Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assessment
Published by:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Registered offices
Bonn and Eschborn
Programme:
Forest and Climate Protection in Panay – Phase II
Authors:
Ralph Lennertz and Jürgen Schade, DFS Deutsche Forstservice GmbH
URL links:
This publication contains links to external websites. Responsibility for the content of the listed external sites
always lies with their respective publishers. When the links to these sites were first posted, GIZ checked the third-
party content to establish whether it could give rise to civil or criminal liability. However, the constant review of the
links to external sites cannot reasonably be expected without concrete indication of a violation of rights. If GIZ
itself becomes aware or is notified by a third party that an external site it has provided a link to gives rise to civil
or criminal liability, it will remove the link to this site immediately. GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such
content.
Maps:
The maps printed here are intended only for information purposes and in no way constitute recognition under
international law of boundaries and territories. GIZ accepts no responsibility for these maps being entirely up to
date, correct or complete. All liability for any damage, direct or indirect, resulting from their use is excluded.
On behalf of the
German Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB)
2. Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 General objectives .............................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Areal sampling frame .......................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Scope and content .............................................................................................................. 13
2.4 Variables of interest ............................................................................................................ 13
2.5 Targeted precision .............................................................................................................. 14
5. Data processing............................................................................................................................. 44
5.1 Software, database and database application .................................................................... 44
5.2 Data entry, quality assurance and quality control ............................................................... 44
6. Results ........................................................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Species diversity ................................................................................................................. 46
6.1.1 Species diversity of closed forests ............................................................................. 48
6.1.2 Species diversity of open forests ............................................................................... 50
6.2 Stand composition ............................................................................................................... 52
6.2.1 Stand composition of closed forests .......................................................................... 52
6.2.2 Stand composition of open forests ............................................................................. 55
6.3 Stand structure .................................................................................................................... 58
6.3.1 Stand structure of closed forests ............................................................................... 58
6.3.2 Stand structure of open forests .................................................................................. 64
6.4 Timber stocks ...................................................................................................................... 70
6.4.1 Timber stocks of closed forests ................................................................................. 70
6.4.2 Timber stocks of open forests .................................................................................... 72
6.5 Carbon stocks ..................................................................................................................... 74
6.5.1 Carbon stocks of closed forests ................................................................................. 74
6.5.2 Carbon stocks of open forests ................................................................................... 74
6.5.3 Carbon stocks of mangroves ..................................................................................... 76
References ............................................................................................................................................ 81
1
List of figures
Figure 1. Forest carbon pools .................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2. 2010 NAMRIA land cover of the selected project sites in the
Panay Mountain Range ......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 3. 2013 BSWM FAO soil map of the selected project sites in the
Panay Mountain Range ......................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4. Sampling unit design .............................................................................................................. 19
Figure 5. Distribution of the sampling units effectively measured ......................................................... 23
Figure 6. Inventory camp ....................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 7. Open cycle map with "outdoors" base layer ........................................................................... 32
Figure 8. Google Maps versus Apple Map ............................................................................................. 32
Figure 9. Location and marking of sample points and plot centers ....................................................... 33
Figure 10. Re-location of inaccessible plots .......................................................................................... 34
Figure 11. Measurements on lying dead wood sections ........................................................................ 38
Figure 12. DBH and DAB measurements .............................................................................................. 40
Figure 13. Diameter estimates for inaccessible measurement points ................................................... 41
Figure 14. N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha by number of species in closed forests ................................ 50
Figure 15. N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha by number of species in open forests .................................. 52
Figure 16. Stand composition of closed forests ..................................................................................... 54
Figure 17. Stand composition of open forests ....................................................................................... 57
Figure 18. Stand structure in terms of N/ha of closed forests ................................................................ 59
Figure 19. Stand structure in terms of G/ha of closed forests ............................................................... 61
Figure 20. AGB/ha of closed forests by DBH / DAB threshold .............................................................. 62
Figure 21. Stand structure in terms of AGB/ha of closed forests........................................................... 63
Figure 22. Stand structure in terms of N/ha of open forests .................................................................. 65
Figure 23. Stand structure in terms of G/ha of open forests .................................................................. 67
Figure 24. AGB/ha of open forests by DBH / DAB threshold................................................................. 68
Figure 25. Stand structure in terms of AGB/ha of open forests ............................................................. 69
Figure 26. Merchantable volume in closed forests ................................................................................ 71
Figure 27. Merchantable volume in open forests ................................................................................... 73
Figure 28. Carbon stocks of closed forests............................................................................................ 75
Figure 29. Carbon stocks of open forests .............................................................................................. 76
Figure 30. Carbon stocks of mangroves ................................................................................................ 77
2
Acronyms
AD Activity data
AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use
AGB Above-ground biomass
ALOS Advanced Land Observing Satellite
AVNIR Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer
BCEF Biomass Conversion and Expansion Factor
BGB Below-ground biomass
BMUB Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety)
BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management
C Carbon
DAB Diameter above buttress
DBH Diameter at breast height
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DFS Deutsche Forstservice GmbH
Dg Quadratic mean diameter
DOM Dead organic matter
Dref Reference diameter
EF Emission factor
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FLUP Forest Land Use Planning
FMB Forest Management Bureau
FRA Forest resources assessment
GADM Global Administrative Areas
GHG Greenhouse gas
GIS Geographic Information System
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
GPS Global positioning system
HWSD Harmonized World Soil Database
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
JDK Java Development Kit
JRE Java Runtime Environment
LB Living biomass
LDW Lying dead wood
LGU Local government unit
LI Litter
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board
PENRO Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office(r)
POI Point of interest
PSGC Philippine Standard Geographic Code
QA Quality assurance
QC Quality control
RDBMS Relational Database Management System
REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and conservation, sustainable
management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks
SDW Standing dead wood
SFM Sustainable Forest Management
SLC Scan line corrector
3
SOM Soil organic matter
SOP Standard operating procedure
UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
WGS World Geodetic System
WRB World Reference Base for soil resources
4
Executive summary
The forest resources assessment (FRA) report describes the methodology and the results of the FRA
conducted from 12 February 2015 until 08 December 2015 in the sites of the Forest and Climate
Protection Project Panay - Phase II in Aklan, Antique, Capiz and Iloilo adjacent to the Panay Mountain
Range (the inventory covers 38 municipalities).
The methodology used is a refinement of the forest carbon baseline study carried out from 2011 to
2012 in Leyte in the framework of the Climate Relevant Modernization of Forest Policy and Piloting of
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project. It takes into account
evolving international standards and good practices with regards to forest carbon stock assessment in
compliance with the latest (2006) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for
national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories.
The FRA aimed to provide information about the forest condition and carbon stocks for key forest
strata of the selected project sites. This information comprises:
• Species abundance and diversity;
• Stand density, basal area and merchantable volume;
• Stand composition and structure;
• Forest carbon stock estimates for key carbon pools, including living biomass (above- and
below-ground), dead organic matter and soil organic matter.
The report successively provides details about:
• The background, including (i) a brief introduction to the Project, (ii) the methodological
framework for which the FRA is to provide biomass and carbon stock estimates, and (iii) the
definition of the specific terms and concepts used throughout the report (Chapter 1).
• The objectives pursued by the FRA, starting with (i) the general objectives, which are further
refined in terms of (ii) the areal sampling frame, (iii) the elements sampled, (iv) the variables of
interest to be estimated, and (v) the precision to be achieved (Chapter 2).
• The inventory design, considering (i) the sources of information, (ii) the inventory method,
(iii) the sampling unit design, (iv) the sample size planned and actually achieved, (v) the
sampling type and distribution, and (vi) the estimation design (Chapter 3).
• The field implementation, describing (i) the human and material resources deployed, (ii) how
the field work was organized, (iii) how the sampling units were located and marked on the
ground, (iv) how the variables were assessed or measured, (v) the precautions taken to assure
and control quality of the field work, and (vi) the time and cost of the field data collection
(Chapter 4).
• The data processing, covering (i) the software, database and database system application
used, and (ii) the data entry together with the corresponding quality assurance and quality
control measures (Chapter 5).
• The results of the FRA, examining successively (i) the species diversity, (ii) the stand
composition, (iii) the stand structure in terms of density, basal area and above-ground biomass,
(iv) the timber stocks and (v) the forest carbon stocks, including a tier 1 carbon stocks estimate
for mangroves (Chapter 6);
• The uncertainties of the estimates, analyzing successively the five main sources of uncertainty,
namely (i) the statistical sampling error, (ii) the representativeness of the sampling network,
(iii) the measurement errors, (iv) the data entry errors and (v) the estimation design, which are
consolidated into (vi) an overall error budget (Chapter 7).
In the open and closed forests of the Panay Mountain Range, 53 plus 33 sampling units have been
located in the field, permanently marked and measured. During the inventory 230 different species
(based on their scientific names; 203 other species were only defined through their local names) were
sampled and identified with a diameter at breast height (DBH) or diameter above buttress (DAB)
≥ 5.0 cm. The total forest carbon stock is estimated be 10.516 million t C (on average 220 t C/ha) in
closed forests, 12.215 million t C/ha (175 t C/ha) in open forests, and 204,800 t C/ha (526 t C/ha) in
mangroves.
5
1. Introduction and background
A forest resources assessment (FRA) was carried out in 2015 in the Panay Mountain Range by the
Forest and Climate Protection Project Panay - Phase II. This chapter briefly recalls the background of
the Project (Chapter 1.1), before conveying the methodological framework governing the inventory
design (Chapter 1.2) and defining the specific terms and concepts (Chapter 1.3) used throughout this
report.
The following 38 municipalities adjacent to the Panay Mountain Range were selected as territorial,
actually jurisdictional units for FLUP elaboration and project implementation:
• In the Province of Aklan the Municipalities of Buruanga, Ibajay, Libacao, Madalag, Makato,
Malay, Malinao and Nabas;
• In the Province of Antique the Municipalities of Anini-Y, Barbaza, Belison, Bugasong, Culasi,
Hamtic, Laua-An, Libertad, Pandan, Patnongon, San Jose, San Remigio, Sebaste, Sibalom,
Tibiao, Tobias Fornier (formerly known as Dao) and Valderrama;
• In the Province of Capiz the Municipalities of Jamindan and Tapaz; and
• In the Province of Iloilo the Municipalities of Alimodian, Calinog, Igbaras, Janiuay, Lambunao,
Leon, Maasin, Miagao, San Joaquin and Tubungan.
It is in support of the assessment of these indicators that a forest resources assessment (FRA) was
carried out in the selected municipalities, in preparation of the use of the "Stock Difference Method"
(see Chapter 1.2).
6
The stock difference method is robust, transparent and most common to monitor the carbon stock
changes from the five activities eligible under REDD+, namely (i) reducing emissions from
deforestation, (ii) reducing emissions from forest degradation, (iii) conservation of forest carbon
stocks, (iv) sustainable management of forests, and (v) enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
Emissions per stratum are estimated though the multiplication of the activity data by the emission
factor.
The forest area by strata has been mapped nationwide by the National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA), through visual classification of medium- to high- resolution multi
spectral satellite data acquired mainly in 2010. A new wall-to-wall mapping assessing the 2015 land
cover is under way. The results, however, won't be available before 2017.
Carbon stock per unit area of forest for the different strata must be determined using appropriate
probabilistic (statistical) field sampling inventory methods. The inventory design is described in detail
in Chapter 3.
1.3.1 Forest
Forest is defined according to DENR Memorandum Circular 2005-005 of 26 May 2005 as "Land with
an area of more than 0.5 ha and tree crown (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10%. The
trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. It consists either of closed
forest formations where trees of various Layers and undergrowth cover a high portion of the ground or
open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10%.
Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach a
crown density of more than 10% or tree height of 5 m are included under forest. These are normally
forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or
natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. It includes forest nurseries and seed
orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other
small open areas; forest within protected areas; windbreaks and shelter belts of trees with an area of
more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m; plantation primarily used for forestry purposes,
including rubber wood plantations. It also includes bamboo, palm and fern formations (except coconut
and oil palm)."
Coconuts and oil palms occurring in forests are part of the forest carbon stock.
7
• The relative dominance of a particular species, defined as its proportion in percent (%) of the
total basal area (G), all species combined.
• The importance of a particular species, defined as the sum of its relative frequency, density and
dominance, typically used to determine the rank of species.
• Species richness, referring to the number of (different) species.
• The Margalef index, measuring species richness.
• The Shannon H' index, measuring species abundance, simultaneously taking the evenness of
the species distribution into account; higher values indicate more diversity and evenness.
• The Shannon E index, measuring evenness.
• The Berger-Parker and Simpson indices, measuring species dominance; higher values indicate
more dominance, hence less diversity.
The mathematical expressions used to calculate the diversity indices are given in Chapter 3.6.1.
• Soil organic matter (SOM): "Includes organic carbon in mineral soils to a specified depth
chosen by the country and applied consistently through the time series. Live and dead fine
roots and DOM within the soil, that are less than the minimum diameter limit (suggested 2 mm)
for roots and DOM, are included with soil organic matter where they cannot be distinguished
from it empirically. The default for soil depth is 30 cm."
8
Figure 1. Forest carbon pools (source: DiRocco et al. 2014)
Two approaches for performing the key category analysis should be used concomitantly:
• According to Approach 1, key categories are those that, when summed together in descending
order of magnitude, add up to 95% of the total level (IPCC 2006a, p. 4.12).
• According to Approach 2, key categories are those that, when summed together in descending
order of magnitude, add up to 90% of the total uncertainty (IPCC 2006a, p. 4.19).
In other words, forest strata or carbon pools that hold less than 5% of the total forest carbon stock are
not key. It is good practice to focus the available resources for the inventory onto categories identified
as key. Non-key categories may be estimated using lower tier methods.
Tier 1 methods are designed to be the simplest to use, for which equations and default parameter
values (e.g. emission factors) are provided by IPCC. Activity data, however, must always be country-
9
specific. For tier 1 there are often globally available sources of activity data estimates (e.g.
deforestation rates), though these data are usually spatially coarse.
Tier 2 can use the same methodological approach as tier 1, but applies emission factors that are
based on country- or region-specific data. Higher temporal and spatial resolution and more
disaggregated activity data are typically used in tier 2.
At tier 3, higher order methods are used, including models and inventory measurement systems
tailored to address national circumstances, repeated over time, and driven by high-resolution activity
data and disaggregated at sub-national level. These higher order methods provide estimates of
greater certainty than lower tiers. Such systems may include comprehensive field sampling repeated
at regular time intervals and/or GIS-based systems of land-use and management activity data,
integrating several types of monitoring. Pieces of land where a land-use change occurs can usually
be tracked over time, at least statistically. In most cases these systems have a climate dependency,
and thus provide source estimates with interannual variability. Models should undergo quality checks,
audits, and validations and be thoroughly documented.
10
2. Objectives
This chapter starts recalling the general objectives of the FRA (Chapter 2.1). These are then
successively refined in the subsequent chapters in terms of the areal sampling frame (Chapter 2.2),
the elements sampled (Chapter 2.3), the variables of interest to be estimated (Chapter 2.4) and the
precision to be achieved (Chapter 2.5).
The data should satisfy the requirements of the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories in
the AFOLU sector (see IPCC 2006b) to:
• Determine emission factors (EF),
• Estimate the change of carbon stocks using the "Stock Difference Method" (see Chapter 1.2) by
providing initial forest carbon stocks (at T0, prior to the implementation of REDD+ eligible
activities).
The attribute "key" attached to forest strata and carbon pools is used in the sense of the key category
analysis of the IPCC guidelines (see Chapter 1.3.4).
Living biomass and dead organic matter of key forest strata and key carbon pools are to be estimated
using tier 3 methods. Soil organic matter in general and forest carbon stocks of non-key forest strata
may be estimated using tier 1 methods (see Chapter 1.3.5 for the definition of the tiers).
There were no time nor financial resources allocated for a mapping of the land cover and a
stratification of the forest cover. Hence, the forest cover and strata boundaries were taken from the
2010 NAMRIA national forest cover map, see Figure 2. Table 1 summarizes the area statistics.
11
Figure 2. 2010 NAMRIA land cover of the selected project sites in the Panay Mountain Range
12
Table 1. 2010 Land and forest cover areas of the selected project sites in the Panay Mountain Range
Trees with a DBH or DAB < 5 cm have been excluded from the FRA and the forest carbon stock
estimates because more than 96% of the AGB of tropical forests is found in trees with DBH or DAB
≥ 10 cm (Gillespie et al. 1992). This is supported by Lasco et al. (2006), who reported that 98% of the
AGB in Surigao del Sur is found in trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 19.5 cm.
The inventory threshold for trees and dead wood thus consistently amounted to 5 cm (in diameter).
13
o Basal area (G) of standing dead wood,
o Volume (V) of standing and of lying dead wood,
o Above-ground biomass (AGB) of standing and of lying dead wood,
The estimates of N, G, V, AGB, BGB, LI, SOM and C should be calculated including all following
statistical parameters:
• Sample size (n),
• Mean (y̅),
• Variance (s²),
• Standard variation (s),
• Coefficient of variation (s%),
• Standard error of the mean (S),
• Margin of error (E) at 90%, 95% and 99% confidence level.
14
3. Inventory and estimation design
The inventory design used is a refinement of the methodology of the forest carbon baseline study
(described by Schade et al. 2013) carried out from mid-2011 to end-2012 in Leyte in the framework of
the BMUB-supported Climate Relevant Modernization of Forest Policy and Piloting of Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project. It takes into account evolving
international standards and good practices with regards to forest carbon stock assessment in
compliance with the latest (2006) IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories.
This chapter starts with an account of the sources of information that have been used (Chapter 3.1).
The following sections detail the essential inventory design elements, such as the inventory method
(see Chapter 3.2), the sampling unit design (see Chapter 3.3), the sample sizes planned and actually
achieved (see Chapter 3.4) and the sampling type and distribution (see Chapter 3.5) The last section
(Chapter 3.6) details the estimation design used to calculate the variables of interest and the
statistical parameters.
Tree plantations have not been mapped as a separate class, since the satellite data did not warrant
their comprehensive and systematic identification. The documentation of the classification and its
accuracy (confusion matrix) has not been published yet. A new wall-to-wall mapping of the 2015 land
cover is under way.
15
Combined with the IPCC climate region (IPCC 2006b, p. 3.39), depending on the mean annual
temperature (MAT), the elevation and the mean annual precipitation (MAP), the soil organic matter
carbon stocks can be estimated using the IPCC tier 1 data (IPCC 2006b, p. 2.31) summarized in
Table 2.
Fluvisols are not mentioned. Depending on their texture, they may be treated like sandy soils or
wetland soils.
16
Figure 3. 2013 BSWM FAO soil map of the selected project sites in the Panay Mountain Range
17
For species not found in any of the above cited sources, the average wood specific gravity for tropical
tree species in Asia of 0.57 g/cm³ published by Brown (1997) has been used.
• One plot with 25 m radius centered on the sample point, for the ocular assessment of the land
cover, to serve as remote sensing training and validation data.
On average, 14.5 trees were sampled in each nested plot, which falls within the commonly
recommended range of 12 to 20 trees in uneven-aged forests reputed to offer the best compromise in
terms of sampling efficiency, considering the ratio between the "unproductive" time invested in
retrieving sampling units and the "productive" time measuring them.
Clusters were used to increase the representativity of the sampling units. Indeed, compared to a solid
(non-clustered) sampling unit of the same area, a cluster covers a wider area. Statistically, one cluster
constitutes one observational unit. For the computation of the results per ha, the following blow-up
factors are applicable:
The sample points and nested plot centers were marked permanently to be prepared for their re-
measurement.
18
N
40 m
sample point
W E
40 m
nested plot
composed of
2 sub-plots
The following variables were assessed within a radius of 25 m horizontal distance around the sample
points:
• Land cover: 12 classes (forest; marshland or swamp; fallow; shrubs; wooded grassland;
grassland; annual crop; perennial crop; open or barren land; built-up area; fishpond; inland
water).
19
• Forest type: 10 types (dipterocarp old growth forest; dipterocarp residual forest; mossy forest;
submarginal forest; closed pine forest; open pine forest; mangrove old growth forest; mangrove
reproduction forest; native tree plantation forest; other plantation forest).
• Tree crown cover: 3 classes (tree crown cover ≤ 10%; 10% < tree crown cover ≤ 40%); tree
crown cover > 40%).
The following variables were assessed or measured in the 5 m radius sub-plots of the four nested
plots:
• Plant diversity.
• Ground coverage classes for six (6) vegetation layers according to height (< 50 cm; 50 cm ≤
height < 130 cm; 130 cm ≤ height < 200 cm; 2 m ≤ height < 4 m; 4 m ≤ height < 10 m; height
> 10 m): 4 classes (none; coverage ≤ 10%; 10% < coverage ≤ 50%; coverage > 50%).
• For each of the sampled small-sized trees with 5 cm ≤ DBH or DAB < 20 cm: species, azimuth
and horizontal distance (from the plot center), and DBH or DAB.
• For each of the sampled standing dead wood (including stumps) with DBH or DAB ≥ 5 cm:
species, azimuth and horizontal distance (from the plot center), DBH or DAB and merchantable
height.
• For each of the sampled lying dead wood sections (those portions that are within the 5 m
horizontal distance radius circle) down to a diameter of 5 cm: mid-diameter and length.
• Litter: ground coverage percentage plus average depth.
The following variables were assessed or measured in the 10 m radius sub-plots of the four nested
plots:
• Land cover: 12 classes (forest; marshland or swamp; fallow; shrubs; wooded grassland;
grassland; annual crop; perennial crop; open or barren land; built-up area; fishpond; inland
water).
• Forest type: 10 types (dipterocarp old growth forest; dipterocarp residual forest; mossy forest;
submarginal forest; closed pine forest; open pine forest; mangrove old growth forest; mangrove
reproduction forest; native tree plantation forest; other plantation forest).
• Tree crown cover: three classes (tree crown cover ≤ 10%; 10% < tree crown cover ≤ 40%); tree
crown cover > 40%).
• For each of the sampled big-sized trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 20 cm: species, azimuth and
horizontal distance (from the plot center), DBH or DAB and merchantable height.
Table 3 summarizes the sub-plot sizes and the assessments or measurements made on trees and
dead wood.
20
Table 3. Overview of sub-plot sizes and assessments or measurements made on trees and dead
wood
* Dref of trees and standing dead wood refers to DBH or DAB, Dref for lying dead wood refers to the small end
diameter.
Due to the very difficult terrain (mountains up to 2,000 m, steep and rocky slopes, deeply dissected
valleys), accidents and occasional security problems, it was only possible to effectively measure
86 complete sampling units.
The factors that have contributed to the lower than expected output are the following:
• Remoteness and very difficult accessibility of the area to be inventoried. The team could
seldom reach the sample points within one day from the next road or trail accessible by four-
wheel-drive car and had to establish camps in the forest. The travel, hiking, establishing and
moving camps took 2 to 3 days per week, so the net working time was just 2 to 3 days per
week. The terrain was very steep and rocky, often without trails, and the teams could only move
very slowly.
• Information of and coordination with local officials, police and army (security reasons) and
community members prior to the hiring of local helpers and/or guides and the conduct of the
inventory activities, preventing the teams to swiftly proceed to the sample points or inventory
camps.
• Unfavorable weather conditions in the forest area (frequent rains), hampering or stalling the
measurement and data recording operations.
21
• Some sample points pre-determined on the map could not be reached in the mountains (too
steep, rocky, dissected river valleys / canyons, critical security situation), and the teams had to
go back.
Fortunately, the coefficients of variation turned out to be lower than expected (see Table 5). Hence,
the targeted precision could almost be achieved despite of the considerably reduced sample size.
Table 5. Sample size, coefficients of variation and margins of error of the biomass estimates
Figure 5 shows the distribution of the 86 effectively measured sampling units in the Panay Mountain
Range. Annex 1 provides the list of these sampling units with their Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) and World Geodetic System (WGS) 84 geographic coordinates.
22
Figure 5. Distribution of the sampling units effectively measured
23
3.6 Estimation design
The following sections provide information on the estimation design, in other words how (i) variables of
interest that cannot be observed or measured directly (such as merchantable volume, biomass,
diversity indices, etc.), and (ii) statistical parameters (such as mean, variance, standard error, margin
of error) were calculated.
In the absence of allometric equations specifically developed for the trees, bamboos, palms, rattan
and tree ferns found in the tropical rainforests of the Philippines, the biomass was calculated using the
equations found in the literature and databases (notably on the web platform GlobAllomeTree, see
http://www.globallometree.org/). Whenever several equations were available, preference was given to
expressions that do not use height, since the latter is difficult to measure in tropical rainforests, hence
constituting an important source of uncertainty.
• Shannon E index:
𝐻′
𝐸=
ln(𝑆)
(4)
• Simpson index:
𝑛𝑖 ×(𝑛𝑖 −1)
𝐷 = ∑𝑆𝑖=1
𝑁×(𝑁−1)
(5)
with
o 𝑁 total number of individuals
o 𝑛𝑖 number of individuals of species i
o 𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 number of individuals of the most abundant species
o 𝑆 number of species (species richness)
o 𝑙𝑛 natural logarithm
24
3.6.3.1 Allometric equation by Brown (1997)
Brown's allometric equation for the estimation of the AGB of trees in moist climatic zones was
developed based on the destructive measurement of 170 trees, with 5 cm ≤ Dref ≤ 148 cm:
𝐴𝐺𝐵 = exp(−2.134 + 2.530 × ln(𝐷𝑟𝑒𝑓)) (R² = 0.97) (8)
with
• AGB oven-dry above-ground biomass of trees, in kg d.m.
• Dref diameter at breast height (1.30 m) or above buttress (30 cm), in cm
25
3.6.6 Above-ground biomass of rattan and tree ferns
No allometric equation for the estimation of the AGB of rattan and tree ferns could be found.
with
• LDW biomass of lying dead wood, in t d.m.
• Dref mid-diameter of lying dead wood section, in cm
• L length of lying dead wood section within the sub-plot, in m
• p average wood density for Asia: 0.57 t d.m. / m³
26
3.6.10 Biomass of litter
The biomass of litter (LI, expressed in tonnes of dry matter [t d.m.]) is calculated based on (i) the
volume of litter estimated using the ground coverage percentage (C) and the average depth (DPT) of
litter and (ii) the average density of litter (Chojnacky et al. 2009 in South. J. appl. For. 33(1) 2009,
p. 32):
𝑉 = C × 𝐷𝑃𝑇 × 10,000 × 𝐷 (16)
with
• LI biomass of litter, in kg d.m. / ha
• C ground coverage percentage of litter, in%
• DPT average depth of litter, in m
• D average density of litter: 40 kg d.m. / m³
0.37 t C / t d.m. Carbon fraction of dry matter for dead organic matter (18)
• Stratum variances:
𝑛𝑗 𝑛𝑗 2
2
∑𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖𝑗
𝑠𝑗2 =
− (∑𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖𝑗) / 𝑛𝑗
(20)
𝑛𝑗−1
• Total mean:
𝑛𝑗
𝑦̅ = ∑𝑀
𝑗=1 𝑛
× 𝑦̅𝑗 (23)
• Total variance:
𝑛𝑗
𝑠 2 = ∑𝑀
𝑗=1 𝑛
× 𝑠𝑗2 (24)
• Total standard error:
2
𝑆 = √ × (∑𝑀
1
𝑗=1 𝑃𝑗 × 𝑠𝑗 )
(25)
𝑛
27
with
o 𝑦𝑖𝑗 variable (such as number of trees per ha, basal area per ha, volume per ha,
biomass per ha, etc.) of sampling unit i in stratum j
o 𝑦̅𝑗 arithmetic mean of variable 𝑦 in stratum j
o 𝑦̅ total arithmetic mean of variable 𝑦
o 𝑠𝑗2 variance of variable 𝑦 in stratum j
o 𝑠2 total variance of variable 𝑦
o 𝑆𝑗 standard error of the mean of variable 𝑦 in stratum j
o 𝑆 total standard error of the mean of variable 𝑦
o 𝐸𝑗 margin of error of the mean of variable 𝑦 in stratum j
o 𝐸 total margin of error of variable 𝑦
o 𝑀 number of strata
o 𝑛𝑗 number of sampling units in stratum j
o 𝑡𝑗 two-tailed Student t-value with 𝑛𝑗 degrees of freedom in stratum j at a given
confidence level C, commonly 90%, 95% or 99%
o 𝑛 total number of sampling units
o 𝑃𝑗 weight of stratum j
28
4. Field data collection
This chapter provides a detailed account of the field data collection. The human and material
resources deployed are related in Chapter 4.1. The organizational aspects are described in
Chapter 4.2. The main body expands on how the sample points and nested plot centers were located
in the field and marked on the ground (Chapter 4.3), and on how the variables were assessed or
measured (Chapter 4.4). The precautions taken to assure and control quality of the field work are
described in Chapter 4.5. Chapter 4.6 concludes with a summary of the time and cost of the field data
collection.
• Assistant:
o Mrs. Crystal Jade M. Lapeciros, B.Sc. Forestry;
o Mrs. Diosyleta D. Prado, B.Sc. Forestry;
• Three helpers, recruited locally, familiar with the area and knowledgeable about tree species and
forest products.
The team leaders were responsible for the security of the team, for the equipment entrusted to them,
and for the work of their members. They directed the members, validated the data observed or
measured by their assistants, and completed the field data forms.
The assistants handled the equipment and carried out the observations and measurements.
The helpers advised on getting to the sample points, carried the equipment, opened and/or brushed
trails, access and sighting lines, marked the sample points and centers of the nested plots, helped the
assistants in carrying out the measurements, and marked the trees.
A control team re-measured four sampling units (5% of the measured sampling units) for quality
control purposes (see Chapter 4.5) between 04 February 2016 and 02 June 2016. This team was
composed of:
• Junior Advisor Mrs. Jenylyn J. Daisog, B.Sc. Forestry;
• Chief Advisor Dr. Jürgen Schade;
• Three helpers.
29
hypsometer is not waterproof. A better choice would have been the IP55 waterproof LTI
TruPulse Laser 200X.
• One handheld IPX7 waterproof precision clinometer (SUUNTO PM 5/360) as alternative to and
backup for the laser hypsometer (a strategy that paid off when the LTI TruPulse laser
hypsometers failed to work after heavy rain).
• One fiberglass distance tape, 30 m, to measure distances.
• One steel diameter tape, 5 m, to measure tree diameters. Upon request of the teams, the steel
tapes were replaced with fiberglass tapes to lessen the risk of injuries from the sharp cutting
edges of the steel tapes.
• Per sampling unit five iron rods (of at least 1 cm diameter and 50 cm length) to permanently
mark the sample points and the four plot centers, forced at least 4/5 of its length into the
ground, topped each with a 50 cm bright-colored 1/2 " PVC pipe to facilitate the retrieval for
quality control purposes (see Chapter 4.5).
• One hatchet to force the iron rods used to permanently mark the sample points and the four plot
centers into the ground.
• One first aid kit.
• One backpack to carry the equipment.
• Personal field work gear for the team leaders and assistants (boots, rain coats, head lamps,
sleeping bags, etc.).
• Camping equipment (tents, mobile stoves, etc.).
The data were recorded with pencils on the respective paper field data forms (see Appendix 1). They
were regularly collected by the Junior Advisor, Mrs. Jenylyn J. Daisog, coordinating and supervising
the field works, and taken to the office for electronic databanking and processing.
4.2.2 Training
At the onset of the field work, the team leaders and assistants participated in a five days training in
April 2015, followed by one week of closely supervised inventory work. During that time, the teams
became thoroughly familiar with the sampling design, the instruments (especially the laser
dendrometer) and the data recording procedure. All team leaders and assistants had already worked
for forest inventories and were knowledgeable about tree species. In addition, two dendrology
refresher courses of six days each were held in June and July 2015. The training has been carried out
at two forest sites in Panay by Prof. Dr. Manuel L. Castillo (Department of Forest Biological Sciences,
UP Los Baños). He was also available throughout the FRA, assisting in the identification of species
not known to the teams, based on local names, digital pictures and/or specimen of samples forwarded
to him.
30
most forest sites, the equipment and supplies for the entire duration of a field mission had to be hauled
on foot to the camps.
Good sources of information to study the approach of sample points are the following:
• Topographic maps in Open Cycle Map (http://www.opencyclemap.org) showing the "Outdoors"
base layer, which is particularly useful for the appreciation of the relief (see Figure 7);
• Satellite images in Google Maps (http://www.google.com/maps), Bing Maps
(http://www.bing.com/maps) and Apple Maps (only available on Apple Mac OS and iPhone or
iPad iOS operating systems), particularly where high resolution satellite data are available (see
Figure 8). It is worthwhile to compare the different sources for best results, since the images are
regularly updated.
31
As much as possible, the approach of a targeted sample point was studied together with local helpers
or guides, who are well versed with the terrain, existing trails, unsurmountable barriers and/or
obstacles such as steep hills or waterlogged areas to be avoided.
Figure 7. Open Cycle Map with "Outdoors" Base Layer Cangaranan River, Valderrama, Antique
32
to measure distances of less than 100 m to 200 m, since the relative precision deteriorates to 10% -
5%), the location of sample points was determined covering the last 10 m to 15 m by compass and
horizontal distance measurement (referring to the azimuth and distance to the sample point displayed
by the GPS receiver once the distance to the destination was less than 15 m) using a distance tape or
a ranging laser, in order to prevent bias (preference for easily accessible areas) when closing in on the
sample point. The same applied to the location of the four nested plot centers, situated at 40 m in the
four cardinal directions (north = 0°; east = 90°, south = 180°; west = 270°) from the sample point.
The azimuth was measured with the help of a handheld precision compass.
In the equally rare event that a sample point turned out to be inaccessible, the sampling unit was
abandoned. A replacement sample point was drawn at random from those nodes of the quadratic grid
with a side length of 1 km (see Chapter 3.5) located (i) in the same forest stratum and (ii) at a similar
elevation as the inaccessible sample point.
If the sample point or one of the nested plot centers of the sampling unit fell on an area whose land
cover assessed in the field was other than forest, it was not re-located, but observed and measured as
is.
33
re-located W
80 m
N
40 m
inaccessible
sample point
W E
40 m
nested plot
composed of
2 sub-plots
34
easting in m, were measured at and recorded for the sample points and the four nested plot centers.
Hence, five coordinate measurements were performed per sampling unit. The coordinates were read
from the GPS stand-alone receiver, immobilized at the sample point or plot center, using averaging.
4.4.3 Elevation
The elevation in m above sea level was measured at and recorded for the sample points and the four
nested plot centers. Hence, five elevation measurements were performed per sampling unit. The
elevation was read from the GPS stand-alone receiver.
4.4.4 Slope
The slope was measured at and recorded for the sample points and the four nested plot centers.
Hence, five slope measurements were performed per sampling unit. The slope corresponds to the
average inclination in % measured with a handheld precision clinometer in two opposite directions
along 10 m segments (oblique distance) of an imaginary straight line passing through the sample point
or plot center, respectively, and following the steepest slope gradient (where water would run off).
4.4.6 Terrain
The terrain (topography) class was assessed at and recorded for the sample points and the four
nested plot centers. Hence, five terrain classes assessments were performed per sampling unit. The
assessment through ocular inspection distinguished the 11 classes defined by FAO (2012):
• Plateau: Relatively flat (slope ≤ 5%); terrain of great extent and high elevation, above adjacent
lowlands limited by an abrupt descent scarp on at least one side; may be dissected by deep
valleys and deeply incised rivers.
• Summit, crest: Crest of any kind or hilltop; can be sharp or rounded.
• Upper slope: Upper slope of hillside (located on the upper 1/3 of the slope) (shoulder).
• Middle slope: Middle slope of hillside (slope > 5%) (back slope).
• Lower slope: Lower slope of hillside (foot slope).
• Bench, terrace: Horizontal zone of average width over 30 m interposed in the valley side (slope
< 15%) or a terrace over 6 m width.
• Valley: Very wide, gently sloping depression with predominant extent in one direction commonly
situated between two mountains or ranges of hills; the profile may be U- or V-shaped; includes
river valley (formed by flowing water) or glacier valleys.
• Plain: A large flat to very gently undulating area at a low elevation with reference to
surroundings
• Narrow depression: Enclosed depression or small, narrow valley or distinct crater (including
ravine, gorges, gullies, canyons, etc.).
• Water course: Permanent or temporary water course (river, etc.).
• Dunes: Sandy hills developed through sand deposits from wind erosion or storms, often
unstable and moving.
35
4.4.8 Land cover
The land cover was assessed in and recorded for the 25 m radius plot and the four 10 m radius sub-
plots. Hence, five land cover assessments were performed per sampling unit. The assessment
through ocular inspection distinguished forests (further classified according to their type, see
Chapter 4.4.9 below) and the 11 non-forest land cover classes used in the 2010 NAMRIA national
forest cover map:
• Forest: Land with an area of more than 0.5 ha and trees able to reach a minimum height of 5 m
in situ with a crown cover of more than 10% (see Chapter 1.3.1 for the detailed definition).
• Marshland or swamp.
• Fallow.
• Shrubs.
• Wooded grassland.
• Grassland.
• Annual crop.
• Perennial crop.
• Open or barren land.
• Built-up area.
• Fishpond.
• Inland water.
36
• Closed forest: tree crown cover > 40%.
The following four ground coverage classes were assessed through ocular inspection:
• None;
• Coverage ≤ 10%;
• 10% < coverage ≤ 50%;
• Coverage > 50%.
If a lying dead wood section featured branches, these were measured separately.
37
5m
# 03 # 02
Mid-Diameter Mid-Diameter
Length Length
sub-plot center
# 01
Mid-Diameter
Length
• in the 10 m radius sub-plot sampling big-sized trees (all species) with DBH or DAB ≥ 20 cm.
For each of the sampled trees and standing dead wood, (i) the species, (ii) azimuth and (iii) horizontal
distance from the plot center, (iv) DBH or DAB and (v) for standing dead wood with DBH or
DAB ≥ 5 cm as well trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 20 cm the merchantable height was assessed or
measured and recorded as described hereafter.
In total, 4,794 trees and 195 standing dead wood have been sampled in the Panay Mountain Range.
4.4.15.1 Species
The species of each sampled tree and, as much as possible, of each standing dead wood was
recorded as identified by the team mates or the local helpers, referring to the official common name or
the scientific name. Local names are not suited to unequivocally identify a species, because they vary
from dialect to dialect, and even from place to place. In cases where a tree could only be identified
through its local name, the latter was recorded, as much as possible together with other information
38
(such as digital pictures or specimens) that could facilitate the later identification of the species by its
scientific name with the help of a dendrology expert from the local academe.
4.4.15.2 Azimuth
The azimuth in ° of each sampled tree and standing dead wood was recorded as measured from the
plot center using a handheld precision compass.
Together with the azimuth, the horizontal distance provides the polar coordinates of the sampled trees
and standing dead wood, which will be needed at the time of re-measurements to identify them one by
one.
If a tree or standing dead wood forks immediately above breast height, the diameter was measured
below the swell resulting from the fork. If a tree or standing dead wood forks below breast height, the
stems were considered as separate trees or standing dead woods, respectively. On leaning trees or
standing dead woods, the breast height was determined along the axis of the stem.
Whenever it proved impossible to measure the DBH or DAB with a diameter tape as described above
(e.g. when the measurement point is inaccessible), it was approximated by comparison with a metric
tape held horizontally at the base of the tree (see Figure 13).
39
Figure 12. DBH and DAB measurements (source: Zöhrer 1980)
40
Figure 13. Diameter estimates for inaccessible measurement points
Merchantable height of trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 35 cm is defined as the linear distance along the axis
of the stem from the stump height to the top merchantability limit which is restricted by forks, large
limbs, sweep, crook or decay, which make segments of the stem un-merchantable for saw logs. For
trees with 15 cm ≤ DBH or DAB < 35 cm, the volume section is limited by a minimum top diameter
inside bark which is fixed at 60% of DBH or DAB. By this definition, the measurement to the base of
the tree has to be a measurement to the place where the felling cut would be applied, usually about
50 cm above ground, or above the buttresses. Limits for merchantability are the following:
• Size of limbs and knots: The sum of diameters in any ¼ m segment ½ the diameter of the log at
that point. Where limb and knot diameters exceed this limit, the merchantable height cannot
extend through that point, unless there is a merchantable section of 3 m or more in length
above that point.
• Sweep: Sweep is a curvature in a tree section. Sweep is measured in centimeters of departure
of the center line of the section from a straight line joining the centers of each end of the
section. The departure is measured at the midpoint of the section containing the sweep. A
simple rule for maximum sweep is that departure minus allowance for long taper cannot exceed
½ the small end diameter of the section. Merchantable length is terminated below a section with
excessive sweep unless there is a merchantable section of 3 m or more in length above that
section.
• Crook: Crook is a more or less abrupt bending or angle in a tree section. Crook is measured in
cm of maximum departure of the section center line from an extension of the center line of the
straight portion of the log. The maximum departure cannot exceed ½ the small end diameter of
the log. Excessive crook should terminate the merchantable length unless there is a
merchantable section of 3 m or more in length above that section.
41
4.5 Quality assurance and quality control
Apart from selecting qualified and experienced inventory team members and from their training (see
Chapter 4.1.1), the key elements of the quality assurance were the following:
• Use of a specific and detailed FRA manual (Lennertz et al. 2014), with instructions to be
complied with to ensure that the field work followed SOPs, maximizing the homogeneity of the
data acquisition and minimizing operating errors.
• Regular supervision of the inventory teams, to check whether the inventory procedures,
observations and measurements are carried out correctly.
To control the quality of the field work and to appreciate the measurement errors, 10% of the sampling
units chosen at random and without prior knowledge of the inventory teams were planned to be
re-measured independently. Due to budgetary constraints, however, only 5 % have ultimately been
re-measured under the lead of the Junior Advisor, accompanied by the Chief Advisor. The
re-measurement concerned sampling units No. AKLM0183, AKLM0732, AKLM0763 and AKLM0774.
The differences between the initial measurements and the (presumably correct) re-measurements
(serving as reference) were assessed through the mean absolute deviation (MAD) and the root mean
square deviation (RMSD). Table 6 provides an estimate of the impact of the deviations of the initial
measurements from the control measurements on the main variables of interest. Due to the small
number of sampling units compared, the deviations must be interpreted cautiously.
The following differences between the initial and re-measurements have been observed:
• Diverging merchantable height measurements, because of the reduced visibility in the stands.
Under such conditions, height measurements tend to be made from positions too close to the
trees, leading to steep sighting angles, resulting in inaccurate estimates; this source of error
was anticipated, hence the preference for allometric equations relying on DBH or DAB
measurements only.
• Diverging DBH or DAB measurements, at times observed during the re-measurements, due to
non-standard measurement points above ground, diameter tapes either not tightened or not
held horizontally; or the non-removal of vines during the initial measurements.
• Diverging assessments of borderline trees (at the fringe of the 5 m and 10 m radii sub-plots),
falsely considered either to be part or not to be part of the sample; hence the importance of a
very through checking of such trees.
• Missed or overlooked trees, erroneously not recorded in the sampling unit, especially in the
small diameter range.
• Missed or overlooked deadwood, erroneously not recorded in the sampling unit.
42
4.6 Time and cost of the field data collection
Based on the experience gained in the implementation of the forest carbon baseline study from mid-
2011 until end 2012 in Leyte in the framework of the Climate Relevant Modernization of Forest Policy
and Piloting of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project, it was
initially expected that one inventory team could establish and measure an average of 16 sampling
units per month or four per week. In the Panay Mountain Range FRA, however, this target could not
be achieved. The output was only around two sampling units per week.
The factors that contributed to the lower than expected output are the following:
• Remoteness and very difficult accessibility of the area to be inventoried. The teams could
seldom reach the sample points within one day from the next road or trail accessible by four-
wheel-drive car and had to establish camps in the forest. The travel, hiking, establishing and
moving camps took two to three days per week, so the net working time was just another two to
three days per week. The terrain was very steep and rocky, often without trails, and the teams
could only move very slowly.
• Information of and coordination with local officials, police and army (for security reasons) and
community members prior to the hiring of local helpers or guides and the conduct of the
inventory activities, preventing the teams to swiftly proceed to the sample points or inventory
camps.
• Unfavorable weather conditions in the forest area (frequent rains), hampering or stalling the
measurement and data recording operations.
• Some sample points pre-determined on the map could not be reached in the mountains (too
steep, rocky, dissected river valleys or canyons, critical security situation), and the teams had to
go back.
* 1 EUR = 52 PHP
43
5. Data processing
The FRA data have been processed using free open-source database and software development
tools. Chapter 5.1 shortly describes the software, database and database system application used.
Chapter 5.2 provides a brief account of the data entry and the corresponding quality assurance and
quality control measures.
44
The encoded data have been thoroughly verified by the short-term Expert Mr. Ralph Lennertz,
assisted by completeness, value range and plausibility checks implemented in the FRA database
system application.
For quality control purposes, the stored data of 10% of the sampling units chosen at random were
printed and subject to an independent comparison with the original field data forms. The comparison
was done for sampling units No. AKLM1045, ANTM0184, ANTM0329, ANTM0392, ANTM0417,
ANTM0439, ILIM0068 and ILIM0069. As for the quality control of the field data collection (see
Chapter 4.5), the differences between the stored data and the original field data (serving as reference)
were assessed through the MAD and the RMSD, shown in Table 8.
For 50% of the controlled sampling units, no discrepancies were found between the original field data
and the encoded data. For the remaining sampling units, the following differences between the original
field data and the encoded data were observed:
• Typing errors.
• Omission of data.
45
6. Detailed results
The detailed results of the FRA are provided in Annex 4 (closed forests, based on 33 SUs) and
Annex 5 (open forests, based on 53 SUs), as computed and printed to PDF by the FRA database
system application (see Chapter 5.1). A summary analysis is presented hereafter, focusing
successively on species diversity (Chapter 6.1), stand composition (Chapter 6.2), stand structure
(Chapter 6.3), timber stocks (Chapter 6.4), and forest carbon stocks, including a Tier 1 carbon stocks
estimate for mangroves (Chapter 6.5).
The results pertain to trees and dead wood with DBH or DAB ≥ 5.0 cm. The merchantable volume in
cubic meter (m³) inside bark has been estimated using the Philippine regional volume equations for
Dipterocarps and Non-Dipterocarps (see Chapter 3.6.2). If not otherwise stated, the AGB of trees has
been estimated using the allometric equation developed by CHAVE et al. (2014, see Chapter 3.6.3.2).
Species richness (i.e. the number of species observed or sampled) is the simplest measure of
diversity. It is dependent on the sample size and the sampling unit size. The Margalef index also
measures species richness. Despite the attempt to correct for the sample size, it remains strongly
influenced by the sampling effort. Moreover, the results are very different if densities are used instead
of absolute numbers (as required by definition, see Chapter 3.6.1).
Species abundance may be appreciated through the relative representation of a species, in terms of
relative frequency, relative density and/or relative dominance (proportion of the basal area). The sum
of the three figures corresponds per definition to the importance, which is meaningful for ranking
purposes only, not for the comparison of absolute values. Shannon's H' index also measures species
abundance, simultaneously taking the evenness of the species distribution into account. It increases
as both the richness and the evenness increases. Shannon's E (equitability) index measures the
evenness, ranging from 0 and 1. Lower values indicate more diversity, while higher values indicate
less diversity (more evenness). The opposite of evenness, dominance, is measured by the Berger-
Parker and the Simpson indices, ranging from 0 to 1. Again, lower values indicate more diversity,
while higher values indicate less diversity (more dominance).
Table 11 shows the values of the species diversity indices calculated based on the sampling units
observed and measured in the FRA. The figures must be interpreted cautiously, taking into
consideration both the sample size (number of sampling units) and the size of the sampling units.
Annex 2 lists the official common names of the species recorded in the FRA, including their scientific
names and the wood specific gravity used for the calculation of their biomass.
Annex 3 lists by botanical families the scientific names of the species recorded, including the number
of observations in the closed and open forests, respectively, and the maximum DBH or DAB
measured.
A total of 236 species have been identified through their scientific names, belonging to 159 genera
and 63 families. The family with the largest number of species observed is the family of the Moraceae
(21 species), followed by the Meliaceae (15 species), the Clusiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae
and Phyllanthaceae (9 species each), the Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae (8 species each), and the
Sapotaceae (7 species).
Table 9 lists the threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN) red list of threatened species (see http://www.iucnredlist.org/) recorded
in the FRA. Many Dipterocarps are considered "critically endangered" by IUCN. All but two species in
Table 9 listed as endangered and critically endangered belong to the family Dipterocarpaceae.
Table 10 lists the threatened species according to DENR AO 2007-01 recorded in the FRA.
46
Table 9. Threatened species according to IUCN
47
Table 11. Species diversity indices
* referring to species identified through their scientific names; species only identified by local names are
accounted as undetermined trees, bamboos, palms, rattan or tree ferns (as appropriate)
From 7 to 60, on average 32 different higher plant species have been observed per sampling unit.
Table 12 lists the 20 most "important" species (in the sense of the definition given in Chapter 1.3.2),
led by Tuai and Pagsahingin-bulog. Three Urticaceae (Alagasi, Dalunot and Alilaua), two Moraceae
(Tibig and Hawili), two Lauraceae (Kalingag / Cinamomon and Puso-puso) and two Sapotaceae (Nato
and Bansalangin) are among the most important species, as well as a tree fern (Pakong buwaya).
Remarkably, Dipterocarps occupy lower ranks in terms of their importance: Guijo appears on rank 25,
White Lauan on rank 36, Red Lauan on rank 37, and Bagtikan on rank 51.
Figure 14 shows that it takes a considerable number of species, ranked in decreasing order of their
contribution to N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha, respectively, to constitute 1/3, 1/2 or 2/3 of the totals:
• Eight species, namely Banai-banai, Tuai, Kalulot (Artocarpus rubrovenius), Agoho, White
Lauan, Bagtikan, Guijo and Bakan (Litsea philippinensis) together represent 33.3 % of the
merchantable volume; 24 species together represent 50.6% of the merchantable volume;
70 species together represent 66.6% of the merchantable volume;
• Fourteen species, namely Tuai, Banai-banai, Agoho, Kalulot, Bayanti, Balete, Ulayan, Guijo,
Gulob, Bagtikan, White Lauan, Bakan, Bansalangin and Pagsahingin-bulog represent together
33.3% of the AGB; 39 species together represent 50.0% of the AGB; 136 species together
represent 66.6% of the AGB;
• Twenty one species together represent 33.2% of the basal area; 53 species together represent
50.1% of the basal area; 164 species together represent 66.6% of the basal area;
• Twenty seven species together represent 33.5% of the density; 66 species together represent
49.9% of the density.
These figures show that the closed forests are both species rich and diverse.
48
Table 12. Relative frequency, density and dominance, importance and rank of the 20 most "important"
species in closed forests
49
Figure 14. N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha by number of species in closed forests
From 11 to 12, on average 32 different plant species have been observed per sampling unit.
Table 13 lists the 20 most important species, led by Pagsahingin-bulog, followed by Southern
Bangkal / Hambabalud, Banai-banai, Alagasi and Tuai. Three Moraceae (Hawili, Tibig and Balete),
two Clusiaceae (Binucao and Bitanghol) and two Burseraceae (Pagsahinging-bulog and Bogo) are
among the most important species, as well as coconut. Remarkably, Dipterocarps occupy lower ranks
in terms of their importance: White Lauan appears on rank 48, Guijo on rank 53, and Gisok-Gisok on
rank 85.
Figure 15 shows that it takes a very important number of species, ranked in decreasing order of their
contribution to N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha, respectively, to constitute 1/3, 1/2 or 2/3 of the totals:
• Eleven species, namely Tuai, Taluto, Narra, White Lauan, Pahutan, Benguet Pine, Banai-banai,
Nato, Tabau, Bagtikan and Dao (Dracontomelon dao) together represent 32.8% of the
merchantable volume; 29 species together represent 50.1% of the merchantable volume;
108 species together represent 66.6% of the merchantable volume;
• Twenty four species together represent 33.4% of the AGB; 61 species together represent
50.0% of the AGB; 196 species together represent 66.6% of the AGB;
• Twenty seven species represent together 33.1% of the basal area; 66 species together
represent 50.1% of the basal area; 165 species together represent 66.6% of the basal area;
• Thirty five species represent together 33.1% of the density; 82 species together represent
50.1% of the density; 213 species together represent 66.6% of the density.
These figures show that like the closed forests, the open forests are both species rich and diverse.
50
Table 13. Relative frequency, density and dominance, importance and rank of the 20 most "important"
species in open forests
51
Figure 15. N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha by number of species in open forests
The relatively limited number of sampling units (33 in the closed forests, 53 in open forests) precludes
a thorough comparison of the species diversity between closed and open forests. Besides, the
remaining closed forests occur mainly at high elevation and have a different species composition than
the forests at lower elevation.
The average G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha are very low. One would have expected average stocks of more
than 33 m²/ha, 200 m³/ha and 360 t. d.m./ha, respectively.
Dipterocarps account for only 10.4% of the merchantable volume. In terms of AGB and basal area,
their share of the total stock is even less (5.7% and 4.8%, respectively). In terms of density, all
Dipterocarps together represent only 2.2% of the total stock, which is less than each the four most
abundant Non-Dipterocarps (Bayanti, Pakong buwaya, Alagasi and Dalunot) taken individually.
On average, Dipterocarps are bigger in size than Non-Dipterocarps, as revealed through the larger
quadratic mean diameter (Dg), 23.4 cm compared to 15.8 cm.
The five most dominant Dipterocarps in terms of basal area are White Lauan, Bagtikan, Guijo, Red
Lauan and Tiaong. Together, they represent 94% of the total Dipterocarp merchantable volume, but
only around 10% of the total merchantable volume, all species combined.
The ten most dominant Non-Dipterocarps in terms of basal area, led by Tuai, followed by Banai-banai,
Agoho, Bayanti, Kalulot, Pagsahingin-bulog, Gulob, Tibig and Balete (being stranglers, their size is
52
arguable) and Dalunot represent together around one fifth of G/ha (21.0%), and nearly one third of
V/ha (31.8%) and AGB/ha (29.2%) of their group.
The palms encountered are mainly Alas-as (Pandanus luzonensis) and Sarawag (Pinanga insignis), to
a lesser extent Bunga (Areca catechu) and Anahaw (Saribus rotundifolius).
Tree ferns (essentially Pakong buwaya [Cyathea contaminans]) are quite abundant.
53
N/ha [/ha]
G/ha [m²/ha]
V/ha [m³/ha]
AGB/ha [t d.m./ha]
54
6.2.2 Stand composition of open forests
Table 15 summarizes and Figure 17 illustrates the stand composition of the open forests in terms of
N/ha, G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha, estimated on the basis of 53 sampling units.
Like in the closed forests, the average G/ha, V/ha and AGB/ha are quite low, particularly in terms of
V/ha and AGB/ha.
Compared to the closed forests, Dipterocarps account to even a lesser share of the total stock,
namely only 5.5% in terms of merchantable volume, 5.1% in terms of AGB, 4.3% in terms of basal
area, and 1.7% in terms of density.
On average, the quadratic mean diameter of Dipterocarps (24.3 cm) is bigger than the Dg of
Non-Dipterocarps (14.9 cm).
The five most dominant Dipterocarps in terms of basal area are White Lauan, Bagtikan, Guijo (the
same species as in the closed forest), Gisok-Gisok and Almon. Together, they represent 100% of the
total Dipterocarp merchantable volume, but only 5.5% of the total merchantable volume, all species
combined.
The ten most dominant Non-Dipterocarps in terms of basal area, led like in the closed forests by Tuai,
followed by Narra, Southern Bangkal / Hambabalud, Banai-banai, Pagsahingin-bulog, Dao, Igem
(Dacrycarpus imbricatus), Taluto, Benguet pine and Alagasi, represent together somewhat more than
one fourth of V/ha (27.5%), and nearly one fifth of G/ha (18.8%) and AGB/ha (18.9%) of their group.
The palms encountered are mainly coconuts, to a lesser extent Anahaw and Alas-as.
Like in the closed forests, there are tree ferns (essentially Pakong buwaya), though much less in terms
of density and basal area.
55
Table 15. Stand composition of open forests
56
N/ha [/ha]
G/ha [m²/ha]
V/ha [m³/ha]
AGB/ha [t d.m./ha]
57
6.3 Stand structure
6.3.1 Stand structure of closed forests
The stand structure of the closed forests is summarized hereafter in terms of the following:
• Density (N/ha) by diameter class, summarized in Table 16 and illustrated in Figure 18;
• Basal area (G/ha) by diameter class, summarized in Table 17 and illustrated in Figure 19; and
• Above-ground biomass (AGB/ha) by diameter class, summarized in Table 18 and illustrated in
Figure 21.
On average, the closed forests count per hectare 31 Dipterocarp trees, 1,277 Non-Dipterocarp trees,
41 palms, 1 rattan, 43 tree ferns, 1 bamboo and 80 standing dead wood. Both the density and
proportion of Dipterocarps are very low.
The rise of N/ha for trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 80 cm is due to a few quite large Tuai, Banai-banai,
Kalulot, Ulayan (Oak), White Lauan and Balete (being stranglers, their size is arguable).
58
Figure 18. Stand structure in terms of N/ha of closed forests
59
On average, the basal area of the closed forests amounts to 27.6 m²/ha, not much (one would have
expected more than 33 m²/ha), and even quite less than the 30.6 m²/ha (for trees with DBH or
DAB ≥ 15 cm) observed 1987 to 1988 by the second National Forest Resources Inventory in
29 sampling units in "Old Growth Forests" of Regions VI and VII (DENR 1988).
The small proportion of Dipterocarps (4.8% against 39.1% observed 1987 to 1988) is both striking and
alarming. This is a serious sign of forest degradation, when the most valuable and threatened species
have decreased from around 39% to 5% in the Panay Mountain Range.
60
Figure 19. Stand structure in terms of G/ha of closed forests
61
On average, the above-ground biomass of the closed forests amounts to 239 t d.m./ha, which is not
much (one would have expected more than 360 t d.m./ha), and actually even below the range from
280 t d.m./ha to 520 t d.m./ha referred to by IPCC as Tier 1 estimate for tropical rainforest of insular
Asia.
Figure 20 shows that 94% of AGB/ha is composed of trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 10 cm.
62
Figure 21. Stand structure in terms of AGB/ha of closed forests
63
6.3.2 Stand structure of open forests
The stand structure of the open forests is summarized hereafter in terms of the following:
• Density (N/ha) by diameter class, summarized in Table 19 and illustrated in Figure 22;
• Basal area (G/ha) by diameter class, summarized in Table 20 and illustrated in Figure 19; and
• Above-ground biomass (AGB/ha) by diameter class, summarized in Table 21 and illustrated in
Figure 21.
On average, the open forests count per hectare 17 Dipterocarp trees, 1,102 Non-Dipterocarp trees,
38 palms, 6 tree ferns, 8 bamboos and 57 standing dead wood. A t-test reveals that the density of
trees (1,171 /ha) is not significantly lower than the density in the closed forests (1,394 /ha), even at a
confidence level of only 90%.
The distribution of N/ha by diameter class follows a similar pattern as in the closed forests, though at a
somewhat lower level. The rise of N/ha for trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 100 cm is due to a few quite large
Tuai, Pahutan, White Lauan, Balukanag (Chisocheton cumingianus) and Kanapai (Ficus magnoliifolia;
being stranglers, their size is arguable).
64
Figure 22. Stand structure in terms of N/ha of open forests
65
On average, the basal area of the open forests amounts to 21.3 m²/ha. This is significantly less than
G/ha of the closed forests (27.6 m²/ha), as confirmed by a t-test at a confidence level of 90%. The
observed basal area is also lower than the 22.6 m²/ha (for trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 15 cm) observed
1987 to 1988 by the second National Forest Resources Inventory in 148 sampling units in "Residual
Forests" of Regions VI and VII (DENR 1988).
66
Figure 23. Stand structure in terms of G/ha of open forests
67
On average, the above-ground biomass of the open forests amounts to 176 t d.m./ha, which is
significantly less than AGB/ha of the closed forests (239 t d.m./ha), as confirmed by a t-test at a
confidence level of 90%.
Figure 24 shows that quite similarly to the closed forests, 93% of AGB/ha in the open forests is
composed of trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 10 cm.
68
Figure 25. Stand structure in terms of AGB/ha of open forests
69
6.4 Timber stocks
6.4.1 Timber stocks of closed forests
Table 22 summarizes and Figure 26 illustrates the distribution of the merchantable volume in the
closed forests by diameter class and main species.
On average, the merchantable volume in the closed forests amounts to as little as 73.3 m³/ha. This is
way below what one would expect (at least 200 m³/ha), and also dramatically less than the
183.2 m³/ha (for trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 15 cm) observed 1987 to 1988 by the second National
Forest Resources Inventory in 29 sampling units in "Old Growth Forests" of Regions VI and VII (DENR
1988). Also, this is a serious sign of forest degradation within the past 28 years.
Both in absolute and relative terms, the proportion of Dipterocarps shows a tremendous decline over
time, from then 89.4 m³/ha (equivalent to 48.8% of the total stock) to now 7.6 m³/ha (equivalent to
10.4% of the total stock).
70
Figure 26. Merchantable volume in closed forests
71
6.4.2 Timber stocks of open forests
Table 23 summarizes and Figure 27 illustrates the distribution of the merchantable volume in the open
forests by diameter class and main species.
On average, the merchantable volume in the open forests amounts to 53.9 m³/ha, which, according to
a t-test, is not significantly less than the merchantable volume in the closed forests (73.2 m³/ha), even
at a confidence level of only 90%.
Like for the closed forests, this is way below expectations, and dramatically less than the 125.7 m³/ha
(for trees with DBH or DAB ≥ 15 cm) observed 1987 to 1988 by the second National Forest Resources
Inventory in 148 sampling units in "Residual Forests" of Regions VI and VII (DENR 1988).
Both in absolute and relative terms, the proportion of Dipterocarps shows a tremendous decline over
time, from then 59.7 m³/ha (equivalent to 47.5% of the total stock) to now almost immaterial 3.0 m³/ha
(equivalent to 5.5 % of the total stock).
72
Figure 27. Merchantable volume in open forests
73
6.5 Carbon stocks
6.5.1 Carbon stocks of closed forests
Table 24 summarizes and Figure 28 illustrates the carbon stocks of closed forests.
On average, the closed forests feature a living biomass of 328 t d.m./ha, dead organic matter of
24.8 t d.m./ha, composed of (i) 18.2 t d.m./ha of dead wood and (ii) 6.6 t d.m./ha of litter, plus
56.3 t C/ha of soil organic matter. The bulk of the carbon stock is in the above-ground biomass
(51.2%), which is essentially composed of Non-Dipterocarps (94.3%).
Extrapolated to the 47,882 ha of closed forests in the selected project sites, the forest carbon stock
amounts to 10.516 million t C.
On average, the open forests feature a living biomass of 241 t d.m./ha, dead organic matter of
25.5 t d.m./ha, composed of (i) 19.0 t d.m./ha of dead wood and (ii) 6.5 t d.m./ha of litter, plus
52.3 t C/ha of soil organic matter. Almost half of the carbon stock is in the above-ground biomass
(47.3%), which is predominantly composed of Non-Dipterocarps (96.4%).
Extrapolated to the 69,742 ha of open forests in the selected project sites, the forest carbon stock
amounts to 12.215 million t C.
74
C/ha [t C/ha] C/ha [t C/ha]
75
C/ha [t C/ha] C/ha [t C/ha]
According to these tier 1 estimates, the mangroves feature a living biomass of 286 t d.m./ha, dead
organic matter of 11.4 t C/ha, composed of (i) 10.7 t C/ha of dead wood and (ii) 0.7 t C/ha of litter, plus
considerable 386.0 t C of soil organic matter. The bulk of the carbon stock is in the soil organic matter
(73.3%).
Extrapolated to the 389 ha of mangroves in the selected project sites near the Panay Mountain
Range, the forest carbon stock amounts to 204,800 t C.
76
Table 26. Carbon stocks of mangroves
C/ha [t C/ha]
77
7. Uncertainty of the estimates
The estimates of all variables of interest, such as N/ha, G/ha, V/ha, AGB/ha, DOM/ha, SOM/ha and
C/ha, to cite the most important ones that are summarily presented in Chapter 6, are affected with
uncertainties. An approach for the reporting of these uncertainties is presented hereafter, analyzing
successively the following five main sources:
• Statistical sampling error (see Chapter 7.1).
• Representativeness of the sampling network (see Chapter 7.2).
• Measurements errors (see Chapter 7.3).
• Data entry errors (see Chapter 7.4).
• Estimation design uncertainties (see Chapter 7.5).
Chapter 7.6 combines the different sources of uncertainty for the estimates of V/ha and AGB/ha to
summarize the overall error budget.
Table 27 summarizes the statistical sampling error in terms of the margin of error (E%) at a confidence
level of 90% for the main variables of interest.
Table 27. Statistical sampling errors of the main variables of interest in closed and open forests
As expected, the coefficients of variation (s%) are higher in open forests than in closed forests (for
AGB/ha for instance 89.9% compared to 57.3%).
78
The margin of error of the SOM/ha estimates appears to be very low. This is due to the fact that
following the tier 1 estimate, only two soil types and two climate regions were found in the closed and
open forests of the selected project sites in the Panay Mountain Range: high activity clays (HAC) and
low activity clays (LAC) in tropical wet and LAC in tropical montane climate, respectively, see
Chapter 3.1.3 with three corresponding SOM/ha stocks: 44 t C/ha (tropical wet HAC), 60 t C/ha
(tropical wet LAC) and 63 t C/ha (tropical montane LAC). Hence, there is limited variation.
The uncertainty arising from the use of the regional volume equations for Dipterocarps and Non-
Dipterocarps (see Chapter 3.6.2) for the estimation of V/ha is not documented. It may conservatively
be estimated to be of an order of magnitude of 15%.
According to the authors, the uncertainty arising from the use of the allometric equation developed by
Chave et al. (2014) (see Chapter 3.6.3.2) for the estimation of AGB/ha is of the order of magnitude of
10%.
The uncertainties of the other metrics used to estimate BGB/ha (the root to shoot ratio, see
Chapter 3.6.7), SDW/ha (the biomass conversion and expansion factor [BCEFs], see Chapter 3.6.8),
LDW/ha (see Chapter 3.6.9), LI/ha (see Chapter 3.6.10), and to convert the biomass to carbon
equivalent (carbon fraction [CF] of dry matter, see Chapter 3.6.11) are difficult to evaluate.
79
The largest uncertainties pertain to the statistical sampling error, followed by measurement errors
when height measurements are involved (for the estimation of V/ha) and estimation design
uncertainties. The statistical sampling error can be reduced by augmenting the number of sampling
units. However, one has to consider that to halve the statistical sampling error, four times more
sampling units must be measured, since the sampling error is inversely proportional to the square root
of the number of sampling units.
80
References
Barrois V (2017): Database architecture for the management and analysis of forest resources assessment data.
National REDD+ System Philippines Project, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH, Metro Manila, Philippines
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-
pdf/unpublished/FRA_Database_Architecture.pdf.
Barrois V, Lennertz R (2017): Forest Resources Assessment Database System Application Version 4.1 user
guide. National REDD+ System Philippines Project, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Metro Manila, Philippines
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-
pdf/unpublished/FRA_Database_System_Application_V._4.1_User_Guide.pdf.
Brown S (1997): Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: A primer. FAO Forestry Paper 134,
FAO, Rome, Italy
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4095e/w4095e00.htm. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
BSWM (2013): Updating the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD): Correlation of Philippine soils into FAO's
World Reference Base (WRB) for soil resources.
http://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/ladaphilippines/single3.php. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Chave J, Rejou-Mechain M, Burquez A, Chidumayo E, Colgan MS, Delitti WBC, Duque A, Eid T, Fearnside PM,
Goodman RC, Henry M, Martinez-Yrizar -A, Mugasha WA, Muller-Landau HC, Mencuccini M, Nelson BW,
Ngomanda A, Nogueira EM, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Pelissier R, Ploton P, Ryan CM, Saldarriaga JG,
Vieilledent G (2014): Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees.
Global Change Biology (2014) 20, 3177–3190, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12629
http://chave.ups-tlse.fr/chave/chave-gcb14.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Chojnacky D, Amacher M, Gavazzi M (2009): Separating duff and litter for improved mass and carbon estimates.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 33(1): 29-34.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2009_chojnacky_d001.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
DENR (1988): Forest resources of Regions 6 and 7. Philippine - German Forest Resources Inventory Project,
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Metro Manila, Philippines
DENR (2014): Measurement standards and procedures in the conduct of inventory for standing trees (timber).
FMB Technical Bulletin No. 3. Quezon City, Philippines
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1G5mTNoDPOFbEQzMjZWMmQ2b28/view?usp=sharing. Accessed 20
Feb 2017
DiRocco TL, Ramage BS, Evans SG, Potts MD (2014): Accountable accounting: Carbon-based management on
marginal lands. Forests 2014, 5 (4), 847 - 861
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f5040847. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
FAO (2012): National Forest Monitoring and Assessment - Manual for integrated field data collection. Version 3.0.
National Forest Monitoring and Assessment Working Paper NFMA 37/E. Rome, Italy
Gillespie AJR, Brown S, Lugo AE (1992): Tropical forest biomass estimation from truncated stand tables. Forest
Ecology and Management, 48 (1992) 69 - 87. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90122-P. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Goodman RC, Phillips OL, del Castillo Torres D, Freitas L, Tapia Cortese S, Monteagudo A, Baker TR (2013):
Amazon plant biomass and allometry. Forest Ecology and Management, 310 (2013) 994 - 1004. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, Netherlands
http://www.rainfor.org/upload/publication-
store/2013/Goodman/Goodman_et_al_Amazon_palm_biomass_allometry_FEM_2013.pdf. Accessed 20
Feb 2017
IPCC (2006a): 2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1 - General guidance and
reporting. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston HS, Buendia L,
Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K (eds.). IGES, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol1.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
IPCC (2006b): 2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4 - Agriculture, forestry
and other land use. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston HS,
Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K (eds.). IGES, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Johnson EW (2000): Forest sampling desk reference. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Kleinn C, Beckschäfer P, Bhandari N, Fehrmann L, Lam TY, Schnell S, Seidel D, Yang H (2013): WAF-WIKI
forest inventory lecture notes. University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
http://wiki.awf.forst.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/Category:Forest_inventory. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
81
Lasco RD, MacDicken KG, Pulhin FB, Guillermo IQ, Sales RF, Cruz RVO (2006): Carbon stocks assessment of a
selectively logged Dipterocarp forest and wood processing mill in the Philippines. Journal of Tropical
Forest Science 18 (4): 201 - 221
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43594677?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Lennertz R, Fiel R, Megraso CP (2014): Manual for the forest resources assessments. National REDD+ System
Philippines Project, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Metro Manila,
Philippines
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-pdf/unpublished/FRA_Field_Manual.pdf.
Mandallaz D (2008): Sampling techniques for forest inventories. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Reyes G, Brown S, Chapman J, Lugo AE (1992): Wood densities of tropical tree species. United States
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana,
USA
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/gtr_so088_1992.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Schade J, Ludwig R (2013): Forest carbon baseline study in Leyte. Climate-relevant Modernization of Forest
Policy and Piloting of REDD Project, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH,
Metro Manila, Philippines
http://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files//Publication%20Files/Forest%20Carbon%20Baseline%20Stu
dy%20in%20Leyte.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Schreuder HT, Richard E, Ramirez-Maldonadi H (2004): Statistical techniques for sampling and monitoring
natural resources. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research
Station, Fort Colins, Colorado, USA
https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr126.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Thiele T, Mussong M, Mateboto J (2010): Monitoring, assessment and reporting for sustainable management in
Pacific Island Countries manual.
http://theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdf/MAR-
SFM%20in%20Pacific%20Island%20Countries%20-%20Manual_1.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Zanne AE, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Coomes DA, Ilic J, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Miller RB, Swenson NG, Wiemann MC,
Chave J (2009): Global wood density database. Dryad, Durham, North Carolina, USA
http://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.235. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Zemek OJ (2009): Biomass and carbon stocks inventory of perennial vegetation in the Chieng Khoi watershed,
northwest Viet Nam. M.Sc. thesis, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/sfb564/public/c4_files/zemek_msc.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Zöhrer F (1980): Forstinventur: Ein Leitfaden für Studium und Praxis. Parey, Hamburg, Berlin, Germany
82
Appendix 1: Field data forms
Forest and Climate Protection (ForClim) Project - Forest Resources Assessment
Sample Point No. Date 2 0
Team Leader
Region Assistant
Province Helper 1
Barangay Helper 3
83
Forest and Climate Protection (ForClim) Project - Forest Resources Assessment
Sample Point No. Date 2 0
Region Assistant
Province Helper 1
Barangay Helper 3
Assessment of litter within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance around the Plot Center
84
Forest and Climate Protection (ForClim) Project - Forest Resources Assessment
Sample Point No. Date 2 0
Assistant
Inventory of live trees, bamboos, palms and standing dead wood with Dref >= 5.0 cm*
# Species Azimuth Hor. Distance DBH / DAB M. Height**
Dead
Live
Name Code [°] [m] [cm] [m]
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
. . . □□
Continuation on page
* live trees, bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns with 5.0 cm <= Dref < 20.0 cm within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance around the Plot Center
* live trees, bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns with Dref >= 20.0 cm within a radius of 10 m horizontal distance around the Plot Center
* standing dead wood within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance around the Plot Center
** merchantable height for all standing dead wood with Dref >= 5.0 cm and for live trees with Dref >= 20.0 cm
85
Annex 1: Coordinates of inventoried
sampling units
Sampling UTM Coordinates WGS 84 Geographic Coordinates
Unit No. Zone East North Longitude Latitude
[m] [m] [°] [°]
AKLM0005 51 422,000 1,247,000 122.2853 11.2797
AKLM0010 51 422,000 1,249,000 122.2853 11.2978
AKLM0144 51 426,000 1,271,000 122.3215 11.4968
AKLM0145 51 426,000 1,272,000 122.3214 11.5059
AKLM0183 51 415,000 1,303,000 122.2198 11.7859
AKLM0312 51 418,000 1,257,000 122.2485 11.3700
AKLM0385 51 406,000 1,265,000 122.1383 11.4421
AKLM0393 51 405,000 1,266,000 122.1291 11.4511
AKLM0395 51 407,000 1,266,000 122.1474 11.4511
AKLM0400 51 420,000 1,248,000 122.2670 11.2887
AKLM0501 51 418,000 1,255,000 122.2485 11.3519
AKLM0502 51 420,000 1,255,000 122.2668 11.3520
AKLM0513 51 420,000 1,256,000 122.2668 11.3610
AKLM0589 51 426,000 1,270,000 122.3215 11.4878
AKLM0606 51 427,000 1,272,000 122.3306 11.5059
AKLM0613 51 426,000 1,273,000 122.3214 11.5149
AKLM0693 51 417,000 1,295,000 122.2384 11.7136
AKLM0694 51 418,000 1,295,000 122.2475 11.7137
AKLM0732 51 416,000 1,302,000 122.2290 11.7769
AKLM0763 51 415,000 1,304,000 122.2198 11.7950
AKLM0774 51 415,000 1,305,000 122.2198 11.8040
AKLM0932 51 413,000 1,277,000 122.2021 11.5508
AKLM1006 51 412,000 1,276,000 122.1930 11.5417
AKLM1045 51 417,000 1,296,000 122.2383 11.7227
AKLM1046 51 418,000 1,296,000 122.2475 11.7227
AKLM1049 51 418,000 1,297,000 122.2475 11.7317
AKLM9920 51 415,000 1,275,000 122.2205 11.5327
ANTM0000 51 412,000 1,196,000 122.1950 10.8183
ANTM0001 51 412,000 1,197,000 122.1950 10.8273
ANTM0002 51 413,000 1,199,000 122.2041 10.8454
ANTM0004 51 414,000 1,200,000 122.2132 10.8545
ANTM0005 51 414,000 1,201,000 122.2132 10.8635
ANTM0036 51 408,000 1,194,000 122.1584 10.8001
ANTM0038 51 407,000 1,195,000 122.1493 10.8091
ANTM0042 51 408,000 1,196,000 122.1584 10.8182
ANTM0044 51 411,000 1,197,000 122.1858 10.8273
ANTM0046 51 413,000 1,198,000 122.2041 10.8364
ANTM0047 51 412,000 1,199,000 122.1949 10.8454
ANTM0048 51 412,000 1,200,000 122.1949 10.8544
ANTM0049 51 413,000 1,200,000 122.2040 10.8545
ANTM0184 51 421,000 1,223,000 122.2767 11.0626
ANTM0202 51 421,000 1,226,000 122.2766 11.0898
ANTM0210 51 420,000 1,227,000 122.2675 11.0988
86
Sampling UTM Coordinates WGS 84 Geographic Coordinates
Unit No. Zone East North Longitude Latitude
[m] [m] [°] [°]
ANTM0224 51 422,000 1,228,000 122.2858 11.1079
ANTM0290 51 406,000 1,256,000 122.1385 11.3607
ANTM0299 51 405,000 1,257,000 122.1293 11.3697
ANTM0300 51 460,000 1,257,000 122.6334 11.3708
ANTM0315 51 405,000 1,258,000 122.1293 11.3787
ANTM0329 51 406,000 1,259,000 122.1384 11.3878
ANTM0330 51 407,000 1,259,000 122.1476 11.3878
ANTM0360 51 404,000 1,262,000 122.1200 11.4149
ANTM0392 51 404,000 1,266,000 122.1199 11.4511
ANTM0403 51 405,000 1,267,000 122.1290 11.4601
ANTM0410 51 402,000 1,268,000 122.1015 11.4691
ANTM0411 51 403,000 1,268,000 122.1107 11.4691
ANTM0412 51 405,000 1,268,000 122.1290 11.4692
ANTM0413 51 401,000 1,249,000 122.0929 11.2972
ANTM0417 51 403,000 1,269,000 122.1106 11.4782
ANTM0418 51 404,000 1,269,000 122.1198 11.4782
ANTM0426 51 403,000 1,271,000 122.1106 11.4962
ANTM0427 51 401,000 1,251,000 122.0928 11.3153
ANTM0429 51 401,000 1,250,000 122.0929 11.3063
ANTM0430 51 404,000 1,272,000 122.1197 11.5053
ANTM0431 51 405,000 1,272,000 122.1289 11.5053
ANTM0432 51 406,000 1,272,000 122.1381 11.5054
ANTM0437 51 406,000 1,273,000 122.1380 11.5144
ANTM0438 51 407,000 1,273,000 122.1472 11.5144
ANTM0439 51 402,000 1,251,000 122.1020 11.3154
ANTM0442 51 406,000 1,274,000 122.1380 11.5235
ANTM0455 51 400,000 1,252,000 122.0836 11.3243
ANTM0456 51 401,000 1,252,000 122.0928 11.3244
ANTM0491 51 405,000 1,287,000 122.1285 11.6410
ANTM0514 51 404,000 1,257,000 122.1201 11.3697
ANTM0522 51 405,000 1,260,000 122.1292 11.3968
ANTM0666 51 405,000 1,288,000 122.1285 11.6500
ANTM0670 51 405,000 1,289,000 122.1284 11.6591
ANTM0712 51 398,000 1,300,000 122.0639 11.7583
ANTM0717 51 398,000 1,302,000 122.0638 11.7764
ANTM0725 51 398,000 1,302,000 122.0638 11.7764
ANTM0726 51 399,000 1,302,000 122.0730 11.7764
ANTM0727 51 400,000 1,302,000 122.0822 11.7765
ILIM0060 51 421,000 1,202,000 122.2772 10.8727
ILIM0064 51 420,000 1,203,000 122.2680 10.8817
ILIM0065 51 421,000 1,203,000 122.2772 10.8818
ILIM0068 51 420,000 1,204,000 122.2680 10.8908
ILIM0069 51 421,000 1,204,000 122.2771 10.8908
ILIM0074 51 422,000 1,205,000 122.2863 10.8999
ILIM0078 51 422,000 1,206,000 122.2862 10.9089
87
Annex 2: List of recorded species by
common name
Common name Scientific name Family Gravity*
[gr /cm³]
Aglaia tomentosa Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn. Meliaceae 0.68
Agoho Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae 0.80
Agoho del Monte Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Casuarinaceae 0.86
Johnson
Agus-us Paratrophis philippinensis Fern. - Vill. Moraceae 0.54
Akleng-parang Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Leguminosae 0.51
Alagasi Leucosyke capitellata Wedd. Urticaceae
Alagau Premna odorata Blanco Lamiaceae
Alahan Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr. Sapindaceae
Alas-as Pandanus luzonensis Merr. Pandanaceae
Alilaua Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq. Urticaceae
Alim Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Euphorbiaceae 0.34
Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.
Almaciga Agathis philippinensis Warb. Araucariaceae 0.45
Almon Shorea almon Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae 0.39
Alupag Dimocarpus longan subsp. malesianus Leenh. Sapindaceae 0.70
Amamali Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng Vitaceae
Amugis Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. Anacardiaceae 0.61
Amuyon Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merr. Annonaceae
Anabiong Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Cannabaceae 0.33
Anagap Archidendron scutiferum (Blanco) I.C. Nielsen Leguminosae
Anahaw Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume Arecaceae
Aniatam-mali Cleistanthus decurrens Hook. f. Phyllanthaceae
Anilao Colona serratifolia Cav. Malvaceae 0.38
Anislag Flueggea flexuosa Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae 0.69
Anolang Haplostichanthus lanceolata (S. Vidal) Annonaceae
Heusden
Anonang Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Boraginaceae 0.38
Antipolo Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Moraceae 0.43
Anubing Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Moraceae 0.61
Anuling Pisonia umbellifera (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Nyctaginaceae 0.24
Seem.
Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco Dipterocarpaceae 0.67
Aplas Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Moraceae 0.38
Avocado Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae
Badlan Radermachera gigantea (Blume) Miq. Bignoniaceae 0.48
Badling Astronia cumingiana S. Vidal Melastomataceae
Bagalunga Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae 0.46
Bago Gnetum gnemon L. Gnetaceae 0.61
Bagtikan Shorea malaanonan Blume Dipterocarpaceae 0.51
Bahai Ormosia calavensis Blanco Leguminosae 0.43
Bakan Litsea philippinensis Merr. Lauraceae
Bakayau Cleistanthus oblongifolius (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. Phyllanthaceae 0.53
Balanti Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax Euphorbiaceae 0.29
Balete Ficus balete Merr. Moraceae 0.65
88
Common name Scientific name Family Gravity*
[gr /cm³]
Balik Hydnocarpus heterophylla Blume Achariaceae
Balinghasai Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume Anacardiaceae 0.45
Balobo Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz. Malvaceae 0.63
Balukanag Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms Meliaceae 0.55
Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae 0.55
Banai-banai Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. Bignoniaceae 0.46
Bangkal Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Rubiaceae 0.47
Bangkal, Southern / Neonauclea formicaria (Elmer) Merr. Rubiaceae
Hambabalud
Banitlong Cleistanthus pilosus C.B. Rob. Phyllanthaceae
Bansalangin Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae 0.82
Basikong Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Moraceae 0.43
Batino Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae 0.64
Batitinan Lagerstroemia piriformis Koehne Lythraceae 0.50
Bayag-usa Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Apocynaceae
Bayanti Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae 0.69
Bayog Dendrocalamus merrillianus (Elmer) Elmer Poaceae
Bayok Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculiaceae 0.57
Bayuko Artocarpus fretessii Teijsm. & Binn. ex Hassk. Moraceae 0.51
Benguet Pine Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon Pinaceae 0.48
Bignai Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. Phyllanthaceae 0.51
Bignai-pogo Antidesma montanum Blume Phyllanthaceae 0.59
Binaton Falcatifolium falciforme (Parl.) de Laub. Podocarpaceae 0.57
Bingliu Polyscias cenabrei (Merr.) Lowry & G.M. Araliaceae
Plunkett
Binoloan Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC. Myrtaceae 0.63
Binucao Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy Clusiaceae 0.75
Binunga Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae 0.43
Bitanghol Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana Clusiaceae 0.46
Bitanghol-sibat Calophyllum lancifolium Elmer Clusiaceae 0.53
Boga Alseodaphne philippinensis (Elmer) Kosterm. Lauraceae
Bogaiat Garcinia rhizophoroides Elmer Clusiaceae 0.75
Bogo Garuga floribunda Decne. Burseraceae 0.51
Bolon Platymitra arborea (Blanco) P.J.A. Kessler Annonaceae 0.74
Botree Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae 0.44
Bridelia stipularis Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Phyllanthaceae
Bugawak Melicope confusa (Merr.) P.S. Liu Rutaceae 0.38
Bulala (Wild Rambutan) Dimocarpus fumatus (Blume) Leenh. Sapindaceae
Bulalog Parishia maingayi Hook.f. Anacardiaceae 0.51
Bunga Areca catechu L. Arecaceae
Buri Corypha utan Lam. Arecaceae
Butlig-babui Canthium gynochthodes Baill. Rubiaceae
Butlo Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl. Thymelaeaceae
Caimito Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae
Coconut Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae
Dacrycarpus cumingii Dacrycarpus cumingii (Parl.) de Laub. Podocarpaceae
Dalingdingan Hopea foxworthyi Elmer Dipterocarpaceae 0.51
Dalinsi Terminalia pellucida C. Presl Combretaceae
Dalunot Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob. Urticaceae
Dangkalam Calophyllum obliquinervium Merr. Clusiaceae 0.64
89
Common name Scientific name Family Gravity*
[gr /cm³]
Danglin Grewia multiflora Juss. Malvaceae 0.48
Dangula (Sasalit) Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Lamiaceae 1.03
Dao Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae 0.40
Dins Ochrosia glomerata (Blume) F. Muell. Apocynaceae 0.57
Dita Alstonia scholaris (L.). R. Br. var. scholaris Apocynaceae 0.39
Duguan Myristica philippinensis Gand. Myristicaceae 0.36
Dungau-bundok Astronia lagunensis Merr. Melastomataceae
Dungo Ficus nervosa subsp. pubinervis (Blume) C.C. Moraceae 0.28
Berg
Eurya nitida Eurya nitida Korth. Pentaphylacaceae 0.53
Galo Anacolosa frutescens (Blume) Blume Olacaceae
Ganophyllum falcatum Ganophyllum falcatum Blume Sapindaceae
Gatasan Garcinia venulosa (Blanco) Choisy Clusiaceae
Gisok-Gisok Hopea philippinensis Dyer Dipterocarpaceae 0.67
Guijo Shorea guiso Blume Dipterocarpaceae 0.71
Gulob Leea aequata L. Vitaceae
Gumunan Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern Ebenaceae 0.78
Hagimit Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese) Miq. Moraceae 0.32
Hamindang Macaranga bicolor Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae 0.30
Haras / Ituman Garcinia ituman Merr. Clusiaceae
Hawili Ficus septica Burm.f. Moraceae 0.42
Himbabao Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau Moraceae 0.50
Hindang Myrica javanica Blume Myricaceae
Igem Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Podocarpaceae 0.41
Igyo Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A. Juss.) Miq. Meliaceae 0.45
Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae 0.29
Ilo-ilo Aglaia iloilo (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae 0.53
Inyam Antidesma tomentosum Blume Phyllanthaceae
Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leguminosae 0.64
Is-is Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Moraceae 0.38
Itangan Weinmannia luzoniensis S. Vidal Cunoniaceae 0.49
Kahoi dalaga Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Rubiaceae
Kalambug Gordonia luzonica S. Vidal Theaceae
Kalantas Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae 0.29
Kaliantan Leea philippinensis Merr. Vitaceae
Kalingag / Cinamomon Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal Lauraceae 0.43
Kalokoi Ficus callosa Willd. Moraceae 0.29
Kalomala Elaeocarpus calomala (Blanco) Merr. Elaeocarpaceae
Kalulot Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb. Moraceae 0.58
Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Combretaceae 0.53
Kamagong Diospyros discolor Willd. Ebenaceae 0.88
Kamandiis Garcinia rubra Merr. Clusiaceae
Kamatog Sympetalandra densiflora (Elmer) Steenis Leguminosae 0.76
Kamuling Microcos stylocarpa Burret Malvaceae 0.41
Kanapai Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Moraceae 0.28
Kansulud Aglaia argentea Blume Meliaceae 0.63
Kape Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae
Karaksan Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. Oleaceae 0.67
Katagpo Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Rubiaceae
Fern.-Vill.
90
Common name Scientific name Family Gravity*
[gr /cm³]
Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Dilleniaceae 0.63
Katong-matsin Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae 0.51
Kubi Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Moraceae 0.48
Kuela Bhesa paniculata Arn. Centroplacaceae 0.66
Kulatingan Pterospermum obliquum Blanco Sterculiaceae
Kurutan Olea borneensis Boerl. Oleaceae
Labayanan Radermachera coriacea Merr. Bignoniaceae
Lago Prunus grisea (Blume ex Muell. Berol.) Rosaceae 0.55
Kalkman
Lamio Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae 0.40
Lamog Planchonia spectabilis Merr. Lecythidaceae 0.58
Lanete Wrightia pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Apocynaceae
Ngan
Lanipga Toona philippinensis Elmer Meliaceae
Lanutan Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr. Annonaceae
Lanutan-dilau Polyalthia flava Merr. Annonaceae 0.51
Lingatong Laportea brunnea Merr. Urticaceae
Lingo-lingo Vitex turczaninowii Merr. Lamiaceae 0.49
Lipang-kalabaw Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.) Chew Urticaceae
Lisak Neonauclea bartlingii (DC.) Merr. Rubiaceae
Litsea cordata Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Lauraceae 0.36
Lubeg Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Myrtaceae 0.73
Lumbayao Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm. Malvaceae 0.62
Lunas Lunasia amara Blanco Rutaceae
Macaranga Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Euphorbiaceae
dipterocarpifolia
Magabuyo Celtis luzonica Warb. Cannabaceae 0.55
Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae 0.51
Malabignai Aporosa symplocifolia Merr. Phyllanthaceae
Malabuho Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Sterculiaceae 0.22
Malabunga Alseodaphne malabonga (Blanco) Kosterm. Lauraceae
Malaikmo Celtis philippensis Blanco Cannabaceae 0.69
Malak-malak Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Sapotaceae 0.46
Malakadios Dehaasia cairocan (Vidal) C.K. Allen Lauraceae
Malakape Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. Rubiaceae
Malakatmon Dillenia luzoniensis (Vidal) Merr. Dilleniaceae 0.69
Malapapaya Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Araliaceae 0.32
Malaruhat / Panglomboyen Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Myrtaceae 0.64
Cowan & Cowan
Malaruhat-puti Syzygium bordenii (Merr.) Merr. Myrtaceae 0.73
Malasangki Euonymus indicus B. Heyne ex Wall. Celastraceae 0.55
Malasantol Sandoricum vidalii Merr. Meliaceae 0.45
Malugai Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Sapindaceae 0.58
Mangium Acacia mangium Willd. Leguminosae
Mangkas Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierre Sapotaceae 0.81
Matang-araw Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Rutaceae 0.39
Matang-hipon Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Euphorbiaceae
Milipili Canarium hirsutum Willd. Burseraceae 0.49
Molave Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Lamiaceae 0.70
Nangka Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae 0.49
91
Common name Scientific name Family Gravity*
[gr /cm³]
Narra Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Leguminosae 0.53
Nato Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) Vidal Sapotaceae 0.55
Natong-linis Palaquium glabrifolium Merr. Sapotaceae 0.55
Niog-niyogan Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Moraceae
Pagsahingin-bulog Canarium asperum Benth. Burseraceae 0.47
Paguringon Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume Hypericaceae 0.59
Paho Mangifera philippinensis Mukherji Anacardiaceae 0.52
Pahutan Mangifera altissima Blanco Anacardiaceae 0.59
Pakiling Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Moraceae 0.32
Pakong buwaya Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyatheaceae
Pangnan Lithocarpus sulitii Soepadmo Fagaceae 0.86
Philippine Ash Fraxinus griffithii C.B. Clarke Oleaceae 0.60
Pili Canarium ovatum Engl. Burseraceae
Pugahan Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart. Arecaceae
Puso-puso Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Lauraceae
Putian Alangium javanicum (Blume) Wang. var. jaheri Cornaceae 0.73
Bloem.
Rain Tree (Acacia) Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Leguminosae 0.49
Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae 0.51
Sablot Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Lauraceae 0.50
Saguimsim Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr Myrtaceae
Sakat Terminalia nitens C. Presl Combretaceae 0.58
Salinggogon Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. Hypericaceae 0.72
ex Dyer
Salingkugi Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. Leguminosae 0.57
Sarawag Pinanga insignis Becc. Arecaceae
Spike pepper Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae
Subiang Bridelia insulana Hance. Phyllanthaceae
Symplocos lancifolia Symplocos lancifolia Siebold & Zucc. Symplocaceae
Tabau Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt Combretaceae 0.69
Tabian Elaeocarpus monocera Cav. Elaeocarpaceae
Tabon-tabon Atuna racemosa Raf. Chrysobalanaceae 0.67
Tagpo Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Primulaceae
Taklang-anak Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Clusiaceae 0.72
Talisay-gubat Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Combretaceae 0.60
Taluto Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. Sterculiaceae 0.25
Tamayuan Strombosia philippinensis S. Vidal Olacaceae 0.70
Tambis Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston Myrtaceae
Tan-ag Kleinhovia hospita L. Malvaceae 0.39
Tara-tara Dysoxylum cumingianum C.DC. Meliaceae 0.72
Tarangisi Aglaia cumingiana Turcz. Meliaceae
Tiagkot Archidendron clypearia subsp. clypearia (Jack) Leguminosae 0.32
I.C. Nielsen
Tiaong Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis Dipterocarpaceae 0.64
Tibig Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Moraceae
Tipurus Palaquium polyandrum C.B. Rob. Sapotaceae 0.55
Toog Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Lecythidaceae 0.54
Tuai Bischofia javanica Blume Euphorbiaceae 0.61
Tukang-kalau Aglaia pachyphylla Miq. Meliaceae 0.69
Tulo Alphitonia philippinensis Braid Rhamnaceae 0.40
92
Common name Scientific name Family Gravity*
[gr /cm³]
Ulayan (Oak) Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder Fagaceae
Uyok Saurauia elegans Fern.-Vill. Actinidiaceae
Wenzel anang Diospyros lanceifolia Roxb. Ebenaceae 0.66
White Lauan Shorea contorta S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae 0.43
Yemane Gmelina arborea Roxb. Lamiaceae 0.43
* for tree species without specific wood gravity, the average wood specific gravity for tropical tree species in
Asia of 0.57 gr/cm³ published by Brown (1997) has been used
93
Annex 3: List of recorded species by
botanical family
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Achariaceae Hydnocarpus Tree 3 46.3
heterophylla Blume
Actinidiaceae Saurauia elegans Tree 1 13.5 2 35.5
Fern.-Vill.
Anacardiaceae Buchanania Tree 4 37.0 13 60.2
arborescens (Blume)
Blume
Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao Tree 2 15.7 14 81.6
(Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
Anacardiaceae Koordersiodendron Tree 2 30.2
pinnatum Merr.
Anacardiaceae Mangifera altissima Tree 3 100.7
Blanco
Anacardiaceae Mangifera Tree 3 38.0
philippinensis Mukherji
Anacardiaceae Parishia maingayi Tree 1 8.9
Hook.f.
Annonaceae Cananga odorata Tree 1 48.2
(Lam.) Hook.f. &
Thomson
Annonaceae Goniothalamus amuyon Tree 3 55.2 4 10.4
(Blanco) Merr.
Annonaceae Mitrephora lanotan Tree 1 7.1 1 43.3
(Blanco) Merr.
Annonaceae Platymitra arborea Tree 2 14.1
(Blanco) P.J.A. Kessler
Annonaceae Polyalthia flava Merr. Tree 1 7.3
Apocynaceae Alstonia macrophylla Tree 9 40.8 12 23.2
Wall. ex G. Don
Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) Tree 3 40.2 6 79.1
R. Br. var. scholaris
Apocynaceae Ochrosia glomerata Tree 1 24.1
(Blume) F. Muell.
Apocynaceae Voacanga globosa Tree 2 7.6 12 10.4
(Blanco) Merr.
Apocynaceae Wrightia pubescens Tree 4 34.2
subsp. laniti (Blanco)
Ngan
Araliaceae Polyscias cenabrei Tree 1 19.4 1 21.5
(Merr.) Lowry & G.M.
Plunkett
Araliaceae Polyscias nodosa Tree 3 39.0 4 13.2
(Blume) Seem.
Araucariaceae Agathis philippinensis Tree 3 18.1
Warb.
Arecaceae Areca catechu L. Palm 1 6.9
Arecaceae Caryota cumingii Lodd. Palm 1 6.0 3 13.8
ex Mart.
Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. Palm 2 31.2 19 34.1
94
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Arecaceae Corypha utan Lam. Palm 2 7.5
Arecaceae Pinanga insignis Becc. Palm 5 12.6
Arecaceae Saribus rotundifolius Palm 3 22.0 6 25.0
(Lam.) Blume
Bignoniaceae Radermachera Tree 5 19.4 1 11.7
coriacea Merr.
Bignoniaceae Radermachera pinnata Tree 13 146.0 22 41.2
(Blanco) Seem.
Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma G. Tree 1 29.8 2 40.1
Forst.
Burseraceae Canarium asperum Tree 18 54.0 31 36.8
Benth.
Burseraceae Canarium hirsutum Tree 1 8.0
Willd.
Burseraceae Canarium ovatum Engl. Tree 1 9.5
Burseraceae Garuga floribunda Tree 4 26.1 8 38.4
Decne.
Cannabaceae Celtis luzonica Warb. Tree 1 5.1 3 18.5
Cannabaceae Celtis philippensis Tree 2 9.8
Blanco
Cannabaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Tree 2 47.8 4 38.8
Blume
Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Tree 13 89.0 11 34.0
L.
Casuarinaceae Gymnostoma Tree 2 32.3
rumphianum (Miq.)
L.A.S. Johnson
Celastraceae Euonymus indicus B. Tree 6 15.0 2 35.0
Heyne ex Wall.
Centroplacaceae Bhesa paniculata Arn. Tree 3 17.0
Chrysobalanaceae Atuna racemosa Raf. Tree 1 8.5
Clusiaceae Calophyllum blancoi Tree 5 10.8 9 20.8
Planch. & Triana
Clusiaceae Calophyllum lancifolium Tree 1 14.0
Elmer
Clusiaceae Calophyllum Tree 1 8.4
obliquinervium Merr.
Clusiaceae Garcinia binucao Tree 5 11.0 10 27.8
(Blanco) Choisy
Clusiaceae Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Tree 4 45.0 4 33.7
Kurz
Clusiaceae Garcinia ituman Merr. Tree 1 9.2
Clusiaceae Garcinia rhizophoroides Tree 1 22.0 2 22.5
Elmer
Clusiaceae Garcinia rubra Merr. Tree 2 7.5 13 16.5
Clusiaceae Garcinia venulosa Tree 1 7.4 2 22.1
(Blanco) Choisy
Combretaceae Lumnitzera littorea Tree 10 15.4 9 62.3
(Jack) Voigt
Combretaceae Terminalia foetidissima Tree 5 35.7
Griff.
Combretaceae Terminalia microcarpa Tree 1 34.2
Decne.
95
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Combretaceae Terminalia nitens C. Tree 2 6.2
Presl
Combretaceae Terminalia pellucida C. Tree 1 20.5 1 19.0
Presl
Cornaceae Alangium javanicum Tree 2 15.4 6 28.0
(Blume) Wang. var.
jaheri Bloem.
Cunoniaceae Weinmannia Tree 2 32.0 1 28.6
luzoniensis S. Vidal
Cyatheaceae Cyathea contaminans Tree 19 65.4 3 14.5
(Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. fern
Dilleniaceae Dillenia luzoniensis Tree 1 6.3
(Vidal) Merr.
Dilleniaceae Dillenia philippinensis Tree 3 43.5 5 30.9
Rolfe
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus Tree 2 45.7
grandiflorus (Blanco)
Blanco
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea foxworthyi Tree 1 9.9
Elmer
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea philippinensis Tree 2 9.8
Dyer
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea almon Foxw. Tree 1 28.9
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea contorta S. Tree 5 68.1 5 103.0
Vidal
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea guiso Blume Tree 6 73.5 5 41.5
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea malaanonan Tree 4 66.0 3 26.5
Blume
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea negrosensis Tree 6 40.2
Foxw.
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ovata Dyer ex Tree 2 56.9
Brandis
Ebenaceae Diospyros buxifolia Tree 2 27.5
(Blume) Hiern
Ebenaceae Diospyros discolor Tree 1 16.1 3 64.0
Willd.
Ebenaceae Diospyros lanceifolia Tree 4 27.8
Roxb.
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus calomala Tree 13 53.4 6 62.5
(Blanco) Merr.
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus monocera Tree 1 17.0
Cav.
Euphorbiaceae Bischofia javanica Tree 21 104.0 17 111.0
Blume
Euphorbiaceae Breynia vitis-idaea Tree 1 18.1
(Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch.
Euphorbiaceae Flueggea flexuosa Tree 1 5.9
Muell. Arg.
Euphorbiaceae Homalanthus Tree 2 27.7 7 17.0
populneus (Geiseler)
Pax
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga bicolor Tree 6 10.4 7 43.0
Muell. Arg.
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga Tree 1 5.0
dipterocarpifolia Merr.
96
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius Tree 2 20.5 6 30.3
(L.) Muell. Arg.
Euphorbiaceae Melanolepis Tree 1 22.4 1 21.6
multiglandulosa
(Reinw. ex Blume)
Rchb. & Zoll.
Fagaceae Lithocarpus Tree 2 109.0 2 35.6
caudatifolius (Merr.)
Rehder
Fagaceae Lithocarpus sulitii Tree 1 9.8 1 6.1
Soepadmo
Gnetaceae Gnetum gnemon L. Tree 3 20.0
Hypericaceae Cratoxylum formosum Tree 4 24.2 6 27.7
(Jacq.) Benth. &
Hook.f. ex Dyer
Hypericaceae Cratoxylum Tree 4 25.6 14 47.6
sumatranum (Jack)
Blume
Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree 1 39.1 4 27.4
Lamiaceae Premna odorata Blanco Tree 2 8.0 9 24.9
Lamiaceae Teijsmanniodendron Tree 5 21.0 7 43.6
ahernianum (Merr.)
Bakh.
Lamiaceae Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Tree 1 44.4 1 10.1
Lamiaceae Vitex turczaninowii Tree 1 33.6
Merr.
Lauraceae Alseodaphne Tree 2 29.2 1 34.9
malabonga (Blanco)
Kosterm.
Lauraceae Alseodaphne Tree 1 5.4
philippinensis (Elmer)
Kosterm.
Lauraceae Cinnamomum Tree 13 49.0 10 34.4
mercadoi S. Vidal
Lauraceae Dehaasia cairocan Tree 4 38.5 8 27.8
(Vidal) C.K. Allen
Lauraceae Litsea cordata (Jack) Tree 3 25.5
Hook. f.
Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Tree 1 5.2
C.B. Rob.
Lauraceae Litsea philippinensis Tree 8 56.0 6 54.7
Merr.
Lauraceae Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Tree 8 22.0 3 28.1
Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. Tree 1 21.1 1 11.1
Lecythidaceae Petersianthus Tree 1 59.4 3 58.3
quadrialatus (Merr.)
Merr.
Lecythidaceae Planchonia spectabilis Tree 3 48.5 1 55.0
Merr.
Leguminosae Acacia mangium Willd. Tree 1 28.0
Leguminosae Albizia procera (Roxb.) Tree 2 20.0 2 35.0
Benth.
Leguminosae Albizia saman (Jacq.) Tree 1 70.5
Merr.
97
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Leguminosae Albizia saponaria Tree 1 13.4 5 40.0
(Lour.) Miq.
Leguminosae Archidendron clypearia Tree 2 20.8 6 33.5
subsp. clypearia (Jack)
I.C. Nielsen
Leguminosae Archidendron Tree 3 6.9
scutiferum (Blanco) I.C.
Nielsen
Leguminosae Leucaena leucocephala Tree 3 27.0
(Lam.) de Wit
Leguminosae Ormosia calavensis Tree 1 6.3
Blanco
Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus Tree 2 47.1 10 55.1
Willd.
Leguminosae Sympetalandra Tree 1 37.5
densiflora (Elmer)
Steenis
Lythraceae Lagerstroemia Tree 1 11.9
piriformis Koehne
Lythraceae Lagerstroemia Tree 1 10.3
speciosa (L.) Pers.
Malvaceae Colona serratifolia Cav. Tree 1 43.0 5 18.1
Malvaceae Diplodiscus paniculatus Tree 1 5.9 1 29.2
Turcz.
Malvaceae Grewia multiflora Juss. Tree 2 30.3 1 17.1
Malvaceae Heritiera javanica Tree 3 47.2
(Blume) Kosterm.
Malvaceae Kleinhovia hospita L. Tree 3 20.9 2 36.9
Malvaceae Microcos stylocarpa Tree 3 22.0
Burret
Melastomataceae Astronia cumingiana S. Tree 5 26.7 1 5.3
Vidal
Melastomataceae Astronia lagunensis Tree 2 31.8
Merr.
Meliaceae Aglaia argentea Blume Tree 1 33.7 1 37.4
Meliaceae Aglaia cumingiana Tree 4 6.4 1 26.0
Turcz.
Meliaceae Aglaia iloilo (Blanco) Tree 3 11.0
Merr.
Meliaceae Aglaia pachyphylla Miq. Tree 2 50.9
Meliaceae Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Tree 16 56.0 1 6.0
Merr.
Meliaceae Aglaia tomentosa Tree 1 25.2 1 9.2
Teijsm. & Binn.
Meliaceae Chisocheton Tree 1 104.7
cumingianus (C.DC.)
Harms
Meliaceae Chisocheton Tree 1 9.3
pentandrus (Blanco)
Merr.
Meliaceae Dysoxylum Tree 6 18.7
cumingianum C. DC.
Meliaceae Dysoxylum Tree 1 13.4 3 44.1
gaudichaudianum (A.
Juss.) Miq.
98
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. Tree 2 28.0
Meliaceae Sandoricum vidalii Tree 2 20.1 3 24.5
Merr.
Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni Tree 7 30.5
(L.) Jacq.
Meliaceae Toona calantas Merr. & Tree 1 7.3
Rolfe
Meliaceae Toona philippinensis Tree 3 73.2 3 60.5
Elmer
Moraceae Artocarpus blancoi Tree 5 35.8
(Elmer) Merr.
Moraceae Artocarpus fretessii Tree 5 31.6 2 12.8
Teijsm. & Binn. ex
Hassk.
Moraceae Artocarpus Tree 1 12.5
heterophyllus Lam.
Moraceae Artocarpus nitidus Tree 1 24.2
Trécul
Moraceae Artocarpus ovatus Tree 1 48.0
Blanco
Moraceae Artocarpus rubrovenius Tree 6 134.0 1 30.2
Warb.
Moraceae Broussonetia luzonica Tree 1 24.1
(Blanco) Bureau
Moraceae Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Tree 1 23.0
Moraceae Ficus balete Merr. Tree 6 82.0 8 68.0
Moraceae Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Tree 1 11.2 1 7.3
Moraceae Ficus callosa Willd. Tree 2 16.2
Moraceae Ficus magnoliifolia Tree 4 33.4 4 100.0
Blume
Moraceae Ficus minahassae Tree 1 23.1 4 35.8
(Teijsm. & Vriese) Miq.
Moraceae Ficus nervosa subsp. Tree 2 57.3
pubinervis (Blume)
C.C. Berg
Moraceae Ficus nota (Blanco) Tree 17 34.0 10 30.2
Merr.
Moraceae Ficus odorata (Blanco) Tree 2 9.1
Merr.
Moraceae Ficus pseudopalma Tree 3 7.6 1 5.6
Blanco
Moraceae Ficus religiosa L. Tree 2 35.1 1 5.7
Moraceae Ficus septica Burm.f. Tree 10 12.2 14 13.3
Moraceae Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Tree 1 11.1
Moraceae Paratrophis Tree 6 39.0
philippinensis Fern. -
Vill.
Myristicaceae Myristica philippinensis Tree 8 52.0 7 36.5
Gand.
Myrtaceae Syzygium Tree 5 20.3 3 17.6
acuminatissimum
(Blume) DC.
Myrtaceae Syzygium aqueum Tree 1 10.0
(Burm. f.) Alston
99
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Myrtaceae Syzygium bordenii Tree 5 23.5
(Merr.) Merr.
Myrtaceae Syzygium brevistylum Tree 1 5.6
(C.B. Rob.) Merr
Myrtaceae Syzygium claviflorum Tree 10 45.1 10 46.5
(Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.
Cowan & Cowan
Myrtaceae Syzygium lineatum Tree 1 8.8
(DC.) Merr. & L.M.
Perry
Nyctaginaceae Pisonia umbellifera Tree 1 8.0 2 32.1
(J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.)
Seem.
Olacaceae Strombosia Tree 2 6.5
philippinensis S. Vidal
Oleaceae Chionanthus ramiflorus Tree 1 11.1
Roxb.
Oleaceae Fraxinus griffithii C.B. Tree 1 42.0 2 32.3
Clarke
Oleaceae Olea borneensis Boerl. Tree 4 37.8 2 27.0
Pandanaceae Pandanus luzonensis Palm 6 25.2 7 29.0
Merr
Pentaphylacaceae Eurya nitida Korth. Tree 1 16.0 1 8.2
Phyllanthaceae Antidesma bunius (L.) Tree 1 11.5
Spreng.
Phyllanthaceae Antidesma montanum Tree 1 28.1 3 13.0
Blume
Phyllanthaceae Antidesma tomentosum Tree 3 9.1 1 9.5
Blume
Phyllanthaceae Aporosa symplocifolia Tree 4 24.3
Merr.
Phyllanthaceae Bridelia insulana Tree 1 10.5
Hance.
Phyllanthaceae Bridelia stipularis (L.) Tree 1 18.9
Blume
Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus decurrens Tree 3 34.6 4 10.1
Hook. f.
Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Tree 5 22.1
oblongifolius (Roxb.)
Muell. Arg.
Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus pilosus Tree 2 39.0
C.B. Rob.
Pinaceae Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Tree 1 24.8
Gordon
Piperaceae Piper aduncum L. Tree 1 7.0 1 6.2
Poaceae Dendrocalamus Bamboo 1 9.0
merrillianus (Elmer)
Elmer
Podocarpaceae Dacrycarpus cumingii Tree 2 24.8
(Parl.) de Laub.
Podocarpaceae Dacrycarpus imbricatus Tree 1 23.1 3 52.5
(Blume) de Laub.
Podocarpaceae Falcatifolium falciforme Tree 1 27.2 1 7.7
(Parl.) de Laub.
Primulaceae Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Tree 1 7.2 8 14.7
100
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Rhamnaceae Alphitonia Tree 1 16.2
philippinensis Braid
Rosaceae Prunus grisea (Blume Tree 2 45.5 1 15.7
ex Muell. Berol.)
Kalkman
Rubiaceae Canthium Tree 2 12.0
gynochthodes Baill.
Rubiaceae Coffea arabica L. Tree 1 5.5 3 6.7
Rubiaceae Mussaenda philippica Tree 1 10.5 2 5.8
A. Rich.
Rubiaceae Nauclea orientalis (L.) Tree 2 21.2
L.
Rubiaceae Neonauclea bartlingii Tree 6 20.5 10 22.4
(DC.) Merr.
Rubiaceae Neonauclea formicaria Tree 12 34.9 26 58.2
(Elmer) Merr.
Rubiaceae Psychotria luzoniensis Tree 4 11.1 1 6.1
(Cham. & Schltdl.)
Fern.-Vill.
Rubiaceae Psydrax dicoccos Tree 1 6.5 11 17.0
Gaertn.
Rutaceae Lunasia amara Blanco Tree 1 6.4
Rutaceae Melicope confusa Tree 1 8.3
(Merr.) P.S. Liu
Rutaceae Melicope triphylla Tree 1 15.0
(Lam.) Merr.
Sapindaceae Allophylus cobbe (L.) Tree 5 27.0 1 27.0
Raeusch.
Sapindaceae Dimocarpus fumatus Tree 2 29.0 2 15.2
(Blume) Leenh.
Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan Tree 1 13.3 1 28.5
subsp. malesianus
Leenh.
Sapindaceae Ganophyllum falcatum Tree 3 23.1
Blume
Sapindaceae Guioa koelreuteria Tree 1 12.2 1 9.5
(Blanco) Merr.
Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito Tree 1 32.0
L.
Sapotaceae Mimusops elengi L. Tree 11 46.6 2 27.4
Sapotaceae Palaquium glabrifolium Tree 1 10.6
Merr.
Sapotaceae Palaquium luzoniense Tree 9 42.0 10 65.2
(Fern.-Vill.) Vidal
Sapotaceae Palaquium philippense Tree 3 31.7
(Perr.) C.B. Rob.
Sapotaceae Palaquium polyandrum Tree 2 13.0 13 49.2
C.B. Rob.
Sapotaceae Planchonella obovata Tree 1 12.0
(R.Br.) Pierre
Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium Tree 3 42.1 17 85.7
tinctorium Merr.
Sterculiaceae Pterospermum Tree 3 42.7 14 54.4
diversifolium Blume
101
Family Genus & Species Type Closed Forests Open Forests
Observations Dmax Observations Dmax
[cm] [cm]
Sterculiaceae Pterospermum Tree 1 32.9
obliquum Blanco
Sterculiaceae Sterculia oblongata R. Tree 3 10.6 3 55.6
Br.
Symplocaceae Symplocos lancifolia Tree 4 8.6 2 7.7
Siebold & Zucc.
Theaceae Gordonia luzonica S. Tree 5 30.0 2 8.4
Vidal
Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria cumingiana Tree 2 15.0
(Decne.) Ridl.
Urticaceae Dendrocnide Tree 4 21.7 2 8.7
meyeniana (Walp.)
Chew
Urticaceae Laportea brunnea Merr. Tree 6 29.4 5 28.3
Urticaceae Leucosyke capitellata Tree 15 19.1 10 31.5
Wedd.
Urticaceae Oreocnide trinervis Tree 6 13.2
(Wedd.) Miq.
Urticaceae Pipturus arborescens Tree 10 33.5 1 5.5
(Link) C.B. Rob.
Vitaceae Leea aculeata Blume Tree 1 7.0 2 6.2
ex Spreng
Vitaceae Leea aequata L. Tree 5 42.1
Vitaceae Leea philippinensis Tree 1 5.5
Merr.
102
Annex 4: Detailed results - closed forests
Pdf file with 85 pages accessible from:
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-pdf/unpublished/Panay_FRA-Appendix4-
Closed_%20Forests-Detailed_results_2016-12-07.pdf
103
Annex 5: Detailed results - open forests
Pdf file with 121 pages accessible from:
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-pdf/unpublished/Panay_FRA-Appendix5-
Open_Forests-Detailed_results_2016-12-07.pdf
104
Annex 6: Statistical parameters - closed
forests
Pdf file with 9 pages accessible from:
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-pdf/unpublished/Panay_FRA-Appendix6-
Closed_Forests-Statistics_2016-12-07.pdf
105
Annex 7: Statistical parameters - open
forests
Pdf file with 13 pages accessible from:
http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications-pdf/unpublished/Panay_FRA-Appendix7-
Open_Forests-Statistics_2016-12-07.pdf
106
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Registered offices
Bonn und Eschborn
E giz-philippinen@giz.de
I www.giz.de