primula Nivalis; Snow Primrose. Leaves lanceolate,
of hybernacle; in the spring it extends, and the leaves then flat, sharply toothed, very smooth. -Native of the mountains
appear wholly white and mealy; the corolla continues to enve- of Dauria. See the twelfth species.
lop the germen till it has almost arrived at maturity, forming 10. Primula Longiflora; Long-flowered Primrose. Leaves
a sort of calyptre to it. In habit this species approaches serrate, smooth; umbel nodding; tube of the corolla very
most nearly to Androsace and Aretia: in those genera, how- long. It differs from the fifth
species, in having the leaves
ever, the tube of the corolla is oval, not cylindrical, and its less mealy, and less deeply toothed, the
scapes higher, four
orifice is more or less closed with glands; whereas in all the flowers in the umbel, with the leaves of the involucre
longer,
Primulas that part is open, and only slightly crenated. the tube of the corolla three times as long, and the segments
Nevertheless these three genera, and even Cortusa, might of the border narrower, and of a violet purple colour. Native
perhaps be united without any great violence to nature. It of the mountains of the Upper Valais, Tyrol, Carinthia, Car-
is scarcely worth the pains to raise this plant from seed, since niola, Italy, and Croatia.
a strong root may be divided so as to form many plants; the 11. Primula Glutinosa; Glutinous Primrose. Leaves ser-
best time for doing this is in the spring, soon after the leaves ruhite, smooth, glutinous; leaflets of the involucre very large.
are expanded. Place each offset in a separate pot, filled with Native of the higher Alps, bordering on the ice and snow
two parts of stiffish loam, and one part light sandy bog-earth; in Upper Carinthia and the Tyrol.
water and set them in the shade, under a north wall or paling, 12. Primula Marginata; Silver-edged Primrose. Leaves
but not under trees; keep them there during summer in pans obovate, serra'te, toothed, white-edged; scape many-flowered;
of water, but in the autumn, as the wet season comes on. take leaflets of the involucre shorter than the
peduncle. In its
them out of the pans, and either lay the pots on their sides, farinaceous tendency it resembles the next species, but is
or place them during the winter under a common Cucumber very unlike it in its wild state, the leaves being narrower, and
frame, to keep them from immoderate wet, which this plant the flowers larger arid of a different colour. It is a delicate
cannot bear, although it be a native of boggy meadows. pretty plant, with a pleasing musky smell, and flowers of an
The next, if not the same year, these plants will blow uniform deep lilac, appearing in March and April. To suc-
strong, and thus they should
be treated every year, for ceed in its cultivation, it will be necessary to place it in a pot^
Primulas in general require to have their roots frequently of stiflish loam, mixed with one-third rotten leaves, bog-earth,
parted. or dung, and plunged in a north border, taking care that it
6. Primula Longifolia; Long-leaved Bird's-eye Primrose. does not suffer for want of water in dry seasons: when thus
Leaves spatulate, toothletted, naked on both sides, after flow- treated, it increases by its roots almost as readily as the
ering elongated, almost erect umbel erect, many-flowered.
; Auriculoe, and may be propagated by parting them in April
This bears a great affinity to the preceding, but the leaves and September. The other alpine Primulee may be treated in
differ in form, colour, and mode of growth; when fully grown, the same manner.
they are twice the length of those of the other: they are not 13.Primula Auricula; Auricula, or Bear's Ear. Leaves
mealy, the under side being as green as the upper; and they obovate, smooth, serrate; scape many-flowered, about the
have a greater tendency to grow upright. The scape is length of the leaves. Native of the alps of Switzerland, Ger-
shorter and thicker. The flowers form a similar umbel, but many, Carniola, &c. This is the origin of all the fine pow-
are smaller than the preceding, and less brilliant in colour. dered garden Auriculas in its wild state the leaves are less
:

It flowers in May. Native country unknown. It is a hardy

powdery, the edges partially but ftften coarsely serrated,
plant, of ready growth, and will succeed either in the pot or and their form broadly and obtusely obovate, of a lax,
border, by guarding it from the sun in summer, and from leathery, twisted habit; the flowers small and yellow, some-
severe frost and too much wet in winter. It is increased
by times purple or red; their scent very agreeable. To enume-
parting the roots either in September or at the beginning rate all the diversities of this plant produced by cultivation,
 P RI OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P RI 401

would be endless, for every year produces vast quantities of before the plants appear, if they ever appear at all. Many
new flowers, differing continually in shape, size, and colour: persons never cover the seeds, but leave them on the surface
in the leaves also there is great variety, so that the skilful for the rain to wash them into the ground, which is often the
florist cat* often distinguish the varieties by the leaves. It best method. Let the boxes, &c. be so placed as to receive
seldom happens, so capricious is fancy, that such flowers as half the day's sun, during the winter season ; but in the
are in great esteem one time, continue to be regarded a beginning of March, remove them where they may have only
few years after, still finer or larger flowers being produced the morning sun till ten o'clock; for the young plants will
from seeds; and as the names convey little, and there are now soon begin to appear, which, exposed to one whole
no descriptions of them, it would be useless to give a list, day's sun only, will be all destroyed. They require water
as the modern names are generally taken from often in dry summer weather, but always in small quantities
especially
personage, with the raiser's or florist's name pre-
some "-real at each time. In July, the plants will be large enough to
fixed. however, be useful to the young florist to
It will, remove: a bed or boxes, of the above-mentioned soil, should
enumerate the indispensable qualities of a fine Auricula. then be prepared, and the plants set in it in squares of three
If a bed be preferred to boxes, they will require
They are these: 1. The stem should be strong, upright, and inches.
of such a height as that the umbel of flowers may be above shading every day, till thoroughly rooted, and also in very
the foliage of the plant. 2. The peduncles or footstalks of hot dry weather; but if placed in baskets or boxes, they may
the flowers should also be strong, and of a length proportioned easily be removed into a shady place. When the seedlings
to the size and quantity of the flowers, which should not be are planted in beds, there should be some rotten cow-dung
less than seven in number, that the umbel may be regular laid about ten inches under the surface, and beaten down
and close. 3. The tube, eye, and border, should be well close and smooth; this will prevent the worms from drawing
the young, plants out of the earth, which they generally
proportioned which they will be, if the diameter of the first
;

be one part, of the eye three, and of the whole border accomplish where this precaution is neglected. This dung
about six parts. 4. The circumference of the border should should be laid about half a foot thick, which will entirely
be round, or nearly so, or at least not what is called starry. prevent the worms getting through it, until the plants are
5. The antherse ought to be large, bold, and fill the tube well established in the beds; and the roots will strike down
well; and the tube should terminate rather above the eye, into the dung by the spring time, which will make their
which should be very white, smooth, and round, without flowers stronger than usual: these beds should be exposed to
cracks, and distinct from the ground colour. 6. The ground the eastern, but screened from the southern sun. When all
colour should be bold and rich, and regular, whether it be in the plants are come up, and are thus removed out of their
one uniform circle, or in bright patches; it should be distinct boxes or pots, level the earth gently again ; for it often hap-
as the eye, and only broken at the outer part into the edging :
pens, that some of the seeds will lie in the ground two years
a fine black, purple, or bright coffee-colour, contrast best before they appear, especially if they were covered too deep
with the white eye; a rich blue, or bright pink, is pleasing; when sown, as already observed. In the following spring
but a glowing scarlet, or deep crimson, would be most desir- many of these flowers will shew; when such as have good pro-
able, if well edged with a bright green; this, however, can perties may be selected, and each of them removed into a
seldom be expected. The green edge is the principal cause pot of the same prepared earth, and preserved until the next
of the variegated appearance in this flower; and it should be season, when it will be easy to judge more correctly of the
in proportion to the ground-colour, that is, about one half of quality of the flower. Those that produce plain-coloured or
each. The darker grounds are generally covered with a small flowers should be taken out and planted in borders in
white powder, which seems necessary, as well as the white the out-parts of the garden, to make a show, or serve for
eye, to guard the flower from the scorching heat of the sun's nosegays, &c; the others, which do not produce their flowers
in the same
rays. All flowers that are deficient in any of the above pro- year, may be taken up, and transplanted into a
perties, are turned out
into the borders of the garden, or fresh bed, till
they also can be examined. The manner of
rejected wholly, by every good florist, for, as there are varieties propagating these flowers, when obtained, is from offsets or
every year from seeds, the bad ones must make room for their slips, taken from the old roots in April, when the flowers are
betters; but in some persons, the passion for new flowers so in bloom: these offsets must be
planted into small pots, filled
much prevails, that supposing the old flower to be greatly with the same sort of earth as was before directed for the
preferable to a new one, the latter must take place, because seedlings, and during the summer season should be set in a
it is of their own
raising. Propagation and Culture. In order shady place, and must be often, but very gently, refreshed
to have good flowers from seeds, select the best flowers, which with water, but in the autumn and winter should be sheltered
should be exposed to the open air, that they may have the from violent rains. The spring following, these young plants
benefit of showers, without which they rarely produce will produce flowers, though but weak. Soon after they are
good
seed. The time of their ripening, which is in June, may be past flowering, put them into larger pots, and the second year
easily known by the seed-vessel turning to a brown colour, they will blow in perfection. In order to ensure a fine bloom of
and opening: care therefore must be taken, lest the seeds be these flowers, the florist must observe the following directions :

scattered out of the vessel, for it will not be all fit to gather First, preserve the plants from too much wet in winter, which
at the same time. The time for sowing is commonly in Au- often rots and spoils them, but let them have as much free air
gust, but any time before Christmas will be soon enough. as possible; nor should they be too much exposed to the sun,
The best soil is good fresh light sandy mould, mixed with which is apt to forward their budding for flower too soon;
very rotten cow-dung, or very rotten dung from the bottom and then the frosty mornings, which often occur in March,
of an old hot-bed. With this fill the pots, boxes, or baskets, destroy their buds when unprotected. To prevent this, those
in which the seeds are to be sown ; and having levelled the who are very curious in these flowers, place their pots, in
surface very smooth, sow the seeds thereon, sifting over them autumn, under a common hot-bed frame, where, in good
a little rotten willow mould then cover them with a net or
; weather, the plants may enjoy the full air, by drawing off the
wire, to prevent cats or birds from scratching out or burying glasses; and in great rains, snow, or frost, the plants may be
the seeds, in which case they remain a year in the ground screened by covering them. Where this method is practised
402 P R I THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRI
with judgment, the flowers will be much stronger, and tne to remove their absorbency. In the
after-management of
plants will increase faster than when :ney are exposed Auriculas, transplant or pot these flowers annually soon after
abroad. Secondly, in the beginning of February, if the wea- their bloom, curtailing their fibres, if
grown very long; and
ther be mild, take off the upper part of the earth in the pots, cutting off the lower part of the main root, if too long or
as low as can be done without disturbing the roots, and fill decayed. The season strike freely, and become
offsets at this
them up with fresh rich earth which will greatly strengthen
; well established before winter. Examine the plant care-
them for bloom. Prepare the offsets also for transplanting in fully, and wherever any unsoundness appears, cut it entirely
April, by causing them to push out new roots. Those plants out with a sharp penknife ; then expose the wounded
part
which have strong single heads, always produce the largest to the sun, and, when -it is
quite dry, apply a cement of
cluster of flowers. On this account, therefore, the curious bees-wax and pitch in equal quantities, softened in the sun
florists pull off the offsets, as soon as it can be done with or before a fire. If the lower leaves be
yellow or dried up,
safety to their growing, to encourage the mother plants to strip them off in a direction downwards. Having put the
flower the stronger ; they also pinch off the flowers in autumn, hollow shell of an oyster over the hole of the pot, fill three
where they are produced, and suffer them not to open, lest parts of it with compost, highest in the middle; place the
their opening should weaken the plants. Thirdly, the pots plant there, with its fibres regularly distributed all round,
must be covered with mats in frosty weather, during the time then fill the pot with the compost, adding a little clean
of their budding for flower, otherwise the sharp mornings coarse sand close round the stem on the surface, and strike
would blight them, and prevent their blowing. Fourthly, the bottom of the pots against the ground or table to settle
when the flower-stems begin to advance, and the blossom- the earth. The true depth to plant an Auricula, is within
buds grow turgid, protect them from hasty rains, which would half an inch of the lowest leaves, because the most valuable
wash off their white mealy farina, and greatly deface the fibres proceed from that
part ; and the offsets will be thereby
beauty of their flowers at the same time keep them as much
;
encouraged to strike root sooner. When these have formed
uncovered as possible, otherwise their stems will be drawn one or more fibres, of an inch or two in length, they may,
up too weak to support their flowers, which is often the case by means of a piece of hard wood, or by the fingers, be
when the pots are placed near walls. Let them have gentle separated with safety, and planted round the sides of a small
waterings to strengthen them, but suffer none of it to fall into pot filled with the same compost, till they are sufficiently
Fifthly, when the
the centre of the plant among the leaves. grown to occupy each a separate pot: if a small hand-glass
flowers begin to open, remove their pots upon a stage built be placed over each pot, it will cause the fibres to grow more
with rows of shelves one above another, and covered on the rapidly; but if it be long continued, it will draw up and
top to preserve them from wet. This stage should be open to weaken the plants. In the beginning of May, as soon as
the morning sun, but sheltered from his beams in the middle the operation of potting is finished, place them in an
airy
of the day. In this position they will appear to much greater and shaded situation, but not under the drip of trees. Let
advantage than when the pots stand upon the ground ; for, them remain here till September or October, when they should
their flowers being low, their
beauty is hid from us; whereas, be removed into shelter. In the first favourable weather in
when they are advanced upon shelves, we see them in a full the next February, remove all the decayed leaves, and in
view. In this situation the middle of that month earth them up, that is, take away
they may remain till the beauty of
past, when they must be set abroad to receive
their flowers is the superficial mould of the pots about an inch deep, and
the rains and imbibe fresh air, that
they may produce seeds, put in fresh compost, with the addition of a little loam, to give
which fail when they are kept too long under shelter. When it more
tenacity. This will contribute greatly to the strength
the seed is ripe, gather it as soon as of the plants, and the vigour of their bloom; at the same
perfectly dry, and expose
it to the sun in a window time it will afford a favourable opportunity to separate such
upon papers, to prevent its growing
mouldy, suffering it to remain in the pods until the sowing offsets as appear to have sufficient fibre to be taken off
season. Those who are particularly nice in raising these at this early season. The pots with these offsets should be
flowers, direct the compost to be made one-half of rotten placed in a frame, in a sheltered situation, till their roots are
cow-dung, two years old; one-sixth fresh sound earth, of an established. Though frost, unless it be very rigorous, will
open texture one-eighth earth of rotten leaves ; one-twelfth
; not destroy the plants, yet it will injure them, and perhaps
coarse sea or river sand ; one twenty-fourth soft wil- spoil the bloom, especially early in the spring; they should
decayed
low-wood : the same quantity each, of peaty or moory earth and therefore be covered with mats in a severe season. When any
burnt vegetables, to be spread upon the surface of the other plant has more than one or two principal stems, it is advis-
ingredients. This compost is to be exposed to the sun and able to pinch off the smallest and weakest, in order to render
air, turned once or twice over, and passed as often through the blossoms of that which remains larger and more vigorous.
a coarse skreen or sieve then it should be laid in
;
regular When the flowers, technically called pips, become turgid,
heaps from fifteen to eighteen inches thick, and in this state and begin to expand, select the plants from the rest; remove
remain a year, turning it over two or three times, and keep- them to a calm shady corner, and suspend small hand-glasses
ing it free from weeds. The pots, into which these plants are over them. The stage for the pots to stand on, whilst in
put, ought to be hard baked the inner diameter of the top
:
bloom, should have a northern aspect, and should consist of
should be six inches and a half, of the bottom four inches, four or five rows of shelves, rising one above another. The
and they should be about seven inches deep for common- roof ought to be altogether glass-frames. The tallest-blowing
sized blooming plants. Smaller plants and offsets should plants should be placed behind, and the shortest in front.
have smaller and shallower pots, while very large ones require They must be regularly watered two or three times every
their pots to be The bottom of each week during the bloom. In raising the Auricula from seed,
proportionably larger.
pot ought to be slightly concave, and the hole half an inch if the boxes in which the seed is sown be
placed on the sur-
in diameter. The rims should project about half an inch, face of a hot-bed, in a Cucumber or Melon frame, the seeds
'.n order to take
up and remove them with greater ease and will begin to vegetate in three weeks. The earth must be
safety. The pots should be buried in wet earth, or immersed kept moderately moist, by sprinkling it with a hard clothes-
m water, three or four days or a week before they are wanted, brush, dipped in water that has been softened and warmed
 P RI OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P RI 403

or in Hudson's Bay. This is the only North American spe-

by standing in the sun. At the end of four or
five weeks,

when the young plants will be all come up, they must have, cies noticed by Pursh.
or three weeks the Prince's Feather. See Amaranthus Hypochondriacus.
gradually, more air, and in a fortnight
boxes should be taken out of the frame, and placed in a warm Prinos; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
situation, though not too much exposed to the sun, till towards GENERIC CHAKACTEH. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
the end of April ;
when they may be removed to a cooler half six-cleft, very small, permanent.
flat, Corolla: one-

aspect, where they can receive the sun only till nine o'clock; petalled, wheel-shaped; tube none; border six-parted, flat;
and in May they should be placed in the most cool and airy segments ovate. Stamina: filamenta six, awl-shaped, erect,
still not neglecting to keep the earth shorter than the corolla; antheree oblong, blunt. Pistil:
part of the garden ;

moderately moist, and to protect them from violent rains. germen ovate, ending in a style shorter than the stamina, and
As soon as any of the plants shew six leaves, transplant them an obtuse stigma. Pericarp: berry roundish, six-celled,
into other boxes, an inch and half or two inches asunder; much larger than the calix. Seeds: solitary, bony, obtuse,
and when they are grown so as to touch each other, trans- convex on one side, angular on the other. Observe. It dif-

plant them a second time, into larger boxes, at the distance

fers from Ilex, chiefly in the number. Sometimes it excludes
of three or four inches, or into small pots, where they may one-sixth part in the fructification. ESSENTIAL CHAUAC-
remain till they blow, when the very good ones should be TER. Cafe: six-cleft. Corolla: one-petalled, wheel-shaped.
marked, and the bad destroyed. As soon as the bloom is Berry : six-seeded. The species are,
over, let those that are marked be planted separately in pots, 1. Prinos Verticillata ; Deciduous Winter Berry. Leaves
and taken care of till they blow again, when their merits may lanceolate, ovate, pubescent underneath, serrate on the whole
be more accurately ascertained. A great proportion of these margin peduncles many-flowered. It rises with a shrubby
;

seedlings will be plain -coloured, technically self, and of no stalk to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many
value but as common border flowers, unless they have good branches from the sides the whole length ; leaves alternate, on
properties in other respects, or are singularly beautiful or short stalks, about three inches long, and one broad; flowers
solitary, or two or three together at the base
brilliant in their colours. of the leaf-stalks,
14. Primula Gigantea ; Tall Primrose. Leaves rhomb- small, white; berries red or crimson, at length purple, larger
ovate, serrate, smooth; stem few-flowered, very tall. It than those of the Holly. It flowers in July, and the seeds

varies with the stem only eighteen inches high, and is a ripen in the winter. Native of Virginia. This, and the next,
native of Siberia. are propagated by seeds, sown soon after they are ripe, upon
15. Primula Minima; Dwarf Primrose. Leaves quite a bed of light earth, covering them about half an inch with
smooth and shining, wedge-shaped, sharply serrate at the top the same sort of earth. The seeds which are so soon put into
only; scape few-flowered, (one or two flowered.) Root round, the ground, will many of them come up the following spring;
white within, blackish without, putting out very long whitish whereas, those which are kept longer out of the ground, will
fibres horizontally, forming very large thick tufts, loaded with remain a whole year before the plants will appear, in the same
abundance of flowers ; corolla purple, according to Krocher manner as the Holly, Hawthorn, and some others. When the
and Jacquin. Willdenow observes, that it dyes of a violet co- young plants come up, they may be treated in the same man-
lour. It flowers from June to
September. Native of Mount ner as has been directed for the American Hawthorns, these
St. Gothard, Schneeberg, and other mountains of Austria. being full as
hardy; but they delight in a moist soil, and a
16. Primula Integrifolia; Entire-leaved Primrose. Leaves shady situation. In hot land they make little progress, and
quite entire, elliptic, subcrenate, cartilaginous at the edges; rarely produce any fruit.
umbel erect; calices with long tubes and very blunt. This 2. Prinos Glabra ;
Evergreen Winter Berry. Leaves lan-
in habit and stature ceolate, bluntish, smooth on botli sides, serrate at the tip.
generally resembles the thirteenth species.
It is distinguished from the next It is not so tall as the
species, by having the leaves preceding; the leaves also are shorter,
cartilaginous at the edge, scarce apparently crenulate or ciliate and serrate at their points only. Berries round, purplish, or
when examined with a magnifier, and the calix tubular. In black, solitary, on long stalks, called ink-berries in Jersey.
gardens, where it flourishes very well, it flowers in April and Native of Canada.
May. Native of the Swiss, Pyreuean, Austrian, Styrian, and 3. Prinos Lucida. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, even, sub-
Carniolian mountains. serrate at the tip. It flowers in J uly. This is the Ilex Cana-
17. Primula Carniolica; Carniolian Primrose. Leaves densis of Michaux.
quite entire, elliptic; umbel erect; calices acute, very short. 4. Prinos Dioicus; Dicecious Winter Berry. Leaves oblong-
Native of Carniola. ovate, subserrate, smooth, coriaceous; peduncles axillary, one
18. Primula Sinmarchica; Norwegian Primrose. Leaves or three flowered ; flowers dioecious, tetrandrous. Found in
quite entire, ovate, on long petioles ; umbel few-flowered, erect; the island of Montserrat.
corolla funnel-form. Native of the mountains of 5. Prinos Nitidus ; Shining Winter Berry. Leaves oblong-
Norway.
19. Primula Viscosa ; Viscid Primrose. Leaves ovate, ovate, serrate, shining, membranaceous ; peduncles axillary,
quite entire, villose, viscid; umbel erect; corollas salver- one-flowered ; flowers tetrandrous. It is allied to the prn-
form. Root thick, at first dusky, then white, filiform flowers
;
ceding, but differs in having slenderer branches, brown, not
pale blue. Native of the mountains of Piedmont, on rocks whitish. Fou-nd in Montserrat.
about the baths of Valderia. 6. Prinos Montana. Leaves ovate, serrate, shining on
20. Primula Sibirica; Siberian Primrose. Leaves quite both sides; trunk twenty or thirty feet high, with an even
entire, ovate, on long petioles; umbel few-flowered, nodding; brown bark; branches subdivided, almost upright, round,
corolla salver-form. Native of Siberia, in moist meadows, smooth. Native of Jamaica, on coppices in the highest
from the river Obo to beyond Lake Baikal. mountains.
21. Primula Mistassinica. Plant glabrous; leaves oval- 7. Prinos Sideroxyloides. Leaves roundish, quite entire.
spatulate, subdentate ; scape elongated ; umbels with few The wood of this tree is hard. Native of the Caribbee
flowers; limb of the corolla reflex; segments Islands, St. Christopher's, and Montserrat.
cuneate-oblong,
obtusely bifid; capsules oblong. Grows on Lake Mistassins, 8. Prinos Ambiguus. Leaves deciduous, oval, ac .uninatc p

VOL. ii. 99. 5 K

404 PRO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRO
on both sides, mucronate-serrulate, pubescent. The flowers Prosopis ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
are from four to five cleft, white; die male flowers crowded gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
together at the bottom of the branchlets the female ones ;
hemispherical, slightly four or five toothed. Corolla : petals
solitary. Berries red, larger than those of the Prinos Ver- five, lanceolate, sessile, equal. Stamina: filamenta ten, fili-
ticillatus. Grows in sandy wet woods, and on the borders form, equal ; antherse incumbent, grooved, versatile. Pistil :
of swamps, from New Jersey to Carolina. germen oblong; style filiform, the length of the petals; stigma
9. Prinos Leevigatus. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, ad- simple. Pericarp: legume oblong, linear, roundish, attenu-
presso-serrate, acuminate, glabrous on both sides, shining ated at both ends, jointed, smooth, pendulous. Seeds: many,
on the upper side; female flowers axillary, solitary, subses- rounded, oblong, coloured, immersed in a mealy substance.
sile ;male flowers scattered both male and female flowers
; ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: bell-shaped, four or five
six-cleft; berries large, dark red. Grows on the Allegany toothed. Stigma: simple. Legume: linear, many-seeded.
Mountains from New York to Virginia; flowering in July. The only species discovered is,
10. Prinos Lanceolatus. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, 1. Prosopis Spicig-era. This grows to a large tree, with
very slightly and remotely serrulate, acute on both sides, a tolerably erect trunk; a deeply cracked ash-coloured bark;
glabrous on both sides female flowers scattered, peduncu-
; and irregular numerous branches, forming a globular
shady
lated, six-cleft male flowers aggregate, triandrous berries
; ; head. It is a native of most
parts of the Coromandel coast;
small, scarlet. Grows in the lower countries of Carolina and flowering during the cold and at the beginning of the hot
Georgia; flowering in June. season. The pod of this tree is the only part ustd; it is
11. Prinos Coriaceus. Leaves evergreen, cuneate-lanceo- about an inch in circumt'erence, and from six to twelve inches
late, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, very entire ; corymbs long: when ripe, it is brown, smooth, and contains, besides
axillary, very short, sessile, many-flowered; flowers six-cleft. the seeds, a large quantity of a brown mealy substance,
There are two varieties, one with obovate-lanceolate and which has a sweetish agreeable taste like the Spanish Alga-
acuminated leaves; the other with lanceolate-acute leaves. raba, or Locust Tree, Ceratonia Siliqua.
This is a handsome
shrub, of the appearance of Ilex
tall Protea; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia.
Dahoon : and grows
the sandy woods of Georgia, near the
in GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth common usu-
banks of rivers; flowering in June and July. ally imbricate ; scales permanent, various in form and pro-
Privet. See Ligustrum Vulgare. portion; perianth proper none. Corolla: universal uniform;
Prockia ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono- proper one, two, or four petalled, with the petals different
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth three- in figure. Stamina : filamenta four, inserted into the petals
leaved (occasionally with two very small leaflets at the below the antherue linear. Pistil:
;
tip; germen superior,
base.) Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta numerous, capil- awl-shaped, or roundish; style filiform stigma simple. Peri-
;

lary, the length of the calix; antheroe roundish. Pistil: carp: none; calix unchanged. Seeds: solitary, roundish.
germen roundish, slightly five-sided ; style filiform, the length Receptacle: commonly naked, or villose, or chaffy. Observe.
of the stamina; stigma purplish. Pericarp : berry five-angled. The species of this genus differ very much from each other
Seeds: very many. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: three- in all the
parts of fructification, but agree in the essential
leaved, besides sometimes two leaflets at the base. Corolla: character of the stamina, inserted below the tip of the corolla.
none. Berry: five-cornered, many-seeded. There are ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: four-cleft, or four-petal-
eight species, chiefly natives of the Mauritius and the isle of led. AnthertK : linear, inserted into the petals below the tip.
Bourbon; only one of which we shall describe: Calix: proper none. Nut: one-seeded, superior. The habit
1. Prockia Crucis. Leaves heart-shaped, ovate, toothed; of the whole genus is shrubby; the height very various some :

flower stalks terminal, somewhat racemose. A round branch- few are almost stemless : the leaves entire, coriaceous. As
ed shrub, the whole of which is smooth, and the bark of the they all, except two, come from the same country, the fol-
branches purplish. Native of the island of Santa Cruz. lowing directions are generally sufficient for their propa-
Proserpinaca ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Tri- gation and culture. The warmth of a common green-house
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. perianth three- Calix: is
generally sufficient for their protection ; but many of them
parted, superior ; leaflets
acuminate, permanent.
erect, are delicate with respect to damp, and are apt to suffer if
Corolla : none. Stamina : filamenta three, awl-shaped, too much crowded, or over-watered, or placed in a damp
spreading, the length of the calix; antheree twin, oblong, part of the house. In summer they may be placed in the
acute. Pistil: germen inferior, three-sided, very large; style open air in a sheltered situation, for if exposed to winds the
none stigmas three, pubescent, thickish, the length of the
;
plants will be torn and rendered unsightly, nor will they make
stamina. Pericarp: drupe small, juiceless, ovate, three-sided, any progress in their growth. In warm weather they must
three-winged, crowned with the permanent closed calix. be frequently but sparingly watered, and have but seldom
Seed: nut somewhat bony, three-sided, three-celled; kernels any in cold weather. Several of them have not flowered in
oblong, fastened by a thread. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. this
country, and many do not perfect their seeds. Such
Calix: three-parted, superior. Corolla: none. Drupe: with therefore can only be increased by cuttings, and some are
a three-celled nut. The species are, very difficult to increase in this way. The cuttings should
1.
Proserpinaca Palustris. Root annual, creeping; stems a be taken off in April just before the plants begin to shoot.
foot high, roundish leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate, end-
; Plant them in small pots, filled with light earth, place them
ing in petioles; the lower, or those that are under water, pin- from the sun, and refresh them with water gently and spar-
natifid,with linear segments ; flowers axillary, solitary. ingly. About Midsummer, by which time they will have put
Native of the mnrshes of Virginia, North America. out roots, shake them gently out of the pots, plant each in a
2.Proserpinaca Pectinata. All the leaves pectinate-pin- separate small pot filled with light earth, place them in a
rmtifid. This specific description sufficiently distinguishes it frame, and there shade them until they have taken root,
from the preceding plant. It is found in overflowed
places afterwards gradually inuring them to the open air, and treat-
and ditches from New Jersey to Carolina, and flowers in ing them like the old plants. They are ornamental among
July
and August. other potted plants. The species are,
 PRO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PRO 405

* 25. Protea Bracteata. Leaves filiform, channelled head

Pinnate : with pinnate filiform Leaves. ;

1. Protea Decumbens; Decumbent Protect. Leaves trifid, terminating; bractes multifid. Native of the Cape.
filiform; stem decumbent; corolla silky. Native of the 26. Protea Comosa. Lower leaves filiform, upper lance-
Cape. olate; head terminating. Native of the Cape.
2. Protea Florida. Leaves trifid, filiform; stem erect; 27. Protea Purpurea. Leaves linear, recurved heads
;

heads solitary, encompassed with bractes. Native of the terminating, drooping; stem decumbent. Native of the
Cape. Cape.
3. Protea Cyanoides. Leaves trifid-pinnate, filiform; stem 28. Protea Prolifera. Leaves awl-shaped, appressed ; stem
erect; heads solitary, naked. Native of the Cape. proliferous. Native of the Cape.
4. Protea Patula. Leaves trifid-pinnate, filiform ; stem 29. Protea Corymbosa. Leaves linear subulate, appressed;
erect; heads aggregate. Native of the Cape. branchlets in whorls, subfastigiate; stem proliferous. Native
5. Protea Pulchella. Leaves bipinnate, smooth, filiform ;
of the Cape,
heads terminating, club-shaped, aggregate, leafless, bracted. 30. Protea Nana. Leaves linear, subulate ; head termi-
Native of New Holland. nating; calix coloured. This is always known by the resem-
6. Protea Spheerocephala. Leaves bipinnate, filiform ;
blance its flowers bear to the Rose. Native of the Cape.
peduncles shorter than the heads calicine scales ovate, vil-
;
31. Protea Lanata. Leaves three-sided, appressed; head-
lose at the base. Native of the Cape. terminating, woolly. Native of the Cape.
**
7. Protea Serraria; Cut-leaved Protea. Leaves bipinnate, Linear : with linear Leaves.
filiform, rough-haired; peduncles longer than the heads, 32. Protea Torta. Leaves linear, oblique, callous.
ealicine scales ovate, lanceolate, rough-haired. Native of Native of the Cape.
the Cape. 33. Protea Alba. Leaves linear, silky, tomentose.
8. Protea Trinerva. Leaves bipinnate, filiform, smooth ;
Natie of the Cape.
***** Lanceolate with and lanceolate Leaves.
peduncles longer than the heads calicine scales ovate, lan-
;
:
elliptic
ceolate, rough-haired. Native of the Cape. 34. Protea Aulacea; Widow -Wail-leaved Protea. Leaves
9. Protea Glomerata. Leaves bipinnate, filiform ; com- linear, spatulate, smooth ; flowers in racemes, not calicled.
mon peduncle elongated, naked ; pedicels longer than the Native of the Cape.
heads. Native of the Cape. 35. Protea Umbellata ; Uwtbelled Protea. Leaves linear -
10. Protea Phylicoides. Leaves bipinnate, filiform; heads spatulate, smooth ; heads terminating ; bractes multitid.
terminating, solitary, woolly. Native of the Cape. Native of the Cape.
11. Protea Lagopus. Leaves aggregate, filiform; heads 36. Protea Linearis; Linear-leaved Protea. Leaves linear,
in spikes, aggregate. Native of the Cape. spatulate, smooth ; heads terminating, tomentose. Native of
12. Protea Spicata; Spiked Protea. Leaves bipinnate, the Cape.
filiform; heads in spikes, distinct. Native of the Cape. 37. Frotea Cinerea ; Gray Protea. Loaves linear, wedge-
13. Protea Sceptrum. Lower leaves bipinnate; upper shaped, silky; head terminating, silky. Native of the Cape.
trifid and entire. Native of the Cape. 38. Protea Scolymus ; Small Smooth-leaved Protea.
*
(
Toothed : with toothed callous Leaves. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth ; head terminating, round,
14. Protea Crinita. Leaves five-toothed, smooth ; stem smooth. Native of the Cape.
erect; heads two or three, terminating. Native of the Cape. 39. Protea Abyssinica. Leaves lanceolate, attenuated at
15. Protea Conocarpa; Tooth-leaved Protea. Leaves five- the base, blunt; head terminating, hemispherical. In the
toothed, smooth ; stem erect; head terminating. Native of middle of a very hot day, the flowers unbend themselves
the Cape. more, the calix seerns to expand, and the whole flower to
16. Protea Elliptica. Leaves elliptic, three-toothed, smooth ;
turn itself towards the sun, in the same manner as the Sun-
stem erect; head terminating. Native of the Cape. flower. When the branch is cut, the flower dries almost in-
17. Protea Hypophylla. Leaves three-toothed, smooth, stantaneously. Bruce saw it in Abyssinia, where it is a
divided one way; stem decumbent; head terminating. native, near Mount Lamalmon.
Native of the Cape. 40. Protea Mellifera; Honey -bearing Red-barhed Protea.
18. Protea Cucullata. Leaves three-toothed, smooth; Leaves lanceolate, elliptic, smooth; head terminating, oblong,
heads lateral. Native of the Cape. smooth tips of the corolla woolly; style smooth, simple at
;

19. Protea Tomentosa. Leaves three-toothed, tomentose. the summit. This has been long known in [our gardens ;

Native of the Cape. and is distinguished by its very glutinous, rose-coloured,

20. Protea Heterophylla. Leaves three-toothed and entire; smooth calix the branches are red and smooth ; and the
:

stem decumbent. Native of the Cape. leaves slightly obovate or spatulate. Native of the Cape.
**
Acerose with filiform awl-shaped Leaves.
: 41. Protea Hepens; Creeping Protea. Leaves lanceolate,
21. Protea Pinifolia Pine-leaved Protea. head ovate, smooth ; stem decumbent, very
; Leaves filiform; elliptic, smooth ;

flowers in racemes, not calicled, smooth. Native of the short. Native of the Cape.
Cape. 42. Protea Plumosa; Feather flowered Protea. Leaves
22. Protea Racemosa Downy -flowered Protea. Leaves
; lanceolate, wedge-shaped, hoary: head terminating, oblong;
petals smooth beneath, hairy, with very long hairs above.
filiform ; flowers in racemes, calicled, tomentose. This is
the only plant of the genus hitherto known with a one- Native of the Cape.
rlowered calix, which distinguishes it from the two 43. Protea Obliqua Oblique-leaved Protea. Leaves linear,
following ;

species, winch at first sight it very much resembles. Native lanceolate, smooth, callous, oblique; head cauline, termi-
of the Cape. Native of the Cape.
nating.
23. Protea Incurva. Leaves filiform, incurved, smooth ; 44. Protea Parviflora ; Small-flowered Protea. Leaves
raceme spiked, tomentose. Native of the Cape. elliptic, obtuse, callous, oblique ; heads smooth at the ends
24. Protea Caudata. Leaves filiform, rough-haired; heads of the branchlets. Native of the Cape.
bsessile, in spikes. Native of the Cape. 45. Protea Pallens ; Pale Proina. Leaves lanceolate,

fads
406 PRO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRU
attenuated at the base, smooth, acute, callous ; head termi- smooth, callous; head ovate; corollas cylindrical, rough-
nating',involucred involucre long, pale.
; Native of the haired. Native of the Cape.
Cape. 59. Protea Hirta; Hairy Protea. Leaves ovate, smooth;
46. Protea Conifera ; Cone-bearing Protea. Leaves lan- flowers lateral. Native of the Cape.
ceolate, attenuated at the base, smooth, acute, callous; head 60. Protea Pubera; Downy Protea. Leaves ovate, toroen-
terminating, involucred ; involucre long, acute, concolor. tose heads terminating, tomentose.
; Native of the Cape.
Native of the Cape. See the 52nd species. 61. Protea Divaricata Straddling -branched Protea. Leaves
;

47. Protea Levisanus ; Branching Protefi. Leaves obo- ovate, rough-haired heads terminating ; branches divaricat-
;

vate, bluntly acuminate, imbricate, smooth ; stem hairy, the ing. Native of the Cape.
**
head having a blunt longer involucre. Native of the Cape. Rounded with roundish Leaves.
:

48. Protea Strobilina Obtuse-leaved Protea.

; Leaves 62. Protea Spatulata; Spatulate-leaved Protea. Leaves
oblong, retuse, callous, smooth ; head terminating,
elliptic, spatulate, somewhat cowled, smooth. Native of the Cape.
smooth. Native of the Cape. 63. Protea Cynaroides Round-leaved Protea.
; Leaves
49. Protea Imbricata; Imbricate-leaved Protea. Leaves roundish, petioled, smooth. Native of the Cape.
lanceolate, smooth, striated, imbricate; head terminating. 64. Protea Cordata; Heart-leaved Protea. Leaves cor-
Native of the Cape. date. It blossoms in the spring and is remarkable for the
;

50. Protea Sericea ;

Silky Protea. Leaves lanceolate, situation of its dull-crimson rosaceous flowers, which grow
silky ; branches filiform ; stem decumbent. Native of the out of the creeping stem near the root, the leafy branches
Cape. rising high above them, in a zigzag nearly upright position:
51. Protea Saligna; Willow-leaved Protea. Leaves lan- the leaves are red-edged, and of a very rigid coriaceous tex-
ceolate, silky ; stem shrubby ; heads oblong, involucred. ture. Native of the Caper
Native of the Cape. Prunella; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Gymno-
52. Protea Argentea ; Silvery Protea. Leaves lanceolate, spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-
silvery-tomentose, ciliate ; stem arboreous ; heads globular. leafed, two-lipped, shorter than the throat, permanent ;
The shining silvery leaves of this plant make a fine appear- upper lip flat, wider, truncate, very slightly three-toothed ;
ance, when the plant is intermixed with other exotics. It lower lip erect, narrower, acute, semibifid. Corolla: one-
flowers in August. Native of the Cape. It should be petalled, ringent ; tube short, cylindrical ; throat oblong ;
placed in an airy dry glass-case protected from cold, with upper concave, entire, nodding ; lower lip reflex, trifid,
lip
as much light as possible, and must have little water in blunt; middle segment wider, emarginate, serrate. Stamina:
winter. This, as well as the 46th species, rises easily from filamenta four, awl-shaped, forked at top, two of them a
seeds, which must be procured from the Cape, where they little longer than the others ; antherse simple, inserted into

naturally grow. The seeds will sometimes remain in the the filamenta below the top, as it were on another branch.
ground six or eight months, and at other times the plants Pistil: germen four-parted; style filiform, with the stamina
will appear in six weeks ; therefore the best way is to sow bending to the upper lip ; Pericarp : none ;
stigma bifid.
the seeds in small pots filled with soft sandy loam, and calix closed, containing the Seeds: four, subovate.
seeds.
plunge them into a moderate hot-bed and if the plants ; Observe. The essence of this genus consists in the forked
should not come up so soon as expected, the pots should filamenta, as in Crambe, and the middle segment of its lower
remain in the shelter till the following spring, when, if the lip toothed, as in Nepeta.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fila-
seeds remain sound, they will appear. The pots in which menta: forked, with an antheraon one of the forks. Stigma:
the seeds are sown should have but little wet, for moisture bifid. The species are,
frequently causes them to rot. When they appear, they 1. Prunella Vulgaris; Common Self-heal. All the leaves
ought not to be too tenderly treated, nor on the other hand ovate-oblong, petioled. The whole plant is thinly set with
to have much water, but should during warm weather be hairs, which are upright and white. It varies much in size,

exposed to the open air in a warm situation, and protected and with laciniate leaves; also sometimes with a white flower.
in winter from frost. The variety called Great-flowered Self-heal differs from the
****** common sort in having the stems lower, the leaves more
Oblong with oblong ovate Leaves.
:

53. Protea Acaulis

Stemless Protea.
; Leaves oblong, tender, and the flowers double the size. They all put forth
smooth; head globular, smooth; stem decumbent, very short. large showy blossoms of a fine purple colour. The juice of
Native of the Cape. Self-heal is drying and astringent; and while wound herbs
54. Protea Myrtifolia Myrtle-leaved Protea.; Leaves were in esteem, this was justly reckoned one of the principal.
oblong, smooth heads terminating, aggregate. Native of
; Taken inwardly, it is good against purgings with sharp
the Cape. bloody stools, checks overflowings of the menses, and is a
55. Protea Grandiflora; Great-flowered Protea. Leaves good medicine for the piles. An infusion of the dried herb
oblong, veined, smooth ; head hemispherical, smooth ; stem sweetened with honey, is good for a sore throat, or ulcerated
arboreous. Native of the Cupe. mouth. It flowers from June to August, in pastures and
56. Protea Glabra; Smooth Protea. Leaves oblong, vein- meadows all over Europe. The seeds of this, and of all the
less,smooth head hemispherical, smooth stem shrubby.
; ;
other species, should be sown in the autumn soon after they
Native of the Cape. are ripe for when sown in the spring they seldom are seen
;

57. Protea Speciosa Handsome Protea. Leaves oblong,

; till twelve months after, if they at all appear. Thin the
smooth; head oblong; calicine scales bearded at the tip. plants where too close, and keep them clean from weeds.
The stem forms a large shrub: the leaves are obtuse, three They thrive best on a moist soil, and in a shady situation,
or four inches long, and about half as broad the flowers are : where they will live three or four years; but in rich land they
the size of a small artichoke, with rose-coloured scales,
finely seldom continue longer than two years. They may. also be
fringed with brown, and bearded with white. Native of the increased by parting the roots in autumn.
Cape. 2. Prunella Laciniata; Jagged-leaved Self-heal. Leaves
58. Protea Totta; Upright Smooth Protea. lanceolate,
Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, petioled, the four uppermost
!

C~
 P RU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PRU 407

toothed. Root perennial; stems hard, small, and branched, asted. The reasons for pruning being thus distinctly stated,
from three to six inches in height, but in one variety creep- the next point is the methods of performing it; for which the
not larger than those of the com- reader is referred to the different kinds of operation under
ing on the ground flowers
;

mon sort; but more commonly white or yellow than blue or .he various kinds of fruit-trees, and in the articles Grafting

Native of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Dau- and Inoculating. In this place we shall merely add some
purple.
phiny, Piedmont,
in the lower mountains, in dry pastures, inportant directions concerning the right management of
and by the side of cultivated grounds. 'ruit-trees. There are many persons who suppose, that if
3. Prunella Hyssopifolia ; Hyssop-leaved Self-heal. Leaves :heir fruit-trees are but kept up to the wall or espalier during

lanceolate, quite entire, sessile ; stem erect. Flowers large, the summer season, so as not to hang in very great disorder,
white. The erect stem is that and in winter to get a gardener to prune them, it is sufficient:
generally blue, but sometimes
which principally distinguishes it from the first species. It t>ut this is a mistake : for the greatest care ought to be
flowers from July to October. Native of the south of France, mployed about them in the spring, when the trees are in
about Montpellier. vigorous growth, which is the only proper season to procure
a quantity of good wood in the different parts of the tree,
Pruning of Trees. There is no part of gardening of more
general use than pruning, and yet it is not common to see
and to displace all useless branches as soon as they are pro-
fruit-trees skilfully managed. Almost every gardener will duced, that the vigour of the tree may supply such branches
pretend to be a master of this business, though very few only as are designed to remain, which will render them
rightly understand it; because it is not to be learnt by rote, strong, and more capable of producing good fruit. If all the
but requires a strict observation of the different manners of branches were permitted to remain, the most vigorous would
growth in the several sorts of fruit-trees, which must be dif- imbibe the greatest share of the sap, while the rest would
ferently treated, according as they are naturally disposed to be starved, and only produce blossoms and leaves for it is :

produce their fruit. Some sorts produce it on the same impossible that any person, however well skilled in fruit-
year's wood, as Vines; others oftenest upon the former trees, can reduce them into any tolerable order by winter prun-
year's wood, as Peaches, Nectarines, &c. and others upon ing only, if they have been wholly neglected in the spring.
cursons or spurs, which are produced upon wood of three, There are individuals who do not entirely neglect their trees
four, or five, to fifteen or twenty years' old, as Pears, Plums, during the summer season, as those before mentioned, but
Cherries, &c. In order to ensure the right management of yet do little more good to them, by what they call summer
fruit-trees, there always be provision made for a
should pruning for these persons neglect their trees at the proper
;

sufficient quantity or bearing wood in every part of the tree ; season, which is in April and May, when their shoots are
and yet there should be no superfluous branches, which produced, and only about Midsummer go over them, nailing
would exhaust its strength, and produce decay in a few years. all their branches, except such as are produced fore-right
The objects for which fruit-trees are pruned are, first, to pre- from the wall, which they cut out, and at the same time
serve them longer in a vigorous bearing state ;
secondly, often shorten most of the other branches. This is an entirely
to render them more beautiful to the eye and, ;
thirdly, to wrong practice, for those branches which are intended to
cause the fruit to be larger and better tasted. 1. Then it bear in the succeeding year should not be shortened during
preserves a tree longer in a healthy bearing state, for, by the time of their growth, which will cause them to produce
pruning off all superfluous branches, the root is not drawn one or two lateral shoots from the eyes below the place where
upon by such as are useless, and which must finally be cut they were stopped. These shoots will draw much of the
out. 2. By skilful
pruning, a tree is rendered much more strength from the buds of the first shoot, whereby they are
pleasing to the eye. We
are no advocates for drawing a often flat, and do not produce their blossoms ; and if those
regular line along the wall, according to the shape into which two lateral shoots are not entirely cut away at the winter
the tree is to be reduced, and then cutting all the branches, pruning, they will prove injurious to the tree, as the shoots
strong or weak, exactly to the chalked line the absurdity : which they produce will be what the French gardeners call
of that practice will soon appear to any one who observes water-shoots, and if suffered to remain upon the tree until
the difference of the shooting of those branches in the next Midsummer, will, as already observed, rob the other branches
spring after their mutilation. All, therefore, that is meant of their support. Besides this, by shading the fruit all the
spring season, when they are cut away, and the other
by proposing to render a tree more beautiful
by pruning is,
that the branches should be all cut according to their several branches fastened to the wall, the fruit," by being so sud-
strengths, and nailed at equal distances, in proportion to denly exposed, will receive a very great check, which will
the different sizes of their leaves and fruit, and that no cause their skins to become tough, and render their pulp
part
of the wall, so far as the trees are advanced, be left unfur- less delicate. This remark applies principally to stone fruits
nished with bearing wood. A tree well managed, though it and Grapes. Pears and Apples being much hardier, suffer
does not represent any regular figure, yet will not so much, though it is a great disadvantage to those also
appear very
beautiful to the eye, when thus dressed and nailed to the to be thus managed. It must be observed, that Peaches,
wall. of great advantage to the fruit ; for the
3. It is
Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, and Plums, are always in the
cutting
greatest vigour when they are the least maimed by the knife:
useless branches, and
all
away shortening all the bearing
shoots according to the strength of the tree, will render ii for where these trees have undergone large amputations,
more capable to nourish those fruit and branches which are
they are very subject to gum and decay so that it certainly
:

left remaining, so that the fruit will be much larger anc is the most prudent method
carefully to rub off
all useless
better tasted. And this is the advantage which those trees buds when they are first produced, and pinch others, where
against walls or espaliers have over such as are standards new shoots are wanted to supply the vacancies of the wall.
and are permitted to grow as they are naturally inclined
By these precautions, the trees may be so ordered as to want
for it is not their but little of the knife in winter pruning; and the less of that
being trained either to a wall or espalier
which renders their fruit so much better than standards the better. The management of Pears and Apples is much
but because the roots have a less quantity of branches anc the same with these trees in summer, but in winter they must
fruit to nourish, which therefore will be
larger and better be very differently pruned because, as Peaches and Necta-
;

VOL. II. 100. 5 L

 408 PRU THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRU
rines generally produce their fruit upon the former year's not die quite down to the place where it was
produced ; and
wood, they must have branches shortened according
their any part being permitted to remain long uncut, does often
to their strength, in order to produce new shoots for the infect some of the other parts of the tree. If large branches
succeeding year: so Pears, Apples, Plums, and Cherries, on are cut off, it will be very proper, after having smoothed the
the contrary, producing their fruit upon cursons or spurs cut part exactly even with a knife or chisel, to
put on a plaster
which come out of the wood of five, six, or seven years old of grafting clay, which will prevent the wet from
soaking
should pot be shortened, because that would cause those into the tree at the wounded part. All such branches aa
buds which were naturally disposed to form these cursons run across each other should also be cut out, for these not
or spurs to produce wood-branches, so that the trees wouk
only occasion a confusion in the head of the tree, but, by
filled with wood without
be producing much fruit : and as lying over each other, rub off the bark by their motion, ancl
it often
happens that the blossom-buds are first produced at very often occasion them to canker, to the great injury of th^
the extremity of the last year's shoot, by shortening their tree and on old trees, especially Apple, there are often
:

oranches the blossoms are cut away ; and that should always young vigorous shoots from the old branches near the trunk,
be carefully avoided. There are several authors who have which grow upright into the head of the trees. These there-
written upon the subject of pruning in such a prolix manner fore should be
carefully cut out every year, lest, by being
that it is impossible for a learner to understand their permitted to grow, they fill the tree too full of wood ;" which
meaning,
They have described the several sorts of branches which are should always be guarded against, since it is impossible for
produced on fruit-trees, under the heads of wood-branches such trees to produce so much good fruit as those, the
fruit-branches, irregular branches, false branches, and luxu- branches of which growing at a farther distance, the sun
every person who and air freely pass between them.
riant branches ; all of which they assert
pretends to pruning should distinguish well. Now all this Prunus ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Monogy-
consists merely in a parcel of words to amuse the reader ; for nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth inferior, one-
if in the
spring of each year proper care be taken to displace leafed, bell-shaped, five-cleft, deciduous; segments blunt,
the useless branches, as above directed, there will no sucl: concave. Corolla: petals five, roundish, concave, large,
things as are termed irregular, false, or luxuriant branches, spreading, inserted into the calix by claws. Stamina: fila-
remain for winter pruning. The following general hints for menta twenty to thirty, awl-shaped, almost the length of the
the pruning standard fruit-trees are far more useful than these corolla, inserted into the calix ; antheree twin, short. Pistil:
artificial distinctions. First, never shorten the branches ol germen roundish ; style filiform, the length of the stamina ;
these trees, except where they grow
irregularly on one side stigma orbicular'. Pericarp: drupe roundish. Seed: nut
of the tree, while the other side becomes roundish, compressed, with sutures a little prominent.
comparatively bare ES-
of branches, or those that appear are very weak. In this SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft, inferior. Petals:
case the branch should be shortened down as low as is neces- five.
Drupe : with a nut, having the sutures prominent.
sary, in order to obtain more branches to fill up the hollow The species are,
of the trees. This however is only applicable to Apple and Prunus Padus; Common Bird Cherry Tree.
1. Flowers
Pear trees, which will produce shoots from wood of three, in
pendulous racemes leaves deciduous, biglandular at the
;

four, or more years old ; whereas most sorts of stone-fruit base. This shrub or small tree rises to the height of eight
will gum and I would not
decay after such amputations. or ten feet, and if permitted to stand, will have a trunk of
be understood, says Mr. Miller, to direct the reducing of these nine or ten inches in diameter with round and smooth
;

trees into an exact branches leaves alternate, rather glaucous, smelling like
spherical figure, since there is nothing ;

more detestable than to see a tree prevented from growing Rue; clusters on the newest branches, pendent, composed
as it is naturally of numerous snow-white blossoms; fruit oval, dark purple
disposed, with its branches produced at
proportionable distances according to the size of the tree, or black, bitter. The scent of the flowers is
very strong
by endeavouring make it exactly
to
regular at its head, so and disagreeable most persons. This tree is not only
to
crowded with small weak branches, as to prevent the air called Bird Cherry, but Fowl Cherry, Wild Cluster
Cherry,
from passing between them. All that I intend by this stop- and, in Scotland, Hagberry. Every part of this shrub, except
ping of luxuriant branches, is only when one or two such the fruit, is highly poisonous. The fruit is nauseous, but,
happen on a young tree, where they entirely draw all their bruised and infused in wine or brandy, it gives them an
sap from their weaker branches then it is proper to use this
;
agreeable flavour. A strong decoction of the bark is used
method, before the roots are wholly exhausted. Whenever by the poor Finlanders in the venereal disease. Mr. Broer-
this occurs to stone-fruit, which suffers much more than the land, in the Stockholm Acts, directs six ounces of the dry, or
former sorts by cutting, the evil should be remedied by eight of the fresh bark, to be boiled away in eight pints of
stopping or pinching those shoots in the spring, before they water to four. The dose of this decoction is four ounces,
have obtained too much vigour, which would cause them to taken four times daily. It cures the slighter infections

put out side-branches, and divert the sap from ascending alone, and, combined with mercury, facilitates the cure in the
too fast to the leading branch, as has been directed for wall severer stages of the disease. A decoction of the berries is
trees ; but this must be done with caution. You must also sometimes given with success in the dysentery. The wood
cut off all dead or decayed branches, which cause their jeing smooth and tough, is made into handles for knives
heads to look very ragged, especially at the time when the and whips. Birds are very fond of the nauseous berries,
leaves are upon the tree; these being destitute of them, and hence several of its names. Native of most parts of
have but a despicable appearance ; besides, these will attract Europe, in woods and hedges; also in the northern and tem-
noxious particles from the air, which being injurious to the perate parts of Russia, and throughout Siberia. It is com-

trees, the sooner they are cut out the better. In doing of non in the north of England, as about Ingleborough in
this, you should observe to cut them close down to the place Yorkshire in woods by the river Tees at Pendeford in
; ;

where they were produced, otherwise that part of the branch Staffordshire; a few miles north of Manchester; in some
decay, and prove equally hurtful to the tree
left will : for it >arts of Norfolk, as about Walton and Dereham in a lane ;

seldom happens when a branch begins to decay, that it does >etween Temple mills and Epping Forest; and frequently
 P RU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PR U 409

in woods in Scotland. This and the next, with the twenty- with their purple bark, the shining evergreen leaves, and
ninth species, are easily propagated either by seeds or layers. the long racemes of white flowers, altogether make a tine
Sow the seeds in the autumn upon a bed or border of good appearance. It seldom sustains any injury from the severest
as Cherry stones designed for cold of our winters, although it was originally brought from
ground, in the same way
stocks. Treat the plants also in the same manner, planting Portugal, where it is called Azoureiro ; hence there is not
them out a nursery, where they may stand two years to
in any shrub more worthy of propagation. It will grow upon
them to the places where almost any soil, but best in a gentle loam, neither very wet
get strength ; and then transplant
are usually intermixed with other nor remarkably dry; as in either of those cases the plants
they are to remain. These
For never appear in full beauty. It may be propagated and
flowering trees and shrubs in ornamental plantations.
layers, the young shoots should be laid down in the autumn: transplanted in the same way and at the same time as the
these will have good roots in twelve months, when they may next species, (which see.) If the cuttings be planted in the
be separated from the old plants, and transplanted into a way as directed for the latter, they will take root very freely ;
or the young branches, if laid down in the autumn, will take
nursery for a year or two to get strength, and may then
be
removed to the places where they are to grow. root in one year, and may (hen be removed into a nursery,
2. Primus Rnbra Cornish or Red Bird Cherry Tree.
;
where they may grow a year or two to get strength, and after
Flowers in upright racemes; leaves deciduous, even, biglan- that may be transplanted to where they are to remain. But
dular at the base. This has often been confounded with although both these methods are very expeditious, it would
the preceding, but, when raised from seed, always retains be better to raise them from the berries, especially where they
a difference. The leaves are shorter, broader, and not so are designed for tall standards for the plants which are pro-
:

rough. The flowers grow in closer shorter spikes, standing pagated by cuttings and layers, put out more lateral branches
more erect. Its native place is doubtful. It is propagated and become bushy, but are not so well inclined to grow up-
like the preceding species. right as those which come from seeds :and as there are now
Prunus Virginiana
3. Common American Bird Cherry
;
numbers of these trees in our gardens producing abundance
Tree. Flowers in racemes; leaves deciduous, glandular at of these berries every year, if they be only guarded from birds
the base in front. This tree rises with a thick stem from till
they are ripe, there will be a sufficient supply for their
ten to thirty feet high, dividing into many branches, which propagation.
have a dark purple bark. The fruit is later than that of the 9. Prunus Laurocerasus ; Common Laurel. Flowers in
preceding species; it is black when ripe, and is soon devoured racemes ; leaves evergreen, biglandular at the back. This
by birds. The wood is beautifully veined with black and differs from the preceding species in having the twigs and

white, and will polish well hence it is in considerable esteem

:
petioles green, whereas in that they are of a reddish brown.
for cabinet work. Linneus thought this to be the offspring The leaves of this are of a yellowish green colour, whereas
of the Common Bird Cherry, but the warts on the branches the upper surface of the leaves in the Portugal Laurel is very
are double the size. Native of North America. dark. Laurel leaves have a bitter styptic taste, accompanied
4. Prunus Canadensis; Canadian Bird Cherry Tree. Flow- with a flavour resembling that of bitter almonds, or other
ers in racemes leaves deciduous, without glands, wide-lan-
; kernels of the drupaceous fruits : the flowers also manifest
ceolate, wrinkled, pubescent on both sides. Native of North a similar flavouj. The powdered leaves excite sneezing,
America. though not so strongly as tobacco. The kernel-like flavour
5. Prunus Caroliniana; Evergreen Carolina Cherry Tree. which the fresh leaves impart being generally esteemed grate-
Flowers in racemes; leaves evergreen, oblong, lanceolate, ful, has caused them to be used for culinary purposes, as in
serrate, without glands. It does not exceed the height of custards, puddings, blancmange, &c. and as the proportion
three feet in England. It flowers in
May; and the leaves of this sapid matter of the leaf is commonly inconsiderable,
Native of South Ca-
retain their lucid verdure all the year.
probably little or no bad effect may be generally produced ;
rolina, from whence the seeds were sent by the name of but since the poisonous quality of these leaves has been long
Bastard Mahogany, from the colour of the wood. It should
unquestionably proved, those who prepare viands for the
be planted in a warm situation, sheltered from severe frost public palate ought not to run the risk of poisoning their
whilst young : when it has
acquired strength, it will thrive unwary customers. Many country people, says Meyrick,
very well in the open ground in sheltered situations. It may make a practice of boiling a few Laurel-leaves in the milk
be propagated in the same which they make their custards, puddings, &c. of, to which
way as the eighth species, and the
branches will take root if laid down. it communicates an But this practice, it
agreeable flavour.
6. Prunus Oocidentalis West Indian Laurel.
; Flowers is
hoped, will be laid aside, when it is known they are of a
in lateral
racemes; leaves perennial, without glands, oblong, very poisonous nature. A distilled water strongly impreg-
acuminate, entire, smooth on both sides. Native of the nated with their flavour, given in the quantity of four ounces
West Indies. to a very large mastiff dog, in a few minutes brought on the
7.Prunus Spheerocarpa Globe-fruited Laurel. Flowers
; most terrible convulsions, and in less than an hour put an end
in axillary racemes leaves evergreen, without
;
glands, entire, to his life. Dogs have likewise been killed by much smaller
shining; drupes roundish. Trunk covered with a gray smooth quantities of the distilled water, an infusion of the leaves,
or
bark wood very hard and white. Native of Jamaica, &c.
; their juice; and there are some instances of liquors flavoured

8. Prunus Lusitanica; Portugal Laurel. Flowers in with the leaves of this tree proving fatal to human subjects.
racemes leaves evergreen, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, without
; Dr. Cullen observes, that the sedative property of this plant
glands. This rises with a strong tree-like stem to the height acts upon the nervous system, upon a different manner from
of twenty feet or more, sending out
many branches, covered Opium, and other narcotic substances, the primary action
with a shining purplish bark on of which attacks the animal functions for this poison does
every side. It flowers in ;

June, and the berries ripen in October; and will be devoured not occasion sleep, but produces local inflammation, and
by birds, unless immediately gathered. It is one of the most seems to act directly upon the vital powers. This tree may
beautiful evergreen shrubs which we have in our be easily propagated by seeds, or by planting cuttings ; the
plantations,
especially when planted in a loose moist soil. The branches best time for the latter is in September, as soon as the
 410 P R U THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P R U

autumnal rains fall to moisten the ground the cuttings must progress to bear removal in the following autumn.
;
They
be the same year's shoots, and if they have a small part of the should at that time be carefully taken up, and planted in a
former year's wood to their bottom, they will more certainly nursery, placing them in rows at three feet asunder, and the
succeed, and form better roots. These should be planted ; n plants at one foot distance in the rows. In this nursery they
a soft loamy soil, about six inches deep, pressing the earth may remain two years, by which time they will be fit to trans-
close to them. If these are properly planted, and the ground plant where they are designed to remain. Autumn is the
be good, few of the cuttings will fail ; and if they are kept best season for transplanting, as soon as the rain has
prepared
clean from weeds the following summer, they will have made the ground for replanting ; for although
they often grow when
good shoots by the following autumn, when they may be trans- removed in the
spring, yet they never take so well, nor make
planted into a nursery, where they may grow two years, to such good progress, as when removed in the autumn,
especi-
acquire strength, and should then be removed to the places ally if the plants are taken from a light soil, which generally
where they are to remain. These plants were formerly kept falls
away from their roots : but if they be taken up with
in pots and tubs, and preserved in green-houses in winter balls of earth to their roots, and removed
;
only to a small
but afterwards they were planted against warm walls, to distance, there will be no danger of transplanting them in
prevent them from being frequently injured by severe frost. the spring, provided it be done before they begin to shoot;
After this, a fashion arose of training the plants into pyramids for as they shoot
very early, it is on that account the frequent
and globes, keeping them constantly sheared, by which the cause of their total failure. There are persons who have
broad leaves were often cut in the middle, and the plants grafted the Laurel upon Cherry stocks, with design to enlarge
rendered very unsightly. Of late years they have been more the trees ; yet they seldom make much progress,
although
properly disposed in gardens, by planting them to border they take very well upon each other, so that it is a mere
woods, and the sides of wilderness quarters, for which purpose matter of curiosity: and to those who dnlight in such expe-
we have but few plants so well adapted, as it will grow under riments, we recommend the trial of the Laurel grafted upon
the drip of trees, in shade or sun and the branches will
; the Cornish Cherry, rather than any other sort of stock,
spread to the ground, so as to form a thicket; and the leaves because the graft will unite better with this besides, it is
;

being large, and having a fine glossy green colour, they set a regular tree, and grows large, so that it will be more
likely
off the woods and plantations in winter, when the other trees to produce large trees. Hunter says, in propagating the
have cast their leaves, besides making a good contrast with Laurel from cuttings, the under leaves should be
stripped
the green of other trees in summer. They are sometimes off. The cuttings may be set thick. The weather should
injured in very severe winters, where they stand singly, and be rainy, or at least cloudy, when this work is done ; and
are much exposed; but where they grow in thickets, and are the beds should be under a north wall, or else well shaded.
screened by other trees, they are seldom much hurt ; for in If the weather will
permit the cuttings to be planted in
those places it is only the young tender shoots which are August, they will then more certainly take root before win-
injured, and there will be new shoots produced immediately ter; but they should remain undisturbed till (he spring
below these, to supply their place, so that in one year the twelvemonth following, when they should be carefully taken
damage will be repaired. But whenever such severe winters out, and planted in the nursery. To raise the Laurel from
happen, these trees should not be cut or pruned till after the seeds, says Boutcher, in the beginning of winter, soon after
following Midsummer by which time it will appear what
;
they are ripe, sow them in a shady border of fresh loose
branches are dead, which may then be cut away, to the places mould, in beds three feet and a half broad, with alleys of
where the new shoots are produced ; for by hastily cutting eighteen inches, covering them an inch and a half or two
these trees in the spring, the drying winds obtain free ingress inches deep. About the middle of April, if the weather be
to the branches, whereby the shoots suffer as much, if not dry and not frosty, water them frequently in the mornings,
more, than they have previously done by frost. The best and continue it in the evenings of the summer months. In
way to obtain good plants certainly is to propagate these the succeeding spring remove them to the nursery, in rows
trees from their berries. The trees thus raised, have a dis- two feet asunder, and nine or ten inches in the row. In two
position to an upright growth; whereas almost all those years, if the ground be good, and they have been properly
which are raised from cuttings or layers incline more to an looked after, they will be fit for a final removal. The seed
horizontal growth, and produce a greater number of lateral beeds may be hooped over, that they may be coverpd occa-
branches. Whoever wishes to propagate this tree from seed, sionally with mats when the frost is severe. When a large
must guard the berries from the birds, who will otherwise plantation of Laurel is intended, the work of transplanting
devour them before they are perfectly ripe, which is seldom may be done at any time during the winter, when the wea-
before the latter end of September or the beginning of Octo- ther will permit, but October is the best season. The
ber, for they shouldhang until the outer pulp is quite black. ground must be well worked and cleaned, and the trees
They should be sown soon after they are gathered, for they planted in holes a yard asunder. Although they begin to
frequently miscarry when kept out of the ground till spring; touch, still let them remain unthinned two or three years
and there will be no hazard in sowing them in autumn, pro- longer, to draw one another up. Thin them sparingly at
vided they are put in a dry soil and if the winter should
:
first, only taking out a weakly plant here and there, to make

prove severe, the bed in which they are sown should be room for the vigorous shooting of the others : lest the cold
covered with rotten tan, straw, pease-haulm, or any light cover- entering the plantation too suddenly, should retard its growth,
ing, to prevent the frost from penetrating the ground. Tho if not
destroy it altogether. These trees have a pleasing
best way will be to sow the berries in rows at six inches dis- effect when mixed with other evergreens, in forming of
tance, and one inch asunder in the rows. If drills be made thickets, or to shut out the appearance of disagreeable ob-
about three inches deep, and the berries scattered in them, jects ; for the leaves being very large, make a good blind,
and the earth drawn over fliem, it will be a very good method. and are equally useful for screening from winds hence when
:

The following spring the plants will appear, when they should planted between flowering shrubs they may be trained so as
be kept dean from weeds and if the season should prove
: to fill
up the vacancies in the middle of such plantations,
dry, and they be duly watered, the plants will make sufficient and will answer the purpose of screening in the winter, and
 P RU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. p R,U 411

shutting out the view through the shrubs

in all seasons; there have, and, when ripened on a standard, is preferred before all
are also many other purposes to which it may be applied, so others. 7. The Brussels, is the latest ripe of all the Apricots
as to make it very useful and highly ornamental. for though planted against a wall, it is generally the middle

10. Prunus Elliptica. Flowers in racemes; leaves elliptic, of August before it is ripe, unless it be planted to a full south
serrate, smooth stem ;
arboreous. This tree is said to have aspect ; which should not be done, because the fruit which
been introduced into Japan by the Portuguese, instead of the grows in a warm exposure is never well tasted. This fruit is
Olive. of a middling size, rather inclining to an oval figure, red on
11. Prunus Paniculata. Flowers in spreading panicles; the side next the sun, with many dark spots, and of a green-
leaves elliptic, serrate, smooth stem arboreous, wholly
; ish-yellow on the other side ; the flesh is firm, and of a high
smooth. Native of Japan. flavour; the fruit often cracks before it is ripe. Most people
12. Prunus Mahaleb; Perfumed Cherry Tree. Flowers prefer this to the former sort, except when that is planted as
in terminating corymbs; leaves ovate. This is a low crooked a standard; in which case the fruit is fuller of juice, and has
tree ; the fruit yields a bitter purple juice ; the wood is red, a much richer flavour. The industry of modern gardeners,
very hard, and greatly esteemed by the French cabinet
makers. and the love of novelty, occasion new varieties to be continu-
It is often confounded with that of the first species, under the ally adding to our collection
of fruits. Thus, among Apricots,
name of Sain Lucie Wood. The leaves and flowers afford a the Masculine is subdivided into the Early White, and the

pleasant distilled water. It flowers in April and May. Na- Early Real we also hear of the Temple Apricot, ripe in the
:

tive of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the south of France, middle of August the Moor Park, Peach, Dunmore, or An-
;

Piedmont, Crim Tartary, and on all parts of Mount Cau- son, a large flat-shaped fruit, of a deep yellow colour, and
casus. This is often propagated, by being grafted on any very high-flavoured to which might be added a host of
;

sort of Cherry-stock. others. There is a great, variety of fruiting Apricots in China;

13. Prunus Armeniaca; Apricock or Apricot Tree. Flow- and from the wild tree, the fruit of which has little pulp but
ers sessile ; This fruit-tree is sufficiently
leaves subcordate. a large kernel, they extract a great quantity of oil, superior

distinguished by its broad roundish leaves, drawn to a point to that produced from walnuts. The barren mountains to
at the end, smooth, glandular at the base in front, where the west of Pekin are covered with these trees. They have
they are sometimes slightly cordate, and unequal, that is, one also a variety of double-blossomed Apricot-trees, which they
side longer than the other; the edge is finely serrate; the plant on little mounts in their gardens, and which have a
petiole is from half an inch to an inch in length, commonly beautiful effect in the spring. They have also dwarf trees,
tinged with red. Linneus remarks, that the vernant leaves which are placed for ornament in their apartments, where
are convoluted, that is, not folding flat together, like those of they flower during the winter. The Chinese not only preserve
the Cherry, but rolling upwards more or less the leaves of : the fruit both wet and dry, but make lozenges from the clari-
many Apricot-trees have at all times, in fact, a disposition to fied juice, which, dissolved in water, leaves a cool refreshing
this convolution. The flowers are sessile, white, tinged with beverage. It is worthy of remark, that the young shoots of
the same dusky red that appears on the petioles. The fruit this fruit-tree will dye wool of a fine golden cinnamon colour.
is round,
yellow within and without, firmer than Plums and Propagation and Culture. Most people train these trees
most Peaches, enclosing a smooth compressed stone, resem- up to stems of six or seven feet high, or bud them upon
bling that of the Plum. This fruit is mentioned by Diosco- stocks of that height; but this is an injudicious practice,
rides, but it is not certain of what country it is a native ;
because the higher the heads of these trees are, the more they
there is, however, no doubt that it came into Europe from are exposed to the cutting winds in the spring, which too
some part of Asia, and, it is supposed, from Armenia. The frequently destroy the blossoms the fruit also is more liable
;

following are the most excellent kinds: 1. The Masculine, is to be blown down in summer, especially if there be high winds
the first ripe of all the Apricots ; it is a small roundish fruit, when it is ripe. By falling from a great height, the fruit must
of 'a red colour towards the sun; as it
ripens, the colour fades be bruised and spoiled therefore half standards, of about
:

to a greenish-yellow on the other side in the stem, are preferable;

it has a
very quick
:
thirty inches or three feet high
and high flavour. The tree is planted as dwarfs, against an espalier, where,
very often covered with flowers ;
or they may be
but as they come out early in the will produce a large quantity of
spring, they are frequently if
skilfully managed, they
destroyed by the cold, unless the trees be covered to protect good fruit, and the trees in espalier may be more conveniently
them. 2. The Orange, is the next covered in the spring, when the season proves unfavourable,
ripe; it is a much larger
fruit than the former, arid in which case there will be a greater certainty of fruit every
changes, as it ripens, to a deep yel-
low colour. The flesh being
dry, and not high-flavoured, it year. Apricots are all propagated by budding them on Plum
better for tarts and
preserving, than for the dessert. stocks, and will readily take upon almost any sort of Plum,
i
3.
The Algiers, is the next in season it is of an oval ;
shape, a provided the stock be free and thriving. The Brussels sort,
little
compressed on the sides, and turns to a pale yellow or however, is usually budded on a sort of stock commonly
straw colour when ripe; the flesh is called the St. Julian, which suits this tree best, being gene-
high-flavoured, and very
full of 4. The Roman, is the next The manner of raising the stocks,
juice. ripe: this is a larger rally planted for standards.
fruit than the former, and not
compressed so much on the and budding these trees, will be found under their respective
sides; the colour is deeper, and the flesh not so heads, our present subject being their planting and manage-
moist, as the
former. 5. The Turkey ment. All of them, except the two last sorts, are planted
Apricot, is still larger than any of
the former, and of a globular The skin turns to a
figure. against walls, and should have an east or west aspect; for if
deeper colour, and the flesh is firmer than either of the two they are planted fall south, the great heat causes them to be
last preceding sorts. 6. The Breda
Apricot, so called, by meally before they become eatable. The borders near these
being brought from Holland to England, came originally from walls should be at least six or eight feet wide, and if moie
Africa; it is a large roundish fruit, changing to a the better, but a depth of two feet, or at most thirty inches,
deep
colour when ripe. The flesh is soft, full of juice, and of a is quite sufficient. If the ground be a wet cold loam or clay,
deep orange colour inside ; the stone is
larger and rounder the border should be raised as much above the level of the
than in any of the other sorts. This is the best Apricot we surface as it will admit, laying some stones or rubbish in the
VOL. H. 100. 5M
412 P RU THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P R U

bottom, to prevent the roots from running downwards but ; displacing all the foreright shoots. This must be repeated
if
you plant upon a chalk or gravel, it will be better to raise as often as necessary, to prevent their hanging from the wall ;
the border to a proper thickness with good loamy earth, than but by no means stop any of the shoots in summer. At
to sinkthem by removing earth or gravel; for although ther.e Michaelmas, when the trees have done growing, their branches
are removed the whole length of the border, which may be should be unnailed, and shortened in proportion to their
allowed to be eight feet, and this trench rilled with good strength : a vigorous branch may be left eight or nine inches
earth, yet the roots of the trees will in a few years extend long, but a weak one not above five or six. Many persons
this length, and then meeting with the chalk or gravel, they will perhaps be surprised at this direction, after their allow-
will receive a check, which cause their leaves to fall off
will ing such a distance between the trees, that the wall can never
early in the season, and the fruit will be small, dry, and ill- be filled but this pruning shoot is quite necessary, in order
;

flavoured, and the shoots of the trees will be weak. But to procure a further supply of lower branches, that
every part
where the borders are raised above either, to their full height, of the wall may be occupied quite from the bottom; having?
the roots will not strike down into the gravel or chaik, but particular attention to preserve nearly an equal number of
rather extend themselves near the surface, where they will branches arranging on each side of the tree, nailing thtia
meet with better soil; and as the trees are of long duration, close to the wall horizontally, four, five, or six inches asun-
and old trees are not only more fruitful than young, but the der. In the summer following, each horizontal branch will
fruit isalso better flavoured, it is desirable to provide for push out three, four, or more new shoots, of wliicli if any
their continuance. The best soil for these, and all other rise fore-right and behind the branches,
they should be rub-
kinds of fruit-trees, is fresh untried earth, taken about ten bed off early in the season, nailing all the regular side-
inches deep from a pasture-ground with the turf, and laid to shoots at full length during the summer, so as that the
rot and mellow at least twelve months before it is used, mix- middle of the tree may be kept open; and never shorten any
ing a little rotten dung with it; this must be often turned, to of the shoots in summer, unless to furnish branches to fill
sweeten and imbibe the nitrous particles of the air. When vacant places on the wall and never defer this later than
;

the former soil of the border is taken away, this fresh earth the end of April, for the same reasons as are stated under
should be carried into the place ; and if the borders be filled the article Amygdalus. At Michaelmas shorten these shoots
with it two months before the trees are planted, the ground as was directed for the first year; the strong ones
may be
will be better settled, and not so liable to sink afterwards ; left nine or ten inches, and the weak not more than six or
and in filling the borders, it should be raised four or five seven. The following year's management will be nearly the
inches above the intended level, to allow for the set- same, only observe that Apricots produce their blossom-buds
tling. The borders being thus prepared, select such trees not only upon the last year's wood, but also upon thecursons
as are only of one
year's growth from their budding. If the or spurs which are produced from the two-years' wood ; a
soil be dry, or of a middling great care should therefore be had in the summer manage-
temper, October is the best sea-
son for planting, especially as there will at that time be a ment, not to displace or injure these: observe also to shorten
greater choice of trees from the nurseries, before they have the branches at the winter pruning, so as to furnish fresh
been picked and drawn over by other people. The manner wood in every part of the tree; and be sure to cut out
entirely all luxuriant branches, or displace them as soon as
of preparing these trees for planting, is fully detailed under
the article Peach Tree; see Amyydalus. At the time of plant- they are produced ; which if left to grow, would exhaust
ing, no part of the head of the trees should be cut off", unless the nourishment from the bearing branches, which cannot
there be any strong fore-right shoots which will not come to be too strong, provided they are kindly for the more vigor-
;

the wall, and therefore these should be taken quite ous the tree is, the more likely it is to resist the injuries of
away.
The trees being prepared, mark out the distances at which the weather; though we have often seen trees brought to so
they are to stand, which, in a good strong soil, or against a weak a condition as only to be able to blow faintly, after
low wall, should be twenty feet or more, but in a moderate which most of the bearing branches have died. This has
one eighteen feet is a good reasonable distance ; then make been often attributed to blight, when it really arose from
a hole where each tree is to stand, and place its stem about wrong management. The Brussels and Breda Apricots
four inches from the wall, inclining the head thereto; and being for the most part planted for standards, will require
after having fixed the tree in the ground, nail the branches to very little pruning or management only observe to take out
:

the wall to prevent their shaking, and cover the surface of all dead wood, or such branches as cross each other; this
the ground round the root with rotten dung, to keep out the must be done early in autumn, or in the spring after the cold
frost; in this state let it remain till the end of February or weather is past, that the part where the incision is made
the beginning of March, when, if the weather be fine, you may not canker.
must unnail the branche of your trees, so as not to disturb
i 14. Prunus Sibirica ; Siberian Apricot Tree. Flowers
their roots; and being provided with a sharp knife, put your sessile; leaves ovate-oblong. This differs very little from
foot close to the stem of the tree, and placing
your left hand the preceding species. It only attains the height of six feet,
to the bottom of it, to prevent its being raised with and mere
your right is
probably a variety arising from the difference of
hand, cut off the head of the tree, if it has but one stem, or climate and situation. Native of Transalpine Dauria, in tin:
where it has two or more shoots, each of them must be empire of Russia, where the north side of the mountains are
shortened to about four or five eyes above the bud, so that in May covered with the purple flowers of Rhododendron
the sloping side may be towards the wall. In the spring, if Dauricum ; and the south side, with the white and rose-
the weather proves dry, it will be necessary to give the trees coloured flowers of this dwarf tree.
a gentle refreshing with water; in the doing of which, if they 1/5. Prunus Pumila; Dwarf Canadian Cherry Tree.
be watered with a rose to the watering-pots all over their Flowers subumbclled; leaves narrow, lanceolate. It rarely

heads, it will greatly help them. Lay some turf or other exceeds four feet high, and divides into many slender branches
mulch round their roots, to prevent their drying during near the ground. The flowers come out two or three toge-
summer; and the spring, as new branches are produced,
in ther nl each joint, the whole length of the branches, on long
take care to nail them to the wall in a horizontal
position, slender peduncles. It flowers in May. The fruit, which is
 PRU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PRU 413

red and acid, ripens in July. Native of Canada. This is warmer aspect, the fruit be suffered to hang till ripe it
if

down the branches early in the will be very fit on a S. W. wall it will be per-
for the table :
easily propagated, by laying
take root by the following autumn, when fectly ripe by the middle of August. 15. The Bleeding
spring: they will
and either planted in a nursery to Heart. 16. The large Spanish Cherry, nearly allied to the
they may be taken off,
get strength, or
in the places where they are designed to Duke, of which it seems to be only a variety, and ripens
remain. It also be propagated by sowing the stones soon after. 17. The Yellow Spanish Cherry; of an oval
may
like the Cherry. shape and an amber colour: it ripens late, is sweet, but not
16. Prunus Cerasus; Common or Cultivated Cherry Tree. of a rich flavour, and is but a middling bearer. 18. The
Umbels nearly sessile ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth, Double-flowered, which is
propagated solely for ornament.
folded when young. The branches are ash-coloured, shin- It is asserted that Cherries were introduced into
commonly
ing, roundish; leaves stalked, pointed, unequally serrated, England in the time of Henry VIII.; but written evidence
veined; stipules toothed, glandular; umbels leafless, pen- has been found, that before the middle of the 15th century
dent, composed of but few blossoms, each on a long stalk; the hawkers used to expose cherries for sale in the same
calix reflexed fruit red, justly celebrated for its agreeable
;
manner as is now done early in the season. Lydgate, in the
and acid flavour. The Cherry differs from the Plum in hav- following couplet from his poem called Lickpenny, says,
kernel of the same Hotpescode own (one) bejran to cry,
ing the stone nearly globular, with the
shape. The gum that exudes from this tree is equal to Gum Straberrvs rype, and Cherries in the r/,?e.
Arabic, and may be used for the same purposes, as in the That is, observes Mr. Warton, he cried, Hot, or (as others
strangury, heat of urine, &c. A garrison consisting of more more properly think) Hotspur Peas, Ripe Strawberries, and
than a hundred men were kept alive during a siege of two Cherries on a bough or twig; ryse, rice, or ris, signifying a
months, without any other food than this gum, a little of long branch, the very same word being to this day used in the
which they frequently took in their months, and suffered it to west of England. Propagation and Culture. All kinds of
dissolve gradually. The kernels were formerly supposed to Cherry Trees are propagated by budding or grafting the several
possess very great and singular efficacy in apoplexies, palsies, kinds into stocks of the Black or Wild Red Cherries, which
and nervous disorders in general; and a water distilled from are strong-shooters, and of longer duration than any of the
them was long made use of as a remedy for those fits which garden kinds. The stones of the Wild Cherry trees are sown
young children are frequently troubled with. But since the in a bed of liy;ht sandy earth in autumn, or are preserved in
poisonous qualities of Laurel water (another species of Cherry) sand till spring, and then sowed. The young stocks should
have been discovered, it has been found that the water drawn remain in the nursery beds till the second autumn after
from the kernels of Black Cherries, when made strong, is little sowing; at which time prepare an open spot of good fresh
less noxious; and there is every reason to believe that many earth well worked. In October, plant out the young stocks
hundreds of children have lost their lives by this unsuspected at three feet distance row from row, and about a foot asun-
medicine. The wood is hard and tough, used by turners der in the rows being careful, in taking them up from their
;

and chairmakers, who stain it to imitate mahogany. This seed-beds, to loosen their roots well with a spade to prevent
tree is the original stock from which the cultivated sorts of their breaking. Prune their roots; and if they are inclinable
Cherries are derived. Ray mentions the Common Wild to root downwards, shorten the tap-root, but do not prune

Cherry with a red fruit; the Least Wild Heart Cherry Tree, their tops. The second year after planting out, if they take
in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Westmoreland ; and the Wild to planting well, they will be fit to bud, if they are intended
Northern Cherry, with small late-ripe fruit, on the banks of for dwarfs but if for standards, they will not be tall enough
;

the Tees, near Barnard Castle in Durham. The varieties of till the fourth year, for they should be budded or grafted
eatable Cherries are innumerable. Mr. Miller enumerates, nearly six feet from the ground, otherwise the graft will not
1. The Common or Kentish Cherry, from which, 'he says, it advance much in height; so that it will be impossible to
is
supposed most of the varieties cultivated in the English obtain a good tree from such as are grafted low, unless the
gardens have been raised, though of this he confesses himself graft be trained upwards. The usual way with the nursery
very doubtful ; the differences in the size and shape of their gardeners is to bud their stocks in summer, and such of them
leaves, and in the shoots of the trees, being very great. as miscarry they graft the succeeding spring. Those trees
2. The Early May Cherry, which is the first that becomes where the buds have taken, must be headed off about the
ripe, and should always be introduced where there is room. beginning of March, about six inches above the bud and ;

3. The May Duke, the next when bud has shot

ripe, a larger and more valuable the in summer, if there be any appre-
fruit. 4. The Arch Duke, which succeeds the hension of its being blown out by the winds, it must be fast-
May Duke.
This, if suffered to hang till it is quite ripe, is an excellent ened with bass or other soft tying, to that part of the stock
It should not be which was left above the buds. The autumn following these
cherry. gathered before Midsummer, and
may hang a fortnight longer, even near London, where it trees will be fit to remove ; but if the ground be not ready
ripens a fortnight sooner than in places forty miles dis- to receive them, they may remain two years before they are
tant. This fruit may be continued till
August against a transplanted ; in doing which, observe not to head them,
north wall. 5. The Flemish. 6. The Red Heart. 7. The which is often immediate death and if they even survive it,
;

White Heart. 8. The Black Heart. 9. The Amber Heart.

they seldom recover in less than five or six years. If these
10. The Ox Heart. 11. The Lukeward, which is a trees are intended for a wall, plant dwarfs between the stan-
good
bearer. The fruit also is good, of a dark colour, andwill dards; but the latter, as the former fill the walls, must be.
do well in standards. 12. The Carnation: this is valuable cut away to make room for them. Never plant standard
for its coming late: it is not the best Cherries over other fruits, fur nothing will prosper under
bearer, though the
fruit is firm and fleshy, and very well on espaliers.
will ripen the drip of Cherry-trees. When they are taken up from the
13. The Hertfordshire Heart, a and well-flavoured fruit,
firm
nursery, shorten the roots, and cut off all the bruised parts,
but does not ripen earlier than the end of July or the as also all small fibres, whiph would dry, grow mouldy, and
begin-
ning of August. 14. The Morello, which is retard the growth of the new fibres in their coming forth ;
generally planted
against a north wall, and much used for preserving. In a cut. off likewise the dead
part of the stock which was left
414 PR a THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PR U
above the bud, close down to the back part of it, that the they will not live many years, and will be perpetually blighted
stock may be covered by the bud. If these trees be designed in the spring. The Double-flowering Cherry is propagated
for a wall, place the bud directly from the wall, that the
by budding or grafting on the Black or Wild Cherry stock ;
back part of the stock which is cut may be hidden. The and the trees are very proper to intermix with
flowering
sorts commonly planted against walls are, the Early May trees of a second growth. The flowers are as large and
and May Duke, which require a south aspect. The Hearts double as a Cinnamon Rose, and being
produced in large
and Common Duke will thrive on a west wall and in order; bunches on every part of the tree, render it one of the most
to continue the Duke later in the season, they are
frequently beautiful trees of the
spring. Some of the flowers which are
placed against west and north-west walls, where they will less double often produce fruit, which is not the case with
succeed very well. The Morello is generally
placed on a the double flowers.
north wall. The Hearts are seldom planted against walls, 17. Prunus Avium; Small-fruited Cherry Tree, Umbels
not being good bearers, though probably that defect might sessile leaves ovate-lanceolate, pubescent underneath, folded
;

be removed if they were grafted on the Bird

Cherry, and together. This grows to be a large tree fit for timber, and
properly managed. The Bird Cherry stock is said to render is
frequently found in woods. From this, the only varieties
Cherries very fruitful, producing the same effect upon them ever raised by seeds are, the Black Coroun and the Small Wild
as the Paradise stock does upon Apples so that it is worth
:
Cherry, of which there are two or three varieties, differing
while to make the experiment. Some persons graft the Ddke in the size and colour of their fruit. The first sort is much
and other sorts of Cherries upon the Morello, which is but cultivated in the Chiltern part of and
Buckinghamshire,
a weak shooter, in order to check the luxuriant growth of makes a beautiful appearance in the spring, when the trees
their trees, which will succeed for three or four
years, but are in blossom at the same time that the Beech is
leafing.
they are not of long duration, nor will they make shoots In Suffolk it abounds about Polstead.and from that is called
above six or eight inches long; being closely covered with the Polstead Cherry: in that
county the Wild Cherries are
blossoms, they may produce some fruit in a small compass : called Merries, from the French Merise. The Corone, Coroun,
but such experiments cannot succeed for general use, and or Crown Cherry, which is the highest improvement of this
only serve to satisfy curiosity; and it is much better to allow sort, is common in Hertfordshire, and about Bergh-Apton
the tree a greater share of room against the walls, when one in Norfolk. The Black Cherry tree grows to a considerable
tree so planted, and
properly managed, will produce more height Evelyn mentions one above eighty-five feet when it
; :

fruit than
twenty of these trees, or twice that number, when attains that size, the timber, especially the redder sort, is fit
they are planted too close, though they are grafted upon the to make stools, chairs, tables, and cabinets, as it will polish
Black Cherry or any other free-stock. and
Cherry-trees standing well, is also
very fit for pipes and musical instruments.
against the wall should be at least twenty or twenty-four feet In spring when in flower they are very ornamental in
parks,
asunder, with a standard tree between each dwarf, for they the fruit is also food for birds, and the wood is useful for
will extend themselves as far or farther than
Apricots, and turners. They will thrive in poor land better than most
many other sorts of fruit. In the orchards of Kent, the usual other sorts. The stones are generally sown for raising stocks
distance allowed for them is forty feet to graft or bud other Cherries upon, being of quicker growth
square, at which
space they are less subject to blight than when they are and of longer duration. It is seldom grafted or budded.
planted closer; and the ground may be tilled between them Where persons are curious to have the best-flavoured of this
almost as well as if it were sort of fruit, they from such as produce
entirely clear, especially whilst certainly may graft
the trees are young ; and the often
stirring the ground, pro- the best. They are always trained as standards; the Coroun
vided the roots be not disturbed, will greatly help the trees; for the orchard, and the Small Wild Black and Red for
park
but when they are grown so large as to overshadow the
plantations.
ground, the drip of their leaves will suffer nothing to live 18. Prunus Pennsylvanica Pennsylvanian or Upright
;

underneath. The best orchard sorts are, the Common R.ed Cherry Tree. Umbels subsessile, aggregate, and many-flow-
or Kentish Cherry, the Duke, and the Lukeward all of which ; ered, at length panicle-shaped; leaves oblong, lanceolate,
are plentiful bearers. In pruning these trees, the shoots acuminate, smooth, glandular at the base. It flowers in
should never be shortened, for most of them produce their May. Native of North America.
fruit-buds at their extreme part, which by shortening are cut 19. Primus Nigra; Canadian Black Cherry Tree. Um-
off, and occasions the death of the shoot: their branches should bels sessile, solitary, few-flowered ; leaves deciduous, ovate,
therefore be trained in at full length horizontally, observing acuminate petioles biglandular.
; It flowers in April and
in May, where there is a
vacancy in the wall, to stop some May. Native of Canada.
strong adjoining branches, which will occasion their putting 20. Prunus Domestica Common ; Plum Tree. Peduncles
out two or more shoots; by which means at that season of subsolitary; leaves lanceolate-ovate, convoluted; branches
the year there may always be a supply of wood for covering without thorns. This is a middling-sized tree, growing gene-
the wall ; at the same time displace all fore-right shoots by rally from sixteen to twenty-five feet, and branching into a
the hand, for if suffered to grow till winter they will not
moderately spreading head. The leaves are on short stalks,
only deprive the bearing branches of their proper supply of ovate, serrated, smooth, the younger ones downy; the flowers
nourishment, but occasion the tree to gum when cut out: are white, generally on solitary stalks the fruit, of a dark blue
;

for no sort of fruit-tree bears the knife worse than or purple colour, mostly elliptical or obovate. It loves a
Cherry. lofty
In displacing the fore-right shoots, take care not to rub off the exposure, and is not injurious to pasturage. The cultivated
sides or spurs which are garden Plums are derived from this species, which is a native of
produced upon the two or three years
old wood ; for it is upon these that the greatest Asia and Europe, but not of Great Britain; for though it is
part of the fruit
is
produced, and they will continue fruitful for several years. not uncommon in our hedges, the plants found there probably
Ignorance or neglect of this caution renders Cherry trees, originated from some of the cultivated species, which, accord-
especially the Morello, so often unfruitful, for the more they ing to Pliny, came from Syria into Greece, and thence into
are cut the weaker are their shoots. The soil that these Italy. The varieties of garden and orchard Plums are very
trees thrive best in U a fresh hazel loam; if it be a dry gravel, numerous, differing in the form, taste, colour, and substance
 P RU OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P RU 415

of the Mr. Miller enumerates thirty, from which we

fruit. oval-shaped fruit, of a yellowish colour, mixed with red on
select the following: 1. The White Primordian this is a
: the outside; the flesh is of a bright yellow colour, dry, and
small, longish, white Plum, of a clear yellow colour, covered of an excellent rich flavour. 14. The Cherry Plum, so called
over with a white flew, which easily wipes off. It is a tole- from the fruit being generally of the size of the Ox-heart
and as it comes in very early, though It is round, red, and resembles a
rably good bearer ; Cherry. Cherry in the
it is mealy, and has little flavour, one tree of it should be length of its stalk and general appearance, so as not to be
admitted into a large fruit-garden. It ripens at the middle or distinguished at a distance. The blossoms of this tree come
latter end of July. 2. The Early Damask, or Morocco Plum : out very early in the spring, and, being tender, are very often
this is round-shaped, divided in the middle with a furrow destroyed by cold; but they afford a very agreeable prospect,
like a Peach : the outside is of a dark black colour, covered for, being generally covered with flowers, which open about
with a light violet bloom; the flesh is yellow, and parts from the same time as the Almonds, their appearance is most
the stone; it ripens at the end of July, and is much esteemed beautiful, though it is to be regretted that this early blossom-
for its goodness. 3. The little Black Damask Plum this is :
ing greatly diminishes the quantity of their fruit. 15. The
small and Black, covered with a light violet bloom; the juice White Pear Plum, we only notice, to say, that it affords the
>s richly sugared; the flesh parts from the stone, and it bears best of all stocks for budding the tenderer sorts of Peaches.
well, ripening in the beginning of August. 4. The Orleans 16. The Muscle Plum, is oblong and flat, of a dark red
Plum, is so well known
that it is only necessary to say, that colour, with a large stone the flesh being not well tasted,
;

the only reason for its being so general is, that it bears and very thin, it is chiefly used for stocks, like the White
abundantly, and is on that account preferred by those who Pear Plum. 17. The Green Gage (see above, No. 11.) is the
finest eating Plum we have, especially when it is tinged with
supply the fruit-markets, for it certainly is not an excellent
Plum. It ripens in August. 5. The Black Perdigron Plum :
purple. It ripens very well on standards or espaliers in Au-
this a middling-sized and oval-shaped sort the outside is
is ;
gust and September. 18. The Damascene, vulgarly called
of a very dark colour, covered over with a violet bloom the ; the Damson, is a small, roundish, dark-blue Plum. This
flesh is firm, and full of an excellent rich juice. It ripens in kind has almost universally the reputation of being more
August, and is. greatly esteemed by the curious. 6. The Vio- wholesome than any other, and, being a great bearer, is largely
let, or Blue Perdigron Plum, is a large, rather round than cnltivated in orchards, to supply the continual demand for it
oval fruit, of a bluish-red colour on the outside the flesh is
; while in season. It
ripens in September. The ornamental
of a yellowish colour, pretty firm, and closely adheres to the varieties of this species, are the Double-blossomed, the Gold
stone; the juice is exquisitely flavoured. It ripens in August. and the Silver striped, and the Stoneless Plum. Notwith-
7. The White Perdigron Plum: this is of an oblong figure; standing the popular disrepute of Plums as insalubrious,
the outside is yellow, covered with a white bloom the flesh
; Woodville maintains, that when perfectly ripe, and taken in
is firm and well tasted. It is a
very good fruit, either to ea* a moderate quantity, they are not unwholesome; though, when
raw or for sweetmeats, having an agreeable sweetness, mixed eaten unripe, they are more liable to occasion colics,
with an acidity. It ripens at the end of August. 8. The diarrhoea, or cholera, than any other fruit of this class. In a
Red Imperial, or Bonum Magnum Plum, is a large oval-shaped medicinal point of view, they are emollient, cooling, and laxa-
fruit, of a deep red colour, covered with a fine bloom. It is tive, especially the dried French Prunes, imported from
very dry, but a great bearer, and excellent for sweetmeats. Marseilles; for though their opening power diminishes by
Ripe in September. 9. The White Imperial Bonum Mag- drying, yet as they retain much of their acid, they are more
num, White Holland, Mogul, or Egg Plum, is a large, oval- laxative than the other dried fruits. Hence they are pecu-
shaped, yellowish-coloured fruit, covered with a white bloom, liarly beneficial to costive habits, and are frequently ordered
the flesh is firm, but adheres closely to the stone. Having in decoction with senna and other purgatives.
Propagation
an acid taste, it is not so fit for eating as for baking, or and All the varieties are propagated by budding or
Culture.
making into sweetmeats. It is a great bearer, and ripens in grafting upon stocks of the Muscle White Pear, or the Bonum
September. 10. The Apricot Plum, ripens at the end of Magnum Plum and for the manner of raising these stocks, the
;

September, and is large and round, yellow-coloured on the reader is referred to the article Nursery. Budding Plum-
outside, powdered over with a white bloom ; the flesh is firm trees is much preferable to grafting, because they are so very
and dry, of a sweet taste, and comes clean from the stone. liable to gum wherever large wounds are made. The trees
1 1. The
Dauphiny, or Large Queen Claudia Plum, has a num- should not be more than one year's growth from the bud
ber of other fantastical French names, and is one of the best when they are transplanted; for if older, they are very sub-
Plums in England it is of a middle size, round, and of a
;
ject to canker; or if they take well to the ground, commonly
yellowish-green colour on the outside ; the flesh is of a deep produce only two or three luxuriant branches. The manner
green colour, and parts from the stone. It is a
great bearer, of preparing the ground, if for walls, is the same as for
and has a very richly-flavoured juice. It Peaches see Amygdalus. The distance between these trees
ripens in the middle ;

of September, and is confounded should not be less than twenty-four feet against high walls,
by most people in England
by the name of Green Gage but this is the sort that should
:
and, where' the walls are low, thirty feet asunder. They
be chosen, for there are three or four different sorts
generally require a middling soil, neither too wet and heavy, nor too
sold for it, one of which is small, round, and and dry. Those planted against walls should have an
dry, "but later light
ripe, and not worth preserving. 12. The Saint Catherine east or south-east aspect, which are more kindly to them
Plum, is a large, oval-shaped, rather flat fruit, amber-coloured than full south, on which they are subject to shrivel and
on the outside, inside of a bright yellow colour the flesh ; become very dry : and many sorts will be extremely mealy,
adheres firmly to the stone, and has a very agreeable sweet if toomuch exposed to the heat of the sun but most sorts
;

It ripens at the end of

taste.
September, and is very subject will ripen extremely well on espaliers, if rightly managed.
to dry upon the tree, when the autumn
proves warm "and dry. Plums are sometimes planted for standards, and some of th
It makes fine sweetmeats, and is a 13. The
plentiful bearer. ordinary sorts will in that case bear very well; but their fruit
Brignole Plum, which ripens in the middle of September, and will not be near so fair as that produced on espaliers, besides
is esteemed the best
yet known for sweetmeats, is a large being in greater danger of being bruised or blown down by
VOL. II. 100. 5 N
416 PRU THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PRU
strong winds. The distance of placing them for espaliers stones may be sown in autumn in beds, two inches
deep; keep
must be the same as against walls; as must also their'pruning them clean, and when they are two years old, plant them in
and management so that whatever is said concerning each,
:
rows, from two to three feet asunder, an-d train them to a
applies tu both. As Plums do not only produce their fruit single stem. When of a proper height, graft or bud them
upon the last year's wood, but also upon cursons or spurs, as other Plums; and when the heads are formed
transplant
which come out of wood that is many years old, there is no them where they are to remain, any time from October to
necessity of shortening the branches, in order to obtain new March, placing them eighteen or twenty feet asunder.
shoots annually in every part of the tree, as has been directed 22. Prunus Spinosa; Sloe Plum Tree, or Blackthorn.
for Peaches, Nectarines, &c. for the more these trees are Peduncles solitary; leaves lanceolate, smooth; brandies
pruned, the more they grow, until their strength being thus thorny. Root creeping; stem shrubby, crooked, six or eidit
exhausted, they gum and spoil. On this account, the safest feet high,covered with a dark-coloured bark. Leaves stalk-
method to manage these trees is, to lay in there shoots hori- ed, serrated, dark-green, not appearing till the plant has
zontally, as they are produced, at equal distances, in propor- blossomed flowers solitary, white ; fruit globular, black,
;

tion to the length of their leaves ; and where there is not a very austere. This is not so well adapted to hedges as
sufficient quantity of branches to fill up the vacancies of the the White Thorn, because it spreads it roots wide, and
tree, there die shoots, at the beginning- of May, must be encroaches upon the pasturage, but it is excellent for dead
pinched in the same way as directed for those of the Peach- fences, and to lay in covered drains. The wood being hard
tree. This pinching will cause them to produce some lateral and tough, is formed into teeth for rakes, and into walking-
branches to supply those places and during the growing
; sticks. From some says Dr. Withering, which I
effects,
season, all foreright shoots should be displaced, and such as have repeatedly observed to follow a wound from the thorns,
are to remain must be regularly trained to the wall or espalier, I have reason to believe there is
something poisonous in
which will not only render them beautiful, but also give to them, particularly in autumn. The tender leaves dried, are
each part of the trees an equal advantage of sun and air, sometimes used as a substitute for tea, and is the best sub-
and thus always keep the fruit in a ductile growing state, stitute that has yet been tried : had
they not been coloured
which can seldom be when they are over-shaded with shoots with deleterious materials, and fraudulently sold as real
for the first part of the season, and then suddenly exposed to East Indian Tea, no bad consequences would have fol-
the air by the taking off of those branches, or training them lowed ; but these practices have lately been discovered, and
in their proper position. With this careful going over the justly punished. An infusion of an ounce of the flowers
trees in the growing season, they will require little attention in water or
whey, is a safe and easy purge the bark dried,
;

in winter; for when the branches are shortened, the fruit is reduced to powder, and taken in doses of two drachms, will
cut away, and the number of shoots increased, because when- frequently cure some agues. The juice expressed from the
ever a branch is shortened, there are commonly two or three unripe fruit is a very good remedy for fluxes of the bowels ;
more shoots produced from the eyes immediately below the it
may be reduced by a gentle boiling to a solid consistence,
cut; so that by thus unskilfully pruning, many persons crowd in which state it will keep the
year round, without losing
their trees with branches, and thereby render what little fruit any of its virtues. Letters marked upon linen or woollen
the trees produce very small and ill tasted, which is often with the juice of this fruit, will not wash out. Bruised, and
the fact in many gardens, although the managers
generally put into wine, it communicates a beautiful red colour, and a
think themselves quite masters of their business. Nothing is pleasant subacid roughness. There is, in fact, too much rea-
more usual than to see every branch of a fruit-tree undergo son to presume, that this juice enters largely into the British
the excisions of the knife, however improper it may be for the manufacture of Port Wine, in the same way that the leaves
several sorts of fruit. It is also equally common to see these have been recently ascertained to form so large a part of what
trees
planted at the distance of fourteen or sixteen feet, so is called CJtincse Tea. The Sloe is so harshly sharp and aus-
that the walls are in a few years covered with branches; and tere, as not to be eatable till it is mellowed by frost: its juice
then all the shoots are cut and mangled with the knife, so as is extremely viscid, so that the fruit
requires the addition of a
to appear like a stumped hedge, besides producing very little little water, in order to admit of That obtained
expression.
fruit: the only way, therefore, says Mr. Miller, to have Plum- from the unripe fruit, and inspissated to dryness by a gentle
trees in good order, is to give them room, prune them very heat, is the German Acacia, and has been sold in the shops
sparingly, and extend their branches at full length. for the Egyptian Acacia, from which it differs in
being harder,
21. Prunus Insititia; Bullace Plum Tree. Peduncles in heavier, darker coloured, of a sharper taste, and more espe-
pairs; leaves lanceolate-ovate, convoluted, villose underneath; cially in giving out its astringency to rectified spirit. This
branches terminated by a thorn. This is rather a humble tree, fruit has been
employed as a styptic ever since the time of
whose branches usually terminate in a spine: leaves alternate, Diescorides. It has been recommended in diarrhoeas and
on short stalks, serrated flowers from different buds, in pairs,
;
haemorrhages, and as gargles in swellings of the tonsils and
large, white ; fruit globular, black, very austere, but so tem- uvula. Dr. Cullen considers them as the most powerful of
pered by sweetness and roughness, as not to be unpleasant, the acerb fruits, and as agreeable and useful astringents; but
especially after it is mellowed by frost; and a conserve is pre- thinks the conserve, directed by the Medical College, con-
pared of it, by mixing the pulp with thrice its weisrht of sugar. tains a larger proportion of sugar than is necessary. This
The bark of the root and branches is considerably styptic. An plant is at once useful and troublesome to the husbandman.

infusion of the flowers sweetened with sugar, is a mild pur- I'f

they be felled to the ground, the stubs i'ntercept the scythe,
gative, not improper for children. It varies with black and and prevent the bite of cattle, and the thicket is soon renewed.
white, or rather wax-coloured, fruit; and, as some say, with a If grubbed up by the roots, every fibril left in the soil pro-
red bitter unpleasant fruit, found in the hedges of Essex and duces a fresh plant; so that unless great care is had to take
Suffolk. It flowers in April, and is a native of Germany, all these out, the grubbing up will increase instead of lessen-

Switzerland, France, and England. -This tree is raised from ing the evil. If, however, they be cut off level with the sur-
the stones but the only certain wav of continuing its varieties,
; face, the scythe has free sweep, and the young shoots may be
i*
by grafting them upon any Plum or Bullace stocks. The removed with ease and certainty. The same stroke that
 PRU THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; PSI 417

mows the herbage will take off the shoots. If pastured, cattle a genus of the class Icosandria, order Mono-
and sheep will gnaw them to the quick, when they have no gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-
woodland left to brouze. It is, however, advisable always in leafed, bell-siiuped, five-cleft, permanent; segments ovate.
this case to sweep the ground over with the scythe in the Corolla: petals ovate, concave, spreading, inserted
five,
course of summer, to remove whatever the animals may have into the calix. :Stamina
filamenta numerous, shorter than
left. In the second year the shoots will rise, but are weak ; the corolla, inserted into the calix; anther* small. Pistil:
and the roots themselves, which seldom survive the third germen roundish, inferior; style awl-shaped, very long;

year, will
in a few years after be found quite rotten. After a stigma simple. Pericarp : berry oval, very large, crowned
thicket or border, where the sward is nearly lost, has been with the calix, one or many celled. Seeds numerous, very :

treated in this manner, rubbish of every kind should be small, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-
raked off, a few grass-seeds scattered on, and the surface cleft, superior. Petals: five.
Berry: one-celled, many-
run over with the roller, as a preparation for the scythe. seeded. The species are,
After headlands or borders are grubbed, they should be 1.Psidium Pyrifenim; White Guava. Leaves elliptic,
planted with potatoes, or some other cleansing crop that is pubescent underneath ; peduncles one-flowered. In its wild
well hoed, till the Blackthorns and other shrubs and hedge- state this tree grows to the height of seven or eight, some-
weeds are totally eradicated, before they are laid down to times of twelve, feot. In the gardens of the West Indies,
grass. Thus pursued, grubbing more effectually answers the where the soil is good, it equals a middle-sized Apple-tree,
the trunk being six feet high, a-nd a foot and a half in circum-
purpose than mowing. These modes of extirpation (for it
abundantly propagates itself) apply not only to the Black- ference. The wood is very hard and tough, used for ox-
thorn, but to all kinds of shrubs and trees, except the Furze yokes and similar purposes, and very well adapted for fuel.
and Bramble. 'Ihe fruit is smooth, having a peculiar smell: on the out-
23. Prunus Aspera. Flowers solitary, terminating; leaves side it is
yellow, whitish, or sulphureous, and is roundish, or more
ovate, serrate, rough. The upper surface of the leaves of this oblong, the size of a hen's egg, or bigger, according to the
tree is so hard, that in Japan, where it is a native, they soil the rind is a line or two in thickness, brittle, and
:

are employed in polishing. fleshy: the pulp rather firm, full of bony seeds ; it is flesh-
24. Prunus Japonica. Peduncles solitary leaves ovate, ; coloured, sweet, aromatic, and pleasant. It is eaten with

acuminate, smooth; branches unarmed. Native of Japan. avidity, not only by the natives, but by Europeans, though it
25. Prunus Glandulosa. Peduncles solitary leaves ob- ; is
apt to flux the latter; yet Jacquin declares, that when he has
long, glandular-serrate branches unarmed.
; Native of Japan. been thirsty on a journey, he has eaten to satiety of it without
26. Prunus Incisa. Peduncles solitary leaves ovate, gash-
;
any inconvenience. It is eaten raw in the desert places,
serrate, villose branches unarmed. Native of Japan.
; though the seeds are scarcely separable ; and is also pre-
27. Prunus Tomentosa. Peduncles solitary leaves ovate, ;
served in sugar. Native of both Indies, Cochin-china, and
tomentose underneath. Native of Japan. the southern provinces of China becoming a large tree when
;

28. Prunus Prostrata. Peduncles in pairs; leaves ovate, cultivated, but much smaller and of an irregular growth,
unequally serrate, without glands, tomentose underneath; with distorted branches, in a wild state. In the Caribbee
stem prostrate. Native of the mountains, and Mount Liba- Islands it frequently overruns the pastures; and one tree in
nus. It approaches the habit of the Almond. a garden will suffice to fill the whole, for the seeds pass
29. Prunus Serotina. Flowers in loose racemes; leaves through the bodies of men and animals without losing their
deciduous, simply serrate ; lowest serratures glandular. vegetative quality. This plant, with all its congeners, is
Native of North America. propagated by seeds, which must be procured from the
30. Prunus Dasycarpa. Flowers sessile ; leaves ovate, country where they naturally grow. If they were
brought
acuminate, doubly serrate; petioles glandular. Native of over in the fruit, gathered full ripe and kept entire, they
North America. would be more certain of succeeding. They should be sown
31. Prunus Semperflorens; Ever-flowering
Cherry. Flow- in pots filled with rich
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged
ers in racemes; calices serrate; leaves ovate, serrate, glan- into a hot-bed of tanners' bark, giving them water from time
dular at the base. This is suspected to be a mule, to time as the earth dries. If the seeds are good the plants
preserv-
ing its difference in our gardens. will appear, and must have free air admitted to them in
pro-
32. Prunus Pigmsea : Plum. Umbels When they have
Pigmy sessile, portion to the warmth of the season.
few-flowered ; leaves
elliptic, acute, biglandular at the base, acquired strength enough to bear removal, let them each be
smooth. Native of North America.
transplanted into a small pot filled with the same earth, and
33. Prunus
Cerasifera; Myrobalan Plum. Peduncles plunged into a fresh hot-bed, shading them from the sun
solitary; leaves elliptic, smooth; fruits pendulous, on until they have taken new root ; then they should have a
branches almost destitute of prickles. This has been
generally large share of free air admitted to them every day in warm
considered as a variety of the Common Plum. The branches
weather, to prevent their drawing up weak: they should also
are very smooth, but somewhat Native of North be frequently refreshed with water in the summer. \Vhen
thorny.
America. the plants have filled these small pots with their roots, they
34. Prunus Chicasa. Buds aggregate, biflorous should be taken out, and their roots parted, and put into
;
pedicels
very short ; calix glabrous ;
segments obtuse ; leaves oblong- larger pots filled with the same kind of earth, and plunged
oval, acute, or
acuminate-serrulate fruit into the hot-bed again, where they should remain till autumn,
subglobose
;
;

branches spinescent, very glabrous. Grows in and then be plunged into the tan-bed in the dry-stove.
Virginia and
Carolina, and flowers in April and May. This tree is known During the winter they should have a moderate warmth, and
by the name of the Chicasaw Plum. The fruit is yellow, and not too much water, and in summer they will require
plenty
agreeably tasted. It is mentioned in Michaux's Flora, that it of wet, and in hot weather a great share of air: under this
was introduced by the Indians. This be the
probably may management they will produce flowers and fruit in the third
as
case, generally only occurs where ancient
it
camps of year,and may be continued a long time.
Indians have been.
2. Psidium Pumilum Dwarf Guava. ; Leaves lanceo-
418 PSO THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PSO
ate, acute, tomentose underneath ; peduncles one-flowered. length with the legume. Stamina. : in two distinct sets.
Tliis has exactly the appearance of the preceding species, but Legume : single-seeded, somewhat beaked, without valves.
is rive times smaller in all its parts; being a shrub about two The species are,
feet high : fruit the size of a hazel nut. Native of Ceylon. 1. Psoralea Rotundifolia; Round-leaved Psoralea. Leaves
3. Psidiurn Aromaticum; Aromatic Guava. Leaves ovate, simple, ovate, quite entire ; heads and bractes villose.
acuminate, smooth ; peduncles one-flowered, bracted. This Native of the Cape. It
only requires, like all its congeners
isa moderate tree, with a trunk about five feet in height, and from the Cape, the protection of a green-house or
glass-case.
branching at the top in a scattered manner. The fruit is See the second species.
globular, like a cherry, aromatic, The bruised
and eatable. 2. Psoralea Pinnata ;
Wing-leaved Psoralea. Leaves pin-
leaves have the smell of Balm. a native of Cayenne
It is nate, linear ; flowers axillary. It rises with a soft
shrubby
and Guiana, growing in woods, and flowering in the month stalk four or five feet high, much branched; leaves alternate,
of October. stalked, dark-green; leaflets about an inch long, narrow;
4- Psidium Grandiflorum ; Great-lowered Guava. Leaves stipules in pairs, ovate, pointed, flowers the size of the Labur-
ovate, acuminate, smooth peduncles one-flowered, bracted.
; num, blue, with white claws. It flowers
during the greater
This also is a middling-sized tree, branching from the top in part of the summer, and the seeds ripen in autumn. Native
an irregular manner. The flowers spring from the young of the Cape. This is easily propagated by seeds sown upon
branches: they are large and showy, white, and have a very a moderate hot-bed. When the plants come up, they should
agreeable odour. Native of the woods of Cayenne; where it have much air and little heat; when they are of a size to re-
flowers in December, and produces the fruit, the seeds of move, plant them in separate small pots filled with light earth.
which are enveloped in a succulent pulp, in February. Plunge them into the new bed, shading them from the sun
5. Psidium Decaspermum. Leaves ovate, acuminate, till
they have taken new root, and gradually inure them to the
pubescent ;
peduncles one-flowered, bracted. This is a open air, into which they should be removed about the end
smooth shrub. Fruit small, globular, rugged. It differs of May; and keep them abroad till October, then
placing
from Guajava only in having all the seeds inserted, instead them in the green-house. It may also be increased by cut-
of their being in every position; in their being straightish, and tings of the young shoots, planted, during any of the sum-
not kidney-form and in having no partition whatever. Native
; mer months, on a bed of light earth, covering them close with
of Otaheite, and the other Society Islands. bell or hand glasses,
shading them, and gently refreshing
6. Psidium Pomiferum ; Red Guava. Leaves oblong- them with water as the ground dries when they have taken
:

lanceolate, pubescent underneath; peduncles three-flowered. root, harden them gradually, transplant them into small pots,
This has a pretty thick trunk, twenty feet in height, covered and treat them like the seedling plants.
wi^h a smooth bark, and towards the top dividing into many 3. Psoralea Aculeata
Prickly Psoralea.
; Leaves ternate ;

iingular branches; fruit shaped like a pomegranate; crown leaflets wedge-form, recurved, mucronate flowers axillary,
;

when ripe having an agreeable odour. Native of both Indies, solitary, approximating. Found in ditches at the Cape.
and of the woods of China and Cochin-china. In the latter 4. Psoralea Bracteata; Oval-spiked Psoralea. Leaves
countries, according to Loureiro, the fruit is eatable, but ternate, obovate, recurved, mucronate; spikes ovate. It
both the taste and smell of it is bad and unpleasant. The flowers in June and July. The flowers are numerous at the
roots and younger leaves are astringent, and esteemed useful ends of the branches ; standard violet ;
wings and keel blue.
in curing fluxes, and strengthening the stomach. Native of the Cape.
7. Psidium Guianense; African Guava. Leaves ovate, 5. Psoralea Spicata Long-spiked Psoralea.
; Leaves ter-
quite entire, tomentose underneath; peduncles three-flow- nate, oblong, blunt; spikes cylindric. Native of the Cape.
ered. A
small, smooth tree: the fruit small, roundish, tawny 6. Psoralea Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Psoralea. Leaves
outside, deep red within, of a most grateful and exquisitely ternate, linear; peduncles axillary, solitary or trine, few-"
sweet taste. Native of Prince's Island on the coast of flowered. Native of the Cape.
Guinea, and cultivated in San Domingo. 7. Psoralea Axillaris; Axillary Psoralea. Leaves ternate ;

8. Psidium Montanum ; Mountain Guava.

Leaves oblong, leaflets lanceolate; peduncles axillary, one-flowered Native
acuminate, crenulate, shining; peduncles many-flowered. of the Cape.
This is one of the largest trees in the woods of Jamaica, 8. Psoralea
Stachydis. Leaves ternate, petioled ; leaflets
growing frequently to the height of sixty or seventy feet, oblong, mucronate ;
spikes terminating, interrupted ; calices
with a proportioned thickness. The flowers are white, and villose. Native of the Cape.
fragrant, resembling those of the White Guava : the fruit is 9. Psoralea
Aphylla; Leafless Psoralea. Leaves none;
acid. It is an excellent timber wood, of a dark colour, and stipules mucronate, very short, subimbricate towards the
curled grain, works easily, takes a fine polish, and makes flowers. The long leafless scaly branches terminate in a
very beautiful walking-sticks. longish cluster of several flowers, whose standard is blue,
-
Psoralea ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan- the other petals white Native of the Ca-pe .
ckia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, 10. Psoralea Tenuifolia; Fine-leaved Psoralea. Lower
dotted with tubercles, five-cleft ; segments acute, equal, per- leaves ternate ; upper simple, lanceolate-subsessile Native
manent; the lowest double the length of the others. Corolla : of die Cape.
papilionaceous, five-petalled ; standard roundish, emarginate, 11. Psoralea Capitata ; Headed Psoralea. Leaves lei nate
rising; wings crescent-shaped, blunt, small; keel two-petal- and simple, linear; head terminating. Native of the Cape.
led, crescent-shaped, blunt. Stamina: filamenta diadelphous, 12. Psoralea Hirta; Hairy Psoralea. Leaves ternate;
one single and bristle-shaped, nine united, ascending; antherse leaflets obovate, recurved, mucronate ; flowers tern-spiked ;
roundish. Pistil: germen linear ; style awl-shaped, ascend- calices tomentose Native of the Cape.
ing, the length of the stamina; stigma blunt. 13. Psoralea Decumbens Trailing Psoralea. Leaves
Pericarp: ;

legume the length of the calix, compressed, ascending, acu- ternate; leaflets wedge-lanceolate, with a recurved point;
minate. Seed: single, kidney-form. ESSENTIAL CHA- flowers axillary. Native of the Cape; flowering in May.
RACTER. Calix: besprinkled with callous dots, the same 14. Psoralea Repens; Creeping Psoralea. Leaves ternate;
 or THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
 PSO OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PSO 419

stem creeping; flowers subumbelled, sant smell: "if rubbed, they stain the fingers of a yel'o
obovate, emarginate ;

blue. Native of the Cape. colour,and tinge water of a very beautiful clear yellow, wl ich
15. Psoralea Bituminosa; Bituminous Psoralea. All the can hardly be washed out, and becomes gradually deeper.
leaves ternate ; leaflets lanceolate ; footstalks downy, without Native of New Spain, in the coppices near Carthagena, flow-

glands; spikes capitate, stalked, axillary.

Roots perennial, ering in May and the following month. It is propagated like
but the stalks seldom last beyond two years. The leaves, the preceding species.
if handled, emit a strong scent of bitumen. The corollas 25. Psoralea Lsevigata; Polished Psoralea. Leaves pin-
are blue. Native of Italy, Sicily, and the south of France, nate ; stipules solid, subacute, very minute ; flowers purple,
and also of Barbary. It is propagated by seeds, which not stiiated pollen golden and shining.
; Native of the Cape.
should be sown on a bed of light earth in April in May the : 26. Psoralea Leporina ; Downy-spiked Psoralea. Leaves
plants will come up,
when they should be kept clean from pinnate, oblonc.'-linear, very numerous spikes without bractes, ;

root annual stem smooth, striated. It

weeds, and transplanted as soon as they are fit to remove. It villose, lanceo,'-ite ; ;

will live through a favourable winter in a warm dry border; flowers in October ar.d November. Native of Mexico. Pro-
but it is generally sheltered in a green-house or glass-case. pagated as the twenty-third species.
1'S. Psoralea Glandulosa; Stripe-flowered Psoralea. All 27. Psoralea Foliolosa; Leafy Psoralea. Leaves pinnate,
the leaves ternate; leaflets lanceolate; petioles rugged; flow- ohlong, numerous spikes terminating, bracted, globular-
;

ers in spikes. It flowers from May to August. Native of ovate; calices compressed. Stem round, smooth, having fer-
Peru, Spain, and the Balearic Isles. ruginous glands scattered over it, branched; corolla purple,
17. Psoralea Palestina; Palestine or Herbaceous Psoralea. pale at the base. It flowers in October and November. Native
All the leaves ternate leaflets ovate
;
petioles pubescent ; ; country unknown. Treat it like the twenty-third species.
flowers in heads. They are large, and violet-coloured. 28. Psoralea Reclinata Reclining Psoralea.
; Stem pro-
Native of the Levant. cumbent leaves pinnate ; flowers in close spikes keel longer
; ;

18. Psoralea Americana; American Psoraka. Leaves than the other petals. Native of Mexico. Treat it in the
ternale ; leaflets ovate, tooth-angular spikes lateral. Native
;
same manner as the twenty-third species.
of Madeira. 29. Psoralea Hirta. Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate ; stem
.19. Psoralea Tetragonoloba. Leaves tornate, toothed; shrubby, hairy flowers in terminating spikes corollas pur-
; ;

stem flexuose spikes lateral; legumes strict, quadrangular;

; plish. Native of South America. It
requires the same
flowers alternate, on very short pedicels, a little larger than management as the twenty-third species.
those of Indigofera, (to which genus it is suspected to belong,) 30. Psoralea Procumbens. Leaves pinnate, silvery; stems
having an acute keel, without the lateral horns of that plant. procumbent ; flowers axillary. They are small and purple,
Found by Forskahl in Arabia. and in small clusters. Native of Malabar. Managed like
20. Psoralea Corylifolia Hazel-leaned Psoralea.
; Leaves the twenty-third species.
simple, ovate, somewhat toothed spikes ovate. The habit
;
3J. Psoralea Scandens ; Climbing Psoralea. Leaves pin-
is herbaceous the flowers are produced on long slender
: nate ; stem branched, climbing; flowers axillary, sessile.
axillary peduncles, and are collected into small round heads They are small, of a bright blue colour, in little clusters.
of a pale flesh-colour. It flowers in July, and grows natu- Found at Campeachy.
rally in India. Sow the seeds upon a hot-bed in the 32. Psoralea Capitals Headed Psoralea. Leaves ternate;
;

spring: when the plants are fit to remove, plant them in stem very branching, shrubby ; flowers in heads, peduncled,
separate small pots filled with light earth, and plunge them axillary ; corollas blue. Found at Campeachy.
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners' bark, and shade them 33. Psolca Humilis ; Humble Psoralea. Leaves
pinnate,
until they have taken new root after which admit air freely
;
with rounder villose leaflets; flowers in
axillary and termi-
to them in warm weather, and water them gently as often as nating heads stems shrubby.
; Found at Vera Cruz.
necessary. When the plants have filled the pots with their 34. Psoralea Argophylla. Plant on every side silver-
roots, remove them into larger, and at the beginning of July tomentose ; leaves ternate little leaves lanceolate-oblong ;
;

place them in an airy glass-case, where they may be defended spikes terminal, interrupted bractes ovate, acuminate; flow-
;

from cold, but have free air in warm weather and thus ;
ers subopposite, sessile, purple. Grows on the banks of the
treated, they will flower and ripen their seeds. Missouri. The silvery tomentum of this plant gives it a par-
21. Psoralea Pentaphylla; Five-leaved Psoralea. Leaves ticularly handsome appearance.
digitate, quinate ; leaflets unequal. Native of Mexico and 35. Psoralea Esculenta Esculent Psoralea. Plant on
;

Malabar. every side villose; leaves digitate-quinate ; little leaves lan-

22. Psoralea Prostrata Prostrate Psoralea.
; Leaves su- ceolate, unequal, plain, very entire; spikes axillary, thick-
perdecompound, digitate, linear. Native of the Cape. flowered ; segments of the calix lanceolate, a little shorter
23. Psoralea Dalea ; Annual Psoralea. Leaves pinnate; than the corolla; legumes ensiform-rostrate. Root simple,
spikes cylindrical, terminating. The flowers are collected somewhat fusiform, bulbous above the middle; flowers
in close oblong spikes at the ends of the branches
they are ;
pale blue. Grows on the banks of the Missouri. " This
small, and of a bright blue colour. Native of New Spain. "
plant," observes Pursh, produces the famous Bread-root
Sow the seeds on a hot-bed; and treat them, when they of the American Western Indians, on which they partly
come up, in the same way as other plants from hut countries. subsist in winter. They collect them in large quantities ;
Keep those sorts which are perennial in a moderate warmth and, if for present use, they rof.st them in the ashes, when
in the stove during winter, giving them a good share of free
they give a food similar to yams if intended for winter use, :

air in summer. they are carefully dried, and preserved in a dry place in
24. Psoralea Enneaphylla Nine-leaved Psoralea. Leaves
; their huts. When wanted for use, they are mashed between
pinnate; spikes axillary. This is an upright slender shrub, two stones, mixed with some water, and baked in cakes
five feet high, with a few pliant branches. On the back of over the coals. It is a wholesome and nourishing food, and,
the leaflets aie little dots that
appear like bags, as in Hype- according to Mr. Lewis's observation, agreeable to most con-
ricum Perforatum, containing a gummy juice of an stitutions; which, he observed, was not the case with tha
unplea-
VOL. II. 101. 5O
420 PS Y THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P S Y

rest of the roots collected by those Indians for food. This ;he bark reddish brown o the outside, and red within ;
root has been frequently found by travellers in the canoes of lowers in terminating racemes ; corolla white. The bark
the Indians, but the plant which produces it has not been dyes silk and cotton of a fine red. Native of the great
" The taste
known until lately." Mr. Thomas Nuttall says, 'orests of Guiana, especially in wet places.
of the root is rather insipid, but not disagreeable either raw 6. Psychotria Hirsuta. Stipules lanceolate, entire, deci-
or boiled; the latter is its common mode of preparation duous leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, rough-haired ; stem
;

among the savages : its texture is laminated, always tena- xtremely hirsute ; panicle spreading. This differs from the
cious, solid, and never farinaceous ; it is also somewhat rest of the genus in its very remarkable
shagginess and
medicinal, and operates as a diuretic." xtremely spreading habit. Native of old woods in the
36. Psoralea Lupinellus. Leaves quinate-digitate ; little southern parts of Jamaica.
leaves in very fine lines; spikes with few flowers ; legumes 7. Psychotria Foetens. Stipules acuminate, entire, deci-
ovoideous, uncinate-mucronate, nervose-rugose. Is found duous; leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, smooth; panicle
in the barrren fields of Carolina. The leaves of the seven spreading very much; branches reflex, filiform. This differs
last species of this genus are covered with resinous dots. from the preceding in its smoothness, and in having the
37. Psoralea Canescens. The whole plant canescent; branches of the panicle reflex. A peculiar and very foetid
leaves shortly petiolate, trifoliate ; spikes with loose flowers ; subacid odour proceeds from the bruised leaves or broken
flowers pedicelled ; calix very villose. Grows in the barren branches, like that in Comocladia. Dentata and Schradera
sandy fields of Carolina and Georgia, and flowers in July. Capitata. Native of Jamaica, in the mountainous woods of
38 Psoralea Melilotoides. Plant slightly pubescent leaves ; the southern parts.
ternate ; little leaves lanceolate ; spikes oblong bractes lato- ; 8. Psychotria Citrifolia. Stipules ovate, permanent; leaves
cordate, acuminated at great length legumes rotund, very
;
elliptic, acuminate, subcoiiaceous ; panicles short; berries
much wrinkled, and nervose flowers blue. Grows in pine-
;
oblong, ribbed. The leaves are very like those of the Lemon
barrens from Carolina to Florida, and flowers from June to in colour and consistence. Native of the West Indies.
August. 9. Psychotria Nitida. Stipules roundish, deciduous ;
39. Psoralea Tenuiflora. Plant pubescent, very branchy ; leaves roundish, ovate, acuminate; panicle terminating; bor-
leaves ternate ;
leaves elliptical, rugose-punctated on
little der of the corolla longer than the tube. It flowers in
Sep-
both sides ;
peduncles axillary, longer than the leaf, some- tember, on the banks of the river Sinemari in Guinea, where
what triflorous flowers very small, pale
;
blue. Grows on the it is a native.

banks of the Missouri. 10..

Psychotria Marginata. Stipules entire, acuminate,
40. Psoralea Lanceolata. Plant pubescent; leaves tetnate; deciduous leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, cartilaginous-
;

little leaves elongate-lanceolate ; petioles thick ; spikes avil- bristly at the end ;
panicle loose. Found in the woods of
lary, scarcely lunger than the leaf, thick-flowered ;
flowers Jamaica, flowering in spring.
pedicellated, small, bright blue; bractes scarcely longer than 11. Psychotria Tenuifolia. Stipules ovate, emarginate,
the pedicel teeth of the calix coloured.
;
Grows on the deciduous; leaves oblong, acute, very thin, smooth panicles ;

banks of the Missouri, and flowers in July and August. erect, subsessile. Native of Hispaniola, in coppices.
Psychotria ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- 12. Psychotria Nervosa. Stipules oblong, emarginate,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth very small, deciduous leaves ovate, acuminate at both ends, nerved,
;

five-toothed, superior, permanent. Corolla: monopetalous, somewhat waved panicles sessile, almost erect. Willdenow
;

salver-shaped or funnel-shaped; tube long; border short, observes, that the leaves are not properly nerved, but have
five-cleft; segments obovate, acute. Stamina: filamenta prominent veins. Native of Jamaica, in coppices.
five, capillary; anfhcrse linear, erect, uot exceeding the tube. 13. Psychotria Carthaginensis. Stipules emarginate; leaves
Pistil: germen inferior, roundish ; style filiform ; stigma bifid, obovate, acuminate panicle terminating.
; It is a suberect
with the segments thickish, blunt. Pericarp : berry round- branched shrub, the height of a man. It flowers in August
ish, ovate, or oblong, one-celled, (or, according to Geertner, at Carthagena in New Spain, where it is a native very ;

two-celled,) crowned with the culix. Seeds : two, hemisphe- common in coppices and hedges, and among bushes.
rical or oblong, on one side convex and five-grooved, on the 14. Psychotria Myristiphyllum. Stipules ovate, deciduous ;
other flat. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-toothed, leaves lanceolate-ovate, nerveless, shining, rigid branches ;

crowning. Corolla: tubular. Berry :

globular. Seeds: two, directed one way; racemes compound, terminating. Native
hemispheiical, grooved. The species are, of dry coppices, among Logwood, in the northern parts of
1. Psychotria Asiatica. Stipules emarginate; leaves lan- Jamaica. Browne says it is common about the ferry, and in
ceolate, ovate. Native of the East and West Indies. the savannas, near Hunt's Bay.
Stipules acute, undivided, deci- 15. Psychotria Laxa. Stipules ovate, acute, deciduous;
2.
Psychotria Glabrata.
duous leaves ovate, very smooth, shining; flowers panicled,
;
leaves ovate, acuminate racemes in threes, terminating, tri-
;

erect. Native of Jamaica, in the interior of the island, upon chotomous branches and pedicels s-ubcapillary, loose.
;

rocky places. Native of Jamaica, on mountainous coppices.

3. Psyohotria Axillaris. Stipules acute, undivided ; leaves 16. Psychotria Paiasitica. Stipules embracing, retuse ;
ovate-acute; flowerg axillary. Native of the woods ol leaves ovate, acuminate, veinless, somewhat succulent ra- ;

Guiana. cemes terminating or axillary, compound. Native of the

Stipules ovate, acuminate, deci-
4. Psychotria Laurifolia. West Indies, in mountainous woods, where it grows for the
duous leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, thickish, smooth ;
;
most part parasitically, on the trunks of aged trees.
17. Psychotria Horizon talis. Stipules ovate leaves lan-
panicles erect; berries roundish. Native of Hispaniola in ;

ceolate, ovate, acute ; branches, leaves, and branchlets

of
dry coppices, also of Jamaica.
the panicles horizontal. It may be distinguished from all
5. Psychotria Parviflora. Stipules ovate, cuspidate, deci-
duous ; leaves elliptic, ovate, acuminate, parallel, veined ; the rest at first sight by the disposition of the branchlets.
panicles erect; berries oval. The trunk of this species is Native of Hispaniola, on spots, in a cretaceous
open
soil.
leaves Ian-
ten or twelve feet high, with many branches at the top, anc 18. Psychotria Nutans. Stipules two-toothed;
 P S Y OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PS Y 421

ceolate, acute, nerved ; racemes three-parted, erect, in their tities,has scarcely any effect at all. Dr. Irving has ascer-
Native of Hispaniola, in open spots, tained by experiments, that this root contains a gummy and
fruiting state nodding.
in a cretaceous soil. resinous matter, and that the gum is in much greater propor-
19. Psychotria Speciosa. Arboreous: leaves oblong, lan- tion, and is more powerfully emetic, than the resin ; that the
cortical is more active than the
ceolate involucre terminating, subtriflorous.
;
Native of the woody part; and that the
island of Otaheite. whole root possesses an antiseptic and astringent quality.
20. Psychotria Involucrata. Stipules two-toothed ; leaves The same physician observes, that its emetic property is most
lanceolate, ovate, shining; racemes terminating, corymbed ;
effectually counteracted by means of the acetous acid, inso-
flowers involucred. Native of Ja- much that thirty grains of the powder, taken in two ounces
pedicels three-flowered;
maica and Guiana. of vinegar, produced only some loose stools. This medicine
21. Psychotria Flexuosa. Stipules two-toothed; leaves was first publicly noticed in the middle of the seventeenth
ovate, attenuated to both ends; panicle divaricating,
flexuose. century, but did not enter into the general practice till Hel-
22. Psycliotria Racemosa. Stipules two-lobed; leaves vetius employed it in the Hotel de Dieu, at Paris.
Expe-
flowers rience has proved it to be the mildest and safest emetic with
oblong, acuminate ; raceme terminating, simple ;
involucred. Native of Guiana, in the woods of Orapu, flow- which we are acquainted having this peculiar advantage,
;

that if it does not operate by vomit, it discharges itself

ering and fruiting in August. by
23. Psychotria Violacea. Stipules oblong, blunt, deci- the usual evacuations. It was at first introduced with the

duous; leaves oblong, acuminate; flowers, panicle coiymbed, character of an almost infallible remedy in dysenteries and
involucred. Native of Guiana in woods, flowering in July. other inveterate fluxes, and also in disorders proceeding from
24. Psychotria Brachiata. Stipules ovate, bifid ; raceme obstructions of long standing ; nor has it since lost much of
terminating, compound ; branches brachiate ; flowers aggre- its reputation. In the spasmodic asthma, Dr. Akensidc re-

gate, sessile. It flowers in May and June, on high moun- marks, that where nothing contiaindicates repeated vomiting,
tuins, in the southern parts of Jamaica. he knows no medicine so effectual. In violent paroxysms, a
25. Psychotria Grandis. Stipules deltoid, revolute at the scruple procures immediate relief; where the complaint is habi-
edge, awl-shaped at the tip ; leaves cuneiform, obovate ; tual, from three to five grains every other morning, may be
stem angular. Native of mountain-coppices in th.e interior given for a month or six weeks. It has also been
employed
of Jamaica, flowering in April. with success in hseinorrhages. Several cases of menorrhagia
26. Psychotria Patens. Stipules two-toothed leaves dis- ; are mentioned Ly Dahlberg, in which one-third or half a
tich, lanceolate-ovate, membranaceous branches spreading; ; grain was given every four hours till it effected a cure. These
panicles directed one way. This is a singular species, the small doses are likewise found of great use in oatarrhal and
branches of the panicle divaricating, and being all directed even consumptive cases, as well as in various states of
one way. Native of Jamaica, on the Blue Mountains. fever. Cullen informs us, that he knew;, a practitioner who
27. Psychotria Uliginosa. Stipules connate, acute, con- cured intermittents by giving five grains of Ipecacuanha, or
vex; leaves lanceolate-oblong; seeds compressed, crested; enough to excite nausea, an hour before the accession of
stem subherbaceous, simple, erect. It flowers in spring, and the fit was expected ; and, that another proposed to cure
is a native of Jamaica, in wet places upon the mountains. agues by emetics given at the time of accession, or at the end
28. Psychotria Serpens. Stem subherbaceous, creeping ; of the cold stage, and was also successful. In short, Pringle,
leaves ovate-acute at both ends. Native of the East Indies. Lewis, Motherby, and Akenside, agree that this vomit may
29. Psychotria Herbacea. Stem herbaceous, creeping; be ventured on in almost every case where the stomach re-
leaves cordate, petioled. It produces flowers and ripe fruits quires to be unloaded of its contents. The common dose,
in December. Native of Jamaica, and various parts of the when it is intended to vomit, is from ten grains to a scruple
East and West Indies. for a grown person, and in proportion for others. As a spe-
30. Psychotria Emetica Ipecacuanha Plant. Herbaceous,
;
cific in the bloody flux, repeated experiments have established

procumbent : leaves lanceolate, smooth ; stipules extrafolia- its

reputation, and confirmed its efficacy, not only when
ceous, subulate ; heads axillary, peduncled, few-flowered. given as an emetic, but in such small doses as scarcely pro-
Root perpendicular, roundish, somewhat branched leaves ; duce any visible effect. In the slighter kinds of the disease
crowded stipules deciduous flowers axillary, white, stalked,
; ; it
commonly performs a cure in a very short time, not by act-
from two to five on each stalk berry nearly ovate. Native
;
ing as an astringent, but apparently by promoting a gentle
of the warmest parts of North America. This plant is sup- perspiration, which is here for the most part obstructed.
posed to be the genuine Ipecacuanha : there are three sorts Most of the common sudorifics, or sweating medicines, in
of the root in our the ash-coloured or these cases pass off without producing any effect. But if,
shops ;
gray, the
brown, and the while. The .sh-coloured is brought from after taking a puke of Ipecacuanha, the patient is covered up
Peru, and is a small wrinkled root, bent into a great varijty warm in bed, a gentle sweat soon succeeds, by which the
of figures, brought over in short pieces full of wrinkles, and disease is often terminated at once. But though in the putrid
deep circular fissures, down to a small white woody fibre or malignant kinds of this disease it is not so speedily effica-
that runs in the middle of each piece ; the cortical cious, it should by no means be omitted, either in small doses
part is
compact and brittle, and looks smooth and resinous on by itself, or joined with such other medicines as the case may
breaking it has very little smell the taste is bitterish and
: ;
require. This root, in its powdered state, is now, in fact,
subacrid, covering the tongue as it were with a kind of muci- advantageously employed in every disease where vomiting is
lage. The brown is small, somewhat more wrinkled than the indicated, and, combined with opium, under the form of
above, of a brown-blackish colour without, and white within; Pulvis Sudorificus, it furnishes us with the most useful and
this was brought from Brazil. The white sort is woody, has active sweating medicine which we possess. It is also
given
no wrinkles, and no perceptible bitterness ; the ash-coloured with good effects in those very small doses which produce
is that usually preferred for medicinal use ; the brown, even no sensible operation. The full dose in substance is one
in a small dose, has been sometimes observed to The officinal preparation, sold by the is
produce scruple. druggists,
violent effects ; but the white, though taken in large quan- Vinum Ipecacuanha, or Ipecacuanha Wine.
422 PT E THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PTE
31. Psychotria Corymbosa. Stipules two-toothed leaves
; bunches at the ends of the branches
they are of an herba-
;

lanceolate, ovate, acute, subrigid, shining; flowers in corymbs; ceous white colour. Native of shady moist hedges, and the
peduncles and pedicels coloured. Native of the high moun- edges of woods among rocks, from New York to Carolina,
tains of Jamaica. flowering in June. This shrub may be propagated cut- by
32. Psychotria Pubescens. Stipules two-toothed ; leaves tings, planted in pots of fresh rich earth, and
plunged into
lanceolate, ovate, acuminate, pubescent; panicles cymed, a moderate hot-bed. The best time for this is in the begin-
spreading. Common in Jamaica, and the other islands. ning of March ; but they must be carefully managed, so as
33. Psychotria Pedunculata. Stipules two-toothed leaves ;
not to have too much heat, and be shaded from the sun in the
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat wrinkled ; flowers in a sort of middle of the day, otherwise they will not succeed. It
may
cyme common peduncle elongated. Native of mountain-
;
also be propagated by layers, but these are often two
years
woods, in the interior of Jamaica. before they take root ; and, if good seeds can be
procured
34. Psychotria Crocea. Stipules two-toothed; leaves ovate, either at home or from abroad, the plants raised from them
acute, nerved; panicles erect, and peduncles saffron-coloured. will be much stronger. The seeds may be sown in the begin-
Native of the West Indies, in mountainous coppices. ning of April, on a bed of light earth, in a warm sheltered
35. Psychotria Alpina. Stipules two-toothed ; leaves lan- situation, where, if the ground be moistened in dry weather,
ceolate, ovate, membranaceons, netted-veined ; panicles erect; the plants will come up in six weeks; but if the seeds are
corollas elongated, diaphanous. Found on the Blue Moun- sown in pots, and placed on a very moderate hot-bed, they
tains in Jamaica. will come up much sooner, and make greater progress in the
36. Psychotria Paniculata. Stipules two-toothed leaves ; first yearbut they must not be forced or drawn, for that
:

ovate; panicle erect; stem arboreous. Found at Surinam, would make them very tender; therefore in June the plants
and in South America. should be exposed to the open air in a sheltered situation,
37. Psychotria Palicurea. Stipules two-lobed leaves
; where they may remain till the frost comes on, when those
broad, ovate, acuminate at both ends; panicles erect; co- in the pots should be either placed under a common frame to
rollas cylindrical, ventricose, somewhat curved, mealy on the shelter them from severe frosts, or the pots plunged into the
outside. -Native of the West Indies and Guiana. ground near a hedge, that the frost may be prevented from
38. Psychotria Lutea. Stipules two-lobed leaves broad-
;
penetrating through the sides of the pots to the roots of the
ovate, acuminate; panicle erect; tube of the corolla narrowed plants. In the following spring they may be planted into a
at the base segments of the border acute. It flowers in
;
nursery-bed, at about one foot distance, where they may grow
September, on Mount Courose in Guiana, where it is a native. two years, by which time they will be fit to transplant whither
39. Psychotria Longiflora. Stipules two-lobed; leaves they are designed to remain. These plants are rather tender
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate raceme terminating, almost sim-
; while young, and will, on that account, require some protec-
tube of the corolla curved in segments of the border tion in the first and second year, but
ple ; ;
particularly from the
bluntish. Native of barren places in Cayenne and Guiana, early frosts in autumn, which frequently kills the tops of the
where it flowers in July and August. tender shoots before they are hardened and, the more vigor-
;

Ptelea; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia. ous the plants have grown the preceding summer, the greater
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth four- is their danger of the frost killing them; but afterwards, as

parted, acute, small, deciduous. Corolla : petals four, ob- they advance in strength, the covering, which should be of
long, concave, spreading, larger than the calix, coriaceous. mats, may be removed without risk.
Stamina : filamenta four, awl-shaped, erect, curved in at Pteris; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Filices.
the top. flattish, and villose at the base, almost the length of ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fructifications: in an uninter-
the corolla; antheree roundish. Pistil: germen ovate, small, rupted marginal line. Involucre: from the margin of the
abortive ; style very short, bifid at the top ; stigmas obsolete. frond turned in, uninterrupted, separating on the inner side.
Female. Calix and Corolla : as in the male. Stamina : fila- The species are,
*
menta as in the male, much shorter than the corolla; anthersc With simple Fronds.
roundish, barren. Pistil: germen ovate, compressed, big- 1. Pteris Piloselloides. Barren fronds obovate ; fertile,

gish; style short, compressed; stigmas two, bluntish, di- lanceolate, longer; shoots Native of the East
creeping.
verging. Pericarp: drupe roundish, large, juiceless, com- Indies, Japan, and Cochin-china, on rocks and trees.
pressed, membranaceous, winged, two-celled. Seeds: soli- 2. Pteris Lanceolata. Fronds lanceolate, subangular,
tary, oblong, attenuated upwards. Observe. Some of the smooth, fruiting at the tip. Native of San Domingo.
flowers have a five-cleft calix, and a flve-petalled corolla in : 3. Pteris Angustifoiia. Fronds lanceolate, linear, entire,
these, and even in the flowers that are four-cleft, there are erect, fruiting along the whole edge. Native of the West
often five, six, and seven stamina. Each of the germina Indies.
contains two seeds, but only one of them, and sometimes only 4. Pteris Lineata. Fronds linear, quite entire, fruiting
one in the whole drupe, comes to perfection. In the female longitudinally. Native of St. Domingo.
flowers, the antherse are sometimes polliniferous, and hence 5. Pteris Tricuspidata. Fronds linear, trifid at the top.
this genus might be referred to the class Polygamia, though Native of trie West Indies.
Willdenow places it in the class Tetrandria, where it was
still 6. Pteris Furcata. Fronds dichotomous, hispid underneath,
left by Linneus. ESSE-NTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four- fruiting at the tips. Native of the West Indies.
parted, inferior. Corolla: fotir-petalled. Stigmas: two. 7. Pteris Quadrifolia. Frond quaternate, roundish, quite
Fruit : with a roundish membrane, having one seed in the entire; shoots creeping. Native of the East Indies.
middle. The only known species is, ** With pinnate Leaves.
1 Ptelea Trifoliata ; Three-leaved Ptelea, or Shrubby Tre-
. 8. Pteris Arborea. Leaflets pinnatifid; trunk arboreous,
foil. It rises with an
upright woody stem, ten or twelve feet prickly. Native country unknown.
high, dividing upwards into many branches, covered with a 9. Pteris Grandifolia. Pinnas opposite, ovate-linear, acu-
smooth grayish bark, gainished with trifoliate leaves stand- minate, quite entire. Native of the bogs of Dominica and
ing upon long footstalks. The flowers are produced in large Martinico.
 PTE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. PTE 423

10. Pteris Nervosa. Pinnas lanceolate, parallel-nerved, those of the base, very long. Native of the same islands,
entire, the lowest binate Native of Japan. and growing like the preceding, only never rising so high: it
11. Pteris Longifolia. Pinnas linear, repand, cordate at delights in an open gravelly soil, and is very common on the
the base Native of Jamaica and Dominica, in cool moist lower hills of Jamaica.
22. Pteris Atropurpurea. Fronds decompound, pinnate ;
places near rivulets.
12. Pteris Denticulata. Lower pinnas semipinnate, lan- pinnas lanceolate ; the terminating ones longer. Native of
ceolate ; the barren ones toothlet-ciliate ; the fertile ones Virginia.
quite entire Native of Hispaniola. 23. Pteris Nigra. Frond tripinnate ; leaflets ovate ; the
13. Pteris Vittata. Pinnas linear, straight, rounded at the terminating one subtrilobate. Native of China, near Canton.
base. Native of China, Cochin-china, and Jamaica. 24. Pteris Arguta. Frond subbipinnate ; lower leaflets
14. Pteris Stipularis Pinnas linear, sessile; stipules lan- twice two-parted; pinnas lanceolate, serrate. This is pro-
ceolate Native of South America. bably a variety of the next species, the difference is so small.
15. Pteris Trichomanoides. Pinnas subovate, blunt, re- Native of Madeira and Arabia.
pand, hirsute underneath Native of the rocks in Dominica 25. Pteris Biaurita. Fronds pinnate ; pinnas pinnatifid ;
and Jamaica, where it is said to be common in the moun- the lowest two-parted. According to Browne, it rises gene-
tains of Liguanee. rally to the height of two feet and a half, or more, and is
16. Pteris Cretioa. Prnnas opposite, lanceolate, serrulate, easily distinguished by the regular division of its lower ribs.
narrowed at the base;the lowest subtripartite. Native of Native of the West Indies and of Cochin-china.
th islands of Candia and Elba. 2fi.Pteris Quadriaurita. Fronds pinnate ; pinnas pinna-
*** With toothed at the top ; the four lower pairs bifid.
subbipinnate or branched Fronds tifid, It is
17. Pteris Pedata. Fronds five-angled, trifoliate pinnas ;
very distinct from the preceding in size, in the senatures
pinnatifid, the lateral ones two-parted. This little plant and number of the bifid pinnas. Native of Ceylon.
seldom rises above four or six inches from the ground; it is 27. Pteris Semipinnata. Fronds subbipinnate; the lateral
beautifully dissected, and of a very singular form, but
varies leafletsand lowest lobe semipinnatifid Native of China and
much in its division and appearance Native of Jamaica, Japan.
Domiuica, and the Society Isles. 28. Pteris Serrulata. Fronds semipinnate, linear, serrulate
18. Pteris Sinuate. Fronds bipinnatifid pinnules and
; Native of Jamaica.
sinuses rounded Native of Japan. 29. Pteris Heterophylla. Fronds bipinnate; pinnas ovate,
19. Pteris Aquilina; Female Fern, or Brakes. Fronds oblong, serrate, blunt ; the fertile ones quite entire. This is
a small, but very elegant species, rising to the height of six-
superdecompound; leaflets pinnate; pinnas lanceolate; lower
pinnatifid, upper less. The roots are creeping, and when teen or eighteen inches Native of Jamaica, in moist shady
cut obliquely, present a kinrl of representation of the imperial place*,
eagle; hence Linneus called it Aquilina. The fronds are 30. Pteris Lunulata. Frond pinnate ; pinnules alternate,
annual, springing from a perennial, scaly root, and rise petioled, crescent-shaped, striated -This beautiful Fern ap-
from two to five feet, according to the soil they are rigid
:
pears to have been sent from Bengal.
and harsh, of a light green, and spread in a handsome man- 31 . Pteris Esculenta ; Eatable-rooted Brake. Fronds super-
ner. They are called Brakens in the north of England decompound, grooved; leaflets pinnate; pinnas linear, decur-
Native of most parts of Europe, on heaths and in woods. rent; the uppermost shorter. Native of the Society Isles, and
An alkali, which is tolerably pure, may be obtained from the of Van Diemen's Land; where the natives eat the roots when
ashes of this plant. The root dried, reduced to a fine pow- better food is scarce these are creeping, thick, knotty and
:

der, and given in dosps of half an ounce, is a secret remedy bristly, and full of a starch-like pith.
The fronds are two feet
for the tape-worm, and supposed to be equally efficacious
is hiiih, much resembling our common brake.
in the destruction of all other worms. The common people, 32. Pteris Comans. Fronds pinnate ;
leaflets pinnatifid ;

in many parts of England, mix these ashes with water, and pinnas elongated, lanceolate, at the top attenuated, serrate
form them into balls; these balls are afterwards made hot in Native of New Zealand.
the fire, and used to make lye for scouring of line-n. This 33. Pteris Rotundifolia. Fronds pinnate, hispid pinnas ;

plant certainly forms a very durable thatch, and affords an subopposite, roundish, obsoletely crenate Native of New
excellent litter for hoiso-s and oows. Where fuel is scarce, it Zealand.
is used to heat ovens, and burn Fronds subbipinnate; leaflets oblong,
limestone, for it will afford a 34. Pteris Humilis.
very intense heat. In the most inhospitable northern climates, gashed, subpinnate; the outmost obsoletely crenate, conflu-
bread is actually made from the roots; and even in Native of New Zealand.
Japan, the ent
Pterocarpus ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order De-
young fronds, before their
leaves are displayed, are exposed
in the shop windows during the month of May, at which time candria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-
they are eaten by the natives. The woody root is there also, leafed, tubular, bell-shaped, five-toothed; teeth acute. Co-
bruised, soaked in water, boiled, and then, though quite black, rolla: papilionaceous standard with an oblong claw, round-
;

eaten by the poorer sort. This plant

may sometimes be era- ish, cordate, spreading, convex; wings lanceolate, shorter
dicated by repeated mowings in summei but where it is trou-
; than the standard; keel short. Stamina: filamenta ten,
blesome, burning it is most effectual. united; antheroe roundish. Pistil: germen pedicelled, ob
:

20. Pteris Caudata. Fronds supsidecompound pinnas Peri-

;
long, compressed style awl-shaped, stigma simple.
;

linear; the lowest pinnate, toothed at the base; the terminat-

carp : legume roundish, sickle-shaped, leafy, compressed,
ing ones very long. Native of Jamaica and Dominica; in the varicose, with voiny sides, woody within, not opening; the
former of which, according to Browne, it is common cells longitudinal. Seed: solitary, kidney-shaped, thicker at
very
upon open spots in the mountains, where it thrives best in a the base, appendicled at the top. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
stiff clay. Calix: five-toothed. Capsule: sickle-shaped, leafy, varicose.
21. Pteris Mutilata. Fronds decompound; leaflets pin- Seeds: few, solitary. The species are,
nnte, the lowest semipinnatifid ; the terminating ones, and 1.
Pterocarpus Draco. Leaves pinnate, ovate, pointed;
VOL. n. 101. 5P
424 PTE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PTE
stipulas oblong, obtuse ; legume rounded at the extremity. filiform, the length of the stamina ; stigma bifid.
Pericarp .
This is a tree
thirty feet high, yielding a red pellucid resin. none ; unchanged. Seeds: solitary, oblong, compress-
calix
The bark is thick, outwardly of a ferruginous gray colour: ed ; down sessile, subplumose, with subpilose rays. Re-
ifcut transversely while fresh, it betrays no marks of redness chaffs
ceptacle: chaffy, flatfish ; many, parted into bristles,
at first, but in a short time is variegated with shorter than the seeds. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
many blood-red Recep-
dots, that collect into globules or tears. The tree itself, tade: with many-parted bristles. Down: subplumose. Calix-.
when cut in different parts, in a short time becomes full of imbricate. The habit of these plants is singular and peculiar,
the same bloody drops, which are shining and but some of the species having a naked receptacle, ought
very clear,
and harden in the space of a few minutes, especially if the rather to be placed in the genus Chrysocoma : it follows at
sunshines hot; and are then collected under the name of least that a new Generic Character should be constructed for
Sanguis Draconis, or Dragon's Blood. The flowers are yel- Pteronia, or the natural genus torn asunder. A genus of
low, in compound axillary clusters. The bark, wood, and rather humble rigid shrubs, consisting, according to Willdo-
leaves, have an astringent taste ; the bark of the trunk
and now, of twenty-six species, all natives of the Cape; of which
root is cut into pieces, and used by the inhabitants of the the following are given as a specimen :
West Indies for cleaning their teeth. The resin was for- 1. Pteronia Camphorata; Aromatic Pteronia. Leaves
merly sent from Garth a gena into Spain, but having fallen into scattered, ciliate at the base; calix scales finely serrated.
disuse, is no longer gathered for exportation Native of Stem much branched, about a yard high; flowers terminal,
South America antl the. West Indies. yellow, solitary. It blossoms from June to
September, re^
2.Pterooarpus Lanatus. Leaves pinnate; spines stipular; quiring the shelter of a greenhouse in winter.
fruits cresent-shaped. A rigid shrub, or tree, with a pair of 2. Pteronia Oppositifolia ; Forked Pteronia. Leaves
strong hooked spines at the base of each leaf; panicle ter- opposite ; branches dichotomous, divaricating. This is a
minal, downy; flowers white. Native of South America. small naked shrub; leaves small, ovate lanceolate; flowers
3. Pterocarpus Santalinus. Leaves ternate, roundish, re- terminal, sessile, yellow. It flowers in July.
tuse, very smooth petals crenate, waved.
; This is a very 3. Pteronia Stricta ; Cluster-flowered Pteronia. Leaves
lofty tree, having a bark like t'he Alder, and alternate branches. scattered and in bundles, filiform, subciliate at the base ;
It is the true Santalum Rubrum, which
Koanig first detected calicine leaflets entire ; hollows of the receptacle many-parted,
in the East Indies. The wood is daik-red with black veins, setaceous.
heavy, close, capable of a good polish, and sinking in water. 4. Pteronia Hirsuta ;
Hairy Pteroma. Leaves lanceolate,
The sap of this tree, like that of the first species, yields one spreading, hairy; stem procumbent; calicine scales entire.
sort of Di agon's blood. Many of the red Indian woods tran- 5. Pteronia Glabrata; Smooth Pterunia. Leaves lanceo-
sude a blood-red juioe through the clefts of the bark, which late, smooth; calicine scales ovate, membranuceous.
also hardens into resin, not differing from that called 6. Pteronia Inflexa. Leaves ovate, hairy ; calicine scales
Dragon's
Blood, which is therefore to be collected from several trees, subarticulate, membranaceous peduncle bent in.;

and from this among others see Calamus, Rotang, Dal-

; 7. Pteronia Scariosa. Branches spiny ; calices scariose;
bergia, and Dracaena. It is, however,
chiefly obtained from leaves oval.
the first of these trees the fruit of which is 8. Pteronia Glomerata. Leaves ovate, three-sided, smooth;
;
exposed to the
steam of boiling water, or boiled f and the strained decoction
; stem four-cornered.
inspissated, drying in with it the'leaves of some rpfd. The 9. Pteronia Cinerea. Leaves oblong, tomentose; calicine
best kind breaks smooth, is of a dark red colour, a.-id, when scales ovate, membranaceous.
powdered, changes to crimson: it readily melts and inflames, 10. Leaves lanceolate, blunt, hairy;
Pteronia Villosa.
totally dissolves in pure spirit, and is soluble in expressed calicine scales ovate, membranaceous.
oils, but not in water. It has no smell, but a warm and pun- 11. Pteronia Membranacea. Leaves ovate, mealy, tomen
gent taste, and was formerly employed in haemorrhages and tose; calicine scales awl-s-haped, scariose at the edge.
alvine fluxes, but is now rarely used 12. Pter.onia Spinosa; Thorny Pteronia. Leaves awl-,
internally.
4. Pterocarpus Ecastaphyllum. Leaves simple, ovate, shaped, spinescent, pungent. Stem woody, round, much
acuminate, silky underneath. This is a shrub or small tree, branched leaves remote, alternate, sessile, spreadiug; flowers
;

with a branched even stem, and spreading even branches ; about four, sessile, axillary, near the tops of the branches.
branches flexuose, round, pubescent, villose. Native of the 1 3. Pteronia Minuta. Leaves linear, wandering ; flowers
West Indies; found in swampy places about Kingston in axillary.
Jamaica. 14. Pteronia Fasciculata. Flowers in bundles, each of one
5. Pterocarpus Marsupium. Leaves pinnate, elliptical, floret only.

emarginate; stipules none; clusters terminal, thrice com- Pterospermum : a genus of the class Monadelphia, order
pound. A large tree, the wood of a yellowish orange colour, Dodecandria. GENERIC
CHARACTER. Calix: perianth
hard but not hoary; flowers copious, white, with a tinge of five-parted ; leaflets coriaceous, o.blong, reflex. Corolla :
yellow. Native of the Gircar mountains of Coromandel. petals five, oblong, spreading. Stamina: filamenta fifteen,
6. Pterocarpus Rohrii. Leaves pinnate; stipules none; linear, united at the base into a tube; antherte oblong, erei-l;
fruits roundish. This is a tree with smooth round branches, ligf'es five, longer, coloured, almost upright, the length of
covered with a dusky ash-coloured bark; flowers drooping the corolla, each between every three stamina. Piatit: ger-
Native of South America. inen roundish, pedicelled ; style cylindrical, the length of the
Ptcronia; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- stamina; stigma thickish. Pericarp: capsule pedicelled,
gamia jEqualis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix; common woody, ovate, five-celled, the cells two-valved. Seeds: nume-
imbricate; scales lanceolate, keeled, acuminate. Corolla: rous, oblong, compressed, with a membranaceous wing. ES-
compound uniform ; corollets hermaphrodite, tubular, nume- SENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: simple, five-parted. Corolla:
rous, equal; proper one-petalled, funnel -form ; border five- five-petalled ; filamenta fifteen, with iive ligules, one between
cleft, acute. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, very short, every three filamenta. Capsule : five-celled, with the cells two-
!.nthertc cylindrical, tubular. Pistil: germen oblong; style valved. Seeds: many, winged. The species are,
 P UL OH, BOTANICAL Dl CTIONARY. P UL 425

1. Pterospermum Suberifolium. Leaves ovate, repand. better than in a richer soil, as in that they often rot during
A handsome plant, with erect branches, covered with a rusty winter. They should have a shady situation, and will thrive
down ; flowers axillary, at the summits
of the branches, one, best in a most soil; for in a hot dry soil they burn and decay
two, or three together, white. The substance of the leaves is in summer, unless plentifully watered in dry weather. All
the same with that of the Ilex or Holm Oak. Native of the the early sorts are better transplanted and parted in autumn,
East Indies ; flowering in September and October. that they may flower strong in the following spring. They
2. Pterospermum Acerifolium. Leaves cordate, repand. may also be propagated by seeds sown in autumn soon after
This is much larger than the preceding species, but very they are ripe, where they are to remain ; for the seedling
similar in habit. The bark and underside of the leaves are plants do not succeed so well when they are transplanted.
covered with a whits wool the flowers are terminal, white,
: The common sorts will come up from scattered seeds
and fragrant. It flowers from July to September. Native 3. Pulmonaria SuffruticosaShrubby Lungwort, Leaves
;

of the East Indies. linear, rugged calices awl-shaped, five-parted.

; Stems woody
Pulmonaria; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mo- at bottom, perennial with the leaves; flowers blue. Found on
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
perianth one- the mountains of Italy.
leafed, five-toothed, prismatic, pentagonal, permanent. Co- 4. Pulmonaria Paniculata; Panided Lungwort. Calices
Tolla: one-petalled, funnel-form; tube cylindrical, the length abbreviated, five-parted, hispid leaves ovate-oblong, acu-
;

of the calix; border half five-cleft, blunt, from minate, somewhat hairy. It flowers in June, and varies from
upright
spreading; throat pervious. Stamina: filamenta five, in the blue to white flowers. Native of Hudson's Bay.
throat, very short ; antherte erect, converging. Pistil: ger- 5. Pulmonaria Virginica ; Virginian Lungwort. Calices
mina four; style filiform, shorter than the calix; stigma blunt, abbreviated, very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, bluntish. Root
emarginate. Pericarp: none; calix unchanged, fostering the perennial, thick, fleshy, sending out many small fibres;
seeds at bottom. Seeds: four, roundish, blunt. ESSENTIAL stalks a foot and half high, dividing at the top into several
CHARACTER. Calix: prismatic, five-cornered. Corolla: short branches. Every small branch at the top of the stalk
funnel-form, with an open throat. The species are, is terminated
by a cluster of drooping flowers, each standing
1.Pulmonaria Angustifolia Narrow-leaved Lungwort.
; upon a separate short peduncle the most common colour is
:

Leaves hirsute ; stem-leaves oblong, lanceolate, embracing ; blue, but there are some
purple, others red, and some white :
root-leaves elliptic. Root perennial, tuberous, dark, with they appear in April, and, if they have a shady situation,
thick fibres. The stalks rise a foot high, and have narrow will continue in beauty great part of May, and are some-
leaves on them, of the same shape as those below, but times followed by seeds in England. The leaves and stalks
smaller and almost embracing. The flowers are produced entirely decay in August, and the roots remain naked till
in bunches on the the following spring. In favourable seasons, the flower-
top of the stalks, like the others; the
corollas red before they expand, but when they are fully
are. garden owes much of its gaiety to this elegant plant, and at
blown are of a most beautiful blue colour. It varies with a a time when ornament is most desirable. Native of North
.white flower : there is also a variety, the leaves of which are America, from Pennsylvania to Carolina, on the gravelly
so much spotted wih white, that they appear as if they were shores of rivers. It should not be placed in a very moist
incrusted with sugarcandy ; the variety occurs on the moun- soil, for the roots run deep in the ground, and would rot
tains of Switzerland. Native of woods in Sweden, Denmark, with much moisture. It requires a pure air, and to be shel-

Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, France, and Eng- tered from the cold easterly April winds, which are very in-
or June. it while in flower.
land, flowering in May jurious to
2. Pulmonaria OfnVinalis ; Common 6. Pulroonaria Calices
Lungwort. Leaves Sibirica; Siberian Lungwort.
hirsute stem-leaves ovate, oblong
; root-leaves subcordate.
; abbreviated ; root-leaves cordate. Root perennial. This
Root perennial, fibrous ; corolla blue, before it expands red ; is a middle sort, between the preceding and following
varying as the preceding with white flowens. Native of woods species.
Native of Siberia.
and shady places all over Europe, flowering from March to 7. Pulmonmia Maritima; Sea Lungwort. Calix abbre-
May. In England, though common in all gardens, it is often viated; leaves ovate, glaucous; stem branched, procumbent.
found also wild state, as at Thurleigh and Milton
in its Root perennial or biennial, woody, blackish ; flowers race-
Ernys
in Bedfordshire; in Cliff wood, six miles west of
Darlington; mose, terminal, of a beautiful purplish-blue. The whole
in the New Forest; in several woods in Kent; and between
plant turns black in drying, unless it be first immersed in
Croydon and Godston in Surry. The leaves of this plant, frosh water for twenty-four hours. Dr. Blair relates, that
which are the part recommended in medicine, have no he was credibly informed by a gentleman, that a farmer in
pe-
culiar smell, but in their recent state manifest a a time of scarcity, being straitened for bread, taking this
slightly as-
and mucilaginous taste ; hence they are supposed to which it is not unlike in colour, or-
tringent plant for Colewort, to
be demulcent and pectoral, and have been used in dered a dish of it to be boiled, and gave it to his wife and
hemop-
toes, tickling coughs, and catarrhal defluxions upon the children, with tlie servants in his family; all of them be-
lungs. The name Pulmonaria seems to have arisen from the came very sick, some vomited excessively, others slept two
speckled appearance of the leaves, resembling that of the lungs, or three days without intermission, and one or two of them
rather than from any quality which It is possible however that the farmer was mistaken
experience has discovered died.
in them suitable to pulmonary in the plant, though it is prudent to state the circumstance,
complaints. This, as also the
first and fifth it may be examined if poisonous. It is a native of Nor-
species, having perennial roots, maybe cultivated that
by parting their roots either in the spring or autumn but if ;
way, Iceland, and Great Britain; being a very great ornament
the ground into which they are planted be moist, it should be to the sandy sea-coasts in Scotland and the north of England,
done in the spring, but otherwise the autumn is where it flowers in July. The roots strike deeply into tho
preferable,
that the plants may be well rooted before the sand, or among pebbles: it has been noticed at the following
dry weather
and also that they may flower stronger. The soil
places, at Scrammerston Mill, between the Salt Pans and
returns;
in which they are planted should not be rich, but rather a Berwick; near Whitehaven and Maryport, in Cumberland;
fresh, light, sandy ground, in which they will thrive much
against Biggler in the isle of Walney, Lancashire; near Tre-
426 PUN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; PUN
farther) in Anglesea ; and by the river Uyfni in the way from Seeds: very many,angular, succulent; receptacle fleshy,
Dinardindle to Clynog in Caernarvonshire; in several places pitted, dividing each
cell of the pericarp two ESSEN-
ways.
along the Frith of Forth on the coast of Fife, near St. An-
; TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft, superior. Petals:
drews; in the isle of Bute; in Arran.at Loch Ransa; at Lam- five. Pome: many-celled. Seeds: numerous, pulpy.
lash, at Icolm Rill, and at Glen Elgin, Inverness-shire; also The species are,
at the ferry on the sea-shore at Inverness; about Aberdeen ; 1. Punica Granatum; Common Pomegranate Tree. Leaves
and on the western shore of the isle of Walney. Gather the lanceolate; stem arboreous. This tree rises with a woody
seeds as they ripen sow them early in September or the
; stem eighteen or twenty feet high, sending out branches the
ensuing February, in a pot of earth composed of three parts whole length, which likewise put out many slender twigs,
sea-sand or common sand, and one part rotten cow-dung rendering it very thick and bushy. The flowers come out at
finely sifted. In about six weeks or two months from the the ends of the branches, singly or three or four
together;
February sowing, these seeds will vegetate, and in the au- frequently one of the largest terminates the branch and im-;

tumn the plants will be fit to transplant into separate pots, mediately under that, are two or three smaller buds, which
and most of them will flower the next year. Snails and continue a succession of flowers for some months; the calix
slugs are uncommonly fond of this plant, which they will is
very thick and fleshy, and of a fine red colour; the petals
soon destroy, if it be placed in the open border set them
: are scarlet. Fruit is as big as an orange, of a tawny brown,
therefore with the green-house plants, and treat them in the with a thick astringent coat, containing abundance of seeds,
same manner. Let as little water as possible drop upon the enveloped in a very juicy crimson coat, whose flavour in a
leaves, for every drop leaves an unpleasant mark. wild state is a pure very strong acid, but when cultivated,
Pultencca ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono- sweet, and highly grateful. The varieties are, 1. The Wild
gynia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-toothed, Pomegranate, with single and double flowers. 2. The Sweet
two-lipped, with an appendage on each side. Corolla : Pomegranate. 3. The Small-flowering Pomegranate, with
papilionaceous the wings shorter than the standard.
; Ger- single and double flowers. 4. The Pomegranate with striped
men: sessile. Style: awl-shaped. Stigma : acute. Legume: of flowers. The rind of the fruit is
powerfully astringent, and
one cell, with two seeds, their appendages lobed and knotche-d. has long been successfully employed externally and internally
Eleven species have been described, all natives of New for gargles and in diarrhoea. The dose in substance is from
South Wales of which the following are a specimen:
; half a drachm to a drachm; in infusion or decoction, half an
1. Pulteneea Stipularis. With
linear, mucronated, sub- ounce. Both are strongly astringent: a decoction of them
ciliated leaves, and two-nerved, lacerated stipules. and purgings of all kinds, and is good in the
solitary, stops bleedings
Stem shrubby, variously branched, and round. The wood is whites. The flowers of the Pomegranate-tree are kept in the
hard and whitish, the bark brown. The flowers are of a shops, under the title of Balustines; and are given in powder
golden yellow, about twenty or more, in a round head among or decoction, to check purgings, bloody stools, and immo-
spreading leaves; corolla five-petalled. derate menses. A
strong infusion of them cures ulcers in
2. Pultensea Paleacea. With linear, mucronated, smooth the mouth and throat, and fastens loose teeth. Native of
leaves, terminal head, and oblong, acuminate, toothed bractes, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Barbary, Persia, Japan, China, and
longer than the flower. Cochin-china. This tree is supposed to have been intro-
3. Pultensea Linophylla. With linear, obtuse, mucronated, duced into the West Indies from Europe the fruit there is
:

strigose leaves, few-flowered terminal heads, and scariose larger and better flavoured. The single Pomegranate is now
bifid bractes much shorter than the calix. This is a shrub rather common in the English gardens, where it was formerly
six feet high, upright; stem branching; flowers of a nursed up in cases, and preserved with great care in green-
pale
orange colour. houses along with the double-flowering kind, though they are
4. Pultensea Flexilis. Leaves linear, somewhat obovate, each hardy enough to withstand the severest cold of our cli-
flat,with a small point, quite smooth, as well as the calix ;
mate in the open air; and if planted against warm walls in a
stipules longer than footstalks; flowers axillary. It flowers
good situation, the first will often produce fruit, which in the
in the green-house in spring; and is an elegant, slender, warm seasons will ripen tolerably well; but as these fruits do
rather drooping shrub, with shining leaves, dark green, and not ripen till late in the autumn, they are seldom well-tasted
copper-coloured branches. in England, and on this account the double-flowered sort is
5. Pulteneea Villosa. With oblong hairy leaves, solitary usually preferred. All these plants may be easily propagated,
axillary flowers, and villose stem. A dense bushy shrub, by laying down their branches in the spring, which in one
with numerous short leafy branches, and copious axillary year's time will take good root, and may then be transplanted
solitary yellow flowers where they are intended to remain. The best season for trans-
6. Pnltensea Daphnoides. With smooth, obovated, tn.u- planting these trees is spring, just before they begin to shoot;
cronated leaves, and terminal headed flowers. The flowers they should have a strong rich soil, in which they flower much
are large, and yellow, with a purple keel. better, and produce more fruit than if planted on a dry poor
Puntpion, Pumpkin. See Cucurbita. ground; but in order to obtafn those in plenty, there should be
Punica; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Monogy- care taken in the pruning of these trees, for the want of which
nta. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, they are often crowded with small shoots: to prevent this evil,
bell-shaped, five-cleft, acute, coloured, permanent. Corolla: observe, that as the flowers of this tree always proceed from
petals five, roundish, from upright spreading, inserted into th<; the extremity of the branches, which are produced in the
calix. Stamina: filamenta numerous, capillary, shorter than same year, that circumstance itself points out the necessity of
the calix, and inserted into it; antherse somewhat oblong. cutting out all weak branches of the former year, and that
Pistil: germen roundish; style simple, the length
inferior, the stronger shoots should be shortened in proportion to their
of the stamina; stigma headed. Pericarp: pome subglo- Strength, in order to obtain new shoots in every part of the
bular, large, crowned with the calix, divided into tv,-o tree. The branches may be laid in against the wall about
chambers by a transverse partition; the upper having about four or five inches asunder; for as their leaves are small, there
nine, the lower about three cells; partitions membranaceous. is no necessity to allow them a greater distance. The best
1
I
s

I
 P YR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P Y R 427

time for this work is about Michaelmas, or a little later, TER. Calix: five-parted. Petals: five. Capsule: superior,
season for if they are left opening at the corners, many-seeded. Ant/terie :
according to the mildness of the ; five-celled,
until the spring before they are pruned, they seldom put out with two pores. The species are,
their shoots so early, and the earlier they come out, the sooner 1.
Pyrola Ilotundifolia; Round-leaved Winter-green. Sta-
the flowers will appear, which is of great consequence where mina ascending; pistil declining; raceme many-flowered.
the fruit is desired. In summer they will require no other Root creeping, perennial, scaly; stems angular, short, leafy;
shoots which grow from leaves four or five, on bordered smooth footstalks, roundish
dressing, but to cut off all vigorous
the wall, and never produce flowers, for it is the middling or elliptical, smooth, shining, veined; flower-stalks terminal,
shoots only that are fruitful. When the fruit is formed, the solitary, a span long, terminating in a loose cluster of fra-
branches on which they grow should be fastened to the wall grant white flowers; seeds very numerous and very small,
to support them ; otherwise the weight of the fruit, when consisting of a globular nucleus, within an arillus shaped
grown large, will be apt to break them down. Though after
like saw-dust. The Germans use this plant in all their
all possible care and precaution the fruit of this tree seldom wound-drinks, and in many of their ointments and plasters.
arrives to any perfection in this country, so as to render it A decoction of the leaves, with the addition of a little cinna-
valuable, yet for the beauty of its scarlet-coloured flowers, mon and red wine, restrains overflowings of the menses, and
should be one cures bloody stools, ulcers of the bladder, and bloody urine,
together with the variety of its fruit, there
testimony be correct. Native of the north of Europe,
good tree planted in every good garden, since the culture
if Hill's

they require is chiefly this,

to plant them in a rich strong Germany, Switzerland, the south of France, and the north
soil and warm situation. Upon some trees favoured with of Italy; in Great Britain it is not common, but flowers in
these two advantages, great quantities of full-sized fruit have July, and has been found at Brad well common, near Yar-
rewarded the gardener's toils but they are seldom well-
; mouth; and in some woods of Scotland. The plants of
flavoured, though they make a very handsome appearance thisgenus are all very difficult to cultivate in gardens ; for
The double-flowering kind is the most as they grow on very cold hills, and in mossy moorish soil,
upon the trees.
esteemed in this country, for the sake of its latge fine double they seldom live long when removed to a better soil and a
flowers, which are of a most beautiful scarlet colour nnd if
;
warm situation. The best time to transplant them into gar-
the trees are supplied with nourishment, will continue to dens is about Michaelmas, when the rootr slioulil bf> taken
produce' flowers for two months successively, which render it up with bnlls ol parih tc them, and planted in a shady situ-
one of the most valuable flowering trees yet known. It must ation and on a moist undunged soil, where they should be
be pruned and managed in the same manner as has been frequently watered in dry weather. Or they may be planted
already directed for the fruit-bearing kind but it will pro-
: in
pots filled with the same earth in which they grew, placed
duce a greater abundance of its beautiful flowers by grafting in a
shady, situation in pans of water, or at least constantly
it
upon stocks of the single kind, which will check the luxu- watered in
dry weather.
riancy of the trees, and cause them to produce flowers upon 2. Pyrola Minor; Lesser Winter-green. Stamina and
almost every shoot so that a low tree planted in the open
; pistilla straight; flowers in racemes, dispersed. This has the
air, being full of flowers, has made a most elegant appearance. habit of the preceding, but is smaller, and the leaves more
2. Punica Nana; Dwarf Pomegranate Tree. Leaves elliptical : the flowers are numerous, drooping, white, with
linear stem shrubby.
; It seldom rises above five or six feet more or less of a pink tinge. Native of the north of Europe.
high. The flowers are much smaller than those of the com- Found in Scotland, and in the north of Yorkshire : in Stoken-
mon sort; the leaves are shorterand narrower; and the fruit church woods, Oxfordshire ; at Whipsnal, and in woods about
is not larger than a nutmeg, and has little flavour. In the Luton, in Bedfordshire; and near Tring in Hertfordshire.
West Indies, where it is a native, and is planted for hedges, 3. Pyrola Secunda ; Notch'leaved Winter-green. Leaves
it continues
flowering great part of the year. It may be ovate-acute, serrated ; raceme one-sided ; roots small and
propagated by layers like the former, but must be planted
fibrous. The stems are long and trailing ; and the flowers
in pots filled with rich earth, and
preserved in a green-house. greenish-white. Native of woods in the north of Europe,
In the summer, when t'he flowers begin to appear, if the and even in Switzerland, France, and Italy. It is found in
plants are exposed to the open air, the buds will fall off Fir and Beech woods in the Highlands of Scotland ; in York-
without opening; they should be placed therefore in an airy shire, and in Westmoreland.
glass-case, and a large share of air should be given them 4. Pyrola Umbellata; Umbelled Winter-green. Leaves
every day in warm weather. By this treatment they may be obovate, serrated ;
peduncles in a sort of umbel. Root very
continued in flower upwards of three months, and will make long stem upright or a little decumbent at the base, naked
;

a fine show. at the bottom, hard and woody, roughened here and there
Purging Nut. See Jatropha Gossipifolia. with tubercles. Native of Europe, Austria, and North Ame-
Purslane. See Portulacca. rica, where it is found with its congeners in Fir woods, espe-
Purslane, Sea. See A triplex Halimus. cially those which are old, shady,
and deserted. They all love,
Purslane Tree. See Portulacaria. as Linneus remarks, a deep shade and a rocky barren soil.
Pyrola a genus of the class Decandria, order 5. Pyrola Maculata Spotted-leaved Winter-green. Leaves
;
Monogy- ;

nia. GENERIC CHARACTER Calix: perianth five-parted, ovato-lanceolate, with tooth-like serratures ; peduncles two-
very small, permanent. Corolla: petals five, roundish, con- flowered. Root woody ; stems two or three, woody, a foot
cave, spreading. Stamina : filamcnta ten, awl-shaped, shorter and half high. The flowers are produced at the end of the
than tin; corolla ; antherse nodding, large, two-horned up- stalk on slender peduncles about three inches long, each
wards. Pistil: germen roundish, angular; style filiform, longer sustaining two small pale-coloured flowers at the top they
:

than the stamina, permanent, various in length and direction, appear in June. Found in shady gravelly woods from Ca-
sometimes scarcely any stigma thickish, variously shaped.
; nada to Carolina.
Pericarp: capsule roundish, depressed, five-cornered, five- 6. Pyrola Uniflora One-flowered Winter-green.
;
Pedun-
celled, five-valved, opening at the corners; partitions con- cle one-flowered. The long branched roots of this plant run
tracted. Seeds: numerous, chaffy. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- deep among Moss in moist alpine woods. The peduncle is
VOL. n. 101. 5Q
 P YR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P Y R

solitary, longer than the leaves, upright, bearing one flower, excellent large early Pear, the skin of which is of a fine
of a white or slightly reddish colour, larger than in the other yellow colour, beautifully striped with red when ripe. The
the flesh is half melted, and has a rich flavour, if not suffered
species, of great elegance, possessing all the fragrance of
Lily of the Valley. Native of woods in the northern parts to hang on the treu till it becomes mealy. It sometimes pro-
of Europe, in Germany, Carniola, and even the south of France, duces two crops of fruit in a year; the first ripening at the
and the north of Italy. It has been found in Fir woods end of July, and the second in September, though the last
near Brodic-house in Moray; and on the islands of Harris crop is seldom woll-tasted. 3. The Jargonelle, or,' as the
and Bernera, among the Hebrides. This species maybe dis- French call it, Cuisso Madame, is a very long fruit, of a
tinguished by the stigma, which in the first species is incras- russet-green colour from the sun, but towards it inclining to
sated, five-toothed, with the teeth upright and acute ; which an iron-colour. It is one of the best early summer Pears yet
this exactly resembles, except in being larger and peltate. known it has a rich musky flavour; and is ripe at the begin-
;

7. Pyrola Asarifolia. Leaves kidney-shaped ; flowers yel- ning of August. 4. The Windsor Pear is good for nothing
lowish-green. Grows in Canada, and on the mountains of if suffered to
hang two or three days after it is ripe. 5. That
Pennsylvania, in Beech-woods. which the French gardeners call the Jargonelle, is apt to
Pyrostria ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono- become mealy, but being a plentiful bearer, is much propa-
gynia. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : very small, four- gated for the London markets, that being the grand requisite
toothed. Corolla: bell-shaped, four-cleft, tomentose in the in the eyes of the growers. 6. The Skinless Pear, is a midr
throat. Stamina: four. Pistil: germen turbinate, inferior; die-sized fruit, of a long shape the flesh is melting, and
:

full of a rich
style short, cylindrical ; stigma capitate. Pericarp : drupe sugary juice. It ripens in the middle of August.
eight-streaked, not crowned. 7. The Rose Pear, is a short fruit,
pear-shaped, inferior, small, shaped like the Onion,
Seed: nuts eight, one-seeded. The only known species is, but much larger, of a yellowish-green colour. The flesh is
1.
Pyrostria Salicifolia. A shrub, with round, smooth, breaking, and the juice musky it ripens at the end of August.
:

8. The Perfumed Pear, is a middle-sized round fruit.

grayish branches, and opposite-stalked leaves, which are The
bluntish, attenuated at the base, quite entire. Native of flesh is melting but
dry, and has a perfumed flavour. It
the Mauritius. ripens at the end of August. 9. The summer Boncretien, is

Pyrus ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Pentagynia. a large oblong fruit, the skin of which is smooth and thin ;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, con- the side next the sun is of a beautiful red colour, but the
cave, five-cleft, permanent ; segments spreading. Corolla : other side of a whitish-green. The flesh is between breaking
petals five, roundish, concave, large, inserted into the calix. and tender, and very full of juice. It ripens in the begin-
Stamina: filamenta twenty, awl-shaped, shorter than the ning of September. 10. The Russelet Pear, is large and
corolla, inserted into the calix ; antherae simple, roundish. oblong : the skin is brown, and of a dark red colour next the
Pistil : germen inferior, roundish ; styles five, filiform, the sun; the flesh is soft and tender, without much cover. Its
length of the stamina; stigmas simple. Pericarp: pome juice is agreeably perfumed, if gathered before it be over-ripe.
roundish, umbilicate, fleshy, with five membranaceous cells. It
produces larger fruit on an espalier than on standard-trees,
Seeds: mostly two in each cell, oblong, blunt, acuminate at and ripens in the middle of September. 11. Prince's Pear,
the base, convex on one side, flat on the other. ESSENTIAL is a small roundish fruit, of a
bright red colour next the sun,
CHARACTER. Calix : five-cleft. Petals: five. Pome : infe- but a yellowish colour on the opposite side. The flesh is
rior, five-celled. Seeds: two in each cell. The species are, between breaking and melting, and the juice very highly
1.
Pyrus Communis ; Common Pear Tree. Leaves ovate, flavoured. This is a great bearer, ripening its fruit in the
serrate, finally smooth ; flower-stalks corymbose ; fruit elon- middle of September. Its fruit will keep good for a fortnight.
gated at the base. This grows to a lofty tree, with upright 12. The Great Mouth Water Pear, is a large round fruit,
branches, but the twigs or branchlets hanging down flowers : with a smooth green skin ; the stalk is short and thick ; the
in terminating villose corymbs; corollas snow-white. Its flesh melting and full of juice: it should be gathered before
fruit was familiar to the ancients, and has long been a great it is
([iiite ripe, or else it will grow mealy. It ripens in the
favourite with our French neighbours. As it is a native of middle of September. 13. The Summer Bergamot Pear,
Europe, it was unquestionably known to our remote ances- called by some Hamden's Bergamot, is a roundish large flat
tors, who, like most of their deseendants, appear to have Pear, of a greenish-yellow colour, hollowed a little at both
preferred the Apple. The Wild Pear, supposed to be the ends like an Apple. The flesh is melting, and the juice
mother of all the orchard and garden varieties, is thorny ;
highly perfumed it
:
ripens about the middle of September.
the stipules are setaceous, white, or reddish, deciduous; 14. The Autumn Bergamot, is a smaller Pear than the former,
the peduncles alternate; the calix clothed with a ferruginous but nearly of the same shape; the skin is of a yellowish-
wool. The wood of the Pear-tree is light, smooth, and green, but changes to a faint red on the side next the sun ;

compact; it is used by turners, and to make joiner's tools, the flesh melting, and its juice richly perfumed.
is It is a
and for common picture frames, being stained black. The great beaier, ripens at the end of September, a-nd is one of
leaves afford a yellow dye, and may be used to give a green the best Pears of the season. 15. The Swiss Bergamot, is
to blued cloths. The fermented juice is called Perry, which, somewhat rounder than either of the two former. Tlie flesh
when made from the Squash, Oldfield, and Barland Pears, is
melting and full of juice, but not so highly perfumed as
is esteemed little inferior to wine. Mr. Miller has selected either of the former. It ripens in September. 16'. The Red

eighty varieties of those Pears which are most esteemed ; and Butter Pear, is very melting, and full of a rich sugary juice.
from we shall again select the most approved kinds,
his list It
ripens at the beginning of October, and when gathered
a number as our limited space will admit. 1. The
in as la-rge from the tree is one of the very best sort of Pears we have.
Musk, or, as it is commonly called, the Supreme Pear, is It is a
large long fruit, generally of a brown colour. There
generally produced in large clusters, and has a musky juice. is also the
Gray Butter Pear, and the Green Butter Poar,
If gathered before it is ripe, about the middle of July, it is but these different names are occasioned by the different
a good fruit, but will only keep for a few days. 2. The Red colours of the same sort of Pear, owing either to the difference
Muscadelle, or, as the French call it, the Fairest, is an of soil and situation, 01 to the stock ; those upo<i free-stocks
 P Y R OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P Y R 429

than those upon Quince- introduced by the late duke of Northumberland; it much
generally assuming a browner colour
stocks, which has led some to suppose them to
be different resembles the Colmar, but is fuller towards the stalk. It is

fruits, though in reality they are the same. 17. The White in eating from Christmas to April, and is, without exception,

and Gray Monsieur John Pear, are undoubtedly the same the best of all the winter Pears.. 31. The Swan's Egg Pear,
fruit varied. This Pear, when grafted on a free-stock, and is of a middle size,
shaped like an egg, of a green colour,
planted on a middling soil, neither too
wet nor over dry, is thinly covered with brown : the flesh is melting, and full of
an excellent autumn Pear but when it is grafted on a Quince-
;
a pleasant musky juice. It comes into eating in November.

stock, it is apt to be very stony ; or on a very dry soil, will It is

healthy, and bears well, as a standard, or in any other
yield only small and worthless
fruit. This, however, when way. There are innumerable other sorts of Pears, which
is one of the best Pears we have. It ripens are still continued in old gardens; but as those above-
rightly managed,
at the end of October, and will continue good near a month, mentioned are selected from tho best sorts known, it would
18. The Flowered Muscat Pear, is a very excellent kind, hav- be needless to enumerate inferior kinds, because every one

ing a tender and delicately-flavoured flesh. It ripens at the who intends to plant fruit-trees, would prefer those which
end of October, at the same time with the (19.) Vine Pear, are most valued, the expense and trouble of a bad sort being
which ought to be gathered before it is ripe, and has a very the same as a good one. Propagation and Culture. Pears
melting full of a very clammy juice.
flesh, 20. The Rousse- are propagated by budding or grafting them upon stocks of
their own kind, which are commonly called free-stocks ; or
line Pear, very tender and delicate, with an agr&eable per-
is

fumed sweet juice. It ripens at the end of October. 21. The upon Quince-stocks, or White Thorn, upon all which they
Colmar Pear has a green skin, with a few yellowish spots, will take; though the last sort of stock is suitable only
but is sometimes a little coloured on the side next the sun. for moderate growers. Quince-stocks are generally used in
The flesh
is
very tender, and the juice is greatly sugared. the nursery for all sorts of Pears which are designed for
It is ineating at the latter end of December, but will often dwarfs or walls, in order to check the luxuriancy of their
keep good till the end of January, and is esteemed one of growth, so that they may be kept in compass better than
the best fruits of that season. 22. The Winter Thorn Pear, upon free-stocks. But against the general use of these
is a large fine fruit, nearly of a pyramidal figure : the skin is stocks, for all sorts of Pears indifferently, there are very
smooth, and of a pale green colour, inclining to yellow as great objections :1. Because some sorts of Pears will not

it
ripens. The flesh is melting and buttery the juice is ; thrive upon these stocks, but in two or three years decay, or
very sweet, and, in a dry season, is highly perfumed but ;
only just remain alive. 2. Most of the soils of hard-breaking
when it is planted on a moist soil, or the season proves wet, Pears are rendered stony and good for little so that when-
;

it is
very insipid, so that it ought never to be planted on a ever any af them are thtis injudiciously raised, tha fruit,
strong soil. It ripens at the end of December, and will con- allthough the kind be ever so good, is condemned as good
tinue good two months. 23. The St. Germain Pear, is very for nothing, when tho fault is entirely owing to the stock on
sweet, when the tree is planted on a warm dry soil but when ; which it was grafted. On the contrary, most melting buttery
planted on a very moist soil, the juice is apt to be very harsh Pears are greatly imp-roved by being upon Quince-stocks,
and austere, which renders it less esteemed by some persons ;
provided they are planted on a strong soil but if the giound
;

though in general it is greatly valued, and is in eating from be very dry and gravellv, no sort of Pear will do well upon
December till
February. 24. The Pound Pear, or, as it is Qtiinoe-stocks. For the raising, budding, and grafting of
generally called in England, Parkinson's Warden, cr the these stocks, see Nursery and Inoculating. The distance at
Black Pear of Worcester, is a very large fruit, often weighing which Pear-trees should be planted, either against walls or
more than a pound. It is an excellent sort for baking and espaliers, must not be less than forty feet for if they have
;

stewing, and is in season from December to March. 25. The not room to spread, it will be impossible to keep them in
Winter Citron Pear, or, as it is sometimes called, t'he Musk good order, especially free-stocks, which shoot the more they
Orange Pear, is very like an Orange or Citron in shape and are pruned. The next thing, after being furnished with pro-
It bakes well, and is in season from December to
colour. per trees, is preparing the ground to receive them: in doing
March. 26. The Winter Russelet: the colour of this is a of which, there should be gieat regard had to the nature of
greenish-yellow inclining to brown the stalk is long and
; the soil where the trees are to grow for if it be a strong stiff
;

slender, and the flesh buttery and melting, generally filled land, and subject to wet in the winter, the borders should be
with a very sw.eet juice; but the skin often contains an aus- raised as much as possible above the level of the ground ;

tere flavour, so that it and if under the good soil there be a sufficient quantity of
requires paring to render it agreeable
to most palates. It is in season in
January and February. lime, rubbish, or stones, laid to prevent the roots from run-
27. The Franc Real Pear, or the Golden End of Winter, is The
ning downwards, it will be very beneficial to the trees.
almost of a globular figure the skin is yellow spotted with
; borders should not be less than eight feet broad but if twelve
;

red, and the stalk short; the flesh is rather dry and apt to feet, all the better. These borders may be planted with
be stony, but bakes exceedingly well, and continues good
it
such esculent plants as do not grow large, nor meet together
from January March. 28. The Double-flowering Pear,
till on the sui face, and whose roots do not grow deep, as they will
derives its name from the double range of no harm to the Pear-trees, which are not so nice in their cul-
petals or leaves.
It is a large short Pear, the stalk is
Jong and straight, the ture as Peaches and Nectarines ; but Cabbages and Beans
skin very smooth and yellowish, next the sun are very injurious, and therefore inadmissible. If the soil be
generally of a
fine red or purple colour. It is the best Pear known for bak- shallow, and the bottom gravel or chalk, there must be a
ing or composts, and is good from February to May. 29. The sufficient depth of good earth laid upon the borders, so as
Union Pear, called also Dr. Uvedale's St. Germain ; it is a to make them two feet and a half deep; for if the ground be
very long Pear, of a deep green colour, but the side next the not of that depth, the trees will not thrive well. If the gar-
sun sometimes changes to a red as it ripens. It is not fit for den is to be new-made from a field, then all the good earth
eating, but bakes very well and being a great bearer, and
; on the surface should be carefully preserved, and if it be
a very large fruit, deserves a place in every good collection. taken out where the walks are intended to be made, and laid
It is in season from Christmas to
April. 30. The Pear d'Auch, upon the borders or in the quarters, it will add to the depth
430 P Y H THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P Y R
of the soil, and save the bringing in newearth. If the ground which, instead of checking their growth, causes them to shoot
can be prepared one year before it planted, the trees will
is the stronger. The following are the directions of Mr. Miller
thrive the better; for by laying the ground in ridges, and for the pruning and proper management of these trees;
by
turning it over two or three times, it will loosen the soil, and which, he asserts, a learner will be sufficiently instructed in
render it much better for planting. Where there is any neces- the shortest way possible. Pear-trees
generally produce their
sity of bringing fresh earth for the borders, it will be pro- blossom-buds first at the extremity of the last year's shoots,
per to do it as soon as
possible, and to mix this with the sur- so that if they are shortened, the blossoms are cut off; this
face of the earth of the borders, that it may be turned over occasions the buds immediately below the cut to put forth
two or three times, that the parts may be well mixed and two or more shoots, which will increase the number of
ineorporated before the trees are planted, adding to it some branches, and crowd the trees with too much wood. Besides,
very rotten dung. In chusing the earth which is to be brought those buds which by the management produce shoots, would
into the garden, take care that if the natural soil of the gar- have only produced cursons or spurs, upon which the blos-
den be light and dry, the new earth should be loamy and som-buds are produced, if the leading branch had not been
stiff; but where the natural soil is strong and loamy, then shortened ; therefore these should never be shortened, unless
the new earth should be light and sandy. Some persons to furnish wood for a
vacancy. It is not
necessary to pro-
recommend laying the whole depth of the borders with what vide a new supply of wood in Pear-trees, as must be done
they call virgin earth, that is, such as is taken from a pasture for Peaches, Nectarines, &c. which
only produce their fruit
where the land has not been ploughed; but unless it be upon young wood, for Pears produce theirs upon cursons or
brought into the garden at least a year before the trees are spurs emitted from branches of three or four years old.
planted, and turned over to sweeten it, this will not be so During summer, these trees should be often looked over to
good as that which is taken from a kitchen-garden, where train inthe shoots, as they are produced regularly to the
the land is good, and has been well wrought; for by often wall or espalier, and to displace foreright and luxuriant
turning and breaking the soil, ft will be better prepared for branches as they shoot out, whereby the fruit will be equally
receiving the tiees. In making t'he borders on wet ground, exposed to the air and sun, which will render them more
covered drains must be formed to carry off the water in win- beautiful and better tasted than when they are shaded by
ter, otherwise it will greatly injure if not destroy the trees. the branches ; and by thus managing the trees in sum-
In building the walls round a kitchen-garden, where the mer, they will always appear beautiful, and will require but
ground is inclinable to be wet, there should be some arches little pruning in winter. Where Pear-trees are thus regularly
turned in the foundations of those walls, at the lowest part trained without stopping their shoots, and have full room
of the garden, to let off the moisture. The manner of prepar- for their branches to extend on each side, there will never

ing these trees for planting is the same as has been directed be any occasion for disbarking the branches, or cutting off
for other fruit-trees, viz. to cgt off all the small fibres from the roots, which methods, however they may answer the
the roots, and to shorten some of the longest roots, and cut intention for the present, will certainly injure the trees, as
off all the bruised ones, or such as shoot downright; this must all violent amputations; which should as much as pos-
being done, plant them at the distance already mentioned. sible be avoided in the management of fruit-trees. The sea-
The best time to plant them, if upon a middling or dry soil, son for pruning these trees is any time after the fruits are
is in October or November,
leaving their heads on till spring, fathered, until the beginning of March ; but the sooner it is
which should be fastened either to the walls or stakes, to pre- done after the fruit is gathered, the better, for the same rea-
vent the wind from disturbing their roots; and in the begin- sons already given for pruning of Peach-trees; see Amygdalus.
ning of March the heads should be cut off in the manner The deferring of this indeed till spring, where there are large
already directed for Peaches and other fruit-trees, observing quantities of trees to prune, is not so injurious to them as to
also to lay some mulch upon the surface of the ground about some tender fruits; but if the branches are regularly trained
their roots when they are planted. In wet ground, the trees in summer, and the luxuriant shoots nibbed off, there will be
may be planted in February, or at the beginning of March, to do to them in winter.
little left All the sorts of Summer
at any time before the buds are much swelled ; but these Pears will ripen very well on standards, dwarfs, or espaliers,
may be cut down when they are planted. The first summer and so will Autumn Pears but where persons are very curious
;

after planting, the branches should be trained to a wall or in their fruit,

they should plant them against espaliers, in
espalier, (against whichever they are planted,) without short- which method they take up but little room in the garden,
ening them, in a horizontal position as they are produced ; and, if well managed, appear very beautiful; and the fruit
and at the Michaelmas following, some of these shoots should is larger and better tasted than those
produced on dwarfs,
be shortened down to five or six eyes, in order to obtain a as before observed ; but some of the Winter Pears must be
sufficient quantity of branches to furnish the lower part of planted against east, south-east, or south-west walls, other-
the wall or espaliers : but the shoots ought not to be short- wise they will not ripen well in unfavourable seasons. But
ened, unless where there is a want of branches to fill a though this may be the case with some of the late Winter
vacancy; therefore the less a knife is used to these trees, the Pears, yet most of them ripen extremely well in all warm
better they will succeed; for when the shoots are stopped, situations, when they are planted in espalier, and the fruit
it occasions the buds
immediately below the cuts to send will be better flavoured than that which grows against walls,
forth two or more shoots, whereby there will be a confusion and will keep much longer good for as the heat against
;

of branches, and fruit is rarely produced under this manage- walls which are exposed to the sun will be very great at some
ment. The distance at which the branches of Pears should times, and at others there will be little warmth, all fruit
be trained, must be proportioned to the size of their fruit; which grow near them will be hastened unequally, and there-
therefore such sorts, the fruit of which are small, may be fore are never so well flavoured as the same sorts are which
allowed five or six inches, but the larger at least require ripen in the open air; and all the fruit which is thus un-
seven or eight. If this be observed, and the branches trained equally ripened, will decay much sooner than those
which
horizontally as they are produced, there will be no occasion ripen gradually in the open air; therefore those Winter Pears
for so much cutting as is which grow in espalier may be kept six weeks longer than
generally practised on these trees,
 P YR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P YR 431

those which grew against walls, which is a very desirable England is produced on land which is most
finest fruit in

thing ; for to have plenty of this fruit at a season

when it is dunged and worked. Wherever the ground in the quarters is
well dressed and trenched, the fruit-trees will
very rare to find any other, except Apples, is very desirable, partake of the
and may be accomplished by planting many of the late sorts benefit for as they advance in their growth, their roots
;

in espalier, where, although the fruit will not be so well extend to a greater distance from each stem, and it is chiefly
coloured as those from the walls, yet they will be found from the distant roots that the trees are supplied with their
exceedingly good. \Vherever a person has a warm situation nourishment; and hence dressing the borders only will not be
and u kindly soil, there is no need of building walls for Pear- sufficient for old fruit-trees. In gathering of Pears, great
trees, which will ripen their fruit better upon espaliers, regard should be had to the bud which is formed at the
especially if a sufficient quantity
of reed-mats weie made to bottom of the footstalk, for the next year's blossoms, which,
fix up against the back of the
espalier
in the spring while by forcing off the Pear before il. be mature, is many times
the trees are in blossom, which will screen them from cold spoiled for while the fruit is growing, there is always a bud
;

winds, and preserve the tender fruit until they are past danger. formed by the side of the footstalk upon the same spur, for
The reeds may then be removed under a shed to preserve them the next year's fruit; but when the Pears are ripe, if they
from the weather, and, if the autumn should prove bad, may be gently turned upward, the footstalk will readily part from
be fixed up again; which will forward the ripening of the the spur, without injuring the bud. The season for gather-
fruit, and also prevent the winds from blowing down and ing all summer Pears is just as they are ripe, for none of
bruising it. Nevertheless, after it is set and growing, further them will remain good above a day or two after they are
care will be necessary to ensure its goodness ; for it is not taken from the tree nor will many of the autumn Pears
;

enough to have preserved a good crop of fruit on the trees, keep good above ten days or a fortnight after they are
and then leave them entirely to nature during the season of gathered. But the winter fruit should hang as long upon
their growth, but there will require some skill and attend- the trees as the season will permit for they must not be
;

ance on the trees, to help nature, or supply the deficiency of exposed to the frost, which will cause them to rot, and ren-
seasons ; for besides the pruning and training trees in the der their juices flat and ill-tasted; but if the weather continue
manner before directed, there will also be wanting some mild until the end of October, it will then be a good season
management of their roots, according to the nature of the for gathering them in, which must always be done in dry
soil and the difference of (he seasons. In all strong land, weather, and when
the trees are perfectly dry. In doing
where the ground is apt to bind very hard in dry weather, this, carefully avoid bruising them ; therefore you should
the surface of the border should be now and then forked have a broad flat basket to lay them in as they are gathered ;
over to loosen the earth, which will admit the showers and and when they are carried into the store- room, they should
dews to penetrate and moisten the ground, will destroy be taken out singly, and each sort laid upin a close
heap on
the weeds, and also forward the growth of the trees and a dry place in order to sweat, where they may remain for
fruit. If the soil be light and dry, in droughty seasons ten day_s or a fortnight, leaving the windows open to admit
large hollows should be made round the steins of the the air, in order to carry off all the moisture perspired from
trees to hold water; and into each of these there should be the fruit: after this the Pears should betaken singly, and

poured eight or nine pots of water, which should be repeated wiped dry with a woollen cloth, and then packed up in close
once in a week or ten clays, during the months of June and baskets, observing to put some wheat straw in the bottoms
July, in dry seasons. There should also be some mulch laid and round the sides of the baskets, to prevent their bruising
over the surface of these hollows, to prevent the sun and air against the baskets. And if some thick soft paper be laid
from drying the ground. Where this is done, the fruit will double or treble all round the basket, between the straw and
be kept constantly growing, and prove large and plump; the Pears, it will prevent them from imbibing the musty
whereas if it be omitted, the fruit will often turn out small, taste so often communicated to fruit when in contact with
track, and even fall off from the trees ; for if the fruit be straw which taste often penetrates so stronply through the
;

once stinted in its gro\9th, and rain should fall plentifully skin, that when the fruit is pared the taste will rem;iin. You
after, it will occasion a great quantity of fruit to fall off the should also observe to put but one sort of fruit into a basket,
trees; and those which remain to ripen, will not keep so long lest by their different fermentations they should rot each
as those which never received any check in their growth: other; but if you have enough of one sort to fill a basket
and it is from this cause that some years the fruit in general which holds two or three bushels, it will be still better.
decays before the usual time; for after it has been some After you have filled the baskets, yon must cover them over
time stinted in its growth, if the season prove favourable, it with wheat-straw very close, first laying a covering of paper
receives a sudden supply of juice, a. id becomes so distended two or three times double over the fruit, and fasten them
that the vessels burst, and the fruit loses its firmness, and down then place these baskets in a close room, where they
;

decays. Some dressing should be laid on the ground near may be kept dry, ad from frost; but the less air is let into
these fruit-trees in autumn, after they are pruned. This the room, the better the fruit will keep. It will be
very
dressing should be different, according to the natuieof the necessary to fix a label to each basket, denoting the sort of
Boil. If the land be warm and dry, then the contained, which will save the trouble of opening:
dressing should fruit therein
be of very lotten dung, mixed with loam; and if this be them whenever you want to know the sorts of fruit for the ;

mixed six or eight months before it is laid upon the borders, oftener they are opened before the season for eating, the
and thro? or four times turned over, it will be the better; and worse they will keep. Some imagine fruit cannot be laid too
so will the mixture, if it be cow's or hog's dung, both which thin for which reason they m-ake shelves to dispose them
;

are colder than horse-dung, and therefore more proper for singly upon, and are fond of admitting fresh air whenever
hot land. But in cold stiff land, lotten horse-dung, mixed weather is mild, supposing it necessary to preserve the
.;he
with light sandy earth, or sea-coal ashes, will be most proper, fruit but the reverse of this is found true, by those persona
;

as it will loosen tiie ground and add a warmth to it. These who have large stocks of fruit laid up in their store-houses at
dressings should be repeated every other year, otherwise the London, which remain closely shut up for several months,
trees will not thrive so wdl, nor the fruit be so in the manner before and when these aie opened.
good, for the related ;
VOL. u. 102. 5R
432 P YR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P V R
the fruit is always found plumper and sounder than any of very different, being loose in the Apple, and very close in the
those fruits which are preserved singly upon shelves, the Pear ; hence the leaves of the latter are much stouter and
skins of which are generally dry and shrivelled. For, as Mr. more permanent. Lastly, the growth of these trees is quite
Boyle observes, the air is the cause of putrefaction ; and in different; the Pear being lofty and upright, the Apple low
order to prove this, that celebrated writer put fruits of seve- and spreading. The wood of the Wild Apple is tolerably
ral kinds into glasses where the air was exhausted, in which hard ; it turns very clean ; and, when made into cogs for
places they remained sound for several months, but, upon wheels, acquires a polish, and lasts a long time. The bark
being exposed to the air, rotted in a very short time after; affords a yellow dye. The acid juice of the fruit is calltd
which plainly shews the absurdity of exposing gathered fruit Verjuice, and is much used in recent sprains, and in other
to the operation of the air. cases, as an astringent or repellent. With a proper addition
2. Pyrus Pollveria; Woolly-leaved Pear Tree. Leaves of sugar, it is probable a very grateful liquor might be made
serrate, tomentose underneath; flowers corymbedj This with the juice, little inferior to Rhenish wine. Lighitbot
differs from the common Pear-teee, in having the leaves asserts, that the Crab mixed with cultivated Apples, or even
downy on both sides, but especially beneath; and the flowers alone, if thoroughly ripe, will make a sound masculine cider.
cream-coloured, smaller, and more numerous, about forty in Every one knows that cider is made from the juice of a
each corymb the fruit is small, and falls easily when ripe.
:
variety of cultivated Apples, pressed and fermented. Poma-
Native of Germany. tum is so called, because the lard is, or ought to be, beaten
3. Pyrus Nivalis; Alpine Pear Tree. Leaves quite entire; up with the pulp of Apples. This fruit when ripe is hixalive ;
flowers corymbed fruit globular, extremely acerb, but when
; and the juice is excellent in the dysentery; boiled or roasted,
it fortifies a weak stomach ; and
ripe melting and very sweet. Native of the mountains of they are equally efficacious in
Austria. putrid or malignant fevers, with juice, of lemons or currants.
4. Pyrus Malus ; Common Apple Tree. Leaves elliptic- The following is Miller's account of the varieties of Apples.
oblong, acuminate, serrate, smooth; umbels simple, sessile; After enumerating and briefly describing those Apples which
claws of the corolla shorter than the calices ; stem smooth. have been introduced from France into England, Mr. Miller
This is a spreading tree, with the branches and twigs irre- observes, that only two or three of them are much esteemed,
and twisted, more horizontal than in the Pear-tree: viz. 1. The French Rennet, which is a large fine fruit, of a
owers in terminating, sessile, villose umbels; corollas white,
fular roundish figure, and of a pale green, changing a little yel-
but finely tinged with red on the outside. The Apple-tree in lowish when ripe, having some small gray spots the juice is
:

its wild state is called the Crab, or

Wilding, and, like the sugary, and it is good for eating or baking, and will keep sound'
Wild Pear, is armed with fhorns. Linneus distinguishes two till after Christmas. 2. The Rennette Grise, is a middle-sized
varieties of the Wild Apple : the common one, with a very acid fruit, of a deep gray colour on the side next the sun, but on
fruit, and another with a bitter fruit, which becomes sweetish the other side intermixed with yellow: it is a very juicy good
when ripe. Mr. Miller also mentions two varieties in the Apple, of a quick flavour, and ripens in October, but will not
fruitof the Crab Apple, one white ; the other purple towards keep long. 3. The Violet Apple, which is a pretty large pale
the sun : it is, however, commonly yellowish green with a green fruit, striped with deep red in the 8'in.
The juice is
tinge of red. He also mentions a variety with variegated sugary, and has a flavour of violets, from which it
derived its.
leaves ; but when the trees grow vigorous, the leaves soon name. 1. The first English Apple brought to market is the
become plain. The following discrimination of the Apple- Codlin, which is so well known that it needs no description. 2.
tree from that of the Pear, will materially assist young bota- The next is the Margaret Apple this fruit is not so long as the
:

nical students ; it is the fruit of Haller's observations. The Codlin, and of a middling size the side next the sun changes
;

Apple-tree has many things in common with the Pear-tree, to a faint red when ripe; the other side is of a pale gi-een>
buMhe leaf more shortly mucronate, less manifestly ser-
is the fruit is firm, of a quick pleasant taste, but does not keep
rate, subhirsute underneath ; the flowers tinged with red, long. 3. The Summer Pearmain, is an oblong fruit, striped
and smelling very sweet; the peduncle shorter; the stamina with red next the sun ; the flesh is soft, and soon becomes
usually from nineteen to twenty-five, the Pear having only mealy, so that it is not greatly esteemed. 4, The Kentish

twenty-two; the fruit round, hollowed at the peduncle, de- Fill-basket, is a species of Codlin, of a large size, and some-
pressed at top, less astringent, but more acid than the Pear, wha-t longer-shaped than the Codlin: it ripens a little later
and of a softer texture. The Apple has woody threads pass- in the season, and is generally used for baking. 5. The

ing through it from the peduncle, ten of which are regularly Transparent Apple, was brought to England some years since,
disposed round the capsules, and tend to the calix : the and was esteemed a curiosity it came from Petersburg!),
:

Pear also has them, but they are not so distinct, on account where it is asserted to be so transparent that the kernels may
of the calculous or stony congeries. In the Apple they be perfectly seen when the Apple is held to the light but;

are placed very regularly, one at the point of each cell of in this country it is a mealy insipid fruit not worth cultivation.
the capsule, and one in the middle between the other five, 6. Loan's Pearmain: this is a beautiful fruit, being of a mid-
and are very apparent on a transverse section of the fruit. dling size; the side next the sun is of a beautiful red,
anrf
The cells are differently shaped in the two fruits in the striped with the same colour on the other; the
:
flesh is vinous,

Apple they are narrow and pointed at both ends; in the but as it soon grows mealy, it is not greatly esteemed. 7. Th :
Pear they are obovate, broad exteriorly, and drawing to a Quince Apple, is a small fruit, seldom larger than the Golden
point at the end next the centre of the fruit. The Pear, Pippin, but is in shape like the Quince, especially
towards
however it
may vary in shape, size, colour, taste, &c. by the stalk ; the side next the sun is of a russet colour, on the
cultivation, is generally convex, and lengthened at the base; other side inclining to yellow: it is an excellent Apple for
whereas in the Apple it is always concave there. Besides about three weeks in September, but will not keep much
tliis, the leaves of the Apple are commonly wider in propor- longer. 8. The Golden Rennet, needs no description; it-
tion to their length, of a yellower green above, and whitish ripens about Michaelmas, and for about a month is very
Aromatic
underneath ; whereas in the Pear they are dark green above, good fruit either for eating raw or baking. 9. The
and quite smooth on both side-s. Their vascular system is is also a very good apple it is about the size of a
:
Pippin,
 P YR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P YR 433

Nonpareil, but not so flat, and is a little longer; the side next Herefordshire Under-Leaf; the John Apple; the Everlast-
the sun is of a bright russet colour: the flesh is breaking, ing Hanger; the Gennet Moyle. These have been since
and has an aromatic flavour. It ripens in October. 10. The gradually yielding toother varieties, which will be supplanted
Hertfordshire Pearmain, sometimes called the Winter Pear- in their turn
by others; and it is now generally allowed, that
main, is a good-sized fruit, rather long than round, of a fine applet;, which are the produce of art and cultivation, cannot
red next the sun, and striped with the same colour on the be continued beyond a certain period. The law of nature,
other side the flesh is juicy, and stews well, but is not
;
Mr. Marshal observes, though it suffer man to improve the
esteemed for eating by any nice palates. This is fit for use fruits which are presented to him, appears to have set bounds
in November and December. 11. The Kentish Pippin, is a to his art, and to have determined the years of his creations.
Artificial propagation cannot preserve the varieties in
large handsome fruit, of an oblong figure; the skin is of a perpe-
pale green colour: the flesh is breaking, and full of juice, tuity; a time arrives, when they can be no longer propagated
which is of a quick acid flavour. This is a very good kitchen with success; hence all the old Cider fruits are lost, or are
fruit, and will keep till
February. 12. The Holland Pippin, so far on the decline as to be deemed irrecoverable. The
islarger than the former; the fruit is somewhat longer, the popular idea among the orchard-men of Herefordshire is,
skin of a darker green, and the flesh firm and juicy. This that the decline of the old fruits is owing to a want of fresh
is a very
good kitchen and will keep late in the season.
fruit, grafts from abroad, under a notion that the highest flavoured
13. The Monstrous Rennet, is a
very large apple, of an ob- apples grow there in a state of nature, as the Crab does in
long shape, turning red towards the sun, but of a dark green this island. It
hardly needs to be observed, that this is a
on the other side but, as the flesh is apt to be mealy, it is
; gross error. Propagation and Culture. All the sorts of
generally preserved solely for the magnitude of the fruit. Apples are propagated by grafting or budding upon the
14. The Embroidered Apple, is a pretty large fruit, some- stocks of the same kind, for they will not take upon any other
what shaped like the Pearmain, but the stripes of red are sort of fruit-tree. In the nursericsi there are three sorts of
very broad, from whence the gardeners have given it this stocks generally used to graft Apples upon; the first are
title : it is a
middling fruit, and is commonly used as a called free-stocks; these are raised from the kernels of all
kitchen apple, though there are many better. 15. The sorts of Apples indiscriminately, and sometimes they are all
Royal Russet, by some called the Leather Coat Russet, on called Crab-stocks; for all those trees which are produced
account of the deep russet colour of the skin, is a large fair from the seeds before they are grafted, are termed Crabs,
fruit, of an oblong figure, broad towards the base, with a flesh without any distinction : but 1, says the judicious Philip
inclinable to yellow. This is one of the best kitchen Apples Miller, should always prefer such stocks as are raised from
we have, and is a very great bearer: the trees grow large and the kernels of Crabs, where they are pressed for verjuice, and
handsome; and the fruit, which is pleasant eating, is in season I find several of the old writers of the same mind.
Austen,
from October to April. 16. Wheeler's Russet, is middling-sized, who wrote above a hundred years ago, says, the stock which
flat, and round the stalk is slender; the side next the sun of a
;
he accounts best for Apple-grafts, is the Crab, which is better
light russet colour, and the other side inclining to a pale yellow than sweeter Apple-trees to graft on, because they are usually
when ripe. The flesh is firm, and the juice has a very quick free from canker, and will become very large trees, and, I
acid flavour, but is an excellent fcitchen-fruit, and will keep conceive, will last longer than stocks of sweeter Apples, and
a long time. 17. Pile's Russet, is not quite so large as the will make the fruit more strong and hardy' to endure frost :

former, but is of an oval figure, of a russet colour to the sun, it is in fuct very certain, that by frequently grafting some
and of a dark green on the other side; it is a very firm fruit, sorts of Apples upon freer-stocks, the fruits have been
of a sharp acid flavour, but much esteemed for baking, and rendered less firm and poignant, and of shorter duration.
will keep sound till April or later, if they are well preserved. The second sort of stock is the Dutch Paradise Apple, or
18. The Nonpareil, is a fruit pretty generally known in Eng- Creeper; these are designed to stint the growth of the trees,
land, though there is another apple frequently sold in the and to keep thern in compass for dwarfs or espaliers. The
markets for it, which is what the French call Haute-bonne; third sort is the Paradise Apple, which is a very low shrnh,
this is a larger fairer fruit than the
Nonpareil, more inclining and the only proper trees which are kept in pots by way of
to yellow, the russet colour brighter, and it is earlier
ripe and curiosity, for they do not continue long. Some persons have
decays sooner this is not so flat as the true Nonpareil, nor is
: made use of Codlin-stocks for grafting- Apples, in order to
the juice so sharp, though it is a good but as these are eommoiily propagated
apple in its season; but stint their growth ;

the Nonpareil is seldom

ripe before Christmas, and, if well by suckers, I would by no means, says Mr. Miller, advise the
preserved, will keep perfectly sound till May. This therefore using them; nor would 1 chuse to raise the Codlin-tiees from
is
justly esteemed one of the best apples yet known. 19. suckers, but to graft them upon Crab-stocks, which will cause
The Golden Pippin, is a fruit almost peculiar to England, tho fruit to be firmer, last longer, and have a sharper flavour;
as there are few other countries where it succeeds well; nor and such trees will last much longer sound, and never put
indeed does it, in some parts of England itself, out suckers, as the Codlins always do, which if not constantly
produce such
good fruit as it might; which is in some measure to owing taken off, will weaken Uie tnees, causing fhem to canker: it
their being grafted on free-stocks, which enlarge the fru.it, but is not
only from the roots, but from the knots of the-ir stems, that
render it less valuable, because the flesh is not so firm, nor there are generally a great number of strong shoots produced,
the flavour so quick ; hence it is apt to be which fill the trees with useless wood, and render than un-
dry and mealy,
and should, to prevent that, be always grafted on a Crab- sightly, and the
fruit small and crumpled. The method of
stock, which will not canker like the others; and though the raising stocksfrom the kernels of Crabs or Apples, is to
fr.uit will lie less
sightly, it will be better flavoured, and keep procure them where they are pressed for verjuice or cider,
longer. The above are the best sorts of Apples, so that and after they are cleared of the pulp, they may be sown
where they can be had, no person will prefer others. In Mr. upon a bed of Ii-ht earth, covering them over about half an
Miller's time, the apples in most esteem for inch thick with the same light earth these may be sown in
cider-making, :

vere the Red Streak, which is still in being, but on the de- November and December, where the ground is dry but in ;

fine. The Devonshire Royal Wilding ; the Whitsour ; the wet ground, it will be better to defer it till February, but then

K
434 PY R THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P YR
the seeds should be preserved in dry sand, and kept out of choose such sorts of fruit as grow nearly alike, to plant in the
the reach of vermin; and mice and rat traps should be set, to same espalier. This is of great consequence, because of the
protect them from those destructive animals. In the spring, distance at which they are to be placed, otherwise those sorts
when the plants begin to appear, they must be carefully which make the longest shoots may be allowed less room to
weeded, and, if the season should prove dry, it will be of spread than those of smaller growth beside, when all the
:

great service to water them two or three times a week ; and trees in one espalier are nearly equal in growth, they will

during the summer they must be kept clean from weeds, have a better appearance than when some are tall and others
which, when suffered to grow, will soon overtop the plants, short. To avoid this, the different sorts of Apples are here
and spoil their growth. If these thrive well, they will be fit divided into three classes according to their growth. First
to transplant into the nursery in October following, at which Class. Largest growing trees. 1. All the sorts of Pearmains.
time the ground should be carefully digged, and cleansed 2. Kentish Pippin. 3. Holland Pippin. 4. Monstrous Ren-
from the roots of all bad weeds ; then the stocks should be net. 5. Royal Russet. 6. Wheeler's Russet. 7. Pile's Rus-

planted in rows three feet asunder, and the plants one foot set. 8. Nonpareil. 9. Violet Apple. Second Class. Middle
distance in the rows, closing the earth pretty fast to their growing trees. 1. Margaret Apple. 2. Golden Rennet. 3.
roots; when the stocks are transplanted out of the seed-bed, Aromatic Pippin. 4. Embroidered Apple. 5. Rennet Grise.
the first autumn after sowing they need not be headed; but 6. White Rennet. 7. Codlin. Third Class. Smallest grow-
where they are inclined to shoot downward, the tap-root must ing trees. 1. Quince Apple. 2. Transparent Apple. 3.
be shortened, in order to force out horizontal roots ; if the Golden Pippin. 4. Pornme d' Api. 5. Fenouillet. All these
ground be pretty good in which these stocks are planted, and are supposed to be grafted on the same sort of stocks. If
the weeds constantly cleared away, the stocks will make these Apples be grafted upon Crab-stocks in a good soil,
great progress, so that those which are intended for dwarfs place the largest-growing trees forty feet asunder, the
may be grafted the spring twelve-months after they are middle-growing thirty-five feet, and the small-growing at
planted cut of the seed-bed; but those which are designed twenty-five feet. When planted at shorter distances, the
for standards, will require two or three years' more growth branches have almost joined in seven years' time, so that it is
before they will be fit to which time they will be better to place them at first at a proper distance, introducing
graft, by
upward of six feet high. The grafting should be performed Dwarf Cherries, Currants, or other sorts of fruit, between, for
in Man li, by whip or cleft-grafting, according to the
either a few years, and cutting them away as fast as the branches
size of the stock. See Grafting. The stocks designed for of the Apple-trees require more room. When the trees are
dwarfs must be grafted within six inches of the ground and ; grafted upon the Dutch Dwarf-stock, the distance should be
the standards may also be grafted low, one shoot from the for the larger-growing trees thirty feet, for those of middle

graft beina; trained up for a stem or on tall stocks, at the

; growth twenty-five, and the smallest twenty feet, which will
height of five or six feet, but for low and half-standards, at be found full neai where the trees thrive well. The next
from two or three to four or five feet, and lower for dwarf thing is to choose the trees, which should not be more than
standard* . The other necessary directions for the cultiva- two years' growth from the graft, but those of one year should
tion of tl.ese trees, while they remain in the nursery, will be preferred you should also be careful that their stocks
;

be found by referring to the article Nursery. The man- are young, sound, and smooth, free from canker, and which
manner of planting such of these trees as are designed for have not been cut down once or twice in the nursery; when
espaliers : In the kitchen-garden, if there be an extent of they are taken up, all the small ftbres should be entirely cut
ground, it will be
proper to plant, not only such sorts as are off from their roots, for, if left on, they will moulder and
for the use of the table, but also a quantity of trees to supply decay, and obstruct the new fibres, which would soon push
the kitchen; but where the kitchen-gaiden is small, the latter out in their growth. The extreme part of the root must also
must be supplied from standard-trees, either from the orchard, be shortened, and all bruised roots cut off; and if there are
or wherever they are planted ; but as many of these kitchen any misplaced roots which cross e-ach other, they also should
Apples are large, and hang late in the autumn upon the trees, be cut away. As to the pruning of the head of these trees,
they will be much more exposed to the strong winds on there need be nothing more done than to cut off any branches
standard trees, than in espaliers. The distance proper for which are so situated as that they cannot be trained to the
these trees should not be less than thirty feet, for such sorts line of the espalier; in the planting, there must be care taken
as are of moderate growth, if upon Crab or free stocks ; but not to place their roots too d<eep in the ground, especially if
the larger growing sorts should not be allowed less than the soil is moist, but rather raise them en a little hill, which
will be necessary to allow for the raising of the border after-
thirty-five or forty feet, which will be found full near enough,
if the ground be good, and the trees properly trained; for as wards. The best season for planting these trees is at the
the branches of these trees should not be shortened, but end of November; after they are planted, it will be proper
trained in their full length, so in a few years they wrll be to place down a stake to each tree, to which the branches
found to meet. Indeed, at the first planting, the distance should be fastened, to prevent the winds from shaking or
will appear so great to those persons who have not observed loosening their roots, which will destroy the young fibres ;
the vigorous growth of these trees, that they will suppose for when these trees are planted pretty early in autumn,
they
will very soon push out a great number of new fibres, which
they never can 'extend their branches so far as to cover the
espalier but if those persons will but observe the growth of
; being very tender, are soon broken by the wind shaking the
standard trees of the same kinds, and see how wide their trees, which is very injurious. If the winter should prove
branches are extended on every side, they may be soon con- severe, it will be proper to lay some rotten dung, tanner's
vinced, that as these espalier trees are allowed to spread but bark, or some other sort of mulch, about their roots, to pre-
on two sides, they will of course make more progress (as the vent the frost from penetrating the ground, which might kill
whole nourishment of the root will be employed in these side- the tender fibres. This mulch should not be laid down
branches) than where there is a greater number of branches before the frost begins ; for if laid over the surface of the
on every side of the tree, which are to be supplied with the ground about their roots, as is often done, soon after the trees
same nourishment. The next thing to be observed, is to are planted, it will prevent the moisture entering the ground,
 P YR OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. P YR 435

and do more harm than good to the trees. The following which should be performed instantly when the trees begin
before the trees begin to push, there should be two to shed their leaves. In chusing orchard trees, 'I would
spring,
or three short stakes put down on each side every tree, to advise the taking such as are but of two years' growth from
which the branches should be fastened down as horizontally the graft, and never to plant old trees, or such as are grafted
as possible; never cutting them down, for there will be no upon old stocks, for young trees are not only more certain
to furnish the to grow, but make a much greater progress. The roots must
dagger of their putting out branches enough
if the trees are once well established in their new be pruned in the same manner as above directed for the
espalier,
In the pruning of these trees, the chief point is, espaliers in pruning their heads, little more is necessary
:
quarters.
never to shorten any of the branches, unless there be an than to cut out such branches as are ill placed, or that cross
absolute want of shoots to fill the spaces of the espalier, so and chafe each other heading them down, as it is properly
:

that the best method to manage these trees is to go over them called, never fails to and kill many trees. The dis-
injure
three or four times in the growing season, and rub ofl all tance at which these orchard trees should be planted, where
such shoots as are irregularly produced, and train the others the soil is good, must be fifty or sixty feet, and forty feet only
down to the stakes in the position they are to remain if this : in inferior soils. Nothing is worse than crowding trees too
be carefully performed in summer, there will be little left to closely in orchards and it appears to have been the opinion
;

be done in the winter ; and by bending their shoots from time of the most eminent cultivators, that the trees had much
to time a? they are produced, there will be no occasion to better be too far apart than too near, the latter excluding
use force to bring them down, nor any danger of breaking the sunshine and fresh arr from the roots, trunks, branches,
the branches. The distance which these branches should be and blossoms of the tree. When the trees are planted, they
trained from each other, for the largest sorts of fruit, should should be staked, to prevent their being shaken or blown
be about seven or eight inches, and for the smaller four or out of the ground by strong winds but in doing this there
;

five. If these plain instructions be followed, it will save should be particular care taken to put either straw, hay-
much unnecessary labour of pruning, and the trees will at bands, or woollen cloth, between the trees and the stakes,
all times make a handsomer appearance. The cursons or to pivent the trees from being rubbed and bruised by the
their fruit, shaking against the stakes. If the first winter should prove
spurs upon which all the sorts of Apples produce
will continue fruitful a great number of years, and should very severe, it will be proper to cover the surface of the
not be cut off in pruning, for that very reason. The method ground about their roots with some mulch, to defend the fibres
of making Espaliers will be found under that article ; here it of their roots : this mulch ought not to be too soon laid on,
is only necessary to repeat, that it will be best to defer mak- lest it should prevent the moisture from soaking down to the

ing the espalier till the trees have had three or four years' roots of the trees nor should it lie on too long in the spring,
;

for the same reason : but where persons will be at the trouble
growth for before that time the branches may be supported
;

by a few upright stakes, so that there will be no necessity to lay it on in frosty weather, and remove it again after the
to make the espalier until there are sufficient branches to frost is over, that the wet in February may have free access
furnish all the lower part. Orchards. The following are to the roots of the trees, it will do good ; and if March should
Mr. Miller's directions for planting an orchard, so as to pro- prove dry, with sharp north or west winds, which often
duce the greatest profit. The best situation for an orchard happens, it will be proper to cover the ground again with
is on the ascent of gentle hills, facing .the south or south- the mulch, to prevent the winds from penetrating and drying
east; but this ascent must not be too steep, lest the earth be the ground, and will be of singular service to the trees.
washed down by hasty rains. There are many who prefer Many will object to this on account of the trouble, which may
low situations at the foot of hills, but I am thoroughly con- appear to be great; but when it is considered how much of
vinced that all bottoms, where there are hills on each side, this business may be done by a single person in a short time,
are very improper for this purpose for the air is drawn down
;
it can have little force ;
and the benefit which the trees will
into these valleys in strong currents, which, being pent in, receive by this management, will greatly recompense the
renders these bottoms much colder than the open situatio'ns ; trouble and expense. As these trees must be constantly
during the winter and spring they are very damp, and un- fenced from cattle, it will be the best way to keep the land
healthy to all vegetables: therefore the gentle rise of a hill, in tillage for some years, that by constant ploughing or dig-

fully exposed to the sun and air, is by much the best situa- ging the ground, the roots of the trees may be more encou-
tion. As to the soil., a gentle hazel-loam which is easy to raged, and they will mak'e the more progress in their growth ;
work, and that does not detain the wet, is the best ; if this but where this is done, whatever crops are sown or planted
happens to be three feet deep, it will be better for the growth should not be brought too near the trees, lest the nourish-
of the trees for ment be drawn away from them and as in the ploughing of
;
although these trees will grow upon very :

strong land, yet they are seldom so thriving, nor is their fruit fhe ground, where it is so tilled, there must be care taken
so well flavoured, as those which not to go too near the stem of the trees, whereby their roots
grow in a gentle soil while, :

on the other hand, these trees will not do well would be injured, or the bark of the stems rubbed off; so
upon a dry
gravel or sand so that those soils should never be chosen
; it will be of
great service to dig the ground about the trees
for orchards. The ground intended to be planted ought to where the plough does not come, every autumn, for five or
be well prepared the week before, by ploughing it six years after planting, by which time their roots will have
thoroughly;
and if some dung be laid upon it the year before, it will be extended themselves to a greater distance. It is a common
of great service to the trees if in the
;
preceding spring a practice in many parts of England to lay the ground down
crop of Peas or Beans be planted on the ground, provided for pasture after the orchard-trees are grown pretty large;
they are sown or planted in rows art a proper distance, so but this injudicious, for horses will destroy trees even of
is
that the ground between
maybe horse-hoed, that will destroy twenty years' growth, and sheep will constantly rub their
the weeds and loosen the ground, and form a bodies against the steins of the trees, and their grease adher-
good prepa-
ration for the trees, as the earth cannot be too much
wrought ing to the bark is very detrimental. In pruning these trees
or pulverized for this after they are established, nothing more should be done than
purpose : these crops will be taken off
the ground long before the season for to cut out all those branches which cross each other, and if
planting these trees,
VOL. ii. 102. 5S
436 P YR THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; P YR
left would rub and tear off the bark, as also decayed branches, calix serrated, reflexed. This is a low, crooked, and distorted

but never shorten any of their roots. If suckers or shoots tree, covered with a brown bark, and much branched. Petals
from their stems should come out, they must be entirely large, flesh-coloured; fruit large, yellow,
very austere and
taken off annually and when any branches are broken by
; astringent, but with a peculiar and very powerful fragrance,
the wind, they should be cut off, either down to the division but is rendered mild by cookery, and highly grateful. The
of the branch, or close to the stem from whence it was pro- variety represented in the accompanying plate is the Pear-
duced; the best time for this work is in November, for it shaped Quince. The Apple Quince has more ovate leaves and
should not be done in frosty weather, nor in the spring, when a rounder fruit; and the Portugal Quince, with obovate leaves
the sap begins to be in motion. The best method to keep and an oblong fruit, is more juicy and less harsh than the
Apples for winter use is, to let them hang upon the trees till others, and therefore most valuable. The expressed juice,
there is danger of frost, and to gather them in dry weather, repeatedly taken in small quantities, is said to be cooling, re-
for three or four weeks stringent, and stomachic, useful in nausea, vomitings, nidor-
laying them in large heaps to sweat
or a month ; afterwards look them over carefully, taking out ous eructations, and some alvine fluxes. Formerly this juice
all such as have appearance of decay, wiping ail the sound was ordered to be made into a syrup but the only preparation
;

fruit dry, and pack them up in large oil-jars which have of the Quince now directed, is a mucilage of the seeds, made
been thoroughly scalded and dried, stopping them down by boiling a drachm of them in eight ounces of water till it

close to exclude the external air: this will preserve the fruit acquires a proper consistence this has been recommended in
:

plump and sound for use. apthous affections, and excoriations of the mouth and fauces.
5. Pyrus Dioica ; Dioecious Pear Tree. Leaves oval, ser- The pulp of the Portugal Quince is the best for making marma-
rate flowers solitary, dioecous ;
petals linear, the length of lade. This species, and all Its varieties, may be
;
occasionally
the calix. This is
supposed to be a mere variety of the Com- propagated either by layers, suckers, or cuttings, which must
mon Apple-tree. be planted on a moist soil. Those raised from suckers are
6. Pyrus Spectabilis ; Chinese Apple Tree. Leaves oval- seldom so well rooted as those which are obtained from cut-
oblong, serrate, even ; umbels sessile ; claws of the corolla tings or layers,and are subject to produce suckers again in
longer than the calix ; styles woolly at the base. This answers greater plenty, which is not so proper for fruit-bearing trees.
truly to its trivial name ; a more showy
tree can hardly be The cuttings should be planted very early in the autumn, and
found to decorate the ornamental plantation. It blossoms in
very dry weather must be often watered to assist their
about the end of April, or beginning of May. flowers The rooting. The second year after they should be removed into
are large, of a pale red when open, and semi-double ; the a nursery, three feet distance row from row, and one foot
buds are of a much deeper hue. The fruit is of but little asunder in the rows; where they must be managed as was
account, and sparingly produced. Though perfectly hardy, directed for Apples. In two or three years' time these trees
itshould be placed in a sheltered situation. It is usually will be fit to transplant where they are to remain, which
increased by grafting it on a Crab-stock. should be either by the side of a ditch, river, or in a moist
7. Pyrus Prunifolia; Siberian Crab Tree.
Leaves ovate, place: where they will produce more and larger fruit than
acuminate; umbels sessile; peduncles pubescent; styles in a dry soil, though those in a dry soil will be better tasted

woolly at the base. The flowers come out in bunches at the and earlier ripe. These trees require very little pruning:
side of the branches, on long slender peduncles the petals ; the chief thing to be observed is to keep their stems clear
are white, and shaped like those of the Pear-tree they appear
: from suckers, and to cut off such branches as cross each
in April, and are succeeded by roundish fruit, about the size other; likewise all upright luxuriant shoots from the middle
of large Duke Cherries, changing to a yellow colour varie- of the tree should be entirely taken out, that the head may
gated with red, of a very austere taste, decaying like the fruit not be too much crowded with wood, which is of ill conse-
of the Medlar, and then more palatable. It is
supposed to quence to all sorts of fruit-trees. They may also be propa-
be a native of Siberia. gated by budding or grafting upon stocks raised by cuttings ;

8. Pyrus Baccata: Small-fruited Crab Tree. Leaves so that by this method the best sorts may be cultivated in
equally serrulate; peduncles clustered; pomes berried; cali- greatfir plenty than in any other way, and the trees will bear
ces deciduous. The fruit, which is of the size of a small fruit much sooner, and be more fruitful, than those which

cherry, has a reddish pulp and an acid juice, used for mak- come from suckers or layers. These trees are also in great
ing quas and punch in Siberia, where it naturally grows as ;
esteem for stocks, to graft or bud summer and autumn Pears
also about the lake Baikal, and in Dauria. upon. These stocks greatly improve the Pear-trees, espe-
9. Pyrus Coronaria; Sweet-scented Crab Tree. Leaves cially those designed for walls and espaliers ; for the trees
cordate, gash-serrate, angular, smooth; peduncles corymbed. upon these stocks do not shoot so vigorously, and are there-
This tree was first observed in Virginia, North America, fore sooner disposed to bear fruit: but hard winter fruits do
where it is frequently planted near farms, on account of the not succeed so well upon these stocks, their fruit being very
fine raspberry-like smell which the flowers afford: they expand subject to crack, and turning stony, especially all the break-
in the beginning of May. The fruit is only fit to make vine- ing Pears; hence these stocks a*e only proper for the melting
gar. It may be increased by grafting or budding on the Pears, and for a moist soil and the best Quince-stocks are
;

Common Crab ; but it is somewhat tender whilst young. those raised from cuttings or layers. As the Pear will take
10. Pyrus Angustifolia ; Narrow-leaved Crab Tree. Leaves upon the Quince by grafting or budding, and the Quince
lanceolate-oblong, shining, tooth-serrate, attenuated at the upon the Pear, we may conclude there is a near alliance
base, entire ; peduncles corymbed. Fruit very small. It between them ; but neither of these will take upon the Apple,
flowers here in May. Native of North America. nor that upon either of these.
11. Pyrus Japonica; Japan Apple Tree. Leaves wedge- 13. Pyrus Salicifolia; Willow-leaved Crab Tree. Leaves
shaped, crenate, smooth ; flowers solitary. This small shrub linear-lanceolate, hoary, white, tomentose underneath (low- ;

u a native of Japan. ers axillary, solitary, subsessile. This is a low bushy tree,
12. Pyrus Cydonia; Common Quince Tree. Leaves roundish- from six to nine feet high, branched very much, and shooting
elliptic, unite entire, downy beneath;
flowers solitary, stalked; up from the root. Native of Siberia and America.
 QUA OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. QUE 437

QUAKING GRASS. See Briza. malignant endemic fevers, which frequently .prevailed at Su-
Qualea a genus of the class Monandria, order Monogy-
;
rinam. For a valuable consideration, this secret was dis-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, closed to Daniel Rolander, a Swede, who brought specimens
of the wood to Stockholm, in the year 1756; and since that
deeply four-parted segments ovate, coriaceous, concave,
;

unequal, the two lower larger, gaping. Corolla : petals two, time, the effects of this drug have been generally tried in Eu-
unequal, inserted into the calix upper erect, roundish, emar-
; rope. The medicinal qualities ascribed to Quassia, are those
ginate, ending at the base in
a horn-shaped, short, blunt of a tonic, stomachic, antiseptic febrifuge. The tree produc-
nectary, prominent between the upper segments of the calix ; ing it is a native of South America, particularly of Surinam ;

lower larger, bending down. Stamina: filamentum one, and also of some of the West India islands.
short, ascending, inserted between the lower prtal and the 2. Quassia Simaruba ; Wing-leaved Quassia. Flowers mo-
antherse oblong, grooved, recurved. Pistil: ger- noscous leaves abruptly pinnate leaflets alternate, subpe-
germen ; ; ;

men globular ; style filiform, ascending, the length of the tioled petiole naked ; flowers in panicles.
;
This tree grows
stamina; stigma blunt. Pericarp : berry one-celled. Seeds: to a considerable height and thickness, with alternate spread-
The corolla has ing branches. It is known in Jamaica by the names of
very many, nestling in the pulp. Observe.
a bilabiate form. The genus is allied to Cucullaria. ESSEN- Mountain Damson, Bitter Damson, and Stave-wood. In the
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-parted. Corolla: two-pe- beginning of the last century, an epidemic flux, which pre-
talled. Berry : with many seeds. The species are, vailed very generally iri France, resisted all the medicines
1. Qualea Rosea. Lower petals blunt ; leaves acuminate. usually employed in such cases; under these circumstances,
This tree attains the height of sixty feet, and of two feet in recourse was had to the bark of this plant, which proved
diameter: the bark is wrinkled, and the wood reddish and remarkably efficacious, and first established its medicinal
compact: at the top it has large branches, some growing character in Europe. The drug called Simaruba is the bark
right up, others horizontal, spreading wide in all directions. of the roots of this tree, which is rough, scaly, and waited ;

Panicles terminal ; flowers numerous, two inches long, sweet- the inside, when fresh, is a full yellow, but when dry paler:
scented, white outside, rose-coloured and yellowish within. it has little smell ; and the taste is bitter, but not disagree-
It grows in the forests of Guiana
flowering in September.
;
able. Macerated in water, or in rectified spirit, it quickly
2. Qualea Ccerulea. Petals emarginate ; leaves acmte. impregnates them with its bitterness, and with a yellow tinc-
This is a tree, from sixty to eighty feet in height, and three ture: the cold infusion in water is rather stronger in taste
feet in diameter, with a bark and wood like the former; the than the decoction which last grows turbid, and of a red-
;

flowers are smaller, and have a sweet pleasant odour. Na- dish brown as it cools. Dr. Wright says, most authors who
tive of Guiana. have written on this drug agree, that in fluxes it restores the
Quassia : a genus of the class Decandria, order Monosy- lost tone of the intestines, allays their spasmodic motions,
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved, promotes the secretions by urine and perspiration, removes
very short; leaflets ovate, permanent. Corolla: petals five, the lowness of spirits attending dysenteries, and disposes the
lanceolate, elongated, sessile, equal ; nectary of five ovate patient to sleep the gripes and tenesmus are taken orT, and
;

villose scales, inserted into the interior base of the filamenta. the stools are changed to their natural colour and consist-
Stamina: filamenta ten, filiform, equal, the length of the ence. In a moderate dose it occasions no disturbance nor
corolla; antherae oblong, incumbent. Pistil: receptacle uneasiness, but in large doses produces sickness at the sto-
fleshy, orbicular, elevated, wider than the germen ;
germen mach and vomiting. He recommends two drachms of the
ovate, composed of five; style filiform, the length of the bark to be boiled in twenty-four ounces of water until only
stamina stigma five-angled. Pericarp : five, lateral, distant, twehve remain the decoction is then to be strained, and
; ;

inserted into the fleshy orbicular

receptacle, ovate, obtuse, divided into three equal parts, the whole of which is to be
two-valved. Seeds: solitary, globular. ESSENTIAL CHA- taken in twenty-four hours and when the stomach is 1'ecoYi-
;

RACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Petals: five. Nectary: of cjled to this medicine, the quantity of the bark mafy be
five scales.
Pericarp: five, distant, each having one seed. increased to three drachms. To this decoction some join
1. Quassia Amara Bitter Quassia.
; Flowers hermaphro- aromatics, others a few drops of laudanum to each dose.
dite; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets
opposite, sessile; Modern physicians have generally found this medicine suc-
petioles jointed, winged flowers in racemes.
; A small tree, cessful only in the third stage of a dysentery without fever,
or shrub, with
many branches the wood is white and light, where the stomach is uninjured, and where the gripes and
:

the bark thin, and of a

gray colour. The root, wood, bark, tenesmus are only continued by a weakness in the bowels.
and indeed all its parts, are The wood is Dr. Cullen says, he cannot perceive any thing in this bark
intensely bitter.
thought to be less bitter than the bark and is now regarded but that of a simple bitter; and observes, that the virtues
;

as the most powerful medicine. Quassia has no sensible ascribed to it in dysentery have not been confirmed by his
odour; its taste is that of a pure bitter, more intense and
experience, or that of other practitioners in Scotland indeed, :

durable than that of almost any other known substance it he found an irifusion of Chamouiile flowers a more useful
:

imparts its virtues more completely to watery than spirituous remedy. -Native of South America, and of most islands in
menstrua, and its infusions are not blackened by the addi- the West Indies.
tion of martial vitriol. Dr. Cullen mentions it as an excel- 3. Quassia Excelsa; Lofty Qi/nssin. Flowers polygamous,
lent bitter, and thinks it will do all that a
simple bitter can five-strimined, panicled leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets
;

do, but no more: he ascribes the extraordinary commenda- opposite, petioled petiole naked.
; A lofty tree, with a
tions which are given it, to the
partiality so often shewn to straight trunk. The English call it bitter wood, or bitter
new medicines. It may be given in infusion, or in ash and it is frequently sold for the true Quassia. Native
;
pills
made from the watery extract the former is
;
generally pre- of Jamaica and the Caribbean islands.
ferred, in the proportion of three or four drachms of the Queen's Gillijlmi-ers. See Hesperis.
wood to twelve ounces of water. Quassia derived its name Queen of the Meadows. See Spiraa.
from a negro, named Quassi, or Coissi, who is said to hare Qtiercits; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Polyandria.
employed it with uncommon success as a secret remedy in GE.NIUUC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix: ament
438 Q UE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; Q UE
filiform, long, loose
perianth one-leafed, subquinquefid ;
; 10. Quercus Gramuntia; Holly-leaved Evergreen Oak Tree.

segments acute, often Corolla: none.

bifid. Stamina: fila- Leaves roundish, ovate, cordate at th base, sinuate, tooth-
menta five to ten, very short ; antherse large, twin. Females, letted, pungent, waved, tomentose underneath antherse ;

sessile in the bud, on the same plant with the males. Calix: roundish. This is rather a small straggling tree, with nume-
involucre consisting of very many imbricate scales, united at rous round gray branches, downy when young. It flowers
the base into coriaceous, hemispherical, little cups ; the outer in June. Native of the south of France.
ones larger, one-flowered, permanent; perianth very small, 11. Quercus Ballota. Leaves evergreen, elliptic, tooth-
superior, six-cleft, permanent segments acute, surrounding
;
letted or entire, tomentose underneath acorn very long. The ;

the base of the style, pressed close. Corolla: none. Pistil: acorns are eaten, and are palatable both raw and roasted.
germen very small, ovate, inferior, three-celled rudiments ; The wood being compact and very hard, is used for many
of the seeds double; style simple, short, thicker at the base; purposes. Native of Barbary, and probably of Spain.
stigmas three, reflex. Pericarp: none. Seed: a nut, (acorn,) 12. Quercus Cornea. Leaves oblong-ovate, repand, ser-
ovate, cylindrical, coriaceous, smooth, filed at the base, one- rate. This is a large tree, with ascending branches. The
celled, fixed in a short hemispherical cup, which is tubercled wood is very hard, heavy, and brown. Native of lofty forests
on the outside. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: in China, and Cochin-china.

commonly five-cleft. Corolla: none. Stamina: five to ten. 13. Quercus Concentrica. Leaves lanceolate-ovate^ quite
Female. Calix: one-leafed, quite entire, rugged. Corolla: entire, incurved ; calices loose, very short, excavated, with
none. Style: one. Stigmas : two to five. Seed: one, ovate. concentrical circles. This is a lofty tree, with ascending
The species are, branches. Leaves scattered, stalked," smooth on both sides ;
1. Quercus Phellos; Willow-leaved Oak Tree. Leaves acorns oblong-ovate, red. This species seems to resemble
deciduous, lanceolate, quite entire; nut roundish. This the second species in the leaves, yet differs in their curvature,
grows naturally in North America, where they distinguish and in the cup. Both it and this, together with the ninth
two sorts one of them called the Highland Willow Oak, and
;
species, afford excellent timber for ship-building, and for all
grows upon poor dry land the other grows in low moist
: domestic and rural purposes ; but the twelfth is superior to
land, and rises to a much greater height; the leaves are them all for bearing great weights. Native of the lofty
larger and narrower, but the acorns are of the same size and forests of Cochin-china.

shape. The difference arises from soil and situation. 14. Quercus Suber; Cork-barked Oak, or Cork Tree.
2. Quercus Molucca. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, smooth, Leaves evergreen, ovate-oblong, tomentose underneath, wav-
quite entire. A large and lofty tree, whose wood is hard ed bark cloven, fungose. There are two or three varieties
;

and heavy, lasting long under water. It received its trivial of the Cork-tree ; and the acorns are in all of them very
name from being found in the Molucca Islands. like those of the Common Oak. The exterior bark is the
3. Quercus Glabra. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, cork, which is taken from the tree every eight or ten years ;
smooth; branches by twos or threes, wrinkled, knobbed, from but there is an interior bark which nourishes them, so that
upright spreading. Native of Japan. stripping off the outer bark is so far from injuring the trees,
4. Quercus Acuta. Leaves oblong, cusped, entire; the that it is necessary to continue them; for when this bark' is
younger ones tomentose. Brandies knobbed, dotted with not removed, they seldom last longer than fifty or sixty years
white, ash-coloured, smooth, tomentose at the end ; spikes of in health, whereas trees which are barked every eight or ten
flowers axillary, ferruginous, tomentose. Native of Japan. years will live a century and a half. The bark of a young
5. Quercus Glauca. Leaves obovate, acuminate, serrate tree is
porous, and good for little ; however, it is
necessary
at the tip, glaucous underneath. This is a very large tree, to take it off when
the trees are twelve or fifteen years old,
with axillary flowers. Native of Japan. for without this the bark will never be good. After eight
6. Quercus Cuspidata. Leaves ovate, cuspid, serrate, or ten years it will be fit to take off"
again; but this second
smooth branches striated, smooth, spreading cal prickly.
; ; peeling is of little use at the third peeling the bark will be
:

The acorns are said to be eaten both raw and dressed in in perfection, and will continue so for a hundred and fifty

Japan, where it is indigenous. years, for the best cork is obtained from old trees. The
7. Quercus Serrata. Leaves oblong, serrated, villous and time for stripping the bark is in July, when the second sap
downy, with parallel veins. Native of Japan. flows plentifully the operation is performed with an instru-
:

8. Quercus Dentata. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, gash- ment like that which is used for stripping Oak. The uses of
toothed, tomentose underneath. Native of Japan. cork are multifarious fishermen and liquor dealers cannot
:

9. Quercus Ilex Evergreen Holm Oak Tree.

;
Leaves carry on trade without it; and probably if persons in the
evergreen, lanceolate or oblong, tomentose underneath cali- ;
decline of life were to expend upon cork-soles to their shoes
ces ciliate nut ovate bark even.
; It usually forms a large
;
the money laid out in snuff and tobacco, they would suffer
or nothing from rheumatic attacks, and live many years
bushy tree, but sometimes rises with a straight and naked little

trunk, and round head, to a great height. There are several longer in this variable climate, besides being less disgusting
varieties, differing greatly in the size and shape of their to the cleanlier members of society. The Germans call it

leaves ;but they will all arise from acorns of the same tree. Pantoffel-holts, or Slipper-wood, from rts lightness;
but it is
Some impenetrability by moisture, that makes it so excellent
for
great authorities praise the timber of this tree : Evelyn its

describes it as serviceable for stocks of tools, mallet heads, the soles of shoes. Its lightness, only, caused it to be pre-

chairs, axle-trees, wedges, beetles, pins, and palisadoes in ferred by the Venetian females, for the silly purpose of ele-
fortifications: it supplies almost all Spain with the best and vating their heels, in order to ape the stature of the men
:

"
most durable charcoal. affecting or usurping an
Mr. Boutcher asserts, that these this Evelyn seriously calls, arti-

trees soon form warm and lofty hedges, forty or fifty feet ficial eminency, which nature has denied them ; though it

high ; but that they should not be planted near the house or rather deserves to be laughed at, than seriously condemned.
in Spain lay broad planks of it by their bed-
in the gardens, because
they make a great litter in April and The poor people
line the
May, when they cast their old leaves. Native of the south sides, as carpets to tread upon ; and sometimes they
of Europe, Cochin-china, and Barbary. walls and insides of their stone houses with this bark, which
 QUE OR, BOTANICAL Dl GTIONARY. QUE 439

renders them very warm, and corrects the moisture of the air. toothed teeth very wide, blunt, almost equal.
; There are
They also employ it for bee-hives; for which purpose the two varieties of this tree, the largest growing in rich low
bark of young trees, and of the branches, are rolled into a lands, where they are the largest of all the North American
cylinder by the natives of Barbary. Native of the south of Oaks, and remarkable for the beauty of its form, as well as
the large size of its acorns, which are plentiful and sweet,
Europe, and north of Africa.
15. Quercus Coccifera; Kermes Oak Tree. Leaves ovate, affording a rich food for various animals. The wood is not'
cordate at the base, tooth-spiny, smooth on both sides; nut of a very fine grain, but is very serviceable. It flowers in
ovate. This is a tree of small growth, seldom rising above May and June.
twelve or fourteen feet high. From this species the Kermes, 18. Quercus Aquatica; Water Oak Tree. Leaves annual,
or Scarlet Grain, a little red gall, occasioned by the puncture somewhat Wedge-shaped, attenuated at the base, lobed,
of an insect called the Coecus Ilicis. These grains appear smooth. There is great variety in the leaves of this species.
on the stems and small branches, some near the bottom, but Native of North America.
mostly the upper branches, yet always protected by the
011 19. Quercus Nigra; Black Oak Tree. Leaves annual,
leaves, andfixed to the stem by a glue resembling thin wedge-form, somewhat cordate at the base, obsoletely lobed;
white leather, spread over the stem, and covering, like the lobes dilated. This tree grows on poor land in most parts of

cup of the acorn, a segment of the grana. The agglutinating North America, where it never attains to a large size, and
coat may be traced through a small hole into the grana, the wood is of little value.
from whence it proceeds, and where it spreads, like the pla- 20. Quercus Rubra; Red Oak Tree. Leaves annual, smooth
centa, on the internal surface. These grana are of various on both sides, obtusely sinuate ; sinuses divaricating segments
;

sizes, from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter, acute, setaceous, mucronate. There are many varieties. It
perfectly spherical, and covered with a white powder, which grows naturally, and to a large size, in North America.
being rubbed off, the surface appears red, smooth, and po- 21. Quercus Discolor; Downy-leaved Oak Tree. Leaves
lished. On the same stem they may be found in several annual, pubescent underneath, sinuate; sinuses spreading;
stages, as in tough membranes filled with a red juice resem- segments setaceous, mucronate. Native of North America.
bling blood, but on paper leaving a stain as bright and beau- 22. Quercus Alba; White Oak Tree. Leaves annual, pin-
tiful as the best carmine. In the second stage, under the natifid sinuses narrowed segments oblong-linear, awnless.
; ;

first coat or pellicle, is a thin tough membrane enclosing The wood of this tree is preferred in America to any of the
the eggs, then most minute, and scarcely to be distinguished other sort, especially for building, being the most durable.
without the assistance of a glass. Between this membrane and 23. Quercus Esculus Italian or Small Prickly-cupped
;

the pellicle is the same red liquor, but less in quantity. The Oak Tree. Leaves pinnatifid, pubescent, and smooth ; seg-
pellicle is evidently separated from the inner membrane by ments lanceolate, acute, rameated, axillary, filiform acorns ;

what seems to be the viscera and blood-vessels: but near the oblong calices muricated. The acorns are sweet, and fre-
;

hole, these two coats adhere closely together. The interior quently eaten by the poor in the south of France, who in times
membrane is thin, white, and tough, with a lunar septum of scarcity grind them, and make bread with the flour. It

forming the ovary, which at first is very small and scarcely flowers in May, and is a native of the south of Europe.
discernible, but progressively enlarges, till in the third stage 24. Quercus Robur; Common British Oak. Leaves ob-
it
occupies the whole space; when the tincturing juice dis- long, smooth, sinuate; lobes rounded; acorns oblong. This
appears, and nothing remains but a great number of eggs. famous tree, which affords that most essential article for the
It is clear that the grana, or
grains, derive no nourishment construction of our ships of war, its almost everlasting tim-
from the plant on which it ig fixed ; and from its position it ber, is noted for the slowness of its growth, as well as for the
would appear, that the little animal chooses the prickly leaf large size to which it attains. It has been remarked, that
of this tree, which resembles the Holly, only for the sake of in fourscore
years the trunk has not exceeded twenty inches
shelter and protection from birds. With this insect the an- in diameter, and sometimes not more than fourteen. The
cients are said to have dyed cloth of a beautiful colour, age of this tree is generally estimated at three hundred
called coccineus or coccus, being different from the purpura years. its bulk, stature, and extent, we have abundant
Of
which the Phoenicians obtained from the shell-fish murex, recorded instances. In Worksop park there was a tree
which was neglected in course of time, and the kermes or spreading almost three thousand yards square, so that nearly
grana introduced. This last supported its reputation until a thousand horses might stand commodiously under it at one
the discovery of cochineal; see Cactus. Desfontaines relates, time. Dr. Plot mentions an Oak at Narbury, which was
yards in girth; and being felled, two men, one on each
that although this tree abounds in
Barbary, and bears great fifteen
quantities of cocci, yet is it totally neglected by the inhabit- side, upon a horse, could not see each other. The same
ants, who actually purchase the very drug with which they author mentions an Oak between Nuneham, Courtney, and
dye their woollen cloths red, at an exorbitant rate, from the Clifton, spreading eighty-one feet, shading in circumference
French merchants Native of the south of Europe. five hundred and sixty yards of ground. Herme's Oak, cele-
16. Quercus Virens ; Live Oak Tree. Leaves evergreen, brated by Shakspeare in his licentious play of the Merry
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, subtomentose underneath, undi- Wives of Windsor, when last measured, was about twenty
vided and sinuated; fruit stalked; nut oblong. This rises to four feet in circumference: it is still said to exist in the little
the height of forty feet. The grain of the wood is hard, park at Windsor. The remarkable tree in Hainuult fortft,
tough, and coarse; the bark is grayish. The acorns are Essex, called Fairlop Oak, though preserved with all possi-
small and oblong, with short cups ; they are very sweet, and ble care, has been long dead, and is gradually decaying and
are eaten by the Indians, who lay them up in store for win- falling to pieces. The stem once measured thirty-six feet in
ter; and draw from them a very sweet oil, little inferior to girth, and the boughs extended above three hundred in cir-
almonds
that of sweet It is a native of North America, and cumference. It is observed by Du Hamcl, that Oaks in forests
very much used there in ship-building. being propagated from the acorn, assume so many varieties,
17. Quercus Prinus; Chestnut-leaved Oak Tree. Leaves that it is difficult to find two resembling each other in cveiy
deciduous, ovate-elliptic, pubescent underneath, deeply- respect. There are also many varieties of Oak, which dealers '

VOL. ii. 102. 5T

440 Q UE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; QUE
in timber, and woodmen, distinguish by their use, qualities, use to dye their yarn of a brown colour
it and a herdsman
;

and accidents, and to which they give different names; but there,would think himself and his flock unfortunate, if he
these being merely local, and not founded on permanent cha- had not a staff of this wood. The saw-dust, and even the
racters, it is difficult to ascertain them. The wood of the leaves, may be used for tanning; but they are much inferior
Oak, when of a good sort, is well known to be hard, tough, to the bark, for that purpose. The leaves are very subject
to be covered with a sweet viscid juice, called honey-dew,
tolerably flexile, and not easily splintering, strong without
being too heavy, and not easily admitting water; for these which bees and other insects are very fond of; the iarvse of
qualities it is preferred in ship-building, and is many insects feed upon the leaves which, if they can be
also adapted :

to almost every purpose of the carpenter; it would be diffi- obtained in great quantities, may be dried and used for litter.
cult to enumerate all the uses to which it may be applied. By some persons the leaves are preferred to dung, for making
There a kind, says Evelyn, so tough and compact, that our
is hot-beds for melons, and may probably be used with success
sharpest tools will not enter it; and though some trees be instead of the bark in tanning. Acorns were of considerable
harder, yet we find them more fragile, and not so well quali- importance formerly, when a great proportion of this island
fied to support great weights; nor is there any kind of timber was forest, for feeding swine. About the end of the seventh
more lasting. That which is twined, and a little wreathed, century, king Ina, among the few laws which he unde, to
is forced to support burdens far posts, columns, &c. for all regulate the simple economy of our Saxon ancestors, gave
which our English Oak is greatly preferable to the French : particular directions relating to the fattening of swine in
and it is found that the rough-grarned body of a stubbed Oak, woods, since his time called pawnage or pannage. The
is fittest for the case of a cider mill, and such like engines, astringent effects of the Oak were well known to the ancients,
as best enduring the action of a ponderous rolling stone. by whom different parts of the tree were used ; but it is the
For shingles, pales, laths, coopers' ware, clapboard for wain- bark which is now employed in medicine. To the taste, it
scot, Oak is excellent, and was much esteemed in former times manifests a strong astringeney, accompanied with a moderate
for wheel-spokes, pins, and pegs for tiling. The knottiest is bitterness, qualities which are extracted both by water and
most proper for water-works, piles, &c. because it will drive spirit. Like other astringents, it has been recommended in
best, and last longest: and the crooked makes excellent knee- agues, and for restraining haemorrhages, alvine fluxes, and
timber in shipping, and for mill-wheels. The particular and ether immoderate evacuations. A decoction of it has like-
most valued qualities of the Oak, says Mr. Gilpin, are hard- wise been advantageously employed as a gargle and fomenta-
ness and toughness. Box and Ebony are harder, Yew and tion. Dr. Cullen frequently employed the decoction with
Ash are tougher, than Oak; but no timber is possest of both success, in slight tumefactions of the mucous membrane ot'
these requisites together, in so great a degree, as the British the fauces, and other disorders arising from cold which,
;

Oak. Almost all arts and manufactures are indebted to it, when it was early applied, were often prevented. Dr. Cullen
but in ship-building its elasticity and strength are applied to almost constantly added a portion of alum to these decoctions,
most advantage. It is not the erect and stately tree that is but he did not find a solution of alum alone so effectual.
the most useful in ship-building, but more often the crooked Some have supposed that tins bark is not less efficacious than,
one, forming short turns and elbows, commonly called knee- that of the Cinchona, especially in the form of extract; but
timber. Nor is it the straight tall stem, with the fibres run- this opinion now obtains few supporters, though there is no
doubt that Oak-bark will cure iiitcrmittents, both alone and
ning in parallel lines, that is the most useful in bearing bur-
" the
dens, but what Shakspeare terms unwedgeable and joined with Chamomile flowers. Propagation and Culture of
gnarled Oak." It is one of the most picturesque trees that Ike Oak. All the sorts of Oak are propagated by sowing their
animates our landscapes. It adds new dignity to the ruined acorns, and the sooner they are put into the ground after they
tower, and throws its broad arms with equal effect across the are ripe, the better they will succeed; for they are very apt to

purling brook or above the mantling pool. Coppice Oak sprout, if spread thin; and if laid in heaps, will ferment and
makes the best hoops. The smaller truncheons and spray, rot in a little time: the best season therefore for sowing them
make is in the beginning of November, by which time they will have
bavine, and coals, poles, sedgels, and walking-
billet,
stafFs. the roots were formerly made hafts for daggers,
Of fallen fiom the trees. This early sowing seems to be the most
hangers, and knives, handles for officers' staves, boxes, and natural, but the destruction occasioned by field-mice has in-
mathematical instruments. Oak saw-dust is the principal duced many to prefer spring-sowing: and seedsmen who

indigenous vegetable used in dying fustian: all the varieties adopt that plan preserve the vegetative power of their acorns
of drabs, and different shades of brown, are made with Oak through the winter, by laying them thinly upon a boarded
saw-dust, variously managed and compounded. Oak-apples taking care that they are first fully ripe. Mr. Miller gives
floor,
are also used in dyeing, as a substitute for galls ; the black the following directions for raising the several sorts of Oak in
obtained from them, by the addition of copperas, is more a nursery, when they are intended to be planted out for orna-
beautiful than that from the oriental galls, hut not so durable. ment only. The acorns should be sown in beds four feet
The galls upon the leaves, are occasioned by a small insect, wide, with paths of two feet broad between them in these
;

called Cynips Querdfolii, which deposits an egg in the sub- beds there may be four rows sown, at about nine inches dis-
stance of the leaf, by making a small perforation on the under tance from each other, though some allow only four inches
surface. As a medicine, they are to be considered as appli- between the rows. Draw straisjht drills with the hoe, into
cable to the same purposes as Oak-bark, and, by possessing a which drop the acorns, two or three inches apart, covering
them carefully with the earth two inches thick. In the
greater degree of astringent and styptic power, seem to have
an advantage over it, and to be better suited for external use. spring, when the plants begin to appear, clear them carefully
Reduced into fine powder, and made into an ointment, they from weeds and ;
if the season prove dry, refresh them now

have been found of great service in riBemorrhoidal affections. and then with a little water. Let them remain until the
The bark is universally used to tan leather ; and an infusion following autumn at which time have a spot of ground, in
;

trenched
of it, with a small quantity of copperas, is used by the com- size proportioned to the quantity of plants, well
mon people to dye woollen of a purplish blue, and the colour, and levelled; at the middle or end of October carefully take
them
though not very bright, is durable. The Scotch Highlanders up the plants, so as not to injure their roots, and plant
 CUE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. Q UE 441

out in rows, three feet asunder, and eighteen inches apart in sward, it will be better to have one c-rop of Beans, Pease, or
the rows never suffering the plants to abide long out of the
; Turnips, off it, before the acorns are sown, especially if these
ground, that the roots may not become dry. This work may crops be well hoed, to stir the surface and destroy the weeds.
be done in March, if there was not time for it in autumn. But the ground should be ploughed as soon as possible after
Deep-trenching or double-digging being very expensive, those the crop is taken off, to prepare it for the acorns, which
who plant on a large scale may take a crop of Oats, Rape, should be sown as soon as possible after they are ripe. This,
or Turnips, off the land, the year before they plant; by which with all its risk, Mr. Miller thinks is the best plan. In choos-
means the sward may be effectually destroyed, and the land ing the acorns, all those should be preferred which are taken
cleaned. After the crop is off, let the ground be trench- from the largest and most thriving trees. Those from pollard-
ploughed, and then harrowed with heavy harrows. About trees should always be rejected. The season for sowing the
the end of October, let it be again ploughed cross-wise, and acorns being come, and the ground having been ploughed,
harrowed as before, previous to the planting of the sets. In and levelled smooth, the next work is to sow the acorns,
planting these, having taken them carefully out of the seed- which must be done by drawing drills across the ground, at
bed, Hunter, in his Evelyn, advises to shorten the tap-root, about four feet asunder, and two inches deep, dropping
and take off part of the side-shoots. Each line should have the acorns into them six or eight inches asunder. These
a man and boy: the man strikes his spade into the earth, drills
may be drawn either with a drill-plough, or by hand
close to the line; he gives another stroke at right angles with a hoe ;but the former is the most expeditious method,
with it; then the boy, having a parcel of plants under his and should be preferred in large plantations. In drawing
left arm, takes one with his
right hand, and puts it into the the drills, where the land slopes to one side, they should be
crevice made by the spade at the second stroke after this, ;
made the same way as the ground slopes, that there may bo
the man gently presses the mould to it with his foot. An no stoppage of the wet by the rows of plants crossing the
active man and boy will thus plant fifteen hundred or two hanging of the land. This should be particularly observed
thousand in a day, and while they are planting, others should in all wet ground, or where the wet is subject to lie in win-
be employed in taking up fresh sets, sorting them, and pre- ter, but in dry land it is not of much consequence. When
paring the roots. There should be a sufficient number of the acorns are sown, the drills, should be carefully filled in,
hands, for the ground cannot be too soon planted when it is so as to cover the acorns securely, for if any of them are
ready; neither can the plants be put in too soon after they exposed, they will entice the birds and mice ; and if either
are taken up ; and the weakest may be left a year longer, to of these once attack them, they will make great havock.
regain their strength. When they have taken root in the Drills made at this distance will allow of stirring the ground

nursery, they will require little more care than to keep them between the rows, and also of weeding, without which it can-
free from weeds, and dig the ground between the lows
every not be expected that the young plants can make much pro-
spring; in doing which, you should cutoff such roots ns gress. Whoever, Mr. Miller insists, hopes to have success ia
extend very far from the trunks of the trees, which will ren- their Oak plantations, should determine to keep them clean for
der them better for transplanting again. Prune off also all eight or ten years after sowing, by which time the plants
such side-branches as extend themselves very far, and retard will have acquired strength enough to keep down the weeds :

the upright shoot ; but on no account cut off all the small and it is nothing but the entire neglect of this which has
lateral branches, some of which are caused so many plantations to miscarry. About the middle
absolutely necessary to
be left on to detain the sap for the augmentation of the trunk. of April, the young plants will appear above the ground; but
When these trees have remained in the nursery three or four before this,if the
ground should produce many young weeds,
years, they will then be large enough to transplant to the it be good husbandry to scuffle the surface over with
will

places where they are to remain, for it is hazardous to let Dutch hoes in a dry time, at the latter end cf March or the
them grow very large before they are planted out, especially beginning of April, just before the plants come up. In the
after they have taken deep root. The above directions are first summer, while the plants are young, it will be the best

designed for small plantations for pleasure only, in a garden way to perform those hoeings by hand, but afterwards it may
or park; we shall now subjoin the directions and observations be done with the hoe-plough ; for as the roots are to be
of the most experienced planters concerning that most im- placed four feet asunder, there will be room enough for this
portant national concern, the cultivation of Oak for timber. plough to work; and as this will stir and loosen the ground,
Where these trees, says Mr. Miller, are cultivated with a view it will be of
great service to the plants: but there will require
to profit, the acorns should be where the trees are a little hand labour even where the plough is used, in order
planted
designed to grow; for those
which are transplanted will never to destroy the weeds which will come up in the rows between
grow to the size of those which are sown, nor the plants, for these will be out of the reach of the plough ;
yet last so long
sound. The first thing is, to prepare the ground by fencing and if they are not destroyed, they will soon overgrow and
it, to keep out cattle, hares, and rabbits, which would soon bear down the young plants. After they have grown two
destroy all the young trees for
though the plants will in a
;
years, .it will be proper
to draw out some of them, where
few years grow out of danger from hares and rabbits, as it
they grow too close; but in doing this, especial care must
will be many years before
they are past injury from cattle, be taken not to injure the roots of those left, for as the plants
durable fences should be put round the If in the to be drawn out will afterwards be only fit for pleasure plan-
ground.
beginning, a pale-fence is made about the land, which may tations, they should be always sacrificed, wherever it will
be close at the bottom, and open Tibove, and within the ensure the safety of those which are to remain. In the thin-
pale
a quick-hedge is planted; this will become a
good fence, by ning of these plantations, the plants may at the first time be
the time the pale decays, against all sorts of cattle, about one foot asunder, which will give them room enough
by which left
time the trees will be too hard for hares and rabbits to
gnaw. to grow two or three years longer, by which time it may be
After the gVound is well fenced, it should be
prepared three easy to judge which are likely to make the best trees, which
or four times, and harrowed well after each
ploughing, to may then be marked to remain and it will be prudent to
;

break the clods, and to cleanse the grounds from Couch, and mark double the desired number, to provide against unex-
the Boots of all bad weeds. Indeed, if the ground be green- If at this second thinning they be left four
pected failure.
442 QUE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; QUE
feet distant in the rows, they will have room enough to grow no harm in taking the acorns from flourishing healthy trees,
three or four years longer; by which time, if the plants have if taken when
they are full ripe, and beginning to fall if a :

made good progress, their roots will be spread over the small quantity only be required, those which may be easily
ground, and render it proper to take up every other tree in shaken from the trees should be preferred. Evelyn says, that
the rows. The best plants should, however, be allowed to six bushels of acorns will plant an acre, at the distance of
stand, whichever row they may be in, or if they should one foot from each other. Two bushels, therefore, which
not stand exactly at the distance here assigned ; all that is some recommend as sufficient, must be much under the mark,
designed here being to lay down general rules, which should unless sown with the seeds of other trees for a mixt wood or
be as nearly complied with as the plants will permit hence:
coppice. One of the most essential things to be observed in
every one should be guided by the growth and appearance the management of Oak-woods, is the judicious thinning of
of the young trees. When they have been reduced to the them, as before directed. The striped variety of the Oak is
distance of about eight feet, they will not require any more propagated by budding or grafting on the common sort; it is
thinning. But in two or three years those which are not a beautiful variegation, and may be improved by joining it to
finally to remain, will be fit to cut down to make stools for the Scarlet, Virginian, or Chestnut-leaved. The more tender
underwood and those which are to remain, will make such
; sorts will become hardier, and the dwarfs improve in size,
progress as to become a shelter to each other for (his is
;
by grafting or budding on the Common Oak. For further
what should be particularly attended to whenever the trees particulars on this interesting and most important subject,
are thinned. Hence, in all places much exposed to the wind, see the articles Timber and Woods.
the trees should be thinned with great caution, and by slow 25. Quercus Infectoria Oriental Gall Oak Tree.
; Leaves
degrees for if the air be let too much at once into the
; ovate-oblong, very smooth on both sides, deeply toothed,
plantation, it will give a sudden check to the trees, and deciduous; fruit sessile; calix tessallated nut oblong, nearly
;

greatly retard their growth ; but in sheltered situations there cylindrical. This Oak is scattered throughout all Asia Minor:
need not be so great caution used as in open places. The it seldom attains the
height of six feet, and the stem is crook-
proper distance at which trees designed to furnish timber ed, with the habit of a shrub, rather than a tree. The galls
should remain, is from twenty-five to about thirty feet; this produced on the young branches, from the puncture of a
will not be too near where they thrive well, in which case their species of Diplolepis, are preferred to all others for dyeing,
heads will spread so as to meet in about thirty or thirty-five and are a great article in the Levant trade.
years; nor will this distance be too great, so as to impede 26. Quercus jEgilops ; Great Prickly-cupped Oak Tree.
the upright growth of the trees. This distance is intended, Leaves ovate-oblong, tomentose underneath, sinuate, repand;
that the trees should enjoy t'he whole benefit of the soil ; segments acuminate calices very large, scaly, squarrose.
:

therefore, after one crop of the underwood, or at most two This is one of the handsomest species of Oak, but is not so
crops, are cut, the stools should be stubbed up, that the lofty as some species; the branches extend very wide on
ground may be entirely clear for the advantage of growing every sjde, and are covered with a grayish bark intermixed
timber, which is what should be principally regarded but
: with brown spots. Native of the Levant, whence the acorns
in general most people have more regard for the immediate are annually brought to Europe for dyeing.
profit of the underwood than the future good of the timber, 27. Quercus Cerris ; Turkey Oak Tree. Leaves sinuate,
and by so doing frequently spoil both for if the underwood
; piunatifid, pubescent underneath; segments sharpish;
raments
be left after the trees are spread so far as that their heads axillary, filiform ; calices
echinate ramentaceous. tall A hand-
meet, the underwood will not be of much worth, and yet some tree. Native of the south of Europe.
by their stools being left they will retard the progress of the 28. Quercus Heterophylla. Leaves petioled at consi-
timber-trees by absorbing their nourishment. The soil in derable length, ovate-lanceolate, oblong or entire, or une-
which the Oak makes the greatest progress, is a deep rich qually large-toothed ; acorn-cup hemispherical; gland stib-
loam, in which the trees grow to the largest size ; and the globose. Grows on the banks of the Delaware, Pennsylva-
timber of those trees which grow upon this land is generally nia. Pursh observes, that there is only one individual of
more pliable than that which grows on a shallower or drier this singular species known, which grows on the plantation'

ground but the wood of the latter is compact and hard.

; of the Messrs. Bartrams, near Philadelphia. Michaux con-
Indeed there are few soils in England in which the Oak will siders this tree to be a distinct species; but Pursh is inclined
not grow, provided there be due care taken in their cultiva- to rank it among the hybrid plants.
tion, though this tree will not thrive equally in all soils ;
29. Quercus Ambigua. Leaves sinuate, glabrous, acute
but yet it might be cultivated to a national advantage upon at the base ; sinuses subacute ; acorn-cup subscutellated ;

many large wastes in several parts, as well as to the improve- gland turgidly ovate. Grows on Hudson's Bay, and in Nova
ment of the estates, part of which lie uncultivated, and pro- Scotia. This tree is called Gray Oak by Michaux.
duce nothing to the owner. The cutting down Oaks in the 30. Quercus Olivteformis. Leaves oblong, glabrous,
spring of the year, at the time when the sap is flowing, is very glaucous on the under side, deeply and unequally sinuate-
it is done
injurious :
merely for the sake of the bark, which pinnatifid; fruit elliptic-ovate ; acorn-cup deeply craterated,
will then easily peel off. But the timber is not half so durabl'e crinited on the upper side ; gland elliptic-oval. Grows on
as that felled in the winter; so that ships built of this spring- the banks of Hudson's river, and the western parts of New
cut timber have decayed more in seven or eight years, than York. It is also found in Pennsylvania and Virginia, on
others, built with timber cut in winter, have done in twenty iron-ore hills.
or thirty. In raising Oaks for timber, draining should be Queria; a genus of the class Triandria, order Trigynia.
well attended to, nothing contributing more to their growth GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-leaved, erect ;
and health than keeping the land dry, if it be in the least leaflets oblong, acute, permanent; the outer ones recurved.

degree swampy. The Oak flourishes best, and grows quick- Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary, short;
est, in a rich deep loam; it will also grow exceedingly well antherse roundish. Pistil: germen ovate; styles three, the
on clays and sandy soils and on the last kind of soil the
; length of the stamina; stigmas simple. Pericarp: capsule
valve-
finest-grained timber is produced. There can certainly be roundish, one-celled, three-valved, (the second species
 QUI OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. QUI 443

less.) Seed: single. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five- of soil will find sufficient nourishment before the tap-root
leaved. Corolla: none. Capsule: one-celled. Seed: one. reaches the barren gravel below ; and the earth thus placed,
The species are, especially if the bed be laid concave, or sloping a little in
1. Queria Hispanica. Flowers in clusters. A diminutive the middle, will retain sufficient moisture to nourish the

hardy annual, flowering most part of the summer; colour of plants, and they will soon form a fence. By raising the bank
the plant whitish. Native of Spain. on each side at pleasure, the plants may be defended from
2. Queria Canadensis. Flowers solitary ; stem dicboto- sharp winds or the sea air. The space required is no great
mous. Root fibrous, perennial seed reniform-globular, very
; object on low-priced land, and a good thriving hedge is an
smooth, shining, dark leaves opposite, lanceolate, ovate,
; ample compensation. On such dry soils, Furze, called also
quite entire, with dusky spots scattered
over them on each Gorse and Whins, is
propagated easily from seed, grows fast,
side; stem solitary, a span high, round, jointed, smooth, and, when sown in a triple row, makes a very formidable
reddish, erect, an leafy. Native of dry lime-stone hills from fence; but as it is liable to be completely cut down by a
New York to Kentucky, flowering from June to August. severe winter, no dependence can be placed on it, except as
3. Queria Trichotoma. Flowers in racemes ; stem tricho- a temporary defence, during the minority of the Whitethorn.
tomous. Native of Japan. The nursing of young Quick hedges, by proper training and
Quick. See Triticvm. weeding, has been greatly neglected. The luxuriant side-
Quick generally means a live hedge, of whatever plants shoots should be taken off, which will promote the upright
composed ; in contradistinction to that which is formed of growth of the plant, by training it to a single stem. One
stakes, &c. and therefore called a dead one. It more particu- advantage of this method is, that of rearing every plant with
or Whitethorn, (see Cratagus a degree of certainty, the tops being in this operation attended
larly applies to the Hawthorn,
Oxycantha,) young plants, or sets of which, are sold under to as well as the stems ; those of the stronger plants being
this name by the nursery-gardeners, for the purpose of plant- lessened, to give head-room to the weaker. Another great
ing to form live hedges. In choosing these sets, prefer those advantage, especially on a sheep-farm, is that of getting the
out of the nursery, because such plants as are taken out of young plants out of harm's way. Sheep are great enemies to
the wood seldom have good roots. It would indeed be better young Quick, and every expedient should be employed to
still,, to sow the seeds or haws in the place
where the hedge defend it from them for three or four years ; after which they
is wanted, as the plants would form a much stronger and will, by the above management, rise out of the reach of those
more durable fence than after having undergone transplant- animals. The pruning should be performed in winter or
ation. This practice would be generally resorted to, but spring, while the sap is down. Young Quick hedges should
it iscondemned as tedious ; though, if the haws were only be kept constantly free from weeds, and, if foul, should be
buried a year in the ground to prepare them for vegetation hoed and weeded by hand twice every year; otherwise, if
before sowing, they would form a good fence much sooner the weeds be numerous and strong enough to outgrow the
than is imagined. In some trials of this kind, plants that shoots, the latter will be greatly injured. Root or perennial
have remained where they came up from seed, have in five hedge weeds should be carefully eradicated ; as, the Common
or six years overtaken those which were transplanted at two Creeping Thistle, Docks, Nettles, Bindweeds, and Fern; in
years old, when the former were only just sown. When the moist situations, the Meadow Sweet and Willow Herbs, but
hedges are raised from seed, it will not be amiss to mix the especially the Persicarias, which are almost certain suffocation
Holly berries with the haws, and they also should be one to weak plants in the first and second years, if not removed

year previously buried to prepare them, so that then both by hand. Grasses in general may be destroyed by^the hoe,
will come up together in the
following spring ; and this mix- but scarcely any means can entirely free young hedges from
ture, of Holly with the Quick, will not only have a beautiful Quick-grass or Couch which ought therefore at alnwst any
;

appearance in the winter, but will also thicken the hedge at cost to be destroyed before the young hedge is planted.
the bottom, and make it the better fence. But where the Cleavers, otherwise called Hariff, and other climbing plants,
hedge is to be planted, the sets should not be more than three are a burden to the taller and more upright shoots. Biennial
years old from the haws ; for when they are oid.er, their roots and annual weeds, such as Sowthistles, the Hawkweed, and
will be hard and woody : and as they are commonly trimmed several other umbelliferous plants, provincially called Keksies,
off before the sets areplanted, so they very often miscarry, also Charlock, and several of the Wild Vetches, with a vari-
and such of them as do live, will not make such good pro- ety of small weeds, which rob the plants of their nourish-
gress as younger plants, nor are they so durable; for these ment, all ought to be cut off with the hoe as often as they

plants will not bear transplanting so well at many others, rise, or at least before they come to seed. Great care is
especially when they have stood long in the seed-bed unre- requisite in weeding young hedge-shoots they are very brit-
:

moved. Quick does well on good stong land but on dry, ; tle, and roughness in handling is very liable to break them
gravelly, or poor soils, it seldom prospers. The reasons of off at the stub. They ought not to be pulled aside nor
this are first, that the sets are placed too low or flat on the
:
weeded overhand ; but the weeds should be drawn out at the
surface, whence their roots only occupy a little depth of the bottom, by putting the hand ar fingers gently in between the
soil; secondly, when set higher, they are generally too near stubs. For further particulars, see the articles Fences and
the slope of the bank, and do not receive the benefit of the
Hedyes.
rain. To remedy these inconveniences, two lines Quicken Tree. See Sorbus Aucuparia.
,
may be
marked out, twelve feet from each other; from three feet Qitillwort. See Isoeles.
within each line the upper part of the soil is to be taken, and Quince Tree. See Pyrus Cydonia.
cast into the centre of the space, so as to form a flat bed Quincluunala ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mo-
three feet broad, in the middle of which the Quicks are to GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth superior,
nogynia.
be planted ; the remaining eighteen inches on each side is of one leaf, in four deep, ovate, unequal segments ; one
to be filled up with earth, gravel, or sand, taken out of the
larger than the rest. Corolla: of one petal; tube funnel-
ditches this extends the bed to five feet,
allowing si* inches shaped, much longer than the calix, quadrangular, curved ;
:

fa: the
slope of the bank : the Quicks planted in this body limb in five lanceolate, acute, spreading segments. Stamina:
voi, ii. 103. 5 U
444 QTJI THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL { QUI
filamenta five, very short, inserted into the top of the tube ; duous. Corolla: petals five, inserted into the jaws of the
antherae oblong, the length of the limb. Pistil: germen calix, sessile, oblong, blunt, spreading, largerthan the border
roundish; style thread-shaped, the length of the tube ; stigma of the calix. Stamina: filamenta ten,
bristle-shaped, inserted
capitate. Seed: solitary.
Pericarp: berry roundish. ES- into the jaws of the calix, five of them lower ; antheree oblong,
SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: in four unequal segments, in the jaws of the calix. Pistil:
germen ovate style filiform,
;

superior. Corolla: funnel-shaped, five-cleft. Stigma : capi- longer than the stamina ; stigma obtuse, wider. Pericarp :
tate, undivided. Berry : dry. The only known species is, drupe dry, five-cornered. Seed: nut roundish. ESSENTIAL
1. Quinchamala Chiliensis. Root annual, composed of a CHARACTER. Calix: five-cleft, filiform. Petals: five.
few simple yellow fibres; stems several, prostrate, simple, Drupe: five-cornered. The single species known is,

round, leafy, four to six inches long leaves alternate, linear,

; 1. Quisqualis Indica. Leaves opposite, petioled, cordate
acute, quite entire flowers corymbed.
; The Indians take a or ovate, quite entire; branches round, pubescent. Loureiro
decoction of this plant for internal disorders. Native of Chili. describes it as a large unarmed shrub, with a thick, almost
Quisqualis; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono- upright stem, and climbing branches; the flowers white,
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth filiform, tinged with red, in terminating corymbs. Native of the East
very long, tubular, with a five-cleft patulous mouth, deoi- Indies, China, and Cochin-china.

RAN RAN
RADISH. See Raphanus. leaflets ovate, concave, coloured, a little deciduous. Corolla:
Radish, Horse. See Cochlearia. petals five, blunt, shining, with small claws ;
nectary a little

Ragged Robin. See Lychnis. cavity just above the claw, in each petal. Stamina: fila-
Ragwort, See Othonna, Senecio, and Solidago. menta very many, shorter by half than the corolla ; antheree
Rajania ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Hexandria. oblong, blunt, twin. Pistil: germina numerous, collected
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix perianth six-parted, .- into a head ; styles none ; stigmas reflex, very small. .Peri-
bell-shaped; leaflets oblong, acuminate, more spreading carp : none receptacle collecting the seeds by very minute
;

above. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta six, bristle- peduncles. Seeds : very many, irregular, varying in figure,
shaped, shorter than the calix antherse simple. Female.
; naked, with a reflex point. Observe. The essence of this
Calix :
perianth one-leafed, six-parted, bell-shaped, perma- genus consists in the nectary the other parts of the fructifi-
;

nent, shrivelling. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen inferior, cation are always inconstant. This nectary is in some species

compressed, one side augmented with a prominent rim, three- a naked pore ; in others, encompassed by a cylindrical border;
celled ; styles three, the length of the calix ; stigmas blunt. and in others, again, closed by an emarginate scale. The
Pericarp capsules membranaceous, three-celled, valveless,
: ninth species has a three-leaved calix, and more than five
crowned with the calix ; two of the cells barren, almost obli- petals. The sixteenth has an awl-shaped receptacle, and
terated, wingless; the third fertile, compressed, extended the fruit in a spike. The forty-third has an ensiform tail to
into a very large, half-ovate, membranaceous, wing.
1
Seed : the seeds, and the calix appendicled at the base. The forty-
single, subelliptic, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. fourth has only five stamina. In some species the seeds are
Calix : Corolla: none.
six-parted. Female. Styles: three. roundish, in others depressed ; sometimes they are beset with
Germen: with two of the cells oblite-
inferior, three-celled, prickles like a hedge-hog, and sometimes they are but few
rated. Capsule: membraneous, with one wing. Seed: soli- in number. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved.
tary. The species are, Petals : five to eight, with a honied pore at the claw. Seeds :
1. Rajania Hastata. Leaves hastate, cordate. Root large naked. The species are,
*
and ovate, sometimes four or five inches long, and two thick, With simple Leaves, and undivided.
rounded at each end, the flesh very white, tasting like a bean ;
1. Ranunculus Flammula; Lesser Spearwort. Leaves
stem long, slender, knotty, climbing ; leaves scattered, about ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, petioled; stem declined. Root
three rhches long ; flowers small, whitish, in simple, axillary, perennial, composed of simple, very long, and rather large
This species varies wonderfully in magnitude, and
drooping clusters. Native of St. Domingo.
fibres.
2. Rajania Cordata. Leaves cordate, seven-nerved. in
gravelly soils degenerates to a trailing dwarfish size, with
Native of South America. linear leaves. Flowers numerous, solitary, on long stalks, of
3. Rajania Angustifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rounded a bright golden yellow. The plant is very acrid ; and when
at the base, three-ribbed. It flowers in May, and seeds in externally applied, inflames and blisters the skin. Its acri-

June. An annual plant, and is found in the driest coppices mony rises in distillation. Many years ago, a man travelled
of Hispaniola, on the western coast, climbing up the tall trees. in different parts of
England, administering vomits, which, like
4. Rajania Ovata. Leaves ovate-acuminate, three-nerved. wViite vitriol, operated the instant they were swallowed. The
Native of Hisp aniola. distilled water of this plant was his medicine ; and Dr. Wither-
5. Rajania Quinquefolia. Leaves in fives, ovate-oblong ; ing declares, from the experience he himself had of it, that
clusters lateral, between the joints. Native of the W. Indies. in case of
poison being swallowed, or other circumstances
6. Rajania Quinata. Leaves quinate; leaflets emarginate; occurring in which it is desirable to make the patient instantly
flowers umbelled, axillary. Native of Japan. vomit, that he found it preferable to any other medicine yet
7. Rajania Hexaphyll a. Leaves serrate; leaflets oblong, known, as it did not excite those painful contractions which
acute ; flowers in racemes, snow-white. Native of Japan. sometimes attend the white vitriol, and defeat the" intention
See for which it was given. It is used, in many parts of the
Rampions. Campanula.
Ramsois. See Allium. Highlands of Scotland, to raise blisters ; for this purpose
Ranunculus ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Poly- the leaves are well bruised in a mortar, and applied in one or
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved; more limpet shells, to the part where the blisters are to be
 RAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY . RAN 445

raised. This the practice in the Isle of Skye, and other

is as well as in the nectary or little scale at the base of the.

places, especially
in the wet and boggy parts of heaths and >etals, so that it seems to be of.the same natural genus with
commons, where it flowers from June to September. It is hem. In the spring, almost every grove, thicket, and hedge-
found also in Sweden, Russia, Switzerland, and Germany, )ottom, is enamelled with the
glossy golden flowers of this
on the banks of lakes. )lant; but when they have been exposed a few days to the
2. Ranunculus Lingua; Great Spearivort. Leaves lan- Bright sun, they become white, and fall off soon afterwards.
ceolate, acuminate stem erect, many-flowered. This also is
;
It blows earlier than the Crowfoots, and is therefore liable
an acrid herb, with a perennial root like the preceding and ; ;o have its
parts of fructification injured by the inclemency
likewise varies with serrate leaves. The flowers are large, of the weather ; to secure it from which, it has the power of
and of a bright golden colour. It flowers in July, and gene- its
petals in a much greater degree, and in this state
closing
rally grows
in muddy ditches or bogs by the sides of lakes. usually found from five in the evening till nine in the
t is

It is reckoned rather a rare plant in England, but occurs in morning, and in wet weather. At its first appearance in the
many places, as between Rotherhithe and Deptford, near spring, this plant is small, and extends but little ; but in the
London ; on Iver heath near Uxbridge ; in several parts of month of May, particularly by the side of moist ditches, it
Norfolk ; on Feversham Moor, near Cambridge, and in the jrows much more luxuriantly, and in this state puts forth
isle of Ely ; at Goldington and Oakley in Bedfordshire ; in small bulbs like grains of wheat from the bosoms of the
ditches near a pool of water called Brayford in Lincolnshire; leaves these, as the stalks lie on the ground, get into the
:

on the banks of the Cherwell near King's Mill, in Oxford- earth, and become the tuberous roots of young plants. Thus
shire; in the bogs on Malvern Chase, Worcestershire; in the plant readily propagates itself; and this providential pro-
Kiveson Pool, near Stafford ; on the sides of Ancott Pool in vision is the more necessary, because the seeds usually prove
Salop ; in several pa ts of the north of England and Scot- abortive. Linneus says, that the young leaves, boiled as
r

land ; at Duddington Loch, near Edinburgh; and about greens in the spring, are eaten by the common people in some
Restennet in Angus-shire. * parts of Sweden. Though it is milder than most of the genus,
3. Ranunculus Nodiflorus. Leaves ovate, petioled ; flow- it retains something of that acrimony which many of the spe-
ers sessile. This is found about Paris, and in the marshy cies possess in a high degree. The particular form of the
places of the island of Sicily. roots probably recommended this plant as a cure for the piles :
4. Ranunculus Gramineus ; Grassy Crowfoot. Leaves and this fancied quality was the origin of the English name.
linear-lanceolate, many-nerved, sessile ; stem upright, few- The roots are sometimes washed bare by the rains, and this
flowered, very smooth ; root perennial. It is distinguished induced the ignorant and superstitious to imagine that it
from the next species by its yellow flowers and tuberous root. rained wheat, to which the uncovered tubercles bear a little
Native of mountainous situations in the south of France. resemblance. It choaks the plants which grow near it, and
It flowers in April and May; and is easily propagated by ought to be extirpated, as cattle will not eat it, from our
parting the roots in autumn, meadows. Nothing discourages its increase more than coal
5. Ranunculus Pyrseneus; Pyrcencan Crowfoot. Leaves or wood ashes, which are both at the same time excel-
linear, undivided ; stem upright, striated, subbiflorous. Root lent dresses for meadow-land. It is sometimes seen in gar-
bulbous ; flowers white. Native of the Alps, Pyrenees, and dens with, a double root; and is common in meadows,
Switzerland, Carinthia, Dauphiny, &c. orchards, and plantations, flowering in February, and con-
6. Ranunculus Parnassifolius ; Parnassia-leaved Crowfoot. tinuing through March and a great part of April.
Le.aves subovate, nerved, marked with lines, quite entire, 10. Ranunculus Salsuginosus ; Salt-marsh Crowfoot.
petioled; flowers umbelled, of a brilliant white colour. It Leaves ovate, somewhat cordate, toothed at the extremity ;
varies with a stem scarcely two inches high, with only one, stem creeping, thread-shaped; flowers solitary, yellow, as
two, or three flowers at most. Native of the south of Europe, big as our common Crowfoots. The root sends out many
in alpine situations. It may be easily propagated, by parting runners. Found on the banks of the Neva, and in the salt
the roots in autumn.
plains of Siberia, beyond the lake Baical.
7. Ranunculus Amplexicaulis Plantain-leaved Croivfoot.
; 11. Ranunculus Thora ; Kidney-leaved Crowfoot. Leaves
Leaves ovate, acuminate, embracing stem many-flowered
; ;
kidney-form, subtrilobate, crenate ; the radical ones on long
roots in bundles. In colour, the leaves differ from most stalks. Root round, brownish, from one to two inches long,
others of the genus, being of a grayer or more
glaucous hue, perpendicular, the thickness of a straw, and permanent, in
which, joined to the delicate whiteness of the flowers, renders its whole
length putting forth many fusiform, long, pale, sub-
this species very desirable in a collection of imbricate fibres ; stem solitary, simple, a span high, termi-
hardy herbaceous
plants, more especially as it occupies little space, may be nating in one, rarely more, long-stalked golden flowers, half
easily pr.opagated by parting its roots in autumn, and has an inch wide. The root of this plant is said to be extremely
no tendency to injure the growth of others. It flowers in acrid and poisonous. It flowers in May and June. Native
April and May, and is a native of the Appennine and Pyre- of the Alps of Switzerland and Austria ; the Pyrenees, Dau-
nean mountains.
phiny, Piedmont, and Silesia.
8. Ranunculus Bullatus; Leaves 12. Ranunculus Pusillus; Diminutive Crowfoot. Plant
Portugal Crowfoot.
ovate, serrate; scape naked, one-flowered. Native of Por- glabrous ; leaves petiolate ; inferior leaves ovate, dentate ;
tugal, the Isle of Candia, and Barbary. superior leaves linear-lanceolate, dentated at the tip; pedun-
9. Ranunculus Ficaria; Pilewort, or Lesser Celandine. cles alternate, solitary, one-flowered ; petals pale yellow.
Leaves cordate, angular, petioled; petals numerous. This This is a small species, with exceeding small flowers ; and
plant is easily distinguished by its roots, formed of many flowers from June to August. Native of North America.
knobs or tubers, shaped like the Fig hence its trivial name
; 13. Ranunculus Filiformis ; Slender Creeping Croivfoot.
The tops of these tubers send forth many small fibres. The Plant glabrous, small ; stems filiform, creeping, geniculate ;
whole plant is smooth. It differs from the Crowfoots in the
joints with one flower each ; leaves linear, subulate, obtuse.
number of the petals in the corolla, and leaflets in the calix Grows in inundated places on the river St. Lawrence, Hud-
yet agrees with them in the same general nature and habit son's Bay, and Labrador, and flowers in June and
July.
446 RAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RAN
14. Ranunculus Cymbalaria ; Small Trailing Crowfoot. This is a very handsome species, four feet high, and branched;
Plant glabrous, very small, filiform, creeping, taking root at stem hollow within. Native of the European Alps. The
the joints; leaves cordate-remform, obtusely quinquedentated; double-flowering variety has been obtained by seeds, and is
peduncles radical, solitary, for the most part two-flowered ; preserved in many curious gardens for the beauty of its flow-
petals linear, pale yellow, and sometimes white; fruit oblong. ers. Some
gardeners call it, Fair Maid of France. The
Grows in saline marshes near the salt-works of Onondago, flowers are pure white and very double, each standing
upon
New York, and flowers in June and July. a short footstalk. It is easily
propagated by parting the
15. Ranunculus Muricatus. Plant without hair, diffuse; roots in autumn.
leaves simple, subrotund, trilobate; calixof the width of the 23. Ranunculus Platanifolius ; Plane-leaved Crowfoot.
corolla; flowers yellow. Grows in the old fields of Virginia Leaves five-lobed, toothed; lobes blunt, the intermediate
and Carolina, and flowers in June and July. ones trifid, the upper floral ones digitate, sessile, linear, sub-
16. Ranunculus Echinatus. Plant without hair, simple ; ulate. Native of the mountains of Germany and Italy.
leaves simple, subrotund, trilobate ; petals as long again as 24. Ranunculus Illyricus ; Illyrian Crowfoot. Leaves
the calix ; flowers yellow, more than twice the size of the silky, villose ; ternate leaflets trifid, gashed, quite entire ;

preceding one. Grows in Charleston, South Carolina. calix reflex: Root tuberous ; stem a foot high, round,
upright,
** With dissected and divided Leaves. divided at top into a few one-flowered peduncles. Native of
17. Ranunculus Creticus; Cretan Crowfoot. Root-leaves dry hilly pastures in the south of Europe.
kidney-form, crenate, sublobate ; stem-leaves three-parted, 25. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus ; Pennsylvanian Crowfoot.
lanceolate, quite entire ; stem many-flowered. Root peren- Calices reflex; stem upright; leaves ternate, trifid, gashed,
nial, of many thick, tapering, fleshy fibres;stem thick, mo- hairy underneath. It is an annual or biennial. Native of
derately branched, eighteen inches high, hairy, as well as the Canada and Pennsylvania.
rest of the herbage ; flowers yellow. It flowers early in 26. Ranunculus Ternatus ;7'ernate-leaved Crowfoot. All
June; and is a native of the island of Oandia or Crete. the leaves ternate ; leaflets trifid ; stem many-flowered ; cali-
18. Ranunculus Cassabicus. Root-leaves roundish-cordate, ces reflex. Native of Japan.
crenate stem-leaves digitate, toothed ; stem many-flowered.
; 27. Ranunculus Asiaticus ; Persian Crowfoot, or Garden
Flowers small, yellow. Native of Germany and Siberia. Ranunculus. Leaves ternate and biternate leaflets trifid,
;

19. Ranunculus Auricomus; Wood Crowfoot, or Goldi- gashed; stem hairy, branched. Root perennial, of numerous,
locks. Root-leaves kidney-form, three-parted, crenate ; stem- brown, fleshy, tapering knobs stem twelve or fifteen inches
;

leaves digitate, linear; stem many-flowered; calix coloured. high, erect, round, downy, branched from the middle or
Root fibrous, perennial ; flowers terminating, erect, solitary, lower part, bearing from three to five large long-stalked
of a bright golden hue, on round pubescent peduncles. In flowers. In a wild or single state the large and splendid
cold backward seasons, in gardens in unsheltered situations, petals are of a vivid crimson, occasionally varying to yellow.
and in more northern countries, the real petals are sometimes The flowers appear in May; and in moderate seasons, or
wanting, the calix being dilated and more coloured that) usual, where they are shaded from the sun in the heat of the day,
so as to supply their place. It has been called Goldilocks there will be a succession at least during a month. Mr. Mil-
and Sweet Wood Crowfoot : the epithet Sweet being intended ler thinks this flower came originally from Persia. Since it
to express that it has none of the acrid or caustic flavour usual has been in Europe, innumerable varieties have been obtained
in this genus ; the term Wood expresses its place of growth. from seed, particularly of semi-double flowers: these are so
It is easily distinguished from the other Wild Crowfoots, by large, and of so many beautiful colours, as to exceed most
its
yellow patulous calix ; the nakedness of its nectary, which other flowers of their season, and even to vie with the Car-
is a small oblique hole running downwards at the base of nation itself. Many of them are finely scented, and the
each petal ; by the bottom-leaves being less cut, and the strong roots generally produce from twenty to thirty flowers in
upper ones narrower than in most of the others ; and by the succession ; hence it has been highly valued and admired.
petals being often wanting. It sometimes has double flowers. Culture. All the very double flowers do not produce seeds,
Native of woods and shady places throughout Europe. and are only multiplied by offsets from their roots, which they
20. Ranunculus Abortivus. Root-leaves cordate, crenate; generally produce in great plenty, if planted in a good soil,
stem-leaves ternate, angular; stem subtriflorous. Native of and duly attended to in winter. The beds in which they
Virginia and Canada. should be planted, must be made with fresh, light, sandy
21. Ranunculus Sceleratus; Marsh or Celery-leaved 'Crow- earth, at least three feet deep. The best soil for them may
foot. Lower leaves palmate ; upper digitate; fruits oblong. be composed as follows : Take a quantity of fresh earth from
Root annual, composed of many whitish fibres; herb various a rich upland pasture, about six inches deep, together with
in size and luxuriance, of a pale shining green colour, juicy, the green sward ; this should be laid in a heap for twelve
and very smooth, except the flower-stalks and upper part months to rot before it is mixed, observing to break the clods
of the stem, which are occasionally hairy flowers numerous,
; in turning it
very often to sweeten it: to this add a fourth
peduncled, small, of a palish yellow. This species is easily part of very rotten cow-dung, and a proportionable quantity
distinguished by its broad shining bottom leaves, thick stalk, of sea or drift sand, according as the earth is lighter or stiffer;
small yellow flowers, and smooth oblong seed-heads. It is if it be
light and inclined to a sand, there should be no sand
one of the most virulent of native plants bruised and applied
: added ; but if it be a hazel loam, one load of sand will be
to the skin, it soon raises a blister, and creates a sore by no sufficient for eight loads of earth ; but if the earth be strong
means easy to heal. When chewed, it inflames the tongue, and heavy, the sand should be added in a greater propor-
and produces very violent effects. Common in watery places, tion this also should be mixed eight months or a year be-
:

in most parts of Europe and North America flowering and

;
fore it is used, and should be often turned over, in order to
seeding from July to August. unite the parts well together before it is
put into the beds.
22. Ranunculus Aconitifolius Aconite-leaved Crowfoot.
; The depth which this soil should be laid in the beds, is three
Leaves five-lobed, toothed ; lobes acuminate, the interme- feetbelow the surface, according to the ground ; for in dry
diate ones trifid; floral leaves digitate, sessile, lanceolate. ground two feet eight inches below the surface will be suffi-
 ".}

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 Of
UNIVERSITY
OF
 RAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY, RAN 447

cient, and in very moist soils only two feet, the remaining proper season for sowing them, provide some large pots, flat
one foot being above the surface of the natural earth. In seed-pams, or boxes. These should be filled with light rich
very moist ground, it will also be proper
to lay some rubbish earth, levelling the surface very even ; then sow the seeds
and stones in the bottom of each bed, to drain off the mois- thereon pretty thick, and cover it about a quarter of an inch
ture and if upon this, at the bottom of the beds, some very
;
thick with the same light earth; after which you should
rotten cow -dung be laid two or three inches thick, the roots remove these pots, pans, or boxes, into a shady situation,
will reach this in the spring, and the flowers will be the where they may have the morning sun till ten o'clock. In
fairer in consequence. The earth for the bed need not be dry se-asons refresh them gently with water, taking care not
screened very fine, for then the great winter rains would to wash the seeds out of the ground. In this situation the
bind it in one solid lump, detaining the moisture and rotting ppts should remain until the beginning of October, by which
the roots. The beds being thus prepared, should lie a fort- time the plants will begin to come up, though it is sometimes
the end of November before they begin to appear ; then re-
night to settle before the roots are planted, that there may
be no danger of the earth settling unequally after they are move them into a more open exposure, where they may have
planted; which would prejudice the roots, by leaving hollow the full sun. Towards the middle of November, when you
the water would are apprehensive of frost, remove the pots under a common
places in some parts of the beds, in which
always lodge. In autumn, having levelled the earth, laying hot-bed frame, where they may be covered with glasses in
the surface a little rounding, the beds should be marked out the night-time, and also in bad weather; but in the day,
in rows by a line, at about six inches' distance every way, so when the weather is mild, they should be entirely opened, to
that the roots may be planted every way in straight lines open :
prevent the plants from being drawn up too weak. The only
the earth with your ringers at each cross, where the roots are dangers they are exposed to are violent rains and frosts ;
to be planted, at about two inches deep, placing them ex- the rain often rotting the tender plants, and the frost turning
actly in tho middle, with their crowns upright ; then with them out of the ground. In the spring, as the season grows
the head of a rake draw the earth upon the surface of the warm, these pots should be exposed to the open air, placing
bed level, so that the tops of the roots will be covered about them at first near the shelter of a hedge, to protect them
two inches deep, that being sufficient. This work should from the cold winds; but at the beginning of April they
be done in dry weather, because the earth will then work should be removed into a more shady situation, according to
better than if it were wet ; but the sooner after the planting the warmth of the season. In the latter end of April, place
there happens to be rain, the better it will be for the roots. them where they can only have the morning sun, and let
If no rain should happen in a fortnight's time, it will be pro- them remain there till their leaves decay, when they may be
per to water the beds, to prevent the roots from decaying. take out of the earth, and their roots dried in a shady place;
When the roots are thus planted, there will no more oare after winch
they may be put up in bags, and preserved in
be required until toward the end of November, by which a dry place till the October following, and then they must
time they will begin to heave the ground, and the buds of be treated as above directed for the old plants. When
their leaves will appear; then lay a little of the fresh earth these roots flower in the following spring, carefully mark
of which the beds are composed, about half an inch thick, such of them as are worthy to be preserved. You should
over the beds, which will defend the crown of the root from not suffer those flowers, which you intend to blow fine the
frost and when you perceive the buds to break through
; succeeding year, to bear seeds ; if they appear inclined to
this second covering, if it should prove very hard frost, it do so, cut off tli flowers when they begin to decay, for
will be proper to arch the beds over with hoops, and cover those roots which have produced seeds seldom flower well
them with mats, but especially in the spnng, when the till afterwards ; nor will the principal old root, which has
buds will begin to appear ; for if exposed to severe frost or flowered strong one year, ever blow so fair as the offsets,
blighting winds at that season, their flowers seldom open which is what should be principally observed when a person
fairly, and many times their roots are destroyed. In the be- purchases any of these roots, as the sellers generally palm off
ginning of March, the flower-stems will begin to rise; then the old roots upon their customers, judiciously reserving the
carefully weed the beds, and stir the earth with your fingers offsets for their own use. In planting these roots, particu-
between the roots, taking care not to injure them. This larly observe to place the semi-double kinds, from
which you
will improve the appearance of the beds, and greatly intend to reserve seeds, in separate beds by themselves, and
strengthen the flowers in their blowing; and if the nights not intermix them with the double flowers, because they re-
prove frosty, the beds should be covered with mats every quire different management. When the seed begins to ripen,
evening, and shaded from the sun in the heat of the day. which may be easily known by its separating from the axils
When the flowers are past, and the leaves withered, take up and falling, look over the plants daily, gathering it as it
the roots, and carefully clear them from the
earth, then ripens; for there will be a considerable difference in the
spread them upon a mat to dry in a shady place; after which seeds of the same bed coming to maturity, at least a fort-
they may be put up in bags or boxes in a dry room until night, and sometimes three weeks or a month. The seed
the October following, which is the season for when gathered should not be exposed to the sun, but spread
planting them
again. These Persian sorts are not only to dry in a shady place, and afterwards laid up out of the
propagated by off-
sets from the old roots, but are also reach of vermin. This method of sowing seeds every year
multiplied by seeds,
which the semi-double kinds produce in Whoever not only increases the stock of roots, but also raises new va-
plenty.
wishes to have them in perfection, should sow the seeds rieties, which maybe greatly improved by changing the seeds
annually, which wrll every year produce new varieties. All into fresh ground. It will also be necessary to take away
however depends upon the careful selection of the seeds. all the earth out of the beds in which the roots were blown,
The flowers left to seed, ought at least to have five or six if you intend to plant these flowers there again ; otherwise
rows of petals, and to be well coloured for as these flowers
;
they will never thrive half so well, as all the curious florists
increase plentifully, it is not worth while to sow indifferent In case of severe weather after plant-
continually observe.
seeds, from which no good flowers can be obtained. Being ing, it will be proper to cover the bed with straw or pease-
prepared with seeds about the middle of August, which is the haulm, to guard them against frost; but this covering should
VOL. ii. 103. /5X
 448 RAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RAN
always be removed in favourable weather. In spring, when having sufficient solidity to support itself upright. It is the
the ground is loose, tread or beat it on a fine day, press- second flower which, next to the Dandelion, covers the mea-
ing it close to the plants with the fingers, to keep out the dows with dazzling yellow. Like most of the Crowfoots, it
cold parching winds. Some long straw, placed between possesses the property of inflaming and blistering the skin ;
the rows, will protect the plants, and keep the ground moist: particularly the roots, which are said to raise blisters with less
if the spring showers should fail, water must be applied pain and greater safety than Spanish flies, and have been
'
gently between the rows. When the seed-leaves appear, applied for that purpose, especially to the joints, in the gout.
the young plants will require more air, and must be regularly The juice is even more acrid than that of the sixteenth species,
but gently watered, except when there are warm showers of and, if applied to the nostrils, provokes sneezing. The roots,
rain. When the sun shines hot, the glasses must be raised on being kept, lose their stimulating quality, and are even
to admit fresh air, and the frame also shaded with mats. eatable when boiled. Boys often dig them up, and devour
To conclude : The varieties produced from the semi-double them. The herb is too acrid to be eaten alone by cattle; ac-
flowers are unbounded, and more numerous than any other cordingly the flowering-stalks are left to perfect the seeds in
flower; and the catalogue of a celebrated florist boasts nearly pastures, though some of it certainly is consumed; and it ap-
eight hundred. According to him, a fine Ranunculus should pears probable that this and other pungent plants mixed
have a strong straight stem from eight to twelve inches high. with the Grasses, may act with a powerful stimulus to some
The flower should be of a hemispherical form, at least two animals, as salt does to others. It abounds in
dry pastures,
inches in diameter, consisting of numerous petals, gradually and flowers in May. Besides the name of Round-rooted or
diminishing in size to the centre, lying over each other so as Bulbous Crowfoot, it is called, by the common people, But-
neither to be too close nor too much separated, but having ter-flower, Butter-cups, King-cups, Gold-cups ; and it is the
more of a perpendicular than horizontal direction, in order "cuckow-buds of yellow hue," in Shakspeare. This species,
to display the colour with better effect: the petals should be and the two following, are all confounded by the vulgar un-
broad, with entire well-rounded edges : their colour should der one name.
be dark or clear, rich or brilliant, either of one colour, or 35. Ranunculus Hirsutus; Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Calices
variously diversified on an ash, white, sulphur, or fire- bent back, acuminate; stem upright, many-flowered, hirsute;
coloured ground, or else regularly striped, spotted, or mot- leaves ternate; root fibrous, annual. The flowers and seeds
tled in an elegant manner. are smaller than in the preceding species. Petals yellow
28. Ranunculus Ruteefolius; Rue-leaved Crowfoot. Leaves above, paler and opaque beneath. Mr. Curtis observed
pinnate and ternate ; leaflets three-parted, multifid ; stem this species in various places near London ; as, by the road-

quite simple ; corolla many-petalled ; root tuberous. The side between Crydon and Mitcham, near Gravesend, and
stem is from two to five inches high, mostly simple and plentifully by the sea-side ; also on the gravelly banks about
single-flowered, sometimes bearing two, rarely three flowers :
Southampton. It has also been seen upon new-made banks
these are of a brilliant white, at first tinged with red, on long in the salt-marshes near Yarmouth; on South Leigh common,
stalks. It flowers in June; and is a native of the moun- in Oxfordshire; and abundantly in the pastures of Bedford-
tains of Austria, Dauphiny, Switzerland, and Piedmont. shire.
29. Ranunculus Glacialis; Two-flowered Crowfoot. Calices 36'. Ranunculus Repens ; Creeping Crowfoot. Calices
hirsute; stem two-flowered; leaves multifid. Root large and spreading a little ; peduncles grooved runners creeping ;
;

fleshy, in the form of a bulb, verv acrid, and putting forth leaves compound;root perennial, consisting of numerous
many long thick fibres. It flowers in June ; and is a native white fibres flowering-stem erect, generally supporting two
;

of Lapland, Denmark, Switzerland, Danphiny, and Piedmont, flowers. The whole herb is rough and hairy, of a dark
on high granite mountains near the continual snows. green; and the petals deep yellow. This species is suffi-
'

30. Ranunculus Nivalis; Alpine Yellow Crowfoot. Calix ciently distinct from the other common Crowfoots, in its
hirsute; stem one-flowered; root-leaves palmate; stem-leaves creeping stems, and sending forth more roots at every joint:
many-parted, sessile. Flowers solitary, on long, terminal, which render it more mischievous than those, as also because
hairy stalks; petals yellow, obovate, twice the length of the it will thrive in almost
any soil, and is very sure to become
calix. Native of Lapland and Norway. the principal plant of the pasturage, to the great detriment
31. Ranunculus Alpestris; Alpine White Crowfoot. Root- of the farmer. From the great variety of soil and situation
leaves subcordate, blunt, three-parted; stem-leaf lanceolate, in which this species is found, it assumes many varieties.

quite entire. Stem one or two flowered. Native of Switzer- By a river's side, or in marshes, it will grow three or four
land, Austria, Carniola, and Dauphiny. feet high, with a stem nearly as large as a man's thumb; in
32. Ranunculus Lapponicus ; Lapland Crowfoot. Leaves barren gravelly fields it is entirely procumbent, with a stem
three-parted, lobed, blunt; stem almost flaked, one-flowered; not larger than a small wheat straw but in all states it re-
;

root fibrous; flower terminating, yellow. Native of Lapland. tains the character of the creeping stem, and does not lose it
33. Ranunculus Monspeliacus in cultivation. Its principal time of flowering is in June, but
;
Montpelier Crowfoot.
Leaves three-parted, crenate stem simple, villose, almost
;
it
may be found in blossom during most of the ensuing sum-

naked, one-flowered. Flower of a brilliant golden yellow. mer months, in meadows and pastures, under hedges, in
Native of the south of France, and of Barbary. shady waste places, church-yards, and gardens. The qua-
34. Ranunculus Bulbosus; Bulbous Croiijfoot, or Butter- lities of this and the twenty-ninth species are
nearly alike,
cups. Calices bent back peduncles grooved stem upright,
; ;
both blister the skin, and are very acrid to the taste. It is

many-flowered; leaves compound; root a solid white roundish sometimes found double, though not very often.
bulb, flatted a little both at top and bottom, somewhat resem- 37. Ranunculus Polyanthemos Many-flowered Crowfoot.
;

bling a small turnip. It is distinguished from the thirty-first Calices spreading a little; peduncles grooved; stem upright;
species, with which some others have confounded it, by its leaves many-parted. Flowers large, yellow, drooping. This
roots, by its never throwing out runners, and by ks reflexed species has no sensible acrimony. Native of Germany,
calix : this last character arises from its particular structure, Switzerland, Sweden, Dauphiny, and Piedmont, in woods;
the lower half being thin and almost transparent, and not flowering in May and June. It is perennial.
 PAN OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. RAN 449

38. Ranunculus Acns; Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Ca- Shotover hill, and South-Leigh, in Oxfordshire ; on St. Vin-
lices spreading a little, peduncles round; leaves three parted, cent's rocks near Bristol near Lymington and Lulworth
;

multifid, the uppermost linear. Root perennial, tuberous, cove in Dorsetshire, where some of the fallow lauds in the
with many long, simple, white fibres. Petals bright shining neighbourhood of Blandford are overrun with it.
yellow. Native of meadows and pastures in all the northern 41. Ranunculus Millefoliatus. Leaves superdecompound,
parts of Europe, and very common in England, flowering in linear; calices hairy; stem branched, silky, villose. It is

July. The scale of the nectary at once distinguishes this allied to the preceding species ; root tuberous, oblong, in

species from the fourteenth ; the spreading calix from the bundles, narrowing downwards, and ending in a fibre. It

twenty-ninth and thirtieth ; and the round even flower- flowers in winter. Native of Greece, Syria, Barbary, &c.
stalks, from both those and the thirty-first species ; whilst 42. Ranunculus Parvulus ; Little Upright Crowfoot.
the smooth seeds prevent our mistaking it for any species Seeds tubercled ; leaves hirsute, three-lobed, gashed ; stem
which has them rough or muricated. It is indeed known at upright, few-flowered; root Small, annual, with long simple
first sight from all Our other wild species, by its tall, thin, fibres. It flowers in July and August. Native of the south
genteel, upright growth, from which it has received its Eng- of France, Italy, and Russia. Found also in abundance
lish name. Most of the Crowfoots are known to be acrid, near Bristol hot-wells.
and some are thought to be poisonous, but this plant re- 43. Ranunculus Arvensis; Corn Crowfoot. Seeds prickly ;
ceived its trivial name from its supposed superior degree of leaves trifid, decompound ; segments linear ; root annual,
acridity. All its parts are exceedingly acrid : the juice of composed of simple fibres ; stem upright, a foot or more in
the leaves takes away warts; and bruised together with the height; flowers small, lemon-coloured. Every part of the
roots, they will act as a caustic, by inflaming and corroding plant has a pale appearance, and is easily distinguished from,
the parts to which they are applied. In violent headaches, our wild Crowfoots by this circumstance, by its large prickly
where the pain is confined to one part, a plaster made of seeds, its annual root, and its place of growth, which is in
them frequently affords almost immediate relief; and they corn-fields, where it is very common among crops of all" kinds,
have been used in the gout with great success. Mr. Curtis in most parts of Europe, but more abundantly in some soils

declares, that even pulling it up and carrying it to some little than in others ; flowering in May and June, and ripening its
distance has produced a considerable inflammation in the palm seeds before harvest, so that it fills the ground, but, not being
1

of the hand ; that cattle in general will not eat it, yet that a very luxuriant plant, is not a very formidable weed. In
sometimes, when they are turned hungry into a new field of some counties it is called Hunger-iveed, probably from its in-
grass, or have but a small spot to range in, they feed on it, dicating a sterile soil. It is said to be as highly acrimonious
and their mouths have become sore and blistered. According when fresh, as any of the other species. Mr. Brugnon relates
to Linneus, sheep and goats eat it, but cattle, horses, and even itspoisonous effects on sheep, who nevertheless eat it greedily,
hogs, refuse it. When made into hay, it loses its acrid as also do cattle and horses. It occasions colic, gangrene of

quality, but then seems to be too hard and stalky to yield much the stomach, and death in a few hours. Three ounces of
nourishment: if itbe of any nse, it must be to correct by its the juice killed a dog in four minutes. The above author
warmth the insipidity of the Grasses. In many pastures the things vinegar the best antidote. Happily for England, this
flowering-stems are left standing in abundance, to dissemi- plant generally grows where it is not accessible to cattle;

nate their seeds before they'could do that, they might easily

: which probably is the reason why we have not heard of any
be cut down with the scythe, or be pulled up by women and mischief done it in this country ; but the husbandman
by
children after a shower, which would more effectually de- would do well to g.uard against it in fallow-fields, and pas-
stroy the plants ; they should be gathered into heaps, and tures in the neighbourhood of corn land.
It flowers in June and
burnt. July, and is confounded with 44. Ranunculus Muricatus. Seeds prickly; leaves simple,
the twenty-ninth and thirty-first species, under the name of lobed, blunt, smooth; stem diffused; root-leaves three-lobed,
Butter-flower or Butter-cups, under a notion that the yel- smooth, toothed ; teeth blunt, unequal. Native of ditches
low colour of butter is owing to these plants. It is the rich- and marshes in the south of Europe and in Barbary.
ness and exuberance of the pasture that communicates this 45. Ranunculus Parviflorus Small-flowered Crowfoot.
;

colour to the butter, and not these flowers, which the oattle Seeds prickly; prickles hooked; leaves simple, laciniated,
seldom or ever touch. acute, hirsute; stem diffused; root annual, fibrous; petals
39. Ranunculus Lanuginosus ; Broad-leaved It flowers in May and June, and the seeds
Crowfoot. pale yellow.
Calices spreading a little ; round ; stem and
peduncles ripen in June and July. Native of the more temperate parts
petioles leaves five-cleft, lobed, crenate,
hirsute; velvety. of Europe ; and in England, on banks, and in waste as well
Flowers yellow, much like those of the as cultivated ground where the soil is gravelly.
preceding species.
This is easily known by its stature, hairiness, and 46. Ranunculus Orientalis Oriental Crowfoot. Leaves
place of ;

growth in woods and shade. Native of Denmark, Germany, spiny, subulate, recurved ;
calices reflex leaves multifid.
;

Switzerland, Austria, the south of France, and Piedmorit. Flowers large, pale yellow. Native of the Levant.
40. Ranunculus Choarophyllos ; Fine-leaved 47. Ranunculus Grandiflorus Great-flowered Crowfoot.
Crmvfoot. ;

Calices turned back; peduncles grooved; stem Stem leaves multifid; stem-leaves alter-
upright, one- upright, two-leaved;
flowered ; leaves linear, multifid ; root perennial ; flower ternate, sessile. Native of the Levant.
yel-
low; plant acrid. Native of France and Italy. It is not 48. Ranunculus Falcatus ; Sickle-seeded Crowfoot. Leaves
often observed in England, probably owing to its humble
wedge-form, three-parted segments multifid, filiform ; seeds
;

growth, the smallness of its flowers, and its want of elegance sickle-shaped scape naked, one-flowered.
;
Root annuaL;
in form or colour. It occurs, however, in several stalks simple, downy, each bearing a small yellow flower.
places about
London ; as, near Canberwell, about Lee Bridge, and near Native of Austria, in corn-fields, and of other parts in the
Walthamstow. Found also on Green-street green, near south of Europe and the Levant; flowering early in spring,
Dartford in Kent; near Worcester, and on Malvern-hill near and soon passing away.
Norwich near Madingley, Trumpington, Shelford, Toft,
; 49. Ranunculus Hederaceus; Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. Leaves
and Gamlingay, in Cambridgeshire; on Bullington green, roundish, kidney-shaped, three or five lobed, entire, even :
450 RAN THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RAN
stem creeping. Roots perennial, fibrous, numerous, simple, bulbs in bundles. Native of the marshes in the neighbour-
whitish, penetrating deeply into the mud. Stems either hood of Algiers.
creeping or floating, prostrate, branched, round, and succu- 55. Ranunculus Flabellatus. Leaves simple, toothed, and
lent ; flowers very small ; petals white, with yellow claws. ternate; leaflets laciniate; stem simple. Found in the neigh-
The leaves sometimes have a dark spot in the middle of bourhood of Algiers.
each, and in some situations the flowers are much larger 56. Ranunculus Japonica. Leaves gash-terminate; lobes
than in others. It flowers from May to August, and is found gashed-toothed, hirsute; stem hirsute. Native of Japan.
in slow shallow rivulets, especially where the soil is sandy, 57. Ranunculus Seguieri. Leaves lobes
three-parted ;

in watery places, and shallow muddy ditches. Native of multifid, laciniate, acute, all petioled ; stem many-flowered ;
many parts of Europe, as Denmark, Germany, France, and calices smooth. Native of the mountains of Italy, Dauphiny,
even of Siberia and Barbary. a-nd Carniola.
50. Ranunculus Aquatilis ; Water Crowfoot. Submerged 58. Ranunculus Mon-tanus. Leaves five-lobed, toothed ;
leaves capillaceous; emerged leaves subpeltate; stamens nu stem-leaf sessile, digitate ; segments linear, lanceolate, quite
merous; seeds corrugated. Root perennial, fibrous, throwing entire; stem one-flowered. Native of the mountains of Swit-
up long round stems, clothed with alternate leaves, having zerland, Dauphiny, and Austria.
broad membranaceous stipules at the base of their foot-stalks. 59. Ranunculus Gouani. Leaves five-lobed, toothed ; stem-
The flowers are sometimes very large, and make a handsome leaf sessile, palmate; segments lanceolate, toothed; stem one-
show in ponds and ditches. The curious variety in the float- flowered.- Native of the Pyrenees and Hungary.
ing and immersed leaves, adds to the beauty of this common 60. Ranunculus Hyperboreus. Leaves deeply three-lobed :
aquatic plant. The other varieties grow floating in the water, lobes oblong, divaricate stem filiform, creeping.
;
Native of
and have all the leaves capillary. In one, they form a round- Iceland, Norway, and Siberia, in watery places.
ish line; in another, the segments of the leaves are
very long, 61. Ranunculus Polyrhizos, Root-leaves palmate; stem-
parallel, and take the direction of the current. These varieties leaves sessile, digitate; stem many-flowered; roots in bundles.
are clearly occasioned by the depth and velocity of the stream. Native of Siberia.
Dr. Pulteney has recorded a curious fact, which contradicts the 62. Ranunculus Cappadocicus. Calices patulous; pedun-
assertions of the deleterious qualities of this plant, and cle roundstem subbifid leaves cordate, three-lobed, tooth-
proves ; ;

that it is not merely innoxious, but nutritive to cattle, and ed. Native of Cappadocia.
capable of being converted to useful purposes in agricultural 63. Ranunculus Oxyspermus. Root-leaves oblong, blunt,
economy. In the neighbourhood of Ringwood, on the borders sinuate-toothed stem-leaves sessile, digitate, gashed ; seeds
;

of the Avon, some of the cottagers support their cows, and awned. Native of Siberia.
even horses, almost wholly by thrs
plant.
A man collects 64. Ranunculus Polyphyllus. Submerged leaves oblong,
a quantity every morning, and floating leaves wedge-shaped, three-
brings it in a boat to the edge petioled, capillaceous ;

of the water, from which the cows eat it with great lobed emerged leaves elliptic ; stem upright; flowers very
avidity ; ;

insomuch that they stint them, and allow only about twenty- small and yellow. Native of Hungary.
five or
thirty pounds to each cow daily. One man kept five 65. Ranunculus Nitidus. Plant very glabrous; stems fis-
cows and one horse so much on this plant, with the little tulose; radical leaves rotundate-subreniform, obtusely cre-
that the heath afforded, that
they had not consumed more than nate ; stem-leaves sessile, digitate; folioles cut; segments
half a ton of hay throughout the whole obtuse; seeds subglobose, very smooth; flowers small; petals
year; none being
used, except when the river was frozen over. Hogs are also white. Grows in inundated grounds from New York to
fed with this plant, and improve so well on it, that it is not Canada. This is evidently closely allied to Ranunculus Abor -
necessary to give them any other sustenance till they are tivus; and Pursh suspects that they are only varieties.
put up to fatten. This property of Water Crowfoot is the 66. Ranunculus Pygmseus. Plant small, glabrous radical ;

more remarkable, because all the species are deemed acri- leaves subcordate-reniform, inciso-der.tate stem-leaves ses- ;

monious, and some undoubtedly are so in a high degree. sile, digitate ; segments linear, very entire;
stem with few
-
It is
probable that this species is rendered inert, and even flowers ; petals oblong, nearly equal to the calix, yellow.-
wholesome, by growing in the water; although it must be Native of Lapland and Labrado:e.
confessed, that in other instances moisture heightens the dele- 67. Ranunculus Tomentosus. Plant
very villose, low;
terious properties of vegetables,
especially in the umbelliferous stem creeping, one and two flowered; leaves tomentose,
tribe. Before the introduction of Cantharides, several of the trilobate; calix hispid, subreflex ; flowers yellowish white.
Crowfoots were used as vesiccatories, and are said to act with Grows in Carolina.
less pain, and without
any effect on the urinary passages but
; 68. Ranunculus Marylandicus. Plant pubescent; stem
leaves ternate; little leaves
their action is
supposed to be uncertain, and they are accused simple, nearly naked; radical
of frequently leaving ill-conditioned ulcers. trilobate; lobes acute, cut; calix reflex; flowers two or three,
51. Ranunculus Ophioglossoides. Stem simple, upright; terminal, on short, scarcely downy stalks, pale yellow.
leaves nerved, lower leaves ovate, subcordate, petioled ; Grows in shady woods from Pennsylvania to Virginia, and
floral-leaves sessile, lanceolate. Native of the mountains of flowers from June to August.
Dauphiny. 69. Ranunculus Recurvatus. Plant pubescent; leaves
52. Ranunculus Frigidus. Root-leaves wedge-form, ovate, trilobous; lobes cuneiform at the base, cut and acute at the
five-toothed at the tip; stem-leaves, sessile, Native tip; stem multiflorous; corolla
and capsules recurved; petals
palmate.
of the mountains of Siberia. linear, almost white. Grows in shady woods from New York
53. Ranunculus Trilobus. Stem upright; leaves smooth]; to Carolina, and flowers from June to August.
steni-leaves three-lobed; peduncles striated; seeds 70. Ranunculus Septentrionalis. Plant slightly glabrous;
compress-
ed, tuberclefl. Flowers very small, yellow. Found in moist leaves membranaceous, glabrous, ternate little leaves sub-
;

at the base
fields near trilobate, cut, acute ; stem and petioles rough
;
Mayane, in the north of Africa.
54. Ranunculus
Spicatus. Leaves oblong, toothed; stem peduncles snbbiflorous; calices reflex; flowers pale yellow.
simnle; seeds in snikes; roots consisting of numerous oblong Grows in North America.
 RAP OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. RAP 451

71. Ranunculus Hispidus. Plant very rough, erect leaves

; eties are generally cultivated for medicinal use, but that
ternate ; folioles acutely lobate; stems beneath the first pe- some persons are very fond of them for the table. Propa-
duncle naked, with few flowers ; flowers small, pale yellow. gation and Culture. The season for sowing the seeds of the
Grows in wet fields, and on the banks of ditches, in Vir- Common Radish are various, acccrding to frlie time when
ginia and Carolina; and
flowers from June to August. they are designed to be used. The earliest season is at the
72. Ranunculus Pluviatilis. All the leaves dichotomous- end of October or the beginning of November, for then the
capillaceous; stem floating; flowers white. Found in tran- gardeners near London sow them to supply the market at
rivers, from Pennsylvania to Carolina. the beginning of March. They are commonly sown on warm
quil
Rape. See Brassica. borders, near walls and pales, or hedges, where they may be
Raphanus; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Sili- defended from the cold 'windu. There are, however, some
quosa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leav- persons who sow Radish seeds among other crops at the
ed, erect; leaflets oblong, parallel, converging, deciduous, middle of September, which, if not destroyed by frost, are fit
for use early in February but this is sooner than most
gibbose at the base. Corolla: four-petalled, cruciform; :
people
petals obcordate, spreading ; claws a little longer than the care to eat these roots and this crop, if not used while
;

calix ; nectariferous glands four, one on each side between young, soon grows strong and sticky. The second general
the short stamen and pistil, and one on each -side between the sowing is usually about Christmas, provided the season be
longer stamina and the calix. Stamina: filamenta six, awl- mild, and the ground in a fit condition to work. These are
shaped, erect : of these, two that are opposite are of the same also sown in sheltered places, but not so near pales and
length with the calix ; and the remaining four are the length hedges as the October sowing. Unless destroyed by frost,
of the claws of the corolla anthera simple.
; Pistil: germen they will be fit for use at the beginning of April but in order
;

oblong, ventricose, attenuated, the length of the stamina; to have a succession of these roots for the table through the

style scarcely any; stigma capitate, entire. Pericarp: silique season, you should repeat sowing the seeds once a fortnight,
oblong, with a point, ventricose, with little swellings, sub- from the middle of January till the beginning of April, always
articulate, cylindrical. Seeds : roundish, smooth. ESSEN- observing to sow the latter crops upon a moist soil and in an
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix : closed. Silique : torose, subar- open situation, otherwise they will run up, and grow sticky,
ticulate, cylindrical. Nectariferous Glands: four, two be- before they are fit for use. Many of the gardeners near
tween each shorter stamen and the pistil, and two between London sow Carrot-seed with their early Radish, so that
the longer stamina and the calix. The species are, when -their Radishes are killed, which sometimes happens,
1. Raphanus Sativus ; Common Garden Radish. the Carrots will remain for the seeds of Carrots
Siliques ;
commonly
cylindrical., torose, two-celled ; leaves lyrate. Root annual, lie in the
ground five or six weeks before they come up, and
large, fleshy, fusiform or subglobular, white within ; red, the Radishes seldom lie above a fortnight under ground at
white, or black on the outside. Native of China, Cochin- that season, so that they are often up and when the
killed,
china, and Japan; in all of which countries it is much culti- Carrot-seeds remain safe in the ground ; but when both crops
vated. Mr. Miller aims at making four sorts of this esculent succeed, the Radishes must be drawn off very young, or the
root, which he says he never found to vary in the course of Carrots will be drawn up so weak as not to be able to support
forty years' experience and that by sowing the seeds of each
;
themselves when the Radishes are gone. It is also a constant
carefully, without mixture, (he produce will always prove the practice with the kitchen-gardeners, to mix Spinach-seed with
same as the plant which the seeds were saved from. 1. The their latter crops of Radishes. When these are drawn off,
first, or Long-rooted Radish, is the sort commonly cultivated and the ground cleaned, the Spinach will thrive greatly, and
in kitchen-gardens for its roots. Of this there are several in a fortnight's time will as
completely cover, the ground as
subordinate variations; as the Small-topped, the Deep-red, though there had been no other crop. If it be of the broad-
the Pale-red or Salmon, and the Long-topped Striped Radish: leaved kind, the Spinach will be larger and fairer than it
which slight differences Mr. Miller allows to have arisen from commonly is -when sown by itself because, where there is
;

cultivation. The Small-topped most commonly preferred

is no other crop, the Spinach-seed is commonly sown too thick,
by the gardeners near the metropolis, because they require and the plants are therefore drawn up weak : but in this
much less room than those with large tops for as forward
; management, the roots standing pretty far apart, have room
Pi,adishes are what produce the to spread ; and if the soil be
greatest profit to the gardener, good, the plants will attain a
and these are commonly sown upon borders near hedges, considerable size before they run up to seed. When the
walls, or pales, the Large-topped Radish would be apt to Radishes are come up, and have five or six leaves, pull them
grow mostly at top, and not swell so much in the root as the up where they are too close, otherwise they will run to top,
other, especially if the plants should be left pretty close. and the roots will not increase in bulk. In doing this, some
2. The second, or Small Round-rooted
Radish, is not very only draw them out by hand ; but the best method is to thin
common in England, but in many parts of Italy it is the only them with a small hoe, which will stir the ground, destroy
one cultivated the roots are very white, round, small, and
:
the weeds, and the growth of the plants. For draw-
promote
very sweet. It has of late years been brought to the London ing small, leave them at three inches' distance but at six;

markets in the spring, generally in bunches, and is some- inches, if they are to stand longer. For saving Radish-seed :

times mistaken for young Turnips. If eaten At the beginning of May, prepare a spot of ground, propor-
young, it is crisp,
mild, and pleasant. 3. The third sort, or Large Turnip-rooted, tionable to the quantity of seed intended to be saved. Digit
or White Spanish Radish, has a well, and level it; then draw up some of the straightest and
moderately large, sphe-
roidal white root, and is esteemed best-coloured Radishes, and plant them in rows three feet
chiefly for eating in autumn,
and the early part of winter. This and the second sort are distant, and two feet asunder in the rows; observing, if the
confounded together, under the name of Turnip Radishes. season be dry, to water them until they have taken root ; after
4. The fourth sort, or Black Turnip-rooted Spanish Radish, which they will only require to have the weeds hoed down
has a root like the preceding, white within, but a black skin, between them, until they have advanced so high as to over-
and is greatly esteemed by many for autumn and winter When the seed begins to ripen, guard
spread the ground.
Mr. Miller observes, that the third and fourth vari- W]ienit is ripe, the pods will
eating. it
carefully against birds.
VOL. ii. 103. 5 Y
452 RAP THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RAD
change brown ; must then be cut, and spread in the sun
it disease. This, however, has never yet been known to occur
to dry, then threshed, and afterward laid by for use. The in England and Krocker says, he has proved the plants to
;

be harmless by his own experiments, and even recommend?

Turnip Radish must not be sown till the beginning of March,
and the plants must be allowed a greater distance than the it as a nutritious food for domestic
quadrupeds, and as very
common spindle-rooted sort. Its seeds are
liable to degene- agreeable to bees. The variety called the Sea Wild Radish
rate, unless when sown near the latter. The White and Black has a thick white root like that of the Garden Radish, and
Spanish Radishes are commonly sown about the middle of has been found on the sea-shore in various parts of Britain,
July, or a little earlier, and are fit
for the table by the end of flowering in May. The root is large and succulent, lasting
August, or the beginning of September; they will continue two or three years ; and has been esteemed by some as an
They require thinning to a. esculent root, preferable to Horse-radish.
good till frost spoils them. Cattle are very
greater distance than the common sort, for their roots grow
fond of the leaves.
as large as Turnips, and should not remain nearer than six 4. Raphanus Sibiricus; Siberian Radish. Pods
cylindrical,
inches. To have these roots in winter, draw them before torulose-villose; leaves linear, pinnatifid. Native of Siberia.
the hard frost comes on, and lay them in dry sand, as is 5. Raphanus Erucoides. Pods ovate, gibbous, with the
directed for Carrots, carefully guarding them from wet and beak the length of the pod ; root biennial, simple, scarcely
frost; and they will keep good till spring. The ground thicker than the stem, which is a foot and half high. Native
where any sorts of Radishes are to be sown, ought to be well of Italy.
trenched, the clods broken, and the ground levelled at sow- 6. Raphanus Tenellus ; Small Radish. Pods awl-shaped,
ing down, that the roots may have full scope to descend. jointed, two-celled, smooth, lanceolate, toothed, the lowest
Cos or other Lettuce may be sown with the spring crop of pinnatifid. This plant flowers here in June and July is an ;

Radishes, along with Carrots. Sow the seeds all together annual plant, and a native of Siberia.
broadcast pretty thick, in the early sowings raking them
; Raspberry. See Rubus.
in well with a large rake. The London gardeners cover the Rattan. See Calamus.
arly crops with straw, suffering
it to remain till the
plants Rattle, Red. See Pedicularis.
are fairly come up, and then raking it off lightly every mild Rattle, Yellow. See Rhinanthus.
day, but putting it on every night, at least where there is Rattlesnake Root. See Polygala Senega.
any appearance of frost. Dry Fern will answer the same Ramnl/ia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
purpose and it is better still to throw mats, supported on gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER.
; Calix: perianth five-tooth-
wooden pegs, or on hoops, over the bed at night and on ed, very small, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, salver-
severe days. If very dry weather should happen in March shaped ; tube cylindrical,^globular at the base border five- ;

or April, the crop must be watered morning and evening. parted, flat; segments roundish, emarginate. Stamina: fila-
Radishes are sown very thick, like Cresses and Mustard, to menta five, shorter than the tube; antherae erect, simple,
cut in the seed-leaf for salads, both in the natural ground acute. Pistil:
germen roundish; style very short; stigma
and on hot-beds. From Christmas to Candlemas, Radishes capitate. Pericarp: drupe subglobular, one-celled, with a
are raised on hot-beds for the root. Eighteen inches' depth groove on one side. Seed: nuts two, convex at the base,
of dung is sufficient to bring them up ; and six or seven attenuated at the top, compressed, two-celled. ESSENTIAL
inches' depth of light rich mould. Sow the seeds moderately CHARACTER. Corolla : oblique, salver-shaped. Jierry : glo-
thick ; cover it half an inch thick ; put on the lights : the bose, succulent, two-seeded. The species are,
1. Rauwolfia Nitida; Shining Rauwolfia.
plants will come up in a week, or less ; and when they appear, Leaves in fours,
the lights should be either lifted, or occasionally taken off, lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth, shining ; flowers termi-
according to the weather. In a fortnight afterwards, thin nating, cymose. This is a small tree or shrub, shining all
them to the distance of an inch and half or two inches, and over very much, upright, full of a white glutinous milk, twelve
in six weeks they will be fit to draw. If there be no frames feet high. The fruits are at first yellowish, but at length
to spare, the beds may be covered with mats over hoops, become very dark purple, are milky, and three times as large
and the sides secured by boards or straw-bands. Or, in as a pea. Native of South America, of St. Domingo, and
want of dung, if the beds be covered with frames, and the other islands of the West Indies. It flowers here from June

lights be put on at night and

in rough weather,
they may be
to September. This, and the following, may be propagated
raised a fortnight sooner than in the open borders. by the seeds or berries sown in autumn, soon after they
2. Raphanus Caudatus ; Long-tailed Radish. Siliques are ripe, in pots filled with fresh earth, and plunged into a
decumbent, longer than the whole plant. This has the ap- hot-bed of tanner's bark. When the plants appear, they
pearance of the Common Radish, but the leaves are sharper, require frequent refreshings with water in small quantities.
and the stem shorter. Annual. The appearance of this They should also have a large share of fresh air admitted in
plant, weighed down to the ground by its immoderately long warm weather; and, when two inches hi^h, ought lobe trans-
serpentine pods, is altogether extraordinary. The pods are planted each into a separate small pot lilled with light earth,
and have the management of other exotic stove plants. They
pickled in Java, and known by the name of mougri. Native
of Java. may also be propagated by layers and cuttings, which should
3. Raphanus Raphanistrum ; Wild Radish, or Jointed- be laid to dry awhile before they are planted, and may then
Pods jointed, even, one-celled. Thin be plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanner's bark, in the
podded Charlock.
abounds in many places among spring corn, flowering from spring or summer, observing to shade them until they have
June to August sometimes mixed with Charlock, from which
;
taken root, after which time they may be treated as the seed-
it is not
vulgularly distinguished, but not frequently abound- ling plants.
ing where the other does not occur, or is only in small quan- 2. Rauwolfia Canescens ; Hoary Rauwolfia. Leaves in

tity. Linneus says, that in wet seasons this weed abounds fours, acute, downy ; flowers axillary or
elliptic-obovate,
among Barley in Sweden, and that being ground with the terminal ; segments of the corolla obtuse. This species
corn, the common people who eat barley bread, are afflicted varies greatly in all its parts, according to the soil in which
feet in
with violent convulsive complaints, or an epidemic spasmodic it is
planted, the stem being from one to eighty
 REL OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. REN 453

height. Corolla green, with a tinge of red. Native of dry anceolate, acuminate, one-nerved, subimbricate. A bushy
in the West Indies and neighbouring rbrub, very much branched.
tunny bushy places
continent. 3. Relhania Microphylla ; Linear-leaved Relhania. Leaves
3. Rauwolfia Glabra ; Smooth Rauwolfla. Leaves alternate, inear, nerveless, crowded very much together ; flowers pe-
ovate-lanceolate, smooth; cymes opposite to the leaves, of [icelled.

few flowers these are small and white. The whole plant is
:
4. Relhania Passerinoides ; Pvsserina-Uke Relhania.
smooth the stem shrubby, three feet high, with pliant, round,
;
,eaves linear, nerveless ; flowers subsessile. The stems are
two or three and not diffused.
leafy branches ; leaves scattered, single-ribbed, upright,
inches long, on shortish footstalks. Native of New Spain. 5. Relhania Viscosa; Clammy-leaved Relhania, Leave*
Reaumaria ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Pen- inear, three-sided, somewhat fleshy, viscid. When bruised,
he dried leaves have an
tagynia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Catix: perianth five- aromatic smell like
orange peel.
leaved, squarrose; leaflets awl-shaped, acuminate, perma- 6. Relhania Laxa; Loose-flowered Relhania. Leaves
nent, the smaller ones imbricate. Corolla : petals five, oblong, inear, villose, remote ; flowers on very long peduncles ; stem
annual.
equal, sessile, scarcely larger than the calix, curved back at
erect. It is

the tip ; nectaries five, at the joinings of the petals, growing 7. Relhania
Pedunculata; Long-peduncled Relhania.
from a semi-lanceolate fold to the lower side of the petals, l.eaves linear, villose
; flowers peduncled ; stem diffused. A
Stamina: filamenta small herbaceous annual species, whose root is furnished
opposite to the other ciliate margin.
numerous, capillary, the length of the calix ; antherse round- with numerous capillary fibres. Flowers small, yellow, on
ish. Pistil: germen roundish ; styles five, filiform, straight, "ong axillary stalks about the summits of the branches.
8. Relhania Laterifolia; Side-flowering Relhania. Leaves
approximating, the length of the stamina ; stigmas simple.
Pericarp: capsule ovate, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds: .inear, villose peduncle lateral, shorter than the leaf.
;

numerous, oblong, woolly on every side, the wool erect. 9. Relhania Cuneata; Wedge-leaved Relhania. Leaves
Observe. The nectaries are singular, nearly as in Hydrophyl- obovate, smooth flowers sessile.
;

lum, but at the sides of the petals. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- 10. Relhania Virgata; Twiggy Relhania. Leaves linear,
TER. Calix: six-leaved. Petals: five. Capsule: one-cel- smooth, with a recurved point, shorter than the leaf; flowers
led, five-valved,many-seeded. The species are, sessile. Nearly allied to the preceding.
1.Reaumaria Vermiculata. Leaves scattered, linear, fleshy, 11. Relhania Paleacea Chaffy Relhania. Leaves linear,
;

convex underneath, acute, sessile, spreading, with dewy dots three-sided underneath, becoming hoary, as do also the ten-
scattered over them ; corolla white. Annual. The habit of der shoots ; calices turbinate ; flowers terminal, solitary, ses-
this plant is like a Tamanx or Salsola. Native of the coasts sile. The stem is shrubby, a span high, branched ; the leaves
of Egypt, Syria, and Sicily. numerous, about an inch long.
2. Reaumaria Hypericoides. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 12. Relhania. Santolinoides ; Santolina-like Relhania.
flat; calix minutely crenate. It is a hardy
perennial, with an Leaves linear, three-sided, hoary underneath, as are also the
herbaceous stem, about a foot high. Flowers terminal, soli- tender shoots ; calices globular, subpetioled.

tary, pale rose-coloured, with oblique petals. Found iu bar- 13. Relhania Pungens Prickly Relhania. Leaves linear,
;

ren grounds near the desert of Syria. somewhat prickly, striated underneath flowers sessile. This ;

Seed, and Reed Grass. See Arundo, and the two following species have the calix wider than in
Reed, Indian Flowering. See Canna. the rest, with the inner scales larger.
Reed Mace. See Typha. 14. Relhania Decussata; Cross-leaved Relhania. Leaves
Relhania; a genus of lh. class Syngenesia, order Poly- three-sided, linear, acute, decussated ; flowers sessile.
gamia-Superflua.
GENERICCHARACTER. Calix: common 15. Relhania Calicina; Large-cupped Relhania. Leaves
imbricate, oblong; scales oblong, scariose. Corolla: com- linear, lanceolate, three-nerved, acute ; flowers sessile.
rayed; corollets hermaphrodite, numerous, tubular 16. Relhania Bellidiastrum ; Flax-leaved Relhania. Leaves
pound
in the disk; females ligulate in the tomentose flowers sessile.
ray; proper of the her- linear, ;

maphrodites funnel-form, with a five-cleft border ; of the Renealmia; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Tri-
females ovate, oblong. Stamina: in the hermaphrodites; andria. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: none. Petals:
filamenta five, very short ; anthera tubular. Pistil in the
.-
six, regular, three inner ones largest, contracted at the base.
hermaphrodites; germen oblong; style simple; stigmas two, Style: one. Stigmas: three, thread-shaped, involute, acute.
reflexed; in the females; germen oblong, curved in a little; Capsule : inferior, obovate, of three cells. Seeds : angular.
style simple ; stigmas two, curved back. Pericarp : none ; ^ These plants are herbaceous, smooth, and inhabitants of
calix unchanged. Seeds: solitary, angular, crowned with a woods the roots fibrous, sometimes tuberous leaves grassy,
: ;

membranaceous calicle, which is many-cleft and jagged, both lax, rijbbed; stem roundish, sometimes divided; flowers in
in the hermaphrodites and females. alternate umbellate bunches, with short permanent sheaths ;
Receptacle: chaffy.
Observe. This genus differs from Athanasia in corolla white, spreading, soon falling off; capsule membra-
having a ray;
from Leysera, in not having a feathered nous and the seeds in two rows, black. The species are,
pappus ; and from ;

Osmites, in the ray producing perfect seeds. ESSENTIAL 1. Renealmia Paniculata. Leaves ribbed, roughish at the
CHARACTER. Calix : imbricate, scariose. Corollets : of the edge ; outer petals linear-lanceolate ; inner scarcely twice as
ray very many. Seed-crown : membranaceous, cylindrical large, obovate-oblong filament* united half way up.
; Found
short. Receptacle : chaffy. For the propagation and culture near Port Jackson by Mr. Browne.
of this genus, see Athanasia. These plants are all natives o 2. Renealmia Grandiflora. Stem panicled ; leaves ribbed,
the Cape. The species are, roughish at the edge ; inner petals four times as large as the
1. Relhania
Squarrosa; Cross-leaved Relhania. Leaves outer ; filaments united
halfway up. Gathered by Sir Joshua
oblong, acuminate, nerveless, recurved at the tip. Th Banks in New Zealand.
whole shrub is smooth, and much branched, 3. Renealmia Pulchella. Stem nearly simple ; leaves with
flowering in the
green-house in May and June. smooth edges ; outer petals oval-oblong, inner obovate, with
2. Relhania Genistifolia Heath-leaved Relhania. Leave short claws; filaments distinct.
; Found near Port Jackson.
454 RES THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; RES
Reseda; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Trigy- formed, the plants will be cle an from weeds till the spring ;
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, but as young weeds will come up in March, so, if in dry
parted ; parts narrow, acute, erect, permanent, two of which weather the ground be hoed again, it may be performed at a
gape more for the use of the melliferous petal. Corolla: small expense while the weeds are young, and then they will
petals three, five, and six, in number, some unequal, some soon decay ; and if after this there should be many more
of them always half three-cleft; the uppermost gibbous at weeds appear, it will be proper to hoe it a third time, about
the base, melliferous, the length of the calix ; nectary a flat the beginning of May, which will preserve the ground clean
till the Weld is fit to The best time to pull it, is at
upright gland, produced from the receptacle, placed on the pull.
uppermost side between the stamina and the uppermost petal, soon as it begins to flower ; though most people stay till the
converging with the dilated base of the petals. Stamina : seeds are ripe, being unwilling to lose the seeds. But it is
filamenta eleven or fifteen, short; antherse erect, obtuse, the much better to sow a small piece of land with this seed, to
length of the corolla. Pistil: germen gibbous, ending in remain for a produce of new seeds, than to let the whole
three or four very short styles; stigmas simple. Pericarp: stand for seed ; because the plants which are permitted to
capsule gibbous, angular, acuminate between the styles, gap- stand so long will be much less worth for use than the value
ing between them, one-celled. Seeds : very many, kidney- of the seeds : besides, by drawing off the crop early, the
form, fastened to the angles of the capsules. Observe. There ground may be sown with wheat in the same season ; for the
is
scarcely any genus, the character of which is so difficult to plants will be drawn up in the latter end of June, when they
be determined, for the several species sport both in number will be in the greatest vigour, and afford a greater
quantity
and figure. The essential character consists in the trifid of dye. When they are pulled, set them up in small hand-
petals, one of them melliferous at the base ; and in the cap- fuls to dry in the fieldand when dry, tie them up in bun-
;

sule not being closed, but always gaping. The first, species dles, and house them and stack them loosely,
in that state;
has a four-parted perianth ; three petals, the uppermost mel- that the air may penetrate, and prevent fermen*ation. That
liferous and half six-cleft, the sides opposite and trifid ; two which is left for seeds should be
pulled as soon as the seeds
very small entire petals are frequently added below the others; are ripe, and set up to dry, and then beat out for use ; for

styles three ; stamina very many. The eighth species has if the plants are left too long, the seeds will scatter. The
the perianth six-parted ; petals six, almost equal, all half usual price of seed is ten shillings per bushel.
three-cleft; styles four; capsule quadrangular; stamina 2. Reseda Canescens ; Hoary Base Rocket. Leaves lan-
always eleven. Some other species have the perianth five- ceolate, waved, hairy ; branches hispid. Root perennial ;
parted ; five dissimilar trifid petals ; three styles ; and very steins decumbent, branched, round, leafy, rough, with mi-

many stamina. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: one-leafed, nute white bristly hairs ; flowers in long, terminal, stalked,
parted. Petals: laciniate. Capsule: gaping at the mouth, hairy clusters, with white petals. Found near Cairo.
one-celled, many-seeded. The species are, 3. Reseda Glauca ; Glaucous Base Rocket. Leaves linear,
1. Reseda Luteola Dyer's ^Weed, Yellow Weed, Woold,
;
toothed at the base ; flowers four-styled. Native of the south
Wild Woad, or Weld. Leaves lanceolate, entire, flat calix ;
of Europe.
four-cleft. Root annual or biennial, fusiform, small stem ;
4. Reseda Dipetala ; Flax-leaved Base Rocket. Leaves
from a foot to three feet in height, upright, grooved, hollow, linear, quite entire ; flowers four-styled, two-petalled ; petals
leafy, branched; spikes terminating, upright, but bending undivided. Stem somewhat shrubby, erect, with round
at top, very long, sometimes having three hundred and fifty branches. It flowers in August, and is biennial. Native of
flowers or more each flower stands single on a short pedicel,
;
the Cape.
and has one awl-shaped yellow bracte at the base; they are 5. Reseda Purpurascens ;
Purplish Base Rocket. Leaves
of a pale yellow colour, about one-sixth of an inch in dia- linear, obtuse ;
flowers five-styled. Root thickish, white,
meter, but have little smell. Linneus observes, that the hard, perennial ; flowers many, crowded, of an herbaceous
purplish colour; seed small, blackish. Native of the south
nodding spike of flowers follows the course of the sun even
when the sky is covered, pointing towards the east in a of Europe.
6. Reseda Sesamoides; Spear-leaved Base Rocket. Leaves
morning, to the south at noon, westward in the afternoon,
and north at night. Cattle, sheep excepted, do not eat this lanceolate, entire; fruits stellate. Root perennial; stems
plant. Dyers make considerable use of it ; for it yields a several, prostrate, a palm and half in height, striated, some-
most beautiful yellow dye for cotton, woollen, mohair, silk, what angular; flowers in very long racemes, subsessile; pe-
and linen. Blue cloths are dipped in a decoction of it, in tals white. It flowers in July and August. Native of the
order to become green. The yellow colour of the paint south of France.
called Dutch Pink is obtained from this plant, the whole of 7. Reseda Fruticulosa; Shrubby Base Rocket. Leaves
calices
which, when it is about flowering, is pulled up for the use of pinnate, recurved at the tip flowers four-styled ; ;

the dyers, who employ it both fresh and dried. Native of spreading, five-parted ; stem shrubby at the
base. Native of
the most temperate parts of Europe, in wild pastures, fallow Spain.
8. Reseda Alba ; Upright White Base Rocket. Leaves pin-
fields, waste places, and on dry banks and walls flowering ;

It must be carefully distinguished from nate; flowers four-styled; calices five-parted. It flowers
in June and July.
the true or Isatis Tinctoria.T\\e best way to cultivate
Woad, from May to October. An hardy annual or biennial orna- ;

this plant sow it without any other crop, in the begin-

is, to mented throughoutthe summer with copious dense spikes of
elegant white flowers. Native of the south of Europe.
ning of August. Plough and harrow the ground fine, but,
'

unless very poor, it will not require dung: the seed should 9. Reseda Undata; Waved-leaved Base Rocket. Leaves
then be sown ; one gallon, as it is small, being sufficient for an pinnate, waved flowers three to five styled
;
root perennial. ;

acre. time after the seeds are sown, it will

If rain fall in a little Native of Spain and Italy.
soon bring up the plants, and in two months' time they will 10. Reseda Lutea; Yellow Base Rocket, Base Dyer's
be so far advanced as to be easily distinguished from the Weed, or Wild Mirjnionette. All the leaves trifid, lower pin-

weeds, and should then be hoed in the same manner as Tur- nate; calix six-cleft. Root annual, somewhat woody. There
This should be done in if well per- are several varieties. Native of most parts of Europe,
nips. dry weather, and,
 RES OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. RES 455

in meadows and corn-fields, on calcareous soils, as also on Restio; a genus of the class Dkecia, order Triandria.
walls. It flowers from June to the end of autumn. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix : ament, ovate
11. Reseda Phyteuma; Scentless Mignonette. Leaves or oblong, many-flowered; scales coriaceous, keeled; peri-
entire, or three-lobed ; calices six-parted, segments very anth four or six leaved, compressed, nearly equal of which two
;

large ;
petals four, more or less pectinated. This is an of the outer are boat-shaped, the third flat; the three inner,
annual plant, which has generally a single fleshy tap-root, lanceolate, thinner, one wider than the others. Corolla :
running deep in the ground, sending out several trailing none, except the three inner glumes. Stamina: filamenta
stalks, nearly a foot long, and dividing into smaller branches. three, flattish ; antherse oblong. Female, on a separate
The ends of the branches are terminated by loose spikes of plant. Calix and Corolla : as in the male. Pistil : germen
flowers, standing upon pretty long peduncles. Dalibard hav- three-sided ; style single, rarely double, very rarely triple ;
ing cultivated this plant, found it, after some generations, to stigma seldom simple, very frequently two, very rarely three,
become like Sweet Mignonette. He then sowed the seeds feathered. Pericarp: capsule two or three lobed, and as
of this, which was become sweet by cultivation, in its natural many celled, bursting at the angles.. Seeds: solitary, oval.
dry and it lost all its smell, returning to its original state.
soil, ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Ament: imbricated. Peri-
It flowers from June to September. Native of the south of anth: four or six leaved, shorter than the scales of the ament,
Europe and Barbary, in dry sandy soils. destitute of internal scales. Corolla: none. Antherce : pel-
12. Reseda Mediterranea. Leaves entire, or three-lobed ; tate. Female. Ament and Perianth: as in the male. Stig-
calices shorter than the flower. Stem a foot high, ascending mas: two or three. Capsule: of two or three lobes, and as
or upright, branched at top, rugged; corolla six-petalled, many cells, bursting at the angles. Seeds: solitary. The
white. Native of Palestine. species are,
13. Reseda Odorata ; Sweet Mignonette. Leaves flat, un- 1. Restio Paniculatus. Stem frondose; spikes panicled.
divided, or three-lobed ; calices equalling the flowers seg- ;
Native of the Cape.
ments of the petals all very deep, somewhat spatulate. 2. Restio Verticillaris. Branches in whorls, jointed;
Root composed of many strong fibres, which run deep into panicle compound, contracted; branches in, whorls about the
the ground ; steins several, about a foot long, dividing into stem. Stem five or six feet high, resembling an Equisetum
many small branches. The flowers are -produced in loose in its
copious, slender, whorled branches from every joint.
spikes at the ends of the branches, on pretty long stalks, and Native of the Cape.
have large calices; the corollas are of an herbaceous white 3. Restio Dichotomus. Culms dichotomous; spikes soli-
colour, and smell like the Vine-blossom, or the fruit of the tary. Native of the Cape; where it is made use of for
Raspberry. Mr. Miller observes, that this, and the eleventh besoms.
species, are so much alike, as by some persons to be taken 4. Restio Vimineus. Culms simple ; spikes corymbed.
for the same. The luxury of the pleasure-garden, observes Native of the Cape.
Mr. Curtis, is greatly heightened by the delightful odour 5. Restio Triflorus. Culms simple, leafy; spikes alternate,
which this plant diffuses; and as it grows more readily in sessile. Found at the Cape.
pots, fragrance may be conveyed into the house.
its The 6. Restio
Simplex. Culm simple; spike terminating.
odour, though not so refreshing as that of the Sweet Briar, Found at New Zealand, as well as at the Cape.
is not apt to ofFond the most delicate olfactories. Hence the 7. Restio Elegia. Culms simple; spike glomerate; spathes
French call it Mignonette, or Little Darling to which Cow- ;
partial, vague, simple. Native of the Cape.
"
per alludes, when he terms it the Frenchman's favourite." 8. Restio Cernuus. Culm simple, leafless ; spikes turbi-
It flowers from June till the commencement of winter. It is nate, pendulous ; scales blunt with a point. Native of the
raised from seeds, which should be sown on a moderate hot- Cape.
bed in March, and when the plants are strong enough to trans- 9. Restio Tectorum. Culm simple, leafless ; raceme
plant, they should be pricked out upon another moderate hot- compound, erect. Native of the Cape; where the houses
bed, to bring them forward ; but must have a large share of free are commonly thatched with this species, both in town and
air in warm weather, to
prevent their being drawn up weak. country, and sometimes whole huts are built with it. A roof
About the end of May they may be removed into pots, and thus thatched will last twenty or thirty years; and would last
placed in or near dwellings and some in warm borders, to
; much longer, if the south-east wind did not blow so much
flower and seed, for those which dirt into it as to cause it to rot.
grow in the full ground
often produce more seeds than those in Culm simple, leafless ; spike ob-
pots: when the seed- 10. Restio Imbricatus.
vessels begin to swell, the plants are Native of the Cape.
frequently infested with long, compressed.
green caterpillars, which, if not destroyed, will eat off all the 1 1 .Restio Vaginatus. Culm simple, leafless ; spikes alter-
seed-vessels, or, they may be sown in pots of light earth, nate, erect; scales acuminate. Native of the Cape.
and plunged into the hot-bed, which is 12. Restio Aristatus. Culm simple, leafless; spikes termi-
probably the better
If the seeds are sown on a
practice. bed of earth in
light nating, obovate, erect; scales awned. Native of the Cape.
April, the plants will come up very well, and, when are 13. Restio Umbellatus. Culm simple, leafless ; spikes um-
they
not transplanted, will grow
larger than those raised in Native of the Cape.
the belled, ovate; scales oblong, blunt.
hot-bed, but will not flower so early, and hardly ripen their 14. Restio Spicigerus. Culm simple, leafless ; spikes ob-
seeds in cold seasons. In a warm dry border,
however, the long, hexagonal ; scales lanceolate, patulous at the tip.
seed will come up spontaneously, and grow Native of the Cape.
very luxuriantly:
but, to have the flowers early in spring, the seeds should be 15. Restio Acuminatus. Culm simple, leafless; panicle
sown in pots in autumn, kept in frames through the winter, simple, evect ; scales awned. Native of the Cape.
or on a gentle hot-bed in spring. These plants may also be 16. Restio Parviflorus. Culm simple, leafless; panicle
preserved through the winter in a green-house, where they erect; scales rounded, membranaceous. Native of the Cape.
flowering most part of the year, but in the
will continue 17. Restio Erectus. Culm simple, leafless; panicle erect,
second year will not be so vigorous as the first. involucred ; spathes imbricate-lanceolate. Native of the
Rest Harrow. See Ononis.
Cape.
VOL. ii. 104. 5Z
456 RH A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RH A
18. Restio Argentio. Culm simple, leafless; panicle erect ; the scalelets of the corolla are
wanting. The forty-first
scales lanceolate, scariose. Native of the Cape. species has two styles, a two-celled nucleus, and a five-cleft
19. Restio Scariosus. Culm simple, leafy; scales of the corolla. Drupe. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: tubu-
spikes lanceolate, scariose. Native of the Cape. lar. Corolla: scales defending the stamina, inserted into
20. Restio Thamnochortus. Culm simple, leafy ; panicle the calix. Berry :
superior. The species are,
lanceolate-scariose at the edge. Native of *
spreading; scales Thorny.
the Cape. 1 Rhamnus
. Catharticus ; PurgingBuckthorn. Spines
21. Restio Fruticosus. Culm simple, leafy; panicle com- terminating ; flowers quadrifid, dicecous ; leaves ovate ; stem
scales scariose, jagg"ed, Native of the Cape. erect; berry four-seeded. It rises with a
strong woody stem
pound ;

22. Restio Tetragonus. Culm and branches four-corner- to the height of twelve or fourteen feet,
sending out many
ed spikes alternate.
;
Native of the Cape. irregular branches, ending in strong thorns ; leaves serrated,
23. Restio Triticeus. Culm dichotomous, leafless, erect; with several lateral ribs. The flowers come out in clusters
branches round ; spikes alternate. Native of the Cape. from the side of the branches, and are yellowish-green.
24. Restio Glomeratus. Culm dichotomous, leafless, even; Berries black, the size of a small pea, four-celled, four-seed-

panicle glomerate. Native of the Cape. ed. The juice of the unripe berries has the colour of saffron,
25. Restio Incurvatus. Culm dichotomous, leafless, stri- and is used for staining maps or paper ; and are sold under
ated ; spikes imbricate, aggregate. Native of the Cape. the name of French Berries. The juice, when ripe, mixed
26. Restio Digitatus. Culm dichotomous, leafless ; branches with alum, is the sap-green of the painters; but if the berries
round; spikes in threes, oblong. Native of the Cape. be gathered late in the autumn, the juice is purple. The
27. Restio Scopa. Culm dichotomous, leafy ; branches bark also affords a beautiful yellow dye. The inner bark,
compressed; spikes of the panicle conglomerate. Native of like that of the Elder, is said to be a
strong cathartic, and to
the Cape. excite vomiting. The berries operate briskly by stool, but
28. Restio Virgatus. Culm dichotomous, leafy; branches occasion thirst, and dryness of the mouth and throat, accom-
compressed ; spikes panicled, pendulous. Native of the panied frequently with severe griping of the bowels, unless
Cape. some diluting liquor be plentifully taken with it. The juice
Retzia; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogyrtia. made into a syrup is the officinal preparation about an :

GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, ounce is a moderate dose ; and it was formerly much em-
tubular, five-parted ; segments unequal, lanceolate, acute. ployed as a hydragogue, from one to two ounces being given
Corolla: one-petalled, tubular, cylindrical, villose within and at a time. It is now falling into disuse, and is
rarely pre-
without, five-toothed; segments ovate, blunt, concave, erect, scribed, except in conjunction with other medicines of this
very hirsute at the tip. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, class. It is said that the flesh of the birds which feed
upon
shorter than the corolla; antherae compressed, sagittate. these berries is purgative. This plant is common in the
Pistil :
germen superior, oblong ; style filiform, longer than hedges of many parts of England, and throughout Europe,
the corolla ; stigma bifid. Pericarp : capsule oblong, two- especially in moist situations. It rises
easily from seeds, if
celled, two-valved, acute, two-grooved. Seeds: several, they are sown in autumn, soon after the berries are ripe; for
minute. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: cylindrical, if
kept out of the ground till spring, they will not come up till
villose on the outside. Stigma: bifid. Capsule: two-celled. the year after. They may be managed like any other hardy
The only known species is, deciduous tree or shrub, and can be propagated by cuttings
Retzia Spicata.
1. Stem shrubby, erect, four to seven or layers. If the young shoots be layed in autumn, they will
feet high, with round, knotty, hairy, leafy, branches ; leaves put out roots by the following autumn, when they may be
densely imbricated, somewhat whorled, linear-lanceolate, rigid, taken off", and either planted in a nursery to get strength for
acute, thick-edged, entire, two inches in length ; flowers a year or two, or where they are designed to remain. It is

axillary, sessile, solitary, villose externally, dark purple not so proper for hedges as the Hawthorn or Crab.
within. Native of the Cape, on the highest mountains. 2. Rhamnus Dwarf Yellow-berried Buck-
Infectorius;
Rhamnus; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- thorn. terminating ; flowers quadrifid, dioecous ;
Spines
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none, unless the leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand, serrulate; stem procumbent.
corolla be so called. Corolla: petal imperforate, externally The unripe berries are much used for dyeing, and imported in
rude, internally coloured, funnel-form; tube turbinate, cy- great quantities into England: they are what gives the yellow
lindrical border spreading, divided, acute scalelets fine,
; ; colour to Turkey leather or yellow morocco. Nativs of
very small, each at the base of each division of the border, the south of Europe. This, and the seventh species, are
converging. Stamina: filamenta as many as there are seg- chiefly preserved in botanic gardens. Lay down the
ments of the corolla, awl-shaped, inserted into the petals un- branches in autumn, or plant cuttings in the spring, before
der the scalelet ; antheree small. Pistil: germen roundish; the buds begin to swell, and treat them in the same way
style filiform, the length of the stamina; stigma blunt,
divid- as the common species.
ed into fewer segments than the corolla. Pericarp : berry 3. Rhamnus Lycioides.
Spines terminating; leaves linear,
roundish, naked, divided into fewer parts internally than the quite entire, blunt. This shrub is about three feet high, very
corolla. Seeds : solitary, roundish, gibbous on one side, much branched, the branches spreading, and terminating by
flatted on the other. Observe. That part of the flower which a spine. Native of some parts of Spain, where it grows
is here called the corolla, is more properly the perianth and ; plentifully upon calcareous mountains.
the scalelets, placed close to the stamina, should be named 4. Rhamnus Erythroxylon; Siberian Redwood. Spines
the petals. The first species has a four-cleft stigma, a four- terminating ; leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate, sharpish.
seeded berry, and a four-cleft corolla: it is dioecous.and four- This shrub is six feet high. Wood very hard, rigid, of an
stamined. The twenty-first has an emarginate stigma, a four- orange red colour, but frequently of a deeper red. There is
seeded berry, and a five-cleft corolla. The thirty-first has another sort so nearly resembling this, that it is difficult to
a trifid stigma, a three-seeded berry, and a five-cleft corolla: determine which is the species, and which the variety. They
it is
polyiramous-dicEcous, with males and hermaphrodites : are both natives of Siberia, on the banks of the S.elenga and
 RH A OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. R M A 457

neighbouring rises of Mongolia, and

open Pine woods, in the in theformer they are half a foot in length. The nap in Cuba
in warm situations. The berries
deep yellow dye afford a ; is the other islands always ferruginous.
silvery, in In the
and the Mongols use the wood to make their images, on ac- island of Martinico, the French know it by the name of Bois
count if its colour and hardness. Couleuvre, or Snakewood. Native of several islands of the
5. Rhamnus Oleoides ; Olive-leaved Buckthorn. Spines West Indies, where it flowers in January, June, and Novem-
terminating; leaves oblong, quite entire. This is an upright ber. Sow the seeds upon a hot-bed in the spring; and when

shrub, with branches becoming thorny at the end. There the plants are fit to remove, put them separately in small
are two varieties: one with smaller leaves, ovate, or ovate-ob-- pots filled with light sandy earth plunge them into the tan-
:

long, like those of the Box ; the other with linear lanceolate pit, and shade them till they have taken root then treat ;

leaves. Fruit solitary, resembling that of the first species. them in the same manner as other tender exotic plants. In
Native of Spain and Barbary. the autumn, place them in the bark-stove, and water them
6. Rhamnus Crenulatus ; Teneriffe Buckthorn. Branch- sparingly in winter.
lets spinescent; flowers quadrifid or trifid, dioecous ; leaves 17. Rhamnus Volubilis; Twining Buckthorn. Flowers
oblong, bluntly serrate, evergreen. A stout, erect, branchy hermaphrodite, one-celled ; leaves oblong-ovate, nerved,
shrub, the leaves finely reticulated beneath, Native of the somewhat waved ; stem twining. It flowers here in June
island of Teneriffe. and July. Native of Carolina.
7. Rhamnus Saxatilis; Rock Buckthorn.
Spines termi- 18. Rhamnus Dauvicus Daurian ; Buckthorn. Flowers
nating; flowers quadrifid, hermaphrodite; leaves ovate-acute, dioecous. quadrifid; leaves oblong, ovate, serrate, veined.
serrated, deciduous. It is a very low shrub, much branched, This small tree very much resembles the first species; but is
forming an impregnable bush by presenting its thorns every taller, bushy, with thicker branches, less spreading, and

way. It very much resembles the first species, and is cul- never having any thorns. The wood is red, and called
tivated in the same manner. Native of Germany. France, sandal-wood by the Russians, Native of the Banna, by the
and Italy. river Argun us.
8. Rhamnus Theezans; Tea Buckthorn. Spines termi- 19. Rhamnus Alpinus; Afpine Buckthorn. Flowers dioe-

nating; leaves ovate, serrulate; branches divaricating. Na- cous leaves oval-lanceolate, glandular, crenulate ; veins
;

tive df China. Osbeck say%, this shrub grows a fathom in hairv at the back ; stem erect. Native of the mountains of
height, with leaves like those of the Common Tea; as a sub- Germany, Switzerland, the south of France, and Italy.
stitute for which, the poor use the leaves of this
plant. 20. Rhamnus Pumilus ; Dwarf Buckthorn. Creeping ;
'*
Unarmed. flowers hermaphrodite; leaves petioled, ovate, crenate. This
9 Rhamnus Sarcomphalus Bastard ;
Lignum Vitee. differs from the next species by its stems adhering to the
Leaves oval, coriaceous, quite entire, emarginate ; flowers in them like Ivy.- Native of Germany, Carniola,
rocks, covering
denss, corymbose, silky tufts. This tree rises generally to a Dauphiny, Monte Baldo and Spain.
very considerable height the trunk is often above two feet
: 21. Rhamnus Frangula ; Alder Buckthorn, Black Alder,
aid a half in diameter, and covered with a thick scaly bark. or Berry-bearing Alder. Flowers hermaphrodite, one-styled ;
The wood is hard, of a dark colour, and close grain ; and is leaves obovate, entire, smooth; berry two-seeded. This rises
reckoned one of the best sorts of timber in the island. with a woody stem to the height of four or five feet, sending
Native of Jamaica. out many irregular branches, covered with a dark bark.
10. Rhamnus
Ferreus. Floweis hermaphrodite, iimbelled, The leaves are two or three inches long and one broad, some-
axillary leaves oblong-ovate, emarginate, quite entire,
; what pointed; and the flowers whitish,,with very minute petals
smooth, membranaceous. The branches are round and and stamens. The flowers appear in June, and the berries
scattered. Native of the island of Santa Cruz. ripen in September. There are two varieties found on the
Rhamnus Lsevigatus. Flowers hermaphrodite, axil-
11. mountains of Europe. The berries of the Berry-bearing Alder,
lary,subgeminate; leaves oblong, quite entire, coriaceous, and also of the Cornel, are said to be brought to market for
smooth. Native of Santa Cruz. those of the true Buckthorn they are, however, easily dis-
:

12. Rhamnus Tetragonus; Square-branched Buckthorn. tinguished, the latter having four seeds, this species only two,
Leaves ovate, entire, smooth, sessile; branches four-cornered. and the Cornus one nut enclosing two kernels. Half an ounce
Native of the Cape. of the inner yellow bark boiled in beer, is an effectual purge,
13. Rhamnus Polifolius. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary, and often proves serviceable in the dropsy, and constipations
subsessile leaves lanceolate, quite entire, white, tomentose
; in the bowels of cattle, &e. but in the latter case a larger
underneath ; branches slender, tomentose
above, hoary. quantity will be necessary. Country people frequently make
Native of New Zealand. use of the bark boiled in ale as a purgative in the jaundice,
14. Rhamnus Valentinus; Valentia Bucktnorn. Flowers dropsy, and other similar complaints ; but it commonly ope-
hermaphrodite, quadrifid, three-styled; capsules three-celled; rates with violence, and, unless corrected by the addition of
leaves roundish-ovate, subcrena'te. Stems short and de- some warm aromatic substance, frequently occasions severe
pressed. Native of Valencia in Spain. and sometimes vomiting. The unripe
gripings, sickness,
15. Rhamnus Cubensis ; Cuba Buckthorn. Flowers her- berries dye wool green, and the bark affords a yellow dye.
maphrodite; capsules three-celled; leaves wrinkled, quite Native of the north of Europe, in bushy places. Sow the
entire, tomentose. This has the same kind of flower and seeds of this plant as soon as they are ripe. Keep the plants
fruit as the next species. Native of Cuba. clean till autumn, and then plant them in a nursery, in rows
16. Rhamnus Colubrinus Pubescent Rhamnus, or Buck-
; two feet asunder, and at one foot distance in the rows. Here
thorn Redwood. Flowers hermaphrodite, one-styled, erect ;
let them remain two years, and then plant them where they
capsules tricoccpus; leaves ovate, entire; petioles ferruginous- are to remain. This shrub may also be increased by layers
tomentosc. This is an upright tree, with most of the branches or cuttings; but the seedling plants are the best.
spreading out horizontally. In high mountain-woods i.t attains 22. Rhamnus Latifolius ; Azorian Buckthorn. Flowers
the height of twenty feet, while in
coppices on the coast it is hermaphrodite, one-styled calices vi'llose ; leaves elliptic,
;

rarely seven feet high, with leaves four inches long; whereas quite entire. A tall upright shrub. Native of the Canaries.
458 RH A THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RH A

23. Rhamnus Glandulosus ; Madeira Buckthorn. Flow- fishermen dye their nets red with a decoction of the bark ;

ers racemed leaves ovate, bluntly serrate, smooth, glandu-

; and that dyers there use small pieces of the wood to strike a
lar at the base. It has the habit of an Ilex or Phillyrea. blackish-blue colour. The fresh branches or young shoots,
Native of Madeira and the Canary Islands. with the leaves, will dye wool a fine yellow. The honey -
24. Rhamnus Ellipticus; Oval-leaved Buckthorn. Flowers breathing blossoms, says Evelyn, afford an early and marvel-
hermaphrodite, subtrigynous, axillary, subumbelled leaves ; lous relief to the bees. He also informs us, that he first
elliptic, acute, quite entire, somewhat villose underneath. brought this plant into general use and reputation in this
Flowers greenish-white. Native of the West Indies. kingdom. The flowers appear in April. It is easily propa-
25. Rhamnus Prinoides Pnnos-leaved Buckthorn.
; Flow- gated by laying the branches down, as is practised for many
ers polygamous ;
styles subtriple ; leaves ovate, serrate. other trees. The best time for this is in autumn, and, if pro-
Native of the Cape. perly performed, the layers will have made good roots in a
26. Rhamnus Mystacinus; Wiry Buckthorn. Flowers her- year; they may then be cut off from the old stock, and plant-
maphrodite,
in axillary umbels; stigma triple; leaves cordate; ed either into the nursery, or into the places where they are
branches tendril-bearing; stem shrubby, round, ten feet high. intended to remain. When they are planted in a nursery,
It flowers in November. Native of Abyssinia. they should not remain there longer than a year or two for ;

27. Rhamnus Alnifolius Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Flowers

; as they shoot their roots to a great distance on every side,
hermaphrodite leaves oval, acuminate, serrate, netted un-
; so they cannot be removed after two or three years' growth
derneath. Native of North America. without cutting off great part of them, which is very hurtful
28. Rhamnus Sphserospermus Round-berried Buckthorn.
; to the plants, and will greatly retard their growth, even if they
Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemelets berries roundish, three- ; survive their removal. They may be transplanted either in
celled, pellucid leaves oblong, serrate, smooth.
; Trunk ten the autumn or the spring, but in dry lands the autumn plant-
or fifteen feet high, with a smooth bark. Native of the most ing is best, whereas in moist ground the spring is to be pre-
temperate parts of Jamaica, in mountain coppices ; flowering ferred. The plain sorts may also be propagated by sowing
in August, and ripening the berries in October. their berries, which they produce in great plenty but the birds;

29. Rhamnus Hybridus Mule Buckthorn.

; Flowers devour them so greedily as soon as they begin to ripen, that
androgynous ; leaves oblong, acuminate, scarcely perennial. they at that time require to be particularly guarded. The
L'Heritier obtained this spurious plant half a century since plants which arise from seeds always grow more erect than
from the seeds of the nineteenth species. He observed the those which are propagated by layers, and are therefore fitter
mother, which was absolutely a female plant, and separated for large plantations, as they may be trained up to stems,
from males, every year: and he asserts, that the thirty-first and formed more like trees ; whereas the layers are apt to ex-
species was certainly the father. He adds, that seeds sown tend their lower branches, which retards their upright growth,
abundantly in some provinces of France, constantly produced and renders them more like shrubs. They will grow to the
this spurious plant without ever varying. It has something height of eighteen or twenty feet, if their upright shoots be
from both parents as, the herb of the mother the leaves
; ; encouraged but to keep their heads from being broken t>y
;

between both ; but approaches the father in substance, and wind or snow, those branches which shoot irregularly should
is almost perennial. be shortened. The varieties of this species thrive best in a
30. Rhamnus Lineatus. Flowers hermaphrodite leaves ;
dry, gravelly, or sandy soil, for in rich ground they are often
ovate, marked with lines, repand, netted underneath; pedun- injured by frost when the winters are severe, but in rooky
cles one-flowered, axillary ; stem erect. Osbeck says, that dry land they are seldom injured, and if in very hard frosts
this species often grows to the height of a man, and is re- their leaves are killed, the branches will remain unhurt, and
markable for its small beautiful leaves, of a
yellow green colour put out new leaves in the spring.
beneath, with red veins. Native of China and Ceylon. 32. Rhamnus Carpinifolius Hornbeam-leaved Buckthorn.
;

31. Rhamnus Alaternus; Common Alaternus. Flowers Leaves oblong, lanceolate, equally toothed, acute; fruits ses-
difficous, inaxillary, somewhat compound, bracteated clus- sile. Trunk straight, very much branched, and forming a kind
ters; stigma triple; leaves ovate, serrate, coriaceous, smooth; of bush, with the branches extending frequently to twenty
stem erect. A hardy evergreen shrub in our gardens, flowering paces, and to a considerable height. The wood is white and
in the spring. The
leaves are about an inch long, of a shin- brittle, the bark brown and entire, covered with a vhitish
ing yellowish-green, and of a thick rigid texture. Flowers grey skin. Pallas observes, that the genus of this tree is un-
copious, yellowish; berries dark purple, with two or three certain, the flowers not having been observed, nor the fruit in
seeds. Native of the south of Europe. Mr. Miller reckons a ripe state, by any botanist. Some suppose it to be the same
four sorts of Alaternus. There is one variety with variegated with Ulmus Nemoralis. Native of Siberia.
leaves, called Blotched Phillyrea by the nursery-
commonly 33. Rhamnus Carolinianus. Leaves ovate-oblong, some-
men; and another, the leaves of which are striped with white white entire, glabrous ; umbels peduncled ; flowers hermaph-
and with yellow, called Silver and Gold-striped Alaternus. rodite, tetrandrous, monogynous stigma bilobed, fruits glo-
;

The Alaternus was mucn more in request formerly than at bose, black. Found in the woods and swamps of Virginia
present; having been planted against walls in court-yards and Carolina, and flowers from May to July.
to cover them, as also to form evergreen hedges in gardens ; 34. Rhamnus Lanceolatus. Plant arboresent; leaves lan-
but for which purpose it is very improper, for the branches ceolate, serrulate, acute, pubescent; berries black. Grows in
shoot vigorously, and, being pliant, are frequently dis- Tennessee on the side of hills.
placed by winds in winter; and when much snowfalls in still 35. Rhamnus Minutiflorus. Leaves subopposite, oval,
weather, the weight of it often breaks the branches ; these serrate; flowers very small, dioecous, alternately sessile;
hedges also require clipping three times in a season, to keep style trifid ; berry with three seeds. Grows on the sea-coast
them in order ; which is not only expensive, but occasions a of Carolina and Florida.
litter in the
***
great garden. It is still
occasionally used in Prickly.
towns for concealing walls, but chiefly to make a variety in 36. Rhamnus Paliuris; Common
Christ's 1 horn. Prickle*
ornamental plantations. Clusius reports, that the Portuguese in pairs, the lower refk-xed; flowers three-styled; fruits cori-
 RHA OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY RHA 459

aceous, winged. This tree rises with a pliant shrubby stalk dry situations on the banks of the Ganges, where the people
to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many weak eat the fruit as we eat sloes or wild berries.
tender branches. From the singular appearance of the fruit, 38. Rhamnus Napeca. Prickles often in pairs, recurved;
like a head with a broad-brimmed hat on, the French call it peduncles corymbed ; flowers semidigynous ; leaves ovate,
Porte Ckapeau. Many persons suppose it to be the plant oblique, subcrenate, even on both sides. Native of the
from which the crown of thorns, which was put upon the islands of Ceylon and Amboyna.
head of our Saviour, was composed ; the possibility of which 39. Rhamnus Jujuba; Blunt-leaved Buckthorn. Prickles
is
supported by many travellers of credit, who affirm that solitary, recurved ; leaves roundish, ovate, blunt, tomeutose
this is one of the most common shrubs in the country of underneath ; peduncles aggregate ; flowers semidigynous.
Judea: and from the pliableness of its branches, which may The flowers come out in clusters from the wings of the
easily be wrought into any figure, the supposition derives branches, are small, of a yellowish colour, and are succeeded
some probability, though Hasselquist alone thinks it was the by oval fruit about the size of small olives, inclosing a stone
forty-fifth species. The seeds of this plant ought to be pro- of the same shape. Native of the East Indies, and cultivated
cured from the southern countries of Europe, and to be sown in China and Cochin-china. This plant, and the six follow-
as soon as possible after they arrive, on a bed of light earth, ing species, are preserved in gardens for the sake of variety,
and the plants will come up in the following spring. The as they do not produce fruit in England.
seedlings may be transplanted the following season into a 40. Rhamnus Xylopyrus ; Sharp-leaved Buckthorn.
nursery, to get strength before they are planted out for good. Prickles solitary, recurved ; leaves subcordate, ovate, sharp-
It may also be propagated by laying down its tender branches ish, tomentose underneath; corymbs axillary, clustered.
in the spring of the year, which, if carefully supplied with This resembles the preceding very much, but the fruit is the
water in dry weather, will take root in a year's time, and may size of a cherry, or a little larger, and insipid : the prickles
then be taken off from the old plant, and transplanted where also are fewer. Native of deserts at the feet of mountains in
they are to remain. The best time for transplanting them the East Indies.
is in autumn, soon after the leaves
decay, or the beginning of 41. Rhamnus Oenopha; Pointed-leaved Buckthorn. Prickles
April, just before it
begins to shoot; observing to lay some solitary, recurved ; leaves half-cordate, acuminate, tomentose
mulch upon the ground about their roots, to prevent them underneath ; peduncles aggregate. This is very distinct from
from drying, and also to refresh them now and then with a its congeners, by the great obliquity of its leaves, which are
little water, until they have taken fresh root, after which almost half-cordate, acuminate. Native of Ceylon.
they will require but little care. They are very hardy, and 42. Rhamnus Capensis ; Prickly Cape Buckthorn. Prickles
will grow ten or twelve feet high, in a dry soil and warm solitary; leaves ovate, cut out, entire, smooth ; umbels axil-
situation. lary. Native of the Cape.
37. Rhamnus Lotas ; The Genuine Lotus. Prickles in 43. Rhamnus Circumcissus ; Prickly East Indian Buck-
pairs, one of them recurved ; leaves ovate, crenate ; fruit thorn. Prickles solitary, hooked ; leaves obovate, abrupt,
round. This is a very branching shrub. It. is the famous emarginate, entire, smooth ; umbels axillary. Native of the
Lotus mentioned by Pliny and Polybius : the late Mr. Park East Indies.
describes the fruit as small farinaceous berries, of a yellow 44. Rhamnus Zizyphus; Shining -leaved Buckthorn, or Com-
colour and delicious taste. The natives of Africa, he says, mon Jujube. Prickles in pairs, one recurved ; leaves ovate,
convert them into bread, by exposing them some days to the retuse, toothed, smooth; flowers two-styled. This has a
sun, and afterwards pounding them gently in a wooden mor- woody stalk, dividing into many crooked irregular branches,
tar until the farinaceous part is separated from the stone. armed with strong thorns, set by pairs at each joint ; the
The meal is then mixed with a little water, and formed into leaves are two inches long, a,nd one broad, slightly serrate,
cakes, which, when dried in the snn, resemble in colour and on short footstalks ; the flowers are produced on the sides of
flavour the sweetest gingerbread. The stones are afterwards the branches, two or three from the same place, sessile,
put into a vessel of water, and shaken about so as to sepa- small, and yellow; the fruit oval, the size of a middling
rate the meal which may still adhere to them ; this commu-
plum, sweetish and clammy, including a hard oblong stone,
nicates a sweet and agreeable taste to the water, and, with
pointed at both ends. Native of the south of Europe, China,
the addition of a little pounded millet, forms a
pleasant gruel Cochin-china, and Japan. It is sold in the market at Canton
called fondi ; which is the common breakfast, in
many parts during the autumn. In Italy and Spain, it is served up at
of Ludamar, during the months of
February and March. The the table in desserts during winter, as a sweetmeat. Ray
fruit is collected
by spreading a cloth upon the ground, and saw it in Calabria, growing wild in great abundance. This,
beating the branches with a stick. Mr. Browne informs us, the 39th, and next species, may be propagated by putting
that the Arabic name of the Lotus is
Nebbek, and that there their stones into pots of fresh light earth soon after their
are two species of it in Dar-Fur, the and in winter they should be placed under a
largest of which is fruits are ripe ;

called Nebbek-el-arah. The natives eat the fruit fresh or

dry, common hot-bed frame, where they may be sheltered from
for it dries on the tree, and so remains In the spring, these pots should be plunged
during great part of severe frost.
the winter months; and in that state is formed into a
paste into a moderate hot-bed, which will greatly forward the
of not unpleasant flavour, and is a
portable provision on growth of the seed ; and when the plants are come up, they
This plant is frequent on the banks of the lesser should be inured to the
journeys. open air by degrees, into which they
Syrtis, near Cassa, Tozzer, Kerwan, &c. flowering early in must be removed in June, placing them near the shelter of
the spring, and ripening the fruit in autumn. It has been a hedge, and watering them frequently in very dry weather.
found at the eastern as well as the western
extremity of the In this situation they must remain till the beginning of Octo-
African desert and it appears that it is disseminated over ber, when
;
they must be removed into the green-house, or
the edge of the great desert, from the coast of
Cyrene round placed under a hot-bed frame, where they may be defended
by tripoly and Africa Proper, to the border of the Atlantic, from frost, but should have as much free air 'as possible in
the Senegal, and Niger. Major Rennell saw the same kind winter during mild weather. In March, just before the
of shrub or fruit, or what is
exceedingly like it, in Bengal, in plants begin to shoot, they should be transplanted each into
VOL. ii. 104. 6A
460 RH E THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RH E
a separate small pot, filled with fresh light earth ; and if 1, Rheum Rbapontrcum ;
Rhapontic Rhubarb. Leaves
they are plunged into a moderate hot-bed, it will greatly blunt, smooth; veins somewhat hairy underneath; the sinus
promote their taking root; but in May they must be inured at the base dilated;
petioles grooved above, and rounded at
to the open air by degrees, into which they should be soon the edge. Root large and thick, dividing into many
strong
after removed. Thus these plants should be managed while fleshy fangs, running deep in the grbund, reddish-brown out-
young but when they are three or four years old, some of
;
side, yellow within ; stems from two to three feet high, jointed,
them may be planted in the full ground against a warm wall leaves not expanded at first, but folded, smooth, round-
purple;
or pale, where, if they have a dry soil, they will endure the ish-cordate, on thick, reddish, channelled stalks, which have
cold of our ordinary winters pretty well, but must be sheltered an acid flavour, and used for
making pies and tarts ; flowers
in hard frosts ; so that it will be prudent to reserve a few white, becoming a panicle of large, triangular, brown seeds-.
plants housed during winter. This species is now
commonly cultivated in gardens for the
45. Rhamnus Spina Christi ; Syrian Christ's Thorn. sake of the footstalks of the leaves, which are
peeled and
Prickles in pairs, straight; leaves ovate, acute, toothed, made into tarts in the spring. The root is the part made
smooth fruits oblong, pedicelled, eatable, and pleasant.
; use of in medicine, and is much of the same nature with that
In all probability, says Hasselquist, this is the tree which of the true Rhubarb,
only it is less purgative and more astrin-
afforded the crown of thorns put on our Saviour's head. It gent : if it is wanted to purge, the dose must be two or three
seems very fit for the purpose, for it has many sharp thorns, drachms ; but though weaker in this respect, it is a much
it is
well adapted to give pain. The crown might be easily made better stomachic than the trun Rhubarb. Native of Syria. All
of these round pliant branches ; and as the leaves much the plants of this genus are
propagated by seeds, which should
resemble those of Ivy, it is probable that our Lord's enemies be sown in autumn soon after they are ripe, where the plants
would prefer this plant, for resembling that with which em- are designed to remain. When the
plants appear in spring, let
perors and generals used to be crowned. Native of Pales- the ground be hoed over, to cut
up the weeds ; and if the seed-
tine, Ethiopia,and Barbary. lings themselves be too close, some should be cut up, leaving
Rhapis; a genus, according to Linneus, of the class Poly- them at the first hoeing six or eight inches asunder, at the
gamia, order Moncecia; Thunberg places it in the class Hex- second eighteen inches or more. As soon as any weeds
ap-
andria, order Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : pear, scuffle the ground over with a Dutch hoe in dry weather;
perianth minute, rigid, inferior, one-leafed, trifid. Corolla: and as soon as the plants cover the ground with their broad
one-petalled, trifid, larger than the calix ; segments erect, keep down the weeds of themselves. In
leaves, they will
concave, deciduous. Stamina: filamenta six, awl-shaped; autumn, when the leaves decay, clean the ground, and in the
antherse roundish, two-lobed. Pistil: germen superior, three- spring, before the plants begin to put up their new leaves,
lobed ; style short, awl-shaped; stigma obtuse. Pericarp: dig the ground between, or at least hoe and clean them. In
berry roundish-ovate. Seed: solitary, roundish, bony. 06- the second year, many of the strongest
plants will produce
serve. The flowers are often polygamous or dioecious. ESSEN- flowers and seeds but in the third year, most of them will
;

TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: trifid. Corolla: one-petalled, flower and seed ; and the seed ought not
to be permitted to
trifid. Stamina : six. Pistil : one. The species are, scatter, but should be gathered when ripe. The roots will
1.
Rhapis Flahelliformis ; Creeping -rooted Rhapis, or remain many years without decaying. These plants delight
Ground Rattan. Fronds palmate, plaited ; plaits and mar- in a rich soil, which is not too dry or moist.
gins prickly toothletted ; stem arboreous, lofty. Besoms are 2. Rheum Undulatum ; Wave-leaved Rhubarb. Leaves
made of the thin netted-bark of the trunk. It flowers in subvillose, waved ; the sinus at the base dilated ; petioles flat
August. Native of China and Japan. above, acute at the edge. The root divides into a number
2. Rhapis Arundmacea; Fronds of thick fibres, which run deeper into the ground than those
Simple-leaved Rhapis.
two-parted ; lobes acute, plaited ; plaits somewhat rug-ged. of the first species, and are of a deeper yellow colour within.
Native of Carolina. Native of China and Siberia.
Rheedia ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono- 3. Rheum Palmatnm Officinal,
; or Turkey Rhubarb.
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: Leaves palmate, acuminate, somewhat rugged the sinus at ;

petals four, obovate,concave, spreading. Stamina: fila- the base dilated petioles obscurely grooved above, rounded
;

menta very many, filiform, longer than the corolla; antherse at the edge. Root perennial, thick, of an oval shape, and
oblong. Pistil: germen globular; style cylindrical, the sends off long tapering branches; externally it is brown,
length of the stamina; stigma funnel-form. Pericarp: small, internally of a deep yellow colour stem erect, round, hollow,
;

ovate, succulent, one-celled. Seeds: three, ovate-oblong, jointed, sheathed, slightly scored, branched towards the top,
marked with characters, very large. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- from six to eight feet high. This species cannot be mistaken,
TER. Calix : none. Corolla : four-petalled. Berry: three- if we attend to its superior height, the ferruginous or reddish-
seeded. The only species is, brown colour of the stem, branches, and petioles, the pal-
1. Rheedia Lateriflora. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, quite mate form of the leaves, and the elegant looseness of the
entire, smooth. Atree, native of South America. little
panicles of greenish-white flowers. Linneus adds, that
Rheum ; a genus of the class Enneandria, order Monogy- the vernal bud is not red, but yellow ; that the leaves are
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Corolla: perianth inferior, somewhat rugged ;
and that their segments are oblong and
one-leafed, narrowed at the base, with a six-cleft border; sharpish. Native of China and Tartary.It was not until the
the segments blunt, alternately small, shrivelling. Stamina: year 1732 that botanists species of Rheum from
knew any
filamenta nine, capillary, inserted into the corolla, and of which the true Rhubarb seemed likely to be obtained. Nor
the same length with it; antherse twin, oblong, blunt. Pis- was this species at first very generally received as the genuine
plant, until Boerhaave procured from a Tartarian Rhubarb-
til: germen short, three-sided; styles scarcely any; stigmas
three, reflexed. feathered. Pericarp: none. Seed: single, merchant the seeds of the plants which produced the roots
large, three-sided, acute, with membranaceous margins. Es- he annually sold, and which were, admitted at St. Petersburgh
SI-.VTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: six-cleft, Seed: to be the real Rhubarb. These seeds, on being sown, pro-
permanent.
one, three-sided. The species are, duced two distinct species the first species, above described;
:
 RHE OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. RHE 461

and this, or the officinal plant. On this account, some are ture loses less ; half a drachm of this extract proving mode-
of opinion that the true drug is obtained from several species. rately purgative. The purgative quality of this root is so

The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, gentle, that it is often inconvenient on account of the quan-
and Commerce, has exerted itself for many years in promct- tity necessary for a dose, which in adults must be from half
in"- the cultivation of Rhubarb, and with considerable suc- drachm to one drachm. When given in a large dose it
cess. The growth of this plant is remarkably quick a plant : will occasion some gripings, as other purgatives do ; but it is

six years old grew between the month of April, when the hardly ever heating to the system, or produces the effects of
stalk first emerged out of the ground, and the middle of July, more drastic purges. Its purgative quality is accompanied
when it was in its greatest height, to eleven feet four inches. by a bitterness, which is often useful in restoring the tone of
It in above three inches, and above four inches the stomach ; for the most part, this bitterness makes it sit
grew one'day
better on the stomach than many other purgatives.
in a single night. Many of the leaves were above five feet Its ope-

The root, taken up in October, weighed thirty-six ration joins well with neutral laxatives, and both together
long.
pounds, when clean washed,
and deprived of its small fibres. operate in a less dose than either of them would do singly.
It appears, however, upon the whole, that English Rhubarb Some degree of stypticity is always evident in this medicine;
is inferior to the foreign; though it is possible that this and as this quality acts when that of the purgative has ceased,
be owing only to the circumstances which in cases of diarrhoea, when any evacuation is proper, Rhu-
inferiority may
and that this might be barb has been considered as the most proper means to be
industry and attention might remedy;
done in a great measure, by attending to the age of the plant employed. The use of it in substance, for keeping the belly
when taken up, to the root being cut transversely, rasped on regular, is by no means proper, the astringent quality undoing
the outside, having the sappy parts cut out, being also dried what the purgative had done ; unless it be chewed in the
quickly, and kept some time
before brought into use. The mouth, and no more swallowed than what the saliva has dis-
foreign Rhubarb may acquire some advantage
from soil, solved. Analogous to this, is the use of Rhubarb in a solu-
climate, culture, and the mode of drying, but probably much tion ; for in that, the astringent quality is not so largely
more from its superior age; for Bergius asserts, that it is not extracted as to operate with a power equal to that employed
taken up till it is six years old. The following are some of in substance.The officinal preparations from this drug
the rather contradictory results of comparative experiments are, a watery and vinous infusion, and a simple and com-
upon the Turkey, East Indian, and English Rhubarbs. The pound tincture. The Rhubarb which is of a bright or light
tincture from the Turkey sort tasted rather more aromatic texture, moist, fragrant, and sound, should be made choice
than the rest, and seemed to possess a somewhat higher of, as being milder in its operation, more grateful to the sto-
degree of astringency than the East Indian, which also mach, and more likely to answer the purpose of an Astringent,
exceeded the tinctures made from English specimens in the a diuretic, or an alterative. In acute fevers, when there
same quality. From one experiment, it appears that the is danger to be
apprehended from the use of other purging
East Indian kind is the weakest purgative, although that is medicines, Rhubarb is safe. In the bloody flux, and those
the drug generally used in making the tincture sold in trK loosenesses which are occasioned by acrid matter lodged in
shops. Two experiments prove that the English Rhubarb the intestines, this root is doubly useful first, by evacuating

possesses the purgative power in a superior degree.

From and carrying off the offending matter; and, secondly, by
another experiment, it appears that forty-five grains of Tur- strengthening the parts, and preventing a further afflux. It

key Rhubarb contains the purgative quality nearly equal to likewise possesses the peculiar excellency of evacuating viscid
sixty of the English ; that is, the latter requires to be given bile, when lodged in the biliary ducts or passages ; in which
to the amount of one-fourth more, to produce the same efifoct. cases the best among purging medicines, Aloes excepted ;
it is

This account, which may be found in Vol. iii. of the Bath and has this advantage over them, that it may be given
it

Papers, coincides in effect with the result of former expe- when inflammation is attendant, provided bleeding is first
riments; but later comparisons prove that English Rhubarb premised. The spirituous and vinous tincture of it, kept in
approaches nearer in proportion to its age. On the whole, the shops, are generally used as strengtheners or purgatives :
there seems much reason to believe that by perseverance for the first of these purposes, two or three spoonfuls is a
vre may be enabled not
only to supply a sufficient quantity sufficient dose at a time; but for the latter, two or three
of the genuine drug, properly cured for home consumption, ounces is frequently necessary. This root may probably be
but also for foreign markets. It is
objected, that we must useful, not only as a medicine, but a dye, as may appear from
wait at least four years, or, as some think, six or seven, be- the following trial. Infuse a portion of the root in water ;
fore the roots become fit for use but it is and to the infusion, when strained, add a few grains of salt of
important to know
;

the fact, that it may be administered with success when tartar: this will produce a very beautiful red tincture, such
its fresh state, (that is, undried,)
in as would be valuable for the purposes of dyeing a colour,
young_er, by bruising half
an ounce of the root, and boiling it in half a pint of water which probably might be amply provided for by the general
till it is reduced to one The superseding Not only the root, but other parts
quarter of a pint. cultivation of this root.
the present necessity of importing this drug from abroad, is a of the plant, are useful. At Versailles, the recent stem is
consideration of no small importance at all times, but converted into a marmalade, which is considered as a mild,
especi-
ally when we consider the scarcity which we felt whenever the
al
pleasant, and highly salubrious laxative. They prepare it
ports of Russia and Turkey were unexpectedly closed against by stripping off the bark, and boiling the pulp with an equal
us. The purgative qualities of Rhubarb
are extracted more quantity of houey or sugar. The leaves are also used by
>erfectly by water than by spirit: the root remaining after the French in their soups, to which they impart an agreeable
1
the action of water is almost, if not wholly inactive ; whereas, acidity like that of Sorrel. The seeds possess the same medi-
after repeated digestion in it still
spirit, proves very consider- cinal property with the root, in an eminent degree. From
ably purgative. The
quality of the watery infusion, on being the trials of Dr. Fothergill of Bath, it appears that twelve
inspissated by a gentle heat, is so much diminished, that a grains of the seeds operate on some persons nearly as much
drachm of the extract is said scarcely to have more effect as twenty in others of the same age. On some they act gently,
'

,an a scruple of the root in substance : the spirituous tinc- on others roughly ; such is the difference of constitution. In
462 RHE THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; RHE
general it appears, that twenty grains of the seeds are equal some care to prevent the bad effects of water
remaining oa
to thirty of the root, as to the purgative power: that the the crowns of the plants ; therefore when the seed-stalks are
residuum of the seeds is nearly equal in this respect to their cut off, which ought alway* to be done
immediately upon
powder, according with what has been discovered concerning the withering of the radical leaves,
they should be covered
the residuum of the root; but that the proof spirit extracted with mould in the form of a hillock. This process will
less from the seeds than from the root, by way of tincture. answer two good that of throwing off the rain, and
purposes ;
The seeds appeared to be more aromatic than the root, but keeping the trenches open by taking the earth from them.
to contain less astringency than even its residuum, when Till the plants have blown, the medical
qualities of the roots
treated in the same manner. Aselenetic salt has been disco- scarcely come into existence; and at the same period the
vered to be a constituent principle in Rhubarb, among other danger of delay also commences. When the buds from the
astringent vegetables ; and it has been pronounced a combi- roots have grown up and flowered, a
cavity is formed in the
nation of the acid of Wood-sorrel with a calcareous earth. centre of the plant, in which rain will make a
lodgment, to
Some writers affirm, that the distilled water of this plant con- the inevitable destiuction of those parts which remain
unpro-
tains a purgative quality; but this needs confirmation. The tected. Those portions of the crown, out of which the seed-
chemical and medicinal properties of the residuum; the elastic stalks rise, always r- ove most valuable.
Every spring and
fluid extricated by distillation; the essential salt, already autumn the plaiua should undergo a general examination.
mentioned ; and the astringent The young ones
principle ; may all deserve the will presently discover their real situation;
attention of a curious observer, and may throw new light on for either their leaves will wither as fast as
they are
produced,
the medicinal qualities of this important drug. Dr. Pulteney or their growth will become stunted : but with
regard to the
remarks, that if this species and the first be planted near older ones, or those that have blown, as in most cases there
each other, they produce a hybrid variety, more valuable will be discovered
enough sound root to produce a luxuriant
than the parent plants. Propagation and Culture. It ap- foliage, their state can only be discovered by pressing a fin-
pears to be the general opinion, that the same soil which is ger into the centre of the crown which will soon detect any
;

fit for Carrots will suit Rhubarb. It may be doubted whe- unsound ness. In both cases the plants should be removed,
ther manure should or should not be used ; the prevailing and the vacancies filled with others; for in the former case
notion seems to be that dung injures the quality of the root, much time will be saved, and the bad] situation of the latter
and that it will be best on good sound land well worked. by remaining will only be aggravated, whilst it furnishes the
Dr. Mounsey directs the seeds to be sown in April or May, cultivator with an opportunity of discovering the cause of
three or four in a pot, which should be plunged in a hot- such defects, which may possibly lead him to the means of
bed until they vegetate. When the plants are about two prevention. Rhubarb may be propagated from offsets, as well
months old, transplant them where they are to remain in a as from seeds. A gentleman who was disappointed in raising
fine light soil.
Keep some of them in pots until October. plants from seed, separated some of the eyes or buds which
and some till the spiing following, and then plant them out. shoot out on the upper part of the root, together with a small
When by these precautions you have secured a sufficient part of the root itself, having some of the fibres attached ;

number of plants, the seeds may be sown in the open aLr : which succeeded. These offsets may be taken from roots of
if they vegetate late in the season, cover them with mulch three or four years old, without injuring the plant. By this
or moss, to preserve them in winter. When they are trans- met'hod a year is saved and these offsets are not in such
;

planted, set the plants at least four feet asunder; hoe them, danger of being devoured by vermin as those from seed, nor
keep them clean, and turn up the ground yearly between the so uncertain in growing; these are beside not so tender, and
rows, taking care not to touch the roots. In the second or do not require transplanting, nor any thing but weeding:
third year the plants will begin to bear seeds. The earliest there is said to be no difference in the size of the roots thus
period at which the roots are useful, is at four years' growth, raised. There is a great difference of opinion among those
but even then they will be soft and spongy ; so that if they who have written upon this subject, as to the age at which the
remain eight years or more undisturbed, it will add greatly Rhubarb roots ought to be taken up for use : some say at four,
to their perfection. The seeds, however, do not require a five, six, seven, and some at eleven or twelve years' growth.
hot -bed to make them vegetate; but if sown in the natural As to the season for taking them up, as the late Dr. Lettsom
ground during the spiing, when the weather is open, will observes, it may be of little consequence, as to the vigour of
goon come up, and thrive very fast. The plant delights in the roots, whether they be taken up in summer or autumn,
a moist, rich, light, deep soil, and warm exposure, but will but, as warm weather is the best for drying tnem, the former
thrive in almost any soil or situation. If the roots be covered seems most eligible. Sir William Fordyce directs, that a
with litter, or the earth be drawn over them in winter, they soon as the root is dug up, it should be washed thoroughly
will rise the stronger in the
following spring. The nursery- clean, the fibres taken away, and not a particle of bark left
bed must be diligently attended to, as the whole difficulty on the larger roots. Cut these into pieces seven inches
consists in bringing the plants through their first season: if square, as nearly as they will admit of, and an inch and a half
the weather be hot and sultry, they must be shaded, and at thick. Make a hole in the middle of each, about half an
all events continually watered. The pains bestowed by con- inch square, and string them on a packthread, with a knot
stant waterings, and protecting the young plants from the on each, at such a distance as to keep them from rubbing or
ravages of insects, will amply repay the planter. Roots that entangling. Thus secured, hang them up in festoons in the
thrive well here, will in three years overtake others, that have warm air of a kitchen, laundry, or stove, till the superfluou*
not succeeded so well at the end of five. When a plantation moisture is exhaled, to prevent their becoming mouldy or
is to be formed, or a
vacancy filled up, select the finest and musty. They may be afterwards dried more at leisure, and,
most thrifty plants and remember that no plant will come
; when quite dry, may be wrapped separately in cotton, and
to any thing, if it have lost its principal bud. When a plan- kept in wide-mouthed bottles. The tap-roots and parings
tation does not
possess the natural advantage of being on a will make excellent tinctures. In Tartary, the mode of dry-
declivity, narrower beds and deepened trenches are among ing is as follows: The root being completely cleansed, and
the best means to be adopted but most situations will require
: the smaller branches cut off, is cut transversely into pieces
of
*

1
I
 RH E OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. RHE
moderate size; these are placed on long tables or boards, grooved, linear, blunt, versatile. Pistil: germen roundish ;
and turned three or four times a day, that the yellow viscid style simple, the length of the stamina, declining; stigma
with the substance of the root for if thickish, oblong. Pericarp : capsule roundish, four-celled,
juice may incorporate
:

it be suffered to run out, the root becomes light and unser- four-valved, within the belly of the calix. Seed: numerous,
viceable and if they be not cut within five or six days after
;
roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-cleft.
Petals: four, inserted into the calix.
they are dug up, the roots become soft, and speedily decay.
Anthe-rce: declining.
Four or five days after they are cut, holes are made through Capsule: four-celled, within the belly of the calix. The
them, and they are exposed to the air and wind, but sheltered species are,
from the sun. Thus in about two months the roots are com- 1. Rhexia Virginica. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, three-
pletely dried, and arrive at their full perfection.
The loss ribbed, serrate ; calices fringed with glands. This rises with
of weight in drying is very considerable, seven loads of green an erect stalk nearly a foot and half high, four-cornered, and
roots yielding only one small horse-load of perfectly dry hairy. The stalk has two peduncles coming out from the
Rhubarb. Dr. Falconer thinks, that if the following cir- side opposite to each other at the upper joints, and is termi-
cumstances were attended to, British Rhubarb might equal nated by two others these each sustain two or three red
;

First, a selection of the best pieces is flowers with heart-shaped petals, spreading open in the form
any of the foreign.