Jenis Ikan Di Dunia

JENIS-JENIS IKAN
DI DUNIA
EDITED BY
Harun Al Rasyid Harahap, S.Pi
1
CLASS ELASMOBRANCHII
(Sharks and Rays)
2
ORDO CARCHARHINIFORMES
(Ground sharks)
Environment : Fresh √
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Two dorsal fins (one dorsal fin in the scyliorhinid Pentachus
profundicolus, known only from the holotype), without spines; anal fin
present; five gill slits, with the last one to three over the pectoral fin;
gill rakers absent; eyes with nictitating fold or membrane; spiracles
present or absent; intestinal value of spiral or scroll type. Development
may be oviparous, ovoviparous, or viviparous.
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Family Carcharhinidae
(Requiem sharks)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: global. Gill openings 5, the fifth behind origin of pectoral
fin. Small to large sharks with round eyes, internal nictitating eyelids,
no nasoral grooves or barbels, usually no spiracles. Teeth usually
bladelike with one cusp. Development usually viviparous with young
born fully developed. Includes several dangerous species, but most
prefer to avoid divers.
No Spesies Nama Inggris

1. Carcharhinus acronotus Blacknose shark
2. Carcharhinus albimarginatus Silvertip shark
3. Carcharhinus altimus Bignose shark
4. Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Graceful shark
5. Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Blacktail reef shark
6. Carcharhinus amboinensis Pigeye shark
7. Carcharhinus borneensis Borneo shark
8. Carcharhinus brachyurus Copper shark
9. Carcharhinus brevipinna Spinner shark
10. Carcharhinus cautus Nervous shark
11. Carcharhinus dussumieri Whitecheek shark
12. Carcharhinus falciformis Silky shark
13. Carcharhinus fitzroyensis Creek whaler
14. Carcharhinus galapagensis Galapagos shark
15. Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry shark
16. Carcharhinus isodon Finetooth shark
17. Carcharhinus leiodon Smooth tooth blacktip shark
18. Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark
19. Carcharhinus limbatus Blacktip shark
20. Carcharhinus longimanus Oceanic whitetip shark
21. Carcharhinus macloti Hardnose shark
22. Carcharhinus macrops
23. Carcharhinus melanopterus Blacktip reef shark
24. Carcharhinus obscurus Dusky shark
25. Carcharhinus perezii Caribbean reef shark
26. Carcharhinus plumbeus Sandbar shark
27. Carcharhinus porosus Smalltail shark
28. Carcharhinus sealei Blackspot shark
29. Carcharhinus signatus Night shark
30. Carcharhinus sorrah Spot-tail shark
31. Carcharhinus tilstoni Australian blacktip shark
32. Galeocerdo cuvier Tiger shark
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33. Glyphis gangeticus Ganges shark
34. Glyphis garricki Northern river shark
35. Glyphis glyphis Speartooth shark
36. Glyphis siamensis Irrawaddy river shark
37. Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus Daggernose shark
38. Lamiopsis temminckii Broadfin shark
39. Loxodon macrorhinus Sliteye shark
40. Nasolamia velox Whitenose shark
41. Negaprion acutidens Sicklefin lemon shark
42. Negaprion brevirostris Lemon shark
43. Prionace glauca Blue shark
44. Rhizoprionodon acutus Milk shark
45. Rhizoprionodon lalandii Brazilian sharpnose shark
46. Rhizoprionodon longurio Pacific sharpnose shark
47. Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Grey sharpnose shark
48. Rhizoprionodon porosus Caribbean sharpnose shark
49. Rhizoprionodon taylori Australian sharpnose shark
50. Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Atlantic sharpnose shark
51. Scoliodon laticaudus Spadenose shark
52. Triaenodon obesus Whitetip reef shark
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Family Hemigaleidae
(Weasel sharks)
Environment : Fresh X
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Common coastal tropical sharks from shallow water down to 100 m,
limited to the eastern Atlantic and continental Indo-West Pacific but
not extending far into the central Pacific. Horizontally oval eyes, small
spiracles, two moderate-sized spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin, the
first dorsal base well ahead of pelvic bases. Precaudal pits present.
Caudal fin with a strong ventral lobe and lateral undulations on its
dorsal margin. They feed on small bony fish, small elasmobranchs,
cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms.

1. Chaenogaleus macrostoma Hooktooth shark
2. Hemigaleus australiensis Australian weasel shark
3. Hemigaleus microstoma Sicklefin weasel shark
4. Hemipristis elongata Snaggletooth shark
5. Paragaleus leucolomatus Whitetip weasel shark
6. Paragaleus pectoralis Atlantic weasel shark
7. Paragaleus randalli Slender weasel shark
8. Paragaleus tengi Straight-tooth weasel shark
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Family Leptochariidae
(Barbeled houndsharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Small, common, inshore tropical shark of the West African continental
shelf, found near the bottom at depths of 10 to 75 m. Light grey or
grey-brown shark with horizontally oval eyes and internal nictitating
eyelids. Nostrils with slender barbels. Two small, spineless, equal-sized
dorsal fins and an anal fin, the first dorsal fin on the back between
pectoral and pelvic fins. Viviparous, with a unique spherical or globular
placenta. Feeds on small bottom and littoral organisms with a
preference for crustaceans. Other food items: sardines, anchovies,
snake eels, blennies, gobies, flatfish, crabs, shrimps, lobsters, octopi
and sponges.

1. Leptocharias smithii Barbeled houndshark
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Family Proscylliidae
(Finback catsharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Small (< 1.2 m) deepwater sharks (50-713 m) with a disjunct

distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters of the western North
Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific. Elongate, catlike eyes with nictitating
eyelids. Small cuspidate teeth. Two small, spineless dorsal fins and
anal fin. The first dorsal base well ahead of pelvic bases. Most species
are ovoviviparous. The food of these harmless sharks consists of small
fishes and invertebrates.

1. Ctenacis fehlmanni Harlequin catshark
2. Eridacnis barbouri Cuban ribbontail catshark
3. Eridacnis radcliffei Pygmy ribbontail catshark
4. Eridacnis sinuans African ribbontail catshark
5. Proscyllium habereri Graceful catshark
6. Proscyllium magnificum
7. Proscyllium venustum
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Family Pseudotriakidae
(False catsharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Big deep-water bottom-dwelling shark of the continental and insular

slopes from 200 to 1500 m. Found in all oceans from Madagascar to
Taiwan and Hawaii, and to Iceland. A large, bulky, dark-brown, soft-
bodied shark with elongated, catlike eyes and nictitating eyelids, large
spiracles, a huge, wide, angular mouth that reaches behind eyes, very
short labial furrows, numerous small cuspidate teeth in 200 or more
rows in each jaw. Two large spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin, the
first dorsal fin being low, long and keel-like. Caudal fin with a strong
ventral lobe. Ovoviviparous, with litters of 2 to possibly 4 young.
Probably feeds on a variety of deepwater bony fishes, elasmobranchs
and invertebrates.

1. Gollum attenuatus Slender smooth-hound
2. Pseudotriakis microdon False catshark
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Family Scyliorhinidae
(Cat sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: temperate and tropical seas. Usually elongated, catlike

eyes with nictitating eyelids. Lower eyelid usually with longitudinal
fold. Gill openings 5, the fifth over origin of pectoral fin. Two small,
spineless dorsal fins. One of the largest family of sharks, occurring
from the intertidal zone to the edges of the continental and insular
shelves and down the slopes to depths greater than 2000 m. Spawns
large eggs in tough egg-cases with tendrils. Some species are
ovoviviparous. Feed mainly on invertebrates and small fishes.

1. Apristurus acanutus Flatnose cat shark
2. Apristurus albisoma
3. Apristurus ampliceps
4. Apristurus aphyodes
5. Apristurus australis
6. Apristurus brunneus Brown catshark
7. Apristurus bucephalus Bighead catshark
8. Apristurus canutus Hoary catshark
9. Apristurus exsanguis
10. Apristurus fedorovi
11. Apristurus gibbosus Humpback cat shark
12. Apristurus herklotsi Longfin catshark
13. Apristurus indicus Smallbelly catshark
14. Apristurus internatus
15. Apristurus investigatoris Broadnose catshark
16. Apristurus japonicus Japanese catshark
17. Apristurus kampae Longnose catshark
18. Apristurus laurussonii Iceland catshark
19. Apristurus longicephalus Longhead catshark
20. Apristurus macrorhynchus Flathead catshark
21. Apristurus macrostomus Broadmouth cat shark
22. Apristurus manis Ghost catshark
23. Apristurus melanoasper Black roughscale catshark
24. Apristurus microps Smalleye catshark
25. Apristurus micropterygeus Smalldorsal cat shark
26. Apristurus nasutus Largenose catshark
27. Apristurus parvipinnis Smallfin catshark
28. Apristurus pinguis
29. Apristurus platyrhynchus Borneo catshark
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30. Apristurus profundorum Deep-water catshark
31. Apristurus riveri Broadgill catshark
32. Apristurus saldanha Saldanha catshark
33. Apristurus sibogae Pale catshark
34. Apristurus sinensis South China catshark
35. Apristurus spongiceps Spongehead catshark
36. Apristurus stenseni Panama ghost catshark
37. Asymbolus analis Australian spotted catshark
38. Asymbolus funebris
39. Asymbolus galacticus Starry catshark
40. Asymbolus occiduus Western spotted catshark
41. Asymbolus pallidus Pale spotted catshark
42. Asymbolus parvus
43. Asymbolus rubiginosus
44. Asymbolus submaculatus Variegated catshark
45. Asymbolus vincenti Gulf catshark
46. Atelomycterus baliensis Bali catshark
47. Atelomycterus fasciatus Banded sand catshark
48. Atelomycterus macleayi Australian marbled catshark
49. Atelomycterus marmoratus Coral catshark
50. Atelomycterus marnkalha Eastern banded catshark
51. Aulohalaelurus kanakorum Kanakorum catshark
52. Aulohalaelurus labiosus Australian blackspot catshark
53. Bythaelurus alcockii Arabian catshark
54. Bythaelurus canescens Dusky catshark
55. Bythaelurus clevai Broadhead cat shark
56. Bythaelurus dawsoni New Zealand catshark
57. Bythaelurus hispidus Bristly catshark
58. Bythaelurus immaculatus Spotless catshark
59. Bythaelurus incanus
60. Bythaelurus lutarius Mud catshark
61. Cephaloscyllium albipinnum Whitefin swellshark
62. Cephaloscyllium circulopullum Circle-blotch pygmy swell shark
63. Cephaloscyllium cooki Cook’s swellshark
64. Cephaloscyllium fasciatum Reticulated swellshark
65. Cephaloscyllium hiscosellum Australian reticulate swellshark
66. Cephaloscyllium isabellum Draughtsboard shark
67. Cephaloscyllium laticeps Australian swellshark
68. Cephaloscyllium maculatum Spotted swellshark
69. Cephaloscyllium pardelotum Leopard-spotted swellshark
70. Cephaloscyllium pictum Painted swellshark
71. Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis Sarawak pygmy swell shark
72. Cephaloscyllium signourum Flagtail swellshark
73. Cephaloscyllium silasi Indian swellshark
74. Cephaloscyllium speccum Speckled swellshark
75. Cephaloscyllium sufflans Balloon shark
76. Cephaloscyllium umbratile Blotchy swell shark
77. Cephaloscyllium variegatum Saddled swellshark
78. Cephaloscyllium ventriosum Swellshark
79. Cephaloscyllium zebrum Narrowbar swellshark
80. Cephalurus cephalus Lollipop catshark
81. Figaro boardmani Australian sawtail catshark
82. Figaro striatus Northern sawtail shark
83. Galeus antillensis
84. Galeus arae Roughtail catshark
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85. Galeus atlanticus Atlantic sawtail cat shark
86. Galeus cadenati Longfin sawtail cat shark
87. Galeus eastmani Gecko catshark
88. Galeus gracilis Slender sawtail catshark
89. Galeus longirostris Longnose sawtail cat shark
90. Galeus melastomus Blackmouth catshark
91. Galeus mincaronei Southern sawtail catshark
92. Galeus murinus Mouse catshark
93. Galeus nipponensis Broadfin sawtail catshark
94. Galeus piperatus Peppered catshark
95. Galeus polli African sawtail catshark
96. Galeus priapus
97. Galeus sauteri Blacktip sawtail catshark
98. Galeus schultzi Dwarf sawtail catshark
99. Galeus springeri Springer's sawtail cat shark
100. Halaelurus boesemani Speckled catshark
101. Halaelurus buergeri Blackspotted catshark
102. Halaelurus lineatus Lined catshark
103. Halaelurus maculosus Indonesian Speckled Catshark
104. Halaelurus natalensis Tiger catshark
105. Halaelurus quagga Quagga catshark
106. Halaelurus sellus Rusty Catshark
107. Haploblepharus edwardsii Puffadder shyshark
108. Haploblepharus fuscus Brown shyshark
109. Haploblepharus kistnasamyi
110. Haploblepharus pictus Dark shyshark
111. Holohalaelurus favus
112. Holohalaelurus grennian
113. Holohalaelurus melanostigma Crying Izak
114. Holohalaelurus punctatus African spotted catshark
115. Holohalaelurus regani Izak catshark
116. Parmaturus albimarginatus White-tip Catshark
117. Parmaturus albipenis White-clasper catshark
118. Parmaturus bigus Beige catshark
119. Parmaturus campechiensis Campeche catshark
120. Parmaturus lanatus Velvet catshark
121. Parmaturus macmillani McMillan's cat shark
122. Parmaturus melanobranchus Blackgill catshark
123. Parmaturus pilosus Salamander shark
124. Parmaturus xaniurus Filetail catshark
125. Pentanchus profundicolus Onefin catshark
126. Poroderma africanum Striped catshark
127. Poroderma pantherinum Leopard catshark
128. Schroederichthys bivius Narrowmouthed catshark
129. Schroederichthys chilensis Redspotted catshark
130. Schroederichthys maculatus Narrowtail catshark
131. Schroederichthys saurisqualus Lizard catshark
132. Schroederichthys tenuis Slender catshark
133. Scyliorhinus besnardi Polkadot catshark
134. Scyliorhinus boa Boa catshark
135. Scyliorhinus canicula Small-spotted catshark
136. Scyliorhinus capensis Yellowspotted catshark
137. Scyliorhinus cervigoni West African catshark
138. Scyliorhinus comoroensis Comoro cat shark
139. Scyliorhinus garmani Brownspotted catshark
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140. Scyliorhinus haeckelii Freckled catshark
141. Scyliorhinus hesperius Whitesaddled catshark
142. Scyliorhinus meadi Blotched catshark
143. Scyliorhinus retifer Chain catshark
144. Scyliorhinus stellaris Nursehound
145. Scyliorhinus tokubee Izu cat shark
146. Scyliorhinus torazame Cloudy catshark
147. Scyliorhinus torrei Dwarf catshark
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Family Sphyrnidae
(Hammerhead, Bonnethead,
or Scoophead sharks)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Marine, coastal; occasionally in brackish water. Distribution: global

(chiefly warm waters). Head laterally expanded, with eyes and nasal
openings much wider set than in other sharks. The blades presumably
server to increase the sharks' sensory capabilities. No spiracle. A
maximum length of 4.5 m was reported for Sphyrna tudes. They feed
on a wide variety of bony fish, elasmobranchs, cephalopods,
crustaceans, and other prey. Young born fully developed. Potentially
dangerous.

1. Eusphyra blochii Winghead shark
2. Sphyrna corona Scalloped bonnethead
3. Sphyrna couardi Whitefin hammerhead
4. Sphyrna lewini Scalloped hammerhead
5. Sphyrna media Scoophead
6. Sphyrna mokarran Great hammerhead
7. Sphyrna tiburo Bonnethead
8. Sphyrna tudes Smalleye hammerhead
9. Sphyrna zygaena Smooth hammerhead
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Family Triakidae
(Houndsharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Small to moderate-sized sharks with horizontally oval eyes, nictitating

eyelids, anterior nasal flaps, two large-sized, spineless dorsal fins and
an anal fin, the first dorsal base well ahead of pelvic bases. Species
found in all warm and temperate coastal seas. They feed primarily on
bottom and midwater invertebrates and bony fishes.

1. Furgaleus macki Whiskery shark
2. Galeorhinus galeus Tope shark
3. Gogolia filewoodi Sailback houndshark
4. Hemitriakis abdita Deepwater sicklefin hound shark
5. Hemitriakis complicofasciata
6. Hemitriakis falcata Sicklefin hound shark
7. Hemitriakis indroyonoi Indonesian Houndshark
8. Hemitriakis japanica Japanese topeshark
9. Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Whitefin topeshark
10. Hypogaleus hyugaensis Blacktip tope
11. Iago garricki Longnose houndshark
12. Iago omanensis Bigeye houndshark
13. Mustelus albipinnis
14. Mustelus antarcticus Gummy shark
15. Mustelus asterias Starry smooth-hound
16. Mustelus californicus Grey smooth-hound
17. Mustelus canis Dusky smooth-hound
18. Mustelus dorsalis Sharptooth smooth-hound
19. Mustelus fasciatus Striped smooth-hound
20. Mustelus griseus Spotless smooth-hound
21. Mustelus henlei Brown smooth-hound
22. Mustelus higmani Smalleye smooth-hound
23. Mustelus lenticulatus Spotted estuary smooth-hound
24. Mustelus lunulatus Sicklefin smooth-hound
25. Mustelus manazo Starspotted smooth-hound
26. Mustelus mento Speckled smooth-hound
27. Mustelus minicanis
28. Mustelus mosis Arabian smooth-hound
29. Mustelus mustelus Smooth-hound
30. Mustelus norrisi Narrowfin smooth-hound
31. Mustelus palumbes Whitespotted smooth-hound
32. Mustelus punctulatus Blackspotted smooth-hound
33. Mustelus ravidus Australian grey smooth-hound
34. Mustelus schmitti Narrownose smooth-hound
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35. Mustelus sinusmexicanus Gulf smoothhound
36. Mustelus stevensi White-spotted gummy shark
37. Mustelus walkeri Eastern spotted gummy shark
38. Mustelus whitneyi Humpback smooth-hound
39. Mustelus widodoi White-fin smooth-hound
40. Scylliogaleus quecketti Flapnose houndshark
41. Triakis acutipinna Sharpfin houndshark
42. Triakis maculata Spotted houndshark
43. Triakis megalopterus Sharptooth houndshark
44. Triakis scyllium Banded houndshark
45. Triakis semifasciata Leopard shark
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ORDO HETERODONTIFORMES
(Bullhead and Horn sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Two dorsal fins, each with a spine; anal fin present; five gill slits; eyes
without nictitating fold; spiracle present but small; nostrils connected
with mouth by deep grove.
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Family Heterodontidae
(Bullhead, Horn, or Port Jackson sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Small to moderate-sized sharks with horizontally oval eyes, nictitating

eyelids, anterior nasal flaps, two large-sized, spineless dorsal fins and
an anal fin, the first dorsal base well ahead of pelvic bases. Species
found in all warm and temperate coastal seas. They feed primarily on
bottom and midwater invertebrates and bony fishes.

1. Heterodontus francisci Horn shark
2. Heterodontus galeatus Crested bullhead shark
3. Heterodontus japonicus Japanese bullhead shark
4. Heterodontus mexicanus Mexican hornshark
5. Heterodontus omanensis Oman bullhead shark
6. Heterodontus portusjacksoni Port Jackson shark
7. Heterodontus quoyi Galapagos bullhead shark
8. Heterodontus ramalheira Whitespotted bullhead shark
9. Heterodontus zebra Zebra bullhead shark
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ORDO HEXANCHIFORMES
(Frill and Cow sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : One dorsal fin, without spine; anal fin present; six or seven gill slits;
eyes without nictitating fold; spiracle present but small and well
behind eye.
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Family Chlamydoselachidae
(Frilled sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Japan, California, Europe, and nothern Chile. Gill openings
6. First gill with the margin continuous across throat. Mouth terminal.
No barbels. Small spiracles present. No nictitating lower eyelids. Single
spineless dorsal fin. Body elongated and eel-like with prominent keels
on abdomen; anal fin larger than dorsal fin. 3-cusped teeth in upper
and lower jaws. Benthic on the outer continental and insular shelves
and upper slopes, at depths usually between 120 and 1280 m, but
occasionally taken at the surface. Rare, little known deep-water
sharks. Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). 8-12
young in a litter. Probably feed on deepwater cephalopods and bottom
fishes. Maximum size 196 cm. chlamys (gr.) = cape, frill; selach- (gr.)
= sharks and rays.

1. Chlamydoselachus africana
2. Chlamydoselachus anguineus Frilled shark
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Family Hexanchidae
(Cow sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Most species are
deepwater inhabitants of the outer continental shelves and upper
continental slopes down to at least 1875 m depth. Gill openings 6 in
Hexanchus, 7 in Heptranchias and Notorynchus. Margin of first gill
discontinuous across throat. Mouth subterminal with large, bladelike,
comb-shaped teeth in lower jaw. One dorsal fin. Caudal fin with strong
subterminal notch. Cow sharks are ovoviviparous and lack a yolk-sac
placenta. They feed on relatively large marine organisms, including
other sharks, rays, bony fish, crustacean and carrion. Species range in
size from 140 to 480 cm. hexa- (gr.) = six.

1. Heptranchias perlo Sharpnose sevengill shark
2. Hexanchus griseus Bluntnose sixgill shark
3. Hexanchus nakamurai Bigeyed sixgill shark
4. Notorynchus cepedianus Broadnose sevengill shark
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ORDO LAMNIFORMES
(Mackerel sharks)
Brackish x
Marine √
Remark : Two dorsal fins, without spines; anal fin present; five gill slits, last two
may be above pectoral fin; spiracles usually present, small and behind
eyes; eyes without nictitating membrane; mouth extending well behind
eyes.
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Family Alopiidae
(Thresher sharks)
Brackish x
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: marine; all oceans. Upper lobe of caudal fin greatly
elongate, caudal fin almost one-half of total length; third to fifth gill
openings over origin of pectoral fin. Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding
on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother.

1. Alopias pelagicus Pelagic thresher
2. Alopias superciliosus Bigeye thresher
3. Alopias vulpinus Thresher
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Family Cetorhinidae
(Basking sharks)
Brackish x
Marine √
Remark : Marine, all oceans, highly migratory. Gill openings exceptionally large;
gill rakers elongate, plankton feeders, teeth reduced. The tail is nearly
symmetrical with keel on caudal peduncle. Fifth gill opening in front of
pectoral fin. The family contains the world's second largest fish,
reportedly reaching 1,520 cm TL. Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on
yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother.

1. Cetorhinus maximus Basking shark
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Family Lamnidae
(Mackerel sharks or White shark)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: global. Large sharks with pointed snouts and spindle-
shaped bodies. Large gill openings. First dorsal fin large, high, erect
and angular or somewhat rounded. Second dorsal and anal fins
minute. Caudal peduncle with a distinct keel; large teeth; fifth gill
opening in front of pectoral fin; spiracle sometimes absent. Maximum
length up to 6.4 m or more. Fast swimming predators. Some are
maneaters. Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova
produced by the mother.

1. Carcharodon carcharias Great white shark
2. Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin mako
3. Isurus paucus Longfin mako
4. Lamna ditropis Salmon shark
5. Lamna nasus Porbeagle
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Family Megachasmidae
(Megamouth sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Known only from the type locality near the Hawaiian Islands in 165 m
depth. Trunk cylindrical and somewhat compressed, stout. Head very
long, snout extremely short but broadly rounded, huge terminal mouth
that extends behind the eyes. Gigantic filter-feeding shark.
Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced
by the mother.

1. Megachasma pelagios Megamouth shark
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Family Mitsukurinidae
(Goblin shark)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: scattered in eastern and western (French Guiana)

Atlantic, South Africa, and western Pacific. Snout with a greatly
elongated and flattened projection; jaws very protrusible; precaudal
pit absent; eyes small; ventral lobe of caudal fin not developed.
Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced
by the mother. Maximum length 3.3 m.

1. Mitsukurina owstoni Goblin shark
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Family Odontaspididae
(Sand tigers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, cool temperate to

tropical. Gill openings all in front of pectoral fin, relatively large but not
extending onto dorsal surface of head; eyes relatively small; caudal
peduncle without a lateral keel; caudal fin asymmetrical with relatively
short ventral lobe. Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and
other ova produced by the mother, except Carcharias taurus.
Maximum length 3.6 m.

1. Carcharias taurus Sand tiger shark
2. Carcharias tricuspidatus Indian sand tiger
3. Odontaspis ferox Smalltooth sand tiger
4. Odontaspis noronhai Bigeye sand tiger shark
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Family Pseudocarchariidae
(Crocodile sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: scattered localities, coastal to oceanic, subtropical to

tropical, Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Eyes exceptionally
large, without a nictitating membrane; five gill openings extending
onto dorsal surface of head; two low, angular dorsal fins; caudal
peduncle with upper and lower precaudal pits and with low lateral
keel. Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova
produced by the mother. Maximum length 1.1 m.

1. Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Crocodile shark
29
ORDO ORECTOLOBIFORMES
(Carpet sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Two dorsal fins, without spines; mouth very short, confined to being
well in front of eyes; nostrils specialized, with prominent nasoral
grooves wit barbels in most; spiracles too large, below the eye except
in Rhincodon; many with small gill slits and with fifth slit overlapping
the fourth behind the origin of pectoral fin.
30
Family Brachaeluridae
(Blind sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: western South Pacific (Australia). Common, small (< 1.3
m), inshore bottom sharks confined to temperate and tropical
continental waters of Australia, ranging in depth from the intertidal
down to 110 m. Known food items include small fishes, crustaceans,
cuttlefish and sea anemones. Nasoral grooves, perinasal grooves, long
barbels, small transvers mouths in front of eyes, large spiracles below
eyes. Two spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin, the second dorsal
origin well ahead of the anal origin, and a short precaudal tail much
shorter than the head and body. Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely
on yolk. Maximum length 1.2 m.

1. Brachaelurus wadd Blind shark
2. Heteroscyllium colclough Bluegray carpetshark
31
Family Ginglymostomatidae
(Nurse sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine, all oceans. Small to large sharks with nasoral grooves, short to
long barbels, small spiracles behind eyes. Two spineless fins and an
anal fin, the second dorsal origin well ahead of the anal origin. A short
precaudal tail, much shorter than the head and the body. These are
common, small to large, nocturnal, inshore bottom sharks with a
circumglobal distribution in subtropical and tropical waters, in depths
from the intertidal down to at least 70 m. These sharks cruise and
clamber on the bottom with their mouths and barbels close to the
substrate while searching for food. They use their short, small mouths
and large mouth cavities as a bellows to suck in their prey. Food
items: bony fish, crabs, shrimps, lobsters, squids, octopuses, corals,
sea urchins, sea squirts. Young born fully developed.

1. Ginglymostoma cirratum Nurse shark
2. Nebrius ferrugineus Tawny nurse shark
3. Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum Short-tail nurse shark
32
Family Hemiscylliidae
(Bamboo sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical western Pacific from Madagascar in the west to Japan, the
Philippines and the Australian region in the East. Two dorsal fins
without spines. Anal fin present. Five gill slits. Mouth ventral. Fourth
and fifth gill opening behind origin of pectoral fin. Small, slender
sharks (max 1 m) with nasal grooves, short barbels, large spiracles
below eyes. Nearly cylindrical in cross-section. Precaudal tail longer
than head and body length. Inshore bottom sharks of continental
waters. Young hatch from round egg cases. Food probably includes
small bottom fishes and invertebrates. Relatively sluggish and
harmless, spending most of their time resting on the bottom. Used as
foodfishes.

1. Chiloscyllium arabicum Arabian carpetshark
2. Chiloscyllium burmensis Burmese bamboo shark
3. Chiloscyllium caeruleopunctatum Bluespotted bambooshark
4. Chiloscyllium griseum Grey bambooshark
5. Chiloscyllium hasseltii Hasselt's bambooshark
6. Chiloscyllium indicum Slender bambooshark
7. Chiloscyllium plagiosum Whitespotted bambooshark
8. Chiloscyllium punctatum Brownbanded bambooshark
9. Hemiscyllium freycineti Indonesia speckled carpetshark
10. Hemiscyllium galei
11. Hemiscyllium hallstromi Papuan epaulette shark
12. Hemiscyllium henryi
13. Hemiscyllium michaeli
14. Hemiscyllium ocellatum Epaulette shark
15. Hemiscyllium strahani Hooded carpetshark
16. Hemiscyllium trispeculare Speckled carpetshark
33
Family Orectolobidae
(Carpet or nurse sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Body depressed, head very broad and

flattened. Mouth inferior. Gill openings 5, the fourth and fifth behind
origin of pectoral fin, over the base. Nostril with a well developed
barbel. A deep groove leads from nostril to mouth. Head with lateral
flaps of skin. First dorsal fin posteriorly located. Bottom sharks of
warm-temperate to tropical continental waters of the western Pacific,
occuring from intertidal down to at least 110 m. Ovoviviparous, with
large litters of 20 or more young.

1. Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Tasselled wobbegong
2. Orectolobus floridus Floral banded wobbegong
3. Orectolobus halei
4. Orectolobus hutchinsi Western wobbegong
5. Orectolobus japonicus Japanese wobbegong
6. Orectolobus maculatus Spotted wobbegong
7. Orectolobus ornatus Ornate wobbegong
8. Orectolobus parvimaculatus Dwarf spotted wobbegong
9. Orectolobus reticulatus
10. Orectolobus wardi Northern wobbegong
11. Sutorectus tentaculatus Cobbler wobbegong
34
Family Parascylliidae
(Collared carpet sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Temperate and tropical, continental waters of the western Pacific.

Small (< 1 m), slender sharks with cat-like eyes with subocular
pockets. first dorsal origin behind pelvic bases. Narrow nasoral
grooves, medial barbels. Food is little known, but probably includes
small fishes, crustaceans, and other bottom invertebrates. Caudal fin
with its upper lobe not elevated above the body axis, with a strong
terminal lobe and subterminal notch but no ventral lobe.

1. Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Barbelthroat carpetshark
2. Cirrhoscyllium formosanum Taiwan saddled carpetshark
3. Cirrhoscyllium japonicum Saddle carpetshark
4. Parascyllium collare Collared carpetshark
5. Parascyllium elongatum Elongate carpet shark
6. Parascyllium ferrugineum Rusty carpetshark
7. Parascyllium sparsimaculatum
8. Parascyllium variolatum Necklace carpetshark
35
Family Rhincodontidae
(Whale shark)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical waters. Often near the surface, sometimes in

schools of up to hundreds of sharks. Whale sharks are apparently
highly migratory, probably timed with blooms of planktonic organisms.
Five exceptionally large gill openings, the fifth behind origin of pectoral
fin, over fin base. Elongated gill rakers. Mouth terminal. Reduced
teeth. A unique color pattern of light spots and vertical and horizontal
stripes, in the form of a checkerboard. Planktivorous. Maximum
reported length 13.7 m, (world's largest fish). Young probably born
fully developed.

1. Rhincodon typus Whale shark
36
Family Stegostomatidae
(Zebra sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical inshore sharks of the Indo-West Pacific, very common on coral
reefs. Large sharks that combine a broad, low caudal fin about as long
as the rest of the shark. Nasal grooves, barbels, a small transverse
mouth in front of the lateral eyes. Two spineless dorsal fins, the first
dorsal much larger than the second. Prominent ridges on the sides of
the body. A banded (in juveniles) or spotted color pattern. Oviparous,
laying eggs in large, dark brown or purplish-black cases with fine
lateral tufts of hairlike fibers. Feeds primarily on molluscs (gastropods
and bivalves) but also crabs and shrimps and small bony fishes. Young
hatch from egg cases at a size of 20 to 26 cm.

1. Stegostoma fasciatum Zebra shark
37
ORDO PRISTIFORMES
(sawfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Snout produced in a long flat blade with teeth on each side (teeth of
equal size and embedded in deep sockets); barbels absent; body
somewhat sharklike, although the head is depressed; two distinct
dorsal fins and a caudal fin.
38
Family Pristidae
(Sawfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Snout elongated into
a long flat blade with teeth of uniform size deeply embedded on each
side. No barbels. Head depressed. The body more or less resembling a
shark. Two distinct dorsal fins. Giant fishes of coastal waters, entering
estuaries and ascending large rivers for great distances.
Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk. Used for food and
regarded as exciting game fishes because of their size. Although
generally harmless to humans, their large size and sawlike beak make
them dangerous when hooked or speared. Of the many nominal
species only four appear to be valid.

1. Anoxypristis cuspidata Pointed sawfish
2. Pristis clavata Dwarf sawfish
3. Pristis microdon Largetooth sawfish
4. Pristis pectinata Smalltooth sawfish
5. Pristis perotteti Large-tooth sawfish
6. Pristis pristis Common sawfish
7. Pristis zijsron Longcomb sawfish
39
ORDO PRISTIOPHORIFORMES
(Saw sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Body sharklike; snout produced in a long flat blade with teeth on each
side (teeth unequal in size, usually alternating large and small, and
weakly embedded); one pair of long barbels; no dorsal fin spines
(sometimes present as internal rudiments); anal fin absent; spiracles
large. Maximum length 1.4 m.
40
Family Pristiophoridae
(Saw sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: South Africa and Australia to Japan. Snout elongated into
a long flat blade with alternate large and small teeth weakly embedded
on each side & periodically replaced. One long barbel on each side.
Five to six gill slits lateral on head & anterior to pectoral-fin bases.
Two spineless dorsal fins and anal fin absent. Genus Pliotrema has 6
pairs gill slits, serrated larger rostral teeth & teeth with prominent
transverse ridges on basal ledges. Genus Pristiophorus has 5 pairs gill
slits, smooth larger rostral teeth & teeth without prominent transverse
ridges on basal ledges. Maximum size less than 2 m. Strictly marine
inhabitants. Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk.

1. Pliotrema warreni Sixgill sawshark
2. Pristiophorus cirratus Longnose sawshark
3. Pristiophorus delicatus Tropical sawshark
4. Pristiophorus japonicus Japanese sawshark
5. Pristiophorus nudipinnis Shortnose sawshark
6. Pristiophorus schroederi Bahamas sawshark
41
ORDO RAJIFORMES
(Skates and Rays)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Gill openings ventral; anterior edge of the greatly enlarged pectoral fin
attached to side of head, anterior to the gill openings; anal fin absent;
eyes and spiracles on dorsal surface; anterior vertebrae fused to form
a synarcual; suprascapulae of pectoral girdles joined dorsally over
vertebral column and articulating with column of synarcual or fused
with synarcual; nictitating membrane absent, cornea attached directly
to skin around the eyes; body generally strongly depressed; jaws
protrusible in most; teeth pavementlike; in most, water for breathing
taken in chiefly through the spiracle rather than the mouth (except for
those living off the bottom); most give birth to live young (some have
eggs encased in a horny capsule); the snout may function as an
electroreceptive organ (as may be true for all elasmobranchs).
42
Family Anacanthobatidae
(Smooth skates)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : A terminal filament of varying length arising from a small, bluntly

rounded protuberance at the tip of the snout. Dorsal fins absent, but
membranous caudal fin present. Five pairs of small, ventral gill slits.
Dorsal and ventral surfaces of disc smooth, without dermal denticles.
Tail slender, a bit shorter than disc. Small skates of slope regions in
tropical/subtropical waters. Known from South Africa, Natal, and the
tropical western Atlantic; also from Taiwan.

1. Anacanthobatis americanus American legskate
2. Anacanthobatis donghaiensis East China leg skate
3. Anacanthobatis folirostris Leaf-nose leg skate
4. Anacanthobatis longirostris Longnose leg skate
5. Anacanthobatis marmoratus Spotted legskate
6. Anacanthobatis nanhaiensis South China leg skate
7. Anacanthobatis ori Black legskate
8. Anacanthobatis stenosoma Narrow leg skate
9. Sinobatis borneensis Borneo leg skate
10. Sinobatis bulbicauda Western Australian Legskate
11. Sinobatis caerulea Blue Legskate
12. Sinobatis filicauda Eastern Australian legskate
13. Sinobatis melanosoma Blackbodied leg skate
43
Family Dasyatidae
(Stingrays)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Chiefly marine; also in
brackish and freshwater. Side of head continuous with the anterior
margin of pectoral fin. Respire by drawing water through a small hole
behind the eye and expelling it through gill slits on the underside of
the disc. Dorsal fin totally absent or indistinct, when present. Disc
about 1.2 times as broad as long. No caudal fin. Tail long and whip-
like. Most species with at least 1 long venomous spine on tail, which
can cause excruciating pain to humans. Largest species to about 4 m
length or width. Live-bearing (ovoviviparous) with fully developed
young. (=Trygonidae).

1. Dasyatis acutirostra
2. Dasyatis akajei Whip stingray
3. Dasyatis americana Southern stingray
4. Dasyatis bennettii Bennett's stingray
5. Dasyatis brevicaudata Short-tail stingray
6. Dasyatis brevis Whiptail stingray
7. Dasyatis centroura Roughtail stingray
8. Dasyatis chrysonota Blue stingray
9. Dasyatis colarensis
10. Dasyatis dipterura Diamond stingray
11. Dasyatis fluviorum Estuary stingray
12. Dasyatis garouaensis Smooth freshwater stingray
13. Dasyatis geijskesi Sharpsnout stingray
14. Dasyatis gigantea Giant stumptail stingray
15. Dasyatis guttata Longnose stingray
16. Dasyatis hastata
17. Dasyatis hypostigma
18. Dasyatis izuensis Izu stingray
19. Dasyatis laevigata Yantai stingray
20. Dasyatis laosensis Mekong stingray
21. Dasyatis lata Brown stingray
22. Dasyatis longa Longtail stingray
23. Dasyatis margarita Daisy stingray
24. Dasyatis margaritella Pearl stingray
25. Dasyatis marianae
26. Dasyatis marmorata Marbled stingray
27. Dasyatis matsubarai Pitted stingray
44
28. Dasyatis microps Smalleye stingray
29. Dasyatis multispinosa Multispine giant stingray
30. Dasyatis navarrae Blackish stingray
31. Dasyatis parvonigra Dwarf black stingray
32. Dasyatis pastinaca Common stingray
33. Dasyatis rudis Smalltooth stingray
34. Dasyatis sabina Atlantic stingray
35. Dasyatis say Bluntnose stingray
36. Dasyatis sinensis Chinese stingray
37. Dasyatis thetidis Thorntail stingray
38. Dasyatis tortonesei Tortonese's stingray
39. Dasyatis ushiei Cow stingray
40. Dasyatis zugei Pale-edged stingray
41. Himantura alcockii Pale-spot whip ray
42. Himantura astra
43. Himantura bleekeri Bleeker's whipray
44. Himantura chaophraya Freshwater whipray
45. Himantura dalyensis
46. Himantura draco Dragon stingray
47. Himantura fai Pink whipray
48. Himantura fava honeycomb whipray
49. Himantura fluviatilis Ganges stingray
50. Himantura gerrardi Sharpnose stingray
51. Himantura granulata Mangrove whipray
52. Himantura hortlei Hortle's whipray
53. Himantura imbricata Scaly whipray
54. Himantura jenkinsii Jenkins whipray
55. Himantura kittipongi
56. Himantura krempfi Marbled freshwater whip ray
57. Himantura leoparda
58. Himantura lobistoma Tubemouth whipray
59. Himantura marginata Blackedge whipray
60. Himantura microphthalma Smalleye whip ray
61. Himantura oxyrhyncha Marbled whipray
62. Himantura pacifica Pacific chupare
63. Himantura pareh
64. Himantura pastinacoides Round whip ray
65. Himantura schmardae Chupare stingray
66. Himantura signifer White-rimmed stingray
67. Himantura toshi Black-spotted whipray
68. Himantura uarnacoides Whitenose whip ray
69. Himantura uarnak Honeycomb stingray
70. Himantura undulata Leopard whipray
71. Himantura walga Dwarf whipray
72. Makararaja chindwinensis
73. Neotrygon annotata Plain maskray
74. Neotrygon kuhlii Blue-spotted stingray
75. Neotrygon leylandi Painted maskray
76. Neotrygon ningalooensis
77. Neotrygon picta Peppered maskray
78. Pastinachus sephen Cowtail stingray
79. Pastinachus solocirostris Roughnose stingray
80. Pteroplatytrygon violacea Pelagic stingray
81. Taeniura grabata Round stingray
82. Taeniura lymma Ribbontail stingray
45
83. Taeniura meyeni Round ribbontail ray
84. Urogymnus asperrimus Porcupine ray
85. Urogymnus ukpam Thorny freshwater stingray
46
Family Gymnuridae
(Butterfly rays)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indic and Pacific Oceans. Marine, rarely in

estuaries. Outer anterior margin of pectorals continuous along side of
head. Disc extremely broad. Dorsal fin and tail spines present or
absent. Tail short.

1. Aetoplatea tentaculata Tentacled butterfly ray
2. Aetoplatea zonura Zonetail butterfly ray
3. Gymnura afuerae
4. Gymnura altavela Spiny butterfly ray
5. Gymnura australis Australian butterfly ray
6. Gymnura bimaculata Twin-spot butterfly ray
7. Gymnura crebripunctata Longsnout butterfly ray
8. Gymnura crooki
9. Gymnura hirundo Madeira butterfly ray
10. Gymnura japonica Japanese butterflyray
11. Gymnura marmorata California butterfly ray
12. Gymnura micrura Smooth butterfly ray
13. Gymnura natalensis Butterfly ray
14. Gymnura poecilura Long-tailed butterfly ray
47
Family Hexatrygonidae
(Sixgill stingrays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: off South Africa. Snout translucent, depressed, produced

and may act as an electroreceptive organ. Gill openings 6; gill arches
6. Cranium without crests above the eyes. Very small brain in posterior
of large cranium. Large spiracles with external flaplike valve and well
behind eyes. Two serrate spines in tail. Length of disc greater than
width. Nostrils widely set, with short anterior nasal flaps.

1. Hexatrygon bickelli Sixgill stingray
48
Family Myliobatidae
(Eagle and Manta rays)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Head elevated above disc; jaws
powerful with large platelike crushing teeth in several rows in eagle
rays; eye and spiracles lateral on head; gill openings about length of
eye to much longer; tail much longer than disc; venemous spine(s)
present in some; small dorsal fin; pectoral fins reduced or absent
opposite the eyes, but with an anterior subdivision that unites below
the tip of the snout forming a subrostral lobe in manta rays. Some
known for their leaping ability high into the air. Viviparous with 2-6
fully developed young. Plankton-filtering manta rays are among the
largest fishes, but harmless.

1. Aetobatus flagellum Longheaded eagle ray
2. Aetobatus guttatus Sharpwing eagle ray
3. Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagle ray
4. Aetobatus ocellatus
5. Aetomylaeus maculatus Mottled eagle ray
6. Aetomylaeus milvus
7. Aetomylaeus nichofii Banded eagle ray
8. Aetomylaeus vespertilio Ornate eagle ray
9. Manta alfredi Alfred manta
10. Manta birostris Giant manta
11. Mobula eregoodootenkee Longhorned mobula
12. Mobula hypostoma Lesser devil ray
13. Mobula japanica Spinetail mobula
14. Mobula kuhlii Shortfin devil ray
15. Mobula mobular Devil fish
16. Mobula munkiana Munk's devil ray
17. Mobula rochebrunei Lesser Guinean devil ray
18. Mobula tarapacana Chilean devil ray
19. Mobula thurstoni Smoothtail mobula
20. Myliobatis aquila Common eagle ray
21. Myliobatis australis Australian bull ray
22. Myliobatis californica Bat eagle ray
23. Myliobatis chilensis Chilean eagle ray
24. Myliobatis freminvillii Bullnose eagle ray
25. Myliobatis goodei Southern eagle ray
26. Myliobatis hamlyni Purple eagle ray
27. Myliobatis longirostris Snouted eagle ray
49
28. Myliobatis peruvianus Peruvian eagle ray
29. Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Eagle ray
30. Myliobatis tobijei Japanese eagle ray
31. Pteromylaeus asperrimus Rough eagle ray
32. Pteromylaeus bovinus Bull ray
33. Rhinoptera adspersa Rough cownose ray
34. Rhinoptera bonasus Cownose ray
35. Rhinoptera brasiliensis Ticon cownose ray
36. Rhinoptera javanica Flapnose ray
37. Rhinoptera jayakari Oman cownose ray
38. Rhinoptera marginata Lusitanian cownose ray
39. Rhinoptera neglecta Australian cownose ray
40. Rhinoptera steindachneri Pacific cownose ray
50
Family Plesiobatidae
(Deepwater stingray)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Indo-Pacific: off Mozambique, Hawaiian Islands, and possibly southern

China. Nasal curtain incompletely united, not reaching the mouth.
Maximum length 2.7 m. Family established by Nishida (1990) with the
single species Plesiobatis daviesi, formerly assigned to the genus
Urotrygon.

1. Plesiobatis daviesi Deep-water stingray
51
Family Potamotrygonidae
(River stingrays)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Neotropical freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae

presently comprise three genera (Potamotrygon, Paratrygon and
Plesiotrygon) and at least 18 species. The family has an extensive
taxonomic history dating back to 1834, but was known long before
formal taxonomic recognition (Castex, 1963a). Potamotrygonids are
much maligned and feared because of their venomous caudal stings,
but pose little or no threat if not stepped on or directly interfered with.
The Potamotrygonidae is the only living chondrichthyan family
restricted to freshwater habitats. Potamotrygonid stingrays are clearly
monophyletic, sharing unique morphological and physiological
specializations, including a pelvis with a greatly expanded anterior
median process (pre-pelvic process), blood with low concentrations of
urea, and reduction of the rectal gland (Garman, 1877; Thorson et al.,
1983a). They are generally medium to large sized batoids, ranging
from about 25 cm in disc width or length to more than 100 cm in
adults of some species. Species of Potamotrygon have moderately
stout and short tails, usually shorter than disc length, whereas
Paratrygon and Plesiotrygon have slender, filiform and whiplike tails (in
Paratrygon the tail is very long in juveniles but absolutely reduced in
adults, and in Plesiotrygon it is much longer than disc length but also
stout at base). The dorsal surface of the disc and tail are usually
covered with many denticles, thorns and tubercles. The caudal sting
(or serrated spine) is a rigid dermal derivative, located on the dorsal
surface of the tail, containing small lateral serrations directed toward
its base and an acute distal tip. The sting is reduced and situated
closer to the tail base in Paratrygon, but well developed and located
farther posteriorly in both Plesiotrygon and Potamotrygon. The stings
contain longitudinal grooves to conduct venom produced in special
glands at their bases, and are continuously worn, shed and replaced;
up to four stings may be present in one individual. Additionally, many
species have enlarged, non-venomous spines on disc margins or over
52
tail, sometimes in numerous rows. The disc is usually slightly longer
than wide (especially in Paratrygon), and covers most of the pelvic fins
posteriorly (but less in Plesiotrygon). Dorsal and caudal fins are
absent, but membranous skin folds (finfolds), with rudimentary
internal radial elements, occur in Potamotrygon on both upper and
lower tail midlines posterior to caudal stings (only ventral finfold is
present in Plesiotrygon, and finfolds are absent in Paratrygon). The
eyes are moderately large in Potamotrygon, but smaller and less
protruded in Paratrygon and Plesiotrygon. Oral teeth are small with
short cusps (more prominent in adult males), in usually less than 50
rows in either jaw (large specimens of Plesiotrygon may have more
than 60 rows), and set in quincunx. Most potamotrygonid species have
colorful dorsal arrangements, including spots of various dimensions,
ocelli, reticulate patterns, and vermiform markings, which are
generally species-specific, and grey, brown or black background
coloration. Potamotrygonids are ovoviviparous (aplacentally
viviparous), and the developing embryos are nourished by uterine milk
secreted by trophonemata (Thorson et al., 1983b). Both uteri are
functional and appear to be synchronous. Gestation may be restricted
to certain stations or occur throughout the year, and the number of
young produced in each gestation varies among species, but is usually
from two to seven. Potamotrygonids only occur in South American
rivers that drain into the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea. They are
are conspicuously absent, however, from the São Francisco basin in
northeastern Brazil, rivers that drain into the Atlantic from the Atlantic
rainforest of northeastern and southeastern Brazil, the upper Paraná
basin, and rivers south of the La Plata river in Argentina. Generally,
most potamotrygonid species have distributions restricted to a single
basin or river system, with only a few species present in more than
one basin (e.g. Potamotrygon motoro, Potamotrygon orbignyi). Some
species are even restricted to a single river (e.g. Potamotrygon
leopoldi). This high endemism has led recent workers to express
concern that some species may be endangered (Compagno & Cook,
1995; Rosa & Menezes, 1996), or are at least clearly vulnerable at
present (two species are cited on the IUCN Red List as "data
deficient"). Potamotrygonids are generally not consumed as food, but
are commercialized in increasing quantity by the aquarium trade, and
are only seldomly bred in captivity for commercial purposes. Further
studies on their population structure and dynamics are therefore very
53
much needed. The literature concerning potamotrygonids is vast. After
the revision of Garman (1913), the next taxonomic study to treat the
entire family is that of Rosa (1985a). Anatomical descriptions can be
found in Garman (1877, 1913), Thorson & Watson (1975), Rosa
(1985a), Nishida (1990), Taniuchi & Ishihara (1990), and Lovejoy
(1996). Their phylogenetic relationships have been treated by Rosa
(1985a), Dingerkus (1995), Lovejoy (1996) and McEachran et al.
(1996). Accounts of their natural history are presented by Castex
(1964a) and Castello (1975). Physiological aspects of potamotrygonids
are summarized in Thorson et al. (1983a), and the reproductive
biology of certain species by Thorson et al. (1983b), Teshima &
Takeshita (1992), and Lasso et al. (1997a). Their historical
biogeography has been studied by Brooks et al. (1981), Lovejoy
(1996, 1997), Lovejoy et al. (1998), and Lundberg (1998). Recent
descriptions of fossil remains (mostly isolated denticles) can be found
in Deynat & Brito (1996) and Lundberg (1997). Recent taxonomic and
historic compilations are those by Compagno & Cook (1995) and Zorzi
(1995), and the extensive literature on potamotrygonid parasites is
summarized in Brooks & Amato (1992). The following account is
mostly based on original work by the first author, supplemented by
information from Rosa (1985a) concerning type specimens of
Potamotrygon deposited in museums in Argentina. This account differs
from the revision of Rosa (1985a) in relation to the fate of various
nominal species, and is also more conservative, recognizing fewer
species. At least five new species have been found and are not
included here (these are presently being described elsewhere).
Taxonomic work on the family is constrained by the fact that many
species of Potamotrygon are poorly described, lack adequate material,
or present much intraspecific variation in coloration. This is
compounded by generally overlapping meristic and morphometric
features among species of Potamotrygon (both other genera are
monotypic). Therefore, the approach adopted here has been to not
recognize certain species that are inadequately defined at present, or
that lack adequate material for proper characterization (e.g.
Potamotrygon dumerilii,Potamotrygon humerosa). The current account
is a working summary of the family, one that is subject to
modifications as more collecting and research is conducted. This family
is treated as it has traditionally been used in the literature, i.e.
restricting it to Potamotrygon, Paratrygon and Plesiotrygon only, and
54
refrain from including other genera that have recently been
hypothesized as being their sister-taxa (amphi-American Himantura
and Taeniura; Lovejoy, 1996; McEachran et al. 1996). Note that DW is
disc width, and DL is disc length, which are standard measurements in
stingrays (total length is usually not used as the distal tip of the tail is
frequently missing in specimens).

1. Paratrygon aiereba Discus ray
2. Plesiotrygon iwamae Long-tailed river stingray
3. Potamotrygon boesemani
4. Potamotrygon brachyura Short-tailed river stingray
5. Potamotrygon castexi Vermiculate river stingray
6. Potamotrygon constellata Thorny river stingray
7. Potamotrygon falkneri Largespot river stingray
8. Potamotrygon henlei Bigtooth river stingray
9. Potamotrygon hystrix Porcupine river stingray
10. Potamotrygon leopoldi White-blotched river stingray
11. Potamotrygon magdalenae Magdalena river stingray
12. Potamotrygon marinae
13. Potamotrygon motoro South American freshwater stingray
14. Potamotrygon ocellata Red-blotched river stingray
15. Potamotrygon orbignyi Smooth back river stingray
16. Potamotrygon schroederi Rosette river stingray
17. Potamotrygon schuhmacheri
18. Potamotrygon scobina Raspy river stingray
19. Potamotrygon signata Parnaiba river stingray
20. Potamotrygon yepezi Maracaibo river stingray
55
Family Rajidae
(Skates)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Benthic rays occurring in all oceans, from Arctic to Antarctic waters
and from shallow coastal shelfs to abyssal regions; rare in tropical
shallow waters or near coral reefs; some species enter brackish
waters. Disc quadrangular to rhomboidal. Mouth transversed to
arched, with numerous teeth. Five pairs of ventral gill slits. Tail very
slender, with lateral folds, usually 2 reduced dorsal fins and a reduced
caudal fin. Electric organs weak, developed from caudal muscles. Skin
prickly in most species, the prickles often in a row along midline of
dorsal. Oviparous; eggs in a horny capsule with four long tips. A
reversal to egg-laying from live-bearing was observed in this group
based on fossil records. Skates feed on other benthic organisms. Skate
wings are considered good eating. The following subgenus have been
elevated to the genus level: Amblyraja, Dipturus, Fenestraja,
Leucoraja, Okamejei, Rajella, Rostroraja.

1. Amblyraja badia Broad skate
2. Amblyraja doellojuradoi Southern thorny skate
3. Amblyraja frerichsi Thickbody skate
4. Amblyraja georgiana Antarctic starry skate
5. Amblyraja hyperborea Arctic skate
6. Amblyraja jenseni Shorttail skate
7. Amblyraja radiata Starry ray
8. Amblyraja reversa Reversed skate
9. Amblyraja robertsi Bigmouth skate
10. Amblyraja taaf Whiteleg skate
11. Arhynchobatis asperrimus Longtail skate
12. Atlantoraja castelnaui Spotback skate
13. Atlantoraja cyclophora Eyespot skate
14. Atlantoraja platana La Plata skate
15. Bathyraja abyssicola Deep-sea skate
16. Bathyraja aguja Aguja skate
17. Bathyraja albomaculata White-dotted skate
18. Bathyraja aleutica Aleutian skate
19. Bathyraja andriashevi Little-eyed skate
20. Bathyraja bergi Bottom skate
21. Bathyraja brachyurops Broadnose skate
56
22. Bathyraja caeluronigricans Purple-black skate
23. Bathyraja cousseauae Joined-fins skate
24. Bathyraja diplotaenia Dusky-pink skate
25. Bathyraja eatonii Eaton's skate
26. Bathyraja fedorovi Cinnamon skate
27. Bathyraja griseocauda Graytail skate
28. Bathyraja hesperafricana West African skate
29. Bathyraja hubbsi
30. Bathyraja interrupta Sandpaper skate
31. Bathyraja irrasa Kerguelen sandpaper skate
32. Bathyraja ishiharai
33. Bathyraja isotrachys Raspback skate
34. Bathyraja lindbergi Commander skate
35. Bathyraja longicauda Slimtail skate
36. Bathyraja maccaini McCain's skate
37. Bathyraja macloviana Patagonian skate
38. Bathyraja maculata White-blotched skate
39. Bathyraja magellanica Magellan skate
40. Bathyraja mariposa
41. Bathyraja matsubarai Dusky-purple skate
42. Bathyraja meridionalis Dark-belly skate
43. Bathyraja minispinosa Smallthorn skate
44. Bathyraja multispinis Multispine skate
45. Bathyraja murrayi Murray's skate
46. Bathyraja notoroensis Notoro skate
47. Bathyraja pallida Pale ray
48. Bathyraja papilionifera Butterfly skate
49. Bathyraja parmifera Alaska skate
50. Bathyraja peruana Peruvian skate
51. Bathyraja pseudoisotrachys
52. Bathyraja richardsoni Richardson's ray
53. Bathyraja scaphiops Cuphead skate
54. Bathyraja schroederi Whitemouth skate
55. Bathyraja shuntovi Longnose deep-sea skate
56. Bathyraja simoterus Hokkaido skate
57. Bathyraja smirnovi Golden skate
58. Bathyraja smithii African softnose skate
59. Bathyraja spinicauda Spinetail ray
60. Bathyraja spinosissima Spiny skate
61. Bathyraja trachouros Eremo skate
62. Bathyraja trachura Roughtail skate
63. Bathyraja tunae
64. Bathyraja tzinovskii Creamback skate
65. Bathyraja violacea Okhotsk skate
66. Breviraja claramaculata Brightspot skate
67. Breviraja colesi Lightnose skate
68. Breviraja marklei Nova Scotia skate
69. Breviraja mouldi Blacknose skate
70. Breviraja nigriventralis Blackbelly skate
71. Breviraja spinosa Spinose skate
72. Brochiraja aenigma
73. Brochiraja albilabiata
74. Brochiraja asperula Smooth deep-sea skate
75. Brochiraja leviveneta
76. Brochiraja microspinifera
57
77. Brochiraja spinifera Prickly deep-sea skate
78. Cruriraja andamanica Andaman leg skate
79. Cruriraja atlantis Cuban legskate
80. Cruriraja cadenati Broadfoot leg skate
81. Cruriraja durbanensis Smoothnose legskate
82. Cruriraja parcomaculata Roughnose legskate
83. Cruriraja poeyi Cuban leg skate
84. Cruriraja rugosa Rough leg skate
85. Cruriraja triangularis Triangular legskate
86. Dactylobatus armatus Skilletskate
87. Dactylobatus clarkii Hookskate
88. Dentiraja flindersi Pygmy thornback skate
89. Dipturus acrobelus Deepwater skate
90. Dipturus apricus Pale tropical skate
91. Dipturus argentinensis Argentine skate
92. Dipturus australis Sydney skate
93. Dipturus batis Blue skate
94. Dipturus bullisi Bullis skate
95. Dipturus campbelli Blackspot skate
96. Dipturus canutus Grey skate
97. Dipturus cerva White-spotted skate
98. Dipturus confusus
99. Dipturus crosnieri Madagascar skate
100. Dipturus diehli Thorny tail skate
101. Dipturus doutrei Violet skate
102. Dipturus ecuadoriensis Ecuador skate
103. Dipturus endeavouri Endeavour skate
104. Dipturus falloargus False Argus skate
105. Dipturus flavirostris
106. Dipturus garricki San Blas skate
107. Dipturus gigas Giant skate
108. Dipturus grahami Graham s skate
109. Dipturus gudgeri Greenback skate
110. Dipturus healdi Heald s skate
111. Dipturus innominatus New Zealand smooth skate
112. Dipturus johannisdavisi Travancore skate
113. Dipturus kwangtungensis Kwangtung skate
114. Dipturus laevis Barndoor skate
115. Dipturus lanceorostratus Rattail skate
116. Dipturus lemprieri Thornback skate
117. Dipturus leptocauda Thintail skate
118. Dipturus linteus Sailray
119. Dipturus macrocauda Bigtail skate
120. Dipturus melanospilus Blacktip skate
121. Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skate
122. Dipturus nidarosiensis Norwegian skate
123. Dipturus oculus
124. Dipturus olseni Spreadfin skate
125. Dipturus oregoni Hooktail skate
126. Dipturus oxyrinchus Longnosed skate
127. Dipturus polyommata Argus skate
128. Dipturus pullopunctata Slime skate
129. Dipturus queenslandicus Queensland deepwater skate
130. Dipturus springeri Roughbelly skate
131. Dipturus stenorhynchus Prow-nose skate
58
132. Dipturus teevani Prickly brown ray
133. Dipturus tengu Acutenose skate
134. Dipturus trachyderma Ray
135. Dipturus wengi Weng s skate
136. Dipturus whitleyi Wedgenose skate
137. Dipturus wuhanlingi
138. Fenestraja atripinna Blackfin pygmy skate
139. Fenestraja cubensis Cuban pygmy skate
140. Fenestraja ishiyamai Plain pygmy skate
141. Fenestraja maceachrani Madagascar pygmy skate
142. Fenestraja mamillidens Prickly skate
143. Fenestraja plutonia Pluto skate
144. Fenestraja sibogae Siboga skate
145. Fenestraja sinusmexicanus Gulf of Mexico pygmy skate
146. Gurgesiella atlantica Atlantic pygmy skate
147. Gurgesiella dorsalifera Onefin skate
148. Gurgesiella furvescens Dusky finless skate
149. Insentiraja subtilispinosa Velvet skate
150. Irolita waitii Southern round skate
151. Irolita westraliensis Western round skate
152. Leucoraja caribbaea Maya skate
153. Leucoraja circularis Sandy ray
154. Leucoraja compagnoi Tigertail skate
155. Leucoraja erinacea Little skate
156. Leucoraja fullonica Shagreen ray
157. Leucoraja garmani Freckled skate
158. Leucoraja lentiginosa Speckled skate
159. Leucoraja leucosticta Whitedappled skate
160. Leucoraja melitensis Maltese ray
161. Leucoraja naevus Cuckoo ray
162. Leucoraja ocellata Winter skate
163. Leucoraja pristispina Sawback skate
164. Leucoraja virginica Virginia skate
165. Leucoraja wallacei Yellowspotted skate
166. Leucoraja yucatanensis Yucatan skate
167. Malacoraja kreffti Krefft's ray
168. Malacoraja obscura
169. Malacoraja senta Smooth skate
170. Malacoraja spinacidermis Soft skate
171. Neoraja africana West African pygmy skate
172. Neoraja caerulea Blue ray
173. Neoraja carolinensis Carolina pygmy skate
174. Neoraja iberica Iberian pygmy skate
175. Neoraja stehmanni African pygmy skate
176. Notoraja azurea
177. Notoraja hirticauda
178. Notoraja laxipella Eastern looseskin skate
179. Notoraja lira
180. Notoraja ochroderma Pale skate
181. Notoraja sapphira Sapphire Skate
182. Notoraja sticta Blotched skate
183. Notoraja tobitukai Leadhued skate
184. Okamejei acutispina Sharpspine skate
185. Okamejei arafurensis Arafura skate
186. Okamejei boesemani Boeseman's skate
59
187. Okamejei heemstrai East African skate
188. Okamejei hollandi Yellow-spotted skate
189. Okamejei kenojei Ocellate spot skate
190. Okamejei leptoura
191. Okamejei meerdervoortii Bigeye skate
192. Okamejei mengae
193. Okamejei pita Pita skate
194. Okamejei powelli Indian ringed skate
195. Okamejei schmidti Browneye skate
196. Pavoraja alleni Allens skate
197. Pavoraja arenaria Sandy skate
198. Pavoraja mosaica Mosaic skate
199. Pavoraja nitida Peacock skate
200. Pavoraja pseudonitida False peacock skate
201. Pavoraja umbrosa Dusky skate
202. Psammobatis bergi Blotched sand skate
203. Psammobatis extenta Zipper sand skate
204. Psammobatis lentiginosa Freckled sand skate
205. Psammobatis normani Shortfin sand skate
206. Psammobatis parvacauda Smalltail sand skate
207. Psammobatis rudis Smallthorn sand skate
208. Psammobatis rutrum Spade sand skate
209. Psammobatis scobina Raspthorn sand skate
210. Pseudoraja fischeri Fanfin skate
211. Raja ackleyi Ocellate skate
212. Raja africana African ray
213. Raja asterias Mediterranean starry ray
214. Raja bahamensis Bahama skate
215. Raja binoculata Big skate
216. Raja brachyura Blonde ray
217. Raja cervigoni Finspot ray
218. Raja chinensis
219. Raja clavata Thornback ray
220. Raja cortezensis Cortez' ray
221. Raja eglanteria Clearnose skate
222. Raja equatorialis Ecuatorial ray
223. Raja herwigi Cape Verde skate
224. Raja inornata California ray
225. Raja koreana Korean skate
226. Raja maderensis Madeiran ray
227. Raja microocellata Small-eyed ray
228. Raja miraletus Brown ray
229. Raja montagui Spotted ray
230. Raja polystigma Speckled ray
231. Raja pulchra Mottled skate
232. Raja radula Rough ray
233. Raja rhina Longnose skate
234. Raja rondeleti Rondelet's ray
235. Raja rouxi
236. Raja stellulata Starry skate
237. Raja straeleni Spotted skate
238. Raja texana Roundel skate
239. Raja undulata Undulate ray
240. Raja velezi Velez ray
241. Rajella annandalei Annandale's skate
60
242. Rajella barnardi Bigthorn skate
243. Rajella bathyphila Deep-water ray
244. Rajella bigelowi Bigelow's ray
245. Rajella caudaspinosa Munchskin skate
246. Rajella challengeri Challenger skate
247. Rajella dissimilis Ghost skate
248. Rajella eisenhardti
249. Rajella fuliginea Sooty skate
250. Rajella fyllae Round ray
251. Rajella kukujevi Mid-Atlantic skate
252. Rajella leopardus Leopard skate
253. Rajella nigerrima Blackish skate
254. Rajella purpuriventralis Purplebelly skate
255. Rajella ravidula Smoothback skate
256. Rajella sadowskii Brazilian skate
257. Rhinoraja kujiensis Dapple-bellied softnose skate
258. Rhinoraja longi Aleutian dotted skate
259. Rhinoraja longicauda White-bellied softnose skate
260. Rhinoraja obtusa Blunt skate
261. Rhinoraja odai Oda's skate
262. Rhinoraja taranetzi Mud skate
263. Rioraja agassizii Rio skate
264. Rostroraja alba White skate
265. Sympterygia acuta Bignose fanskate
266. Sympterygia bonapartii Smallnose fanskate
267. Sympterygia brevicaudatus Shorttail fanskate
268. Sympterygia lima Filetail fanskate
269. Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skate
270. Zearaja maugeana Maugeaen skate
271. Zearaja nasuta New Zealand rough skate
61
Family Rhinobatidae
(Guitarfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans mostly in tropical

coastal waters (rarely entering estuaries and freshwater). Body form
intermediate between that of a shark and a skate. Also called
shovelnose sharks. Numerous small, blunt teeth in jaws. Two large
dorsal fins; origin of first dorsal behind pelvics; caudal fin well
developed. Denticles arranged in a row on dorsal midline. No spine in
tail. They reach moderate to large size and are important commercial
species in many coastal nations. Ovoviviparous, young born fully
developed. Feed on bottom organisms, including molluscs and
crustaceans, but will also take small fishes.

1. Aptychotrema bougainvillii Short-snouted shovelnose ray
2. Aptychotrema rostrata Eastern shovelnose ray
3. Aptychotrema timorensis Spotted shovelnose ray
4. Aptychotrema vincentiana Western shovelnose ray
5. Glaucostegus granulatus Granulated guitarfish
6. Glaucostegus halavi Halavi ray
7. Glaucostegus typus Giant shovelnose ray
8. Platyrhina limboonkengi Amoy fanray
9. Platyrhina sinensis Fanray
10. Platyrhinoidis triseriata Thornback guitarfish
11. Rhina ancylostoma Bowmouth guitarfish
12. Rhinobatos albomaculatus Whitespotted guitarfish
13. Rhinobatos annandalei Annandale's guitarfish
14. Rhinobatos annulatus Lesser sandshark
15. Rhinobatos blochii Bluntnose guitarfish
16. Rhinobatos cemiculus Blackchin guitarfish
17. Rhinobatos formosensis Taiwan guitarfish
18. Rhinobatos glaucostigma Speckled guitarfish
19. Rhinobatos holcorhynchus Slender guitarfish
20. Rhinobatos horkelii Brazilian guitarfish
21. Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Angel fish
22. Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfish
23. Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose ray
24. Rhinobatos lentiginosus Atlantic guitarfish
25. Rhinobatos leucorhynchus Whitesnout guitarfish
26. Rhinobatos leucospilus Grayspottted guitarfish
27. Rhinobatos lionotus Smoothback guitarfish
62
28. Rhinobatos microphthalmus Smalleyed guitarfish
29. Rhinobatos nudidorsalis
30. Rhinobatos obtusus Widenose guitarfish
31. Rhinobatos ocellatus
32. Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose ray
33. Rhinobatos percellens Chola guitarfish
34. Rhinobatos petiti Madagascar guitarfish
35. Rhinobatos planiceps Pacific guitarfish
36. Rhinobatos prahli Gorgona guitarfish
37. Rhinobatos productus Shovelnose guitarfish
38. Rhinobatos punctifer Spotted guitarfish
39. Rhinobatos rhinobatos Common guitarfish
40. Rhinobatos sainsburyi Goldeneye shovelnose
41. Rhinobatos salalah Salalah guitarfish
42. Rhinobatos schlegelii Brown guitarfish
43. Rhinobatos spinosus Spiny guitarfish
44. Rhinobatos thouin Thouin ray
45. Rhinobatos thouiniana Shaw's shovelnose guitar fish
46. Rhinobatos variegatus Stripenose guitarfish
47. Rhinobatos zanzibarensis Zanzibar guitarfish
48. Rhynchobatus australiae Whitespotted wedgefish
49. Rhynchobatus djiddensis Giant guitarfish
50. Rhynchobatus laevis Smooth nose wedgefish
51. Rhynchobatus luebberti African wedgefish
52. Rhynchobatus palpebratus Eyebrow wedgefish
53. Tarsistes philippii
54. Trygonorrhina fasciata Southern fiddler
55. Trygonorrhina melaleuca Magpie fiddler ray
56. Zanobatus schoenleinii Striped panray
57. Zapteryx brevirostris Lesser guitarfish
58. Zapteryx exasperata Banded guitarfish
59. Zapteryx xyster
63
Family Urolophidae
(Round rays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Well-developed caudal fin; tail
moderately long; outer anterior margin of pectorals continuous along
side of head. Most species with one or more long poisonous spines on
tail.

1. Trygonoptera galba
2. Trygonoptera imitata Eastern shovelnose stingaree
3. Trygonoptera mucosa Western shovelnose stingaree
4. Trygonoptera ovalis Striped stingaree
5. Trygonoptera personata Masked stingaree
6. Trygonoptera testacea Common stingaree
7. Urolophus armatus New Ireland stingaree
8. Urolophus aurantiacus Sepia stingray
9. Urolophus bucculentus Sandyback stingaree
10. Urolophus circularis Circular stingaree
11. Urolophus cruciatus Crossback stingaree
12. Urolophus deforgesi
13. Urolophus expansus Wide stingaree
14. Urolophus flavomosaicus Patchwork stingaree
15. Urolophus gigas Spotted stingaree
16. Urolophus javanicus Java stingaree
17. Urolophus kaianus Kai stingaree
18. Urolophus kapalensis Kapala stingaree
19. Urolophus lobatus Lobed stingaree
20. Urolophus mitosis Mitotic stingaree
21. Urolophus neocaledoniensis
22. Urolophus orarius Coastal stingaree
23. Urolophus papilio
24. Urolophus paucimaculatus Sparsely-spotted stingaree
25. Urolophus piperatus Coral sea stingaree
26. Urolophus sufflavus Yellowback stingaree
27. Urolophus viridis Greenback stingaree
28. Urolophus westraliensis Brown stingaree
64
Family Urotrygonidae
(American round stingrays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Tropical to warm temperate in continanental shelves of

western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. Short description: Disc width less
than 1.3 times disc length.. Tail slender as long as the disc. No dorsal
fin. Caudal fin distinct. One or more disctinct poisonous spines
Previously in Urolophidae.

1. Urobatis concentricus Spot-on-spot round ray
2. Urobatis halleri Haller's round ray
3. Urobatis jamaicensis Yellow stingray
4. Urobatis maculatus Spotted round ray
5. Urobatis marmoratus Chilean round stingray
6. Urobatis tumbesensis Tumbes round stingray
7. Urotrygon aspidura Spiny-tail round ray
8. Urotrygon caudispinosus
9. Urotrygon chilensis Chilean round ray
10. Urotrygon cimar
11. Urotrygon microphthalmum Smalleyed round stingray
12. Urotrygon munda Munda round ray
13. Urotrygon nana Dwarf round ray
14. Urotrygon peruanus Peruvian stingray
15. Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round ray
16. Urotrygon rogersi Rogers' round ray
17. Urotrygon serrula Stingray
18. Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round ray
19. Urotrygon venezuelae Venezuela round stingray
65
ORDO SQUALIFORMES
(Bramble, Sleeper and Dogfish sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Two dorsal fins, with or without spines; anal fin absent; five gill slits;
spiracles present; nictitating lower eyelid absent. Many species are
known from deep water.
66
Family Centrophoridae
(Gulper sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean, in warm temperate to

tropical waters. Both dorsal fins with grooved spines; teeth on lower
jaw larger than those on upper jaw; precaudal pits and lateral keels
absent on caudal peduncle. Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on
yolk.

1. Centrophorus acus Needle dogfish
2. Centrophorus atromarginatus Dwarf gulper shark
3. Centrophorus granulosus Gulper shark
4. Centrophorus harrissoni Dumb gulper shark
5. Centrophorus isodon Blackfin gulper shark
6. Centrophorus lusitanicus Lowfin gulper shark
7. Centrophorus moluccensis Smallfin gulper shark
8. Centrophorus niaukang Taiwan gulper shark
9. Centrophorus robustus
10. Centrophorus seychellorum
11. Centrophorus squamosus Leafscale gulper shark
12. Centrophorus tessellatus Mosaic gulper shark
13. Centrophorus westraliensis Western gulper shark
14. Centrophorus zeehaani Southern dogfish
15. Deania calcea Birdbeak dogfish
16. Deania hystricosa Rough longnose dogfish
17. Deania profundorum Arrowhead dogfish
18. Deania quadrispinosa Longsnout dogfish
67
Family Dalatiidae
(Sleeper sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic to Arctic, Northern and Southern Hemisperes,

coastal and oceanic. Includes four subfamilies (Etmopterinae,
Somniosinae, Oxynotinae, and Dalatiinae). Except in Etmopterinae ,
most members without spines in dorsal fin; luminous organs present
(except in Somniosus pacificus), appearing as black dots mainly on
ventral surface. Etmopterinae has grooved spines in both dorsal fins,
caudal fin with subterminal notch. Oxynotinae has very high, and
compressed body, triangular in cross section; dorsal fins very high,
each with a spine. The subfamilies are sometimes separated as
independent families by various authors: Oxynotidae; Somniosidae
(dorsal fins without spines, first dorsal fin originating in front of pelvic
fins but much closer to pectoral fins) and Etmopteridae (dorsal fin with
spines, teeth with prominent central cusp flanked by one or two
smaller cusplets). Dalatiidae has dorsal fins without spines, first dorsal
fin originating in front of pelvic fins but much closer to pelvic fins.

1. Dalatias licha Kitefin shark
2. Euprotomicroides zantedeschia Taillight shark
3. Euprotomicrus bispinatus Pygmy shark
4. Heteroscymnoides marleyi Longnose pygmy shark
5. Isistius brasiliensis Cookie cutter shark
6. Isistius labialis
7. Isistius plutodus Largetooth cookiecutter shark
8. Mollisquama parini Pocket shark
9. Squaliolus aliae Smalleye pygmy shark
10. Squaliolus laticaudus Spined pygmy shark
68
Family Echinorhinidae
(Bramble sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: wide-ranging, deepwater sharks in cold-temperate to

tropical seas. Circumglobal distribution on continental and insular
shelves and slopes from 11 to 900 m, on or near the bottom. Large (3-
4 m), short-nosed, stout cylindrical sharks. Two small spineless dorsal
fins, close together, towards posterior part of body and originating
behind pelvic fin origin. Absence of anal fin and subterminal notch on
caudal fin. Skin covered with coarse denticles or enlarged thorns.
Small spiracles, very short labial furrows and teeth on both jaws alike,
with a central oblique bladelike cusps with up to 3 cusplets on each
side (absent in juveniles). They feed on a variety of benthic and neritic
fishes, including other sharks, ling, hake, flatfishes, lingcod,
lizardfishes, rockfishes, topsmelt, herring, and elephantfishes, as well
as crabs, octopuses and squids. They are thought to suck in their prey
by suddenly expanding their mouths and pharynxes when in range.
They are ovoviviparous and lack a yolksac placenta. Closely related to
dogfishes.

1. Echinorhinus brucus Bramble shark
2. Echinorhinus cookei Prickly shark
69
Family Etmopteridae
(Lantern sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Occurring in some parts of the Atlantic (extending north to Iceland),

Indian and the Pacific. Tropical to temperate, continental and insular
slopes, rarely on shelves; a few are oceanic. Both dorsal fins has
grooved spines; caudal fin with subterminal notch; luminous organs
usually present on body. Small sharks with maximum length under 90
centimeters in most species.

1. Aculeola nigra Hooktooth dogfish
2. Centroscyllium excelsum Highfin dogfish
3. Centroscyllium fabricii Black dogfish
4. Centroscyllium granulatum Granular dogfish
5. Centroscyllium kamoharai Bareskin dogfish
6. Centroscyllium nigrum Combtooth dogfish
7. Centroscyllium ornatum Ornate dogfish
8. Centroscyllium ritteri Whitefin dogfish
9. Etmopterus baxteri New Zealand lanternshark
10. Etmopterus bigelowi Blurred smooth lantern shark
11. Etmopterus brachyurus Shorttail lanternshark
12. Etmopterus bullisi Lined lanternshark
13. Etmopterus burgessi
14. Etmopterus carteri Cylindrical lantern shark
15. Etmopterus caudistigmus
16. Etmopterus compagnoi
17. Etmopterus decacuspidatus Combtoothed lanternshark
18. Etmopterus dianthus
19. Etmopterus dislineatus
20. Etmopterus evansi
21. Etmopterus fusus
22. Etmopterus gracilispinis Broadbanded lanternshark
23. Etmopterus granulosus Southern lanternshark
24. Etmopterus hillianus Caribbean lanternshark
25. Etmopterus litvinovi Smalleye lantern shark
26. Etmopterus lucifer Blackbelly lanternshark
27. Etmopterus molleri Mollers lantern shark
28. Etmopterus perryi Dwarf lantern shark
29. Etmopterus polli African lanternshark
30. Etmopterus princeps Great lanternshark
31. Etmopterus pseudosqualiolus
32. Etmopterus pusillus Smooth lanternshark
70
33. Etmopterus pycnolepis Dense-scale lantern shark
34. Etmopterus robinsi
35. Etmopterus schultzi Fringefin lanternshark
36. Etmopterus sentosus Thorny lanternshark
37. Etmopterus spinax Velvet belly
38. Etmopterus splendidus Splendid lanternshark
39. Etmopterus tasmaniensis
40. Etmopterus unicolor Brown lanternshark
41. Etmopterus villosus Hawaiian lanternshark
42. Etmopterus virens Green lanternshark
43. Miroscyllium sheikoi Rasptooth dogfish
44. Trigonognathus kabeyai Viper dogfish
71
Family Oxynotidae
(Rough sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Continental and insular shelves and slmopes; eastern Atlantic

(including Mediterranean), western Atlantic, and western Pacific. Body
very high and compressed, triangular in cross section; dorsal fins very
high, each with a large spine that may be concealed by the fin; origin
of first dorsal fin may extend far forward over gill opening; lateral
ridge present on abdomen between pectoral and pelvic fins; skin very
rough; luminous organ present.

1. Oxynotus bruniensis Prickly dogfish
2. Oxynotus caribbaeus Caribbean roughshark
3. Oxynotus centrina Angular roughshark
4. Oxynotus japonicus Japanese roughshark
5. Oxynotus paradoxus Sailfin roughshark
72
Family Somniosidae
(Sleeper sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Arctic to sub-antarctic, all oceans; shelves in cold waters, continental

and insular slopes in temperate and tropical waters, some oceanic.
Dorsal fins usually without spines (present in a few species but small
and in both fins); lateral ridges present on abdomen between pectoral
and pelvic fins; luminous organ present in most.

1. Centroscymnus coelolepis Portuguese dogfish
2. Centroscymnus cryptacanthus Shortnose velvet dogfish
3. Centroscymnus owstonii Roughskin dogfish
4. Centroselachus crepidater Longnose velvet dogfish
5. Proscymnodon macracanthus Largespine velvet dogfish
6. Proscymnodon plunketi Plunket shark
7. Scymnodalatias albicauda Whitetail dogfish
8. Scymnodalatias garricki Azores dogfish
9. Scymnodalatias oligodon Sparsetooth dogfish
10. Scymnodalatias sherwoodi Sherwood dogfish
11. Scymnodon obscurus Smallmouth knifetooth dogfish
12. Scymnodon ringens Knifetooth dogfish
13. Somniosus microcephalus Greenland shark
14. Somniosus pacificus Pacific sleeper shark
15. Somniosus rostratus Little sleeper shark
16. Zameus ichiharai Japanese velvet dogfish
17. Zameus squamulosus Velvet dogfish
73
Family Squalidae
(Dogfish sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, boreal to tropical.

Both dorsal fins with spines, not grooved; teeth on lower jaw not
much larger than those on upper jaw; upper precaudal pit usually
present; caudal peduncle with a pair of lateral keels.

1. Cirrhigaleus asper Roughskin spurdog
2. Cirrhigaleus australis Southern Mandarin Dogfish
3. Cirrhigaleus barbifer Mandarin dogfish
4. Squalus acanthias Picked dogfish
5. Squalus acutirostris
6. Squalus albifrons Eastern highfin spurdog
7. Squalus altipinnis Western highfin spurdog
8. Squalus blainville Longnose spurdog
9. Squalus brevirostris
10. Squalus bucephalus Bighead spurdog
11. Squalus chloroculus Greeneye spurdog
12. Squalus crassispinus Fatspine spurdog
13. Squalus cubensis Cuban dogfish
14. Squalus edmundsi Edmund's spurdog
15. Squalus grahami Eastern longnose spurdog
16. Squalus griffini Northern spiny dogfish
17. Squalus hemipinnis Indonesian shortsnout spurdog
18. Squalus japonicus Japanese spurdog
19. Squalus lalannei
20. Squalus megalops Shortnose spurdog
21. Squalus melanurus Blacktailed spurdog
22. Squalus mitsukurii Shortspine spurdog
23. Squalus montalbani Indonesian greeneye spurdog
24. Squalus nasutus Western longnose spurdog
25. Squalus notocaudatus Bartail spurdog
26. Squalus rancureli Cyrano spurdog
27. Squalus raoulensis Kermadec spiny dogfish
28. Squalus uyato Little gulper shark
74
ORDO SQUATINIFORMES
(Angel sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Body raylike; eyes dorsal; two spineless dorsal fins; no anal fin; five
gill openings; spiracle large; mouth almost terminal; nostrils terminal
with barbels on anterior margin. Maximum length up to 2 m.
75
Family Squatinidae
(Angel sharks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Flat, batoid-like body, wing-
like pectoral fins with front margins overlapping gill slits but not
attaching to head. Mouth and nostrils terminal, barbels on anterior
margin. Eyes and large spiracles dorsal. Five gill slits partly on sides of
head and partly on ventral surface. Two small spineless dorsal fins
behind pelvic fins, anal fin absent. Caudal fin unique with lower lobe
slightly longer than upper lobe (=hypocercal). Maximum length up to 2
m. They feed on a variety of small bony fishes, crustaceans,
cephalopods, gastropods and bivalves. They use their highly
protrusible, traplike jaws to suddenly snap up prey at high speed.
Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk.

1. Squatina aculeata Sawback angelshark
2. Squatina africana African angelshark
3. Squatina albipunctata Eastern Angel Shark
4. Squatina argentina Argentine angelshark
5. Squatina armata
6. Squatina australis Australian angelshark
7. Squatina californica Pacific angelshark
8. Squatina dumeril Sand devil
9. Squatina formosa Taiwan angleshark
10. Squatina guggenheim Angular angel shark
11. Squatina heteroptera
12. Squatina japonica Japanese angelshark
13. Squatina legnota Indonesian Angel Shark
14. Squatina mexicana
15. Squatina nebulosa Clouded angelshark
16. Squatina occulta Hidden angel shark
17. Squatina oculata Smoothback angelshark
18. Squatina pseudocellata Western Angel Shark
19. Squatina punctata
20. Squatina squatina Angelshark
21. Squatina tergocellata Ornate angelshark
22. Squatina tergocellatoides Ocellated angelshark
76
ORDO TORPEDINIFORMES
(Electric rays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Disc truncate or emarginate anteriorly; jaws extremely slender; no

labial cartilages; rostrum absent or reduced.
77
Family Hypnidae
(Coffin rays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Australia. Short description: Head equipped with electric

organs, developed from branchial muscles; eyes small; disc
emarginate anteriorly; jaws extremely slender; no labial cartilage;
rostrum reduced; tail very small; 2 dorsal and caudal fin very small.
Skin soft and loose. Large specimens can give a severe jolt, normally
used to stun small fishes on which they feed. The young hatch inside
the uterus and are born fully developed. As a subfamily in Ref. 58010.
As a family in Compagno 2005 and CofF.

1. Hypnos monopterygius Australian numbfish
78
Family Narcinidae
(Numbfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Short description:

Disc rounded anteriorly; head equipped with electric organs,
developed from branchial muscles; eyes small; jaws stout, long and
strongly protractile; strong labial cartilages; rostrum broad; deep
groove around mouth; usually 2 dorsal fin; caudal fin well developed .
Subfamily Narkinae elevated to family rank.

1. Benthobatis kreffti
2. Benthobatis marcida Blind torpedo
3. Benthobatis moresbyi Dark blind ray
4. Benthobatis yangi Taiwanese blind electric ray
5. Diplobatis colombiensis
6. Diplobatis guamachensis
7. Diplobatis ommata Ocellated electric ray
8. Diplobatis pictus Painted electric ray
9. Discopyge castelloi
10. Discopyge tschudii Apron ray
11. Narcine atzi
12. Narcine bancroftii Lesser electric ray
13. Narcine brasiliensis Brazilian electric ray
14. Narcine brevilabiata Shortlip electric ray
15. Narcine brunnea Brown numbfish
16. Narcine entemedor Giant electric ray
17. Narcine insolita
18. Narcine lasti
19. Narcine leoparda
20. Narcine lingula Chinese numbfish
21. Narcine maculata Darkfinned numbfish
22. Narcine nelsoni Eastern numbfish
23. Narcine oculifera
24. Narcine ornata
25. Narcine prodorsalis Tonkin numbfish
26. Narcine rierai Slender electric ray
27. Narcine tasmaniensis Tasmanian numbfish
28. Narcine timlei Spotted numbfish
29. Narcine vermiculatus Vermiculate electric ray
30. Narcine westraliensis Banded numbfish
79
Family Narkidae
(Sleeper rays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Short description: Disc rounded

anteriorly; head equipped with electric organs, developed from
branchial muscles; eyes small; jaws stout, short and weakly
protractile; strong labial cartilages; rostrum narrow; shallow groove
around mouth; usually a single dorsal fin. As a subfamily in Narcinidae
in Ref. 58010. As a family in Compagon (2005) and CofF. Distribution:
Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

1. Crassinarke dormitor Sleeper torpedo
2. Electrolux addisoni Ornate sleeper-ray
3. Heteronarce bentuviai Elat electric ray
4. Heteronarce garmani Natal electric ray
5. Heteronarce mollis Soft electric ray
6. Heteronarce prabhui Quilon electric ray
7. Narke capensis Onefin electric ray
8. Narke dipterygia Numbray
9. Narke japonica Japanese sleeper ray
10. Temera hardwickii Finless sleeper ray
11. Typhlonarke aysoni Blind electric ray
12. Typhlonarke tarakea Oval electric ray
80
Family Torpedinidae
(Electric rays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Short description:

Head equipped with electric organs, developed from branchial
muscles; eyes small; disc truncate anteriorly; jaws extremely slender;
no labial cartilage; rostrum reduced; tail well developed; 2 dorsal and
caudal fins well developed. Skin soft and loose. Large specimens can
give a severe jolt, normally used to stun small fishes on which they
feed. The young hatch inside the uterus and are born fully developed.
Subfamily Hypninae elevated to family rank.

1. Torpedo adenensis
2. Torpedo alexandrinsis Alexandrine torpedo
3. Torpedo andersoni Florida torpedo
4. Torpedo bauchotae Rosette torpedo
5. Torpedo californica Pacific electric ray
6. Torpedo fairchildi New Zealand torpedo
7. Torpedo formosa Taiwan torpedo ray
8. Torpedo fuscomaculata Black-spotted torpedo
9. Torpedo mackayana Ringed torpedo
10. Torpedo macneilli Shorttail torpedo
11. Torpedo marmorata Marbled electric ray
12. Torpedo microdiscus Smalldisk torpedo
13. Torpedo nobiliana Electric ray
14. Torpedo panthera Panther electric ray
15. Torpedo peruana Peruvian torpedo
16. Torpedo puelcha Argentine torpedo
17. Torpedo semipelagica Semipelagic torpedo
18. Torpedo sinuspersici Variable torpedo ray
19. Torpedo suessii
20. Torpedo tokionis Trapezoid torpedo
21. Torpedo torpedo Common torpedo
22. Torpedo tremens Chilean torpedo
81
CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII
(Ray-finned fishes)
82
ORDO ACIPENSERIFORMES
(Sturgeons and Paddlefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Caudal fin heterocercal; myodome and preopercle reduced or absent;

gulars absent; skeleton largely cartilaginous; fin rays more numerous
than their basals; intestine with spiral valve.
83
Family Acipenseridae
(Sturgeons)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Cold to temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Anadromous or

restricted to freshwater. Body with 5 rows of scutes. Mouth inferior
and protractile. Four barbels anterior to mouth. Less than 50 gill
rakers. Adults toothless. Large swim bladder. Attain 4.2 m or longer.
Important for their meat and roe. Nearly all species are endangered or
threatened.

1. Acipenser baerii baerii Siberian sturgeon
2. Acipenser baerii baicalensis Baikal sturgeon
3. Acipenser brevirostrum Shortnose sturgeon
4. Acipenser dabryanus Yangtze sturgeon
5. Acipenser fulvescens Lake sturgeon
6. Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Danube sturgeon
7. Acipenser medirostris Green sturgeon
8. Acipenser mikadoi Sakhalin sturgeon
9. Acipenser multiscutatus Japanese sturgeon
10. Acipenser naccarii Adriatic sturgeon
11. Acipenser nudiventris Fringebarbel sturgeon
12. Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Gulf sturgeon
13. Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus Atlantic sturgeon
14. Acipenser persicus Persian sturgeon
15. Acipenser ruthenus Sterlet sturgeon
16. Acipenser schrenckii Amur sturgeon
17. Acipenser sinensis Chinese sturgeon
18. Acipenser stellatus Starry sturgeon
19. Acipenser sturio Sturgeon
20. Acipenser transmontanus White sturgeon
21. Huso dauricus Kaluga
22. Huso huso Beluga
23. Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi Syr Darya sturgeon
24. Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni Dwarf sturgeon
25. Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni Amu Darya sturgeon
26. Scaphirhynchus albus Pallid sturgeon
27. Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Shovelnose sturgeon
28. Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Alabama sturgeon
84
Family Polyodontidae
(Paddlefishes)
Brackish X
Marine x
Remark : Distribution: China and United States. Snout resembling a paddle and
with minute barbels. Body scaleless (naked) except for a few scales on
caudal peduncle. Heterocercal caudal fin. Gill rakers long and
numerous (hundreds) in the planktivorous Polyodon. Minute teeth.
Spiracle present. Operculum greatly extended posteriorly. Mouth
protrusible or nonprotrusible. Two monotypic genera (Polyodon and
Psephurus). Exhibited in public aquaria and used for food. Both
species are under threat.

1. Polyodon spathula Mississippi paddlefish
2. Psephurus gladius Chinese swordfish
85
ORDO ALBULIFORMES
(Bonefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Mandibular sensory canal lying in an open groove in the dentary and
angular bones (in all other elopomorphs the groove is roofed, in Albula
there is a small roof in the angular).
86
Family Albulidae
(Bonefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; rarely brackish and freshwater. Distribution: tropical seas.

About 105 cm maximum length, reported for Albula vulpes.Can
tolerate oxygen-poor situations by inhaling air into a lung-like air
bladder. Feed on benthic invertebrates. Highly prized sportfishes.

1. Albula argentea
2. Albula esuncula
3. Albula forsteri Longjaw bonefish
4. Albula glossodonta Roundjaw bonefish
5. Albula nemoptera Threadfin bonefish
6. Albula neoguinaica Sharpjaw bonefish
7. Albula oligolepis Smallscale bonefish
8. Albula virgata
9. Albula vulpes Bonefish
10. Pterothrissus belloci Longfin bonefish
11. Pterothrissus gissu Japanese gissu
87
ORDEO AMIIFORMES
(Bowfins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Caudal fin abbreviate heterocercal; dorsal fin base long, with about 48
rays; large median gular plate and 10-13 branchiostegal rays; swim
bladder can function as a lung; no pyloric caeca. Maximum length
about 90 cm.
88
Family Amiidae
(Bowfins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: eastern North America. Short heterocercal caudal fin.

Long dorsal fin base. About 48 dorsal rays. Large median gular plate.
Branchiostegal rays 10-13. Swim bladder capable of respiratory
function. Pyloric caeca absent. Maximum branchiostegal expansion and
hyoid depression attained with closed jaws. About 90 cm maximum
length in only recent species Amia calva. Earliest occurrence of Amia
calva in the fossil record is reported for the Pleistocene.

1. Amia calva Bowfin
89
ORDO ANGUILLIFORMES
(Eels and Morays)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic fins and skeleton absent; pectoral fins and girdle absent in
some; pectoral fins, when present, at least midlateral in position or
higher and skeleton lacking bony connection to skull (posttemporal
absent); dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin (caudal fin
rayless or lost in some); scales usually absent or, if present, cycloid
and embedded; body very elongate (eel-like); gill openings usually
narrow; gill region elongate and gills displaced posteriorly; gill rakers
absent; pyloric caeca absent; maxilla toothed, bordering mouth; the
two pre-maxillae (rarely absent), the vomer (usually), and the ethmoid
united into a single bone; branchiostegal rays 6-49; swim bladder
present, duct usually present; oviducts absent; opisthotic,
orbitosphenoid, mesocoracoid, gular plate, posttemporal, postcleithra,
supramaxilla, and extrascapular bones absent; ossified symplectic
absent (cartilaginous one present in Synaphobranchidae);
hyomandibular united with quadrate; ribs present or absent.
90
Family Anguillidae
(Freshwater eels)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Usually catadromous fishes in tropical and temperate waters, except

eastern Pacific and south Atlantic. Eellike body with minute or
embedded scales. Well developed pectorals but no pelvic fins; dorsal
and caudal fin confluent with anal fin. All species are important food
fishes and are sold fresh, smoked, or canned. Important aquaculture
species based on captured juveniles (elvers); widely introduced. All
spend their juvenile and adult life in freshwater, returning to the ocean
to spawn and die. The leptocephalus larvae are marine with sharply
pointed tail which distinguishes the family from the elopids. There is
some doubt as to the validity of some of the fifteen species currently
recognized.

1. Anguilla anguilla European eel
2. Anguilla australis australis Short-finned eel
3. Anguilla australis schmidti
4. Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis Indian mottled eel
5. Anguilla bengalensis labiata African mottled eel
6. Anguilla bicolor bicolor Indonesian shortfin eel
7. Anguilla bicolor pacifica Indian short-finned eel
8. Anguilla breviceps
9. Anguilla celebesensis Celebes longfin eel
10. Anguilla dieffenbachii New Zealand longfin eel
11. Anguilla huangi
12. Anguilla interioris Highlands long-finned eel
13. Anguilla japonica Japanese eel
14. Anguilla luzonensis
15. Anguilla malgumora Indonesian longfinned eel
16. Anguilla marmorata Giant mottled eel
17. Anguilla megastoma Polynesian longfinned eel
18. Anguilla mossambica African longfin eel
19. Anguilla nebulosa Mottled eel
20. Anguilla nigricans
21. Anguilla obscura Pacific shortfinned eel
22. Anguilla reinhardtii Speckled longfin eel
23. Anguilla rostrata American eel
91
Family Chlopsidae
(False morays)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Tropical and subtropical. Gill
openings small, roundish and situated laterally. Head with lateral line
pores, absent on body. Branchial pores 1 or 2. Scaleless. Some without
pectoral fins. Posterior nostril opening into the lip in Kaupichthys
nuchalis of the Western Atlantic; otherwise, the nostril is displaced
ventrally. Vertebrae often 100-105.

1. Boehlkenchelys longidentata Long-toothed false moray
2. Catesbya pseudomuraena
3. Chilorhinus platyrhynchus Flatnose xenocongrid eel
4. Chilorhinus suensonii Seagrass eel
5. Chlopsis apterus Stripesnout false moray
6. Chlopsis bicollaris Bicolor false moray
7. Chlopsis bicolor Bicoloured false moray
8. Chlopsis bidentatus
9. Chlopsis dentatus Mottled false moray
10. Chlopsis kazuko
11. Chlopsis longidens
12. Chlopsis olokun
13. Chlopsis slusserorum
14. Kaupichthys atronasus Black-nostril false moray
15. Kaupichthys brachychirus Shortfin false moray
16. Kaupichthys diodontus Common false moray
17. Kaupichthys hyoproroides False moray
18. Kaupichthys japonicus
19. Kaupichthys nuchalis Collared eel
20. Powellichthys ventriosus
21. Robinsia catherinae
22. Thalassenchelys coheni
23. Thalassenchelys foliaceus
24. Xenoconger fryeri Fryer's false moray
92
Family Colocongridae
(Short-tail eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific Oceans. Body stubby
and snout blunt (least elongate anguilliform); lateral line complete,
most pores in short tubes; anus well behind midlength; pectoral fin
well developed; vomerine teeth absent; vertebrae 142-163.

1. Coloconger cadenati
2. Coloconger canina
3. Coloconger eximia
4. Coloconger giganteus Giant leptocephalus
5. Coloconger japonicus
6. Coloconger meadi
7. Coloconger raniceps Froghead eel
8. Coloconger scholesi Indo-Pacific shorttail conger
93
Family Congridae
(Conger and Garden eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Body without scales;
lateral line complete. Usually with pectoral fins. Branchiostegal rays 8-
22. Vertebrae 105-225. Conger eels feed on small fishes and
crustaceans, primarily at night. Occur mostly in deep or temperate
waters and are valued as food fishes. Garden eels occur in colonies in
sand where they live individually in burrows from which they protrude
to feed on plankton. Mating and spawning apparently takes place
without any lengthy migration.

1. Acromycter alcocki
2. Acromycter atlanticus
3. Acromycter longipectoralis
4. Acromycter nezumi
5. Acromycter perturbator
6. Ariosoma anago Silvery conger
7. Ariosoma anagoides Sea conger
8. Ariosoma anale Longtrunk conger
9. Ariosoma balearicum Bandtooth conger
10. Ariosoma bauchotae
11. Ariosoma coquettei
12. Ariosoma gilberti Gilbert's garden eel
13. Ariosoma howensis Lord Howe conger
14. Ariosoma major
15. Ariosoma marginatum Large-eye conger
16. Ariosoma mauritianum Blunt-tooth conger
17. Ariosoma meeki
18. Ariosoma megalops
19. Ariosoma mellissii Silver Eel
20. Ariosoma multivertebratum
21. Ariosoma nancyae
22. Ariosoma nigrimanum
23. Ariosoma obud
24. Ariosoma ophidiophthalmus
25. Ariosoma opistophthalmum
26. Ariosoma sazonovi
27. Ariosoma scheelei Tropical conger
28. Ariosoma selenops
29. Ariosoma sereti
94
30. Ariosoma shiroanago
31. Ariosoma sokotranum
32. Bassanago bulbiceps Swollen-headed conger eel
33. Bassanago hirsutus Deepsea conger
34. Bathycongrus aequoreus
35. Bathycongrus bleekeri
36. Bathycongrus bullisi Bullish conger
37. Bathycongrus dubius Dubious conger
38. Bathycongrus guttulatus Lined conger
39. Bathycongrus longicavis
40. Bathycongrus macrocercus
41. Bathycongrus macrurus Shorthead conger
42. Bathycongrus nasicus
43. Bathycongrus odontostomus Toothy conger
44. Bathycongrus parapolyporus
45. Bathycongrus polyporus
46. Bathycongrus retrotinctus Blackedge conger
47. Bathycongrus thysanochilus Conger eel
48. Bathycongrus trilineatus
49. Bathycongrus trimaculatus
50. Bathycongrus unimaculatus
51. Bathycongrus varidens Largehead conger
52. Bathycongrus vicinalis Neighbor conger
53. Bathycongrus wallacei Longnose conger
54. Bathymyrus echinorhynchus
55. Bathymyrus simus
56. Bathymyrus smithi Maputo conger
57. Bathyuroconger parvibranchialis
58. Bathyuroconger vicinus Large-toothed conger
59. Blachea longicaudalis
60. Blachea xenobranchialis Frillgill conger
61. Castleichthys auritus Eared conger
62. Chiloconger dentatus Shortsnout conger
63. Chiloconger philippinensis
64. Conger cinereus Longfin African conger
65. Conger conger European conger
66. Conger erebennus
67. Conger esculentus Grey conger
68. Conger japonicus Beach conger
69. Conger macrocephalus
70. Conger myriaster Whitespotted conger
71. Conger oceanicus American conger
72. Conger oligoporus
73. Conger orbignianus Argentine conger
74. Conger philippinus
75. Conger triporiceps Manytooth conger
76. Conger verreauxi Conger
77. Conger wilsoni Cape conger
78. Congrhynchus talabonoides
79. Congriscus maldivensis
80. Congriscus marquesaensis
81. Congriscus megastomus
82. Congrosoma evermanni Evermann's conger
83. Diploconger polystigmatus Headband conger
84. Gnathophis andriashevi
95
85. Gnathophis asanoi
86. Gnathophis bathytopos Blackgut conger
87. Gnathophis bracheatopos Longeye conger
88. Gnathophis capensis Southern conger
89. Gnathophis castlei Castle's conger
90. Gnathophis cinctus Hardtail conger
91. Gnathophis codoniphorus
92. Gnathophis grahami Graham's conger
93. Gnathophis habenatus Little conger eel
94. Gnathophis heterognathos
95. Gnathophis heterolinea
96. Gnathophis leptosomatus
97. Gnathophis longicauda Little conger
98. Gnathophis macroporis Largepore conger
99. Gnathophis melanocoelus
100. Gnathophis microps Smalleye conger
101. Gnathophis musteliceps
102. Gnathophis mystax Thinlip conger
103. Gnathophis nasutus
104. Gnathophis neocaledoniensis
105. Gnathophis nystromi ginanago
106. Gnathophis nystromi nystromi
107. Gnathophis parini
108. Gnathophis smithi
109. Gnathophis tritos
110. Gnathophis umbrellabius Umbrella conger
111. Gnathophis xenica
112. Gorgasia barnesi
113. Gorgasia cotroneii
114. Gorgasia galzini Speckled garden-eel
115. Gorgasia hawaiiensis Hawaiian garden eel
116. Gorgasia inferomaculata
117. Gorgasia japonica
118. Gorgasia klausewitzi Klausewitz' garden eel
119. Gorgasia maculata Whitespotted garden eel
120. Gorgasia naeocepaea
121. Gorgasia preclara Splendid garden eel
122. Gorgasia punctata Dotted garden eel
123. Gorgasia sillneri
124. Gorgasia taiwanensis
125. Gorgasia thamani
126. Heteroconger balteatus
127. Heteroconger camelopardalis
128. Heteroconger canabus White-ring garden eel
129. Heteroconger chapmani
130. Heteroconger cobra Garden eel
131. Heteroconger digueti Pale green eel
132. Heteroconger enigmaticus
133. Heteroconger hassi Spotted garden-eel
134. Heteroconger klausewitzi Galapagos garden eel
135. Heteroconger lentiginosus Masked garden eel
136. Heteroconger longissimus Brown garden eel
137. Heteroconger luteolus Yellow garden eel
138. Heteroconger mercyae
139. Heteroconger obscurus
96
140. Heteroconger pellegrini Speckled garden eel
141. Heteroconger perissodon
142. Heteroconger polyzona
143. Heteroconger taylori
144. Heteroconger tomberua
145. Heteroconger tricia
146. Japonoconger africanus
147. Japonoconger caribbeus
148. Japonoconger sivicolus
149. Kenyaconger heemstrai
150. Leptocephalus congroides
151. Lumiconger arafura Luminous conger
152. Macrocephenchelys brachialis
153. Macrocephenchelys brevirostris Rubbernose conger
154. Ophisoma prorigerum Slope conger
155. Parabathymyrus brachyrhynchus
156. Parabathymyrus fijiensis
157. Parabathymyrus karrerae
158. Parabathymyrus macrophthalmus
159. Parabathymyrus oregoni Flapnose conger
160. Paraconger californiensis Californian conger
161. Paraconger caudilimbatus Margintail conger
162. Paraconger guianensis
163. Paraconger macrops Blackspot conger
164. Paraconger notialis Guinean conger
165. Paraconger ophichthys
166. Paraconger similis Shorttail conger
167. Paruroconger drachi
168. Poeciloconger fasciatus Barred sand conger
169. Poeciloconger kapala Mottled conger
170. Promyllantor adenensis
171. Promyllantor atlanticus
172. Promyllantor purpureus
173. Pseudophichthys splendens Purplemouthed conger
174. Pseudoxenomystax albescens Hairy conger
175. Pseudoxenomystax nielseni
176. Rhechias bertini
177. Rhynchoconger ectenurus
178. Rhynchoconger flavus Yellow conger
179. Rhynchoconger gracilior Whiptail conger
180. Rhynchoconger guppyi
181. Rhynchoconger nitens Bignose conger
182. Rhynchoconger squaliceps
183. Rhynchoconger trewavasae
184. Scalanago lateralis Ladder eel
185. Uroconger erythraeus
186. Uroconger lepturus Slender conger
187. Uroconger syringinus Threadtail conger
188. Xenomystax atrarius Deepwater conger
189. Xenomystax austrinus
190. Xenomystax bidentatus
191. Xenomystax congroides Bristletooth conger
192. Xenomystax trucidans
97
Family Derichthyidae
(Longneck eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Head bearing a

series of parallel striations that form part of a sensory system.
Pectorals present, pelvics absent; dorsal fin origin behind tip of
pectorals. Anus well behind midlength. Snout short in Derichthys and
relatively long in Nessorhamphus. Adults mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
Maximum length about 60 cm.

1. Derichthys serpentinus Narrownecked oceanic eel
2. Nessorhamphus danae Dana duckbill eel
3. Nessorhamphus ingolfianus Duckbill oceanic eel
98
Family Heterenchelyidae
(Mud eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic (and Mediterranean) and eastern Pacific. Tropical.

No pectoral fin. Large mouth. Scaleless. Gill openings low on body.
Origin of dorsal fin over gill opening. Lateral line absent. Vertebrae
109-136 in Panturichthys and 141-227 in Pythonichthys.

1. Panturichthys fowleri
2. Panturichthys isognathus
3. Panturichthys longus
4. Panturichthys mauritanicus Mauritanian shortface eel
5. Pythonichthys asodes Pacific mud eel
6. Pythonichthys macrurus
7. Pythonichthys microphthalmus
8. Pythonichthys sanguineus
99
Family Moringuidae
(Worm or Spaghetti eels)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical Indo-Pacific and Western Atlantic; rarely in

freshwater. Body very much elongated and filamentous. Scales absent.
Gill openings set low on body. Dorsal and anal fins appearing as low
folds far down posterior and united with caudal fin. Pectorals weakly
developed, when present. Eyes small underneath skin. Vertebrae 98-
180. Pronounced sexual dimorphism exists, but sometimes there is a
problem of establishing conspecificity between the sexes.

1. Moringua abbreviata
2. Moringua arundinacea Bengal spaghetti-eel
3. Moringua bicolor
4. Moringua edwardsi Spaghetti eel
5. Moringua ferruginea Rusty spaghetti eel
6. Moringua javanica Java spaghetti eel
7. Moringua macrocephalus
8. Moringua macrochir Lesser thrush eel
9. Moringua microchir Lesser thrush eel
10. Moringua penni Penn's thrush eel
11. Moringua raitaborua Purple spaghetti-eel
12. Neoconger mucronatus Ridged eel
13. Neoconger tuberculatus
14. Neoconger vermiformis
100
Family Muraenesocidae
(Pike congers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Tropical. Well developed

teeth, especially on vomer. Pectorals well developed. Large eyes
covered with skin. Origin of dorsal fin over or slightly before pectoral
base. Conspicuous lateral line. Vertebrae 120-216.

1. Congresox talabon Yellow pike conger
2. Congresox talabonoides Indian pike conger
3. Cynoponticus coniceps Red pike conger
4. Cynoponticus ferox Guinean pike conger
5. Cynoponticus savanna Guayana pike-conger
6. Gavialiceps arabicus
7. Gavialiceps bertelseni
8. Gavialiceps javanicus Duckbill conger
9. Gavialiceps taeniola
10. Gavialiceps taiwanensis
11. Muraenesox bagio Common pike conger
12. Muraenesox cinereus Daggertooth pike conger
13. Oxyconger leptognathus Shorttail pike conger
101
Family Muraenidae
(Moray eels)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Worldwide in tropical and temperate seas. Diverse group of eels with
large mouths with numerous teeth; often with fanglike (canine) teeth.
Dorsal fin origin usually before the gill openings; median fins confluent
with caudal fin; no pelvic and pectoral fins. Gill openings as small
roundish lateral openings. Head with 1-3 lateral line pores; absent on
body. Scaleless. Recorded maximum length 3.0 m. Some morays
cause ciguatera fish poisoning. A skin toxin was noted in an Indo-
Pacific moray eel. Adults benthic, generally in shallow water among
rocks and coral heads; many species are more active at night and hide
in holes and crevices during the day. Vicious reputation is undeserved,
although some species will bite if provoked. Feed mainly on
crustaceans, cephalopods and small fishes. Larvae (leptocephali)
epipelagic, widespread and abundant. Widely used as food, but a few
large species may be ciguatoxic. Generally hardy in captivity.

1. Anarchias allardicei Allardice's moray
2. Anarchias cantonensis Canton Island moray
3. Anarchias euryurus
4. Anarchias galapagensis Minute moray
5. Anarchias leucurus Snyder's moray
6. Anarchias longicaudis
7. Anarchias maldiviensis
8. Anarchias seychellensis Seychelles moray
9. Anarchias similis Pygmy moray
10. Anarchias supremus
11. Channomuraena bauchotae
12. Channomuraena vittata Broadbanded moray
13. Cirrimaxilla formosa Taiwanese barbel moray
14. Diaphenchelys pelonates Mud-dwelling moray
15. Echidna amblyodon
16. Echidna catenata Chain moray
17. Echidna delicatula Mottled moray
18. Echidna leucotaenia Whiteface moray
19. Echidna nebulosa Snowflake moray
20. Echidna nocturna Freckled moray
21. Echidna peli Pebbletooth moray
102
22. Echidna polyzona Barred moray
23. Echidna rhodochilus Pink-lipped moray eel
24. Echidna unicolor Unicolor moray
25. Echidna xanthospilos
26. Enchelycore anatina Fangtooth moray
27. Enchelycore bayeri Bayer's moray
28. Enchelycore bikiniensis Bikini Atoll moray
29. Enchelycore carychroa Caribbean chestnut moray
30. Enchelycore kamara Dark-spotted moray
31. Enchelycore lichenosa Reticulate hookjaw moray
32. Enchelycore nigricans Mulatto conger
33. Enchelycore nycturanus
34. Enchelycore octaviana Slenderjaw moray
35. Enchelycore pardalis Leopard moray eel
36. Enchelycore ramosa Mosaic moray
37. Enchelycore schismatorhynchus White-margined moray
38. Enchelycore tamarae
39. Enchelynassa canina Viper moray
40. Gymnomuraena zebra Zebra moray
41. Gymnothorax afer Dark moray
42. Gymnothorax albimarginatus Whitemargin moray
43. Gymnothorax angusticauda
44. Gymnothorax angusticeps
45. Gymnothorax annasona
46. Gymnothorax annulatus
47. Gymnothorax atolli Atoll moray
48. Gymnothorax australicola South Pacific moray
49. Gymnothorax austrinus Southern moray
50. Gymnothorax bacalladoi
51. Gymnothorax baranesi
52. Gymnothorax bathyphilus
53. Gymnothorax berndti Y-patterned moray
54. Gymnothorax breedeni Blackcheek moray
55. Gymnothorax buroensis Vagrant moray
56. Gymnothorax castaneus Chestnut moray
57. Gymnothorax castlei
58. Gymnothorax cephalospilus Head-spot moray
59. Gymnothorax chilospilus Lipspot moray
60. Gymnothorax chlamydatus
61. Gymnothorax conspersus Saddled moray
62. Gymnothorax cribroris Sieve-patterned moray
63. Gymnothorax davidsmithi
64. Gymnothorax dorsalis
65. Gymnothorax dovii Speckled moray
66. Gymnothorax elegans Elegant moray
67. Gymnothorax enigmaticus Enigmatic moray
68. Gymnothorax equatorialis Spotted-tail moray
69. Gymnothorax eurostus Abbott's moray eel
70. Gymnothorax eurygnathos
71. Gymnothorax favagineus Laced moray
72. Gymnothorax fimbriatus Fimbriated moray
73. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Yellow-edged moray
74. Gymnothorax flavoculus Palenose moray
75. Gymnothorax formosus
76. Gymnothorax funebris Green moray
103
77. Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus Brown spotted moray
78. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Slendertail moray
79. Gymnothorax griseus Geometric moray
80. Gymnothorax hansi
81. Gymnothorax hepaticus Liver-colored moray eel
82. Gymnothorax herrei
83. Gymnothorax hubbsi Lichen moray
84. Gymnothorax intesi
85. Gymnothorax isingteena
86. Gymnothorax javanicus Giant moray
87. Gymnothorax johnsoni Whitespotted moray
88. Gymnothorax kidako Kidako moray
89. Gymnothorax kolpos Blacktail moray
90. Gymnothorax kontodontos Short-tooth moray
91. Gymnothorax longinquus
92. Gymnothorax maderensis Sharktooth moray
93. Gymnothorax mareei Spotjaw moray
94. Gymnothorax margaritophorus Blotch-necked moray
95. Gymnothorax marshallensis Marshall Islands moray
96. Gymnothorax mccoskeri
97. Gymnothorax megaspilus Oman moray
98. Gymnothorax melatremus Dwarf moray
99. Gymnothorax meleagris Turkey moray
100. Gymnothorax microspila
101. Gymnothorax microstictus
102. Gymnothorax miliaris Goldentail moray
103. Gymnothorax minor
104. Gymnothorax moluccensis Moluccan moray
105. Gymnothorax monochrous Drab moray
106. Gymnothorax monostigma One-spot moray
107. Gymnothorax mordax California moray
108. Gymnothorax moringa Spotted moray
109. Gymnothorax mucifer
110. Gymnothorax nasuta Easter island moray
111. Gymnothorax neglectus
112. Gymnothorax nigromarginatus Blackedge moray
113. Gymnothorax niphostigmus Snowflake-patched moray
114. Gymnothorax nubilus Grey moray
115. Gymnothorax nudivomer Starry moray
116. Gymnothorax nuttingi
117. Gymnothorax obesus Griffin's moray
118. Gymnothorax ocellatus Caribbean ocellated moray
119. Gymnothorax panamensis Panamic moray
120. Gymnothorax parini
121. Gymnothorax phalarus
122. Gymnothorax phasmatodes Ghost moray
123. Gymnothorax philippinus
124. Gymnothorax pictus Peppered moray
125. Gymnothorax pikei Pike's moray
126. Gymnothorax pindae Pinda moray
127. Gymnothorax polygonius Polygon moray
128. Gymnothorax polyspondylus
129. Gymnothorax polyuranodon Freshwater moray
130. Gymnothorax porphyreus Lowfin moray
131. Gymnothorax prasinus Yellow moray
104
132. Gymnothorax prionodon Australian mottled moray
133. Gymnothorax prismodon
134. Gymnothorax prolatus
135. Gymnothorax pseudoherrei
136. Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus Highfin moray
137. Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bars'n spots moray
138. Gymnothorax punctatus Red Sea whitespotted moray
139. Gymnothorax randalli
140. Gymnothorax reevesii Reeve's moray
141. Gymnothorax reticularis
142. Gymnothorax richardsonii Richardson's moray
143. Gymnothorax robinsi
144. Gymnothorax rueppellii Banded moray
145. Gymnothorax sagenodeta
146. Gymnothorax sagmacephalus
147. Gymnothorax saxicola Ocellated moray
148. Gymnothorax serratidens
149. Gymnothorax shaoi
150. Gymnothorax sokotrensis
151. Gymnothorax steindachneri Steindachner's moray eel
152. Gymnothorax taiwanensis Taiwanese moray eel
153. Gymnothorax thyrsoideus Greyface moray
154. Gymnothorax tile
155. Gymnothorax undulatus Undulated moray
156. Gymnothorax unicolor Brown moray
157. Gymnothorax vagrans
158. Gymnothorax verrilli White-edged moray
159. Gymnothorax vicinus Purplemouth moray
160. Gymnothorax walvisensis
161. Gymnothorax woodwardi
162. Gymnothorax ypsilon Y-bar moray
163. Gymnothorax zonipectis Barredfin moray
164. Monopenchelys acuta Redface moray
165. Muraena appendiculata
166. Muraena argus White-spotted moray
167. Muraena augusti
168. Muraena australiae
169. Muraena clepsydra Hourglass moray
170. Muraena helena Mediterranean moray
171. Muraena insularum
172. Muraena lentiginosa Jewel moray
173. Muraena melanotis Honeycomb moray
174. Muraena pavonina Whitespot moray
175. Muraena retifera Reticulate moray
176. Muraena robusta Stout moray
177. Pseudechidna brummeri White ribbon eel
178. Rhinomuraena quaesita Ribbon moray
179. Scuticaria okinawae Shorttailed snake moray
180. Scuticaria tigrina Tiger reef-eel
181. Strophidon sathete Slender giant moray
182. Uropterygius concolor Unicolor snake moray
183. Uropterygius fasciolatus Blotched moray
184. Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Brown spotted snake moray
185. Uropterygius genie
186. Uropterygius golanii
105
187. Uropterygius inornatus Drab snake moray
188. Uropterygius kamar Barlip reef-eel
189. Uropterygius macrocephalus Needle-tooth moray
190. Uropterygius macularius Marbled moray
191. Uropterygius makatei
192. Uropterygius marmoratus Marbled reef-eel
193. Uropterygius micropterus Tidepool snake moray
194. Uropterygius nagoensis
195. Uropterygius oligospondylus Few-vertebrae moray
196. Uropterygius polyspilus Large-spotted snake moray
197. Uropterygius polystictus Many-spotted moray
198. Uropterygius supraforatus Many-toothed snake moray
199. Uropterygius versutus Two-holes moray
200. Uropterygius wheeleri
201. Uropterygius xanthopterus Freckleface reef-eel
202. Uropterygius xenodontus Black snake moray
106
Family Myrocongridae
(Atlantic red eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic Ocean. Monotypic (based on only one specimen).

1. Myroconger compressus Red eel
2. Myroconger gracilis
3. Myroconger nigrodentatus Orange eel
4. Myroconger prolixus
5. Myroconger seychellensis
107
Family Nemichthyidae
(Snipe eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Bathypelagic and

mesopelagic. Jaws extremely long; the lower jaw shorter than the
upper making the jaws nonocclusible, with the exception of ripe
males.Very elongate body. Pectoral fin present. Dorsal and anal fins
united with caudal fin. Large eyes. Preopercle lacking. Frontals partly
united in some. Complete lateral line. Anus a short distance behind
pectoral fin (Avocettina) or under pectoral fin. Vertebrae 170-220 in
Labrichthys nd Avocettina to over 750 in Nemichthys. Sexually mature
males undergo distinct changes, like the radical shortening of the jaws
and tooth loss.

1. Avocettina acuticeps Southern snipe eel
2. Avocettina bowersii
3. Avocettina infans Avocet snipe eel
4. Avocettina paucipora
5. Labichthys carinatus
6. Labichthys yanoi Yano's snipe eel
7. Nemichthys curvirostris Boxer snipe eel
8. Nemichthys larseni
9. Nemichthys scolopaceus Slender snipe eel
108
Family Nettastomatidae
(Duckbill eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Tropical and warm temperate.
Elongated and narrow head and snout. Mouth large. Tail sharply
tapering. Adults usually without pectoral fin (present only in
Hoplunnis). Vertebrae usually 190-280. Maximum length about 100
cm.

1. Facciolella castlei
2. Facciolella equatorialis Dogface witch eel
3. Facciolella gilbertii Dogface witch-eel
4. Facciolella karreri
5. Facciolella oxyrhyncha Facciola's sorcerer
6. Facciolella saurencheloides
7. Hoplunnis diomediana Blacktail pike-conger
8. Hoplunnis macrura Freckled pike-conger
9. Hoplunnis megista
10. Hoplunnis pacifica Silver pikeconger
11. Hoplunnis punctata
12. Hoplunnis schmidti
13. Hoplunnis sicarius
14. Hoplunnis similis
15. Hoplunnis tenuis Spotted pike-conger
16. Leptocephalus bellottii
17. Nettastoma falcinaris
18. Nettastoma melanurum Blackfin sorcerer
19. Nettastoma parviceps Duck-billed eel
20. Nettastoma solitarium Solitary duckbill eel
21. Nettastoma syntresis
22. Nettenchelys dionisi
23. Nettenchelys erroriensis
24. Nettenchelys exoria
25. Nettenchelys gephyra Bridge duckbill eel
26. Nettenchelys inion
27. Nettenchelys paxtoni
28. Nettenchelys pygmaea Pygmy pikeconger
29. Nettenchelys taylori
30. Saurenchelys cancrivora Slender sorcerer
31. Saurenchelys cognita Longface eel
32. Saurenchelys fierasfer
33. Saurenchelys finitimus Whitsunday wire eel
34. Saurenchelys lateromaculatus
109
35. Saurenchelys meteori
36. Saurenchelys stylura Pillar wire eel
37. Saurenchelys taiwanensis
38. Venefica multiporosa
39. Venefica ocella
40. Venefica proboscidea Whipsnout sorcerer
41. Venefica procera
42. Venefica tentaculata
110
Family Ophichthidae
(Snake eels)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical to warm temperate waters. Coastal, some species

entering rivers. Posterior nostril usually lying within or piercing the
upper lip, opening into mouth. Tongue attached. Branchiostegal rays
15-49 pairs, overlapping midventrally to form a 'jugostegalia', a
basketlike structure. Poorly developed neural spines, when present.
Hyomandibulae usually vertical, but may be inclined backward or
forward. With or without pectoral fins. Vertebrae 110-270. Most
species spend their time burried in sand and hunt small fishes and
crustaceans by sense of smell.

1. Ahlia egmontis Key worm eel
2. Allips concolor
3. Aplatophis chauliodus Fangtooth snake-eel
4. Aplatophis zorro Snaggle-toothed snake-eel
5. Aprognathodon platyventris Stripe eel
6. Apterichtus anguiformis Slender finless eel
7. Apterichtus ansp Academy eel
8. Apterichtus australis Snake eel
9. Apterichtus caecus European finless eel
10. Apterichtus equatorialis Finless eel
11. Apterichtus flavicaudus
12. Apterichtus gracilis
13. Apterichtus gymnocelus
14. Apterichtus kendalli Western Atlantic finless eel
15. Apterichtus keramanus
16. Apterichtus klazingai Sharpsnout snake eel
17. Apterichtus monodi
18. Apterichtus moseri
19. Apterichtus orientalis
20. Asarcenchelys longimanus
21. Bascanichthys bascanium Sooty eel
22. Bascanichthys bascanoides Sooty sand-eel
23. Bascanichthys ceciliae
24. Bascanichthys congoensis
25. Bascanichthys cylindricus Round sand-eel
26. Bascanichthys deraniyagalai Indian longtailed sand-eel
27. Bascanichthys fijiensis
28. Bascanichthys filaria
111
29. Bascanichthys inopinatus
30. Bascanichthys kirkii Longtailed sand-eel
31. Bascanichthys longipinnis
32. Bascanichthys myersi
33. Bascanichthys panamensis Panama sand-eel
34. Bascanichthys paulensis
35. Bascanichthys pusillus
36. Bascanichthys scuticaris Whip eel
37. Bascanichthys sibogae
38. Benthenchelys cartieri
39. Benthenchelys indicus
40. Benthenchelys pacificus
41. Brachysomophis atlanticus
42. Brachysomophis cirrocheilos Stargazer snake eel
43. Brachysomophis crocodilinus Crocodile snake eel
44. Brachysomophis henshawi Reptilian snake eel
45. Brachysomophis longipinnis
46. Brachysomophis porphyreus
47. Brachysomophis umbonis
48. Caecula pterygera Finny snake eel
49. Callechelys bilinearis Twostripe snake eel
50. Callechelys bitaeniata
51. Callechelys catostoma Black-striped snake eel
52. Callechelys cliffi Sandy ridgefin eel
53. Callechelys eristigma Spotted ridgefin eel
54. Callechelys galapagensis
55. Callechelys guineensis Shorttail snake eel
56. Callechelys leucoptera
57. Callechelys lutea Yellow-spotted snake eel
58. Callechelys maculatus
59. Callechelys marmorata Marbled snake eel
60. Callechelys muraena Blotched snake eel
61. Callechelys papulosa
62. Callechelys randalli
63. Callechelys springeri Ridgefin eel
64. Caralophia loxochila Slantlip eel
65. Cirrhimuraena calamus
66. Cirrhimuraena cheilopogon
67. Cirrhimuraena chinensis
68. Cirrhimuraena inhacae Inhaca fringelip
69. Cirrhimuraena oliveri
70. Cirrhimuraena orientalis
71. Cirrhimuraena paucidens
72. Cirrhimuraena playfairii Fringelip snake-eel
73. Cirrhimuraena tapeinoptera
74. Cirrhimuraena yuanding
75. Cirricaecula johnsoni Fringelip snake eel
76. Cirricaecula macdowelli
77. Dalophis boulengeri
78. Dalophis cephalopeltis
79. Dalophis imberbis Armless snake eel
80. Dalophis multidentatus
81. Dalophis obtusirostris
82. Echelus myrus Painted eel
83. Echelus pachyrhynchus
112
84. Echelus uropterus Finned worm eel
85. Echiophis brunneus Pacific spoon-nose eel
86. Echiophis creutzbergi Spoon-nose eel
87. Echiophis intertinctus Spotted spoon-nose eel
88. Echiophis punctifer Stippled spoon-nose eel
89. Elapsopis cyclorhinus
90. Elapsopis versicolor Convict snake eel
91. Ethadophis akkistikos Indifferent eel
92. Ethadophis byrnei Ordinary eel
93. Ethadophis epinepheli
94. Ethadophis foresti
95. Ethadophis merenda Snack eel
96. Evips percinctus False saddled snake eel
97. Glenoglossa wassi
98. Gordiichthys combibus
99. Gordiichthys ergodes Irksone eel
100. Gordiichthys irretitus Horsehair eel
101. Gordiichthys leibyi String eel
102. Gordiichthys randalli
103. Hemerorhinus heyningi
104. Hemerorhinus opici
105. Herpetoichthys fossatus Mustachioed snake-eel
106. Hyphalophis devius
107. Ichthyapus acuticeps Sharpnose sand-eel
108. Ichthyapus insularis
109. Ichthyapus omanensis Oman snake eel
110. Ichthyapus ophioneus Surf eel
111. Ichthyapus platyrhynchus
112. Ichthyapus selachops Smiling snake-eel
113. Ichthyapus vulturis Vulture sand eel
114. Kertomichthys blastorhinos
115. Lamnostoma kampeni Freshwater snake-eel
116. Lamnostoma mindora
117. Lamnostoma orientalis Oriental worm-eel
118. Lamnostoma polyophthalma Ocellated sand-eel
119. Lamnostoma taylori
120. Leiuranus semicinctus Saddled snake-eel
121. Leptenchelys vermiformis Slender worm-eel
122. Leptocephalus ophichthoides
123. Letharchus aliculatus
124. Letharchus rosenblatti Sailfin snake-eel
125. Letharchus velifer American sailfin eel
126. Lethogoleos andersoni Forgetful snake eel
127. Leuropharus lasiops Acned snake-eel
128. Luthulenchelys heemstraorum
129. Malvoliophis pinguis Halfband snake eel
130. Mixomyrophis pusillipinna
131. Muraenichthys elerae
132. Muraenichthys gymnopterus
133. Muraenichthys iredalei
134. Muraenichthys macrostomus
135. Muraenichthys philippinensis
136. Muraenichthys schultzei Maimed snake eel
137. Muraenichthys sibogae Siboga worm eel
138. Muraenichthys thompsoni Thompson's snake eel
113
139. Myrichthys aspetocheiros Longfin spotted snake-eel
140. Myrichthys bleekeri
141. Myrichthys breviceps Sharptail eel
142. Myrichthys colubrinus Harlequin snake eel
143. Myrichthys maculosus Tiger snake eel
144. Myrichthys magnificus Magnificent snake eel
145. Myrichthys ocellatus Goldspotted eel
146. Myrichthys pantostigmius Clarion snake eel
147. Myrichthys pardalis Leopard eel
148. Myrichthys tigrinus Spotted snake-eel
149. Myrichthys xysturus
150. Myrophis anterodorsalis Longfin worm eel
151. Myrophis cheni
152. Myrophis lepturus
153. Myrophis microchir Ordinary snake eel
154. Myrophis platyrhynchus Broadnose worm eel
155. Myrophis plumbeus Leaden worm eel
156. Myrophis punctatus Speckled worm-eel
157. Myrophis vafer Pacific worm eel
158. Mystriophis crosnieri
159. Mystriophis rostellatus African spoon-nose eel
160. Neenchelys buitendijki Fintail serpent eel
161. Neenchelys daedalus
162. Neenchelys microtretus
163. Neenchelys retropinna Gaper snake eel
164. Ophichthus altipennis Highfin snake eel
165. Ophichthus apachus Thin snake eel
166. Ophichthus aphotistos Dark deepwater snake-eel
167. Ophichthus apicalis Bluntnose snake-eel
168. Ophichthus arneutes
169. Ophichthus asakusae
170. Ophichthus bonaparti Napoleon snake eel
171. Ophichthus brachynotopterus
172. Ophichthus brasiliensis
173. Ophichthus brevicaudatus
174. Ophichthus brevirostris Snubnose snake eel
175. Ophichthus celebicus
176. Ophichthus cephalozona Dark-shouldered snake eel
177. Ophichthus cruentifer Margined snake eel
178. Ophichthus cylindroideus Dusky snake eel
179. Ophichthus echeloides
180. Ophichthus episcopus
181. Ophichthus erabo Fowler's snake eel
182. Ophichthus evermanni
183. Ophichthus exourus
184. Ophichthus fasciatus
185. Ophichthus frontalis Death-banded snake-eel
186. Ophichthus garretti
187. Ophichthus genie
188. Ophichthus gomesii Shrimp eel
189. Ophichthus grandoculis
190. Ophichthus hyposagmatus Faintsaddled snake eel
191. Ophichthus karreri
192. Ophichthus kunaloa
193. Ophichthus leonensis
114
194. Ophichthus limkouensis
195. Ophichthus lithinus Evermann's snake eel
196. Ophichthus longipenis
197. Ophichthus macrochir
198. Ophichthus macrops
199. Ophichthus maculatus
200. Ophichthus madagascariensis
201. Ophichthus manilensis
202. Ophichthus marginatus Shorthead snake-eel
203. Ophichthus mecopterus Longarmed snake eel
204. Ophichthus megalops
205. Ophichthus melanoporus Blackpored eel
206. Ophichthus melope
207. Ophichthus menezesi
208. Ophichthus mystacinus
209. Ophichthus omorgmus Dottedline snake eel
210. Ophichthus ophis Spotted snake eel
211. Ophichthus parilis
212. Ophichthus polyophthalmus Many-eyed snake-eel
213. Ophichthus puncticeps Palespotted eel
214. Ophichthus regius Ornate Snake Eel
215. Ophichthus remiger Punctuated snake-eel
216. Ophichthus rex King snake eel
217. Ophichthus roseus
218. Ophichthus rotundus
219. Ophichthus rufus Rufus snake-eel
220. Ophichthus rugifer
221. Ophichthus rutidoderma Olive snake eel
222. Ophichthus serpentinus
223. Ophichthus singapurensis
224. Ophichthus spinicauda Antillean snake eel
225. Ophichthus stenopterus
226. Ophichthus tchangi
227. Ophichthus tetratrema
228. Ophichthus triserialis Pacific snake-eel
229. Ophichthus tsuchidae
230. Ophichthus unicolor Plain snake-eel
231. Ophichthus urolophus Manetail snake eel
232. Ophichthus woosuitingi
233. Ophichthus zophochir Yellow snake-eel
234. Ophisurus macrorhynchos
235. Ophisurus serpens Serpent eel
236. Paraletharchus opercularis Pouch snake eel
237. Paraletharchus pacificus Sailfin eel
238. Phaenomonas cooperae Short-maned sand-eel
239. Phaenomonas longissima Short-maned Sand Eel
240. Phaenomonas pinnata Elastic eel
241. Phyllophichthus macrurus
242. Phyllophichthus xenodontus Flappy snake-eel
243. Pisodonophis boro Rice-paddy eel
244. Pisodonophis cancrivorus Longfin snake-eel
245. Pisodonophis copelandi
246. Pisodonophis daspilotus Marble-toothed snake-eel
247. Pisodonophis hijala
248. Pisodonophis hoeveni Hoeven's snake eel
115
249. Pisodonophis hypselopterus
250. Pisodonophis semicinctus
251. Pisodonophis zophistius
252. Pseudomyrophis atlanticus
253. Pseudomyrophis frio
254. Pseudomyrophis fugesae Diminutive worm eel
255. Pseudomyrophis micropinna Smallfin worm-eel
256. Pseudomyrophis nimius
257. Quassiremus ascensionis Blackspotted snake eel
258. Quassiremus evionthas Galapagos snake eel
259. Quassiremus nothochir Smallfish snake-eel
260. Quassiremus polyclitellum
261. Rhinophichthus penicillatus
262. Schismorhynchus labialis Grooved-jaw worm eel
263. Schultzidia johnstonensis Johnston snake-eel
264. Schultzidia retropinnis Fringe-lipped worm eel
265. Scolecenchelys acutirostris
266. Scolecenchelys australis Shortfinned worm eel
267. Scolecenchelys borealis
268. Scolecenchelys breviceps Short-headed worm eel
269. Scolecenchelys castlei Deepwater big-eyed worm eel
270. Scolecenchelys chilensis
271. Scolecenchelys cookei
272. Scolecenchelys erythraeensis
273. Scolecenchelys godeffroyi Godeffroy
274. Scolecenchelys gymnota Indo-Pacific slender worm-eel
275. Scolecenchelys japonica
276. Scolecenchelys laticaudata Redfin worm-eel
277. Scolecenchelys macroptera Slender snake eel
278. Scolecenchelys nicholsae Nichols' worm eel
279. Scolecenchelys okamurai
280. Scolecenchelys profundorum
281. Scolecenchelys puhioilo
282. Scolecenchelys tasmaniensis Tasmanian worm eel
283. Scolecenchelys vermiformis
284. Scolecenchelys xorae Orangehead worm-eel
285. Scytalichthys miurus Short-tailed viper-eel
286. Skythrenchelys lentiginosa
287. Skythrenchelys zabra Angry worm eel
288. Sphagebranchus cinctus
289. Sphagebranchus kuro
290. Stictorhinus potamius
291. Xestochilus nebulosus
292. Xyrias chioui
293. Xyrias guineensis
294. Xyrias multiserialis Speckled snake eel
295. Xyrias revulsus Strict snake eel
296. Yirrkala chaselingi
297. Yirrkala fusca
298. Yirrkala gjellerupi
299. Yirrkala insolitus
300. Yirrkala kaupii
301. Yirrkala macrodon
302. Yirrkala maculata
303. Yirrkala misolensis Misol snake eel
116
304. Yirrkala moluccensis
305. Yirrkala moorei
306. Yirrkala tenuis Thin sand-eel
307. Yirrkala timorensis Earthworm snake-eel
117
Family Serrivomeridae
(Sawtooth eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Jaws produced.

Vomerine teeth lancet-like arranged in a saw-like row.

1. Serrivomer beanii Bean's sawtooth eel
2. Serrivomer bertini Thread eel
3. Serrivomer brevidentatus Black sawtoothed eel
4. Serrivomer danae
5. Serrivomer garmani
6. Serrivomer jesperseni Crossthroat sawpalate
7. Serrivomer lanceolatoides Short-tooth sawpalate
8. Serrivomer samoensis
9. Serrivomer schmidti
10. Serrivomer sector Sawtooth eel
11. Stemonidium hypomelas Black serrivomerid eel
118
Family Synaphobranchidae
(Cutthroat eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Opening of gills low on body,
below or at the insertion of pectoral fin. Pectoral fin absent in a few
species. Third hypobranchial directed forward from midline, meeting
third ceratobranchial at a sharp angle. Vertebrae 110-205. Eyes
telescopic in the larval stage; its lens at anterodorsal end.

1. Atractodenchelys phrix
2. Atractodenchelys robinsorum
3. Diastobranchus capensis Basketwork eel
4. Dysomma anguillare Shortbelly eel
5. Dysomma brevirostre Pignosed arrowtooth eel
6. Dysomma bucephalus
7. Dysomma dolichosomatum
8. Dysomma fuscoventralis
9. Dysomma goslinei
10. Dysomma longirostrum
11. Dysomma melanurum
12. Dysomma muciparus
13. Dysomma opisthoproctus
14. Dysomma polycatodon
15. Dysomma tridens
16. Dysommina proboscideus
17. Dysommina rugosa
18. Haptenchelys texis
19. Histiobranchus australis
20. Histiobranchus bathybius Deep-water arrowtooth eel
21. Histiobranchus bruuni Bruun's cutthroat
22. Ilyophis arx
23. Ilyophis blachei
24. Ilyophis brunneus Muddy arrowtooth eel
25. Ilyophis nigeli
26. Ilyophis robinsae
27. Ilyophis saldanhai
28. Linkenchelys multipora
29. Meadia abyssalis Abyssal cutthroat eel
30. Meadia roseni
31. Simenchelys parasitica Snubnosed eel
32. Synaphobranchus affinis Grey cutthroat
33. Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis Shortdorsal cutthroat eel
34. Synaphobranchus calvus
119
35. Synaphobranchus dolichorhynchus
36. Synaphobranchus kaupii Kaup's arrowtooth eel
37. Synaphobranchus oregoni
38. Thermobiotes mytilogeiton
120
ORDO ATELEOPODIFORMES
(Jellynose fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Caudal fin reduced, united with the long anal fin; pelvic fin of adults
with single ray on throat (young specimens and Guentherus gave
several rays, and the pelvics of the latter are behind the pectorals);
dorsal fin with 3-13 rays; skeleton largely cartilaginous; snout bilbous;
branchiostegal rays 7. Maximum length about 2 m. Marine species.
121
Family Ateleopodidae
(Jellynose fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Caribbean Sea, eastern Atlantic, and Indo-Pacific. Caudal

fin very small and confluent with long anal fin. Adults with pelvic fin
reduced to a single ray in jugular position, except for Guentherus with
several pelvic rays behind the pectorals. Dorsal fin rays 3-13. Largely
cartilaginous skeleton. Bulbous snout. Branchiostegal 7 rays. Maximum
length about 2 m.

1. Ateleopus indicus
2. Ateleopus japonicu Pacific jellynose fish
3. Ateleopus natalensis
4. Ateleopus purpureus
5. Ateleopus tanabensis
6. Guentherus altivela Jellynose
7. Guentherus katoi
8. Ijimaia antillarum
9. Ijimaia dofleini
10. Ijimaia fowleri
11. Ijimaia loppei Loppe's tadpole fish
12. Ijimaia plicatellus Deep water ateleopid fish
13. Parateleopus microstomus
122
ORDO ATHERINIFORMES
(Silversides)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Usually two dorsal fins, the first, if present, with flexible spines; anal
fin usually preceded by a spine; lateral line absent or very weak;
branchiostegal rays 4-7; narial openings paired; pelvic fins abdominal,
subadominal, or thoracic in position (essentially absent in female
phallostethids and highly modified in male phallostethids); parietals
usually present.
123
Family Atherinidae
(Silversides)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Silversides are distributed from tropical to temperate waters. Two

widely separated dorsal fins, the first with flexible spines and the
second with one spine followed by soft rays; anal fin with one spine
followed by soft rays; pectoral fins high on body; mouth small and
terminal; no lateral line; broad silvery lateral band (black in preserved
specimens); pelvic fins usually abdominal; scales relatively large
(usually 31-50 in lateral series, more in Labidesthes); vertebrae 32-60
(fewer in Stenatherina). Reported maximum length 60 cm. Most
species are marine. However, there are about 50 species confined to
freshwater and others that enter freshwater. Feed on zooplankton.

1. Alepidomus evermanni
2. Atherina boyeri Big-scale sand smelt
3. Atherina breviceps Cape silverside
4. Atherina hepsetus Mediterranean sand smelt
5. Atherina lopeziana
6. Atherina presbyter Sand smelt
7. Atherinason hepsetoides Smallscale hardyhead
8. Atherinomorus aetholepis Spatular-scale silverside
9. Atherinomorus balabacensis Balabac Island silverside
10. Atherinomorus capricornensis Capricorn silverside
11. Atherinomorus duodecimalis Tropical silverside
12. Atherinomorus endrachtensis Eendracht Land silverside
13. Atherinomorus insularum Hawaiian Islands silverside
14. Atherinomorus lacunosus Hardyhead silverside
15. Atherinomorus lineatus Lined silverside
16. Atherinomorus regina Culion silverside
17. Atherinomorus stipes Hardhead silverside
18. Atherinomorus vaigiensis Ogilby's hardyhead
19. Atherinosoma elongata Elongate hardyhead
20. Atherinosoma microstoma Small-mouth hardyhead
21. Atherion africanum Pricklenose silverside
22. Atherion elymus Bearded silverside
23. Atherion maccullochi McCulloch's hardyhead
24. Bleheratherina pierrucciae
25. Craterocephalus amniculus Darling river hardyhead
26. Craterocephalus capreoli Rendahl's hardyhead
27. Craterocephalus centralis Finke river hardyhead
124
28. Craterocephalus cuneiceps Murchison river hardyhead
29. Craterocephalus dalhousiensis Dalhousie hardyhead
30. Craterocephalus eyresii Lake Eyre hardyhead
31. Craterocephalus fistularis
32. Craterocephalus fluviatilis Murray hardyhead
33. Craterocephalus gloveri Glovers hardyhead
34. Craterocephalus helenae Drysdale hardyhead
35. Craterocephalus honoriae Estuarine hardyhead
36. Craterocephalus kailolae Kailola's hardyhead
37. Craterocephalus lacustris Kutubu hardyhead
38. Craterocephalus laisapi
39. Craterocephalus lentiginosus Prince Regent hardyhead
40. Craterocephalus marianae Magela hardyhead
41. Craterocephalus marjoriae Marjorie's hardyhead
42. Craterocephalus mugiloides Spotted hardyhead
43. Craterocephalus munroi Munro's hardyhead
44. Craterocephalus nouhuysi Mountain hardyhead
45. Craterocephalus pauciradiatus Few-ray hardyhead
46. Craterocephalus pimatuae Pima hardyhead
47. Craterocephalus randi Kubuna hardyhead
48. Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum fulvus Unspecked hardyhead
49. Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum stercusmuscarum Fly-specked hardyhead
50. Craterocephalus stramineus Strawman
51. Hypoatherina barnesi Barnes' silverside
52. Hypoatherina crenolepis Crenulated silverside
53. Hypoatherina harringtonensis Reef silverside
54. Hypoatherina ovalaua Fijian silverside
55. Hypoatherina temminckii Samoan silverside
56. Hypoatherina tropicalis Whitley's silverside
57. Hypoatherina tsurugae
58. Hypoatherina valenciennei Sumatran silverside
59. Hypoatherina woodwardi
60. Kestratherina brevirostris Short-snout hardyhead
61. Kestratherina esox Pikehead hardyhead
62. Leptatherina presbyteroides
63. Leptatherina wallacei Western hardyhead
64. Stenatherina panatela Panatella silverside
65. Teramulus kieneri Kiener's silverside
66. Teramulus waterloti
125
Family Atherinopsidae
(Neotropical silversides)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Neotropical silversides are distributed in freshwater and

marine temperate waters of North America, in freshwater and marine
tropical and subtropical waters of Central America, and in South
America present only in temperate freshwaters yet in all marine
(tropical, subtropical, and temperate) waters. These silversides are
distinguished by a combination of the following external characters:
two widely separated dorsal fins, the first with flexible spines and the
second with one spine followed by soft rays; anal fin with one spine
followed by soft rays; pectoral fins high on body; mouth small and
terminal or subterminal; upper jaw with or without protusion,
premaxilla expanded distally; two dashed lateral lines, the upper one
dorsal to the lateral band ending before the anal-fin origin and the
lower one along ventral part of abdominal region and laterally from
mid-anal fin to end of caudal peduncle; broad silvery lateral band
(black in preserved specimens); pelvic fins abdominal; scales relatively
large (usually 31-50 in lateral series), or small (over 100), cycloid
(some species crenate); vertebrae 35-60. Reported maximum length
52 cm SL for Odontesthes bonariensis and smallest is Menidia colei
(4.2 cm SL). Most species are marine. However, there are about 50
species confined to freshwater and others that enter estuaries to
spawn or as young. Feed on zooplankton, insects, small fishes and
sometimes snails. Some species of Chirostoma and Odontesthes are of
economic importance, either for sport fishing, artisanal fisheries or
aquaculture.

1. Atherinella alvarezi Gulf silverside
2. Atherinella ammophila La Palma silverside
3. Atherinella argentea Moon silverside
4. Atherinella balsana Balsas silverside
5. Atherinella beani
6. Atherinella blackburni Beach silverside
7. Atherinella brasiliensis Brazilian silversides
126
8. Atherinella callida Cunning silverside
9. Atherinella chagresi
10. Atherinella colombiensis
11. Atherinella crystallina Blackfin silverside
12. Atherinella elegans Fuerte silverside
13. Atherinella eriarcha Longfin silverside
14. Atherinella guatemalensis Guatemala silverside
15. Atherinella guija
16. Atherinella hubbsi
17. Atherinella jiloaensis
18. Atherinella lisa Naked silverside
19. Atherinella marvelae Eyipantla silverside
20. Atherinella meeki
21. Atherinella milleri
22. Atherinella nepenthe Pitcher silverside
23. Atherinella nesiotes Broadstripe silverside
24. Atherinella nocturna
25. Atherinella pachylepis Thickscale silverside
26. Atherinella pallida
27. Atherinella panamensis Panama silverside
28. Atherinella pellosemeion Mancuernas silverside
29. Atherinella robbersi
30. Atherinella sallei Large-eye silverside
31. Atherinella sardina
32. Atherinella schultzi Chimalapa silverside
33. Atherinella serrivomer Bright silverside
34. Atherinella starksi Star silverside
35. Atherinella venezuelae
36. Atherinops affinis Topsmelt silverside
37. Atherinopsis californiensis Jack silverside
38. Basilichthys archaeus
39. Basilichthys australis
40. Basilichthys microlepidotus
41. Basilichthys semotilus
42. Chirostoma aculeatum Scowling silverside
43. Chirostoma arge Largetooth silverside
44. Chirostoma attenuatum Slender silverside
45. Chirostoma bartoni Alberca silverside
46. Chirostoma chapalae Smallmouth silverside
47. Chirostoma charari Least silverside
48. Chirostoma compressum
49. Chirostoma consocium Ranch silverside
50. Chirostoma contrerasi Ajijic silverside
51. Chirostoma copandaro
52. Chirostoma estor Pike silverside
53. Chirostoma grandocule Bigeye silverside
54. Chirostoma humboldtianum Shortfin silverside
55. Chirostoma jordani Charal
56. Chirostoma labarcae Sharpnose silverside
57. Chirostoma lucius Longjaw silverside
58. Chirostoma melanoccus Blunthead silverside
59. Chirostoma patzcuaro Patzcuaro silverside
60. Chirostoma promelas Blacknose silverside
61. Chirostoma reseratum
62. Chirostoma riojai Toluca silverside
127
63. Chirostoma sphyraena Bigmouth silverside
64. Chirostoma zirahuen
65. Colpichthys hubbsi Delta silverside
66. Colpichthys regis False grunion
67. Labidesthes sicculus Brook silverside
68. Leuresthes sardina Gulf grunion
69. Leuresthes tenuis California grunion
70. Melanorhinus boekei St. Maarten pejerry
71. Melanorhinus cyanellus Blackback silverside
72. Melanorhinus microps Querimana silverside
73. Membras analis Backwaters silverside
74. Membras argentea
75. Membras dissimilis
76. Membras gilberti Landia silverside
77. Membras martinica Rough silverside
78. Membras vagrans
79. Menidia beryllina Inland silverside
80. Menidia clarkhubbsi Texas silverside
81. Menidia colei Golden silverside
82. Menidia conchorum Key silverside
83. Menidia extensa Waccamaw silverside
84. Menidia menidia Atlantic silverside
85. Menidia peninsulae Tidewater silverside
86. Odontesthes argentinensis
87. Odontesthes bicudo
88. Odontesthes bonariensis Argentinian silverside
89. Odontesthes brevianalis
90. Odontesthes gracilis
91. Odontesthes hatcheri
92. Odontesthes humensis
93. Odontesthes incisa
94. Odontesthes ledae
95. Odontesthes mauleanum
96. Odontesthes mirinensis
97. Odontesthes nigricans
98. Odontesthes orientalis
99. Odontesthes perugiae
100. Odontesthes piquava
101. Odontesthes platensis
102. Odontesthes regia Chilean silverside
103. Odontesthes retropinnis
104. Odontesthes smitti
105. Odontesthes wiebrichi
106. Poblana alchichica Alchichica silverside
107. Poblana ferdebueni Chignahuapan silverside
108. Poblana letholepis La Preciosa silverside
109. Poblana squamata Quechulac silverside
128
Family Bedotiidae
(Madagascar rainbowfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Madagascar. Similar to atherinids. Posterior six or seven

caudal vertebrae thickened; single elongate infraorbital behind
lachrymal; medial process of pelvic girdle asymmetrical.

1. Bedotia albomarginata
2. Bedotia geayi Red-Tailed Silverside
3. Bedotia leucopteron
4. Bedotia madagascariensis
5. Bedotia marojejy
6. Bedotia masoala
7. Rheocles alaotrensis Katrana
8. Rheocles derhami
9. Rheocles lateralis
10. Rheocles pellegrini
11. Rheocles sikorae
12. Rheocles vatosoa
13. Rheocles wrightae
129
Family Dentatherinidae
(Tusked silversides)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Philippines and New Guinea to northeastern Australia.

Large lateral wings of parasphenoid beneath orbits; maxilla with large
spatulate process from anterior edge; one epural; elongate ventral
postcleithrum (dorsal postcleithrum absent); extopterygoid and
quadrate fused; branchiostegal rays usually 5; first dorsal fin with 5-8
spines; midlateral scales 40-43.

1. Dentatherina merceri Mercer's tusked silverside
130
Family Isonidae
(Isonids)
Not used in FishBase
131
Family Melanotaeniidae
(Rainbowfishes, blue eyes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: northern and eastern Australia and New Guinea and some
nearby islands. Body compressed; dorsal fins narrowly separated, the
first with 3-7 spines and the second with 6-22 rays (the first being a
stout spine in some species); anal fin with 10-30 rays, the first a stout
spine in some species; lateral line absent or weakly developed; scales
relatively large, 28-60 in lateral line series; innermost pelvic ray
attached to abdomen by membrane along its entire length. Vertebrae
27-38. Males usually more colorful than females. Maximum length
about 12 cm.

1. Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides Cairns rainbowfish
2. Chilatherina alleni
3. Chilatherina axelrodi Axelrod's rainbowfish
4. Chilatherina bleheri Bleher's rainbowfish
5. Chilatherina bulolo Bulolo rainbowfish
6. Chilatherina campsi Highlands rainbowfish
7. Chilatherina crassispinosa Silver rainbowfish
8. Chilatherina fasciata Barred rainbowfish
9. Chilatherina lorentzii Lorentz's rainbowfish
10. Chilatherina pricei
11. Chilatherina sentaniensis Sentani rainbowfish
12. Glossolepis dorityi
13. Glossolepis incisus Red rainbowfish
14. Glossolepis leggetti Leggett's rainbowfish
15. Glossolepis maculosus Spotted rainbowfish
16. Glossolepis multisquamata Sepik rainbowfish
17. Glossolepis pseudoincisus Tami River rainbowfish
18. Glossolepis ramuensis Ramu rainbowfish
19. Glossolepis wanamensis Lake Wanam rainbowfish
20. Iriatherina werneri Threadfin rainbowfish
21. Melanotaenia affinis North New Guinea rainbowfish
22. Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Ajamaru lakes rainbowfish
23. Melanotaenia ammeri
24. Melanotaenia angfa Yakati rainbowfish
25. Melanotaenia arfakensis Arfak rainbowfish
26. Melanotaenia australis Western rainbowfish
27. Melanotaenia batanta Batanta rainbowfish
28. Melanotaenia boesemani Boeseman's rainbowfish
132
29. Melanotaenia caerulea Blue rainbowfish
30. Melanotaenia catherinae Waigeo rainbowfish
31. Melanotaenia corona Corona rainbowfish
32. Melanotaenia duboulayi Duboulay's rainbowfish
33. Melanotaenia eachamensis Lake Eacham rainbowfish
34. Melanotaenia exquisita Exquisite rainbowfish
35. Melanotaenia fluviatilis Murray river rainbowfish
36. Melanotaenia fredericki Sorong rainbowfish
37. Melanotaenia goldiei Goldie River rainbowfish
38. Melanotaenia gracilis Slender rainbowfish
39. Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi Lake Tebera rainbowfish
40. Melanotaenia irianjaya Irian Jaya rainbowfish
41. Melanotaenia iris Strickland rainbowfish
42. Melanotaenia japenensis Yapen rainbowfish
43. Melanotaenia kamaka Kamaka rainbowfish
44. Melanotaenia kokasensis
45. Melanotaenia lacustris Lake Kutubu rainbowfish
46. Melanotaenia lakamora Lakamora rainbowfish
47. Melanotaenia maccullochi Macculloch's rainbowfish
48. Melanotaenia maylandi Mayland's rainbowfish
49. Melanotaenia misoolensis Misool rainbowfish
50. Melanotaenia monticola Mountain rainbowfish
51. Melanotaenia mubiensis Mubi rainbowfish
52. Melanotaenia nigrans Black-banded rainbowfish
53. Melanotaenia ogilbyi Ogilby's rainbowfish
54. Melanotaenia oktediensis Oktedi rainbowfish
55. Melanotaenia papuae Papuan rainbowfish
56. Melanotaenia parkinsoni Parkinson's rainbowfish
57. Melanotaenia parva Lake Kuromai rainbowfish
58. Melanotaenia pierucciae Pierucci's rainbowfish
59. Melanotaenia pimaensis Pima River rainbowfish
60. Melanotaenia praecox Dwarf rainbowfish
61. Melanotaenia pygmaea Pygmy rainbowfish
62. Melanotaenia rubripinnis Red-finned rainbowfish
63. Melanotaenia sexlineata Fly River rainbowfish
64. Melanotaenia solata Northern Rainbowfish
65. Melanotaenia splendida inornata Checkered rainbowfish
66. Melanotaenia splendida rubrostriata Red-striped rainbowfish
67. Melanotaenia splendida splendida Eastern rainbow fish
68. Melanotaenia splendida tatei Desert rainbowfish
69. Melanotaenia sylvatica
70. Melanotaenia synergos
71. Melanotaenia trifasciata Banded rainbowfish
72. Melanotaenia utcheensis Utchee rainbowfish
73. Melanotaenia vanheurni Van Heurn's rainbowfish
74. Pelangia mbutaensis
75. Rhadinocentrus ornatus Ornate rainbowfish
133
Family Notocheiridae
(Surf sardines)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: South Africa, India, Japan, Australia, Hawaii, and Chile.
Upper jaw teeth confined to symphuseal portion of premaxilla; pelvis
with lateral spur extending upward between pleural ribs almost to
vertebralcolumn; epurals absent; autopalatine present. Maximum
length about 5 cm.

1. Iso flosmaris
2. Iso hawaiiensis Hawaiian surf sardine
3. Iso natalensis Surf sprite
4. Iso nesiotes Samoan surf sardine
5. Iso rhothophilus Flower of the wave
6. Notocheirus hubbsi
134
Family Phallostethidae
(Priapiumfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Southeast Asia. Brackish and freshwater, rarely coastal

marine. Body somewhat translucent in life, compressed, and
moderately elongate. Mouth protractile. Muscular and bony copulatory
organ (priapium) under throat of male. Pelvic fins modified to form
part of a complex thoracic clasping organ in male; pelvics absent in
females. Internal fertilization; eggs with filamentous process. Up to
about 4 cm length.

1. Gulaphallus bikolanus
2. Gulaphallus eximius
3. Gulaphallus falcifer
4. Gulaphallus mirabilis
5. Gulaphallus panayensis
6. Neostethus amaricola
7. Neostethus bicornis
8. Neostethus borneensis
9. Neostethus ctenophorus
10. Neostethus djajaorum
11. Neostethus lankesteri
12. Neostethus palawanensis
13. Neostethus robertsi
14. Neostethus thessa
15. Neostethus villadolidi
16. Neostethus zamboangae
17. Phallostethus dunckeri
18. Phallostethus lehi
19. Phenacostethus posthon
20. Phenacostethus smithi Smith's priapium fish
21. Phenacostethus trewavasae
135
Family Pseudomugilidae
(Blue eyes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: New Guinea and adjacent islands, northern and eastern
Australia, and parts of eastern Indonesia. Brackish and freshwater,
rarely in marine water. Similar to the rainbowfishes, except for the
following features: mesethmoid absent; infraorbital series with only
anterior member present (the kachrymal); articular bone as high as
dentary bone.

1. Kiunga ballochi Glass blue-eye
2. Kiunga bleheri
3. Pseudomugil connieae Popondetta blue-eye
4. Pseudomugil cyanodorsalis Blueback blue-eye
5. Pseudomugil furcatus Forktail rainbowfish
6. Pseudomugil gertrudae Spotted blue-eye
7. Pseudomugil inconspicuus Inconspicuous blue-eye
8. Pseudomugil ivantsoffi
9. Pseudomugil majusculus Cape blue-eye
10. Pseudomugil mellis Honey blue-eye
11. Pseudomugil novaeguineae New Guinea blue-eye
12. Pseudomugil paludicola Swamp blue-eye
13. Pseudomugil paskai Paska's blue-eye
14. Pseudomugil pellucidus
15. Pseudomugil reticulatus Vogelkop blue-eye
16. Pseudomugil signifer Pacific blue-eye
17. Pseudomugil tenellus Delicate blue-eye
18. Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Redfinned blue-eye
136
Family Telmatherinidae
(Sailfin silversides)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Sulawesi and the islands of Misool and Batanta off
western New Guinea. Teeth on vomer, palatine and mesopterygoid;
rostrum short; intercalar large; mesethmoid present but small; dorsal
postcleithrum present; midlateral band thin and weak or absent; first
dorsal fin usually with 4-8 spines and second with 8-11 soft rays;
scales in lateral series usually 31-41.

1. Kalyptatherina helodes Marine sailfin silverside
2. Marosatherina ladigesi Celebes rainbowfish
3. Paratherina cyanea
4. Paratherina labiosa
5. Paratherina striata
6. Paratherina wolterecki
7. Telmatherina abendanoni
8. Telmatherina antoniae
9. Telmatherina bonti
10. Telmatherina celebensis Celebes rainbow
11. Telmatherina obscura
12. Telmatherina opudi
13. Telmatherina prognatha
14. Telmatherina sarasinorum
15. Telmatherina wahjui
16. Tominanga aurea
17. Tominanga sanguicauda
137
ORDO AULOPIFORMES
(Grinners)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Second pharyngobranchial greatly elongated posterolaterally,

extending away from third pharyngobranchial, with elongated uncinate
process of second epibranchial contacting third pharyngobranchial,
and third pharyngobranchial lacking cartilaginous condyle for
articulation of second epibranchial.
138
Family Alepisauridae
(Lancetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Elongate and subcylindrical

body. Scaleless, but covered with pores. No light organs. Dorsal fin
high and long with 29-48 rays. Low anal fin; rays 12-18. Pelvics
insertion abdominal; rays 8-10. Large mouth with well developed
teeth. Palatines distinctively long. Vertebrae 47-51. No swim bladder.
Maximum length 2m.

1. Alepisaurus brevirostris Short snouted lancetfish
2. Alepisaurus ferox Long snouted lancetfish
139
Family Anotopteridae
(Daggertooth)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic, Atlantic, and Pacific. Dorsal fin absent. Well
developed adipose fin. Scaleless. Photophores absent. Minute pelvic
fin; fin rays 9-11. Pectoral fin with 12-15 rays. Vertebrae 78-83.

1. Anotopterus nikparini North Pacific daggertooth
2. Anotopterus pharao Daggertooth
3. Anotopterus vorax Southern ocean daggertooth
140
Family Aulopidae
(Aulopos)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical seas; Atlantic (including the

Mediterranean) and Pacific). Slender. Caudal peduncle with fulcral
scales. Origin of dorsal fin in anterior third of body; dorsal rays 14-22.
Anal fin with 9-13 rays. Pelvic fin with 9 rays; thoracic. Pectoral fin
with 11-14 rays; lateral. Scales cycloid or ctenoid, found in both head
and body. Supramaxillae 2. Orbitosphenoid present. Vertebrae 36-53.

1. Aulopus bajacali Eastern Pacific flagfin
2. Aulopus cadenati Guinean flagfin
3. Aulopus diactithrix
4. Aulopus filamentosus Royal flagfin
5. Hime curtirostris Shortsnout threadsail
6. Hime damasi
7. Hime formosana
8. Hime japonica Japanese thread-sail fish
9. Hime microps
10. Latropiscis purpurissatus Sergeant baker
141
Family Bathysauridae
(Deepsea lizardfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Head very depressed; upper jaw long, extending well past rear eye;
scales along lateral line enlarged. These bottom-dwelling deepsea
fishes are hermaphrodite. Maximum length: 78 cm.

1. Bathysaurus ferox Deep-sea lizardfish
2. Bathysaurus mollis Highfin lizardfish
142
Family Bathysauroididae
(Largescale deep-sea lizardfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Western Pacific.

1. Bathysauroides gigas Pale deepsea lizardfish
143
Family Bathysauropsidae
(Lizard greeneyes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : 3 species are mentioned in FoW, but Bathysauropsis gigas is valid

under Bathysauroides gigas. This classification is the same in CoF.
Genus Bathysauropsis formerly in Ipnopidae.

1. Bathysauropsis gracilis Black lizardfish
2. Bathysauropsis malayanus
144
Family Chlorophthalmidae
(Greeneyes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Supramaxilla single

and elongate; eyes large, normal; pseudobranch present; tip of upper
jaw not extending beyond orbit; pyloric caeca present; dorsal fin rays
9-13; anal fin rays 7-11; pectoral fin rays 15-19; branchiostegal rays 8;
vertebrae 38-50. Hermaphroditic.

1. Chlorophthalmus acutifrons Greeneye
2. Chlorophthalmus agassizi Shortnose greeneye
3. Chlorophthalmus albatrossis
4. Chlorophthalmus atlanticus Atlantic greeneye
5. Chlorophthalmus bicornis Spinyjaw greeneye
6. Chlorophthalmus borealis
7. Chlorophthalmus brasiliensis
8. Chlorophthalmus chalybeius
9. Chlorophthalmus corniger
10. Chlorophthalmus ichthyandri
11. Chlorophthalmus mento
12. Chlorophthalmus nigromarginatus Blackedge greeneye
13. Chlorophthalmus pectoralis
14. Chlorophthalmus proridens
15. Chlorophthalmus punctatus Spotted greeneye
16. Chlorophthalmus zvezdae
17. Parasudis fraserbrunneri
18. Parasudis truculenta Longnose greeneye
145
Family Evermannellidae
(Sabertooth Fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Mesopelagic; chiefly tropical

and subtropical. Head and body without normal scales. Tail showing
three distinct bands of muscle tissue (epaxial, midlateral, and
hypaxial). Tongue toothless. Frontmost palatine tooth much elongated.
Size of eye ranging from small to large; mostly tubular. Dorsal fin 10-
13 rays. Anal fin 26-37 rays. Pectoral fin 11-13 rays. Swim bladder
absent. Vertebrae 45-54. Maximum length about 18 cm. Predaceous.

1. Coccorella atlantica Atlantic sabretooth
2. Coccorella atrata
3. Evermannella ahlstromi
4. Evermannella balbo Balbo sabretooth
5. Evermannella indica Indian sabretooth
6. Evermannella megalops
7. Evermannella melanoderma Indian sabertooth
8. Odontostomops normalops Undistinguished sabretooth
146
Family Giganturidae
(Telescope fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Large and tubular
eyes, directed forward. Large mouth extending well behind the eyes.
Mouth with sharp depressible teeth. Pectoral fins set high, above gill
opening. No scales on body. Pelvic or adipose fins absent. Caudal fin
forked; some rays in lower lobe elongated. Without premaxilla,
orbitosphenoid, parietal, gill rakers, symplectic, branchiostegal rays,
posttemporal, or supratemporal. Swim bladder absent. Silvery in color.
Probably neotenic, i.e., retaining larval characters.

1. Gigantura chuni Gigantura
2. Gigantura indica Telescopefish
147
Family Ipnopidae
(Deep-sea tripod fishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Eyes minute or large
(Bathysauropsis), or plate-like and lensless (Ipmops); pseudobranch
absent in adults; tip of upper jaw extending past orbit; pyloric caeca
absent; dorsal fin rays 8-16; anal fin rays 7-19; pectoral rays 9-24;
branchiostegal rays 8-17; vertebrae 44-80; the 18 species of
Bathypterois have elongated pectoral, pelvic and caudal rays.

1. Bathymicrops belyaninae
2. Bathymicrops brevianalis
3. Bathymicrops multispinis
4. Bathymicrops regis
5. Bathypterois andriashevi
6. Bathypterois atricolor Attenuated spider fish
7. Bathypterois bigelowi
8. Bathypterois dubius Mediterranean spiderfish
9. Bathypterois filiferus
10. Bathypterois grallator Tripodfish
11. Bathypterois guentheri Tribute spiderfish
12. Bathypterois insularum
13. Bathypterois longicauda
14. Bathypterois longifilis Feeler fish
15. Bathypterois longipes Abyssal spiderfish
16. Bathypterois oddi
17. Bathypterois parini
18. Bathypterois pectinatus
19. Bathypterois perceptor
20. Bathypterois phenax Blackfin spiderfish
21. Bathypterois quadrifilis
22. Bathypterois ventralis Ventrad spiderfish
23. Bathypterois viridensis
24. Bathytyphlops marionae Marion's spiderfish
25. Bathytyphlops sewelli
26. Ipnops agassizii Grideye fish
27. Ipnops meadi
28. Ipnops murrayi
148
Family Notosudidae
(Waryfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Subarctic to Subantarctic waters. Dorsal fin 9-14 rays.

Anal fin 16-21 rays. Pectoral fin 10-15 rays. Scales in lateral line 44-65.
Swim bladder absent. Without photophores. Maxillary teeth present in
larvae. Vertebrae 42-66.

1. Ahliesaurus berryi
2. Ahliesaurus brevis
3. Luciosudis normani Paperbones
4. Scopelosaurus adleri
5. Scopelosaurus ahlstromi Ahlstrom's waryfish
6. Scopelosaurus argenteus Waryfish
7. Scopelosaurus craddocki
8. Scopelosaurus gibbsi
9. Scopelosaurus hamiltoni Smallscale waryfish
10. Scopelosaurus harryi Scaly paperbone
11. Scopelosaurus herwigi
12. Scopelosaurus hoedti Hoedt's waryfish
13. Scopelosaurus hubbsi
14. Scopelosaurus lepidus Blackfin waryfish
15. Scopelosaurus mauli Maul's waryfish
16. Scopelosaurus meadi Blackring waryfish
17. Scopelosaurus smithii
149
Family Omosudidae
(Hammerjaws)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Scaleless. Dentary each with
a huge fang. Body poreless. Dorsal fin with 9-12 rays. Anal fin with 14-
16 rays. Pectoral fin rays 11-13. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 39-
41.

1. Omosudis lowii Omosudid
150
Family Paralepididae
(Barracudinas)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: circumglobal. Origin of dorsal fin in mid-trunk. Dorsal fin

rays 7-16. Anal fin with a long base; fin rays 20-50. Pectoral fin with
11-17 rays. With or without scales on body. Swim bladder lacking.
Vertebrae 53-121. Look similar to sphyraenids. Length can reach up to
1 m.

1. Arctozenus risso Spotted barracudina
2. Dolichosudis fuliginosa
3. Lestidiops affinis Barracudina
4. Lestidiops bathyopteryx
5. Lestidiops cadenati
6. Lestidiops distans
7. Lestidiops extrema
8. Lestidiops gracilis
9. Lestidiops indopacifica Indo-Pacific barracudina
10. Lestidiops jayakari jayakari Pacific barracudina
11. Lestidiops jayakari pseudosphyraenoides
12. Lestidiops mirabilis Strange pike smelt
13. Lestidiops neles
14. Lestidiops pacificus
15. Lestidiops ringens Slender barracudina
16. Lestidiops similis
17. Lestidiops sphyraenopsis
18. Lestidiops sphyrenoides
19. Lestidium atlanticum Atlantic barracudina
20. Lestidium bigelowi
21. Lestidium nudum Deep water pike smelt
22. Lestidium prolixum
23. Lestrolepis intermedia
24. Lestrolepis japonica Japanese barracudina
25. Lestrolepis luetkeni Naked barracuda
26. Lestrolepis pofi Christmas Island pike smelt
27. Macroparalepis affinis
28. Macroparalepis brevis
29. Macroparalepis danae
30. Macroparalepis johnfitchi
31. Macroparalepis longilateralis
32. Macroparalepis macrogeneion Longfin barracudina
33. Macroparalepis nigra
34. Magnisudis atlantica Duckbill barracudina
151
35. Magnisudis indica
36. Magnisudis prionosa Southern barracudina
37. Notolepis annulata Ringed barracudina
38. Notolepis coatsi Antarctic jonasfish
39. Paralepis brevirostris
40. Paralepis coregonoides Sharpchin barracudina
41. Paralepis elongata
42. Paralepis speciosa
43. Stemonosudis bullisi
44. Stemonosudis distans
45. Stemonosudis elegans Tailspot barracudina
46. Stemonosudis elongata
47. Stemonosudis gracilis
48. Stemonosudis intermedia
49. Stemonosudis macrura
50. Stemonosudis miscella
51. Stemonosudis molesta
52. Stemonosudis rothschildi Rothschild's barracudina
53. Stemonosudis siliquiventer
54. Sudis atrox Fierce pike smelt
55. Sudis hyalina
56. Uncisudis advena
57. Uncisudis longirostra
58. Uncisudis posteropelvis
59. Uncisudis quadrimaculata
152
Family Paraulopidae
(Cucumber fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine. Tropical to temperate, benthic, outer continental shelf and

upper continental slopes. Indian and western Pacific (southern Japan
and Emperor Seamounts south to Australia and New Zealand). Dorsal
fin ray 10 or 11; anal fin rays 8-11; pectoral fin rays 13-20; pelvic fin
ray 9; pored lateral line scales 40-52; vertebrae usually 39-46 (Ref.
58010). This clade was recognised based on six apomorphies,
primarily characters in the branchial arches, intermuscular bones,
caudal skeleton, and pelvic girdle. Maximum length 35 cm.

1. Paraulopus atripes
2. Paraulopus brevirostris Shortsnout cucumberfish
3. Paraulopus filamentosus
4. Paraulopus japonicus
5. Paraulopus legandi
6. Paraulopus maculatus
7. Paraulopus melanogrammus Blackline cucumberfish
8. Paraulopus nigripinnis Cucumber fish
9. Paraulopus novaeseelandiae
10. Paraulopus oblongus
11. Paraulopus okamurai Piedtip cucumberfish
153
Family Pseudotrichonotidae
(Sand diving lizardfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Izu Peninsula, Japan. Body elongate and cylindrical.

Relatively small mouth. Premaxillaries alone border the upper jaw.
Complete lateral line, running midlaterally. Scales cycloid. Lateral line
scales 46-48. Dorsal fin with about 33 soft rays. Anal fin with 14 or 15
rays. Pelvic fins inserted beneath dorsal fin origin. Pelvic rays 7: long.
Principal caudal rays 17. Adipose fin and photophores lacking. No swim
bladder. Without orbitosphenoid and mesocoracoid. Branchiostegal
rays 6. Vertebrae 48-50: abdominal 23 or 24, caudal 25 or 26.
Reportedly diving into sand.

1. Pseudotrichonotus altivelis
2. Pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia
154
Family Scopelarchidae
(Pearleyes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Scales cycloid.

Whole body and postorbital region with scales. Lateral line scales 40-
65. Tongue with strong and usually hooked teeth. Eyes large and
tubular, oriented upward or slightly dorso-anteriorly. Dorsal fin 5-10
rays. Anal fin with up to 39 rays; usually 17-27. Pectoral fins with 18-
28 rays. Postcleithra 2. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 40-65.
Maximum length about 23 cm. Adults usually found in depths of 500-
1,000 m; larvae usually occuring in 100-200 m.

1. Benthalbella dentata Northern pearleye
2. Benthalbella elongata
3. Benthalbella infans Zugmayer's pearleye
4. Benthalbella linguidens Longfin pearleye
5. Benthalbella macropinna
6. Rosenblattichthys alatus Winged pearleye
7. Rosenblattichthys hubbsi Hubb's pearleye
8. Rosenblattichthys nemotoi
9. Rosenblattichthys volucris Chubby pearleye
10. Scopelarchoides climax
11. Scopelarchoides danae Dana pearleye
12. Scopelarchoides kreffti Twin-striped pearleye
13. Scopelarchoides nicholsi
14. Scopelarchoides signifer
15. Scopelarchus analis Short fin pearleye
16. Scopelarchus guentheri Staring pearleye
17. Scopelarchus michaelsarsi Bigfin pearleye
18. Scopelarchus stephensi
155
Family Synodontidae
(Lizardfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; rarely brackish. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and

Pacific Oceans. Supramaxilla small, if present. Branchiostegal rays 8-
26. Vertebrae 39-67. Non-hermaphroditic, except in the monoecious
Bathysaurus. Small cylindrical fishes with spineless fins and large
mouth full of slender sharp teeth, even on tongue. Voracious predators
of small fishes.

1. Harpadon erythraeus
2. Harpadon microchir
3. Harpadon nehereus Bombay-duck
4. Harpadon squamosus
5. Harpadon translucens Glassy Bombay duck
6. Saurida argentea Shortfin saury
7. Saurida brasiliensis Brazilian lizardfish
8. Saurida caribbaea Smallscale lizardfish
9. Saurida elongata Slender lizardfish
10. Saurida filamentosa Threadfin saury
11. Saurida flamma Orangemouth lizardfish
12. Saurida gracilis Gracile lizardfish
13. Saurida grandisquamis Grey saury
14. Saurida isarankurai Shortjaw saury
15. Saurida longimanus Longfin lizardfish
16. Saurida macrolepis
17. Saurida microlepis
18. Saurida micropectoralis Shortfin lizardfish
19. Saurida nebulosa Clouded lizardfish
20. Saurida normani Shortjaw lizardfish
21. Saurida pseudotumbil
22. Saurida suspicio Suspicious lizardfish
23. Saurida tumbil Greater lizardfish
24. Saurida umeyoshii
25. Saurida undosquamis Brushtooth lizardfish
26. Saurida wanieso Wanieso lizardfish
27. Synodus amaranthus
28. Synodus binotatus Two-spot lizard fish
29. Synodus capricornis Capricorn lizardfish
30. Synodus dermatogenys Sand lizardfish
31. Synodus doaki Arrowtooth lizardfish
32. Synodus englemani Engleman's lizardfish
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33. Synodus evermanni Inotted lizardfish
34. Synodus falcatus
35. Synodus fasciapelvicus
36. Synodus foetens Inshore lizardfish
37. Synodus fuscus
38. Synodus gibbsi
39. Synodus hoshinonis Blackear lizardfish
40. Synodus indicus Indian lizardfish
41. Synodus intermedius Sand diver
42. Synodus isolatus
43. Synodus jaculum Lighthouse lizardfish
44. Synodus janus
45. Synodus kaianus Gunther's lizard fish
46. Synodus lacertinus Sauro lizardfish
47. Synodus lobeli Lobel's lizardfish
48. Synodus lucioceps California lizardfish
49. Synodus macrocephalus
50. Synodus macrops Triplecross lizardfish
51. Synodus marchenae Lizardfish
52. Synodus mascarensis
53. Synodus mundyi
54. Synodus oculeus Large-eye lizardfish
55. Synodus orientalis
56. Synodus poeyi Offshore lizardfish
57. Synodus pylei
58. Synodus randalli
59. Synodus rubromarmoratus Redmarbled lizardfish
60. Synodus sageneus Speartoothed grinner
61. Synodus sanguineus
62. Synodus saurus Atlantic lizardfish
63. Synodus scituliceps Shorthead lizardfish
64. Synodus sechurae Sechura lizardfish
65. Synodus similis Lavender lizardfish
66. Synodus synodus Diamond lizardfish
67. Synodus taiwanensis
68. Synodus tectus Tectus lizardfish
69. Synodus ulae Red lizard fish
70. Synodus usitatus
71. Synodus variegatus Variegated lizardfish
72. Trachinocephalus myops Snakefish
157
ORDO BATRACHOIDIFORMES
(Toadfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Body usually scaleless (small cycloid scales in some); head large with
eyes more dorsal than lateral; mouth large and bordered by premaxilla
and maxilla; pore (foramen) in axil of pectoral fin in some; pelvic fins
jugular (in front of pectorals), with one spine and two or three soft
rays; three pairs of gills; gill membrane broadly joined to isthmus;
branchiostegal rays six; four or five pectoral radials; swim bladder
present; upper hypurals with peculiar intervertebrallike basal
articulation with rest of caudal skeleton; no ribs, epiotics, or
intercalars; no pyloric caeca.
158
Family Batrachoididae
(Toadfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Toadfishes are known to occur in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific
oceans. Chiefly marine: coastal and benthic; rarely in brackish waters.
Few freshwater species. 3 subfamilies: Batrachoidinae with 15 genera
and about 43 species distributed off coasts of the Americas, Africa,
Europe, southern Aisa, and Australia; Porichthyinae with 2 genera, 15
species and Thalassophryninae with 2 genera, 11 species, distributed
in the Eastern Pacific and western Atlantic. Bottom dwellers feeding on
invertebrates and fishes. Small to medium-sized fishes (to 57 cm)
easily recognized by their characteristic shape. Head broad and
flattened, often with barbels and/or fleshy flaps; eyes on top of head,
dorsally-directed; mouth wide. Gill openings restricted to sides, just in
front of pectoral fin base. Two dorsal fins, the first consisting of 2 or 3
strong, sharp spines; the second consisting of a large number of soft
rays; pelvic fins jugular, inserted well in advance of pectoral fins, with
1 spine and 2 or 3 soft rays. One to several lateral lines on head and
body. Body naked or covered with small, cycloid scales. Color: mostly
drab brown with spots or saddles of black, although at least one coral
reef species, Sanopus splendidus, is brightly coloured. One subfamily,
the Porichthyinae, is characterized by having photophores (light-
emitting organs) in rows along lateral lines on head and body.
Toadfishes are bottom-dwellers ranging from shallow inshore areas to
deep waters; several species enter rivers, and some migrate regularly
between shallow and deep waters. They are rather sluggish in their
movements and are ambush predators, feeding mainly on molluscs
and crustaceans. They may bite when handled. The subfamily
Thalassophryninae, or "venomous toadfishes", includes species with
hollow spines in the first dorsal fin and on the opercles; the spines are
connected to venom glands that can force a poison into a wound.
Although no catch statistics are reported, larger species of toadfishes
are commonly found in local markets. Some species are eaten and
may fetch fairly high prices in Venezuela and French Guiana. The
159
family is divided into three subfamilies (Collette, 1966): Batrachoidinae
(about 18 genera, 47 species), Porichthyinae (2 genera, 15 species),
and Thalassophryninae (2 genera, 11 species). The more generalized
Batrachoidinae is world wide in distribution and contains a few
freshwater species, one in Central America and one in South America.
The more specialized midshipmen (Porichthyinae) and venomous
toadfishes (Thalassophryninae) are restricted to the New World. All
Porichthyinae are marine but there are three freshwater species of
Thalassophryninae in South America.

1. Allenbatrachus grunniens Grunting toadfish
2. Allenbatrachus meridionalis
3. Allenbatrachus reticulatus
4. Amphichthys cryptocentrus Bocon toadfish
5. Amphichthys hildebrandi
6. Amphichthys rubigenis
7. Aphos porosus Banded toadfish
8. Austrobatrachus foedus Puzzled toadfish
9. Batrachoides boulengeri Boulenger's toadfish
10. Batrachoides gilberti Large-eye toadfish
11. Batrachoides goldmani Mexican freshwater toadfish
12. Batrachoides liberiensis Hairy toadfish
13. Batrachoides manglae Cotuero toadfish
14. Batrachoides pacifici Pacific toadfish
15. Batrachoides surinamensis Pacuma toadfish
16. Batrachoides walkeri Walker's toadfish
17. Batrachoides waltersi Walter's toadfish
18. Batrachomoeus dahli Dahl's frogfish
19. Batrachomoeus dubius Eastern frogfish
20. Batrachomoeus occidentalis Western frogfish
21. Batrachomoeus rubricephalus Pinkhead frogfish
22. Batrachomoeus trispinosus Three-spined frogfish
23. Batrichthys albofasciatus White-ribbed toadfish
24. Batrichthys apiatus Snakehead toadfish
25. Batrichthys felinus Pleated toadfish
26. Bifax lacinia Two-faced toadfish
27. Chatrabus hendersoni Chocolate toadfish
28. Chatrabus melanurus Pony toadfish
29. Colletteichthys dussumieri Flat toadfish
30. Daector dowi Dow's toadfish
31. Daector gerringi
32. Daector quadrizonatus
33. Daector reticulata Reticulated toadfish
34. Daector schmitti Schmitt's toadfish
35. Halobatrachus didactylus Lusitanian toadfish
36. Halophryne diemensis Banded frogfish
37. Halophryne hutchinsi
38. Halophryne ocellatus Ocellate frogfish
39. Halophryne queenslandiae Sculptured frogfish
160
40. Opsanus beta Gulf toadfish
41. Opsanus brasiliensis
42. Opsanus dichrostomus Bicolor toadfish
43. Opsanus pardus Leopard toadfish
44. Opsanus phobetron Scarecrow toadfish
45. Opsanus tau Oyster toadfish
46. Perulibatrachus aquilonarius
47. Perulibatrachus elminensis Guinean toadfish
48. Perulibatrachus kilburni
49. Perulibatrachus rossignoli Rossignol toadfish
50. Porichthys analis Darkedge midshipman
51. Porichthys bathoiketes
52. Porichthys ephippiatus Saddle midshipman
53. Porichthys greenei Greene's midshipman
54. Porichthys kymosemeum
55. Porichthys margaritatus Daisy midshipman
56. Porichthys mimeticus Mimetic midshipman
57. Porichthys myriaster Specklefin midshipman
58. Porichthys notatus Plainfin midshipman
59. Porichthys oculellus Smalleye midshipman
60. Porichthys oculofrenum
61. Porichthys pauciradiatus
62. Porichthys plectrodon Atlantic midshipman
63. Porichthys porosissimus
64. Potamobatrachus trispinosus
65. Riekertia ellisi Broadbodied toadfish
66. Sanopus astrifer
67. Sanopus barbatus Bearded toadfish
68. Sanopus greenfieldorum Whitelined toadfish
69. Sanopus johnsoni Cozumel toadfish
70. Sanopus reticulatus Reticulate toadfish
71. Sanopus splendidus Coral toadfish
72. Thalassophryne amazonica
73. Thalassophryne maculosa Cano toadfish
74. Thalassophryne megalops
75. Thalassophryne montevidensis
76. Thalassophryne nattereri
77. Thalassophryne punctata
78. Thalassothia cirrhosa Toadfish
79. Triathalassothia argentina
80. Triathalassothia lambaloti
81. Vladichthys gloverensis
161
ORDO BELONIFORMES
(Needle fishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Interarcual cartilage (connects the epibranchial bone of the first gill
arch with the infrapharyngobranchial of the second gill arch) small or
absent; small second and third epibranchials; interhyal absent; lower
caudal fin lobe with more principal rays than the upper lobe. Presence
of a fixed or nonprotrusible upper jaw.
162
Family Adrianichthyidae
(Ricefishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : India and Japan to Indo-Australian Archipelago. Lateral line and rostral
cartilage absent; paired narial opening; 4-7 branchiostegal rays;
vomer, supracleithrum, metapterygoid, and ectopterygoid absent.
There are three subfamilies: Oryziinae, Adrianichthyinae, and
Horaichthyinae.

1. Adrianichthys kruyti Duckbilled buntingi
2. Adrianichthys roseni
3. Horaichthys setnai Malabar ricefish
4. Oryzias bonneorum
5. Oryzias carnaticus
6. Oryzias celebensis Celebes medaka
7. Oryzias curvinotus
8. Oryzias dancena
9. Oryzias haugiangensis
10. Oryzias hubbsi
11. Oryzias javanicus Javanese ricefish
12. Oryzias latipes Japanese rice fish
13. Oryzias luzonensis
14. Oryzias marmoratus Marmorated medaka
15. Oryzias matanensis Matano medaka
16. Oryzias mekongensis
17. Oryzias melastigma
18. Oryzias minutillus Dwarf medaka
19. Oryzias nebulosus
20. Oryzias nigrimas Black buntingi
21. Oryzias orthognathus Sharpjawed buntingi
22. Oryzias pectoralis
23. Oryzias profundicola Yellow finned medaka
24. Oryzias sinensis
25. Oryzias timorensis
26. Oryzias uwai
27. Xenopoecilus oophorus Eggcarrying buntingi
28. Xenopoecilus poptae Popta's buntingi
29. Xenopoecilus sarasinorum Sarasins minnow
163
Family Belonidae
(Needlefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Marine and freshwater. Tropical and temperate waters.

Diagnostic Features: Elongate fishes with both upper and lower jaws
extended into long beaks filled with sharp teeth (except in neotenic
Belonion); nostrils in a pit anterior to eyes. No spines in fins; dorsal
and anal fins posterior in position; pectoral fins short. Dorsal fin with
11-43 rays; anal fin with 12-39 rays, pelvic fins, with 6 soft rays, are
located in an abdominal position; and pectoral fins with 5-15 rays.
Lateral line running down from pectoral fin origin and then along
ventral margin of body. Scales small, cycloid, easily detached.
Precaudal vertebrae 33-65, caudal vertebrae 19-41 and total vertebrae
52-97. Colour: These fishes live at the surface and are protectively
colored for this mode of life by being green or blue on the back and
silvery white on the lower sides and belly. Usually, a dusky or dark
blue stripe along sides; fleshy tip of lower jaw frequently red or
orange. Some fresh water needlefishes reach only 6 or 7 cm in total
length while some marine species may attain 2 m. Composition of
Family: The Belonidae contains 10 genera and 34 species. Four genera
are monotypic: the southern African Petalichthys, the worldwide
Ablennes and Platybelone, and apparently the Asian freshwater
Xenetodon. The eastern Atlantic Belone contains two species.
Tylosurus contains six species of strictly marine species. Three genera
are restricted to freshwaters of South America: Belonion (two species),
Potamorrhaphis (three), and Pseudotylosurus (two). The most
speciose genus, Strongylura, contains 14 species, mostly marine, some
estuarine, and three strictly freshwater, two of which are found in
Central and South America, S. fluviatilis from Ecuador and Colombia
and S. hubbsi from Mexico and Guatemala. Five species are considered
polytypic, containing a total of 17 subspecies. Habitat and Biology:
Most species are marine, but some occur in freshwaters. Carnivorous,
feeding largely on small fishes which they catch sideways in their
beaks. Needlefishes tend to leap and skitter at the surface and some
164
people have been injured when accidentally struck by them,
particularly at night when the fishes are attracted by lights. Eggs have
entangling tendrils which act as holdfasts to each other and to objects
in the water (Ref. 205). Interest to Fisheries: Caught by casting or
trolling surface or near-surface lures and in floating gill nets. Flesh
excellent in flavor although some people have misgivings about eating
it due to the presence of many small bones and the green color of the
bones.

1. Ablennes hians Flat needlefish
2. Belone belone Garfish
3. Belone svetovidovi
4. Belonion apodion
5. Belonion dibranchodon
6. Petalichthys capensis Cape needlefish
7. Platybelone argalus annobonensis Annobon keel tail needlefish
8. Platybelone argalus argalus Keeltail needlefish
9. Platybelone argalus lovii
10. Platybelone argalus platura
11. Platybelone argalus platyura Keeled needlefish
12. Platybelone argalus pterura Baja California keeltail needlefish
13. Platybelone argalus trachura
14. Potamorrhaphis eigenmanni
15. Potamorrhaphis guianensis
16. Potamorrhaphis petersi
17. Pseudotylosurus angusticeps
18. Pseudotylosurus microps
19. Strongylura anastomella
20. Strongylura exilis Californian needlefish
21. Strongylura fluviatilis
22. Strongylura hubbsi Maya needlefish
23. Strongylura incisa Reef needlefish
24. Strongylura krefftii Long tom
25. Strongylura leiura Banded needlefish
26. Strongylura marina Atlantic needlefish
27. Strongylura notata forsythia
28. Strongylura notata notata Redfin needlefish
29. Strongylura scapularis Shoulderspot needlefish
30. Strongylura senegalensis Senegal needlefish
31. Strongylura strongylura Spottail needlefish
32. Strongylura timucu Timucu
33. Strongylura urvillii Urville's longtom
34. Tylosurus acus acus Agujon needlefish
35. Tylosurus acus imperialis
36. Tylosurus acus melanotus Keel-jawed needle fish
37. Tylosurus acus rafale Atlantic agujon needlefish
38. Tylosurus choram Red Sea houndfish
39. Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus Hound needlefish
40. Tylosurus crocodilus fodiator Mexican needlefish
41. Tylosurus gavialoides Stout longtom
165
42. Tylosurus pacificus Pacific agujon needlefish
43. Tylosurus punctulatus Spotted long-tom
44. Xenentodon cancila Freshwater garfish
45. Xenentodon canciloides
166
Family Exocoetidae
(Flyingfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Jaws of the same
length and relatively short. Pectoral fins unusually large and can be
used for gliding flights. Moreover, some species have unusually large
pelvic fins giving them a four-winged appearance. Caudal fin deeply
forked; the upper lobe shorter than the lower. Swimbladder extends
into haemal canal; 39-51 vertebrae. A pair of long, flaplike whiskers in
the juveniles of many species. Attains 45 cm maximum length; usually
below 30 cm.

1. Cheilopogon abei Abe's flyingfish
2. Cheilopogon agoo Japanese flyingfish
3. Cheilopogon antoncichi
4. Cheilopogon arcticeps White-finned flyingfish
5. Cheilopogon atrisignis Glider flyingfish
6. Cheilopogon cyanopterus Margined flyingfish
7. Cheilopogon doederleinii
8. Cheilopogon dorsomacula Backspot flyingfish
9. Cheilopogon exsiliens Bandwing flyingfish
10. Cheilopogon furcatus Spotfin flyingfish
11. Cheilopogon heterurus Mediterranean flyingfish
12. Cheilopogon hubbsi Blotchwing flyingfish
13. Cheilopogon intermedius Intermediate flyingfish
14. Cheilopogon katoptron Indonesian flyingfish
15. Cheilopogon melanurus Atlantic flyingfish
16. Cheilopogon milleri Guinean flyingfish
17. Cheilopogon nigricans Blacksail flyingfish
18. Cheilopogon papilio Butterfly flyingfish
19. Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus altipennis Smallhead flyingfish
20. Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus californicus California flyingfish
21. Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus japonicus
22. Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus melanocercus
23. Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus pinnatibarbatus Bennett's flyingfish
24. Cheilopogon pitcairnensis
25. Cheilopogon rapanouiensis Easter island flyingfish
26. Cheilopogon simus Short-nosed flyingfish
27. Cheilopogon spilonotopterus Stained flyingfish
28. Cheilopogon spilopterus Manyspotted flyingfish
29. Cheilopogon suttoni Sutton's flyingfish
167
30. Cheilopogon unicolor Limpid-wing flyingfish
31. Cheilopogon ventralis
32. Cheilopogon xenopterus Whitetip flyingfish
33. Cypselurus angusticeps Narrowhead flyingfish
34. Cypselurus callopterus Ornamented flyingfish
35. Cypselurus comatus Clearwing flyingfish
36. Cypselurus hexazona Darkbar flyingfish
37. Cypselurus hiraii
38. Cypselurus naresii Pharao flyingfish
39. Cypselurus oligolepis Largescale flyingfish
40. Cypselurus opisthopus Black-finned flyingfish
41. Cypselurus poecilopterus Yellowing flyingfish
42. Cypselurus starksi
43. Danichthys ilma
44. Exocoetus gibbosus Oceanic flyingfish
45. Exocoetus monocirrhus Barbel flyingfish
46. Exocoetus obtusirostris Oceanic two-wing flyingfish
47. Exocoetus peruvianus
48. Exocoetus volitans Tropical two-wing flyingfish
49. Fodiator acutus Sharpchin flyingfish
50. Fodiator rostratus
51. Hirundichthys affinis Fourwing flyingfish
52. Hirundichthys albimaculatus Whitespot flyingfish
53. Hirundichthys coromandelensis Coromandel flyingfish
54. Hirundichthys marginatus Banded flyingfish
55. Hirundichthys oxycephalus Bony flyingfish
56. Hirundichthys rondeletii Black wing flyingfish
57. Hirundichthys socotranus
58. Hirundichthys speculiger Mirrorwing flyingfish
59. Parexocoetus brachypterus Sailfin flyingfish
60. Parexocoetus hillianus Flyingfish
61. Parexocoetus mento African sailfin flyingfish
62. Prognichthys brevipinnis Shortfin flyingfish
63. Prognichthys gibbifrons Bluntnose flyingfish
64. Prognichthys glaphyrae Gyre flyingfish
65. Prognichthys occidentalis
66. Prognichthys sealei Sailor flyingfish
67. Prognichthys tringa Tringa flyingfish
168
Family Hemiramphidae
(Halfbeaks)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Halfbeaks are known from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The
lower jaw much longer than upper jaw; premaxillae pointed anteriorly;
short pectoral and pelvic fins. Vertebrae 38-75 (except 18-25 in
Arrhamphus). About 45 cm maximum length. Eggs are attached to
algae in shallow waters; viviparity in Dermogenys, Nomorphamphus,
and Hemirhamphodon. Surface dwelling omnivores of algae,
zooplankton and fishes. CLOFFSCA: The Hemiramphidae, the
halfbeaks, are one of five families of the order Beloniformes. They are
the sister-group of the Exocoetidae, the flying fishes, forming the
superfamily Exocoetoidea (Collette et al., 1984). Most halfbeaks have
an elongate lower jaw that distinguishes them from flying fishes which
have lost the elongate lower jaw and from needlefishes (Belonidae)
and sauries (Scomberesocidae) which have both jaws elongate. The
family is defined by one derived character, third pair of upper
pharyngeal bones anklylosed into a plate. Other diagnostic characters
include: pectoral fins short or moderately long; premaxillae pointed
anteriorly, forming a triangular upper jaw (except in Oxyporhamphus);
lower jaw elongate in juveniles of all genera, adults of most genera;
parapophyses forked; swimbladder not extending into haemal canal;
nostrils in a pit anterior to the eyes; no spines in fins; dorsal and anal
fins posterior in position; pelvic fins in abdominal position, with 6 soft
rays; lateral line running down from pectoral fin origin and then
backward along ventral margin of body. Scales moderately large,
cycloid, easily detached. Color. These fishes live at the surface and are
protectively colored for this mode of life being green or blue on the
back and silvery white on the sides and ventrally. Tip of the lower jaw
bright red or orange in life in most species. Most species are marine,
but some inhabit freshwaters; omnivorous, feeding on floating sea
grasses, crustaceans and small fishes. They are prone to leap and
skitter at the surface and one offshore species, Euleptorhamphus velox
can leap out of the water and glide like a flying fish. The flesh is
169
excellent and larger species of halfbeaks are utilized as food in many
parts of the world. In the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, they are
more important as baitfish for billfishes, dolphins, kingfish, wahoo, and
king mackerel than as food fish. They are caught with seines or
dipnetted under lights at night. The Hemiramphidae contains 12
genera and over 100 species (Collette, in press.) Four genera, the first
three monotypic (Arrhamphus, Chriodorus, Melapedalion, and
Oxyporhampus) have very short or no beaks. Euleptorhamphus and
Oxyporhamphus contain two offshore species each. The subfamily
Zenarchopterinae contains five genera and about 50 sexually
dimorphic internally-fertilizing Indo-West Pacific estuarine or
freshwater species (Meisner and Collette, 1999). Three of these
genera (Dermogenys, Hemirhamphodon, and Nomorhamphus) are
viviparous and have the anal fin of the male modified into an
andropodium. Hemiramphus (with 10 species) is a world wide marine
genus. Rhynchorhamphus (with 4 species) has fimbriate nasal papillae
and is confined to Indo-West Pacific marine waters. Hyporhamphus,
the most speciose genus, includes two subgenera, Hyporhamphus with
23 species and Reporhamphus with 11 species, all confined to the
Indo-West Pacific. Some species are marine, some estuarine, and
some freshwater. All genera are characterized by particular lateral line
characters (Parin and Astakhov, 1982). The halfbeak fauna of the
western Atlantic includes nine marine species in five genera (Collette,
in press), Chriodorus (1 species), Euleptorhamphus (1),
Oxyporhamphus (1), Hemiramphus (3), and Hyporhamphus (3), plus
two freshwater species of Hyporhamphus in rivers draining into the
western Atlantic.

1. Arrhamphus sclerolepis krefftii Southeastern snub-nosed garfish
2. Arrhamphus sclerolepis sclerolepis Northern snubnose garfish
3. Chriodorus atherinoides Hardhead halfbeak
4. Dermogenys bispina
5. Dermogenys brachynotopterus
6. Dermogenys bruneiensis
7. Dermogenys collettei
8. Dermogenys montana
9. Dermogenys orientalis
10. Dermogenys palawanensis
11. Dermogenys pusilla Wrestling halfbeak
12. Dermogenys robertsi
13. Dermogenys siamensis
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14. Dermogenys sumatrana
15. Dermogenys vogti
16. Euleptorhamphus velox Flying halfbeak
17. Euleptorhamphus viridis Ribbon halfbeak
18. Hemiramphus archipelagicus Jumping halfbeak
19. Hemiramphus balao Balao halfbeak
20. Hemiramphus bermudensis Bermuda halfbeak
21. Hemiramphus brasiliensis Ballyhoo halfbeak
22. Hemiramphus depauperatus Tropical half-beak fish
23. Hemiramphus far Black-barred halfbeak
24. Hemiramphus lutkei Lutke's halfbeak
25. Hemiramphus marginatus Yellowtip halfbeak
26. Hemiramphus robustus Three-by-two garfish
27. Hemiramphus saltator Longfin halfbeak
28. Hemirhamphodon chrysopunctatus
29. Hemirhamphodon kapuasensis
30. Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali
31. Hemirhamphodon phaiosoma
32. Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus
33. Hemirhamphodon tengah
34. Hyporhamphus acutus acutus Pacific halfbeak
35. Hyporhamphus acutus pacificus Acute halfbeak
36. Hyporhamphus affinis Tropical halfbeak
37. Hyporhamphus australis Eastern sea garfish
38. Hyporhamphus balinensis Balinese garfish
39. Hyporhamphus brederi
40. Hyporhamphus capensis Cape halfbeak
41. Hyporhamphus dussumieri Dussumier's halfbeak
42. Hyporhamphus erythrorinchus
43. Hyporhamphus gamberur Red Sea halfbeak
44. Hyporhamphus gernaerti
45. Hyporhamphus gilli Choelo halfbeak
46. Hyporhamphus ihi
47. Hyporhamphus improvisus Shortfin halfbeak
48. Hyporhamphus intermedius
49. Hyporhamphus kronei
50. Hyporhamphus limbatus Congaturi halfbeak
51. Hyporhamphus meeki American halfbeak
52. Hyporhamphus melanochir Southern sea garfish
53. Hyporhamphus melanopterus
54. Hyporhamphus mexicanus Mexican halfbeak
55. Hyporhamphus naos Pacific silverstripe halfbeak
56. Hyporhamphus neglectissimus Black-tipped garfish
57. Hyporhamphus neglectus
58. Hyporhamphus paucirastris
59. Hyporhamphus picarti African halfbeak
60. Hyporhamphus quoyi Quoy's garfish
61. Hyporhamphus regularis ardelio Eastern river garfish
62. Hyporhamphus regularis regularis Western river garfish
63. Hyporhamphus roberti hildebrandi Central American halfbeak
64. Hyporhamphus roberti roberti Slender halfbeak
65. Hyporhamphus rosae California halfbeak
66. Hyporhamphus sajori Japanese halfbeak
67. Hyporhamphus sindensis Sind halfbeak
68. Hyporhamphus snyderi Skipper halfbeak
171
69. Hyporhamphus taiwanensis
70. Hyporhamphus unicuspis Simpletooth halfbeak
71. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Common halfbeak
72. Hyporhamphus xanthopterus Red-tipped halfbeak
73. Hyporhamphus yuri
74. Melapedalion breve Philippine snubnose halfbeak
75. Nomorhamphus australis
76. Nomorhamphus bakeri
77. Nomorhamphus brembachi
78. Nomorhamphus celebensis Poso halfbeak
79. Nomorhamphus ebrardtii
80. Nomorhamphus hageni
81. Nomorhamphus kolonodalensis
82. Nomorhamphus liemi
83. Nomorhamphus manifesta
84. Nomorhamphus megarrhamphus
85. Nomorhamphus pectoralis
86. Nomorhamphus philippina
87. Nomorhamphus pinnimaculata
88. Nomorhamphus ravnaki
89. Nomorhamphus rossi
90. Nomorhamphus sanussii
91. Nomorhamphus towoetii
92. Nomorhamphus vivipara
93. Nomorhamphus weberi
94. Oxyporhamphus convexus Halfbeak
95. Oxyporhamphus micropterus micropterus Bigwing halfbeak
96. Oxyporhamphus micropterus similis False halfbeak
97. Rhynchorhamphus arabicus Arabian flyingfish
98. Rhynchorhamphus georgii Long billed half beak
99. Rhynchorhamphus malabaricus Malabar halfbeak
100. Rhynchorhamphus naga
101. Tondanichthys kottelati
102. Zenarchopterus alleni Allen's river garfish
103. Zenarchopterus beauforti
104. Zenarchopterus buffonis Buffon's river-garfish
105. Zenarchopterus caudovittatus Long-jawed river garfish
106. Zenarchopterus clarus
107. Zenarchopterus dispar Feathered river-garfish
108. Zenarchopterus dunckeri Duncker's river garfish
109. Zenarchopterus dux
110. Zenarchopterus ectuntio
111. Zenarchopterus gilli Viviparous halfbeak
112. Zenarchopterus kampeni Sepik River halfbeak
113. Zenarchopterus novaeguineae Fly River garfish
114. Zenarchopterus ornithocephala Vogelkop river garfish
115. Zenarchopterus pappenheimi Bangkok halfbeak
116. Zenarchopterus philippinus
117. Zenarchopterus quadrimaculatus
118. Zenarchopterus rasori Short river garfish
119. Zenarchopterus robertsi Robert's river garfish
120. Zenarchopterus striga Hooghly halfbeak
121. Zenarchopterus xiphophorus
172
Family Scomberesocidae
(Sauries)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; epipelagic. Distribution: tropical and temperate waters. Small

scales: Nanichthys and Elassichthys with 70-91 scales along midline
and 107-148 in Scomberesox and Cololabis. Relatively small mouth
opening. Jaws elongated into beaks, ranging from long, slender beaks
to relatively short ones with lower jaw only slightly elongated. Finlets
5-7 following both dorsal and anal fins. Dorsal fin with 14-18 rays.
Anal fin with 16-21 rays. Relatively small teeth. No swim bladder.
Ovary unpaired in two dwarf species. Total vertebrae 54-70; precaudal
32-43. About 46 cm maximum length.

1. Cololabis adocetus Saury
2. Cololabis saira Pacific saury
3. Scomberesox saurus saurus Atlantic saury
4. Scomberesox saurus scombroides King gar
5. Scomberesox simulans Dwarf saury
173
ORDO BERYCIFORMES
(Sawbellies)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Orbitosphenoid present; two supramaxillae in Berycidae and

Holocentridae; subocular shelf present (may be reduced); pelvic fins
usually with more than five soft rays; 16 or 17 branched caudal fin
rays (or 18 or 19 principal rays); maxillae partially included in gape in
some. All species share a modification of the anterior part of the
supraorbital and infraorbital sensory canals, called "Jakubowski's
organ".
174
Family Anomalopidae
(Lanterneye Fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: scattered tropical localities, mainly Indo-Pacific. Light

organ situated beneath eye equipped with mechanism (skin fold) for
regulating the emission of light, which is produced by symbiontic
bacteria and serves to attract zooplankton. A single spine in pelvic fin;
soft rays 5 or 6. Dorsal fin spines 2-6. Spinous and soft dorsal parted
by a notch or continuous in the case of Photoblepharon. Anal fin with
2 or 3 spines. Subocular shelf short. About 30 cm maximum length.
During dark nights most species apparently rise from relatively deep
water to feed on zooplankton in the shallows. Their life style suggest
that they do not guard their eggs (RF).

1. Anomalops katoptro Splitfin flashlightfish
2. Kryptophanaron alfredi Atlantic flashlightfish
3. Parmops coruscans
4. Parmops echinatus
5. Photoblepharon palpebratum Eyelight fish
6. Photoblepharon steinitzi Flashlight fish
7. Phthanophaneron harveyi Gulf flashlightfish
8. Protoblepharon rosenblatti Cook Islands Flashlightfish
175
Family Anoplogastridae
(Fangtooth)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical to cold-temperate waters worldwide. Head and

body extremely compressed. Head large, about one-third length of
body, and deep. Body deep anteriorly, sharply tapering to narrow
caudal peduncle. Head sculptured looking, with well- developed mucus
cavities covered by thin skin. Eyes small; eye diameter less than length
of snout. Mouth large, with upper jaw almost as long as head, and
oblique. No spines in fins. Dorsal fin with 16-20 soft rays; anal fin with
7-9 soft rays; pectoral fins with 13-16 soft rays; pelvic fins subthoracic,
with 7 rays (first ray segmented but not branched). One supramaxilla.
Long, fanglike, widely spaced teeth in premaxilla and dentary, these
teeth depressible in juveniles. Teeth present as well on palatines,
ectopterygoid, and endopterygoid; absent from vomer. Branchiostegal
rays 7-9. Gill rakers long and slender in juveniles, reprsented by
groups of short spinules in adults. Scales are thin plates, embedded in
skin, each with short pedicel and thin cup. Lateral line canal an open
groove bridged at intervals by scales. Swim bladder present in
juveniles, regressed in adults. No Baudelot's ligament and subocular
shelf. Steeply slanted neural spines. Vertebrae 25-28. Maximum length
about 16 cm. Marine, meso- and bathypelagic to depth of 5,000 m.
Feed on crustaceans and fishes. Although frequently used by authors,
the spelling Anoplogasteridae is grammtically incorrect.

1. Anoplogaster brachycera Shorthorn fangtooth
2. Anoplogaster cornuta Common fangtooth
176
Family Berycidae
(Alfonsinos)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and western and central Pacific Oceans.
A single spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 7-13. No notch in dorsal fin.
Dorsal spines 4-7, progressively longer from first to last; soft rays 12-
20. Anal fin spines 4; soft rays 12-17 in Centroberyx (=Hoplopteryx) or
25-29 in Beryx. Scales in lateral line 39-51 in Centroberyx or 66-82 in
Beryx. Vertebrae 24. Most species occur between 200 - 600 m.

1. Beryx decadactylus Alfonsino
2. Beryx mollis
3. Beryx splendens Splendid alfonsino
4. Centroberyx affinis Redfish
5. Centroberyx australis Yelloweye nannygai
6. Centroberyx druzhinini
7. Centroberyx gerrardi Bight redfish
8. Centroberyx lineatus Swallow-tail
9. Centroberyx rubricaudus
10. Centroberyx spinosus Short alfonsino
177
Family Diretmidae
(Spinyfins)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Lateral line absent.
Spine absent in dorsal and anal fins. Dorsal fin rays 24-30. Anal fin
with 19-22 rays. Laminar spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 6. Abdomen with
a sharp keel of ventral scutes. Branchiostegal rays 7-8. Vertebrae 20-
32. Maximum length 37 cm.

1. Diretmichthys parini Parin's spinyfish
2. Diretmoides pauciradiatus Longwing spinyfin
3. Diretmoides veriginae
4. Diretmus argenteus Silver spinyfin
178
Family Holocentridae
(Squirrelfishes, Soldierfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. A single

spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 5-8 (mode 7). Dorsal fin long with 10-13
spines and a notched soft-rayed part with 11-17 rays. Anal fin with
four spines and 7-16 soft rays. Forked caudal fin; principal caudal rays
18 or 19. Large and very rough ctenoid scales. Large eyes. Spiny-
edged operculum. Vertebrae 26 or 27. Usually reddish in color. Most
are nocturnal. Usually cryptic during the day in crevices or beneath
ledges of reefs, along with cardinal fishes, bigeyes, and sweepers.
Most species in shallow water from shoreline to 100 m depth, rarely
over 200 m. Soldiesfish feed mainly on large zooplankton whereas
squirrelfish feed on benthic invertebrates and small fishes. Adults
usually demersal; the larvae are planktonic for several weeks and
settle at a size of about 3 cm. Myripristis has been observed spawning
in open water, a few days after full moon. About 61 cm maximum
length, attained in Sargocentron spinifer. Hardy in aquariums.
Important subsistance foodfishes in many areas.

1. Corniger spinosus Spinycheek soldierfish
2. Holocentrus adscensionis Squirrelfish
3. Holocentrus rufus Longspine squirrelfish
4. Myripristis adusta Shadowfin soldierfish
5. Myripristis amaena Brick soldierfish
6. Myripristis astakhovi
7. Myripristis aulacodes
8. Myripristis berndti Blotcheye soldierfish
9. Myripristis botche Blacktip soldierfish
10. Myripristis chryseres Yellowfin soldierfish
11. Myripristis clarionensis Yellow soldierfish
12. Myripristis earlei Earle's soldierfish
13. Myripristis formosa
14. Myripristis gildi Clipperton cardinal soldierfish
15. Myripristis greenfieldi
16. Myripristis hexagona Doubletooth soldierfish
17. Myripristis jacobus Blackbar soldierfish
18. Myripristis kochiensis
179
19. Myripristis kuntee Shoulderbar soldierfish
20. Myripristis leiognathus Panamic soldierfish
21. Myripristis murdjan Pinecone soldierfish
22. Myripristis pralinia Scarlet soldierfish
23. Myripristis randalli
24. Myripristis robusta
25. Myripristis seychellensis Seychelles soldier
26. Myripristis tiki
27. Myripristis trachyacron
28. Myripristis violacea Lattice soldierfish
29. Myripristis vittata Whitetip soldierfish
30. Myripristis woodsi Whitespot soldierfish
31. Myripristis xanthacra Yellowtip soldierfish
32. Neoniphon argenteus Clearfin squirrelfish
33. Neoniphon aurolineatus Yellowstriped squirrelfish
34. Neoniphon marianus Longjaw squirrelfish
35. Neoniphon opercularis Blackfin squirrelfish
36. Neoniphon sammara Sammara squirrelfish
37. Ostichthys acanthorhinus Spinesnout squirrelfish
38. Ostichthys archiepiscopus Longsnout soldier
39. Ostichthys brachygnathus
40. Ostichthys delta
41. Ostichthys hypsipterygion
42. Ostichthys japonicus Japanese soldierfish
43. Ostichthys kaianus Kai soldierfish
44. Ostichthys ovaloculus
45. Ostichthys sandix
46. Ostichthys sheni
47. Ostichthys trachypoma Bigeye soldierfish
48. Plectrypops lima Shy soldier
49. Plectrypops retrospinis Cardinal soldierfish
50. Pristilepis oligolepis Spinyface soldier
51. Sargocentron bullisi Deepwater squirrelfish
52. Sargocentron caudimaculatum Silverspot squirrelfish
53. Sargocentron cornutum Threespot squirrelfish
54. Sargocentron coruscum Reef squirrelfish
55. Sargocentron diadema Crown squirrelfish
56. Sargocentron dorsomaculatum Spotfin squirrelfish
57. Sargocentron ensifer Yellow-striped squirrelfish
58. Sargocentron furcatum
59. Sargocentron hastatum Red squirrelfish
60. Sargocentron hormion
61. Sargocentron inaequalis Lattice squirrelfish
62. Sargocentron iota Dwarf squirrelfish
63. Sargocentron ittodai Samurai squirrelfish
64. Sargocentron lepros Spiny squirrelfish
65. Sargocentron macrosquamis Bigscale squirrelfish
66. Sargocentron marisrubri
67. Sargocentron megalops
68. Sargocentron melanospilos Blackblotch squirrelfish
69. Sargocentron microstoma Smallmouth squirrelfish
70. Sargocentron poco Saddle squirrelfish
71. Sargocentron praslin Dark-striped squirrelfish
72. Sargocentron punctatissimum Speckled squirrelfish
73. Sargocentron rubrum Redcoat
180
74. Sargocentron seychellense Yellow-tipped squirrelfish
75. Sargocentron shimizui
76. Sargocentron spiniferum Sabre squirrelfish
77. Sargocentron spinosissimum North Pacific squirrelfish
78. Sargocentron suborbitalis Tinsel squirrelfish
79. Sargocentron tiere Blue lined squirrelfish
80. Sargocentron tiereoides Pink squirrelfish
81. Sargocentron vexillarium Dusky squirrelfish
82. Sargocentron violaceum Violet squirrelfish
83. Sargocentron wilhelmi
84. Sargocentron xantherythrum Hawaiian squirrelfish
181
Family Monocentridae
(Pinecone fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific, primarily at depths

of 30 - 300 m. Body scales large, heavy and platelike. A single large
spine in pelvic fin which can be locked erect; soft rays 2 or 3; 4-7
strong spines in first dorsal fin alternate from side to side; second
dorsal fin with 9-12 soft rays. No anal fin spines, 10-12 softrays.
Pectoral fin with 13-15 rays; 8 branchiostegal rays. Lower jaw with 2
phosphorescent organs. The light is produced by luminescent bacteria
and the organ appears as an orange spot in daylight or a blue-green
one at night; it is used to attract shrimps and other zooplankton at
night. About 22 cm maximum length (Ref. 2334). Reproduction
unknown but assumed to be non-guarders (RF).

1. Cleidopus gloriamaris Pineapplefish
2. Monocentris japonica Pineconefish
3. Monocentris neozelanicus
4. Monocentris reedi Pinecone fish
182
Family Trachichthyidae
(Slimeheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Angle of preopercle with a

distinct spine Posttemporal bone with posteriorly pointing spine. Pelvic
fin 1 normal spine, 6-7 soft rays. Dorsal fin 3-8 spines, 10-19 soft rays.
Anal fin 2-3 spines, 8-12 soft rays. Caudal fin often with 4-7 procurrent
spines on each lobe. A median ridge of scutes on abdomen.
Interspecific variation in type of scales. Body very deep to moderately
deep. Some species are bioluminescent. Maximum length about 55
cm. Depth ranges from 100 to 1,500 m.

1. Aulotrachichthys argyrophanus Western luminous roughy
2. Aulotrachichthys atlanticus Brazilian luminous roughy
3. Aulotrachichthys heptalepis Hawaiian luminous roughy
4. Aulotrachichthys latus Philippine luminous roughy
5. Aulotrachichthys novaezelandicus New Zealand roughy
6. Aulotrachichthys prosthemius West Pacific luminous roughy
7. Aulotrachichthys pulsator Golden roughy
8. Aulotrachichthys sajademalensis Saya de Malha luminous roughy
9. Gephyroberyx darwinii Darwin's slimehead
10. Gephyroberyx japonicus Big roughy
11. Gephyroberyx philippinus
12. Hoplostethus abramovi
13. Hoplostethus atlanticus Orange roughy
14. Hoplostethus cadenati Black slimehead
15. Hoplostethus confinis
16. Hoplostethus crassispinus
17. Hoplostethus druzhinini
18. Hoplostethus fedorovi
19. Hoplostethus fragilis
20. Hoplostethus gigas
21. Hoplostethus intermedius Common sawbelly
22. Hoplostethus japonicus Flintperch
23. Hoplostethus latus Giant sawbelly
24. Hoplostethus marisrubri
25. Hoplostethus mediterraneus mediterraneus Mediterranean slimehead
26. Hoplostethus mediterraneus sonodae
27. Hoplostethus mediterraneus trunovi
28. Hoplostethus melanopterus
29. Hoplostethus melanopus Smallscale slimehead
183
30. Hoplostethus mento Slimy head
31. Hoplostethus metallicus
32. Hoplostethus mikhailini
33. Hoplostethus occidentalis
34. Hoplostethus pacificus
35. Hoplostethus ravurictus
36. Hoplostethus rifti
37. Hoplostethus rubellopterus
38. Hoplostethus shubnikovi Metavay sawbelly
39. Hoplostethus tenebricus
40. Hoplostethus vniro
41. Optivus agastos Violet roughy
42. Optivus agrammus Western roughy
43. Optivus elongatus Slender roughy
44. Paratrachichthys fernandezianus Chilean sandpaperfish
45. Paratrachichthys macleayi
46. Paratrachichthys trailli Sandpaper fish
47. Parinoberyx horridus
48. Sorosichthys ananassa Little pineapple fish
49. Trachichthys australis Roughy
184
ORDO CETOMIMIFORMES
(Whalefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Complete loss of fin spines. The whalefishes have a whale-shaped

body; mouth very large and stomach highly distensible; eyes well
developed to degenerate; latera line made up of enormous hollow
tubes; luminous tissue on body; dorsal and anal fins far back on body
and opposite one another; no swim bladder; orbitosphenoid absent;
supramaxilla absent or reduced; color usually orange and red on a
black body.
185
Family Barbourisiidae
(Velvet whalefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Throughout the world ocean in tropical and temperate

latitudes. Pelvic fins subabdominal. Skin with spines. Dorsal fin with
19-22 rays. Anal fin with 15-18 rays; 40-43 vertebrae.

1. Barbourisia rufa Velvet whalefish
186
Family Cetomimidae
(Flabby whalefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : According to Johnson et al. (2009; Ref. 80859), three deep-sea

families contained larvae (Mirapinnidae), males (Megalomycteridae),
and females (Cetomimidae) of only one family (Cetomimidae s.l.).
There is a need of revision for the entire family, since larvae, males
and females have to be synonymized under one name only. So the
account below is incomplete. Account from Paxton (1989: Ref. 9791),
and about Cetomimidae s.s., i.e., females only. Oceanic. No pelvic fins.
Skin loose with no scales. Eyes very small or vestigial. Gills 3 or 4.
Photophores absent; often with cavernous tissue around anus and
bases of dorsal and anal fins. Vertebrae 38 to 59. Color in life brown or
orange with bright orange or red jaws and fins.

1. Ataxolepis apus
2. Ataxolepis henactis
3. Cetichthys indagator
4. Cetichthys parini
5. Cetomimoides parri
6. Cetomimus compunctus
7. Cetomimus craneae
8. Cetomimus gillii
9. Cetomimus hempeli Whalefish
10. Cetomimus kerdops
11. Cetomimus picklei
12. Cetomimus teevani
13. Cetostoma regani Pink flabby whalefish
14. Danacetichthys galathenus
15. Ditropichthys storeri
16. Eutaeniophorus festivus Festive ribbonfish
17. Gyrinomimus andriashevi
18. Gyrinomimus bruuni
19. Gyrinomimus grahami Flabby whalefish
20. Gyrinomimus myersi
21. Gyrinomimus parri Parr's combtooth whalefish
22. Megalomycter teevani
23. Mirapinna esau Hairyfish
24. Notocetichthys trunovi Trunov southern cetomimid
25. Parataeniophorus bertelseni
187
26. Parataeniophorus brevis Short tapetail
27. Parataeniophorus gulosus
28. Procetichthys kreffti
29. Rhamphocetichthys savagei Savage's birdsnouted whalefish
30. Vitiaziella cubiceps
188
Family Rondeletiidae
(Redmouth whalefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Oceanic. Head box-shaped. Smooth skin. Lateral line system made up
of 14-26 vertical series of pores. Subabdominal pelvics. Epurals 3.
Hypurals 6. Vertebrae 24-27.

1. Rondeletia bicolor
2. Rondeletia loricata Redmouth whalefish
189
ORDO CHARACIFORMES
(Characins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Teeth usually well developed (most are carnivores); adipose fin usually
present; body almost always scaled (scales very rarely absent in South
American species, e.g., the tetra Gymnocharacinus bergi of Argentina
is naked, lacks an adipose fin, and is the most southerly known
characiform); probably ctenoid or ctenoidlike scales in some; pelvic fin
present (with 5-12 rays); anal fin short to moderately long (fewer than
45 rays); lateral line often decurved, sometimes incomplete; upper jaw
usually not truly protractile; pharyngeal teeth usually present, but not
usually specialized as in cypriniforms (anostomids have highly modified
pharyngeal teeth); barbels absent; branchiostegal rays 3-5; usually 3
postcleithra; first hypural separated from the centrum by a gap in
adults (most other primitive teleosts lack such a gap); usually 19
principal caudal fin rays.
190
Family Acestrorhynchidae
(Smallscale pike characins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Fishes of this family are characterized by very elongate (pike-like)

bodies covered with relatively small scales. All teeth are conical and
strong canines are present on the premaxilla, anterior part of the
maxilla and the dentary. Small conical teeth are present on the
ectopterygoid and minute conical teeth have been detected on the
mesopterygoid of some species. Other exclusive features of the group
are: first infraorbital covering almost completely the maxilla whent the
mouth is closed; a branch of the laterosensory canal on the
premaxilla; and rhinosphenoid bone in close contact with
parasphenoid. The anal fin is falcate, never bearing hooks in sexually
mature males and the origin of the dorsal fin is much nearer to caudal
base than the tip of the snout. See Menezes (1969), Menezes (1992),
Menezes & Géry (1983), Toledo-Piza & Menezes (1996) and Lucena &
Menezes (1998). The single genus Acestrorhynchus is currently
represented by 15 species ranging from about 35 to 400 mm in
standard length. Acestrorhynchid species are entirely confined to
South America and the greatest species diversity occurs in the Amazon
and Orinoco basins. Three species occur further south in the São
Francisco, Paraná, Paraguay and La Plata drainages. They are found in
a variety of habitats, but primarily live in lakes, lagoons, areas near
shore, and the smallest species are especially found in small streams
(igarapés) of the Amazon basin (personal observation and see also
Britski et al., 1986). The peculiar dentition makes acestrorhynchid
species very specialized predators among characiforms, most species
feeding primarily on fishes. See Menezes, 1969a, Nico & Taphorn,
1985 and Amaral, 1990. After the major revision of Acestrorhynchus
and the description of some new species (Menezes & Gery, 1983;
Toledo-Piza & Menezes, 1996) not many new species are expected to
be found. Acestrorhynchids are not commercially important as food
fishes and two of the smallest species (A. nasutus and A. minimus)
might be eventually found in aquarium shops.
191
1. Acestrorhynchus abbreviatus
2. Acestrorhynchus altus
3. Acestrorhynchus britskii
4. Acestrorhynchus falcatus
5. Acestrorhynchus falcirostris
6. Acestrorhynchus grandoculis
7. Acestrorhynchus heterolepis
8. Acestrorhynchus isalineae
9. Acestrorhynchus lacustris
10. Acestrorhynchus maculipinna
11. Acestrorhynchus microlepis Pike characin
12. Acestrorhynchus minimus
13. Acestrorhynchus nasutus
14. Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro
192
Family Alestidae
(African tetras)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Africa. Following Eschmeyer 1998 (Ref. 26282) this family includes all
African tetras, formerly a subfamily of Characidae. Maximum length of
about 1.4 m attained by Hydrocynus goliath of the Congo. Formerly
spelled Alestiidae.

1. Alestes baremoze Silversides
2. Alestes comptus
3. Alestes dentex Characin
4. Alestes inferus
5. Alestes liebrechtsii
6. Alestes macrophthalmus Torpedo robber
7. Alestes stuhlmannii
8. Alestopetersius brichardi
9. Alestopetersius caudali Yellowtail tetra
10. Alestopetersius compressus
11. Alestopetersius hilgendorfi
12. Alestopetersius leopoldianus
13. Alestopetersius nigropterus
14. Alestopetersius smykalai
15. Arnoldichthys spilopterus Niger tetra
16. Bathyaethiops breuseghemi
17. Bathyaethiops caudomaculatus African moon tetra
18. Bathyaethiops greeni
19. Brachypetersius cadwaladeri
20. Brachypetersius huloti
21. Brachypetersius notospilus
22. Brachypetersius pseudonummifer
23. Brycinus abeli
24. Brycinus affinis Redfin robber
25. Brycinus bartoni
26. Brycinus batesii
27. Brycinus bimaculatus
28. Brycinus brevis
29. Brycinus carmesinus
30. Brycinus carolinae
31. Brycinus derhami
32. Brycinus ferox Large-toothed Lake Turkana robber
33. Brycinus fwaensis
34. Brycinus grandisquamis Pinkfin Alestes
35. Brycinus humilis
193
36. Brycinus imberi Spot-tail
37. Brycinus intermedius
38. Brycinus jacksonii Victoria robber
39. Brycinus kingsleyae
40. Brycinus lateralis Stripped robber
41. Brycinus leuciscus
42. Brycinus longipinnis Longfin tetra
43. Brycinus luteus
44. Brycinus macrolepidotus True big-scale tetra
45. Brycinus minutus Dwarf Lake Turkana robber
46. Brycinus nigricauda
47. Brycinus nurse Nurse tetra
48. Brycinus opisthotaenia
49. Brycinus peringueyi
50. Brycinus poptae
51. Brycinus rhodopleura
52. Brycinus sadleri Sadler's robber
53. Brycinus schoutedeni
54. Brycinus taeniurus
55. Brycinus tessmanni
56. Brycinus tholloni
57. Bryconaethiops boulengeri
58. Bryconaethiops macrops
59. Bryconaethiops microstoma
60. Bryconaethiops quinquesquamae
61. Bryconaethiops yseuxi
62. Clupeocharax schoutedeni
63. Duboisialestes bifasciatus
64. Duboisialestes tumbensis
65. Hemigrammopetersius barnardi Barnard's robber
66. Hemigrammopetersius pulcher
67. Hydrocynus brevis Tiger-fish
68. Hydrocynus forskahlii Elongate tigerfish
69. Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish
70. Hydrocynus somonorum
71. Hydrocynus tanzaniae
72. Hydrocynus vittatus Tiger fish
73. Ladigesia roloffi Sierra leone dwarf characin
74. Lepidarchus adonis Jellybean tetra
75. Micralestes acutidens Sharptooth tetra
76. Micralestes ambiguus
77. Micralestes argyrotaenia
78. Micralestes comoensis
79. Micralestes congicus
80. Micralestes eburneensis
81. Micralestes elongatus Elongated Turkana robber
82. Micralestes fodori
83. Micralestes holargyreus
84. Micralestes humilis
85. Micralestes lualabae
86. Micralestes occidentalis
87. Micralestes pabrensis
88. Micralestes sardina
89. Micralestes schelly
90. Micralestes stormsi
194
91. Micralestes vittatus
92. Nannopetersius lamberti
93. Nannopetersius mutambuei
94. Petersius conserialis
95. Phenacogrammus altus
96. Phenacogrammus ansorgii
97. Phenacogrammus aurantiacus
98. Phenacogrammus bleheri
99. Phenacogrammus deheyni
100. Phenacogrammus gabonensis
101. Phenacogrammus interruptus Congo tetra
102. Phenacogrammus major
103. Phenacogrammus polli
104. Phenacogrammus stigmatura
105. Phenacogrammus taeniatus
106. Phenacogrammus urotaenia
107. Rhabdalestes aeratis
108. Rhabdalestes brevidorsalis
109. Rhabdalestes leleupi
110. Rhabdalestes maunensis Okavango robber
111. Rhabdalestes rhodesiensis Slender robber
112. Rhabdalestes septentrionalis
113. Rhabdalestes tangensis Pangani robber
114. Rhabdalestes yokai
115. Tricuspidalestes caeruleus
195
Family Anostomidae
(Headstanders)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species belonging to this family occur in South America. Mandible

relatively short; upper and lower pharyngeal dentition enlarged; two or
more cups on all pharyngeal teeth; single tooth row on each jaw.
Many species swim in an oblique head-down position. Most species are
herbivores or detrivores. Maximum size 40 cm. CLOFFSCA: Family of
large characiform fishes with maximum size to 80 cm SL. Mouth
terminal or subinferior. Circumorbital bone series complete and with a
supraorbital bone. Mandible relatively short; with a single tooth row on
each of 3 or 4 teeth on each premaxillary and mandibular ramus,
disposed as steps of a stair. Upper and lower pharyngeal dentition
enlarged, with two or more cups on all pharyngeal teeth. Maxillary
bone small and excluded from the mouth opening. Mouth small and
very distant from the anterior orbital rim. Branchial opening small,
membranes firmly joined to isthmus. Midlateral line complete and with
33 to 44 perforated scales. Adipose-fin always present; dorsal-fin I, 11
rays; anal-fin I,9 rays; pelvic-fin, I,8-9 rays;. Many species swim in an
oblique head-down position. Most species are herbivores or
detritivores. Species occurring in almost all South America, except east
Andes.

1. Abramites eques
2. Abramites hypselonotus Marbled headstander
3. Anostomoides atrianalis
4. Anostomoides laticeps
5. Anostomoides passionis
6. Anostomus anostomus Striped headstander
7. Anostomus brevior
8. Anostomus intermedius
9. Anostomus longus
10. Anostomus plicatus
11. Anostomus spiloclistron
12. Anostomus ternetzi
13. Anostomus ucayalensis
14. Gnathodolus bidens
196
15. Laemolyta fasciata
16. Laemolyta fernandezi
17. Laemolyta garmani
18. Laemolyta macra
19. Laemolyta nitens
20. Laemolyta orinocensis
21. Laemolyta petiti
22. Laemolyta proxima
23. Laemolyta taeniata
24. Laemolyta varia
25. Leporellus cartledgei
26. Leporellus pictus
27. Leporellus retropinnis
28. Leporellus vittatus
29. Leporinus acutidens
30. Leporinus affinis
31. Leporinus agassizii
32. Leporinus aguapeiensis
33. Leporinus alternus
34. Leporinus amae
35. Leporinus amazonicus
36. Leporinus amblyrhynchus
37. Leporinus arcus Lipstick leporinus
38. Leporinus aripuanaensis
39. Leporinus badueli
40. Leporinus bahiensis
41. Leporinus bimaculatus
42. Leporinus bistriatus
43. Leporinus bleheri
44. Leporinus boehlkei
45. Leporinus brunneus
46. Leporinus conirostris
47. Leporinus copelandii
48. Leporinus crassilabris
49. Leporinus cylindriformis
50. Leporinus desmotes
51. Leporinus despaxi
52. Leporinus ecuadorensis
53. Leporinus elongatus
54. Leporinus falcipinnis
55. Leporinus fasciatus Banded leporinus
56. Leporinus friderici Threespot leporinus
57. Leporinus garmani
58. Leporinus geminis
59. Leporinus gomesi
60. Leporinus gossei
61. Leporinus granti
62. Leporinus guttatus
63. Leporinus holostictus
64. Leporinus jamesi
65. Leporinus jatuncochi
66. Leporinus julii
67. Leporinus klausewitzi
68. Leporinus lacustris
69. Leporinus latofasciatus
197
70. Leporinus lebaili
71. Leporinus leschenaulti
72. Leporinus macrocephalus
73. Leporinus maculatus Spotted leporinus
74. Leporinus marcgravii
75. Leporinus megalepis
76. Leporinus melanopleura Spottail leporinus
77. Leporinus melanostictus
78. Leporinus microphthalmus
79. Leporinus moralesi
80. Leporinus mormyrops
81. Leporinus multifasciatus
82. Leporinus muyscorum
83. Leporinus nattereri
84. Leporinus niceforoi
85. Leporinus nigrotaeniatus Halfline leporinus
86. Leporinus nijsseni
87. Leporinus obtusidens
88. Leporinus octofasciatus
89. Leporinus octomaculatus
90. Leporinus ortomaculatus
91. Leporinus pachycheilus
92. Leporinus pachyurus
93. Leporinus parae
94. Leporinus paralternus
95. Leporinus paranensis
96. Leporinus pearsoni
97. Leporinus pellegrinii
98. Leporinus piau
99. Leporinus pitingai
100. Leporinus platycephalus
101. Leporinus punctatus
102. Leporinus reinhardti
103. Leporinus reticulatus
104. Leporinus sexstriatus
105. Leporinus silvestrii
106. Leporinus spilopleura
107. Leporinus steindachneri
108. Leporinus steyermarki
109. Leporinus striatus
110. Leporinus subniger
111. Leporinus taeniatus
112. Leporinus taeniofasciatus
113. Leporinus thayeri
114. Leporinus tigrinus
115. Leporinus trifasciatus
116. Leporinus trimaculatus
117. Leporinus uatumaensis
118. Leporinus unitaeniatus
119. Leporinus vanzoi
120. Leporinus venerei
121. Leporinus wolfei
122. Leporinus y-ophorus
123. Pseudanos gracilis
124. Pseudanos irinae
198
125. Pseudanos trimaculatus Threespot headstander
126. Pseudanos winterbottomi
127. Rhytiodus argenteofuscus
128. Rhytiodus elongatus
129. Rhytiodus lauzannei
130. Rhytiodus microlepis
131. Sartor elongatus
132. Sartor respectus
133. Sartor tucuruiense
134. Schizodon altoparanae
135. Schizodon australis
136. Schizodon borellii
137. Schizodon corti
138. Schizodon dissimilis
139. Schizodon fasciatus
140. Schizodon intermedius
141. Schizodon isognathus
142. Schizodon jacuiensis
143. Schizodon knerii
144. Schizodon nasutus
145. Schizodon platae
146. Schizodon rostratus
147. Schizodon scotorhabdotus
148. Schizodon vittatus
149. Synaptolaemus cingulatus
199
Family Characidae
(Characins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species belonging to this family occur in southwestern Texas, Mexico,

Central and South America. Characids are a large and diversified
family. Adipose fin may be present or lacking. Genera Astyanax and
Deuterodon with few species having an anteriorly directed spinelike
process, protruding externally from the pelvic bone. Some are large
species; many are under 3 cm with the smallest reaching a maximum
size of about 13 mm. A comprehensive phylogenetic study is needed.
The potentially dangerous Amazon piranhas (Serrasalmus and
Pygocentrus) belong to this group as well as the South American
tetras, and a blind cave fish from Mexico (Astyanax mexicanus). The
African tetras are recognized in the separate family Alestiidae,
following Eschmeyer 1998 (Ref. 26282). Glandulocaudinae: Fishes
of the subfamily Glandulocaudinae have the following characteristics:
In sexually mature males glandulocaudines bear a basal caudal-fin
organ that is apparently pheromone in nature. This organ may consist
of modified caudal-fin rays; modified caudal-fin scales, a derived
hypural fan, and/or modified caudal-fin musculature. In species of
some tribes and genera two to all of these derived features may be
present. In males almost always some kind of derived glandular cells
are present in association with large derived caudal-fin scales and/or
modified fin rays. All species are inseminating in that the female is
inseminated by the male and retains live sperm cells in her ovary,
sometimes at least for many months. No fertilization of the oocytes
takes place in the ovaries and presumably fertilization takes place
when the eggs and sperm cells are shed at the same time. All species
have elongate sperm cell bodies (nuclei) and, at least for the many
species and genera for which current information is available, have
sperm cells with an elongate cytoplasmic collar binding the flagellum
to the elongate nucleus at least at some stage of spermiogenesis.
There is one other inseminating group of characids, the tribe
Compsurini of the subfamily Cheirodontinae has inseminating species
200
and also often complex caudal organs in the male. These caudal
organs are structured differently than those found in the
Glandulocaudinae and the histology and fine structure of the sperm
cells of the Compsurini are not structured the same way as in the
glandulocaudines. Furthermore there is evidence that the Compsurini
forms a derived clade within the Cheirodontinae. See Burns et al.
(1995), Burns et al. (1997), Burns, et al. (1998), Burns et al. (2000),
Malabarba (1998), Menezes & Weitzman (1990), Weitzman & Fink
(1985), Weitzman et al. (1994), and Weitzman & Menezes (1998). The
Glandulocaudinae is a morphologically diverse characid group
consisting of 19 genera divided among seven tribes, each derived in a
different way. The number of valid species currently recognized is 50.
Most glandulocaudine fishes are relatively small, between about 30
and 60 millimeters in standard length, but some are considerably
smaller, between about 11 and 30 millimeters in standard length when
mature. See Weitzman & Fink (1985), Weitzman et al. (1994), and
Weitzman & Menezes (1998). Glandulocaudine species are found
almost throughout Central and South America, from Costa Rica in the
north, southward to northern Argentina in the south. They are found
in every country, including Trinidad, except Chile. The ecology and life
history of glandulocaudines is complex, but so far little studied. Many
occur in small to modest sized streams tributary to larger rivers such
as the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraguay Rivers. Nearly all
glandulocaudines are tropical in distribution with a few being
subtropical and are known from coastal streams of Central and South
America tributary to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Caribbean
Sea. A few species are known from elevations as high as about 500 to
600 meters, but most occur at elevations considerably below that,
down to sea level. Some species are confined to acid black rainforest
waters with an acidic pH, others are found in neutral to somewhat
alkaline waters that are clear or seasonally turbid due to sediment
load. A few species are adapted to both kinds of waters. No species
are known from brackish waters of coastal lagoons or river mouths
under the influence of tides. The courtship behaviors of those species
and genera that have been studied in detail using scientific procedures
have been described as having complicated courtship procedures
preceeding insemination. Aquarists have published many articles about
the behavior of glandulocaudines maintained in aquaria during the last
90 years. These articles describe in varying detail the complex
201
courtship activities of many glandulocaudine species and genera. This
literature was last evaluated by Nelson (1964). Personal observations
and see also Azevedo et al. (2000), Nelson (1964a, b, & c), Weitzman
& Fink (1985), Weitzman (1987), Weitzman et al. (1994). Although 50
species are currently recognized, there are many undescribed species
represented by population samples in museums that await
descriptions. Each of the seven tribes appears monophyletic although
additional studies are needed to confirm this for a few of these tribes.
On the other hand the validity of the monophyly of the subfamily
needs much further investigation. A few outgroup inseminating
characids lack a caudal organ, but have some of the other
glandulocaudine synapomorphies that were reported recently by
Weitzman & Menezes (1998). It may well be that at least some of the
glandulocaudine tribes are independently derived from plesiomorphic
extinct relatives of these outgroup characids such as the species of
Brittanichthys, some species of Knodus and Attonitus. See Burns et al.
(2000). Members of this subfamily form food for larger fishes that are
important for both commercial and subsistence reasons in the rivers of
Central and South America. Several species are moderately important
for the aquarium trade and are exported especially from Brazil and
Venezuela. The Iguanodectinae is a small characid subfamily
composed of 11 valid species in 2 genera, Iguanodectes Cope and
Piabucus Oken. The subfamily is characterized by elongated fishes,
with contracted base multicuspidated teeth, gill-membranes united and
free from the isthmus, posterior end of the maxilla anterior to the eye,
dorsal-fin origin posterior to the middle of the body (at middle of the
body in Iguanodectes geisleri), and anal fin long (except for I.
geisleri). Moreover, some characters of the internal morphology are
also diagnostic, such as, the presence of a process on the internal face
of the dentary, the first proximal anal-fin pterygiophore expanded and
backward recurved (except in I. geisleri), and the anterior portion of
the posterior chamber of the swimbladder thinner than its posterior
portion. The genus Piabucus distinguishes from Iguanodectes by the
presence of a long pectoral fin, and a well-developed pectoral keel.
The subfamily is distributed in the Amazon (including its main
tributaries), Orinoco, Paraguay, and Tocantins river basins, as well as
the costal drainages from the Golfo de Pária (Venezuela) to
immediately south of the mouth of the Amazon river (including rio
Capim basin). The group is relatively well studied taxonomically
202
(Böhlke,1954; Géry, 1970 and 1993; Vari, 1977), although some
species remain to be described. Despite of some characters proposed
as supporting the monophyly of the Iguanodectinae (Vari, 1977), the
phylogenetic relationships of the Iguanodectinae with other groups of
the Characiformes are still very tentative (Lucena, 1993), and none is
known about the phylogenetic relationships between its species.
Iguanodectes species are probably primarily herbivorous, feeding
occasionally on allocthonous insects (Knöppel, 1970; Goulding et al.
1988; pers. obs.). Besides that, little information is known from their
ecology. Some of its species are used as ornamental fishes. Note that
Characidiinae, and Crenuchus and Poecilocharax are gathered in
Crenuchidae, the two latter as the subfamily Crenuchinae since Buckup
(1998: Ref. 040622) and in Buckup (2003: Ref. 37059).

1. Acanthocharax microlepis
2. Acestrocephalus acutus
3. Acestrocephalus anomalus
4. Acestrocephalus boehlkei
5. Acestrocephalus ginesi
6. Acestrocephalus maculosus
7. Acestrocephalus nigrifasciatus
8. Acestrocephalus pallidus
9. Acestrocephalus sardina
10. Acestrocephalus stigmatus
11. Acinocheirodon melanogramma
12. Acnodon normani Sheep-pacu
13. Acnodon oligacanthus
14. Acnodon senai
15. Acrobrycon ipanquianus
16. Acrobrycon tarijae
17. Agoniates anchovia
18. Agoniates halecinus
19. Amazonspinther dalmata
20. Aphyocharacidium bolivianum
21. Aphyocharacidium melandetum
22. Aphyocharax agassizii
23. Aphyocharax alburnus Goldencrown tetra
24. Aphyocharax anisitsi Bloodfin tetra
25. Aphyocharax colifax
26. Aphyocharax dentatus
27. Aphyocharax erythrurus Flametail tetra
28. Aphyocharax gracilis
29. Aphyocharax nattereri
30. Aphyocharax paraguayensis
31. Aphyocharax pusillus
32. Aphyocharax rathbuni Redflank bloodfin
33. Aphyocharax yekwanae
34. Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus
203
35. Aphyodite grammica
36. Argopleura chocoensis
37. Argopleura conventus
38. Argopleura diquensis
39. Argopleura magdalenensis
40. Astyanacinus goyanensis
41. Astyanacinus moorii
42. Astyanacinus multidens
43. Astyanacinus platensis
44. Astyanax abramis
45. Astyanax aeneus Banded tetra
46. Astyanax ajuricaba
47. Astyanax alburnus
48. Astyanax altior Yucatan tetra
49. Astyanax altiparanae
50. Astyanax angustifrons
51. Astyanax anterior
52. Astyanax aramburui
53. Astyanax argyrimarginatus
54. Astyanax armandoi Penjamo tetra
55. Astyanax asuncionensis
56. Astyanax atratoensis
57. Astyanax bimaculatus Twospot astyanax
58. Astyanax biotae
59. Astyanax bockmanni
60. Astyanax bourgeti
61. Astyanax brachypterygium
62. Astyanax brevirhinus
63. Astyanax burgerai
64. Astyanax caucanus
65. Astyanax chaparae
66. Astyanax chico
67. Astyanax clavitaeniatus
68. Astyanax cocibolca
69. Astyanax cordovae
70. Astyanax correntinus
71. Astyanax cremnobates
72. Astyanax daguae
73. Astyanax depressirostris
74. Astyanax dnophos
75. Astyanax eigenmanniorum
76. Astyanax elachylepis
77. Astyanax endy
78. Astyanax epiagos
79. Astyanax erythropterus
80. Astyanax fasciatus Banded astyanax
81. Astyanax fasslii
82. Astyanax festae
83. Astyanax filiferus
84. Astyanax gisleni
85. Astyanax giton
86. Astyanax goyacensis
87. Astyanax gracilior
88. Astyanax guaporensis
89. Astyanax guianensis
204
90. Astyanax gymnogenys
91. Astyanax hastatus
92. Astyanax henseli
93. Astyanax hermosus
94. Astyanax integer
95. Astyanax intermedius
96. Astyanax ita
97. Astyanax jacobinae Piaba
98. Astyanax jacuhiensis
99. Astyanax janeiroensis
100. Astyanax jenynsii
101. Astyanax jordanensis
102. Astyanax jordani
103. Astyanax kennedyi
104. Astyanax kompi
105. Astyanax kullanderi
106. Astyanax lacustris
107. Astyanax latens
108. Astyanax laticeps
109. Astyanax leonidas
110. Astyanax leopoldi
111. Astyanax lineatus
112. Astyanax longior
113. Astyanax maculisquamis
114. Astyanax magdalenae
115. Astyanax marionae
116. Astyanax maximus
117. Astyanax megaspilura
118. Astyanax mexicanus Mexican tetra
119. Astyanax microlepis
120. Astyanax microschemos
121. Astyanax multidens
122. Astyanax mutator
123. Astyanax myersi
124. Astyanax nasutus
125. Astyanax nicaraguensis
126. Astyanax obscurus
127. Astyanax ojiara
128. Astyanax orbignyanus
129. Astyanax orthodus
130. Astyanax pampa
131. Astyanax paraguayensis
132. Astyanax parahybae
133. Astyanax paranae
134. Astyanax paranahybae
135. Astyanax paris
136. Astyanax pedri
137. Astyanax pelecus
138. Astyanax pellegrini
139. Astyanax poetzschkei
140. Astyanax puka
141. Astyanax pynandi
142. Astyanax ribeirae
143. Astyanax rivularis
144. Astyanax robustus
205
145. Astyanax ruberrimus
146. Astyanax rupununi
147. Astyanax saguazu
148. Astyanax saltor
149. Astyanax scabripinnis
150. Astyanax schubarti
151. Astyanax scintillans
152. Astyanax siapae
153. Astyanax stenohalinus
154. Astyanax stilbe
155. Astyanax superbus
156. Astyanax symmetricus
157. Astyanax taeniatus
158. Astyanax totae
159. Astyanax trierythropterus
160. Astyanax troya
161. Astyanax tumbayaensis
162. Astyanax tupi
163. Astyanax turmalinensis
164. Astyanax unitaeniatus
165. Astyanax utiariti
166. Astyanax validus
167. Astyanax varzeae
168. Astyanax venezuelae
169. Astyanax vermilion
170. Astyanax villwocki
171. Astyanax xavante
172. Atopomesus pachyodus
173. Attonitus bounites
174. Attonitus ephimeros
175. Attonitus irisae
176. Aulixidens eugeniae
177. Axelrodia lindeae
178. Axelrodia riesei Ruby tetra
179. Axelrodia stigmatias
180. Bario steindachneri
181. Boehlkea fredcochui Cochu's blue tetra
182. Brachychalcinus copei
183. Brachychalcinus nummus
184. Brachychalcinus orbicularis Discus tetra
185. Brachychalcinus parnaibae
186. Brachychalcinus retrospina
187. Bramocharax baileyi
188. Bramocharax bransfordii
189. Bramocharax caballeroi Catemaco characin
190. Bramocharax dorioni
191. Brittanichthys axelrodi
192. Brittanichthys myersi
193. Brycon alburnus
194. Brycon amazonicus
195. Brycon argenteus
196. Brycon atrocaudatus
197. Brycon behreae
198. Brycon bicolor
199. Brycon cephalus
206
200. Brycon chagrensis
201. Brycon coquenani
202. Brycon coxeyi
203. Brycon dentex
204. Brycon devillei
205. Brycon falcatus
206. Brycon ferox
207. Brycon fowleri
208. Brycon gouldingi
209. Brycon guatemalensis Machaca
210. Brycon henni
211. Brycon hilarii
212. Brycon insignis Tiete tetra
213. Brycon labiatus
214. Brycon medemi
215. Brycon meeki
216. Brycon melanopterus
217. Brycon moorei Dorada
218. Brycon nattereri
219. Brycon obscurus
220. Brycon oligolepis
221. Brycon opalinus
222. Brycon orbignyanus
223. Brycon orthotaenia
224. Brycon pesu Mourning tetra
225. Brycon petrosus
226. Brycon polylepis
227. Brycon posadae
228. Brycon rubricauda
229. Brycon sinuensis
230. Brycon stolzmanni
231. Brycon striatulus
232. Brycon unicolor
233. Brycon vermelha
234. Brycon whitei
235. Bryconacidnus ellisi
236. Bryconacidnus hemigrammus
237. Bryconacidnus paipayensis
238. Bryconadenos tanaothoros
239. Bryconadenos weitzmani
240. Bryconamericus agna
241. Bryconamericus alfredae
242. Bryconamericus alpha
243. Bryconamericus andresoi
244. Bryconamericus arilepis
245. Bryconamericus bayano
246. Bryconamericus beta
247. Bryconamericus bolivianus
248. Bryconamericus brevirostris
249. Bryconamericus carlosi
250. Bryconamericus caucanus
251. Bryconamericus charalae
252. Bryconamericus cinarucoense
253. Bryconamericus cismontanus
254. Bryconamericus cristiani
207
255. Bryconamericus dahli
256. Bryconamericus deuterodonoides
257. Bryconamericus diaphanus
258. Bryconamericus ecai
259. Bryconamericus eigenmanni
260. Bryconamericus emperador
261. Bryconamericus exodon
262. Bryconamericus foncensis
263. Bryconamericus galvisi
264. Bryconamericus gonzalezi
265. Bryconamericus grosvenori
266. Bryconamericus guaytarae
267. Bryconamericus guizae
268. Bryconamericus guyanensis
269. Bryconamericus huilae
270. Bryconamericus hyphesson
271. Bryconamericus hypopterus
272. Bryconamericus icelus
273. Bryconamericus ichoensis
274. Bryconamericus iheringii
275. Bryconamericus ikaa
276. Bryconamericus lambari
277. Bryconamericus lassorum
278. Bryconamericus loisae
279. Bryconamericus macrophthalmus
280. Bryconamericus megalepis
281. Bryconamericus mennii
282. Bryconamericus microcephalus
283. Bryconamericus miraensis
284. Bryconamericus motatanensis
285. Bryconamericus multiradiatus
286. Bryconamericus novae
287. Bryconamericus orinocoense
288. Bryconamericus ornaticeps
289. Bryconamericus osgoodi
290. Bryconamericus pachacuti
291. Bryconamericus patriciae
292. Bryconamericus pectinatus
293. Bryconamericus peruanus
294. Bryconamericus phoenicopterus
295. Bryconamericus plutarcoi
296. Bryconamericus pyahu
297. Bryconamericus rubropictus
298. Bryconamericus scleroparius
299. Bryconamericus simus
300. Bryconamericus singularis
301. Bryconamericus stramineus
302. Bryconamericus subtilisform
303. Bryconamericus sylvicola
304. Bryconamericus tenuis
305. Bryconamericus ternetzi
306. Bryconamericus terrabensis
307. Bryconamericus thomasi
308. Bryconamericus tolimae
309. Bryconamericus turiuba
208
310. Bryconamericus uporas
311. Bryconamericus yokiae
312. Bryconamericus ytu
313. Bryconamericus zeteki
314. Bryconella pallidifrons
315. Bryconexodon juruenae
316. Bryconexodon trombetasi
317. Bryconops affinis Orangefin tetra
318. Bryconops alburnoides
319. Bryconops caudomaculatus Tailspot tetra
320. Bryconops colanegra
321. Bryconops colaroja
322. Bryconops collettei
323. Bryconops cyrtogaster
324. Bryconops disruptus
325. Bryconops durbini
326. Bryconops giacopinii
327. Bryconops gracilis
328. Bryconops humeralis
329. Bryconops imitator
330. Bryconops inpai
321. Bryconops magoi
322. Bryconops melanurus
323. Bryconops transitoria
324. Bryconops vibex
325. Caiapobrycon tucurui
326. Carlana eigenmanni
327. Carlastyanax aurocaudatus
328. Catoprion mento Wimple piranha
329. Ceratobranchia binghami
330. Ceratobranchia delotaenia
331. Ceratobranchia elatior
332. Ceratobranchia joanae
333. Ceratobranchia obtusirostris
334. Chalceus epakros
335. Chalceus erythrurus Tucan fish
336. Chalceus fasciatus
337. Chalceus guaporensis
338. Chalceus latus
339. Chalceus macrolepidotus Pinktail chalceus
340. Chalceus spilogyros
341. Chalceus taeniatus
342. Charax apurensis
343. Charax caudimaculatus
344. Charax condei
345. Charax gibbosus Glass headstander
346. Charax hemigrammus
347. Charax leticiae
348. Charax macrolepis
349. Charax metae
350. Charax michaeli
351. Charax niger
352. Charax notulatus
353. Charax pauciradiatus
354. Charax rupununi
209
355. Charax stenopterus
356. Charax tectifer
357. Charax unimaculatus
358. Cheirodon australe
359. Cheirodon galusdai
360. Cheirodon ibicuhiensis
361. Cheirodon interruptus Uruguay tetra
362. Cheirodon jaguaribensis
363. Cheirodon kiliani
364. Cheirodon luelingi
365. Cheirodon ortegai
366. Cheirodon parahybae
367. Cheirodon pisciculus
368. Cheirodontops geayi
369. Chilobrycon deuterodon
370. Chrysobrycon hesperus
371. Chrysobrycon myersi
372. Clupeacharax anchoveoides
373. Colossoma macropomum Cachama
374. Compsura gorgonae
375. Compsura heterura
376. Coptobrycon bilineatus
377. Corynopoma riisei Swordtail characin
378. Creagrutus affinis
379. Creagrutus amoenus
380. Creagrutus anary
381. Creagrutus atratus
382. Creagrutus atrisignum
383. Creagrutus barrigai
384. Creagrutus beni Goldstripe characin
385. Creagrutus bolivari
386. Creagrutus brevipinnis
387. Creagrutus britskii
388. Creagrutus calai
389. Creagrutus caucanus
380. Creagrutus changae
381. Creagrutus cochui
382. Creagrutus cracentis
383. Creagrutus crenatus
384. Creagrutus ephippiatus
385. Creagrutus figueiredoi
386. Creagrutus flavescens
387. Creagrutus gephyrus
388. Creagrutus gracilis
389. Creagrutus guanes
390. Creagrutus gyrospilus
391. Creagrutus hildebrandi
392. Creagrutus holmi
393. Creagrutus hysginus
394. Creagrutus ignotus
395. Creagrutus kunturus
396. Creagrutus lassoi
397. Creagrutus lepidus
398. Creagrutus machadoi
399. Creagrutus maculosus
210
400. Creagrutus magdalenae
401. Creagrutus magoi
402. Creagrutus manu
403. Creagrutus maracaiboensis
404. Creagrutus maxillaris
405. Creagrutus melanzonus
406. Creagrutus melasma
407. Creagrutus menezesi
408. Creagrutus meridionalis
409. Creagrutus molinus
410. Creagrutus mucipu
411. Creagrutus muelleri
412. Creagrutus nigrostigmatus
413. Creagrutus occidaneus
414. Creagrutus ortegai
415. Creagrutus ouranonastes
416. Creagrutus paraguayensis
417. Creagrutus paralacus
418. Creagrutus pearsoni
419. Creagrutus peruanus
420. Creagrutus petilus
421. Creagrutus phasma
422. Creagrutus pila
423. Creagrutus planquettei
424. Creagrutus provenzanoi
425. Creagrutus runa
426. Creagrutus saxatilis
427. Creagrutus seductus
428. Creagrutus taphorni
429. Creagrutus tuyuka
430. Creagrutus ungulus
431. Creagrutus varii
432. Creagrutus veruina
433. Creagrutus vexillapinnus
434. Creagrutus xiphos
435. Creagrutus yanatili
436. Creagrutus zephyrus
437. Ctenobrycon alleni
438. Ctenobrycon hauxwellianus
439. Ctenobrycon multiradiatus
440. Ctenobrycon spilurus Silver tetra
441. Cyanocharax alegretensis
442. Cyanocharax dicropotamicus
443. Cyanocharax itaimbe
444. Cyanocharax lepiclastus
445. Cyanocharax tipiaia
446. Cyanocharax uruguayensis
447. Cynopotamus amazonum
448. Cynopotamus argenteus
449. Cynopotamus atratoensis
450. Cynopotamus bipunctatus
451. Cynopotamus essequibensis
452. Cynopotamus gouldingi
453. Cynopotamus juruenae
454. Cynopotamus kincaidi
211
455. Cynopotamus magdalenae
456. Cynopotamus tocantinensis
457. Cynopotamus venezuelae
458. Cynopotamus xinguano
459. Dectobrycon armeniacus
460. Deuterodon iguape
461. Deuterodon langei
462. Deuterodon longirostris
463. Deuterodon parahybae
464. Deuterodon potaroensis
465. Deuterodon rosae
466. Deuterodon singularis
467. Deuterodon stigmaturus
468. Deuterodon supparis
469. Diapoma speculiferum
470. Diapoma terofali
471. Engraulisoma taeniatum
472. Exodon paradoxus Bucktooth tetra
473. Galeocharax gulo
474. Galeocharax humeralis
475. Galeocharax knerii
476. Genycharax tarpon
477. Gephyrocharax atracaudatus
478. Gephyrocharax caucanus
479. Gephyrocharax chaparae
480. Gephyrocharax chocoensis
481. Gephyrocharax intermedius
482. Gephyrocharax major
483. Gephyrocharax martae
484. Gephyrocharax melanocheir
485. Gephyrocharax sinuensis
486. Gephyrocharax valencia
487. Gephyrocharax venezuelae
488. Gephyrocharax whaleri
489. Glandulocauda caerulea
490. Glandulocauda melanopleura
491. Gnathocharax steindachneri
492. Grundulus bogotensis
493. Grundulus cochae
494. Grundulus quitoensis
495. Gymnocharacinus bergii Naked characin
496. Gymnocorymbus bondi
497. Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Black tetra
498. Gymnocorymbus thayeri False black tetra
499. Gymnotichthys hildae
500. Hasemania crenuchoides
501. Hasemania hanseni
502. Hasemania kalunga
503. Hasemania maxillaris
504. Hasemania melanura Copper tetra
505. Hasemania nambiquara
506. Hasemania nana Silvertip tetra
507. Hasemania piatan
508. Hemibrycon beni
509. Hemibrycon boquiae
212
510. Hemibrycon brevispini
511. Hemibrycon cairoense
512. Hemibrycon carrilloi
513. Hemibrycon colombianus
514. Hemibrycon dariensis
515. Hemibrycon decurrens
516. Hemibrycon dentatus
517. Hemibrycon divisorensis
518. Hemibrycon guppyi
519. Hemibrycon helleri
520. Hemibrycon huambonicus
521. Hemibrycon jabonero
522. Hemibrycon jelskii
523. Hemibrycon metae
524. Hemibrycon microformaa
525. Hemibrycon orcesi
526. Hemibrycon paez
527. Hemibrycon pautensis
528. Hemibrycon polyodon
529. Hemibrycon quindos
530. Hemibrycon rafaelense
531. Hemibrycon raqueliae
532. Hemibrycon santamartae
533. Hemibrycon surinamensis
534. Hemibrycon taeniurus Mountain stream sardine
535. Hemibrycon tridens Jumping tetra
536. Hemibrycon velox
537. Hemibrycon virolinica
538. Hemibrycon yacopiae
539. Hemigrammus aereus
540. Hemigrammus analis
541. Hemigrammus arua
542. Hemigrammus barrigonae
543. Hemigrammus bellottii
544. Hemigrammus bleheri Firehead tetra
545. Hemigrammus boesemani
546. Hemigrammus brevis
547. Hemigrammus coeruleus
548. Hemigrammus cupreus
549. Hemigrammus cylindricus
550. Hemigrammus elegans
551. Hemigrammus erythrozonus Glowlight tetra
552. Hemigrammus geisleri
553. Hemigrammus gracilis
554. Hemigrammus guyanensis
555. Hemigrammus haraldi
556. Hemigrammus hyanuary January tetra
557. Hemigrammus iota
558. Hemigrammus levis
559. Hemigrammus luelingi
560. Hemigrammus lunatus
561. Hemigrammus mahnerti
562. Hemigrammus marginatus
563. Hemigrammus matei
564. Hemigrammus maxillaris
213
565. Hemigrammus megaceps
566. Hemigrammus melanochrous
567. Hemigrammus micropterus
568. Hemigrammus microstomus
569. Hemigrammus mimus
570. Hemigrammus neptunus
571. Hemigrammus newboldi
572. Hemigrammus ocellifer Head-and-taillight tetra
573. Hemigrammus ora
574. Hemigrammus orthus
575. Hemigrammus parana
576. Hemigrammus pretoensis
577. Hemigrammus pulcher Garnet tetra
578. Hemigrammus rhodostomus Rummy-nose tetra
579. Hemigrammus rodwayi
580. Hemigrammus schmardae
581. Hemigrammus silimoni
582. Hemigrammus skolioplatus
583. Hemigrammus stictus
584. Hemigrammus taphorni
585. Hemigrammus tridens
586. Hemigrammus ulreyi
587. Hemigrammus unilineatus Featherfin tetra
588. Hemigrammus vorderwinkleri
589. Henochilus wheatlandii
590. Heterocharax leptogrammus
591. Heterocharax macrolepis
592. Heterocharax virgulatus
593. Heterocheirodon jacuiensis
594. Heterocheirodon yatai
595. Hollandichthys multifasciatus
596. Hoplocharax goethei
597. Hyphessobrycon agulha
598. Hyphessobrycon albolineatum
599. Hyphessobrycon amandae Ember tetra
600. Hyphessobrycon amapaensis
601. Hyphessobrycon anisitsi Buenos Aires tetra
602. Hyphessobrycon arianae
603. Hyphessobrycon auca
604. Hyphessobrycon axelrodi Calypso tetra
605. Hyphessobrycon balbus
606. Hyphessobrycon bentosi Ornate tetra
607. Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Yellow tetra
608. Hyphessobrycon borealis
609. Hyphessobrycon boulengeri
610. Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis
611. Hyphessobrycon catableptus
612. Hyphessobrycon coelestinus
613. Hyphessobrycon columbianus
614. Hyphessobrycon compressus Mayan tetra
615. Hyphessobrycon condotensis
616. Hyphessobrycon copelandi
617. Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia
618. Hyphessobrycon diancistrus
619. Hyphessobrycon duragenys
214
620. Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis
621. Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis
622. Hyphessobrycon eilyos
623. Hyphessobrycon elachys
624. Hyphessobrycon eos Dawn tetra
625. Hyphessobrycon epicharis
626. Hyphessobrycon eques Jewel tetra
627. Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma Bleeding-heart tetra
628. Hyphessobrycon fernandezi
629. Hyphessobrycon flammeus Flame tetra
630. Hyphessobrycon frankei
631. Hyphessobrycon georgettae
632. Hyphessobrycon gracilior
633. Hyphessobrycon griemi Goldspotted tetra
634. Hyphessobrycon guarani
635. Hyphessobrycon hamatus
636. Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi
637. Hyphessobrycon hasemani
638. Hyphessobrycon heliacus
639. Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi Black neon tetra
640. Hyphessobrycon heteresthes
641. Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus Flag tetra
642. Hyphessobrycon hexastichos
643. Hyphessobrycon hildae
644. Hyphessobrycon igneus
645. Hyphessobrycon iheringi
646. Hyphessobrycon inconstans
647. Hyphessobrycon isiri
648. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis
649. Hyphessobrycon khardinae
650. Hyphessobrycon langeanii
651. Hyphessobrycon latus
652. Hyphessobrycon loretoensis Loreto tetra
653. Hyphessobrycon loweae
654. Hyphessobrycon luetkenii
655. Hyphessobrycon maculicauda
656. Hyphessobrycon megalopterus Black phantom tetra
657. Hyphessobrycon melanostichos
658. Hyphessobrycon melasemeion
659. Hyphessobrycon melazonatus
660. Hyphessobrycon meridionalis
661. Hyphessobrycon metae
662. Hyphessobrycon micropterus
663. Hyphessobrycon milleri
664. Hyphessobrycon minimus
665. Hyphessobrycon minor
666. Hyphessobrycon moniliger
667. Hyphessobrycon mutabilis
668. Hyphessobrycon negodagua
669. Hyphessobrycon nicolasi
670. Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus
671. Hyphessobrycon notidanos
672. Hyphessobrycon ocasoensis
673. Hyphessobrycon oritoensis
674. Hyphessobrycon otrynus
215
675. Hyphessobrycon panamensis
676. Hyphessobrycon pando Pando tetra
677. Hyphessobrycon parvellus
678. Hyphessobrycon paucilepis
679. Hyphessobrycon peruvianus Peruvian tetra
680. Hyphessobrycon piabinhas
681. Hyphessobrycon poecilioides
682. Hyphessobrycon procerus
683. Hyphessobrycon proteus
684. Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Lemon tetra
685. Hyphessobrycon pyrrhonotus
686. Hyphessobrycon pytai
687. Hyphessobrycon reticulatus
688. Hyphessobrycon robustulus
689. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Rosy tetra
690. Hyphessobrycon roseus
691. Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus
692. Hyphessobrycon saizi
693. Hyphessobrycon santae
694. Hyphessobrycon savagei
695. Hyphessobrycon schauenseei
696. Hyphessobrycon scholzei Blackline tetra
697. Hyphessobrycon scutulatus
698. Hyphessobrycon sebastiani
699. Hyphessobrycon simulatus
700. Hyphessobrycon socolofi Spotfin tetra
701. Hyphessobrycon sovichthys
702. Hyphessobrycon stegemanni Savanna tetra
703. Hyphessobrycon stramineus
704. Hyphessobrycon sweglesi Red phantom tetra
705. Hyphessobrycon takasei Coffee-bean tetra
706. Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus
707. Hyphessobrycon tenuis
708. Hyphessobrycon togoi
709. Hyphessobrycon tortuguerae
710. Hyphessobrycon tropis
711. Hyphessobrycon tukunai
712. Hyphessobrycon tuyensis
713. Hyphessobrycon uruguayensis
714. Hyphessobrycon vilmae
715. Hyphessobrycon vinaceus
716. Hyphessobrycon wajat
717. Hyphessobrycon weitzmanorum
718. Hyphessobrycon werneri
719. Hypobrycon leptorhynchus
720. Hypobrycon maromba
721. Hypobrycon poi
722. Hysteronotus megalostomus
723. Iguanodectes adujai
724. Iguanodectes geisleri
725. Iguanodectes gracilis
726. Iguanodectes polylepis
727. Iguanodectes purusii
728. Iguanodectes rachovii
729. Iguanodectes spilurus
216
730. Iguanodectes variatus
731. Inpaichthys kerri Royal tetra
732. Iotabrycon praecox
733. Jupiaba abramoides
734. Jupiaba acanthogaster
735. Jupiaba anteroides
736. Jupiaba apenima
737. Jupiaba asymmetrica
738. Jupiaba atypindi
739. Jupiaba citrina
740. Jupiaba elassonaktis
741. Jupiaba essequibensis
742. Jupiaba iasy
743. Jupiaba keithi
744. Jupiaba kurua
745. Jupiaba maroniensis
746. Jupiaba meunieri
747. Jupiaba minor
748. Jupiaba mucronata
749. Jupiaba ocellata
750. Jupiaba paranatinga
751. Jupiaba pinnata
752. Jupiaba pirana
753. Jupiaba poekotero
754. Jupiaba polylepis
755. Jupiaba poranga
756. Jupiaba potaroensis
757. Jupiaba scologaster
758. Jupiaba yarina
759. Jupiaba zonata
760. Knodus borki
761. Knodus breviceps
762. Knodus caquetae
763. Knodus chapadae
764. Knodus delta
765. Knodus gamma
766. Knodus geryi
767. Knodus heteresthes
768. Knodus longus
769. Knodus megalops
770. Knodus meridae
771. Knodus mizquae
772. Knodus moenkhausii
773. Knodus orteguasae
774. Knodus pasco
775. Knodus savannensis
776. Knodus septentrionalis
777. Knodus shinahota
778. Knodus smithi
779. Knodus tiquiensis
780. Knodus victoriae
781. Kolpotocheirodon figueiredoi
782. Kolpotocheirodon theloura
783. Landonia latidens
784. Leptagoniates pi
217
785. Leptagoniates steindachneri
786. Leptobrycon jatuaranae
787. Lignobrycon myersi
788. Lobodeuterodon euspilurus
789. Lonchogenys ilisha
790. Lophiobrycon weitzmani
791. Macropsobrycon uruguayanae
792. Macropsobrycon xinguensis
793. Markiana geayi
794. Markiana nigripinnis
795. Metynnis altidorsalis
796. Metynnis argenteus
797. Metynnis cuiaba
798. Metynnis fasciatus
799. Metynnis guaporensis
800. Metynnis hypsauchen Silver dollar
801. Metynnis lippincottianus
802. Metynnis longipinnis Silverdollar
803. Metynnis luna
804. Metynnis maculatus Spotted metynnis
805. Metynnis mola
806. Metynnis orinocensis
807. Metynnis otuquensis
808. Metynnis polystictus Silverdollar
809. Microgenys lativirgata
810. Microgenys minuta
811. Microgenys weyrauchi
812. Microschemobrycon callops
813. Microschemobrycon casiquiare
814. Microschemobrycon elongatus
815. Microschemobrycon geisleri
816. Microschemobrycon guaporensis
817. Microschemobrycon melanotus
818. Microschemobrycon meyburgi
819. Mimagoniates barberi
820. Mimagoniates inequalis Croaking tetra
821. Mimagoniates lateralis
822. Mimagoniates microlepis Blue tetra
823. Mimagoniates pulcher
824. Mimagoniates rheocharis
825. Mimagoniates sylvicola
826. Mixobrycon ribeiroi
827. Moenkhausia affinis
828. Moenkhausia agnesae
829. Moenkhausia atahualpiana
830. Moenkhausia barbouri
831. Moenkhausia bonita
832. Moenkhausia browni
833. Moenkhausia ceros
834. Moenkhausia chrysargyrea
835. Moenkhausia collettii
836. Moenkhausia comma
837. Moenkhausia copei
838. Moenkhausia cosmops
839. Moenkhausia costae
218
840. Moenkhausia cotinho
841. Moenkhausia crisnejas
842. Moenkhausia diamantina
843. Moenkhausia dichroura Bandtail tetra
844. Moenkhausia diktyota
845. Moenkhausia doceana
846. Moenkhausia dorsinuda
847. Moenkhausia eigenmanni
848. Moenkhausia forestii
849. Moenkhausia georgiae
850. Moenkhausia gracilima
851. Moenkhausia grandisquamis
852. Moenkhausia hasemani
853. Moenkhausia heikoi
854. Moenkhausia hemigrammoides
855. Moenkhausia hysterosticta
856. Moenkhausia inrai
857. Moenkhausia intermedia
858. Moenkhausia jamesi
859. Moenkhausia justae
860. Moenkhausia lata
861. Moenkhausia latissima
862. Moenkhausia lepidura
863. Moenkhausia levidorsa
864. Moenkhausia lopesi
865. Moenkhausia loweae
866. Moenkhausia margitae
867. Moenkhausia megalops
868. Moenkhausia melogramma
869. Moenkhausia metae
870. Moenkhausia miangi
871. Moenkhausia moisae
872. Moenkhausia naponis
873. Moenkhausia newtoni
874. Moenkhausia nigromarginata
875. Moenkhausia oligolepis Glass tetra
876. Moenkhausia orteguasae
877. Moenkhausia ovalis
878. Moenkhausia pankilopteryx
879. Moenkhausia petymbuaba
880. Moenkhausia phaeonota
881. Moenkhausia pirauba
882. Moenkhausia pittieri Diamond tetra
883. Moenkhausia pyrophthalma
884. Moenkhausia rara
885. Moenkhausia robertsi
886. Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae Redeye tetra
887. Moenkhausia shideleri
888. Moenkhausia simulata
889. Moenkhausia surinamensis
890. Moenkhausia takasei Black-jacket tetra
891. Moenkhausia tergimacula
892. Moenkhausia tridentata
893. Moenkhausia xinguensis
894. Monotocheirodon pearsoni
219
895. Mylesinus paraschomburgkii
896. Mylesinus paucisquamatus
897. Mylesinus schomburgkii
898. Myleus altipinnis
899. Myleus arnoldi
900. Myleus asterias
901. Myleus knerii
902. Myleus latus
903. Myleus levis
904. Myleus lobatus
905. Myleus micans
906. Myleus pacu
907. Myleus rhomboidalis
908. Myleus schomburgkii Disk tetra
909. Myleus setiger
910. Myleus ternetzi
911. Myleus tiete
912. Myleus torquatus
913. Myloplus planquettei
914. Myloplus rubripinnis Redhook myleus
915. Mylossoma acanthogaster
916. Mylossoma aureum
917. Mylossoma duriventre
918. Myxiops aphos
919. Nanocheirodon insignis
920. Nantis indefessus
921. Nematobrycon lacortei Rainbow tetra
922. Nematobrycon palmeri Emperor tetra
923. Nematocharax venustus
924. Odontostilbe dialeptura
925. Odontostilbe dierythrura
926. Odontostilbe ecuadorensis
927. Odontostilbe fugitiva
928. Odontostilbe gracilis
929. Odontostilbe littoris
930. Odontostilbe microcephala
931. Odontostilbe mitoptera
932. Odontostilbe nareuda
933. Odontostilbe pao
934. Odontostilbe paraguayensis
935. Odontostilbe parecis
936. Odontostilbe pequira
937. Odontostilbe pulchra
938. Odontostilbe roloffi
939. Odontostilbe splendida
940. Odontostilbe stenodon
941. Odontostoechus lethostigmus
942. Oligobrycon microstomus
943. Oligosarcus acutirostris
944. Oligosarcus argenteus
945. Oligosarcus bolivianus
946. Oligosarcus brevioris
947. Oligosarcus hepsetus
948. Oligosarcus jenynsii
949. Oligosarcus longirostris
220
950. Oligosarcus macrolepis
951. Oligosarcus menezesi
952. Oligosarcus oligolepis
953. Oligosarcus paranensis
954. Oligosarcus perdido
955. Oligosarcus pintoi
956. Oligosarcus planaltinae
957. Oligosarcus robustus
958. Oligosarcus schindleri
959. Oligosarcus solitarius
960. Orthospinus franciscensis
961. Ossubtus xinguense
962. Othonocheirodus eigenmanni
963. Oxybrycon parvulus
964. Paracheirodon axelrodi Cardinal tetra
965. Paracheirodon innesi Neon tetra
966. Paracheirodon simulans Green neon tetra
967. Paragoniates alburnus
968. Parapristella aubynei
969. Parapristella georgiae
970. Parastremma album
971. Parastremma pulchrum
972. Parastremma sadina
973. Parecbasis cyclolepis
974. Petitella georgiae False rummynose tetra
975. Phallobrycon adenacanthus
976. Phenacobrycon henni
977. Phenacogaster apletostigma
978. Phenacogaster beni
979. Phenacogaster calverti
980. Phenacogaster capitulatus
981. Phenacogaster carteri
982. Phenacogaster franciscoensis
983. Phenacogaster jancupa
984. Phenacogaster maculoblongus
985. Phenacogaster megalostictus
986. Phenacogaster microstictus
987. Phenacogaster napoatilis
988. Phenacogaster ojitatus
989. Phenacogaster pectinatus
990. Phenacogaster prolatus
991. Phenacogaster retropinnus
992. Phenacogaster simulatus
993. Phenacogaster suborbitalis
994. Phenacogaster tegatus
995. Phenacogaster wayampi
996. Phenacogaster wayana
997. Phenagoniates macrolepis
998. Piabarchus analis
999. Piabarchus torrenticola
1000. Piabina anhembi
1001. Piabina argentea
1002. Piabucus caudomaculatus
1003. Piabucus dentatus
1004. Piabucus melanostoma
221
1005. Piaractus brachypomus Pirapatinga
1006. Piaractus mesopotamicus Pacu
1007. Planaltina britskii
1008. Planaltina glandipedis
1009. Planaltina myersi
1010. Poptella brevispina
1011. Poptella compressa
1012. Poptella longipinnis
1013. Poptella paraguayensis
1014. Priocharax ariel
1015. Priocharax pygmaeus
1016. Prionobrama filigera Glass bloodfin
1017. Prionobrama paraguayensis
1018. Pristella maxillaris X-ray tetra
1019. Pristobrycon aureus
1020. Pristobrycon calmoni
1021. Pristobrycon careospinus
1022. Pristobrycon maculipinnis
1023. Pristobrycon striolatus
1024. Probolodus heterostomus
1025. Prodontocharax alleni
1026. Prodontocharax howesi
1027. Prodontocharax melanotus
1028. Psalidodon gymnodontus
1029. Psellogrammus kennedyi
1030. Pseudochalceus bohlkei
1031. Pseudochalceus kyburzi
1032. Pseudochalceus lineatus
1033. Pseudochalceus longianalis
1034. Pseudocheirodon arnoldi
1035. Pseudocheirodon terrabae
1036. Pseudocorynopoma doriae Dragonfin tetra
1037. Pseudocorynopoma heterandria
1038. Pterobrycon landoni
1039. Pterobrycon myrnae Semaphore tetra
1040. Ptychocharax rhyacophila
1041. Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha
1042. Pygocentrus nattereri Red piranha
1043. Pygocentrus palometa
1044. Pygocentrus piraya San Francisco piranha
1045. Pygopristis denticulata Lobetoothed piranha
1046. Rachoviscus crassiceps
1047. Rachoviscus graciliceps
1048. Rhinobrycon negrensis
1049. Rhinopetitia myersi
1050. Rhoadsia altipinna
1051. Rhoadsia minor
1052. Roeboexodon geryi
1053. Roeboexodon guyanensis
1054. Roeboides affinis
1055. Roeboides araguaito
1056. Roeboides biserialis
1057. Roeboides bouchellei Crystal tetra
1058. Roeboides carti
1059. Roeboides dayi
222
1060. Roeboides descalvadensis
1061. Roeboides dientonito
1062. Roeboides dispar
1063. Roeboides guatemalensis Guatemalan headstander
1064. Roeboides ilseae
1065. Roeboides margareteae
1066. Roeboides microlepis
1067. Roeboides myersii
1068. Roeboides numerosus
1069. Roeboides occidentalis
1070. Roeboides oligistos
1071. Roeboides paranensis Parana scale-eating characin
1072. Roeboides prognathus
1073. Roeboides sazimai
1074. Roeboides thurni
1075. Roeboides xenodon
1076. Saccoderma hastata
1077. Saccoderma melanostigma
1078. Saccoderma robusta
1079. Salminus affinis
1080. Salminus brasiliensis Dorado
1081. Salminus franciscanus
1082. Salminus hilarii
1083. Schultzites axelrodi
1084. Scissor macrocephalus
1085. Scopaeocharax atopodus
1086. Scopaeocharax rhinodus
1087. Serrabrycon magoi
1088. Serrapinnus calliurus
1089. Serrapinnus heterodon
1090. Serrapinnus kriegi
1091. Serrapinnus microdon
1092. Serrapinnus micropterus
1093. Serrapinnus notomelas
1094. Serrapinnus piaba
1095. Serrasalmo emarginatus
1096. Serrasalmo scotopterus
1097. Serrasalmo stagnatilis
1098. Serrasalmo undulatus
1099. Serrasalmus altispinis
1100. Serrasalmus altuvei
1101. Serrasalmus brandtii White piranha
1102. Serrasalmus compressus
1103. Serrasalmus eigenmanni
1104. Serrasalmus elongatus Slender piranha
1105. Serrasalmus geryi
1106. Serrasalmus gibbus
1107. Serrasalmus gouldingi
1108. Serrasalmus hastatus
1109. Serrasalmus hollandi
1110. Serrasalmus humeralis Pirambeba
1111. Serrasalmus irritans
1112. Serrasalmus maculatus
1113. Serrasalmus manueli
1114. Serrasalmus marginatus
223
1115. Serrasalmus medinai
1116. Serrasalmus nalseni
1117. Serrasalmus neveriensis
1118. Serrasalmus nigricans
1119. Serrasalmus rhombeus Redeye piranha
1120. Serrasalmus sanchezi
1121. Serrasalmus serrulatus
1122. Serrasalmus spilopleura Speckled piranha
1123. Spintherobolus ankoseion
1124. Spintherobolus broccae
1125. Spintherobolus leptoura
1126. Spintherobolus papilliferus
1127. Stethaprion crenatum
1128. Stethaprion erythrops
1129. Stichonodon insignis
1130. Stygichthys typhlops Blind tetra
1131. Tetragonopterus argenteus
1132. Tetragonopterus chalceus
1133. Tetragonopterus lemniscatus
1134. Thayeria boehlkei Blackline penguinfish
1135. Thayeria ifati
1136. Thayeria obliqua Penguinfish
1137. Thrissobrycon pectinifer
1138. Tometes lebaili
1139. Tometes makue
1140. Tometes trilobatus
1141. Triportheus albus
1142. Triportheus angulatus
1143. Triportheus auritus
1144. Triportheus brachipomus
1145. Triportheus culter
1146. Triportheus curtus
1147. Triportheus elongatus Elongate hatchetfish
1148. Triportheus guentheri
1149. Triportheus magdalenae
1150. Triportheus nematurus
1151. Triportheus orinocensis
1152. Triportheus pantanensis
1153. Triportheus paranensis Tetra
1154. Triportheus pictus
1155. Triportheus rotundatus
1156. Triportheus signatus
1157. Triportheus trifurcatus
1158. Triportheus venezuelensis
1159. Tucanoichthys tucano
1160. Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus
1161. Tyttobrycon hamatus
1162. Tyttobrycon spinosus
1163. Tyttobrycon xeruini
1164. Tyttocharax cochui
1165. Tyttocharax madeirae Blackedge tetra
1166. Tyttocharax tambopatensis
1167. Utiaritichthys longidorsalis
1168. Utiaritichthys sennaebragai
1169. Xenagoniates bondi
224
1170. Xenurobrycon coracoralinae
1171. Xenurobrycon heterodon
1172. Xenurobrycon macropus
1173. Xenurobrycon polyancistrus
1174. Xenurobrycon pteropus
225
Family Chilodontidae
(Headstanders)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : The single series of relatively small teeth movably attached to the lips
of the upper jaw and in most species to the lower jaw together with a
sixth lateral-line scale distinctly smaller than the other scales in that
series serve to separate the Chilodontidae from other members of the
Characiformes. The Chilodontidae is also distinguished within the
Characiformes by a series of derived features in a number of body
systems discussed by Vari (1983) and Vari et al. (1995). Chilodus was
revised by Isbrücker and Nijssen (1988) and Vari and Ortega (1997)
and Caenotropus by Vari et al. (1995). Phylogenetic relationships
within Caenotropus and the phylogenetic biogeography of the
Chilodontidae were discussed by Vari et al. (1995). The species of this
family are broadly distributed east of the Andean Cordilleras in both
the Río Orinoco and rio Amazonas basins, the series of independent
rivers draining the Atlantic slope of the Guianas, and the rio Paraíba
basin of northeastern Brazil. Chilodontids have been collected in a
diversity of water types. Some species (e.g., Caenotropus
mestomormatus, C. maculosus) apparently live solely in black waters
(Vari et al., 1995: 16. fig. 11; Vari and Ortega, 1997: 76) whereas
others (Chilodus frittilus, Vari and Ortega, 1997:76) occur in black,
white, and clear waters. Caenotropus labyrinthicus feeds on
autochothonus invertebrates, detritus, and freshwater sponges and
reproduces in May (Goulding et al., 1988:141, 146, 148; Vari et al.,
1995: 23; Ferreira et al., 1988:344). Recent reviews of components of
the Chilodontidae by Isbrücker and Nijssen (1988), Vari et al. (1995),
and Vari and Ortega (1997) each described one new species, for a
total of seven in the family, but it is not expected that many more
species await discovery. Species of Chilodus are exported from various
locations for the aquarium trade in which they are known as
headstanders.
226
1. Caenotropus labyrinthicus
2. Caenotropus maculosus
3. Caenotropus mestomorgmatos
4. Caenotropus schizodon
5. Chilodus fritillus
6. Chilodus gracilis
7. Chilodus punctatus Spotted headstander
8. Chilodus zunevei
227
Family Citharinidae
(Lutefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa. Deep body shape; dorsal and anal fins relativeli
long; maxilla reduced and lacking teeth; scales cycloid in Citharinus);
pelvic fin rays relatively numerous. Suggested new common name for
this family from Ref. 58418. The subfamily Distichodontinae was raised
at the family level in Nelson between 1994 to 2006 editions.

1. Citharidium ansorgii
2. Citharinops distichodoides distichodoides
3. Citharinops distichodoides thomasi
4. Citharinus citharus citharus Moon fish
5. Citharinus citharus intermedius
6. Citharinus congicus
7. Citharinus eburneensis
8. Citharinus gibbosus
9. Citharinus latus
10. Citharinus macrolepis
228
Family Crenuchidae
(South American darters)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Eastern Panama and South America. Paired foramina in the frontal
bones, posterodorsally to the orbits (pronouced in Crenuchinae but
very small. Usually under 10 cm SL. 2 subfamilies, formerly under
Characidae: - Crenuchinae (2g., 3 spp.). - Characidiinae (10g., 71
spp.).

1. Ammocryptocharax elegans
2. Ammocryptocharax lateralis
3. Ammocryptocharax minutus
4. Ammocryptocharax vintonae
5. Characidium alipioi
6. Characidium bahiense
7. Characidium bimaculatum
8. Characidium boavistae
9. Characidium boehlkei
10. Characidium bolivianum
11. Characidium borellii
12. Characidium brevirostre
13. Characidium caucanum
14. Characidium chupa
15. Characidium crandellii
16. Characidium declivirostre
17. Characidium etheostoma
18. Characidium etzeli
19. Characidium fasciatum Darter characin
20. Characidium gomesi
21. Characidium grajahuensis
22. Characidium hasemani
23. Characidium heinianum
24. Characidium heirmostigmata
25. Characidium interruptum
26. Characidium japuhybense
27. Characidium lagosantense
28. Characidium lanei
29. Characidium laterale
30. Characidium lauroi
31. Characidium longum
32. Characidium macrolepidotum
33. Characidium marshi
34. Characidium nupelia
229
35. Characidium occidentale
36. Characidium oiticicai
37. Characidium orientale
38. Characidium pellucidum
39. Characidium phoxocephalum
40. Characidium pteroides
41. Characidium pterostictum
42. Characidium purpuratum
43. Characidium rachovii
44. Characidium roesseli
45. Characidium sanctjohanni
46. Characidium schindleri
47. Characidium schubarti
48. Characidium serrano
49. Characidium steindachneri
50. Characidium stigmosum
51. Characidium tenue
52. Characidium timbuiense
53. Characidium vestigipinne
54. Characidium vidali
55. Characidium xanthopterum
56. Characidium xavante
57. Characidium zebra
58. Crenuchus spilurus Sailfin tetra
59. Elachocharax geryi
60. Elachocharax junki
61. Elachocharax mitopterus
62. Elachocharax pulcher
63. Geryichthys sterbai
64. Klausewitzia ritae
65. Leptocharacidium omospilus
66. Melanocharacidium auroradiatum
67. Melanocharacidium blennioides
68. Melanocharacidium compressus
69. Melanocharacidium depressum
70. Melanocharacidium dispilomma
71. Melanocharacidium melanopteron
72. Melanocharacidium nigrum
73. Melanocharacidium pectorale
74. Melanocharacidium rex
75. Microcharacidium eleotrioides
76. Microcharacidium geryi
77. Microcharacidium gnomus
78. Microcharacidium weitzmani
79. Odontocharacidium aphanes Green dwarf tetra
80. Poecilocharax bovalii
81. Poecilocharax weitzmani Black morpho tetra
82. Skiotocharax meizon
230
Family Ctenoluciidae
(Pike-characids)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : The attenuate body, elongate jaws bearing numerous relatively small
teeth with posteriorly recurved teeth arranged in a single row in each
jaw, and the posteriorly positioned dorsal and anal fins are features
which in combination serve to unequivocally separate the
Ctenoluciidae from other members of the Characiformes. The
Ctenoluciidae is also distinguished within the Characiformes by a series
of derived features discussed by Vari (1995). Members of the family
range from moderate sized species (e.g., Ctenolucius hujeta; largest
examined specimen 22.8 cm SL) to among the largest of New World
characiforms (Boulengerella cuvieri; largest examined specimen 67.5
cm SL). The taxonomy, morphology, phylogenetics, and biogeography
of the family were discussed by Vari (1995). Ctenoluciids are
distributed though the lowlands and lower elevation uplands to both
sides of the Andean Cordilleras. Ctenolucius ranges from the Pacific
Ocean slope rivers of western Panama, though the river systems of
northwestern and northern Colombia, to the eastern tributaries of the
Lago Maracaibo basin in northwestern Venezuela. Boulengerella is
widely distributed in the Río Orinoco, Rio Amazonas, and Rio Tocantins
basins and the shorter coastal rivers of Guyana, French Guiana
(Guyane), and the Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará. According to
Breder (1925:144), Miles (1941:65) and Dahl (1971:106) Ctenolucius
species are predators in calm waters with immature specimens
gathering together in schools and adults being solitary hunters.
Boulengerella species are all predators, apparently feeding exclusively
on fishes as adults (Goulding et al., 1988: 135, 139, 140, 144, 173).
Breeding behavior of B. cuvieri was discussed by Mendes dos Santos
et al. (1984:24) and Vazzoler and Menezes (1992:632) discussed
sexual maturation and breeding season of that species. The recent
study of the family by Vari (1995) revealed only one species new to
science and it is not expected that many more species await discovery.
Members of the Ctenoluciidae are important as high-level predators
231
(Smith, 1981:22) and are exploited in both subsistence and
commercial food fishes (Mendes dos Santos et al., 1984) and for
export in the aquarium fish trade (Castro, 1986:3).

1. Boulengerella cuvieri
2. Boulengerella lateristriga Striped pike-characin
3. Boulengerella lucius Golden pike-characin
4. Boulengerella maculata Spotted pike-characin
5. Boulengerella xyrekes
6. Ctenolucius beani
7. Ctenolucius hujeta Gar characin
232
Family Curimatidae
(Toothless characins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Southern Central America and South America. Large sac-
like muscular epibranchial organ that extends dorsal to the medial
elements of the dorsal portions of the gill arches; reduction or loss of
dentition on the fifth upper pharyngeal tooth plate and loss on the
ceratobranchial. Generally detritivorous. Maximum length 45 cm.
Suggested new common name for this family from Ref. 58418.
CLOFFSCA Distinguished from all other Characiformes by the
combination of the total absence in adults of dentition in either jaw (a
feature present elsewhere among characiforms only in Anodus of the
family Hemiodontidae) and a series of internal synapomorphies in
multiple body systems (see Vari (1989: 52) for a summary). The
species of the Curimatidae are broadly distributed across southern
Central America and much of tropical and subtemperate South
America. Members of the family occur in the Trans-Andean Pacific
Ocean drainages from southwestern Costa Rica (Bussing, 1988: 127)
to northwestern Peru (Vari, 1989: 17). Curimatids inhabit the Trans-
Andean Carribean versant drainages from the Atrato River of
northwestern Colombia (Vari, 1991:38) to the western drainages of
the Lago Maracaibo basin in northwestern Venezuela (Vari, 1984: 25).
East of the Andean Cordilleras, curimatids occupy most river basins
from the Río Orinoco system to slightly south of Buenos Aires,
Argentina, being most speciose in the Amazon and Orinoco basins,
with less diverse assemblages of species inhabiting the coastal rivers
of the Guianas, the rio Sno Francisco basin, and various of the shorter
rivers from northeastern Brazil to Uruguay (Vari, 1989). Externally the
fishes of this family range from fusiform to deep bodied, slab-sided
fishes (Vari, 1989: figs. 1-2), but with most species of intermediate
body form. Internally these fishes demonstrate numerous
modifications of various body systems, most notably the gill arches
(Vari, 1989). Members of the family demonstrate a nearly ten fold
range in standard lengths, with the largest know adult males of
233
Curimatopsis evelynae achieving approximately 3.3 cm SL (Vari,
1982:26) and the largest reported specimens of Curimata mivartii
being over 32.0 cm SL (Dahl, 1971: 105). Many species travel in large
schools (Mendez dos Santos, 1984: 28-29) that often constitute a
major portion of the fish biomass in both riverine and lacustrine
habitats. They have a number of modifications of the mouth, gill-
arches, and digestive tract which allow them to efficiently utilize the
flocculent organic mater, microdetritus, microvegetation, and
filamentous algae that are common in those habitats across the
Neotropics (Carvalho, 1984: Nomura and Hayashi, 1980; Nomura and
Taveira, 1979). Some members of the family are known to engage in
mass spawning migrations (Godoy, 1975: 581). The questions of the
relationships of the Curimatidae to other characiforms and of the
generic-level intrarelationships within the family were dealt with by
Vari (1983, 1989). The species level taxonomy, phylogeny, and
biogeography of the Curimatidae has been examined in a series of
revisionary studies (Curimata (Vari, 1989; Vari and Reis, 1995);
Curimatella (Vari, 1992); Curimatopsis (Vari, 1982, 1982);
Cyphocharax (Vari, 1992; Vari and Blackledge, 1996) Potamorhina
(Vari, 1984); Psectrogaster (Vari, 1989); Pseudocurimata (Vari, 1989);
and Steindachnerina (Vari, 1991, 1993; Vari and Williams Vari, 1989).
These publications placed a number of species into synonymy, but also
resulted in the description of numerous species new to science.
Several as of yet undescribed species are known to researchers and it
is expected that additional species await discovery. In the course of
their annual mass migrations various species of this family are
exploited in commercial and subsistence fisheries from Colombia
(Dahl, 1971: 105) through Venezuela (Mago-Leccia, 1970: 31) into the
Amazon (Goulding, 1981:60) and elsewhere in South America (Lowe-
McConnell, 1975). These fishes are also important as food items for
large, commercially important, predatory fish species.

1. Curimata acutirostris
2. Curimata aspera
3. Curimata cerasina
4. Curimata cisandina
5. Curimata cyprinoides
6. Curimata incompta
7. Curimata inornata
8. Curimata knerii
234
9. Curimata macrops
10. Curimata mivartii
11. Curimata ocellata
12. Curimata roseni
13. Curimata vittata
14. Curimatella alburna
15. Curimatella dorsalis
16. Curimatella immaculata
17. Curimatella lepidura
18. Curimatella meyeri
19. Curimatopsis crypticus
20. Curimatopsis evelynae Spottail curimata
21. Curimatopsis macrolepis Shinyscaled curimata
22. Curimatopsis microlepis
23. Curimatopsis myersi
24. Cyphocharax abramoides
25. Cyphocharax aspilos
26. Cyphocharax derhami
27. Cyphocharax festivus
28. Cyphocharax gangamon
29. Cyphocharax gilbert
30. Cyphocharax gillii
31. Cyphocharax gouldingi
32. Cyphocharax helleri
33. Cyphocharax laticlavius
34. Cyphocharax leucostictus
35. Cyphocharax magdalenae
36. Cyphocharax meniscaprorus
37. Cyphocharax mestomyllon
38. Cyphocharax microcephalus
39. Cyphocharax modestus
40. Cyphocharax multilineatus
41. Cyphocharax nagelii
42. Cyphocharax nigripinnis
43. Cyphocharax notatus
44. Cyphocharax oenas
45. Cyphocharax pantostictos
46. Cyphocharax platanus
47. Cyphocharax plumbeus
48. Cyphocharax punctatus
49. Cyphocharax saladensis Rosy curimata
50. Cyphocharax santacatarinae
51. Cyphocharax signatus
52. Cyphocharax spilotus
53. Cyphocharax spiluropsis
54. Cyphocharax spilurus
55. Cyphocharax stilbolepis
56. Cyphocharax vanderi
57. Cyphocharax vexillapinnus
58. Cyphocharax voga
59. Potamorhina altamazonica
60. Potamorhina laticeps
61. Potamorhina latior
62. Potamorhina pristigaster
63. Potamorhina squamoralevis
235
64. Psectrogaster amazonica
65. Psectrogaster ciliata
66. Psectrogaster curviventris
67. Psectrogaster essequibensis
68. Psectrogaster falcata
69. Psectrogaster rhomboides
70. Psectrogaster rutiloides
71. Psectrogaster saguiru
72. Pseudocurimata boehlkei
73. Pseudocurimata boulengeri
74. Pseudocurimata lineopunctata
75. Pseudocurimata patiae
76. Pseudocurimata peruana
77. Pseudocurimata troschelii
78. Steindachnerina amazonica
79. Steindachnerina argentea Stout sardine
80. Steindachnerina atratoensis
81. Steindachnerina bimaculata
82. Steindachnerina binotata
83. Steindachnerina biornata
84. Steindachnerina brevipinna
85. Steindachnerina conspersa
86. Steindachnerina corumbae
87. Steindachnerina dobula
88. Steindachnerina elegans
89. Steindachnerina fasciata
90. Steindachnerina gracilis
91. Steindachnerina guentheri
92. Steindachnerina hypostoma
93. Steindachnerina insculpta
94. Steindachnerina leucisca
95. Steindachnerina notograptos
96. Steindachnerina notonota
97. Steindachnerina planiventris
98. Steindachnerina pupula
99. Steindachnerina quasimodoi
100. Steindachnerina varii
236
Family Cynodontidae
(Dogtooth characins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Fishes of the family Cynodontidae comprise a group of very distinctive

Neotropical characiforms easily recognizable by their oblique mouth,
well developed dentary canines, and relatively expanded pectoral fins.
The group is not very diverse with 13 species currently recognized and
grouped under two subfamilies: the Cynodontinae and the Roestinae
(Lucena & Menezes, 1998). The Cynodontinae is represented by the
largest members of the family with some of its species reaching up to
65 cm in length and possessing maximum development of dentary
canines among cynodontids. The subfamily has been the subject of
recent taxonomic and phylogenetic investigation by Toledo-Piza,
(2000) and Toledo-Piza et al. (1999) with three genera being
recognized: Cynodon with 3 species, hypothesized as the sister group
to the monotypic Rhaphiodon, and this clade being the sister group to
Hydrolycus with 4 species. The Roestinae includes species that reach a
maximum length of 20 cm and are represented by Roestes with 3
species and Gilbertolus with two (Menezes & Lucena, 1998). The
majority of cynodontid species occur in the Rio Amazonas and Río
Orinoco basins, and in the rivers of the Atlantic slopes of the Guianas.
Rhaphiodon vulpinus is the only Cynodontidae that ranges southward
to the Paraná-Paraguay and Uruguay basins, and Gilbertolus occurs in
the transandean drainages of the Río Atrato, Río Magdalena, and Lago
Maracaibo basins of Colombia and Venezuela. Fossil cynodontids are
represented by dentary canines originated in Miocene deposits from
the La Venta fauna, located in the present Río Magdalena valley of
Western Colombia, in the Anta Formation at Quebrada de la Yesera,
Salta, and near the city of Paraná, Entre Ríos the latter two localities in
Argentina (Lundberg, 1997; Cione & Casciotta, 1995, 1997). Most of
what is known about the habits and biology of the Cynodontidae refers
to members of the Cynodontinae. They live in mid- and surface waters
of rivers, lakes, and flooded forests in all water types, are predatory
fishes, mainly piscivorous, using their dentary canines to stab prey
237
(Arendt 1997; Goulding, 1980). Although not much valued as food,
some species may have some importance in subsistence commercial
fisheries (Mendes dos Santos et al., 1984; and Taphorn, 1992).
Hydrolycus is a sport species having been recently added to the
International Game Fish Association in the fly and rod class
(International Game Fish Association, 1995). The ecology of roestine
species is poorly known. They are also much less common in museum
collections when compared to cynodontines.

1. Cynodon gibbus
2. Cynodon meionactis
3. Cynodon septenarius
4. Gilbertolus alatus
5. Gilbertolus atratoensis
6. Gilbertolus maracaiboensis
7. Hydrolycus armatus
8. Hydrolycus scomberoides Payara
9. Hydrolycus tatauaia
10. Hydrolycus wallacei
11. Rhaphiodon vulpinus Biara
12. Roestes itupiranga
13. Roestes molossus
14. Roestes ogilviei
238
Family Distichodontidae
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa. Two different groups: one includes micropredators

and herbivorous species with non-protractile jaws and variable body
shape occuring from shallow to deep waters. the other one
(sometimes referred to as Ichthyboridae) includes carnivorous species
(on fins or entire fishes) with movable upper jaw and elongated body
shapespecies.

1. Belonophago hutsebouti
2. Belonophago tinanti
3. Congocharax gossei
4. Congocharax olbrechtsi
5. Congocharax spilotaenia
6. Distichodus affinis Silver distichodus
7. Distichodus altus
8. Distichodus antonii
9. Distichodus atroventralis
10. Distichodus brevipinnis
11. Distichodus decemmaculatus
12. Distichodus engycephalus Perch
13. Distichodus fasciolatus Sharktail distichodus
14. Distichodus hypostomatus
15. Distichodus kolleri
16. Distichodus langi
17. Distichodus lusosso Longsnout distichodus
18. Distichodus maculatus Spotted citharinid
19. Distichodus mossambicus Nkupe
20. Distichodus niloticus
21. Distichodus noboli
22. Distichodus notospilus
23. Distichodus petersii
24. Distichodus rostratus Grass-eater
25. Distichodus rufigiensis
26. Distichodus schenga Chessa
27. Distichodus sexfasciatus Sixbar distichodus
28. Distichodus teugelsi
29. Dundocharax bidentatus
30. Eugnathichthys eetveldii
31. Eugnathichthys macroterolepis
32. Hemigrammocharax angolensis
33. Hemigrammocharax lineostriatus
34. Hemigrammocharax machadoi Dwarf citharine
239
35. Hemigrammocharax minutus
36. Hemigrammocharax monardi
37. Hemigrammocharax multifasciatus Multibar citharine
38. Hemigrammocharax ocellicauda
39. Hemigrammocharax uniocellatus
40. Hemigrammocharax wittei
41. Hemistichodus lootensi
42. Hemistichodus mesmaekersi
43. Hemistichodus vaillanti
44. Ichthyborus besse besse
45. Ichthyborus besse congolensis
46. Ichthyborus monodi
47. Ichthyborus ornatus
48. Ichthyborus quadrilineatus
49. Mesoborus crocodilus
50. Microstomatichthyoborus bashforddeani
51. Microstomatichthyoborus katangae
52. Nannaethiops bleheri
53. Nannaethiops unitaeniatus Oneline tetra
54. Nannocharax altus
55. Nannocharax ansorgii
56. Nannocharax brevis
57. Nannocharax elongatus
58. Nannocharax fasciatus
59. Nannocharax fasciolaris
60. Nannocharax gracilis
61. Nannocharax hollyi
62. Nannocharax intermedius
63. Nannocharax latifasciatus
64. Nannocharax lineomaculatus
65. Nannocharax luapulae
66. Nannocharax macropterus Broad-barred citharine
67. Nannocharax maculicauda
68. Nannocharax micros
69. Nannocharax niloticus
70. Nannocharax occidentalis
71. Nannocharax ogoensis
72. Nannocharax parvus
73. Nannocharax procatopus
74. Nannocharax pteron
75. Nannocharax reidi
76. Nannocharax rubrolabiatus
77. Nannocharax schoutedeni
78. Nannocharax seyboldi
79. Nannocharax taenia
80. Nannocharax usongo
81. Nannocharax zebra
82. Neolebias ansorgii
83. Neolebias axelrodi
84. Neolebias gracilis
85. Neolebias kerguennae
86. Neolebias lozii Banded neolebias
87. Neolebias philippei
88. Neolebias powelli
89. Neolebias trewavasae
240
90. Neolebias trilineatus Threeline tetra
91. Neolebias unifasciatus
92. Paradistichodus dimidiatus
93. Paraphago rostratus
94. Phago boulengeri
95. Phago intermedius
96. Phago loricatus African pike-characin
97. Xenocharax spilurus
241
Family Erythrinidae
(Trahiras)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species of this family occurs in South America. Body cylindrical. Gape
reaching beyond anterior margin of orbit. Branchiostegal rays 5.
Pectoral fin rays 9-14. Dorsal fin rays 8-15 and 3 vestigial rays. Dorsal
fin origin anterior to anal fin and usually above pelvic fins. Anal fin rays
10-12. No adipose fin. Rounded caudal fin. Relatively large scales.
Lateral line with 32-47 scales. Palatine teeth numerous. Some
predaceous. Some capable of air-breathing and moving to other ponds
by land. Nest-builders. About 1 m maximum length attained in Hoplias
macrophthalmus of the Guianas.

1. Erythrinus erythrinus
2. Erythrinus kessleri
3. Hoplerythrinus cinereus
4. Hoplerythrinus gronovii
5. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus Aimara
6. Hoplias aimara
7. Hoplias australis
8. Hoplias brasiliensis
9. Hoplias curupira
10. Hoplias lacerdae
11. Hoplias macrophthalmus Giant trahira
12. Hoplias malabaricus Trahira
13. Hoplias microcephalus
14. Hoplias microlepis
15. Hoplias patana
16. Hoplias teres
242
Family Gasteropelecidae
(Freshwater hatchetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Fishes of the family Gasteropelecidae have the following

characteristics: Frontal bone longitudinally corrugated, bearing a
strong longitudinal ridge. Posttemporal and supracleithrum are fused
into a single bone. The pelvic fins and associated bones are minute.
They have an enlarged, strongly convex muscular pectoral girdle
region, consisting of greatly expanded coracoids fused to a single fan-
shaped and corrugated median bone. Their lateral line extends
ventroposteriorly to approach the anterior termination of the anal fin,
or they have 0 to 2 or 3 scales behind head and one or a very few
scales on tail-fin base. Dorsal fin has 10 to 17 rays. Anal fin has 22 to
44 rays. An adipose fin is present in the larger species, but absent in
the smaller species. All are capable of jumping relatively long or high
distances by use of their modified, elongate pectoral fin rays and
heavily-muscled, enlarged pectoral girdle. See Wiest, 1995 and
Weitzman and Palmer, 1996 for discussions of their jumping abilities.
Freshwater hatchetfish are found in Panama and all countries of South
America except Chile. The family consists of three genera and nine
species, ranging in standard length from 21.5 - 68 mm. Central
America contains only one species, Gasteropelecus maculatus. South
America contains species in three genera: Carnegiella, Gasteropelecus,
and Thoracocharax. The species of the genera Gasteropelecus and
Thoracocharax occur in open waters of larger rivers and streams and
lakes, whereas species of Carnegiella occur in small creeks and
streams (personal observations). Morphology and function of some of
the smaller members of this family have been well studied (Weitzman,
1954 and Wiest, 1995), but the larger species, especially in
Thoracocharax, have not been subject to such investigations. Most
species probably have been described; however species problems
associated with comparisons of population samples from different
localities may reveal some new species. Members of this family are
commercially collected for the aquarium trade.
243
1. Carnegiella marthae Blackwing hatchetfish
2. Carnegiella myersi Pygmy hatchetfish
3. Carnegiella schereri Dwarf hatchetfish
4. Carnegiella strigata Marbled hatchetfish
5. Gasteropelecus levis Silver hatchetfish
6. Gasteropelecus maculatus Spotted hatchetfish
7. Gasteropelecus sternicla River hatchetfish
8. Thoracocharax securis Giant hatchetfish
9. Thoracocharax stellatus Spotfin hatchetfish
244
Family Hemiodontidae
(Halftooths)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Members of the family Hemiodontidae are distributed in South

America. Mouth inferior in varying degrees. Lower jaw small and
toothless in most species.

1. Anodus elongatus
2. Anodus orinocensis
3. Argonectes longiceps
4. Argonectes robertsi
5. Bivibranchia bimaculata
6. Bivibranchia fowleri
7. Bivibranchia notata
8. Bivibranchia simulata
9. Bivibranchia velox
10. Hemiodus amazonum
11. Hemiodus argenteus
12. Hemiodus atranalis
13. Hemiodus goeldii
14. Hemiodus gracilis
15. Hemiodus huraulti
16. Hemiodus immaculatus
17. Hemiodus jatuarana
18. Hemiodus microlepis
19. Hemiodus orthonops
20. Hemiodus parnaguae
21. Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Barred hemiodus
22. Hemiodus semitaeniatus Halfline hemiodus
23. Hemiodus sterni
24. Hemiodus ternetzi
25. Hemiodus thayeria
26. Hemiodus tocantinensis
27. Hemiodus unimaculatus
28. Hemiodus vorderwinkleri
29. Micromischodus sugillatus
245
Family Hepsetidae
(African pikes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa. Body elongate and pikelike. Snout long.
Mouth large. Teeth as few large canines and smaller pointed ones.
Dorsal fin rays 9. Anal fin with 11 rays, inserted behind dorsal fin.
Scales cycloid; 49-60 along lateral line. Attains 30 cm maximum
length. Eggs nested in floating foam. Considered a gamefish.

1. Hepsetus odoe Kafue pike
246
Family Lebiasinidae
(Pencilfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : There is no recent review of this family. There are 56 described

species in two subfamilies and six genera, with several species yet to
be described. In size they range from miniatures, Nannostomus
anduzei and Pyrrhulina vittata, to medium sizes to 150 mm SL in the
Lebiasininae. All species have a rather elongate, cylindrical body shape
with fairly large scales, 18 to 35 in a longitudinal series. The
laterosensory canal system on the body is reduced, to seven scales, or
absent. An adipose fin may be present or absent. The anal fin is short-
based with up to 13 rays and the males of most species have well
developed anal fins specialized for courtship and breeding. The
frontal/parietal fontanel is always absent, the cheek is well covered by
the orbital and opercular bones, there is no supraoccipital crest and
the scales of the dorsal body begin over the parietal bones. In his
study of the phylogenetic relationships of the family Ctenoluciidae, Vari
(1995: 35-36) included comments on the monophyly of the
Lebiasinidae and listed three characters taken from Weitzman (1964)
that he considered to be synapomorphies for the family: 1) absence of
the supraorbital bone, 2) lack of a metapterygoid-quadrate fenestra,
and 3) reduction of the laterosensory canal system on the body.
Members of this family are found in Central America in Costa Rica and
Panama and in all countries of South America except Chile. Most
species are found in quiet clear or black water streams from sea level
to about 250 meters elevation, always in fresh water. Some species of
the Lebiasininae occur in much higher elevations, to over 1000 meters.
Many of the species in the Pyrrhulininae, especially the pencilfishes,
Nannnostomus, are important aquarium fishes.

1. Copeina guttata Redspotted tetra
2. Copeina osgoodi
3. Copella arnoldi Splash tetra
4. Copella carsevennensis
247
5. Copella compta
6. Copella eigenmanni
7. Copella meinkeni
8. Copella metae
9. Copella nattereri Spotted tetra
10. Copella nigrofasciata
11. Copella vilmae Rainbow copella
12. Derhamia hoffmannorum
13. Lebiasina bimaculata Twospot lebiasina
14. Lebiasina chucuriensis
15. Lebiasina colombia
16. Lebiasina floridablancaensis
17. Lebiasina intermedia
18. Lebiasina multimaculata
19. Lebiasina narinensis
20. Lebiasina ortegai
21. Lebiasina provenzanoi
22. Lebiasina uruyensis
23. Lebiasina yuruaniensis
24. Nannostomus anduzei
25. Nannostomus beckfordi Golden pencilfish
26. Nannostomus bifasciatus Whiteside pencilfish
27. Nannostomus britskii Spotstripe pencilfish
28. Nannostomus digrammus Twostripe pencilfish
29. Nannostomus eques Brown pencilfish
30. Nannostomus espei Barred pencilfish
31. Nannostomus harrisoni Blackstripe pencilfish
32. Nannostomus limatus Elegant pencilfish
33. Nannostomus marginatus
34. Nannostomus marilynae Greenstripe pencilfish
35. Nannostomus minimus Least pencilfish
36. Nannostomus mortenthaleri
37. Nannostomus nitidus Shining pencilfish
38. Nannostomus rubrocaudatus
39. Nannostomus trifasciatus Threestripe pencilfish
40. Nannostomus unifasciatus Oneline pencilfish
41. Piabucina astrigata
42. Piabucina aureoguttata
43. Piabucina boruca
44. Piabucina elongata
45. Piabucina erythrinoides
46. Piabucina festae
47. Piabucina panamensis
48. Piabucina pleurotaenia
49. Piabucina unitaeniata
50. Pyrrhulina australis
51. Pyrrhulina beni
52. Pyrrhulina brevis
53. Pyrrhulina eleanorae
54. Pyrrhulina elongata
55. Pyrrhulina filamentosa
56. Pyrrhulina laeta Halfbanded pyrrhulina
57. Pyrrhulina lugubris
58. Pyrrhulina macrolepis
59. Pyrrhulina maxima
248
60. Pyrrhulina melanostoma Blackmouth pyrrhulina
61. Pyrrhulina obermulleri
62. Pyrrhulina rachoviana Fanning pyrrhulina
63. Pyrrhulina semifasciata
64. Pyrrhulina spilota
65. Pyrrhulina stoli
66. Pyrrhulina vittata Banded pyrrhulina
67. Pyrrhulina zigzag
249
Family Parodontidae
(Scrapetooths)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: throughout South America and part of Panama, except in

some coastal basins, Patagonia and the Amazon channel. Fusiform
bodies, no fontanel and inferior mouth with a poorly developed, or
absent, upper lip. There are commonly four (rarely two) spatulate
premaxillary teeth, which have a straight or cusped cutting border.
Some species with dentary and maxillary teeth. Gill members are
joined and free of scally isthmus. Mostly do not exceed 15 cm in
length and are usually of no commercial importance.

1. Apareiodon affinis Darter characine
2. Apareiodon agmatos
3. Apareiodon argenteus
4. Apareiodon cavalcante
5. Apareiodon davisi
6. Apareiodon gransabana
7. Apareiodon hasemani
8. Apareiodon ibitiensis
9. Apareiodon itapicuruensis
10. Apareiodon machrisi
11. Apareiodon orinocensis
12. Apareiodon piracicabae
13. Apareiodon tigrinus
14. Apareiodon vittatus
15. Apareiodon vladii
16. Parodon apolinari
17. Parodon bifasciatus
18. Parodon buckleyi
19. Parodon caliensis
20. Parodon carrikeri
21. Parodon guyanensis
22. Parodon hilarii
23. Parodon moreirai
24. Parodon nasus
25. Parodon pongoensis Pongo characin
26. Parodon suborbitalis
27. Saccodon dariensis
28. Saccodon terminalis
29. Saccodon wagneri
250
Family Prochilodontidae
(Flannel-mouth characiforms)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Members of the family Prochilodontidae can be readily distinguished

from other fishes, except when larvae, by their fleshy lips equipped
with two series of numerous, relatively small, falciform or spatulate
teeth movably attached to the lips. Upon protraction these lips form an
oral disk encircled by teeth. The two tooth rows in each jaw are
variably separated from each other proximate to the symphysis, but
converge towards the lateral margins of each jaw. The members of
this family are moderate to large sized, robust fishes (reaching up to
74 cm TL in Prochilodus lineatus, Sverlij et al., 1993:36) with relatively
large scales, fleshy to very fleshy lips (particularly in Ichthyoelephas),
and pronounced stripes across the anal and caudal fins in
Semaprochilodus species, other than for very large individuals. The
dorsal fin is preceded by a procumbent spine which is either bifurcate
(Prochilodus and Semaprochilodus) or pointed (Ichthyoelephas)
anteriorly. Although the three genera are readily distinguished
externally, the external morphology of most species in each genus is
relatively constant and many species can be difficult to tell apart. The
species of this family are limited to South America and occur to the
west of the Andes in the Lago Maracaibo basin of Colombia and
Venezuela, the Carribean versant rivers of northwestern Colombia and
the Pacific slope rivers of northwestern and southwestern Ecuador.
East of the Andes, prochilodontids occur in the Río Orinoco, Rio
Amazon, Rio Tocantins, and Río de La Plata basins, the coastal rivers
of the Guianas, the Rio São Francisco and the other coastal rivers of
eastern Brazil, and the northern portions of the Lagoa dos Patos basin
of southern Brazil. They inhabit a diversity of habitats ranging from still
ox-bow lakes, through flowing major rivers, to moderately rapid
streams in piedmont regions and occur in black, clear, and white
water. All species of this family exploit detritus and aufwucks
(periphyton) on subaquatic surfaces (Araújo-Lima et al., 1986; Bowen,
1984; Bowen et al., 1984). The prevalence of these resources both in
251
permanent fresh waters (Flecker, 1996:1845) and the seasonally
flooded rain forest (Goulding et al., 1988:61-62, fig. 6.1) most
probably accounts for the prominence of these species in Neotropical
freshwaters (e.g., lower Río Parana basin where Prochilodus lineatus
accounts for over 60% of total ichthyomass; Bonetto, 1975, 1994). As
a consequence of their detritus feeding habits and large populations,
these species play a significant role in energy flow within the aquatic
systems which they inhabit (Jepsen et al., 1997:1085; Winemiller,
1996:303) and are functionally dominant in some aquatic ecosystems
(Flecker, 1996:1850). Species of the Prochilodontidae undertake
dramatic mass migrations associated with feeding and reproduction
(Goulding, 1981:100-104; Ribeiro and Petrere, 1990:200), with some
individuals traveling minimally nearly 1500 km between their mark and
recapture (Sverlij et al., 1993:28) with daily movements of up to 43
km (de Godoy, 1975:43). These species are famous for their ability to
overcome obstacles encountered during migrations by strenuous
swimming and dramatic leaps of several meters (Goulding, 1981:103;
Patiño R, 1973:81). The species-level taxonomy of the
Prochilodontidae has long been pervaded by uncertainty (Mago-Leccia,
1972:35) as a consequence of various factors intrinsic (overall
similarity of different species) and extrinsic (e.g., uninformative
original descriptions and loss of type series) to the species. Mago-
Leccia (1972) reviewed the prochilodontid species that occur in
Venezuela. Subsequently, Castro (1988, 1993) described two
previously undescribed species. The taxonomy of all species of the
Prochilodontidae was evaluated in an unpublished thesis (Castro,
1990) and in a ongoing revisionary and phylogenetic analysis (Castro
and Vari, in prep.). The entries for the species in the following account
are derived from the information in those two studies. Based on our
results we expect that future research is unlikely to reveal many
additional undescribed species in the family. Members of the all genera
of the Prochilodontidae are very important in both commercial and
subsistence fishes across the range of the family. In the lower Rio
Negro of Brazil, over 90 percent of the commercial catch consists of
two Semaprochilodus species (Goulding et al., 1988:61) and
prochilodontids are becoming progressively more important in the
commercial fishes of the central portion of the Amazon basin (Ribeiro
and Petrere, 1990:196). Sverlij et al. (1993:51) report that Prochilodus
lineatus constitutes 40% of the total fishery in the Río Paraná, 86% of
252
the fishery in the Río de La Plata, and 95% of the fishery in the Río
Uruguay. Other prochilodontid species are similarly important in the
commercial and subsistence fisheries of Colombia (Dahl, 1971:xvi,
Sánchez, M. et al., 2000:218), Venezuela (Espinosa and Gimenez,
1974:1: Novoa R. et al., 1982:277), and other countries (Welcomme,
1979:200). The importance of the Prochilodontidae in commercial and
subsistence fisheries across the range of the family is also reflected in
the numerous studies involving the induced spawning and captive
rearing of members of the family (e.g., Antoniutti et al., 1995;
Bustamente-Varón et al, 1997; and references therein).

1. Ichthyoelephas humeralis
2. Ichthyoelephas longirostris
3. Prochilodus argenteus
4. Prochilodus brevis Brazilian bocachico
5. Prochilodus britskii
6. Prochilodus costatus
7. Prochilodus hartii
8. Prochilodus lacustris
9. Prochilodus lineatus Streaked prochilod
10. Prochilodus magdalenae
11. Prochilodus mariae
12. Prochilodus nigricans Black prochilodus
13. Prochilodus reticulatus Netted prochilod
14. Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus
15. Prochilodus vimboides
16. Semaprochilodus brama
17. Semaprochilodus insignis
18. Semaprochilodus kneri
19. Semaprochilodus laticeps
20. Semaprochilodus taeniurus Silver prochilodus
21. Semaprochilodus varii
253
ORDO CLUPEIFORMES
(Herrings)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Recessus lateralis present (part of the otophysic connection in which

various sensory canals merge within a chamber in the otic region of
the neurocranium, not known from any other group); parasphenoid
teeth absent; no large foramen on the anterior ceratohyal; parietals
separated by the supraoccipital; no leptocephalous larvae. Most are
plankton feeders, with long and sometimes very numerous gill rakers
that serve as straining devices.
254
Family Chirocentridae
(Wolf herring)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indian Ocean (West to South Africa and the Red Sea) and
western Pacific (Japan to New South Wales). Body elongate and
compressed. Jaws with fanglike teeth. Intestine with spiral valve. Gill
rakers 17-22. Pyloric caeca absent. Scales small. Dorsal fin rays 16-18.
Pectoral fin rays 13-15. Branchiostegal rays 6-8. Vertebrae 70-74.
Attains 3.6 m maximum length. Ravenous carnivores. Monotypic, but
some authors recognize one more species.

1. Chirocentrus dorab Dorab wolf-herring
2. Chirocentrus nudus Whitefin wolf-herring
255
Family Clupeidae
(Herrings, Shads, Sardines, Menhadens)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: global (mostly tropical) from 70° N to about 60° S. Chiefly
marine coastal and schooling fishes; some freshwater and
anadromous. Body usually fusiform, round to strongly compressed.
Head without scales; jaw teeth, when present, are small or minute. A
single dorsal fin, small and near midpoint of body; pelvic fins more or
less below dorsal fin base; dorsal and pelvic fins absent in some
species; soft rays only. Lateral line spanning a few scales behind the
head in some species, missing in others; scales cycloid (smooth to
touch); abdominal scutes usually present (a single pelvic scute in the
Dussumieriinae). Branchiostegal rays usually 5-10. Most feed on small
planktonic animals. Size range (adults): from 2 to 75 cm. One of the
most important family of commercial fishes, processed for food, oil, or
fish meal.

1. Alosa aestivalis Blueback shad
2. Alosa agone
3. Alosa alabamae Alabama shad
4. Alosa algeriensis
5. Alosa alosa Allis shad
6. Alosa braschnikowi Caspian marine shad
7. Alosa caspia caspia Caspian shad
8. Alosa caspia knipowitschi Enzeli shad
9. Alosa caspia persica Astrabad shad
10. Alosa chrysochloris Skipjack shad
11. Alosa fallax Twaite shad
12. Alosa immaculata Pontic shad
13. Alosa kessleri Caspian anadromous shad
14. Alosa killarnensis
15. Alosa macedonica Macedonia shad
16. Alosa maeotica Black sea shad
17. Alosa mediocris Hickory shad
18. Alosa pseudoharengus Alewife
19. Alosa sapidissima American shad
20. Alosa saposchnikowii Saposhnikovi shad
21. Alosa sphaerocephala Agrakhan shad
22. Alosa tanaica Azov shad
256
23. Alosa vistonica
24. Alosa volgensis
25. Amblygaster clupeoides Bleeker smoothbelly sardinella
26. Amblygaster leiogaster Smoothbelly sardinella
27. Amblygaster sirm Spotted sardinella
28. Anodontostoma chacunda Chacunda gizzard shad
29. Anodontostoma selangkat Indonesian gizzard shad
30. Anodontostoma thailandiae Thai gizzard shad
31. Brevoortia aurea Brazilian menhaden
32. Brevoortia gunteri Finescale menhaden
33. Brevoortia patronus Gulf menhaden
34. Brevoortia pectinata Argentine menhaden
35. Brevoortia smithi Yellowfin menhaden
36. Brevoortia tyrannus Atlantic menhaden
37. Caspialosa curensis Kura shad
38. Chirocentrodon bleekerianus Dogtooth herring
39. Clupanodon thrissa Chinese gizzard shad
40. Clupea harengus Atlantic herring
41. Clupea pallasii marisalbi White Sea herring
42. Clupea pallasii pallasii Pacific herring
43. Clupea pallasii suworowi Chosa herring
44. Clupeichthys aesarnensis Thai river sprat
45. Clupeichthys bleekeri Kapuas river sprat
46. Clupeichthys goniognathus Sumatran river sprat
47. Clupeichthys perakensis Perak river sprat
48. Clupeoides borneensis Borneo river sprat
49. Clupeoides hypselosoma Kalimantan river sprat
50. Clupeoides papuensis Papuan river sprat
51. Clupeoides venulosus West Irian river sprat
52. Clupeonella abrau abrau Abrau sprat
53. Clupeonella abrau muhlisi
54. Clupeonella caspia
55. Clupeonella cultriventris Black and Caspian Sea sprat
56. Clupeonella engrauliformis Anchovy sprat
57. Clupeonella grimmi Southern Caspian sprat
58. Clupeonella tscharchalensis
59. Congothrissa gossei Smoothbelly pellonuline
60. Corica laciniata Bangkok river sprat
61. Corica soborna Ganges river sprat
62. Dayella malabarica Day's round herring
63. Dorosoma anale Mexican river gizzard shad
64. Dorosoma cepedianum American gizzard shad
65. Dorosoma chavesi Nicaragua gizzard shad
66. Dorosoma petenense Threadfin shad
67. Dorosoma smithi Pacific gizzard shad
68. Dussumieria acuta Rainbow sardine
69. Dussumieria elopsoides Slender rainbow sardine
70. Ehirava fluviatilis Malabar sprat
71. Escualosa elongata Slender white sardine
72. Escualosa thoracata White sardine
73. Ethmalosa fimbriata Bonga shad
74. Ethmidium maculatum Pacific menhaden
75. Etrumeus micropus
76. Etrumeus teres Red-eye round herring
77. Etrumeus whiteheadi Whitehead's round herring
257
78. Gilchristella aestuaria Gilchrist's round herring
79. Gonialosa manmina Ganges river gizzard shad
80. Gonialosa modesta Burmese river gizzard shad
81. Gonialosa whiteheadi Southern Burmese river gizzard shad
82. Gudusia chapra Indian river shad
83. Gudusia variegata Burmese river shad
84. Harengula clupeola False herring
85. Harengula humeralis Redear herring
86. Harengula jaguana Scaled herring
87. Harengula thrissina Pacific flatiron herring
88. Herklotsichthys blackburni Blackburn's herring
89. Herklotsichthys castelnaui Castelnau's herring
90. Herklotsichthys collettei Collette's herring
91. Herklotsichthys dispilonotus Blacksaddle herring
92. Herklotsichthys gotoi Goto's herring
93. Herklotsichthys koningsbergeri Koningsberger's herring
94. Herklotsichthys lippa Australian spotted herring
95. Herklotsichthys lossei Gulf herring
96. Herklotsichthys ovalis
97. Herklotsichthys punctatus Spotback herring
98. Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus Bluestripe herring
99. Herklotsichthys spilurus Reunion herring
100. Hilsa kelee Kelee shad
101. Hyperlophus translucidus Transparent sandy sprat
102. Hyperlophus vittatus Sandy sprat
103. Jenkinsia lamprotaenia Dwarf round herring
104. Jenkinsia majua Little-eye round herring
105. Jenkinsia parvula Short-striped round herring
106. Jenkinsia stolifera Florida round herring
107. Konosirus punctatus Dotted gizzard shad
108. Laeviscutella dekimpei Roundbelly pellonuline
109. Lile gracilis Graceful piquitinga
110. Lile nigrofasciata Blackstripe herring
111. Lile piquitinga Atlantic piquitinga
112. Lile stolifera Pacific piquitinga
113. Limnothrissa miodon Lake Tanganyika sardine
114. Microthrissa congica Bigscale pellonuline
115. Microthrissa minuta Dungu sprat
116. Microthrissa moeruensis Lake Mweru sprat
117. Microthrissa royauxi Royal sprat
118. Microthrissa whiteheadi
119. Minyclupeoides dentibranchialus
120. Nannothrissa parva Lake Tumba dwarf sprat
121. Nannothrissa stewarti Mai-ndombe dwarf sprat
122. Nematalosa arabica Arabian gizzard shad
123. Nematalosa come Western Pacific gizzard shad
124. Nematalosa erebi Australian river gizzard shad
125. Nematalosa flyensis Fly river gizzard shad
126. Nematalosa galatheae Galathea gizzard shad
127. Nematalosa japonica Japanese gizzard shad
128. Nematalosa nasus Bloch's gizzard shad
129. Nematalosa papuensis Strickland river gizzard shad
130. Nematalosa persara
131. Nematalosa resticularia
132. Nematalosa vlaminghi Western Australian gizzard shad
258
133. Neoopisthopterus cubanus Cuban longfin herring
134. Neoopisthopterus tropicus Tropical longfin herring
135. Odaxothrissa ansorgii Ansorge fangtooth pellonuline
136. Odaxothrissa losera Losera fangtooth pellonuline
137. Odaxothrissa mento Nigerian fangtooth pellonuline
138. Odaxothrissa vittata Regan's fangtooth pellonuline
139. Odontognathus compressus Caribbean longfin herring
140. Odontognathus mucronatus Guiana longfin herring
141. Odontognathus panamensis Panama longfin herring
142. Opisthonema berlangai Galapagos thread herring
143. Opisthonema bulleri Slender thread herring
144. Opisthonema libertate Pacific thread herring
145. Opisthonema medirastre Middling thread herring
146. Opisthonema oglinum Atlantic thread herring
147. Opisthopterus dovii Dove's longfin herring
148. Opisthopterus effulgens Vaqueira longfin herring
149. Opisthopterus equatorialis Equatorial longfin herring
150. Opisthopterus macrops Bigeyed longfin herring
151. Opisthopterus tardoore Tardoore
152. Opisthopterus valenciennesi Slender tardoor
153. Pellonula leonensis Smalltoothed pellonula
154. Pellonula vorax Bigtoothed pellonula
155. Platanichthys platana River Plate sprat
156. Pliosteostoma lutipinnis Yellowfin herring
157. Poecilothrissa centralis Central Zaire pellonuline
158. Potamalosa richmondia Australian freshwater herring
159. Potamothrissa acutirostris Sharpnosed sawtooth pellonuline
160. Potamothrissa obtusirostris Bluntnosed sawtooth pellonuline
161. Potamothrissa whiteheadi Whitehead's sawtooth pellonuline
162. Raconda russeliana Raconda
163. Ramnogaster arcuata Jenyns's sprat
164. Ramnogaster melanostoma Uruguay river sprat
165. Rhinosardinia amazonica Amazon spinejaw sprat
166. Rhinosardinia bahiensis Bahia sprat
167. Sardina pilchardus European pilchard
168. Sardinella albella White sardinella
169. Sardinella atricauda Bleeker's blacktip sardinella
170. Sardinella aurita Round sardinella
171. Sardinella brachysoma Deepbody sardinella
172. Sardinella fijiense Fiji sardinella
173. Sardinella fimbriata Fringescale sardinella
174. Sardinella gibbosa Goldstripe sardinella
175. Sardinella hualiensis Taiwan sardinella
176. Sardinella janeiro Brazilian sardinella
177. Sardinella jussieu Mauritian sardinella
178. Sardinella lemur Bali sardinella
179. Sardinella longiceps Indian oil sardine
180. Sardinella maderensis Madeiran sardinella
181. Sardinella marquesensis Marquesan sardinella
182. Sardinella melanura Blacktip sardinella
183. Sardinella neglecta East African sardinella
184. Sardinella richardsoni Richardson's sardinella
185. Sardinella rouxi Yellowtail sardinella
186. Sardinella sindensis Sind sardinella
187. Sardinella tawilis Freshwater sardinella
259
188. Sardinella zunasi Japanese sardinella
189. Sardinops sagax South American pilchard
190. Sauvagella madagascariensis Madagascar round herring
191. Sauvagella robusta
192. Sierrathrissa leonensis West African pygmy herring
193. Spratelloides delicatulus Delicate round herring
194. Spratelloides gracilis Silver-stripe round herring
195. Spratelloides lewisi Lewis' round herring
196. Spratelloides robustus Fringe-scale round herring
197. Spratellomorpha bianalis Two-finned round herring
198. Sprattus antipodum New Zealand blueback sprat
199. Sprattus fuegensis Falkland sprat
200. Sprattus muelleri New Zealand sprat
201. Sprattus novaehollandiae Australian sprat
202. Sprattus sprattus European sprat
203. Stolothrissa tanganicae Lake Tanganyika sprat
204. Strangomera bentincki Araucanian herring
205. Tenualosa ilisha Hilsa shad
206. Tenualosa macrura Longtail shad
207. Tenualosa reevesii Reeves shad
208. Tenualosa thibaudeaui Laotian shad
209. Tenualosa toli Toli shad
210. Thrattidion noctivagus Sanaga pygmy herring
260
Family Denticipitidae
(Denticle herring)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southwest Nigeria. Ventral spines present. All roofing

bones of skull bear denticles. Supramaxilla absent. Caudal fin with 16
principal rays. Branchiostegal rays 5. Median pair of branchiostegal
rays with denticles on anterior edge. The presence of small denticles
makes ventral half of head look 'furry'. Lateral line complete.
Monogeneric, monospecific.

1. Denticeps clupeoides
261
Family Engraulidae
(Anchovies)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Schooling fishes,

mostly of shallow coastal waters and estuaries in tropical and
temperate regions. Some species enter or live in freshwater. Mouth
inferior. Upper jaw produced. Jaw teeth well developed to absent. Gill
rakers on lower limb of first arch 10-50 or more. Branchiostegal rays
7-19. A silvery stripe down flanks. Body translucent. Abdominal scutes
present in most Old World anchovies; absent in New World anchovies,
except for one pelvic scute. Luminescent organs noted in one species.
Mostly filter feeding on zooplankton; a few piscivorous. About 50 cm
maximum length; most species below 15 cm. Commercially important
for food and fish meal; also used as bait.

1. Amazonsprattus scintilla Rio Negro pygmy anchovy
2. Anchoa analis Longfin Pacific anchovy
3. Anchoa argentivittata Regan's anchovy
4. Anchoa belizensis Belize anchovy
5. Anchoa cayorum Key anchovy
6. Anchoa chamensis Chame Point anchovy
7. Anchoa choerostoma Bermuda anchovy
8. Anchoa colonensis Narrow-striped anchovy
9. Anchoa compressa Deep body anchovy
10. Anchoa cubana Cuban anchovy
11. Anchoa curta Short anchovy
12. Anchoa delicatissima Slough anchovy
13. Anchoa eigenmannia Eigenmann's anchovy
14. Anchoa exigua
15. Anchoa filifera Longfinger anchovy
16. Anchoa helleri Heller's anchovy
17. Anchoa hepsetus Broad-striped anchovy
18. Anchoa ischana Slender anchovy
19. Anchoa januaria Rio anchovy
20. Anchoa lamprotaenia Big-eye anchovy
21. Anchoa lucida Bright anchovy
22. Anchoa lyolepis Shortfinger anchovy
23. Anchoa marinii Marini's anchovy
24. Anchoa mitchilli Bay anchovy
262
25. Anchoa mundeola False Panama anchovy
26. Anchoa mundeoloides Northern Gulf anchovy
27. Anchoa nasus Longnose anchovy
28. Anchoa panamensis Panama anchovy
29. Anchoa parva Little anchovy
30. Anchoa pectoralis Bigfin anchovy
31. Anchoa scofieldi Scofield's anchovy
32. Anchoa spinifer Spicule anchovy
33. Anchoa starksi Starks's anchovy
34. Anchoa tricolor Piquitinga anchovy
35. Anchoa trinitatis Trinidad anchovy
36. Anchoa walkeri Walker's anchovy
37. Anchovia clupeoides Zabaleta anchovy
38. Anchovia macrolepidota Bigscale anchovy
39. Anchovia surinamensis Surinam anchovy
40. Anchoviella alleni Allen's anchovy
41. Anchoviella balboae Balboa anchovy
42. Anchoviella blackburni Blackburns's anchovy
43. Anchoviella brevirostris Snubnose anchovy
44. Anchoviella carrikeri Carriker's anchovy
45. Anchoviella cayennensis Cayenne anchovy
46. Anchoviella elongata Elongate anchovy
47. Anchoviella guianensis Guyana anchovy
48. Anchoviella jamesi James's anchovy
49. Anchoviella lepidentostole Broadband anchovy
50. Anchoviella manamensis Manamo anchovy
51. Anchoviella nattereri Natterer's anchovy
52. Anchoviella perezi
53. Anchoviella perfasciata Poey's anchovy
54. Anchoviella vaillanti Vaillant's anchovy
55. Cetengraulis edentulus Atlantic anchoveta
56. Cetengraulis mysticetus Pacific anchoveta
57. Coilia borneensis Bornean grenadier anchovy
58. Coilia brachygnathus Yangtse grenadier anchovy
59. Coilia coomansi Cooman's grenadier anchovy
60. Coilia dussumieri Goldspotted grenadier anchovy
61. Coilia grayii Gray's grenadier anchovy
62. Coilia lindmani Lindman's grenadier anchovy
63. Coilia macrognathos Longjaw grenadier anchovy
64. Coilia mystus Osbeck's grenadier anchovy
65. Coilia nasus Japanese grenadier anchovy
66. Coilia neglecta Neglected grenadier anchovy
67. Coilia ramcarati Ramcarat grenadier anchovy
68. Coilia rebentischii Many-fingered grenadier anchovy
69. Coilia reynaldi Reynald's grenadier anchovy
70. Encrasicholina devisi Devis' anchovy
71. Encrasicholina heteroloba Shorthead anchovy
72. Encrasicholina oligobranchus Philippine anchovy
73. Encrasicholina punctifer Buccaneer anchovy
74. Encrasicholina purpurea Nehu
75. Engraulis albidus
76. Engraulis anchoita Argentine anchovy
77. Engraulis australis Australian anchovy
78. Engraulis capensis Southern African anchovy
79. Engraulis encrasicolus European anchovy
263
80. Engraulis eurystole Silver anchovy
81. Engraulis japonicus Japanese anchovy
82. Engraulis mordax Californian anchovy
83. Engraulis ringens Anchoveta
84. Jurengraulis juruensis Jurua anchovy
85. Lycengraulis batesii Bates' sabretooth anchovy
86. Lycengraulis grossidens Atlantic sabretooth anchovy
87. Lycengraulis limnichthys
88. Lycengraulis poeyi Pacific sabretooth anchovy
89. Lycothrissa crocodilus Sabretoothed thryssa
90. Papuengraulis micropinna Littlefin anchovy
91. Pseudosetipinna haizhouensis
92. Pterengraulis atherinoides Wingfin anchovy
93. Setipinna breviceps Shorthead hairfin anchovy
94. Setipinna brevifilis Short-hairfin anchovy
95. Setipinna melanochir Dusky-hairfin anchovy
96. Setipinna paxtoni Humpback hairfin anchovy
97. Setipinna phasa Gangetic hairfin anchovy
98. Setipinna taty Scaly hairfin anchovy
99. Setipinna tenuifilis Common hairfin anchovy
100. Setipinna wheeleri Burma hairfin anchovy
101. Stolephorus advenus False Indian anchovy
102. Stolephorus andhraensis Andhra anchovy
103. Stolephorus apiensis Samoan anchovy
104. Stolephorus baganensis Bagan anchovy
105. Stolephorus brachycephalus Broadhead anchovy
106. Stolephorus carpentariae Gulf of Carpenteria anchovy
107. Stolephorus chinensis China anchovy
108. Stolephorus commersonnii Commerson's anchovy
109. Stolephorus dubiosus Thai anchovy
110. Stolephorus holodon Natal anchovy
111. Stolephorus indicus Indian anchovy
112. Stolephorus insularis Hardenberg's anchovy
113. Stolephorus multibranchus Caroline anchovy
114. Stolephorus nelsoni Nelson's anchovy
115. Stolephorus pacificus Pacific anchovy
116. Stolephorus ronquilloi Ronquillo's anchovy
117. Stolephorus shantungensis
118. Stolephorus teguhi Sulawesi anchovy
119. Stolephorus tri Spined anchovy
120. Stolephorus waitei Spotty-face anchovy
121. Thryssa adelae Swatow thryssa
122. Thryssa aestuaria Estuarine thryssa
123. Thryssa baelama Baelama anchovy
124. Thryssa brevicauda Short-tail thryssa
125. Thryssa chefuensis Chefoo thryssa
126. Thryssa dayi Day's thryssa
127. Thryssa dussumieri Dussumier's thryssa
128. Thryssa encrasicholoides False baelama anchovy
129. Thryssa gautamiensis Gautama thryssa
130. Thryssa hamiltonii Hamilton's thryssa
131. Thryssa kammalensis Kammal thryssa
132. Thryssa kammalensoides Godavari thryssa
133. Thryssa malabarica Malabar thryssa
134. Thryssa marasriae Marasri's thryssa
264
135. Thryssa mystax Moustached thryssa
136. Thryssa polybranchialis Humphead thryssa
137. Thryssa purava Oblique-jaw thryssa
138. Thryssa rastrosa Fly river thryssa
139. Thryssa scratchleyi New Guinea thryssa
140. Thryssa setirostris Longjaw thryssa
141. Thryssa spinidens Bengal thryssa
142. Thryssa stenosoma Slender thryssa
143. Thryssa vitrirostris Orangemouth anchovy
144. Thryssa whiteheadi Whitehead's thryssa
265
Family Pristigasteridae
(Pristigasterids)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Tropical oceans and
in the freshwaters of South America and Southeast Asia. Externally
distinguished from other sardines (Clupeidae) by their long anal fin,
which has at least 30 fin rays; in nearly all members, the small pelvic
fin is markedly displaced anteriorly that the tip of the pectoral fin
reaches or surpasses the vertical through the base of the pelvic fin.
Species under genera Ilisha, Pellona, and Pristigaster were formerly
under Family Clupeidae.

1. Ilisha africana West African ilisha
2. Ilisha amazonica Amazon ilisha
3. Ilisha compressa
4. Ilisha elongata Elongate ilisha
5. Ilisha filigera Coromandel ilisha
6. Ilisha fuerthii Pacific ilisha
7. Ilisha kampeni Kampen's ilisha
8. Ilisha lunula Longtail ilisha
9. Ilisha macrogaster Kalimantan ilisha
10. Ilisha megaloptera Bigeye ilisha
11. Ilisha melastoma Indian ilisha
12. Ilisha novacula Burmese River ilisha
13. Ilisha obfuscata Hidden ilisha
14. Ilisha pristigastroides Javan ilisha
15. Ilisha sirishai Lobejaw ilisha
16. Ilisha striatula Banded ilisha
17. Pellona altamazonica
18. Pellona castelnaeana Amazon pellona
19. Pellona dayi Day's pellona
20. Pellona ditchela Indian pellona
21. Pellona flavipinnis Yellowfin river pellona
22. Pellona harroweri American coastal pellona
23. Pristigaster cayana Amazon hatchet herring
24. Pristigaster whiteheadi
266
Family Sundasalangidae
(Sundaland noodlefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Asia, Borneo and southern Thailand. Body transparent

and scaleless; adipose fin absent; olfactory organs each with a single
nasal opening; pelvic fins with five rays; dorsal and anal fins
posteriorly placed, dorsal with 11-14 rays and anal with 15-21 rays;
pectoral fin rayless; symplectic, circumorbital, and interopercle bones
absent; four branchiostegal rays; 37-43 vertebrae; Maximum length
about 2 cm SL. According to D. Siebert Sundasalanx belongs into
Clupeidae, as a possible sister-group of Jenkinsia.

1. Sundasalanx malleti
2. Sundasalanx megalops
3. Sundasalanx mekongensis
4. Sundasalanx mesops
5. Sundasalanx microps
6. Sundasalanx platyrhynchus
7. Sundasalanx praecox Dwarf noodlefish
267
ORDO CYPRINIFORMES
(Carps)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Kinethmoid present (a median bone between ascending processes of

premaxillae); palatine articulating in a socket of the endoptrygoid; fifth
ceratobranchial (the pharyngeal bone) enlarged, with teeth ankylosed
to the bone (bound by collagenous fibers to the bone in other
ostariophysans with teeth, pharyngeal teeth absent in gyrinocheilids);
pharyngeal teeth opposed to enlarged posterior process of
basioccipital bone (which encloses the dorsal aorta) rather than to
upper pharyngeal elements, the basioccipital process against which the
pharyngeal teeth press usually covered by a pad (toug horny pad in
cyprinids, soft pad in catostomids); ascending process to premaxillae;
upper jaw usually protractile; mouth (jaws and palate) always
toothless; adipose fin absent (except in some cobitoids); head almost
always scaleless; branchiostegal rays three; spinelike rays in dorsal fin
of some species.
268
Family Balitoridae
(River loaches)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Eurasia. Mouth inferior, with at least 3 pairs of barbels.

Pelvic fins separate or fused under belly. Gill opening may or may not
be restricted. In subfamily Balitorinae only. In subfamily Balitorinae,
only paired fins function as adhesive organs About 35 cm maximum
length. = Homalopteridae of earlier authors. Subfamilies
Nemacheilinae and Balitorinae may not be monophyletic.

1. Aborichthys elongatus
2. Aborichthys garoensis
3. Aborichthys kempi
4. Acanthocobitis botia Mottled loach
5. Acanthocobitis rubidipinnis
6. Acanthocobitis urophthalmus Banded mountain loach
7. Acanthocobitis zonalternans
8. Annamia normani
9. Balitora annamitica
10. Balitora brucei Gray's stone loach
11. Balitora burmanica Burmese stone loach
12. Balitora eddsi
13. Balitora elongata
14. Balitora lancangjiangensis
15. Balitora meridionalis
16. Balitora mysorensis Slender stone loach
17. Balitora nantingensis
18. Balitora tchangi
19. Barbatula altayensis
20. Barbatula araxensis
21. Barbatula barbatula Stone loach
22. Barbatula bergamensis
23. Barbatula bergiana
24. Barbatula brandtii Kura loach
25. Barbatula cinica
26. Barbatula compressirostris
27. Barbatula dgebuadzei
28. Barbatula erdali
29. Barbatula euphratica
30. Barbatula farsica
31. Barbatula frenata
32. Barbatula germencica
269
33. Barbatula kermanshahensis
34. Barbatula kosswigi
35. Barbatula mediterraneus
36. Barbatula nuda
37. Barbatula panthera
38. Barbatula paucilepis
39. Barbatula persa
40. Barbatula phoxinoides
41. Barbatula pulsiz
42. Barbatula quignardi
43. Barbatula seyhanensis
44. Barbatula sturanyi
45. Barbatula tigris
46. Barbatula toni
47. Barbatula zetensis Zeta stone loach
48. Barbucca diabolica
49. Beaufortia cyclica
50. Beaufortia huangguoshuensis
51. Beaufortia intermedia
52. Beaufortia kweichowensis
53. Beaufortia leveretti
54. Beaufortia liui
55. Beaufortia niulanensis
56. Beaufortia pingi
57. Beaufortia polylepis
58. Beaufortia szechuanensis
59. Beaufortia zebroidus
60. Bhavania arunachalensis
61. Bhavania australis Western Ghat loach
62. Crossostoma chenyiyui
63. Crossostoma davidi
64. Crossostoma fascicauda
65. Crossostoma fasciolatus
66. Crossostoma lacustre
67. Crossostoma paucisquama
68. Crossostoma stigmata
69. Crossostoma tinkhami
70. Cryptotora thamicola
71. Dienbienia namnuaensis
72. Dzihunia amudarjensis Bukhara stone loach
73. Dzihunia ilan
74. Dzihunia turdakovi
75. Ellopostoma megalomycter
76. Ellopostoma mystax Enigmatic loach
77. Erromyzon compactus
78. Erromyzon sinensis
79. Erromyzon yangi
80. Gastromyzon aequabilis
81. Gastromyzon aeroides
82. Gastromyzon auronigrus
83. Gastromyzon bario
84. Gastromyzon borneensis
85. Gastromyzon contractus
86. Gastromyzon cornusaccus
87. Gastromyzon cranbrooki
270
88. Gastromyzon crenastus
89. Gastromyzon ctenocephalus
90. Gastromyzon danumensis
91. Gastromyzon embalohensis
92. Gastromyzon extrorsus
93. Gastromyzon farragus
94. Gastromyzon fasciatus
95. Gastromyzon ingeri
96. Gastromyzon introrsus
97. Gastromyzon katibasensis
98. Gastromyzon lepidogaster
99. Gastromyzon megalepis
100. Gastromyzon monticola
101. Gastromyzon ocellatus
102. Gastromyzon ornaticauda
103. Gastromyzon pariclavis
104. Gastromyzon praestans
105. Gastromyzon psiloetron
106. Gastromyzon punctulatus Hillstream loach
107. Gastromyzon ridens
108. Gastromyzon russulus
109. Gastromyzon scitulus
110. Gastromyzon spectabilis
111. Gastromyzon stellatus
112. Gastromyzon umbrus
113. Gastromyzon venustus
114. Gastromyzon viriosus
115. Gastromyzon zebrinus
116. Glaniopsis denudata
117. Glaniopsis gossei
118. Glaniopsis hanitschi
119. Glaniopsis multiradiata
120. Hemimyzon abbreviata
121. Hemimyzon confluens
122. Hemimyzon ecdyonuroides
123. Hemimyzon formosanus
124. Hemimyzon khonensis
125. Hemimyzon macroptera
126. Hemimyzon megalopseos
127. Hemimyzon nanensis
128. Hemimyzon nujiangensis
129. Hemimyzon papilio
130. Hemimyzon pengi
131. Hemimyzon pumilicorpora
132. Hemimyzon sheni
133. Hemimyzon taitungensis
134. Hemimyzon yaotanensis
135. Heminoemacheilus hyalinus
136. Heminoemacheilus zhengbaoshani
137. Homaloptera batek
138. Homaloptera bilineata
139. Homaloptera confuzona
140. Homaloptera gymnogaster
141. Homaloptera heterolepis
142. Homaloptera hoffmanni
271
143. Homaloptera indochinensis
144. Homaloptera leonardi
145. Homaloptera manipurensis
146. Homaloptera maxinae
147. Homaloptera menoni
148. Homaloptera modesta
149. Homaloptera montana Anamalai loach
150. Homaloptera nebulosa
151. Homaloptera nigra
152. Homaloptera ocellata
153. Homaloptera ogilviei
154. Homaloptera ophiolepis
155. Homaloptera orthogoniata
156. Homaloptera parclitella
157. Homaloptera pillaii
158. Homaloptera ripleyi
159. Homaloptera rupicola
160. Homaloptera santhamparaiensis
161. Homaloptera sexmaculata
162. Homaloptera smithi
163. Homaloptera stephensoni
164. Homaloptera tweediei
165. Homaloptera vanderbilti
166. Homaloptera vulgaris
167. Homaloptera wassinkii
168. Homaloptera weberi
169. Homaloptera yunnanensis
170. Homaloptera yuwonoi
171. Homaloptera zollingeri
172. Homalosoma crassicauda
173. Homalosoma multiloba
174. Homalosoma ventrosquamata
175. Homatula pycnolepis
176. Hypergastromyzon eubranchus
177. Hypergastromyzon humilis
178. Ilamnemacheilus longipinnis
179. Indoreonectes evezardi
180. Jinshaia sinensis
181. Katibasia insidiosa
182. Lefua costata Eightbarbel loach
183. Lefua echigonia
184. Lefua nikkonis
185. Lefua pleskei
186. Lepturichthys dolichopterus
187. Lepturichthys fimbriata
188. Liniparhomaloptera disparis disparis
189. Liniparhomaloptera disparis qiongzhongensis
190. Liniparhomaloptera monoloba
191. Liniparhomaloptera obtusirostris
192. Longischistura bhimachari
193. Longischistura striata
194. Mesonoemacheilus guentheri
195. Mesonoemacheilus herrei
196. Mesonoemacheilus pambarensis
197. Mesonoemacheilus pulchellus
272
198. Mesonoemacheilus remadevii
199. Mesonoemacheilus triangularis
200. Metahomaloptera longicauda
201. Metahomaloptera omeiensis
202. Micronemacheilus zispi
203. Nemacheilus abyssinicus
204. Nemacheilus angorae Angora loach
205. Nemacheilus anguilla
206. Nemacheilus arenicolus
207. Nemacheilus baluchiorum
208. Nemacheilus banar
209. Nemacheilus barapaniensis
210. Nemacheilus binotatus
211. Nemacheilus carletoni
212. Nemacheilus chrysolaimos
213. Nemacheilus cleopatra
214. Nemacheilus devdevi
215. Nemacheilus doonensis
216. Nemacheilus drassensis
217. Nemacheilus elegantissimus
218. Nemacheilus fasciatus Barred loach
219. Nemacheilus gangeticus
220. Nemacheilus guttatus
221. Nemacheilus hamwii
222. Nemacheilus himachalensis
223. Nemacheilus huapingensis
224. Nemacheilus inglisi
225. Nemacheilus insignis
226. Nemacheilus kaimurensis
227. Nemacheilus kapuasensis
228. Nemacheilus keralensis
229. Nemacheilus kodaguensis
230. Nemacheilus kuschakewitschi Kuschakewitsch loach
231. Nemacheilus lactogeneus
232. Nemacheilus leontinae
233. Nemacheilus longicaudus Eastern crested loach
234. Nemacheilus longipectoralis
235. Nemacheilus longipinnis
236. Nemacheilus longistriatus
237. Nemacheilus masyai Arrow loach
238. Nemacheilus menoni
239. Nemacheilus monilis
240. Nemacheilus mooreh
241. Nemacheilus multifasciatus
242. Nemacheilus nilgiriensis
243. Nemacheilus obscurus
244. Nemacheilus olivaceus
245. Nemacheilus ornatus
246. Nemacheilus oxianus Amu-Darya stone loach
247. Nemacheilus pallidus
248. Nemacheilus papillos
249. Nemacheilus paradoxus
250. Nemacheilus pardalis Tadzhik loach
251. Nemacheilus pavonaceus
252. Nemacheilus periyarensis
273
253. Nemacheilus petrubanarescui
254. Nemacheilus pfeifferae
255. Nemacheilus platiceps
256. Nemacheilus polytaenia
257. Nemacheilus rueppelli
258. Nemacheilus saravacensis
259. Nemacheilus selangoricus
260. Nemacheilus sewerzowi Severtsov's loach
261. Nemacheilus shehensis
262. Nemacheilus shuangjiangensis
263. Nemacheilus sikmaiensis
264. Nemacheilus singhi
265. Nemacheilus spiniferus
266. Nemacheilus starostini
267. Nemacheilus stigmofasciatus
268. Nemacheilus subfusca
269. Nemacheilus tebo
270. Nemacheilus tikaderi
271. Nemacheilus troglocataractus Blind cave loach
272. Nemacheilus tuberigum
273. Nemacheilus yingjiangensis
274. Nemachilichthys shimogensis
275. Neogastromyzon brunei
276. Neogastromyzon chini
277. Neogastromyzon crassiobex
278. Neogastromyzon kottelati
279. Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii
280. Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus
281. Neohomaloptera johorensis
282. Neonoemacheilus assamensis
283. Neonoemacheilus labeosus
284. Neonoemacheilus mengdingensis
285. Neonoemacheilus morehensis
286. Neonoemacheilus peguensis
287. Nun galilaeus
288. Oreias dabryi
289. Oreonectes anophthalmus
290. Oreonectes furcocaudalis
291. Oreonectes macrolepis
292. Oreonectes microphthalmus
293. Oreonectes platycephalus Flat-headed loach
294. Oreonectes polystigmus
295. Oreonectes retrodorsalis
296. Orthrias potaninorum
297. Orthrias sawadai
298. Orthrias tschaiyssuensis
299. Oxynoemacheilus anatolica
300. Oxynoemacheilus banarescui
301. Oxynoemacheilus bureschi
302. Oxynoemacheilus eregliensis
303. Oxynoemacheilus kaynaki Stone Loach
304. Oxynoemacheilus merga Krynicki's loach
305. Oxynoemacheilus pindus
306. Oxynoemacheilus simavicus
307. Oxynoemacheilus theophilii
274
308. Paracobitis acuticephala
309. Paracobitis anguillioides
310. Paracobitis boutanensis
311. Paracobitis erhaiensis
312. Paracobitis ghazniensis
313. Paracobitis iranica
314. Paracobitis malapterura Western crested loach
315. Paracobitis maolanensis
316. Paracobitis nanpanjiangensis
317. Paracobitis oligolepis
318. Paracobitis posterodorsalus
319. Paracobitis potanini
320. Paracobitis rhadinaeus
321. Paracobitis smithi Blind loach
322. Paracobitis variegatus
323. Paracobitis vignai
324. Paracobitis wujiangensis
325. Paranemachilus genilepis
326. Paraprotomyzon bamaensis
327. Paraprotomyzon lungkowensis
328. Paraprotomyzon multifasciatus
329. Paraprotomyzon niulanjiangensis
330. Parhomaloptera microstoma
321. Physoschistura brunneana
322. Physoschistura elongata
323. Physoschistura meridionalis
324. Physoschistura pseudobrunneana
325. Physoschistura raoi
326. Physoschistura rivulicola
327. Physoschistura shanensis
328. Plesiomyzon baotingensis
329. Protomyzon aphelocheilus
330. Protomyzon borneensis
331. Protomyzon griswoldi
332. Protomyzon pachychilus
333. Protomyzon whiteheadi
334. Protonemacheilus longipectoralis
335. Pseudogastromyzon buas
336. Pseudogastromyzon changtingensis changtingensis
337. Pseudogastromyzon changtingensis tungpeiensis
338. Pseudogastromyzon cheni
339. Pseudogastromyzon daon
340. Pseudogastromyzon elongatus
341. Pseudogastromyzon fangi
342. Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus
343. Pseudogastromyzon laticeps
344. Pseudogastromyzon lianjiangensis
345. Pseudogastromyzon loos
346. Pseudogastromyzon meihuashanensis
347. Pseudogastromyzon myersi Sucker-belly loach
348. Pseudogastromyzon peristictus
349. Pseudohomaloptera tatereganii
350. Schistura acuticephalus
351. Schistura afasciata
352. Schistura alepidota
275
353. Schistura alta
354. Schistura alticrista
355. Schistura altipedunculatus
356. Schistura amplizona
357. Schistura anambarensis
358. Schistura antennata
359. Schistura aramis
360. Schistura arifi
361. Schistura athos
362. Schistura atra
363. Schistura bachmaensis
364. Schistura bairdi
365. Schistura balteata
366. Schistura bampurensis
367. Schistura bannaensis
368. Schistura beavani Creek loach
369. Schistura bella
370. Schistura bolavenensis
371. Schistura breviceps
372. Schistura bucculenta
373. Schistura callichromus
374. Schistura carbonaria
375. Schistura cataracta
376. Schistura caudofurca
377. Schistura ceyhanensis
378. Schistura chapaensis
379. Schistura chindwinica
380. Schistura chrysicristinae
381. Schistura cincticauda
382. Schistura clatrata
383. Schistura conirostris
384. Schistura corica
385. Schistura coruscans
386. Schistura crabro
387. Schistura cristata Turkmenian crested loach
388. Schistura cryptofasciata
389. Schistura curtistigma
380. Schistura dalatensis
381. Schistura daubentoni
382. Schistura dayi
383. Schistura deansmarti
384. Schistura defectiva
385. Schistura deignani
386. Schistura denisoni
387. Schistura desmotes
388. Schistura disparizona
389. Schistura dorsizona
390. Schistura dubia
391. Schistura ephelis
392. Schistura evreni
393. Schistura fascimaculata
394. Schistura fasciolata
395. Schistura finis
396. Schistura fowleriana
397. Schistura fusinotata
276
398. Schistura geisleri
399. Schistura globiceps
400. Schistura harnaiensis
401. Schistura hingi
402. Schistura horai
403. Schistura humilis
404. Schistura huongensis
405. Schistura imitator
406. Schistura implicata
407. Schistura incerta
408. Schistura irregularis
409. Schistura isostigma
410. Schistura jarutanini
411. Schistura kangjupkhulensis
412. Schistura kaysonei
413. Schistura kengtungensis
414. Schistura kessleri Kessler's loach
415. Schistura khamtanhi
416. Schistura khugae
417. Schistura kloetzliae
418. Schistura kohatensis
419. Schistura kohchangensis
420. Schistura kongphengi
421. Schistura kontumensis
422. Schistura laterimaculata
423. Schistura latidens
424. Schistura latifasciata
425. Schistura lepidocaulis
426. Schistura leukensis
427. Schistura lindbergi
428. Schistura longa
429. Schistura machensis
430. Schistura macrocephalus
431. Schistura macrolepis
432. Schistura macrotaenia
433. Schistura maculiceps
434. Schistura maepaiensis
435. Schistura magnifluvis
436. Schistura mahnerti
437. Schistura malaisei
438. Schistura manipurensis
439. Schistura melarancia
440. Schistura menanensis
441. Schistura microlabra
442. Schistura minutus
443. Schistura moeiensis
444. Schistura montana
445. Schistura nagaensis
446. Schistura nagodiensis
447. Schistura nalbanti
448. Schistura namboensis
449. Schistura namiri
450. Schistura nandingensis
451. Schistura naseeri
452. Schistura nasifilis
277
453. Schistura nicholsi
454. Schistura nielseni
455. Schistura niulanjiangensis
456. Schistura nomi
457. Schistura notostigma Spotback loach
458. Schistura novemradiata
459. Schistura nudidorsum
460. Schistura obeini
461. Schistura oedipus
462. Schistura orthocauda
463. Schistura pakistanica
464. Schistura papulifera
465. Schistura paucicincta
466. Schistura paucifasciata
467. Schistura personata
468. Schistura pertica
469. Schistura pervagata
470. Schistura poculi
471. Schistura porthos
472. Schistura prashadi
473. Schistura prashari
474. Schistura pridii
475. Schistura procera
476. Schistura pseudofasciolata
477. Schistura psittacula
478. Schistura punctifasciata
479. Schistura punjabensis
480. Schistura quaesita
481. Schistura quasimodo
482. Schistura rara
483. Schistura reidi
484. Schistura rendahli
485. Schistura reticulata
486. Schistura reticulofasciata
487. Schistura rikiki
488. Schistura robertsi
489. Schistura rupecula
490. Schistura russa
491. Schistura samantica
492. Schistura sargadensis Turkmenian loach
493. Schistura savona
494. Schistura scaturigina
495. Schistura schultzi
496. Schistura semiarmata
497. Schistura sertata
498. Schistura sexcauda
499. Schistura seyhanicola
500. Schistura shadiwalensis
501. Schistura sharavathiensis
502. Schistura sigillata
503. Schistura sijuensis
504. Schistura similis
505. Schistura sokolovi
506. Schistura sombooni
507. Schistura spekuli
278
508. Schistura spiesi
509. Schistura spiloptera
510. Schistura spilota
511. Schistura suber
512. Schistura susannae
513. Schistura tenura
514. Schistura thanho
515. Schistura tigrinum
516. Schistura tirapensis
517. Schistura tizardi
518. Schistura tubulinaris
519. Schistura udomritthiruji
520. Schistura vinciguerrae
521. Schistura waltoni
522. Schistura xhatensis
523. Schistura yersini
524. Schistura zonata
525. Sectoria atriceps
526. Sectoria heterognathos
527. Sectoria megastoma
528. Seminemacheilus ispartensis
529. Seminemacheilus lendlii Anatolian loach
530. Seminemacheilus tongiorgii
531. Sewellia albisuera
532. Sewellia breviventralis
533. Sewellia diardi
534. Sewellia elongata
535. Sewellia lineolata
536. Sewellia marmorata
537. Sewellia patella
538. Sewellia pterolineata
539. Sewellia speciosa
540. Sinogastromyzon chapaensis
541. Sinogastromyzon hsiashiensis
542. Sinogastromyzon lixianjiangensis
543. Sinogastromyzon macrostoma
544. Sinogastromyzon minutus
545. Sinogastromyzon nanpanjiangensis
546. Sinogastromyzon nantaiensis
547. Sinogastromyzon puliensis
548. Sinogastromyzon rugocauda
549. Sinogastromyzon sichangensis
550. Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis
551. Sinogastromyzon tonkinensis
552. Sinogastromyzon wui
553. Sinohomaloptera kwangsiensis
554. Sinohomaloptera longibarbata
555. Sphaerophysa dianchiensis
556. Sundoreonectes obesus
557. Sundoreonectes sabanus
558. Sundoreonectes tiomanensis
559. Traccatichthys pulcher
560. Traccatichthys taeniatus
561. Travancoria elongata
562. Travancoria jonesi Travancore loach
279
563. Triplophysa alexandrae
564. Triplophysa aliensis
565. Triplophysa alticeps
566. Triplophysa aluensis
567. Triplophysa angeli
568. Triplophysa anterodorsalis
569. Triplophysa aquaecaeruleae
570. Triplophysa arnoldii
571. Triplophysa bleekeri
572. Triplophysa bombifrons
573. Triplophysa brahui
574. Triplophysa brevicauda
575. Triplophysa cakaensis
576. Triplophysa chandagaitensis
577. Triplophysa chondrostoma
578. Triplophysa choprai
579. Triplophysa coniptera
580. Triplophysa crassilabris
581. Triplophysa cuneicephala
582. Triplophysa dalaica
583. Triplophysa daqiaoensis
584. Triplophysa dorsalis Gray loach
585. Triplophysa edsinica
586. Triplophysa eugeniae
587. Triplophysa farwelli
588. Triplophysa flavicorpus
589. Triplophysa furva
590. Triplophysa fuxianensis
591. Triplophysa gejiuensis
592. Triplophysa gerzeensis
593. Triplophysa gracilis
594. Triplophysa grahami
595. Triplophysa griffithi
596. Triplophysa gundriseri
597. Triplophysa hazaraensis
598. Triplophysa herzensteini
599. Triplophysa hexiensis
600. Triplophysa heyangensis
601. Triplophysa hialmari
602. Triplophysa hsutschouensis
603. Triplophysa hutjertjuensis
604. Triplophysa incipiens
605. Triplophysa intermedia
606. Triplophysa kashmirensis
607. Triplophysa kaznakowi
608. Triplophysa kullmanni
609. Triplophysa labiata Plain thicklip loach
610. Triplophysa lacustris
611. Triplophysa ladacensis
612. Triplophysa laterimaculata
613. Triplophysa laticeps
614. Triplophysa leptosoma
615. Triplophysa lixianensis
616. Triplophysa longianguis
617. Triplophysa longibarbata
280
618. Triplophysa longipectoralis
619. Triplophysa macromaculata
620. Triplophysa macrophthalma
621. Triplophysa markehenensis
622. Triplophysa marmorata
623. Triplophysa microphthalma
624. Triplophysa microphysa
625. Triplophysa microps
626. Triplophysa minuta
627. Triplophysa minxianensis
628. Triplophysa moquensis
629. Triplophysa nandanensis
630. Triplophysa nanpanjiangensis
631. Triplophysa nasobarbatula
632. Triplophysa naziri
633. Triplophysa ninglangensis
634. Triplophysa nujiangensa
635. Triplophysa obscura
636. Triplophysa obtusirostra
637. Triplophysa orientalis
638. Triplophysa pappenheimi
639. Triplophysa parvus
640. Triplophysa polyfasciata
641. Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera
642. Triplophysa qiubeiensis
643. Triplophysa robusta
644. Triplophysa rosa
645. Triplophysa rossoperegrinatorum
646. Triplophysa rotundiventris
647. Triplophysa scapanognatha
648. Triplophysa scleroptera
649. Triplophysa sellaefer
650. Triplophysa shaanxiensis
651. Triplophysa shehensis
652. Triplophysa shilinensis
653. Triplophysa siluroides
654. Triplophysa stenura
655. Triplophysa stewarti
656. Triplophysa stoliczkai Tibetan stone loach
657. Triplophysa strauchii strauchii Spotted thicklip loach
658. Triplophysa strauchii ulacholicus Issyk-kul naked loach
659. Triplophysa tanggulaensis
660. Triplophysa tenuicauda
661. Triplophysa tenuis
662. Triplophysa tianeensis
663. Triplophysa tibetana
664. Triplophysa trewavasae
665. Triplophysa turpanensis
666. Triplophysa venusta
667. Triplophysa waisihani
668. Triplophysa wuweiensis
669. Triplophysa xiangshuingensis
670. Triplophysa xiangxiensis
671. Triplophysa xichangensis
672. Triplophysa xingshanensis
281
673. Triplophysa xiqiensis
674. Triplophysa yaopeizhii
675. Triplophysa yarkandensis macroptera
676. Triplophysa yarkandensis yarkandensis Kashgarian loach
677. Triplophysa yasinensis
678. Triplophysa yunnanensis
679. Triplophysa zamegacephala
680. Triplophysa zhaoi
681. Triplophysa zhenfengensis
682. Tuberoschistura baenzigeri
683. Tuberoschistura cambodgiensis
684. Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi
685. Vaillantella cinnamomea
686. Vaillantella euepiptera
687. Vaillantella maassi
688. Vanmanenia caldwelli
689. Vanmanenia gymnetrus
690. Vanmanenia hainanensis
691. Vanmanenia homalocephala
692. Vanmanenia lineata
693. Vanmanenia pingchowensis
694. Vanmanenia serrilineata
695. Vanmanenia stenosoma
696. Vanmanenia striata
697. Vanmanenia tetraloba
698. Vanmanenia xinyiensis
699. Yunnanilus altus
700. Yunnanilus analis
701. Yunnanilus bajiangensis
702. Yunnanilus beipanjiangensis
703. Yunnanilus brevis
704. Yunnanilus caohaiensis
705. Yunnanilus chui
706. Yunnanilus cruciatus
707. Yunnanilus discoloris
708. Yunnanilus elakatis
709. Yunnanilus forkicaudalis
710. Yunnanilus jinxiensis
711. Yunnanilus longibarbatus
712. Yunnanilus longibulla
713. Yunnanilus longidorsalis
714. Yunnanilus macrogaster
715. Yunnanilus macroistainus
716. Yunnanilus macrolepis
717. Yunnanilus nanpanjiangensis
718. Yunnanilus niger
719. Yunnanilus nigromaculatus
720. Yunnanilus obtusirostris
721. Yunnanilus pachycephalus
722. Yunnanilus paludosus
723. Yunnanilus parvus
724. Yunnanilus pleurotaenia
725. Yunnanilus pulcherrimus
726. Yunnanilus sichuanensis
727. Yunnanilus tigerivinus
282
728. Yunnanilus yangzonghaiensis
283
Family Catostomidae
(Suckers)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: China, northeast Siberia, North America. Pharyngeal teeth

a single row with at least 16 teeth. Lips usually thick and fleshy with
plicae or papillae. Premaxilla and maxilla usually bordering upper jaw.
Exhibits tetraploidy. About 1 m maximum length, usually below 60 cm.

1. Carpiodes carpio River carpsucker
2. Carpiodes cyprinus Quillback
3. Carpiodes velifer Highfin carpsucker
4. Catostomus ardens Utah sucker
5. Catostomus bernardini Yaqui sucker
6. Catostomus cahita Cahita sucker
7. Catostomus catostomus catostomus Longnose sucker
8. Catostomus catostomus lacustris Jasper longnose sucker
9. Catostomus clarkii Desert sucker
10. Catostomus columbianus Bridgelip sucker
11. Catostomus commersonii White sucker
12. Catostomus conchos
13. Catostomus discobolus discobolus Bluehead sucker
14. Catostomus discobolus jarrovii Zuni bluehead sucker
15. Catostomus fumeiventris Owens sucker
16. Catostomus insignis Sonora sucker
17. Catostomus latipinnis Flannelmouth sucker
18. Catostomus leopoldi Bavispe sucker
19. Catostomus macrocheilus Largescale sucker
20. Catostomus microps Modoc sucker
21. Catostomus nebuliferus Nazas sucker
22. Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus Goose lake sucker
23. Catostomus occidentalis occidentalis Sacramento sucker
24. Catostomus platyrhynchus Mountain sucker
25. Catostomus plebeius Rio Grande sucker
26. Catostomus rimiculus Jenny creek sucker
27. Catostomus santaanae Santa Ana sucker
28. Catostomus snyderi Klamath largescale sucker
29. Catostomus tahoensis Tahoe sucker
30. Catostomus utawana Summer sucker
31. Catostomus warnerensis Warner sucker
32. Catostomus wigginsi Opata sucker
33. Chasmistes brevirostris Shortnose sucker
34. Chasmistes cujus Cui-ui
35. Chasmistes fecundus
284
36. Chasmistes liorus liorus June sucker
37. Chasmistes liorus mictus
38. Chasmistes muriei Snake River sucker
39. Cycleptus elongatus Blue sucker
40. Cycleptus meridionalis southeastern blue sucker
41. Deltistes luxatus Lost River sucker
42. Erimyzon oblongus Creek chubsucker
43. Erimyzon sucetta Lake chubsucker
44. Erimyzon tenuis Sharpfin chubsucker
45. Hypentelium etowanum Alabama hog sucker
46. Hypentelium nigricans Northern hog sucker
47. Hypentelium roanokense Roanoke hog sucker
48. Ictiobus bubalus Smallmouth buffalo
49. Ictiobus cyprinellus Bigmouth buffalo
50. Ictiobus labiosus Fleshylip buffalo
51. Ictiobus meridionalis Usumacinta buffalo
52. Ictiobus niger Black buffalo
53. Minytrema melanops Spotted sucker
54. Moxostoma albidum Longlip jumprock
55. Moxostoma anisurum Silver redhorse
56. Moxostoma ariommum Bigeye jumprock
57. Moxostoma austrinum Mexican redhorse
58. Moxostoma breviceps Smallmouth redhorse
59. Moxostoma carinatum River redhorse
60. Moxostoma cervinum Blacktip jumprock
61. Moxostoma collapsum Notchlip redhorse
62. Moxostoma congestum Gray redhorse
63. Moxostoma duquesnii Black redhorse
64. Moxostoma erythrurum Golden redhorse
65. Moxostoma hubbsi Copper redhorse
66. Moxostoma lacerum Harelip sucker
67. Moxostoma lachneri Greater jumprock
68. Moxostoma macrolepidotum Shorthead redhorse
69. Moxostoma mascotae Mascota jumprock
70. Moxostoma pappillosum V-lip redhorse
71. Moxostoma pisolabrum Pealip redhorse
72. Moxostoma poecilurum Blacktail redhorse
73. Moxostoma robustum Smallfin redhorse
74. Moxostoma rupiscartes Striped jumprock
75. Moxostoma valenciennesi Greater redhorse
76. Myxocyprinus asiaticus Chinese sucker
77. Thoburnia atripinnis Blackfin sucker
78. Thoburnia hamiltoni Rustyside sucker
79. Thoburnia rhothoeca Torrent sucker
80. Xyrauchen texanus Razorback sucker
285
Family Cobitidae
(Loaches)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Eurasia and Morocco. Benthic. Body vermiform to

fusiform. Mouth subterminal, with 3-6 pairs barbels. An erectile spine
below eye. Pharyngeal teeth a single row. Maximum length about 40
cm . Some are popular aquarium fishes.

1. Acanthopsoides delphax
2. Acanthopsoides gracilentus
3. Acanthopsoides gracilis
4. Acanthopsoides hapalias
5. Acanthopsoides molobrion
6. Acanthopsoides robertsi
7. Acantopsis arenae
8. Acantopsis choirorhynchos Horseface loach
9. Acantopsis dialuzona
10. Acantopsis multistigmatus
11. Acantopsis octoactinotos
12. Acantopsis thiemmedhi
13. Bibarba bibarba
14. Botia almorhae Almorha loach
15. Botia birdi Birdi loach
16. Botia dario Bengal loach
17. Botia dayi Hora loach
18. Botia histrionica
19. Botia javedi
20. Botia kubotai
21. Botia lohachata Reticulate loach
22. Botia macrolineata
23. Botia pulchripinnis
24. Botia rostrata Gangetic loach
25. Botia striata Zebra loach
26. Botia udomritthiruji
27. Chromobotia macracanthus Clown loach
28. Cobitis albicoloris
29. Cobitis arachthosensis
30. Cobitis bilineata
31. Cobitis bilseli
32. Cobitis biwae
33. Cobitis calderoni
34. Cobitis choii Choi's spiny loach
35. Cobitis conspersa
286
36. Cobitis dalmatina
37. Cobitis dolichorhynchus
38. Cobitis elazigensis
39. Cobitis elongata
40. Cobitis elongatoides
41. Cobitis evreni
42. Cobitis fahirae
43. Cobitis granoei
44. Cobitis hangkugensis
45. Cobitis hellenica
46. Cobitis illyrica
47. Cobitis jadovaensis
48. Cobitis kellei
49. Cobitis laoensis
50. Cobitis laterimaculata
51. Cobitis lebedevi
52. Cobitis levantina
53. Cobitis linea
54. Cobitis lutheri Luther's spiny loach
55. Cobitis macrostigma
56. Cobitis maroccana
57. Cobitis matsubarai
58. Cobitis megaspila
59. Cobitis melanoleuca gladkovi
60. Cobitis melanoleuca melanoleuca
61. Cobitis meridionalis
62. Cobitis misgurnoides
63. Cobitis narentana
64. Cobitis ohridana
65. Cobitis pacifica
66. Cobitis paludica
67. Cobitis pontica
68. Cobitis puncticulata
69. Cobitis punctilineata
70. Cobitis rhodopensis
71. Cobitis rossomeridionalis
72. Cobitis satunini
73. Cobitis shikokuensis
74. Cobitis simplicispina
75. Cobitis sinensis Siberian spiny loach
76. Cobitis splendens
77. Cobitis stephanidisi
78. Cobitis striata
79. Cobitis strumicae
80. Cobitis taenia Spined loach
81. Cobitis takatsuensis
82. Cobitis tanaitica
83. Cobitis taurica
84. Cobitis tetralineata
85. Cobitis trichonica
86. Cobitis turcica
87. Cobitis vardarensis kurui
88. Cobitis vardarensis vardarensis
89. Cobitis vettonica
90. Cobitis zanandreai
287
91. Cobitis zhejiangensis
92. Enobarbus maculatus Whitley loach
93. Iksookimia hugowolfeldi
94. Iksookimia koreensis
95. Iksookimia longicorpa
96. Iksookimia pumila Puan spine loach
97. Iksookimia yongdokensis
98. Koreocobitis naktongensis
99. Koreocobitis rotundicaudata White nose loach
100. Kottelatlimia hipporhynchos
101. Kottelatlimia katik
102. Kottelatlimia pristes
103. Lepidocephalichthys alkaia
104. Lepidocephalichthys annandalei Annandale loach
105. Lepidocephalichthys arunachalensis
106. Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei Burmese loach
107. Lepidocephalichthys birmanicus
108. Lepidocephalichthys furcatus
109. Lepidocephalichthys guntea Guntea loach
110. Lepidocephalichthys hasselti
111. Lepidocephalichthys irrorata Loktak loach
112. Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi Jonklaas' s loach
113. Lepidocephalichthys kranos
114. Lepidocephalichthys lorentzi
115. Lepidocephalichthys manipurensis Yu loach
116. Lepidocephalichthys menoni
117. Lepidocephalichthys micropogon
118. Lepidocephalichthys sandakanensis
119. Lepidocephalichthys tomaculum
120. Lepidocephalus coromandelensis
121. Lepidocephalus macrochir
122. Lepidocephalus spectrum
123. Lepidocephalus thermalis Common spiny loach
124. Leptobotia curta Kissing loach
125. Leptobotia elongata
126. Leptobotia flavolineata
127. Leptobotia guilinensis
128. Leptobotia hengyangensis
129. Leptobotia mantschurica Manchurian spiny loach
130. Leptobotia microphthalma
131. Leptobotia orientalis
132. Leptobotia pellegrini
133. Leptobotia posterodorsalis
134. Leptobotia rubrilabris
135. Leptobotia taeniops
136. Leptobotia tchangi
137. Leptobotia tientainensis
138. Leptobotia zebra
139. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Pond loach
140. Misgurnus buphoensis
141. Misgurnus fossilis Weatherfish
142. Misgurnus mizolepis
143. Misgurnus mohoity
144. Misgurnus nikolskyi
145. Misgurnus tonkinensis
288
146. Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli Goalpara loach
147. Niwaella brevifasciata
148. Niwaella delicata
149. Niwaella longibarba
150. Niwaella multifasciata
151. Niwaella xinjiangensis
152. Pangio agma
153. Pangio alcoides
154. Pangio alternans
155. Pangio anguillaris
156. Pangio apoda
157. Pangio atactos
158. Pangio bashai
159. Pangio bitaimac
160. Pangio borneensis
161. Pangio cuneovirgata
162. Pangio doriae
163. Pangio elongata
164. Pangio filinaris
165. Pangio fusca
166. Pangio goaensis Indian coolie-loach
167. Pangio incognito
168. Pangio kuhlii Coolie loach
169. Pangio lidi
170. Pangio longimanus
171. Pangio longipinnis
172. Pangio lumbriciformis
173. Pangio malayana
174. Pangio mariarum
175. Pangio myersi
176. Pangio oblonga Java loach
177. Pangio pangia
178. Pangio piperata
179. Pangio pulla
180. Pangio robiginosa
181. Pangio semicincta
182. Pangio shelfordii Borneo loach
183. Pangio signicauda
184. Pangio superba
185. Parabotia banarescui
186. Parabotia bimaculata
187. Parabotia dubia
188. Parabotia fasciata
189. Parabotia lijiangensis
190. Parabotia maculosa
191. Parabotia parva
192. Paralepidocephalus guishanensis
193. Paralepidocephalus yui
194. Paramisgurnus dabryanus
195. Protocobitis polylepis
196. Protocobitis typhlops
197. Sabanejewia aurata aralensis Aral spined loach
198. Sabanejewia aurata aurata Golden spined loach
199. Sabanejewia balcanica
200. Sabanejewia baltica
289
201. Sabanejewia bulgarica
202. Sabanejewia caspia Caspian spined loach
203. Sabanejewia caucasica Ciscaucasian spined loach
204. Sabanejewia kubanica
205. Sabanejewia larvata
206. Sabanejewia romanica
207. Sabanejewia vallachica Eastern Carpathian golden loach
208. Serpenticobitis cingulata
209. Serpenticobitis octozona
210. Serpenticobitis zonata
211. Sinibotia longiventralis
212. Sinibotia pulchra
213. Sinibotia reevesae
214. Sinibotia robusta
215. Sinibotia superciliaris
216. Somileptus gongota Gongota loach
217. Syncrossus beauforti Chameleon loach
218. Syncrossus berdmorei Blyth's loach
219. Syncrossus helodes Tiger botia
220. Syncrossus hymenophysa Tiger loach
221. Syncrossus reversa
222. Yasuhikotakia caudipunctata
223. Yasuhikotakia eos Sun loach
224. Yasuhikotakia lecontei Silver loach
225. Yasuhikotakia longidorsalis
226. Yasuhikotakia modesta Redtail botia
227. Yasuhikotakia morleti Skunk botia
228. Yasuhikotakia nigrolineata
229. Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki Dwarf botia
230. Yasuhikotakia splendida
290
Family Cyprinidae
(Minnows or carps)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: North America (northern Canada to southern Mexico),

Africa, and Eurasia. Pharynx with 1-3 rows of teeth, each row with a
maximum of 8 teeth. Usually thin lips, plicae or papillae absent; mouth
sometimes suckerlike (Garra and Labeo). With or without barbels.
Premaxilla usually borders the upper jaw making the maxilla entirely or
almost entirely excluded from the gape. Usually protrusible upper jaw.
Dorsal fin with spinelike rays in some. Primitive number of
chromosomes 2n=50, some with 48; polyploidy exists. Maximum
length at least 2.5 m to probably 3 m in Catlocarpio siamensis; many
species less than 5 cm. Mainly non-guarders, but in some species
males build nests and/or protect the eggs.

1. Aaptosyax grypus Giant salmon carp
2. Abbottina binhi
3. Abbottina lalinensis
4. Abbottina liaoningensis
5. Abbottina obtusirostris
6. Abbottina rivularis Chinese false gudgeon
7. Abbottina springeri
8. Abramis brama Freshwater bream
9. Acanthalburnus microlepis Blackbrow bleak
10. Acanthalburnus urmianus
11. Acanthobrama centisquama
12. Acanthobrama hadiyahensis
13. Acanthobrama hulensis
14. Acanthobrama lissneri
15. Acanthobrama marmid
16. Acanthobrama mirabilis
17. Acanthobrama telavivensis
18. Acanthobrama terraesanctae Kinneret bleak
19. Acanthobrama tricolor
20. Acanthogobio guentheri
21. Acanthorhodeus chankaensis Khanka spiny bitterling
22. Acanthorhodeus macropterus
23. Acapoeta tanganicae
24. Acheilognathus asmussii Russian bitterling
25. Acheilognathus barbatulus
291
26. Acheilognathus barbatus
27. Acheilognathus binidentatus
28. Acheilognathus brevicaudatus
29. Acheilognathus cyanostigma Striped bitterling
30. Acheilognathus deignani
31. Acheilognathus elongatoides
32. Acheilognathus elongatus
33. Acheilognathus fasciodorsalis
34. Acheilognathus gracilis
35. Acheilognathus hondae
36. Acheilognathus hypselonotus
37. Acheilognathus imberbis
38. Acheilognathus imfasciodorsalis
39. Acheilognathus koreensis
40. Acheilognathus kyphus
41. Acheilognathus longibarbatus
42. Acheilognathus longipinnis Deepbody bitterling
43. Acheilognathus macromandibularis
44. Acheilognathus majusculus
45. Acheilognathus melanogaster
46. Acheilognathus meridianus
47. Acheilognathus microphysa
48. Acheilognathus omeiensis
49. Acheilognathus peihoensis
50. Acheilognathus polylepis
51. Acheilognathus polyspinus
52. Acheilognathus rhombeus
53. Acheilognathus signifer Korean bittering
54. Acheilognathus somjinensis
55. Acheilognathus tabira erythropterus
56. Acheilognathus tabira jordani
57. Acheilognathus tabira nakamurae
58. Acheilognathus tabira tabira
59. Acheilognathus tabira tohokuensis
60. Acheilognathus taenianalis
61. Acheilognathus tonkinensis
62. Acheilognathus typus
63. Acheilognathus yamatsutae
64. Achondrostoma arcasii
65. Achondrostoma occidentale
66. Achondrostoma oligolepis
67. Achondrostoma salmantinum
68. Acrocheilus alutaceus Chiselmouth
69. Acrossocheilus aluoiensis
70. Acrossocheilus baolacensis
71. Acrossocheilus beijiangensis
72. Acrossocheilus cinctus
73. Acrossocheilus clivosius
74. Acrossocheilus fasciatus
75. Acrossocheilus hemispinus
76. Acrossocheilus iridescens
77. Acrossocheilus jishouensis
78. Acrossocheilus kreyenbergii
79. Acrossocheilus lamus
80. Acrossocheilus longipinnis
292
81. Acrossocheilus macrophthalmus
82. Acrossocheilus malacopterus
83. Acrossocheilus monticola
84. Acrossocheilus paradoxus
85. Acrossocheilus parallens
86. Acrossocheilus rendahli
87. Acrossocheilus spinifer
88. Acrossocheilus stenotaeniatus
89. Acrossocheilus wenchowensis
90. Acrossocheilus xamensis
91. Acrossocheilus yalyensis
92. Acrossocheilus yunnanensis
93. Agosia chrysogaster Longfin dace
94. Akrokolioplax bicornis
95. Albulichthys albuloides
96. Alburnoides bipunctatus Schneider
97. Alburnoides eichwaldii
98. Alburnoides fasciatus
99. Alburnoides gmelini
100. Alburnoides idignensis
101. Alburnoides kubanicus
102. Alburnoides namaki
103. Alburnoides nicolausi
104. Alburnoides oblongus Tashkent riffle bleak
105. Alburnoides ohridanus
106. Alburnoides petrubanarescui
107. Alburnoides prespensis
108. Alburnoides qanati
109. Alburnoides taeniatus Striped bystranka
110. Alburnoides varentsovi
111. Alburnus adanensis Adana bleak
112. Alburnus akili
113. Alburnus albidus Italian bleak
114. Alburnus alburnus Bleak
115. Alburnus arborella
116. Alburnus atropatenae
117. Alburnus attalus
118. Alburnus baliki
119. Alburnus battalgilae
120. Alburnus belvica
121. Alburnus caeruleus
122. Alburnus carinatus
123. Alburnus chalcoides Danube bleak
124. Alburnus danubicus
125. Alburnus demiri
126. Alburnus derjugini
127. Alburnus doriae
128. Alburnus escherichii
129. Alburnus filippii Kura bleak
130. Alburnus heckeli
131. Alburnus hohenackeri North Caucasian bleak
132. Alburnus istanbulensis
133. Alburnus leobergi
134. Alburnus macedonicus
135. Alburnus mandrensis
293
136. Alburnus mento
137. Alburnus mentoides
138. Alburnus mossulensis
139. Alburnus nasreddini
140. Alburnus nicaeensis
141. Alburnus orontis
142. Alburnus qalilus
143. Alburnus sarmaticus
144. Alburnus schischkovi
145. Alburnus scoranza
146. Alburnus sellal
147. Alburnus tarichi Tarek
148. Alburnus thessalicus
149. Alburnus vistonicus
150. Alburnus volviticus
151. Alburnus zagrosensis
152. Algansea amecae
153. Algansea aphanea Riffle chub
154. Algansea avia Remote chub
155. Algansea barbata Lerma chub
156. Algansea lacustris Pátzcuaro chub
157. Algansea monticola Mountain chub
158. Algansea popoche Popoche chub
159. Algansea tincella Spottail chub
160. Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii Burmese carplet
161. Amblypharyngodon chulabhornae
162. Amblypharyngodon melettinus Attentive carplet
163. Amblypharyngodon microlepis Indian carplet
164. Amblypharyngodon mola Mola carplet
165. Amblyrhynchichthys micracanthus
166. Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus
167. Anabarilius alburnops
168. Anabarilius andersoni
169. Anabarilius brevianalis
170. Anabarilius duoyiheensis
171. Anabarilius goldenlineus
172. Anabarilius grahami
173. Anabarilius liui chenghaiensis
174. Anabarilius liui liui
175. Anabarilius liui yalongensis
176. Anabarilius liui yiliangensis
177. Anabarilius longicaudatus
178. Anabarilius macrolepis
179. Anabarilius maculatus
180. Anabarilius paucirastellus
181. Anabarilius polylepis
182. Anabarilius qiluensis
183. Anabarilius qionghaiensis
184. Anabarilius songmingensis
185. Anabarilius transmontanus
186. Anabarilius xundianensis
187. Anabarilius yangzonensis
188. Anaecypris hispanica
189. Ancherythroculter daovantieni
190. Ancherythroculter kurematsui
294
191. Ancherythroculter lini
192. Ancherythroculter nigrocauda
193. Ancherythroculter wangi
194. Anchicyclocheilus halfibindus
195. Aphyocypris chinensis Chinese bleak
196. Aphyocypris kikuchii
197. Aphyocypris lini Garnet minnow
198. Araiocypris batodes
199. Aspidoparia jaya Jaya
200. Aspidoparia morar
201. Aspidoparia ukhrulensis
202. Aspiolucius esocinus Pike asp
203. Aspiorhynchus laticeps
204. Aspius aspius Asp
205. Aspius vorax
206. Atrilinea macrolepis
207. Atrilinea macrops
208. Atrilinea roulei
209. Aulopyge huegelii Dalmatian barbelgudgeon
210. Aztecula sallaei Aztec shiner
211. Balantiocheilos ambusticauda Burnt tail fish
212. Balantiocheilos melanopterus Tricolor sharkminnow
213. Ballerus ballerus Zope
214. Ballerus sapa White-eye bream
215. Bangana almorae
216. Bangana ariza Reba
217. Bangana behri
218. Bangana brevirostris
219. Bangana decora
220. Bangana dero Kalabans
221. Bangana devdevi
222. Bangana diplostoma
223. Bangana discognathoides
224. Bangana elegans
225. Bangana gedrosicus
226. Bangana lemassoni
227. Bangana lippus
228. Bangana pierrei
229. Bangana rendahli
230. Bangana sinkleri
231. Bangana tonkinensis
232. Bangana tungting
233. Bangana wui
234. Bangana xanthogenys
235. Bangana yunnanensis
236. Bangana zhui
237. Barbichthys laevis Sucker barb
238. Barbodes belinka
239. Barbodes bovanicus Bowany barb
240. Barbodes carnaticus Carnatic carp
241. Barbodes colemani
242. Barbodes elongatus
243. Barbodes mahakkamensis
244. Barbodes platysoma
245. Barbodes polylepis
295
246. Barbodes shanensis
247. Barbodes strigatus
248. Barbodes sunieri
249. Barbodes wynaadensis
250. Barboides britzi
251. Barboides gracilis
252. Barbonymus altus Red tailed tinfoil
253. Barbonymus balleroides
254. Barbonymus collingwoodii
255. Barbonymus gonionotus Silver barb
256. Barbonymus schwanenfeldii Tinfoil barb
257. Barbopsis devecchii Somalian blind barb
258. Barbus ablabes
259. Barbus aboinensis
260. Barbus acuticeps
261. Barbus afrohamiltoni Hamilton's barb
262. Barbus afrovernayi Spottail barb
263. Barbus albanicus
264. Barbus aliciae
265. Barbus alluaudi
266. Barbus aloyi
267. Barbus altianalis Ripon barbel
268. Barbus altidorsalis
269. Barbus alvarezi
270. Barbus amanpoae
271. Barbus amatolicus Amatola barb
272. Barbus amboseli
273. Barbus andrewi Cape whitefish
274. Barbus anema
275. Barbus annectens Broadstriped barb
276. Barbus anniae
277. Barbus anoplus Chubbyhead barb
278. Barbus ansorgii
279. Barbus apleurogramma East african red finned barb
280. Barbus arabicus
281. Barbus arambourgi
282. Barbus arcislongae
283. Barbus argenteus Rosefin barb
284. Barbus aspilus
285. Barbus atakorensis
286. Barbus atkinsoni Dash-dot barb
287. Barbus atromaculatus
288. Barbus bagbwensis
289. Barbus balcanicus
290. Barbus barbulus
291. Barbus barbus Barbel
292. Barbus barnardi Blackback barb
293. Barbus barotseensis Barbus barb
294. Barbus baudoni
295. Barbus bawkuensis
296. Barbus bergi
297. Barbus bifrenatus Hyphen barb
298. Barbus bigornei
299. Barbus boboi
300. Barbus borysthenicus
296
301. Barbus bourdariei
302. Barbus brachygramma Linespotted ufipa barb
303. Barbus brazzai
304. Barbus breviceps Shorthead barb
305. Barbus brevidorsalis Dwarf barb
306. Barbus brevilateralis
307. Barbus brevipinnis Shortfin barb
308. Barbus brichardi
309. Barbus bynni bynni
310. Barbus bynni occidentalis Niger barb
311. Barbus bynni waldroni
312. Barbus cadenati
313. Barbus calidus Clanwilliam redfin
314. Barbus callensis Algerian barb
315. Barbus callipterus Clipper barb
316. Barbus camptacanthus African redfinned barb
317. Barbus candens
318. Barbus caninus
319. Barbus carcharhinoides
320. Barbus carens
321. Barbus carottae
322. Barbus carpathicus
323. Barbus castrasibutum
324. Barbus catenarius
325. Barbus caudosignatus
326. Barbus cercops Luambwa barb
327. Barbus chicapaensis
328. Barbus chiumbeensis
329. Barbus chlorotaenia
330. Barbus choloensis
321. Barbus ciscaucasicus Terek barbel
322. Barbus citrinus
323. Barbus claudinae
324. Barbus clauseni
325. Barbus collarti
326. Barbus condei
327. Barbus cyclolepis
328. Barbus dartevellei
329. Barbus deguidei
330. Barbus deserti
331. Barbus dialonensis
332. Barbus diamouanganai
333. Barbus ditinensis
334. Barbus dorsolineatus Cunene barb
335. Barbus eburneensis
336. Barbus elephantis
337. Barbus ensis
338. Barbus ercisianus
339. Barbus erubescens Twee redfin
340. Barbus erythrozonus
341. Barbus escherichii
342. Barbus ethiopicus
343. Barbus euboicus
344. Barbus eurystomus
345. Barbus eutaenia Orangefin barb
297
346. Barbus evansi
347. Barbus fasciolatus African banded barb
348. Barbus fasolt
349. Barbus foutensis
350. Barbus fritschii
351. Barbus gananensis
352. Barbus gestetneri
353. Barbus girardi
354. Barbus goktschaicus Gokcha barbel
355. Barbus greenwoodi
356. Barbus gruveli
357. Barbus grypus
358. Barbus guildi
359. Barbus guineensis
360. Barbus guirali
361. Barbus gulielmi
362. Barbus gurneyi Redtail barb
363. Barbus haasi
364. Barbus haasianus Sickle barb
365. Barbus harterti
366. Barbus holotaenia Spotscale barb
367. Barbus hospes Namaquab barb
368. Barbus huguenyi
369. Barbus huloti
370. Barbus hulstaerti Butterfly barb
371. Barbus humeralis
372. Barbus humilis
373. Barbus humphri
374. Barbus inaequalis
375. Barbus innocens Inconspicious barb
376. Barbus iturii
377. Barbus jacksoni Jackson's barb
378. Barbus jae Jae barb
379. Barbus janssensi
380. Barbus jubbi
381. Barbus kamolondoensis
382. Barbus kerstenii Redspot barb
383. Barbus kessleri Gillbar barb
384. Barbus kissiensis
385. Barbus kubanicus Kuban barbel
386. Barbus kuiluensis
387. Barbus lacerta Kura barbel
388. Barbus lagensis
389. Barbus lamani
380. Barbus laticeps
381. Barbus lauzannei
382. Barbus leonensis
383. Barbus leptopogon
384. Barbus liberiensis
385. Barbus lineomaculatus Line-spotted barb
386. Barbus longiceps
387. Barbus longifilis
388. Barbus lornae
389. Barbus lorteti
390. Barbus loveridgii
298
391. Barbus luapulae
392. Barbus lufukiensis
393. Barbus luikae Luika barb
394. Barbus lujae
395. Barbus lukindae
396. Barbus lukusiensis
397. Barbus luluae
398. Barbus macedonicus
399. Barbus machadoi
400. Barbus macinensis
401. Barbus macroceps
402. Barbus macrolepis
403. Barbus macrops Blackstripe barb
404. Barbus macrotaenia Broadband barb
405. Barbus magdalenae Bunjako barb
406. Barbus manicensis Yellow barb
407. Barbus mariae Rhinofish
408. Barbus marmoratus
409. Barbus martorelli
410. Barbus matthesi
411. Barbus mattozi Papermouth
412. Barbus mawambi
413. Barbus mawambiensis
414. Barbus mediosquamatus
415. Barbus melanotaenia
416. Barbus meridionalis Mediterranean barbel
417. Barbus microbarbis
418. Barbus microterolepis
419. Barbus mimus Ewaso Nyiro barb
420. Barbus miolepis Zigzag barb
421. Barbus mirabilis
422. Barbus mocoensis
423. Barbus mohasicus
424. Barbus motebensis Marico barb
425. Barbus multilineatus Copperstripe barb
426. Barbus musumbi
427. Barbus myersi
428. Barbus nanningsi
429. Barbus nasus
430. Barbus neefi Sidespot barb
431. Barbus neglectus
432. Barbus neumayeri Neumayer's barb
433. Barbus nigeriensis
434. Barbus nigrifilis
435. Barbus nigroluteus
436. Barbus niluferensis
437. Barbus niokoloensis
438. Barbus nounensis
439. Barbus nyanzae Nyanza barb
440. Barbus okae
441. Barbus oligogrammus
442. Barbus oligolepis
443. Barbus olivaceus Olivegreen ufipa barb
444. Barbus owenae
445. Barbus oxyrhynchus Pangani barb
299
446. Barbus pagenstecheri
447. Barbus pallidus Goldie barb
448. Barbus paludinosus Straightfin barb
449. Barbus papilio
450. Barbus parablabes
451. Barbus parajae
452. Barbus parawaldroni
453. Barbus paucisquamatus
454. Barbus pellegrini Pellegrin's barb
455. Barbus peloponnesius
456. Barbus pergamonensis
457. Barbus perince
458. Barbus petchkovskyi
459. Barbus petenyi
460. Barbus petitjeani
461. Barbus platyrhinus
462. Barbus plebejus
463. Barbus pleurogramma
464. Barbus pobeguini
465. Barbus poechii Dashtail barb
466. Barbus prespensis
467. Barbus prionacanthus
468. Barbus profundus
469. Barbus pseudotoppini
470. Barbus pumilus
471. Barbus punctitaeniatus
472. Barbus pygmaeus
473. Barbus quadrilineatus
474. Barbus quadripunctatus Fourspotted barb
475. Barbus radiatus aurantiacus
476. Barbus radiatus radiatus Redeye barb
477. Barbus raimbaulti
478. Barbus rebeli
479. Barbus reinii
480. Barbus rhinophorus
481. Barbus rohani
482. Barbus rosae
483. Barbus roussellei
484. Barbus rouxi
485. Barbus ruasae
486. Barbus rubrostigma
487. Barbus sacratus
488. Barbus salessei
489. Barbus salmo
490. Barbus serengetiensis
491. Barbus serra Sawfin
492. Barbus sexradiatus Kavirondo barb
493. Barbus seymouri
494. Barbus somereni
495. Barbus sperchiensis
496. Barbus stanleyi
497. Barbus stappersii
498. Barbus stauchi
499. Barbus stigmasemion
500. Barbus stigmatopygus
300
501. Barbus strumicae
502. Barbus subinensis
503. Barbus sublimus
504. Barbus sublineatus
505. Barbus subquincunciatus
506. Barbus sylvaticus
507. Barbus syntrechalepis
508. Barbus taeniopleura
509. Barbus taeniurus
510. Barbus tanapelagius
511. Barbus tangandensis Redsport barb
512. Barbus tauricus Crimean barbel
513. Barbus tegulifer
514. Barbus tetraspilus
515. Barbus tetrastigma
516. Barbus thamalakanensis Thamalakane barb
517. Barbus thessalus Thessalian barbel
518. Barbus thysi
519. Barbus tiekoroi
520. Barbus tomiensis
521. Barbus tongaensis
522. Barbus toppini East Coast barb
523. Barbus trachypterus
524. Barbus traorei
525. Barbus treurensis Treur barb
526. Barbus trevelyani Border barb
527. Barbus trimaculatus Threespot barb
528. Barbus trinotatus
529. Barbus trispiloides
530. Barbus trispilomimus
531. Barbus trispilopleura
532. Barbus trispilos
533. Barbus tropidolepis
534. Barbus turkanae Lake Turkana barb
535. Barbus tyberinus
536. Barbus unitaeniatus Slender barb
537. Barbus urostigma
538. Barbus urotaenia
539. Barbus usambarae
540. Barbus vanderysti
541. Barbus venustus Red Pangani barb
542. Barbus viktorianus Victoria barb
543. Barbus viviparus Bowstripe barb
544. Barbus waleckii
545. Barbus walkeri
546. Barbus wellmani
547. Barbus wurtzi
548. Barbus yeiensis
549. Barbus yongei Nzoia barb
550. Barbus zalbiensis
551. Barbus zanzibaricus Zanzibar barb
552. Barilius bakeri
553. Barilius barila
554. Barilius barna
555. Barilius bendelisis
301
556. Barilius bernatziki
557. Barilius bonarensis
558. Barilius borneensis
559. Barilius canarensis
560. Barilius caudiocellatus
561. Barilius chatricensis
562. Barilius dimorphicus
563. Barilius dogarsinghi
564. Barilius evezardi
565. Barilius gatensis
566. Barilius huahinensis
567. Barilius infrafasciatus
568. Barilius lairokensis
569. Barilius mesopotamicus
570. Barilius modestus
571. Barilius naseeri
572. Barilius nelsoni
573. Barilius ngawa
574. Barilius ornatus
575. Barilius pakistanicus
576. Barilius ponticulus
577. Barilius radiolatus
578. Barilius shacra
579. Barilius tileo
580. Barilius vagra
581. Belligobio nummifer
582. Belligobio pengxianensis
583. Biwia tama
584. Biwia zezera
585. Blicca bjoerkna White bream
586. Boraras brigittae
587. Boraras maculatus Dwarf rasbora
588. Boraras merah
589. Boraras micros
590. Boraras urophthalmoides Least rasbora
591. Brevibora dorsiocellata Eyespot rasbora
592. Caecobarbus geertsii Congo blind barb
593. Caecocypris basimi
594. Campostoma anomalum Central stoneroller
595. Campostoma oligolepis Largescale stoneroller
596. Campostoma ornatum Mexican stoneroller
597. Campostoma pauciradii Bluefin stoneroller
598. Campostoma pullum
599. Candidia barbata
600. Candidia pingtungensis
601. Capoeta aculeata
602. Capoeta angorae
603. Capoeta antalyensis
604. Capoeta baliki
605. Capoeta banarescui
606. Capoeta barroisi
607. Capoeta bergamae
608. Capoeta buhsei
609. Capoeta caelestis
610. Capoeta capoeta capoeta Seven khramulya
302
611. Capoeta capoeta gracilis
612. Capoeta capoeta sevangi
613. Capoeta damascina
614. Capoeta ekmekciae
615. Capoeta erhani
616. Capoeta fusca
617. Capoeta kosswigi
618. Capoeta mauricii
619. Capoeta pestai
620. Capoeta sieboldii Colchic khramulya
621. Capoeta tinca Anatolian khramulya
622. Capoeta trutta
623. Capoeta turani
624. Capoeta umbla
625. Capoetobrama kuschakewitschi kuschakewitschi Sharpray
626. Capoetobrama kuschakewitschi orientalis Chu sharpray
627. Carasobarbus apoensis
628. Carasobarbus canis
629. Carasobarbus chantrei
630. Carasobarbus exulatus
631. Carasobarbus luteus
632. Carassioides acuminatus
633. Carassioides argentea
634. Carassioides macropterus
635. Carassius auratus argenteaphthalmus
636. Carassius auratus auratus Goldfish
637. Carassius auratus buergeri
638. Carassius auratus grandoculis
639. Carassius auratus langsdorfii
640. Carassius carassius Crucian carp
641. Carassius cuvieri Japanese (white) crucian carp
642. Carassius gibelio Prussian carp
643. Catlocarpio siamensis Giant barb
644. Chagunius baileyi
645. Chagunius chagunio Chaguni
646. Chagunius nicholsi
647. Chanodichthys abramoides
648. Chanodichthys dabryi Humpback
649. Chanodichthys erythropterus Predatory carp
650. Chanodichthys mongolicus Mongolian redfin
651. Chanodichthys oxycephalus
652. Chela cachius
653. Chela khujairokensis
654. Chelaethiops bibie Lake Turkana sardine
655. Chelaethiops congicus
656. Chelaethiops elongatus
657. Chelaethiops minutus
658. Chelaethiops rukwaensis Lake Rukwa sardine
659. Chondrostoma angorense
660. Chondrostoma beysehirense
661. Chondrostoma colchicum Colchic nase
662. Chondrostoma cyri Kura nase
663. Chondrostoma holmwoodii
664. Chondrostoma kinzelbachi
665. Chondrostoma knerii
303
666. Chondrostoma kubanicum Kuban's nase
667. Chondrostoma meandrense
668. Chondrostoma nasus Common nase
669. Chondrostoma olisiponensis
670. Chondrostoma orientale
671. Chondrostoma oxyrhynchum Terek nase
672. Chondrostoma phoxinus Minnow-nase
673. Chondrostoma prespense
674. Chondrostoma regium
675. Chondrostoma scodrense
676. Chondrostoma soetta
677. Chondrostoma vardarense
678. Chondrostoma variabile Volga undermouth
679. Chrosomus cumberlandensis Blackside dace
680. Chrosomus eos Northern redbelly dace
681. Chrosomus erythrogaster Southern redbelly dace
682. Chrosomus oreas Mountain redbelly dace
683. Chrosomus tennesseensis Tennessee dace
684. Chuanchia labiosa
685. Cirrhinus caudimaculatus
686. Cirrhinus cirrhosus Mrigal carp
687. Cirrhinus fulungee Deccan white carp
688. Cirrhinus inornatus
689. Cirrhinus jullieni
690. Cirrhinus macrops Hora white carp
691. Cirrhinus microlepis Small scale mud carp
692. Cirrhinus molitorella Mud carp
693. Cirrhinus reba Reba carp
694. Cirrhinus rubirostris
695. Clinostomus elongatus Redside dace
696. Clinostomus funduloides Rosyside dace
697. Clypeobarbus bellcrossi Gorgeous barb
698. Clypeobarbus bomokandi
699. Clypeobarbus congicus Congo barb
700. Clypeobarbus hypsolepis
701. Clypeobarbus pleuropholis
702. Clypeobarbus pseudognathodon
703. Clypeobarbus schoutedeni
704. Codoma ornata Ornate shiner
705. Coptostomabarbus bellcrossi
706. Coptostomabarbus wittei Upjaw barb
707. Coreius cetopsis
708. Coreius guichenoti
709. Coreius heterodon
710. Coreius septentrionalis
711. Coreoleuciscus splendidus
712. Cosmochilus cardinalis
713. Cosmochilus falcifer
714. Cosmochilus harmandi
715. Cosmochilus nanlaensis
716. Couesius plumbeus Lake chub
717. Crossocheilus atrilimes
718. Crossocheilus burmanicus
719. Crossocheilus caudomaculatus
720. Crossocheilus cobitis
304
721. Crossocheilus diplochilus
722. Crossocheilus gnathopogon
723. Crossocheilus klatti Isparta minnow
724. Crossocheilus langei
725. Crossocheilus latius
726. Crossocheilus namlenensis
727. Crossocheilus nigriloba
728. Crossocheilus oblongus Siamese flying fox
729. Crossocheilus obscurus
730. Crossocheilus periyarensis
731. Crossocheilus reticulatus
732. Ctenopharyngodon idella Grass carp
733. Culter alburnus
734. Culter flavipinnis
735. Culter oxycephaloides
736. Culter recurviceps
737. Cultrichthys compressocorpus
738. Cyclocheilichthys apogon Beardless barb
739. Cyclocheilichthys armatus
740. Cyclocheilichthys enoplus
741. Cyclocheilichthys furcatus
742. Cyclocheilichthys heteronema
743. Cyclocheilichthys janthochir
744. Cyclocheilichthys lagleri
745. Cyclocheilichthys repasson
746. Cyclocheilichthys schoppeae
747. Cyclocheilichthys sinensis
748. Cyprinella alvarezdelvillari Tepehuan shiner
749. Cyprinella analostana Satinfin shiner
750. Cyprinella bocagrande Largemouth shiner
751. Cyprinella caerulea Blue shiner
752. Cyprinella callisema Ocmulgee shiner
753. Cyprinella callistia Alabama shiner
754. Cyprinella callitaenia Bluestripe shiner
755. Cyprinella camura Bluntface shiner
756. Cyprinella chloristia Greenfin shiner
757. Cyprinella eurystoma
758. Cyprinella formosa Beautiful shiner
759. Cyprinella galactura Whitetail shiner
760. Cyprinella garmani Gibbous shiner
761. Cyprinella gibbsi Tallapoosa shiner
762. Cyprinella labrosa Thicklip chub
763. Cyprinella leedsi Bannerfin shiner
764. Cyprinella lepida Plateau shiner
765. Cyprinella lutrensis Red shiner
766. Cyprinella nivea Whitefin shiner
767. Cyprinella panarcys Conchos shiner
768. Cyprinella proserpina Proserpine shiner
769. Cyprinella pyrrhomelas Fieryblack shiner
770. Cyprinella rutila Mexican red shiner
771. Cyprinella spiloptera Spotfin shiner
772. Cyprinella stigmatura
773. Cyprinella trichroistia Tricolor shiner
774. Cyprinella venusta Blacktail shiner
775. Cyprinella whipplei Steelcolor shiner
305
776. Cyprinella xaenura Altamaha shiner
777. Cyprinella xanthicara Cuatro Cienegas shiner
778. Cyprinella zanema Santee chub
779. Cyprinion acinaces acinaces
780. Cyprinion acinaces hijazi
781. Cyprinion kais
782. Cyprinion macrostomum
783. Cyprinion mhalensis
784. Cyprinion microphthalmum
785. Cyprinion milesi
786. Cyprinion semiplotum Assamese kingfish
787. Cyprinion tenuiradius
788. Cyprinion watsoni
789. Cyprinus acutidorsalis
790. Cyprinus barbatus
791. Cyprinus carpio carpio Common carp
792. Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Amur carp
793. Cyprinus centralus
794. Cyprinus chilia
795. Cyprinus dai
796. Cyprinus daliensis
797. Cyprinus exophthalmus
798. Cyprinus fuxianensis
799. Cyprinus hyperdorsalis
800. Cyprinus ilishaestomus
801. Cyprinus intha
802. Cyprinus longipectoralis
803. Cyprinus longzhouensis
804. Cyprinus megalophthalmus
805. Cyprinus micristius
806. Cyprinus multitaeniata
807. Cyprinus pellegrini
808. Cyprinus qionghaiensis
809. Cyprinus quidatensis
810. Cyprinus rubrofuscus
811. Cyprinus yilongensis
812. Cyprinus yunnanensis
813. Danio aesculapii
814. Danio albolineatus Pearl danio
815. Danio choprae
816. Danio dangila
817. Danio erythromicron
818. Danio feegradei
819. Danio jaintianensis
820. Danio kerri Blue danio
821. Danio kyathit
822. Danio margaritatus Galaxy rasbora
823. Danio muongthanhensis
824. Danio nigrofasciatus Dwarf danio
825. Danio quagga
826. Danio quangbinhensis
827. Danio rerio Zebra danio
828. Danio roseus
829. Danio tinwini
830. Danio trangi
306
831. Danionella dracula
832. Danionella mirifica
833. Danionella priapus
834. Danionella translucida
835. Delminichthys adspersus
836. Delminichthys ghetaldii
837. Delminichthys jadovensis
838. Delminichthys krbavensis
839. Devario acrostomus
840. Devario acuticephala
841. Devario aequipinnatus Giant danio
842. Devario affinis
843. Devario annandalei
844. Devario anomalus
845. Devario apogon
846. Devario apopyris
847. Devario assamensis
848. Devario auropurpureus
849. Devario browni
850. Devario chrysotaeniatus
851. Devario devario Sind danio
852. Devario fangfangae
853. Devario fraseri
854. Devario gibber
855. Devario horai
856. Devario interruptus
857. Devario kakhienensis
858. Devario laoensis
859. Devario leptos
860. Devario maetaengensis
861. Devario malabaricus Malabar danio
862. Devario manipurensis
863. Devario naganensis
864. Devario neilgherriensis
865. Devario pathirana Barred danio
866. Devario peninsulae
867. Devario regina
868. Devario salmonata
869. Devario shanensis Hora danio
870. Devario sondhii
871. Devario spinosus
872. Devario strigillifer
873. Devario suvatti
874. Devario xyrops
875. Devario yuensis
876. Dionda argentosa Manantial roundnose minnow
877. Dionda diaboli Devils River minnow
878. Dionda episcopa Roundnose minnow
879. Dionda melanops Spotted minnow
880. Dionda nigrotaeniata Guadalupe roundnose minnow
881. Dionda serena Nueces roundnose minnow
882. Diplocheilichthys jentinkii
883. Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia
884. Diptychus maculatus Scaly osman
885. Diptychus sewerzowi
307
886. Discherodontus ashmeadi
887. Discherodontus halei
888. Discherodontus parvus
889. Discherodontus schroederi
890. Discocheilus multilepis
891. Discocheilus wui
892. Discogobio antethoracalis
893. Discogobio bismargaritus
894. Discogobio brachyphysallidos
895. Discogobio caobangi
896. Discogobio dienbieni
897. Discogobio elongatus
898. Discogobio laticeps
899. Discogobio longibarbatus
900. Discogobio macrophysallidos
901. Discogobio microstoma
902. Discogobio multilineatus
903. Discogobio pacboensis
904. Discogobio poneventralis
905. Discogobio propeanalis
906. Discogobio tetrabarbatus
907. Discogobio yunnanensis
908. Discolabeo wuluoheensis
909. Distoechodon macrophthalmus Red-wing fish
910. Distoechodon tumirostris
911. Eirmotus furvus
912. Eirmotus insignis
913. Eirmotus isthmus
914. Eirmotus octozona
915. Elopichthys bambusa Yellowcheek
916. Engraulicypris sardella Lake sardine
917. Epalzeorhynchos bicolor Redtail sharkminnow
918. Epalzeorhynchos frenatus Rainbow sharkminnow
919. Epalzeorhynchos kalopterus Flying fox
920. Epalzeorhynchos munense
921. Eremichthys acros Desert dace
922. Erimonax monachus Spotfin chub
923. Erimystax cahni Slender chub
924. Erimystax dissimilis Streamline chub
925. Erimystax harryi Ozark chub
926. Erimystax insignis Blotched chub
927. Erimystax x-punctatus Gravel chub
928. Esomus ahli
929. Esomus altus
930. Esomus barbatus South Indian flying barb
931. Esomus caudiocellatus
932. Esomus danricus Flying barb
933. Esomus lineatus Striped flying barb
934. Esomus longimanus Mekong flying barb
935. Esomus malabaricus
936. Esomus malayensis Malayan flying barb
937. Esomus manipurensis
938. Esomus metallicus
939. Esomus thermoicos
940. Evarra bustamantei Mexican Dace
308
941. Evarra eigenmanni Plateau chub
942. Evarra tlahuacensis Endorheic chub
943. Exoglossum laurae Tonguetied minnow
944. Exoglossum maxillingua Cutlips minnow
945. Folifer brevifilis
946. Garra aethiopica
947. Garra allostoma
948. Garra annandalei
949. Garra apogon
950. Garra arupi
951. Garra barreimiae barreimiae
952. Garra barreimiae shawkahensis
953. Garra bibarbatus
954. Garra bicornuta
955. Garra bispinosa
956. Garra blanfordii
957. Garra borneensis
958. Garra bourreti
959. Garra buettikeri
960. Garra cambodgiensis Stonelapping minnow
961. Garra caudofasciatus
962. Garra ceylonensis Stone sucker
963. Garra compressus
964. Garra congoensis
965. Garra cryptonemus
966. Garra cyclostomata
967. Garra cyrano
968. Garra dembecha
969. Garra dembeensis Dembea stone lapper
970. Garra dulongensis
971. Garra dunsirei
972. Garra duobarbis
973. Garra elongata
974. Garra ethelwynnae
975. Garra fasciacauda
976. Garra findolabium
977. Garra fisheri
978. Garra flavatra
979. Garra fuliginosa
980. Garra geba
981. Garra ghorensis
982. Garra gotyla gotyla Sucker head
983. Garra gotyla stenorhynchus
984. Garra gracilis
985. Garra gravelyi
986. Garra hainanensis
987. Garra hindii
988. Garra hughi
989. Garra ignestii
990. Garra imbarbatus
991. Garra imberba
992. Garra imberbis
993. Garra kalakadensis
994. Garra kempi
995. Garra laichowensis
309
996. Garra lamta
997. Garra lancrenonensis
998. Garra lautior
999. Garra lissorhynchus
1000. Garra litanensis
1001. Garra longipinnis
1002. Garra makiensis
1003. Garra mamshuqa
1004. Garra manipurensis
1005. Garra mcclellandi
1006. Garra menoni
1007. Garra micropulvinus
1008. Garra mirofrontis
1009. Garra mullya
1010. Garra naganensis
1011. Garra nambulica
1012. Garra nasuta
1013. Garra nigricollis
1014. Garra notata
1015. Garra nujiangensis
1016. Garra orientalis
1017. Garra ornata
1018. Garra paralissorhynchus
1019. Garra periyarensis
1020. Garra persica
1021. Garra phillipsi Phillips's garra
1022. Garra poecilura
1023. Garra poilanei
1024. Garra propulvinus
1025. Garra qiaojiensis
1026. Garra quadrimaculata
1027. Garra rakhinica
1028. Garra regressus
1029. Garra robustus
1030. Garra rossica
1031. Garra rotundinasus
1032. Garra rufa
1033. Garra rupecula
1034. Garra sahilia gharbia
1035. Garra sahilia sahilia
1036. Garra salweenica
1037. Garra smarti
1038. Garra spilota
1039. Garra surendranathanii
1040. Garra tana
1041. Garra tengchongensis
1042. Garra theunensis
1043. Garra tibanica
1044. Garra trewavasai
1045. Garra variabilis
1046. Garra vittatula
1047. Garra wanae
1048. Garra waterloti
1049. Garra yiliangensis
1050. Gibelion catla Catla
310
1051. Gila alvordensis Alvord chub
1052. Gila atraria Utah chub
1053. Gila bicolor Tui chub
1054. Gila boraxobius Borax Lake chub
1055. Gila brevicauda Shorttail chub
1056. Gila coerulea Blue chub
1057. Gila conspersa Nazas chub
1058. Gila crassicauda Thicktail chub
1059. Gila cypha Humpback chub
1060. Gila ditaenia Sonora chub
1061. Gila elegans Bonytail
1062. Gila eremica Desert chub
1063. Gila intermedia Gila chub
1064. Gila minacae Mexican roundtail chub
1065. Gila modesta Salinas chub
1066. Gila nigra Headwater chub
1067. Gila nigrescens Chihuahua chub
1068. Gila orcuttii Arroyo chub
1069. Gila pandora Rio Grande chub
1070. Gila pulchra Conchos chub
1071. Gila purpurea Yaqui chub
1072. Gila robusta Roundtail chub
1073. Gila seminuda Virgin chub
1074. Gnathopogon caerulescens
1075. Gnathopogon elongatus
1076. Gnathopogon herzensteini
1077. Gnathopogon imberbis
1078. Gnathopogon nicholsi
1079. Gnathopogon polytaenia
1080. Gnathopogon strigatus Manchurian gudgeon
1081. Gnathopogon taeniellus
1082. Gnathopogon tsinanensis
1083. Gobio acutipinnatus
1084. Gobio alverniae
1085. Gobio battalgilae
1086. Gobio brevicirris Don gudgeon
1087. Gobio bulgaricus
1088. Gobio carpathicus Carpathian gudgeon
1089. Gobio coriparoides
1090. Gobio cynocephalus Siberian gudgeon
1091. Gobio delyamurei
1092. Gobio feraeensis Thessaly gudgeon
1093. Gobio fushun
1094. Gobio gobio Gudgeon
1095. Gobio hettitorum
1096. Gobio holurus Caspian gudgeon
1097. Gobio huanghensis
1098. Gobio insuyanus
1099. Gobio kovatschevi Varna gudgeon
1100. Gobio krymensis Salgir gudgeon
1101. Gobio kubanicus
1102. Gobio lingyuanensis
1103. Gobio lozanoi
1104. Gobio macrocephalus
1105. Gobio maeandricus
311
1106. Gobio meridionalis
1107. Gobio obtusirostris
1108. Gobio occitaniae
1109. Gobio ohridanus Ohrid gudgeon
1110. Gobio rivuloides
1111. Gobio sarmaticus Ukrainian gudgeon
1112. Gobio sibiricus
1113. Gobio skadarensis Skadar gudgeon
1114. Gobio soldatovi Soldatov's gudgeon
1115. Gobio volgensis
1116. Gobiobotia abbreviata
1117. Gobiobotia brevibarba
1118. Gobiobotia brevirostris
1119. Gobiobotia cheni
1120. Gobiobotia filifer
1121. Gobiobotia guilingensis
1122. Gobiobotia homalopteroidea
1123. Gobiobotia jiangxiensis
1124. Gobiobotia kolleri
1125. Gobiobotia longibarba
1126. Gobiobotia macrocephala
1127. Gobiobotia meridionalis
1128. Gobiobotia naktongensis
1129. Gobiobotia nicholsi
1130. Gobiobotia pappenheimi Eightbarbel gudgeon
1131. Gobiobotia paucirastella
1132. Gobiobotia tungi
1133. Gobiobotia yuanjiangensis
1134. Gobiocypris rarus
1135. Gymnocypris chilianensis
1136. Gymnocypris chui
1137. Gymnocypris dobula
1138. Gymnocypris eckloni
1139. Gymnocypris firmispinatus
1140. Gymnocypris namensis
1141. Gymnocypris potanini
1142. Gymnocypris przewalskii
1143. Gymnocypris scleracanthus
1144. Gymnocypris waddellii
1145. Gymnodanio strigatus
1146. Gymnodiptychus dybowskii Naked osman
1147. Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus
1148. Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus
1149. Gymnostomus horai
1150. Hainania serrata
1151. Hampala ampalong
1152. Hampala bimaculata
1153. Hampala dispar
1154. Hampala lopezi
1155. Hampala macrolepidota Hampala barb
1156. Hampala sabana
1157. Hampala salweenensis
1158. Hemibarbus brevipennus
1159. Hemibarbus labeo Barbel steed
1160. Hemibarbus lehoai
312
1161. Hemibarbus longibarbis
1162. Hemibarbus longirostris
1163. Hemibarbus macracanthus
1164. Hemibarbus maculatus Spotted steed
1165. Hemibarbus medius
1166. Hemibarbus mylodon
1167. Hemibarbus qianjiangensis
1168. Hemibarbus songloensis
1169. Hemibarbus thacmoensis
1170. Hemibarbus umbrifer
1171. Hemiculter bleekeri
1172. Hemiculter elongatus
1173. Hemiculter krempfi
1174. Hemiculter leucisculus Sharpbelly
1175. Hemiculter lucidus Ussuri sharpbelly
1176. Hemiculter songhongensis
1177. Hemiculter tchangi
1178. Hemiculter varpachovskii
1179. Hemiculterella macrolepis
1180. Hemiculterella sauvagei
1181. Hemiculterella wui
1182. Hemigrammocapoeta culiciphaga
1183. Hemigrammocapoeta elegans
1184. Hemigrammocapoeta kemali
1185. Hemigrammocapoeta nana
1186. Hemigrammocypris rasborella
1187. Hemitremia flammea Flame chub
1188. Henicorhynchus lineatus
1189. Henicorhynchus lobatus
1190. Henicorhynchus ornatipinnis
1191. Henicorhynchus siamensis Siamese mud carp
1192. Herzensteinia microcephalus
1193. Hesperoleucus symmetricus California roach
1194. Hongshuia banmo
1195. Hongshuia microstomatus
1196. Hongshuia paoli
1197. Horadandia atukorali
1198. Horalabiosa arunachalami
1199. Horalabiosa joshuai
1200. Horalabiosa palaniensis
1201. Huigobio chenhsienensis
1202. Hybognathus amarus Rio Grande silvery minnow
1203. Hybognathus argyritis Western silvery minnow
1204. Hybognathus hankinsoni Brassy minnow
1205. Hybognathus hayi Cypress minnow
1206. Hybognathus nuchalis Mississippi silvery minnow
1207. Hybognathus placitus Plains minnow
1208. Hybognathus regius Eastern silvery minnow
1209. Hybopsis amblops Bigeye chub
1210. Hybopsis amnis Pallid shiner
1211. Hybopsis hypsinotus Highback chub
1212. Hybopsis lineapunctata Lined chub
1213. Hybopsis rubrifrons
1214. Hybopsis winchelli Clear chub
1215. Hypophthalmichthys harmandi
313
1216. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp
1217. Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Bighead carp
1218. Hypselobarbus curmuca Curmuca barb
1219. Hypselobarbus dobsoni Krishna carp
1220. Hypselobarbus dubius Nilgiris barb
1221. Hypselobarbus kolus Kolus
1222. Hypselobarbus kurali
1223. Hypselobarbus lithopidos Canara barb
1224. Hypselobarbus micropogon Korhi barb
1225. Hypselobarbus mussullah Humpback mahseer
1226. Hypselobarbus periyarensis
1227. Hypselobarbus pulchellus
1228. Hypselobarbus thomassi Red Canarese barb
1229. Hypsibarbus annamensis
1230. Hypsibarbus lagleri
1231. Hypsibarbus macrosquamatus
1232. Hypsibarbus malcolmi Goldfin tinfoil barb
1233. Hypsibarbus myitkyinae
1234. Hypsibarbus pierrei
1235. Hypsibarbus salweenensis
1236. Hypsibarbus suvattii
1237. Hypsibarbus vernayi
1238. Hypsibarbus wetmorei
1239. Iberochondrostoma almacai
1240. Iberochondrostoma lemmingii
1241. Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum
1242. Iberochondrostoma oretanum
1243. Iberocypris palaciosi
1244. Inlecypris jayarami
1245. Iotichthys phlegethontis Least chub
1246. Iranocypris typhlops Iran cave barb
1247. Ischikauia steenackeri
1248. Kalimantania lawak
1249. Kosswigobarbus kosswigi
1250. Kottelatia brittani
1251. Labeo alluaudi
1252. Labeo alticentralis
1253. Labeo altivelis Rednose labeo
1254. Labeo angra
1255. Labeo annectens
1256. Labeo ansorgii Cunene labeo
1257. Labeo baldasseronii
1258. Labeo barbatulus
1259. Labeo barbatus
1260. Labeo bata Bata
1261. Labeo batesii
1262. Labeo boga
1263. Labeo boggut Boggut labeo
1264. Labeo bottegi
1265. Labeo boulengeri
1266. Labeo brachypoma
1267. Labeo brunellii
1268. Labeo caeruleus
1269. Labeo calbasu Orangefin labeo
1270. Labeo camerunensis
314
1271. Labeo capensis Orange river mudfish
1272. Labeo carnigliae
1273. Labeo chariensis
1274. Labeo chrysophekadion Black sharkminnow
1275. Labeo congoro Purple labeo
1276. Labeo coubie African carp
1277. Labeo curchius
1278. Labeo curriei
1279. Labeo cyclopinnis
1280. Labeo cyclorhynchus Harlequin sharkminnow
1281. Labeo cylindricus Redeye labeo
1282. Labeo degeni
1283. Labeo dhonti
1284. Labeo dussumieri
1285. Labeo dyocheilus
1286. Labeo erythropterus
1287. Labeo falcipinnis
1288. Labeo fimbriatus Fringed-lipped peninsula carp
1289. Labeo fisheri Green labeo
1290. Labeo forskalii
1291. Labeo fuelleborni Fuelleborn's labeo
1292. Labeo fulakariensis
1293. Labeo gonius Kuria labeo
1294. Labeo greenii
1295. Labeo gregorii Gregori's labeo
1296. Labeo horie
1297. Labeo indramontri
1298. Labeo kawrus
1299. Labeo kibimbi
1300. Labeo kirkii
1301. Labeo kontius Pigmouth carp
1302. Labeo lineatus
1303. Labeo longipinnis
1304. Labeo lualabaensis
1305. Labeo lukulae Red-spot mudsucker
1306. Labeo luluae
1307. Labeo lunatus Upper Zambezi labeo
1308. Labeo macmahoni
1309. Labeo macrostomus
1310. Labeo maleboensis
1311. Labeo meroensis
1312. Labeo mesops Tana labeo
1313. Labeo microphthalmus
1314. Labeo mokotoensis
1315. Labeo molybdinus Leaden labeo
1316. Labeo moszkowskii
1317. Labeo nandina
1318. Labeo nasus
1319. Labeo nigricans
1320. Labeo nigripinnis
1321. Labeo niloticus
1322. Labeo nunensis
1323. Labeo pangusia
1324. Labeo parvus
1325. Labeo pellegrini
315
1326. Labeo percivali Ewaso Nyiro labeo
1327. Labeo pietschmanni
1328. Labeo polli
1329. Labeo porcellus
1330. Labeo potail
1321. Labeo quadribarbis
1322. Labeo rajasthanicus
1323. Labeo rectipinnis
1324. Labeo reidi
1325. Labeo rohita Roho labeo
1326. Labeo rosae
1327. Labeo roseopunctatus
1328. Labeo rouaneti
1329. Labeo rubromaculatus Tugela labeo
1330. Labeo ruddi Silver labeo
1331. Labeo sanagaensis
1332. Labeo seeberi Clanwilliam sandfish
1333. Labeo senegalensis
1334. Labeo simpsoni
1335. Labeo sorex
1336. Labeo stolizkae
1337. Labeo tongaensis
1338. Labeo trigliceps
1339. Labeo udaipurensis
1340. Labeo umbratus Moggel
1341. Labeo victorianus Ningu
1342. Labeo weeksii Sicklefin labeo
1343. Labeo werneri
1344. Labeo worthingtoni
1345. Labeo yunnanensis
1346. Labeobarbus acutirostris
1347. Labeobarbus aeneus Smallmouth yellowfish
1348. Labeobarbus aspius
1349. Labeobarbus batesii
1350. Labeobarbus brevicauda
1351. Labeobarbus brevicephalus
1352. Labeobarbus brevispinis
1353. Labeobarbus capensis Clanwilliam yellowfish
1354. Labeobarbus cardozoi
1355. Labeobarbus caudovittatus
1356. Labeobarbus codringtonii Upper Zambezi yellowfish
1357. Labeobarbus compiniei
1358. Labeobarbus crassibarbis
1359. Labeobarbus dainellii
1360. Labeobarbus gorgorensis
1361. Labeobarbus gorguari
1362. Labeobarbus habereri
1363. Labeobarbus intermedius australis
1364. Labeobarbus intermedius intermedius
1365. Labeobarbus johnstonii
1366. Labeobarbus kimberleyensis Largemouth yellowfish
1367. Labeobarbus litamba
1368. Labeobarbus longissimus
1369. Labeobarbus lucius
1370. Labeobarbus macrophtalmus
316
1371. Labeobarbus malacanthus
1372. Labeobarbus marequensis Largescale yellowfish
1373. Labeobarbus mbami
1374. Labeobarbus megastoma
1375. Labeobarbus micronema
1376. Labeobarbus mungoensis
1377. Labeobarbus natalensis Scaly
1378. Labeobarbus nedgia
1379. Labeobarbus nthuwa
1380. Labeobarbus osseensis
1381. Labeobarbus platydorsus
1382. Labeobarbus polylepis Smallscale yellowfish
1383. Labeobarbus progenys
1384. Labeobarbus rocadasi
1385. Labeobarbus roylii
1386. Labeobarbus surkis
1387. Labeobarbus truttiformis
1388. Labeobarbus tsanensis
1389. Labeobarbus versluysii
1380. Labiobarbus fasciatus
1381. Labiobarbus festivus Signal barb
1382. Labiobarbus lamellifer
1383. Labiobarbus leptocheilus
1384. Labiobarbus lineatus
1385. Labiobarbus ocellatus
1386. Labiobarbus sabanus
1387. Labiobarbus siamensis
1388. Ladigesocypris ghigii
1389. Ladigesocypris mermere
1390. Ladislavia taczanowskii Tachanovsky's gudgeon
1391. Laocypris hispida
1392. Laubuca caeruleostigmata Leaping barb
1393. Laubuca dadiburjori Dadio
1394. Laubuca fasciata
1395. Laubuca insularis
1396. Laubuca lankensis
1397. Laubuca laubuca Indian glass barb
1398. Laubuca ruhuna
1399. Laubuca varuna
1400. Lavinia exilicauda Hitch
1401. Lepidomeda albivallis White River spinedace
1402. Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat spinedace
1403. Lepidomeda mollispinis Virgin spinedace
1404. Lepidomeda vittata Little Colorado spinedace
1405. Lepidopygopsis typus Peninsular hilltrout
1406. Leptobarbus hoevenii Hoven's carp
1407. Leptobarbus hosii
1408. Leptobarbus melanopterus
1409. Leptobarbus melanotaenia
1410. Leptobarbus rubripinna
1411. Leptocypris crossensis
1412. Leptocypris guineensis
1413. Leptocypris konkoureensis
1414. Leptocypris lujae
1415. Leptocypris modestus
317
1416. Leptocypris niloticus
1417. Leptocypris taiaensis
1418. Leptocypris weeksii
1419. Leptocypris weynsii
1420. Leucalburnus satunini
1421. Leucaspius delineatus Belica
1422. Leuciscus anatolicus
1423. Leuciscus baicalensis
1424. Leuciscus bearnensis Bearn beaked dace
1425. Leuciscus bergi
1426. Leuciscus burdigalensis
1427. Leuciscus chuanchicus
1428. Leuciscus danilewskii Danilevskii's dace
1429. Leuciscus dzungaricus
1430. Leuciscus gaderanus
1431. Leuciscus idus Orfe
1432. Leuciscus latus
1433. Leuciscus lehmanni Zeravshan dace
1434. Leuciscus lepidus
1435. Leuciscus leuciscus Common dace
1436. Leuciscus lindbergi
1437. Leuciscus merzbacheri
1438. Leuciscus oxyrrhis Long-snout dace
1439. Leuciscus schmidti
1440. Leuciscus spurius
1441. Leuciscus turskyi
1442. Leuciscus waleckii Amur ide
1443. Linichthys laticeps
1444. Lobocheilos bo
1445. Lobocheilos cornutus
1446. Lobocheilos cryptopogon
1447. Lobocheilos davisi
1448. Lobocheilos delacouri
1449. Lobocheilos erinaceus
1450. Lobocheilos falcifer
1451. Lobocheilos fowleri
1452. Lobocheilos gracilis
1453. Lobocheilos ixocheilos
1454. Lobocheilos kajanensis
1455. Lobocheilos lehat
1456. Lobocheilos melanotaenia
1457. Lobocheilos nigrovittatus
1458. Lobocheilos ovalis
1459. Lobocheilos quadrilineatus
1460. Lobocheilos rhabdoura
1461. Lobocheilos schwanenfeldii
1462. Lobocheilos tenura
1463. Lobocheilos terminalis
1464. Lobocheilos thavili
1465. Lobocheilos trangensis
1466. Lobocheilos unicornis
1467. Longanalus macrochirous
1468. Longiculter siahi
1469. Luciobarbus bocagei
1470. Luciobarbus brachycephalus Aral barbel
318
1471. Luciobarbus capito Bulatmai barbel
1472. Luciobarbus caspius Caspian barbel
1473. Luciobarbus comizo Iberian barbel
1474. Luciobarbus esocinus Mangar
1475. Luciobarbus graecus
1476. Luciobarbus graellsii
1477. Luciobarbus guiraonis
1478. Luciobarbus kersin
1479. Luciobarbus kosswigi
1480. Luciobarbus kottelati
1481. Luciobarbus lydianus
1482. Luciobarbus microcephalus
1483. Luciobarbus mursa Mursa
1484. Luciobarbus mystaceus
1485. Luciobarbus pectoralis
1486. Luciobarbus sclateri Andalusian barbel
1487. Luciobarbus steindachneri
1488. Luciobarbus xanthopterus
1489. Luciobrama macrocephalus
1490. Luciocyprinus langsoni
1491. Luciocyprinus striolatus
1492. Luciosoma bleekeri
1493. Luciosoma pellegrinii
1494. Luciosoma setigerum
1495. Luciosoma spilopleura Apollo sharkminnow
1496. Luciosoma trinema
1497. Luxilus albeolus White shiner
1498. Luxilus cardinalis Cardinal shiner
1499. Luxilus cerasinus Crescent shiner
1500. Luxilus chrysocephalus Striped shiner
1501. Luxilus coccogenis Warpaint shiner
1502. Luxilus cornutus Common shiner
1503. Luxilus pilsbryi Duskystripe shiner
1504. Luxilus zonatus Bleeding shiner
1505. Luxilus zonistius Bandfin shiner
1506. Lythrurus alegnotus Warrior shiner
1507. Lythrurus ardens Rosefin shiner
1508. Lythrurus atrapiculus Blacktip shiner
1509. Lythrurus bellus Pretty shiner
1510. Lythrurus fasciolaris Scarlet shiner
1511. Lythrurus fumeus Ribbon shiner
1512. Lythrurus lirus Mountain shiner
1513. Lythrurus matutinus Pinewoods shiner
1514. Lythrurus roseipinnis Cherryfin shiner
1515. Lythrurus snelsoni Ouachita shiner
1516. Lythrurus umbratilis Redfin shiner
1517. Macrhybopsis aestivalis Speckled chub
1518. Macrhybopsis australis Prairie chub
1519. Macrhybopsis gelida Sturgeon chub
1520. Macrhybopsis hyostoma Shoal chub
1521. Macrhybopsis marconis Burrhead chub
1522. Macrhybopsis meeki Sicklefin chub
1523. Macrhybopsis storeriana Silver chub
1524. Macrhybopsis tetranema Peppered chub
1525. Macrochirichthys macrochirus Long pectoral-fin minnow
319
1526. Malayochela maassi
1527. Mandibularca resinus
1528. Margariscus margarita Pearl dace
1529. Margariscus nachtriebi
1530. Meda fulgida Spikedace
1531. Megalobrama amblycephala Wuchang bream
1532. Megalobrama elongata
1533. Megalobrama mantschuricus
1534. Megalobrama pellegrini
1535. Megalobrama skolkovii
1536. Megalobrama terminalis Black Amur bream
1537. Megarasbora elanga Bengala barb
1538. Mekongina bibarba
1539. Mekongina erythrospila
1540. Mekongina lancangensis
1541. Mesobola bredoi
1542. Mesobola brevianalis River sardine
1543. Mesobola moeruensis
1544. Mesobola spinifer Malagarasi sardine
1545. Mesogobio lachneri
1546. Mesogobio tumenensis
1547. Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi
1548. Metzia alba
1549. Metzia formosae
1550. Metzia hautus
1551. Metzia lineata
1552. Metzia longinasus
1553. Metzia mesembrinum
1554. Microdevario gatesi
1555. Microdevario kubotai
1556. Microdevario nana
1557. Microphysogobio alticorpus
1558. Microphysogobio amurensis Amur longnose gudgeon
1559. Microphysogobio anudarini
1560. Microphysogobio brevirostris
1561. Microphysogobio chinssuensis
1562. Microphysogobio elongatus
1563. Microphysogobio fukiensis
1564. Microphysogobio hsinglungshanensis
1565. Microphysogobio jeoni
1566. Microphysogobio kachekensis
1567. Microphysogobio kiatingensis
1568. Microphysogobio koreensis
1569. Microphysogobio labeoides
1570. Microphysogobio linghensis
1571. Microphysogobio longidorsalis
1572. Microphysogobio microstomus
1573. Microphysogobio pseudoelongatus
1574. Microphysogobio rapidus
1575. Microphysogobio tafangensis
1576. Microphysogobio tungtingensis Long-nosed gudgeon
1577. Microphysogobio vietnamica
1578. Microphysogobio yaluensis
1579. Microphysogobio yunnanensis
1580. Microrasbora microphthalma
320
1581. Microrasbora rubescens
1582. Moapa coriacea Moapa dace
1583. Moroco jouyi
1584. Mylocheilus caurinus Peamouth
1585. Mylopharodon conocephalus Hardhead
1586. Mylopharyngodon piceus Black carp
1587. Mystacoleucus argenteus
1588. Mystacoleucus atridorsalis
1589. Mystacoleucus chilopterus
1590. Mystacoleucus ectypus
1591. Mystacoleucus greenwayi
1592. Mystacoleucus lepturus
1593. Mystacoleucus marginatus
1594. Mystacoleucus padangensis
1595. Naziritor zhobensis Zhobi mahseer
1596. Nematabramis alestes
1597. Nematabramis borneensis
1598. Nematabramis everetti
1599. Nematabramis steindachnerii
1600. Nematabramis verecundus
1601. Neobarynotus microlepis
1602. Neobola bottegoi
1603. Neobola fluviatilis Athi sardine
1604. Neobola nilotica
1605. Neobola stellae
1606. Neolissochilus baoshanensis
1607. Neolissochilus benasi
1608. Neolissochilus blythii
1609. Neolissochilus compressus
1610. Neolissochilus dukai
1611. Neolissochilus hendersoni
1612. Neolissochilus heterostomus
1613. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis Copper mahseer
1614. Neolissochilus hexastichus
1615. Neolissochilus longipinnis
1616. Neolissochilus nigrovittatus
1617. Neolissochilus paucisquamatus
1618. Neolissochilus soroides
1619. Neolissochilus spinulosus
1620. Neolissochilus stevensonii
1621. Neolissochilus stracheyi
1622. Neolissochilus subterraneus
1623. Neolissochilus sumatranus
1624. Neolissochilus thienemanni
1625. Neolissochilus tweediei
1626. Neolissochilus vittatus
1627. Nicholsicypris dorsohorizontalis
1628. Nicholsicypris normalis
1629. Nipponocypris koreanus
1630. Nipponocypris sieboldii
1631. Nipponocypris temminckii Dark chub
1632. Nocomis asper Redspot chub
1633. Nocomis biguttatus Hornyhead chub
1634. Nocomis effusus Redtail chub
1635. Nocomis leptocephalus Bluehead chub
321
1636. Nocomis micropogon River chub
1637. Nocomis platyrhynchus Bigmouth chub
1638. Nocomis raneyi Bull chub
1639. Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden shiner
1640. Notropis aguirrepequenoi Soto la Marina shiner
1641. Notropis albizonatus Palezone shiner
1642. Notropis alborus Whitemouth shiner
1643. Notropis altipinnis Highfin shiner
1644. Notropis amabilis Texas shiner
1645. Notropis amecae Ameca shiner
1646. Notropis ammophilus Orangefin shiner
1647. Notropis amoenus Comely shiner
1648. Notropis amplamala Longjaw minnow
1649. Notropis anogenus Pugnose shiner
1650. Notropis ariommus Popeye shiner
1651. Notropis asperifrons Burrhead shiner
1652. Notropis atherinoides Emerald shiner
1653. Notropis atrocaudalis Blackspot shiner
1654. Notropis aulidion Durango shiner
1655. Notropis baileyi Rough shiner
1656. Notropis bairdi Red River shiner
1657. Notropis bifrenatus Bridle shiner
1658. Notropis blennius River shiner
1659. Notropis boops Bigeye shiner
1660. Notropis boucardi Balsas shiner
1661. Notropis braytoni Tamaulipas shiner
1662. Notropis buccatus Silverjaw minnow
1663. Notropis buccula Smalleye shiner
1664. Notropis buchanani Ghost shiner
1665. Notropis cahabae Cahaba shiner
1666. Notropis calabazas
1667. Notropis calientis Yellow shiner
1668. Notropis candidus Silverside shiner
1669. Notropis chalybaeus Ironcolor shiner
1670. Notropis chihuahua Chihuahua shiner
1671. Notropis chiliticus Redlip shiner
1672. Notropis chlorocephalus Greenhead shiner
1673. Notropis chrosomus Rainbow shiner
1674. Notropis cumingii Atoyac chub
1675. Notropis cummingsae Dusky shiner
1676. Notropis dorsalis Bigmouth shiner
1677. Notropis edwardraneyi Fluvial shiner
1678. Notropis girardi Arkansas River shiner
1679. Notropis greenei Wedgespot shiner
1680. Notropis harperi Redeye chub
1681. Notropis heterodon Blackchin shiner
1682. Notropis heterolepis Blacknose shiner
1683. Notropis hudsonius Spottail shiner
1684. Notropis hypsilepis Highscale shiner
1685. Notropis imeldae
1686. Notropis jemezanus Rio Grande shiner
1687. Notropis leuciodus Tennessee shiner
1688. Notropis longirostris Longnose shiner
1689. Notropis lutipinnis Yellowfin shiner
1690. Notropis maculatus Taillight shiner
322
1691. Notropis mekistocholas Cape Fear shiner
1692. Notropis melanostomus Blackmouth shiner
1693. Notropis micropteryx Highland shiner
1694. Notropis moralesi Papaloapan chub
1695. Notropis nazas Nazas shiner
1696. Notropis nubilus Ozark minnow
1697. Notropis orca Phantom shiner
1698. Notropis ortenburgeri Kiamichi shiner
1699. Notropis oxyrhynchus Sharpnose shiner
1700. Notropis ozarcanus Ozark shiner
1701. Notropis percobromus Carmine shiner
1702. Notropis perpallidus Peppered shiner
1703. Notropis petersoni Coastal shiner
1704. Notropis photogenis Silver shiner
1705. Notropis potteri Chub shiner
1706. Notropis procne Swallowtail shiner
1707. Notropis rafinesquei Yazoo shiner
1708. Notropis rubellus Rosyface shiner
1709. Notropis rubricroceus Saffron shiner
1710. Notropis rupestris Bedrock shiner
1711. Notropis sabinae Sabine shiner
1712. Notropis saladonis Salado shiner
1713. Notropis scabriceps New River shiner
1714. Notropis scepticus Sandbar shiner
1715. Notropis semperasper Roughhead shiner
1716. Notropis shumardi Silverband shiner
1717. Notropis simus Bluntnose shiner
1718. Notropis spectrunculus Mirror shiner
1719. Notropis stilbius Silverstripe shiner
1720. Notropis stramineus Sand shiner
1721. Notropis suttkusi Rocky shiner
1722. Notropis telescopus Telescope shiner
1723. Notropis texanus Weed shiner
1724. Notropis topeka Topeka shiner
1725. Notropis tropicus Pygmy shiner
1726. Notropis uranoscopus Skygazer shiner
1727. Notropis volucellus Mimic shiner
1728. Notropis wickliffi Channel shiner
1729. Notropis xaenocephalus Coosa shiner
1730. Ochetobius elongatus
1731. Onychostoma alticorpus Taiwan ku fish
1732. Onychostoma angustistomata
1733. Onychostoma barbatulum Taiwan shoveljaw carp
1734. Onychostoma barbatum
1735. Onychostoma brevis
1736. Onychostoma daduense
1737. Onychostoma elongatum
1738. Onychostoma fangi
1739. Onychostoma fusiforme
1740. Onychostoma gerlachi
1741. Onychostoma laticeps
1742. Onychostoma lepturum
1743. Onychostoma lini
1744. Onychostoma macrolepis
1745. Onychostoma meridionale
323
1746. Onychostoma ovale
1747. Onychostoma rarum
1748. Onychostoma simum
1749. Onychostoma uniforme
1750. Onychostoma virgulatum
1751. Opsaridium boweni
1752. Opsaridium engrauloides
1753. Opsaridium leleupi
1754. Opsaridium loveridgii
1755. Opsaridium maculicauda
1756. Opsaridium microcephalum
1757. Opsaridium microlepis Lake salmon
1758. Opsaridium peringueyi Southern barred minnow
1759. Opsaridium splendens
1760. Opsaridium tweddleorum dwarf sanjika
1761. Opsaridium ubangiense
1762. Opsaridium zambezense Barred minnow
1763. Opsariichthys bea
1764. Opsariichthys bidens
1765. Opsariichthys dienbienensis
1766. Opsariichthys evolans
1767. Opsariichthys hainanensis
1768. Opsariichthys hieni
1769. Opsariichthys kaopingensis
1770. Opsariichthys pachycephalus
1771. Opsariichthys songmaensis
1772. Opsariichthys uncirostris Three-lips
1773. Opsarius cocsa
1774. Opsarius koratensis
1775. Opsarius pulchellus
1776. Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae Pugnose minnow
1777. Opsopoeodus emiliae peninsularis
1778. Oregonichthys crameri Oregon chub
1779. Oregonichthys kalawatseti Umpquachub
1780. Oreichthys cosuatis
1781. Oreichthys crenuchoides
1782. Oreichthys parvus
1783. Oreoleuciscus angusticephalus Narrow-headed Altai osman
1784. Oreoleuciscus dsapchynensis
1785. Oreoleuciscus humilis Dwarf Altai osman
1786. Oreoleuciscus potanini Altai osman
1787. Orthodon microlepidotus Sacramento blackfish
1788. Ospatulus palaemophagus
1789. Ospatulus truncatulus
1790. Osteobrama alfredianus
1791. Osteobrama bakeri
1792. Osteobrama belangeri
1793. Osteobrama bhimensis
1794. Osteobrama cotio cotio
1795. Osteobrama cotio cunma
1796. Osteobrama cotio peninsularis
1797. Osteobrama feae
1798. Osteobrama neilli
1799. Osteobrama vigorsii
1800. Osteochilichthys brevidorsalis Kantaka barb
324
1801. Osteochilus bellus
1802. Osteochilus bleekeri
1803. Osteochilus borneensis
1804. Osteochilus brachynotopteroides
1805. Osteochilus chini
1806. Osteochilus enneaporos
1807. Osteochilus flavicauda
1808. Osteochilus harrisoni
1809. Osteochilus hasseltii Nilem carp
1810. Osteochilus ingeri
1811. Osteochilus intermedius
1812. Osteochilus jeruk
1813. Osteochilus kahajanensis
1814. Osteochilus kappenii
1815. Osteochilus kelabau
1816. Osteochilus kerinciensis
1817. Osteochilus kuekenthali
1818. Osteochilus lini
1819. Osteochilus longidorsalis
1820. Osteochilus melanopleurus
1821. Osteochilus microcephalus
1822. Osteochilus nashii Nash's barb
1823. Osteochilus partilineatus
1824. Osteochilus pentalineatus
1825. Osteochilus repang
1826. Osteochilus salsburyi
1827. Osteochilus sarawakensis
1828. Osteochilus schlegelii Giant sharkminnow
1829. Osteochilus serokan
1830. Osteochilus sondhii
1831. Osteochilus spilurus
1832. Osteochilus striatus
1833. Osteochilus thomassi Konti barb
1834. Osteochilus vittatus Bonylip barb
1835. Osteochilus waandersii
1836. Oxygaster anomalura
1837. Oxygaster pointoni
1838. Oxygymnocypris stewartii
1839. Pachychilon macedonicum
1840. Pachychilon pictum
1841. Paedocypris carbunculus
1842. Paedocypris micromegethes
1843. Paedocypris progenetica
1844. Parabramis pekinensis White amur bream
1845. Paracanthobrama guichenoti
1846. Paracheilognathus himantegus
1847. Parachela cyanea
1848. Parachela hypophthalmus
1849. Parachela ingerkongi
1850. Parachela maculicauda
1851. Parachela oxygastroides Glass fish
1852. Parachela siamensis
1853. Parachela williaminae
1854. Parachondrostoma arrigonis
1855. Parachondrostoma miegii
325
1856. Parachondrostoma toxostoma
1857. Parachondrostoma turiense
1858. Paracrossochilus acerus
1859. Paracrossochilus vittatus
1860. Paralaubuca barroni
1861. Paralaubuca harmandi
1862. Paralaubuca riveroi
1863. Paralaubuca stigmabrachium
1864. Paralaubuca typus
1865. Paraleucogobio notacanthus
1866. Parapsilorhynchus discophorus Ratnagiri minnow
1867. Parapsilorhynchus elongatus
1868. Parapsilorhynchus prateri Deolali minnow
1869. Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus Khandalla minnow
1870. Pararasbora moltrechti
1871. Pararhinichthys bowersi Cheat minnow
1872. Parasikukia maculata
1873. Parasinilabeo assimilis
1874. Parasinilabeo longibarbus
1875. Parasinilabeo longicorpus
1876. Parasinilabeo longiventralis
1877. Parasinilabeo maculatus
1878. Parasinilabeo microps
1879. Paraspinibarbus macracanthus
1880. Parasqualidus maii
1881. Parator zonatus
1882. Parazacco fasciatus
1883. Parazacco spilurus Predaceous chub
1884. Pectenocypris balaena
1885. Pectenocypris korthausae
1886. Pectenocypris micromysticetus
1887. Pelasgus epiroticus
1888. Pelasgus laconicus
1889. Pelasgus marathonicus Marathon minnow
1890. Pelasgus minutus
1891. Pelasgus prespensis
1892. Pelasgus stymphalicus
1893. Pelasgus thesproticus
1894. Pelecus cultratus Sichel
1895. Percocypris pingi
1896. Percocypris regani
1897. Percocypris tchangi
1898. Petroleuciscus borysthenicus Dnieper chub
1899. Petroleuciscus kurui
1900. Petroleuciscus persidis
1901. Petroleuciscus smyrnaeus
1902. Phenacobius catostomus Riffle minnow
1903. Phenacobius crassilabrum Fatlips minnow
1904. Phenacobius mirabilis Suckermouth minnow
1905. Phenacobius teretulus Kanawha minnow
1906. Phenacobius uranops Stargazing minnow
1907. Phoxinellus alepidotus
1908. Phoxinellus dalmaticus
1909. Phoxinellus pseudalepidotus
1910. Phoxinus bigerri
326
1911. Phoxinus brachyurus Seven River's minnow
1912. Phoxinus colchicus
1913. Phoxinus grumi
1914. Phoxinus issykkulensis Issyk-kul' minnow
1915. Phoxinus keumkang
1916. Phoxinus kumgangensis
1917. Phoxinus lumaireul
1918. Phoxinus neogaeus Finescale dace
1919. Phoxinus oxyrhynchus
1920. Phoxinus phoxinus Eurasian minnow
1921. Phoxinus saylori Laurel dace
1922. Phoxinus semotilus
1923. Phoxinus septimaniae
1924. Phoxinus steindachneri
1925. Phoxinus strandjae
1926. Phoxinus strymonicus
1927. Phoxinus tchangi
1928. Phoxinus ujmonensis
1929. Phreatichthys andruzzii Somalian cavefish
1930. Pimephales notatus Bluntnose minnow
1931. Pimephales promelas Fathead minnow
1932. Pimephales tenellus Slim minnow
1933. Pimephales vigilax Bullhead minnow
1934. Placogobio bacmeensis
1935. Placogobio nahangensis
1936. Plagiognathops microlepis Smallscale yellowfin
1937. Plagopterus argentissimus Woundfin
1938. Platygobio gracilis Flathead chub
1939. Platypharodon extremus
1940. Platysmacheilus exiguus
1941. Platysmacheilus longibarbatus
1942. Platysmacheilus nudiventris
1943. Platysmacheilus zhenjiangensis
1944. Pogobrama barbatula
1945. Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake splittail
1946. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus Splittail
1947. Poropuntius alloiopleurus
1948. Poropuntius angustus
1949. Poropuntius bantamensis
1950. Poropuntius birtwistlei
1951. Poropuntius bolovenensis
1952. Poropuntius burtoni
1953. Poropuntius carinatus
1954. Poropuntius chondrorhynchus
1955. Poropuntius chonglingchungi
1956. Poropuntius clavatus Stedman barb
1957. Poropuntius cogginii
1958. Poropuntius consternans
1959. Poropuntius daliensis
1960. Poropuntius deauratus
1961. Poropuntius exiguus
1962. Poropuntius faucis
1963. Poropuntius fuxianhuensis
1964. Poropuntius genyognathus
1965. Poropuntius hampaloides
327
1966. Poropuntius hathe
1967. Poropuntius heterolepidotus
1968. Poropuntius huangchuchieni
1969. Poropuntius huguenini
1970. Poropuntius ikedai
1971. Poropuntius kontumensis
1972. Poropuntius krempfi
1973. Poropuntius laoensis
1974. Poropuntius lobocheiloides
1975. Poropuntius margarianus
1976. Poropuntius melanogrammus
1977. Poropuntius normani
1978. Poropuntius opisthoptera
1979. Poropuntius rhomboides
1980. Poropuntius scapanognathus
1981. Poropuntius smedleyi
1982. Poropuntius solitus
1983. Poropuntius speleops
1984. Poropuntius susanae
1985. Poropuntius tawarensis
1986. Probarbus jullieni Isok barb
1987. Probarbus labeamajor Thicklip barb
1988. Probarbus labeaminor Thinlip barb
1989. Procypris mera
1990. Procypris rabaudi
1991. Prolabeo batesi
1992. Prolabeops melanhypopterus
1993. Prolabeops nyongensis
1994. Protochondrostoma genei
1995. Pseudaspius leptocephalus Redfin
1996. Pseudobarbus afer Eastern Cape redfin
1997. Pseudobarbus asper Smallscale redfin
1998. Pseudobarbus burchelli Burchell's redfin
1999. Pseudobarbus burgi Berg redfin
2000. Pseudobarbus phlegethon Fiery redfin
2001. Pseudobarbus quathlambae Maluti minnow
2002. Pseudobarbus tenuis Slender redfin
2003. Pseudobrama simoni
2004. Pseudochondrostoma duriense
2005. Pseudochondrostoma polylepis Iberian nase
2006. Pseudochondrostoma willkommii
2007. Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis
2008. Pseudocrossocheilus liuchengensis
2009. Pseudocrossocheilus longibullus
2010. Pseudocrossocheilus nigrovittatus
2011. Pseudocrossocheilus papillolabrus
2012. Pseudocrossocheilus tridentis
2013. Pseudogobio banggiangensis
2014. Pseudogobio esocinus
2015. Pseudogobio guilinensis
2016. Pseudogobio vaillanti
2017. Pseudogyrinocheilus longisulcus
2018. Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus
2019. Pseudohemiculter dispar
2020. Pseudohemiculter hainanensis
328
2021. Pseudohemiculter kweichowensis
2022. Pseudohemiculter pacboensis
2023. Pseudolaubuca engraulis
2024. Pseudolaubuca hotaya
2025. Pseudolaubuca jouyi
2026. Pseudolaubuca sinensis
2027. Pseudoperilampus monguonensis
2028. Pseudophoxinus alii
2029. Pseudophoxinus anatolicus
2030. Pseudophoxinus antalyae
2031. Pseudophoxinus atropatenus Shirvan roachling
2032. Pseudophoxinus battalgilae
2033. Pseudophoxinus beoticus
2034. Pseudophoxinus callensis
2035. Pseudophoxinus crassus
2036. Pseudophoxinus drusensis
2037. Pseudophoxinus egridiri
2038. Pseudophoxinus elizavetae
2039. Pseudophoxinus evliyae
2040. Pseudophoxinus fahirae
2041. Pseudophoxinus fahrettini
2042. Pseudophoxinus firati
2043. Pseudophoxinus handlirschi
2044. Pseudophoxinus hasani
2045. Pseudophoxinus kervillei
2046. Pseudophoxinus libani
2047. Pseudophoxinus maeandri
2048. Pseudophoxinus maeandricus
2049. Pseudophoxinus ninae
2050. Pseudophoxinus punicus
2051. Pseudophoxinus sojuchbulagi
2052. Pseudophoxinus syriacus
2053. Pseudophoxinus zekayi
2054. Pseudophoxinus zeregi
2055. Pseudopungtungia nigra Black shinner
2056. Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus
2057. Pseudorasbora elongata
2058. Pseudorasbora interrupta
2059. Pseudorasbora parva Stone moroko
2060. Pseudorasbora pumila Moroco
2061. Pteronotropis euryzonus Broadstripe shiner
2062. Pteronotropis grandipinnis Apalachee shiner
2063. Pteronotropis hubbsi Bluehead shiner
2064. Pteronotropis hypselopterus Sailfin shiner
2065. Pteronotropis merlini Orangetail shiner
2066. Pteronotropis metallicus
2067. Pteronotropis signipinnis Flagfin shiner
2068. Pteronotropis stonei Lowland shiner
2069. Pteronotropis welaka Bluenose shiner
2070. Ptychidio jordani
2071. Ptychidio longibarbus
2072. Ptychidio macrops
2073. Ptychobarbus chungtienensis
2074. Ptychobarbus conirostris Indus snowtrout
2075. Ptychobarbus dipogon
329
2076. Ptychobarbus kaznakovi
2077. Ptychocheilus grandis Sacramento pikeminnow
2078. Ptychocheilus lucius Colorado pikeminnow
2079. Ptychocheilus oregonensis Northern pikeminnow
2080. Ptychocheilus umpquae Umpqua pikeminnow
2081. Pungtungia herzi
2082. Pungtungia hilgendorfi
2083. Pungtungia shiraii
2084. Puntioplites bulu
2085. Puntioplites falcifer
2086. Puntioplites proctozystron
2087. Puntioplites waandersi
2088. Puntius amarus
2089. Puntius ambassis
2090. Puntius amphibius Scarlet-banded barb
2091. Puntius anchisporus
2092. Puntius aphya
2093. Puntius arenatus
2094. Puntius arulius Arulius barb
2095. Puntius asoka Asoka barb
2096. Puntius assimilis
2097. Puntius ater
2098. Puntius aurotaeniatus
2099. Puntius bandula Bandula barb
2100. Puntius banksi
2101. Puntius bantolanensis
2102. Puntius baoulan
2103. Puntius bimaculatus Redside barb
2104. Puntius binotatus Spotted barb
2105. Puntius bramoides
2106. Puntius brevis
2107. Puntius bunau
2108. Puntius burmanicus
2109. Puntius cataractae
2110. Puntius cauveriensis
2111. Puntius chalakkudiensis
2112. Puntius chelynoides Dark mahseer
2113. Puntius chola Swamp barb
2114. Puntius clemensi
2115. Puntius compressiformis
2116. Puntius conchonius Rosy barb
2117. Puntius crescentus
2118. Puntius cumingii Two spot barb
2119. Puntius deccanensis Deccan barb
2120. Puntius denisonii Denison barb
2121. Puntius didi
2122. Puntius disa
2123. Puntius dorsalis Long snouted barb
2124. Puntius dorsimaculatus Blackline barb
2125. Puntius dunckeri Bigspot barb
2126. Puntius endecanalis
2127. Puntius erythromycter
2128. Puntius everetti Clown barb
2129. Puntius exclamatio
2130. Puntius fasciatus Melon barb
330
2131. Puntius filamentosus Blackspot barb
2132. Puntius flavifuscus
2133. Puntius foerschi
2134. Puntius fraseri Dharna barb
2135. Puntius gelius Golden barb
2136. Puntius gemellus
2137. Puntius guganio Glass-barb
2138. Puntius hemictenus
2139. Puntius herrei
2140. Puntius hexazona
2141. Puntius jacobusboehlkei
2142. Puntius jayarami
2143. Puntius jerdoni Jerdon's carp
2144. Puntius johorensis Striped barb
2145. Puntius kamalika
2146. Puntius kannikattiensis
2147. Puntius katolo
2148. Puntius kelumi
2149. Puntius khohi
2150. Puntius khugae
2151. Puntius kuchingensis
2152. Puntius lanaoensis
2153. Puntius lateristriga Spanner barb
2154. Puntius layardi
2155. Puntius lindog
2156. Puntius lineatus Lined barb
2157. Puntius macrogramma
2158. Puntius mahecola
2159. Puntius manalak
2160. Puntius manguaoensis
2161. Puntius manipurensis
2162. Puntius martenstyni Martenstyn's barb
2163. Puntius masyai
2164. Puntius meingangbii
2165. Puntius microps
2166. Puntius montanoi
2167. Puntius morehensis
2168. Puntius mudumalaiensis
2169. Puntius muvattupuzhaensis
2170. Puntius nangalensis
2171. Puntius nankyweensis
2172. Puntius narayani Narayan barb
2173. Puntius nigrofasciatus Black ruby barb
2174. Puntius oligolepis Checkered barb
2175. Puntius ophicephalus Channa barb
2176. Puntius ornatus
2177. Puntius orphoides Javaen barb
2178. Puntius pachycheilus
2179. Puntius padamya
2180. Puntius parrah
2181. Puntius partipentazona
2182. Puntius paucimaculatus
2183. Puntius pentazona Fiveband barb
2184. Puntius phutunio Spottedsail barb
2185. Puntius pleurotaenia Black lined barb
331
2186. Puntius pookodensis
2187. Puntius pugio
2188. Puntius punctatus
2189. Puntius punjabensis
2190. Puntius puntio Puntio barb
2191. Puntius reval
2192. Puntius rhombeus
2193. Puntius rhomboocellatus
2194. Puntius sachsii Goldfinned barb
2195. Puntius sahyadriensis Khavli barb
2196. Puntius sarana Olive barb
2197. Puntius schanicus
2198. Puntius sealei
2199. Puntius semifasciolatus Chinese barb
2200. Puntius setnai
2201. Puntius shalynius Shalyni barb
2202. Puntius sharmai
2203. Puntius singhala
2204. Puntius sirang
2205. Puntius snyderi
2206. Puntius sophore Pool barb
2207. Puntius sophoroides
2208. Puntius spilopterus
2209. Puntius srilankensis Blotched filamented barb
2210. Puntius stoliczkanus
2211. Puntius takhoaensis
2212. Puntius tambraparniei
2213. Puntius terio Onespot barb
2214. Puntius tetraspilus
2215. Puntius tetrazona Sumatra barb
2216. Puntius thelys
2217. Puntius tiantian
2218. Puntius ticto Ticto barb
2219. Puntius titteya Cherry barb
2220. Puntius tras
2221. Puntius trifasciatus
2222. Puntius tumba
2223. Puntius vittatus Greenstripe barb
2224. Puntius waageni
2225. Puntius yuensis
2226. Qianlabeo striatus
2227. Raiamas ansorgii
2228. Raiamas batesii
2229. Raiamas bola Trout barb
2230. Raiamas buchholzi
2231. Raiamas christyi Coppernose barb
2232. Raiamas guttatus Burmese trout
2233. Raiamas kheeli
2234. Raiamas levequei
2235. Raiamas longirostris
2236. Raiamas macrostoma
2237. Raiamas moorii Lake Rukwa minnow
2238. Raiamas nigeriensis
2239. Raiamas salmolucius
2240. Raiamas scarciensis
332
2241. Raiamas senegalensis Silver fish
2242. Raiamas shariensis
2243. Raiamas steindachneri
2244. Rasbora amplistriga
2245. Rasbora aprotaenia
2246. Rasbora argyrotaenia Silver rasbora
2247. Rasbora atridorsalis
2248. Rasbora aurotaenia Pale rasbora
2249. Rasbora baliensis
2250. Rasbora bankanensis
2251. Rasbora beauforti Spotlight rasbora
2252. Rasbora borapetensis Blackline rasbora
2253. Rasbora borneensis
2254. Rasbora bunguranensis
2255. Rasbora caudimaculata Greater scissortail
2256. Rasbora caverii Cauvery rasbora
2257. Rasbora cephalotaenia
2258. Rasbora chrysotaenia Goldstripe rasbora
2259. Rasbora daniconius Slender rasbora
2260. Rasbora dies
2261. Rasbora dorsinotata
2262. Rasbora dusonensis Rosefin rasbora
2263. Rasbora einthovenii Brilliant rasbora
2264. Rasbora elegans Twospot rasbora
2265. Rasbora ennealepis
2266. Rasbora gerlachi
2267. Rasbora hobelmani Kottelat rasbora
2268. Rasbora hosii
2269. Rasbora hubbsi
2270. Rasbora jacobsoni
2271. Rasbora johannae
2272. Rasbora kalbarensis Kalbar rasbora
2273. Rasbora kalochroma Clown rasbora
2274. Rasbora kobonensis
2275. Rasbora kottelati
2276. Rasbora labiosa
2277. Rasbora lacrimula
2278. Rasbora lateristriata Yellow rasbora
2279. Rasbora laticlavia
2280. Rasbora leptosoma Copperstripe rasbora
2281. Rasbora macrophthalma
2282. Rasbora meinkeni
2283. Rasbora nematotaenia
2284. Rasbora notura
2285. Rasbora ornata
2286. Rasbora patrickyapi
2287. Rasbora paucisqualis Largescaled rasbora
2288. Rasbora paviana Sidestripe rasbora
2289. Rasbora philippina Mindanao rasbora
2290. Rasbora punctulatus
2291. Rasbora rasbora Gangetic scissortail rasbora
2292. Rasbora reticulata
2293. Rasbora rubrodorsalis
2294. Rasbora rutteni
2295. Rasbora sarawakensis
333
2296. Rasbora semilineata
2297. Rasbora septentrionalis
2298. Rasbora spilotaenia
2299. Rasbora steineri Chinese rasbora
2300. Rasbora subtilis
2301. Rasbora sumatrana
2302. Rasbora tawarensis
2303. Rasbora taytayensis
2304. Rasbora tobana
2305. Rasbora tornieri Yellowtail rasbora
2306. Rasbora trifasciata
2307. Rasbora trilineata Three-lined rasbora
2308. Rasbora tubbi
2309. Rasbora tuberculata
2310. Rasbora volzii
2311. Rasbora vulcanus
2312. Rasbora vulgaris
2313. Rasbora wilpita Wilpita rasbora
2314. Rasborichthys helfrichii
2315. Rasboroides vaterifloris Pearly rasbora
2316. Rasbosoma spilocerca Dwarf scissortail rasbora
2317. Rastrineobola argentea Silver cyprinid
2318. Rectoris longifinus
2319. Rectoris luxiensis
2320. Rectoris mutabilis
2321. Rectoris posehensis
2322. Relictus solitarius Relict dace
2323. Rhinichthys atratulus Blacknose dace
2324. Rhinichthys cataractae Longnose dace
2325. Rhinichthys cobitis Loach minnow
2326. Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Dace
2327. Rhinichthys evermanni Umpqua dace
2328. Rhinichthys falcatus Leopard dace
2329. Rhinichthys obtusus Western blacknose dace
2330. Rhinichthys osculus Speckled dace
2321. Rhinichthys umatilla Umatilla dace
2322. Rhinogobio cylindricus
2323. Rhinogobio hunanensis
2324. Rhinogobio nasutus
2325. Rhinogobio typus
2326. Rhinogobio ventralis
2327. Rhodeus amarus
2328. Rhodeus amurensis
2329. Rhodeus atremius Kyushu bitterling
2330. Rhodeus colchicus
2331. Rhodeus fangi
2332. Rhodeus haradai
2333. Rhodeus laoensis
2334. Rhodeus lighti Light's bitterling
2335. Rhodeus meridionalis
2336. Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus
2337. Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus Rosy bitterling
2338. Rhodeus pseudosericeus
2339. Rhodeus rheinardti
2340. Rhodeus sciosemus
334
2341. Rhodeus sericeus Bitterling
2342. Rhodeus sinensis
2343. Rhodeus smithii
2344. Rhodeus spinalis
2345. Rhodeus suigensis
2346. Rhodeus uyekii
2347. Rhynchocypris czekanowskii Czekanowski's minnow
2348. Rhynchocypris dementjevi
2349. Rhynchocypris lagowskii Amur minnow
2350. Rhynchocypris oxycephalus Chinese minnow
2351. Rhynchocypris percnurus Lake minnow
2352. Rhynchocypris poljakowii Balkhash minnow
2353. Richardsonius balteatus Redside shiner
2354. Richardsonius egregius Lahontan redside
2355. Rohtee ogilbii Vatani rohtee
2356. Rohteichthys microlepis
2357. Romanogobio albipinnatus White-finned gudgeon
2358. Romanogobio amplexilabris
2359. Romanogobio antipai
2360. Romanogobio banaticus
2361. Romanogobio belingi
2362. Romanogobio benacensis
2363. Romanogobio ciscaucasicus North Caucasian longbarbel gudgeon
2364. Romanogobio elimeius
2365. Romanogobio johntreadwelli
2366. Romanogobio kesslerii Kessler's gudgeon
2367. Romanogobio macropterus
2368. Romanogobio parvus
2369. Romanogobio pentatrichus Kuban long-barbelled gudgeon
2370. Romanogobio persus Kura gudgeon
2371. Romanogobio tanaiticus
2372. Romanogobio tenuicorpus Amur whitefin gudgeon
2373. Romanogobio uranoscopus Danubian longbarbel gudgeon
2374. Romanogobio vladykovi
2375. Rostrogobio liaohensis
2376. Rutilus aula
2377. Rutilus basak
2378. Rutilus caspicus
2379. Rutilus frisii Kutum
2380. Rutilus heckelii
2381. Rutilus karamani
2382. Rutilus kutum
2383. Rutilus meidingeri
2384. Rutilus ohridanus
2385. Rutilus panosi Acheloos roach
2386. Rutilus pigus
2387. Rutilus prespensis
2388. Rutilus rubilio
2389. Rutilus rutilus Roach
2380. Rutilus virgo
2381. Rutilus ylikiensis
2382. Salmophasia acinaces Silver razorbelly minnow
2383. Salmophasia bacaila Large razorbelly minnow
2384. Salmophasia balookee Bloch razorbelly minnow
2385. Salmophasia belachi
335
2386. Salmophasia boopis Boopis razorbelly minnow
2387. Salmophasia horai Hora razorbelly minnow
2388. Salmophasia novacula Novacula razorbelly minnow
2389. Salmophasia orissaensis Orissa razorbelly minnow
2390. Salmophasia phulo Finescale razorbelly minnow
2391. Salmophasia punjabensis Punjab razorbelly minnow
2392. Salmophasia sardinella Sardinella razorbelly minnow
2393. Salmophasia sladoni
2394. Salmophasia untrahi Mahanadi razorbelly minnow
2395. Sanagia velifera
2396. Sarcocheilichthys biwaensis
2397. Sarcocheilichthys caobangensis
2398. Sarcocheilichthys czerskii Cherskii's thicklip gudgeon
2399. Sarcocheilichthys davidi
2400. Sarcocheilichthys hainanensis
2401. Sarcocheilichthys kiangsiensis
2402. Sarcocheilichthys lacustris
2403. Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii
2404. Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis nigripinnis Rainbow gudgeon
2405. Sarcocheilichthys parvus
2406. Sarcocheilichthys sinensis fukiensis
2407. Sarcocheilichthys sinensis sinensis Chinese lake gudgeon
2408. Sarcocheilichthys soldatovi Soldatov's thicklip gudgeon
2409. Sarcocheilichthys variegatus microoculus
2410. Sarcocheilichthys variegatus variegatus
2411. Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae
2412. Saurogobio dabryi Chinese lizard gudgeon
2413. Saurogobio dumerili
2414. Saurogobio gracilicaudatus
2415. Saurogobio gymnocheilus
2416. Saurogobio immaculatus
2417. Saurogobio lissilabris
2418. Saurogobio xiangjiangensis
2419. Sawbwa resplendens Sawbwa barb
2420. Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus
2421. Scaphiodonichthys burmanicus
2422. Scaphiodonichthys macracanthus
2423. Scaphognathops bandanensis
2424. Scaphognathops stejnegeri
2425. Scaphognathops theunensis
2426. Scardinius acarnanicus
2427. Scardinius dergle
2428. Scardinius elmaliensis
2429. Scardinius erythrophthalmus Rudd
2430. Scardinius graecus
2431. Scardinius hesperidicus
2432. Scardinius knezevici
2433. Scardinius plotizza
2434. Scardinius racovitzai
2435. Scardinius scardafa
2436. Schismatorhynchos endecarhapis
2437. Schismatorhynchos heterorhynchos
2438. Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos
2439. Schismatorhynchos nukta Nukta
2440. Schizocypris altidorsalis
336
2441. Schizocypris brucei Waziristan snowtrout
2442. Schizocypris ladigesi
2443. Schizopyge curvifrons Sattar snowtrout
2444. Schizopyge dainellii
2445. Schizopyge niger Chush snowtrout
2446. Schizopygopsis anteroventris
2447. Schizopygopsis kessleri
2448. Schizopygopsis kialingensis
2449. Schizopygopsis malacanthus
2450. Schizopygopsis pylzovi
2451. Schizopygopsis stoliczkai False osman
2452. Schizopygopsis thermalis
2453. Schizopygopsis younghusbandi
2454. Schizothorax argentatus Balkhash marinka
2455. Schizothorax beipanensis
2456. Schizothorax biddulphi
2457. Schizothorax chongi
2458. Schizothorax cryptolepis
2459. Schizothorax curvilabiatus
2460. Schizothorax davidi
2461. Schizothorax dolichonema
2462. Schizothorax dulongensis
2463. Schizothorax edeniana
2464. Schizothorax elongatus
2465. Schizothorax esocinus Chirruh snowtrout
2466. Schizothorax eurystomus
2467. Schizothorax gongshanensis
2468. Schizothorax grahami
2469. Schizothorax griseus
2470. Schizothorax heterochilus
2471. Schizothorax heterophysallidos
2472. Schizothorax huegelii
2473. Schizothorax integrilabiatus
2474. Schizothorax kozlovi
2475. Schizothorax kumaonensis Kumaon snowtrout
2476. Schizothorax labiatus Kunar snowtrout
2477. Schizothorax labrosus
2478. Schizothorax lantsangensis
2479. Schizothorax lepidothorax
2480. Schizothorax lissolabiatus
2481. Schizothorax longibarbus
2482. Schizothorax macrophthalmus Nepalese snowtrout
2483. Schizothorax macropogon
2484. Schizothorax malacanthus
2485. Schizothorax meridionalis
2486. Schizothorax microcephalus
2487. Schizothorax microstomus
2488. Schizothorax molesworthi
2489. Schizothorax myzostomus
2490. Schizothorax nasus Dongu snowtrout
2491. Schizothorax nepalensis
2492. Schizothorax ninglangensis
2493. Schizothorax nudiventris
2494. Schizothorax nukiangensis
2495. Schizothorax oconnori
337
2496. Schizothorax oligolepis
2497. Schizothorax parvus
2498. Schizothorax pelzami Transcaspian marinka
2499. Schizothorax plagiostomus
2500. Schizothorax prenanti
2501. Schizothorax progastus Dinnawah snowtrout
2502. Schizothorax prophylax
2503. Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis issykkuli Issyk-kul marinka
2504. Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis pseudoaksaiensis Ili marinka
2505. Schizothorax raraensis
2506. Schizothorax richardsonii Snowtrout
2507. Schizothorax rotundimaxillaris
2508. Schizothorax sinensis
2509. Schizothorax skarduensis
2510. Schizothorax waltoni
2511. Schizothorax wangchiachii
2512. Schizothorax yunnanensis paoshanensis
2513. Schizothorax yunnanensis weiningensis
2514. Schizothorax yunnanensis yunnanensis
2515. Schizothorax zarudnyi
2516. Securicula gora
2517. Semilabeo notabilis
2518. Semilabeo obscurus
2519. Semiplotus cirrhosus
2520. Semiplotus manipurensis
2521. Semiplotus modestus Burmese kingfish
2522. Semotilus atromaculatus Creek chub
2523. Semotilus corporalis Fallfish
2524. Semotilus lumbee Sandhills chub
2525. Semotilus thoreauianus Dixie chub
2526. Sikukia flavicaudata
2527. Sikukia gudgeri
2528. Sikukia longibarbata
2529. Sikukia stejnegeri
2530. Sinibrama affinis
2531. Sinibrama longianalis
2532. Sinibrama macrops
2533. Sinibrama melrosei
2534. Sinibrama taeniatus
2535. Sinibrama wui
2536. Sinilabeo binhluensis
2537. Sinilabeo brevirostris
2538. Sinilabeo cirrhinoides
2539. Sinilabeo hummeli
2540. Sinilabeo longibarbatus
2541. Sinilabeo longirostris
2542. Sinocrossocheilus guizhouensis
2543. Sinocrossocheilus labiatus
2544. Sinocrossocheilus megalophthalmus
2545. Sinocyclocheilus albeoguttatus
2546. Sinocyclocheilus altishoulderus
2547. Sinocyclocheilus aluensis
2548. Sinocyclocheilus anatirostris Duck-billed golden-line fish
2549. Sinocyclocheilus angularis Goledn-line angle fish
2550. Sinocyclocheilus angustiporus
338
2551. Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus Eyeless golden-line fish
2552. Sinocyclocheilus aquihornes
2553. Sinocyclocheilus biangularis
2554. Sinocyclocheilus bicornutus
2555. Sinocyclocheilus brevibarbatus
2556. Sinocyclocheilus brevis
2557. Sinocyclocheilus broadihornes
2558. Sinocyclocheilus cyphotergous
2559. Sinocyclocheilus donglanensis
2560. Sinocyclocheilus furcodorsalis Crossed-fork back golden-line fish
2561. Sinocyclocheilus grahami
2562. Sinocyclocheilus guanduensis
2563. Sinocyclocheilus guangxiensis
2564. Sinocyclocheilus guilinensis
2565. Sinocyclocheilus guishanensis
2566. Sinocyclocheilus hei
2567. Sinocyclocheilus huanglongdongensis
2568. Sinocyclocheilus huaningensis
2569. Sinocyclocheilus hugeibarbus
2570. Sinocyclocheilus hyalinus Hyaline fish
2571. Sinocyclocheilus jii
2572. Sinocyclocheilus jiuchengensis
2573. Sinocyclocheilus jiuxuensis
2574. Sinocyclocheilus lateristriatus
2575. Sinocyclocheilus liboensis
2576. Sinocyclocheilus lingyunensis
2577. Sinocyclocheilus longibarbatus
2578. Sinocyclocheilus longifinus
2579. Sinocyclocheilus luopingensis
2580. Sinocyclocheilus macrocephalus
2581. Sinocyclocheilus macrolepis
2582. Sinocyclocheilus macrophthalmus
2583. Sinocyclocheilus macroscalus
2584. Sinocyclocheilus maculatus
2585. Sinocyclocheilus maitianheensis
2586. Sinocyclocheilus malacopterus
2587. Sinocyclocheilus microphthalmus Small eye golden-line fish
2588. Sinocyclocheilus multipunctatus
2589. Sinocyclocheilus oxycephalus
2590. Sinocyclocheilus purpureus
2591. Sinocyclocheilus qiubeiensis
2592. Sinocyclocheilus qujingensis
2593. Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous
2594. Sinocyclocheilus robustus
2595. Sinocyclocheilus tianeensis
2596. Sinocyclocheilus tianlinensis
2597. Sinocyclocheilus tileihornes
2598. Sinocyclocheilus tingi
2599. Sinocyclocheilus wumengshanensis
2600. Sinocyclocheilus xunlensis
2601. Sinocyclocheilus yangzongensis
2602. Sinocyclocheilus yaolanensis
2603. Sinocyclocheilus yimenensis
2604. Sinocyclocheilus yishanensis
2605. Snyderichthys copei Leatherside chub
339
2606. Spinibarbus babeensis
2607. Spinibarbus denticulatus
2608. Spinibarbus hollandi
2609. Spinibarbus nammauensis
2610. Spinibarbus ovalius
2611. Spinibarbus sinensis
2612. Spratellicypris palata
2613. Squalidus argentatus
2614. Squalidus atromaculatus
2615. Squalidus banarescui
2616. Squalidus chankaensis biwae
2617. Squalidus chankaensis chankaensis Khanka gudgeon
2618. Squalidus gracilis gracilis
2619. Squalidus gracilis majimae
2620. Squalidus homozonus
2621. Squalidus iijimae
2622. Squalidus intermedius
2623. Squalidus japonicus coreanus
2624. Squalidus japonicus japonicus
2625. Squalidus minor
2626. Squalidus multimaculatus
2627. Squalidus nitens
2628. Squalidus wolterstorffi
2629. Squaliobarbus curriculus Barbel chub
2630. Squalius agdamicus
2631. Squalius albus
2632. Squalius aphipsi Aphips chub
2633. Squalius aradensis
2634. Squalius carolitertii Bordallo
2635. Squalius castellanus
2636. Squalius cephalus Chub
2637. Squalius cii
2638. Squalius illyricus
2639. Squalius keadicus
2640. Squalius kottelati
2641. Squalius laietanus
2642. Squalius lucumonis
2643. Squalius malacitanus
2644. Squalius microlepis
2645. Squalius moreoticus Stymphalia chub
2646. Squalius orpheus
2647. Squalius pamvoticus Pamvotis chub
2648. Squalius peloponensis Peloponnese chub
2649. Squalius prespensis
2650. Squalius pyrenaicus
2651. Squalius squaliusculus Syr-Darya dace
2652. Squalius squalus
2653. Squalius svallize
2654. Squalius tenellus
2655. Squalius torgalensis
2656. Squalius turcicus
2657. Squalius ulanus
2658. Squalius valentinus
2659. Squalius vardarensis
2660. Squalius zrmanjae
340
2661. Stypodon signifer Stumptooth minnow
2662. Sundadanio axelrodi
2663. Tampichthys catostomops Pánuco minnow
2664. Tampichthys dichromus Bicolor minnow
2665. Tampichthys erimyzonops Chubsucker minnow
2666. Tampichthys ipni Lantern minnow
2667. Tampichthys mandibularis Flatjaw minnow
2668. Tampichthys rasconis Blackstripe minnow
2669. Tanakia lanceolata
2670. Tanakia limbata Oily bitterling
2671. Tanakia shimazui
2672. Tanakia tanago Tokyo bitterling
2673. Tanichthys albonubes White cloud mountain minnow
2674. Tanichthys micagemmae
2675. Tanichthys thacbaensis
2676. Telestes croaticus Croatian pijor
2677. Telestes fontinalis Spring pijor
2678. Telestes metohiensis
2679. Telestes montenigrinus
2680. Telestes muticellus
2681. Telestes pleurobipunctatus
2682. Telestes polylepis
2683. Telestes souffia Vairone
2684. Telestes ukliva
2685. Thryssocypris ornithostoma
2686. Thryssocypris smaragdinus
2687. Thryssocypris tonlesapensis
2688. Thynnichthys polylepis
2689. Thynnichthys sandkhol Sandkhol carp
2690. Thynnichthys thynnoides
2691. Thynnichthys vaillanti
2692. Tinca tinca Tench
2693. Tor ater
2694. Tor barakae
2695. Tor douronensis Semah mahseer
2696. Tor hemispinus
2697. Tor khudree Deccan mahseer
2698. Tor kulkarnii Dwarf mahseer
2699. Tor laterivittatus
2700. Tor macrolepis
2701. Tor malabaricus Malabar mahseer
2702. Tor polylepis
2703. Tor progeneius Jungha mahseer
2704. Tor putitora Putitor mahseer
2705. Tor qiaojiensis
2706. Tor sinensis
2707. Tor soro
2708. Tor tambra
2709. Tor tambroides Thai mahseer
2710. Tor tor Tor barb
2711. Tor yingjiangensis
2712. Tor yunnanensis
2713. Toxabramis argentifer
2714. Toxabramis hoffmanni
2715. Toxabramis hotayensis
341
2716. Toxabramis houdemeri
2717. Toxabramis maensis
2718. Toxabramis nhatleensis
2719. Toxabramis swinhonis
2720. Tribolodon brandtii Pacific redfin
2721. Tribolodon hakonensis Big-scaled redfin
2722. Tribolodon nakamurai
2723. Tribolodon sachalinensis
2724. Trigonopoma gracile
2725. Trigonopoma pauciperforatum Redstripe rasbora
2726. Trigonostigma espei Lambchop rasbora
2727. Trigonostigma hengeli Glowlight rasbora
2728. Trigonostigma heteromorpha Harlequin rasbora
2729. Trigonostigma somphongsi
2730. Troglocyclocheilus khammouanensis
2731. Tropidophoxinellus alburnoides
2732. Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus
2733. Tropidophoxinellus spartiaticus
2734. Typhlobarbus nudiventris
2735. Typhlogarra widdowsoni Iraq blind barb
2736. Varicorhinus altipinnis
2737. Varicorhinus ansorgii
2738. Varicorhinus axelrodi
2739. Varicorhinus babeensis
2740. Varicorhinus beso
2741. Varicorhinus brauni
2742. Varicorhinus capoetoides
2743. Varicorhinus clarkeae
2744. Varicorhinus dimidiatus
2745. Varicorhinus ensifer
2746. Varicorhinus fimbriatus
2747. Varicorhinus iphthimostoma
2748. Varicorhinus jaegeri
2749. Varicorhinus jubae
2750. Varicorhinus latirostris
2751. Varicorhinus leleupanus
2752. Varicorhinus longidorsalis
2753. Varicorhinus lufupensis
2754. Varicorhinus macrolepidotus
2755. Varicorhinus mariae
2756. Varicorhinus maroccanus
2757. Varicorhinus nelspruitensis Incomati chiselmouth
2758. Varicorhinus pellegrini
2759. Varicorhinus platystomus Rwandese carp
2760. Varicorhinus pungweensis Pungwe chiselmouth
2761. Varicorhinus robertsi
2762. Varicorhinus ruandae
2763. Varicorhinus ruwenzorii
2764. Varicorhinus sandersi
2765. Varicorhinus semireticulatus
2766. Varicorhinus steindachneri
2767. Varicorhinus stenostoma
2768. Varicorhinus thacbaensis
2769. Varicorhinus tornieri
2770. Varicorhinus upembensis
342
2771. Varicorhinus varicostoma
2772. Varicorhinus werneri
2773. Varicorhinus wittei
2774. Varicorhinus xyrocheilus
2775. Varicorhinus yeni
2776. Vimba elongata
2777. Vimba melanops Macedonian vimba
2778. Vimba vimba Vimba bream
2779. Xenobarbus loveridgei
2780. Xenocyprioides carinatus
2781. Xenocyprioides parvulus
2782. Xenocypris davidi
2783. Xenocypris fangi
2784. Xenocypris hupeinensis
2785. Xenocypris macrolepis Yellowfin
2786. Xenocypris medius
2787. Xenocypris yunnanensis
2788. Xenophysogobio boulengeri
2789. Xenophysogobio nudicorpa
2790. Yaoshanicus arcus
2791. Yaoshanicus kyphus
2792. Yuriria alta Jalisco chub
2793. Yuriria amatlana
2794. Yuriria chapalae Chapala chub
2795. Zacco chengtui
2796. Zacco platypus Freshwater minnow
2797. Zacco taliensis
343
Family Gyrinocheilidae
(Algae eaters)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Southeast Asia. Freshwater mountain streams. No

pharyngeal teeth. Mouth inferior and suctorial for attachment onto
objects. Gill slit consisting of 2 small openings, inhalent aperture
located above gill opening and communicating with gill chamber.
Barbels absent. Feed only on algae. Maximum size 30 cm. Reared as
aquarium fish.

1. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri Siamese algae-eater
2. Gyrinocheilus pennocki Spotted algae eater
3. Gyrinocheilus pustulosus Borneo algae-eater
344
Family Psilorhynchidae
(Mountain carps)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Freshwater (mountain streams). Distribution: India and Nepal to

Burma. Mouth small and inferior. Lips fleshy. Margin of jaws sharp and
horny. No barbels. Narrow gill openings. Dorsal fin rays 10-12; 7-9
branched rays. Branched anal fin rays 5. Pectoral fin with 4 or more
unbranched rays. Lateral line complete. Scales in lateral line 32-50. A
row of 4 teeth in pharyngeal bone. Swim bladder small. About 8 cm
maximum length.

1. Psilorhynchus amplicephalus
2. Psilorhynchus arunachalensis
3. Psilorhynchus balitora Balitora minnow
4. Psilorhynchus breviminor
5. Psilorhynchus gracilis Rainbow minnow
6. Psilorhynchus homaloptera Torrent stone carp
7. Psilorhynchus microphthalmus
8. Psilorhynchus nepalensis
9. Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis
10. Psilorhynchus rahmani
11. Psilorhynchus robustus
12. Psilorhynchus sucatio River stone carp
13. Psilorhynchus tenura
345
ORDO CYPRINODONTIFORMES
(Rivulines, Killifishes and Live bearers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Monophyly of this order is recognized on the basis of several derived

characters: e.g., caudal fin symmetrical, supported internally by one
epural; first pleural rib on second vertebrae rather than third;
primitively, low-set pectoral girdle with a scalelike postcleithrum; an
alveolar arm of the premaxillae; extended developmental period. In
addition, they possess the following characters: lateral line canal and
pores chiefly on head, lateral line represented on body only by pitted
scales; narial opening paired; branchiostegal rays 3-7; pelvic fins and
girdle present or absent; upper jaw bordered by premaxilla only,
protrusible; vomer usually present and supracleithrum always present;
metapterygoid usually absent and ectopterygoid always absent;
parietals present or absent; vertebrae 24-54. Marked sexual
dimorphism with the males often brightly colored.
346
Family Anablepidae
(Four-eyed fishes, Onesided livebearers & White-
eye)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Four-eyed fishes, onesided livebearers & the white eye are chiefly
freshwater and brackish; rarely coastal marine and distributed from
southern Mexico to southern South America. Epiotic and supraoccipital
robust; pelvic fins distinctly behind tip of pectoral fin; pectoral girdle
set low on side; radials situated ventrally or posteriorly. In Anablepinae
eyes prominently raised above top of head; each eye divided
lengthwise into upper and lower parts giving rise to two pupils each
for the right and left eyes; individuals swim with center of eye aligned
with the water level and are capable of double vision. Anal fin turned
into tubelike gonopodium. Gonopodium and female genital aperture
either dextral or sinistral. Males and females divided equally into
sinistral and dextral mating types. Viviparous. Oxyzygonectes is
oviparous. Maximum length 32 cm in Anablepinae, 12 cm in
Jenynsiinae.

1. Anableps anableps Largescale foureyes
2. Anableps dowei Pacific foureyed fish
3. Anableps microlepis Foureyes
4. Jenynsia alternimaculata
5. Jenynsia diphyes
6. Jenynsia eigenmanni
7. Jenynsia eirmostigma
8. Jenynsia lineata Onesided livebearer
9. Jenynsia maculata
10. Jenynsia multidentata Rio de la Plata onesided livebearer
11. Jenynsia onca
12. Jenynsia pygogramma
13. Jenynsia sanctaecatarinae
14. Jenynsia tucumana
15. Jenynsia unitaenia
16. Jenynsia weitzmani
17. Oxyzygonectes dovii White-eye
347
Family Aplocheilidae
(Killifishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa, southern Asia, southern North America to South

America. Small space between pelvic fin bases. Metapterygoid present.
Basibranchials 3. First two dorsal radials each with a ray. One species,
Rivulus marmoratus, is a true hermaphrodite (self-fertilizing). Two
species with internal fertilization; one species with gonopodium. Egg-
laying. Some species are annuals.

1. Aplocheilus blockii Green panchax
2. Aplocheilus dayi Ceylon killifish
3. Aplocheilus kirchmayeri
4. Aplocheilus lineatus Striped panchax
5. Aplocheilus panchax Blue panchax
6. Aplocheilus parvus Dwarf panchax
7. Aplocheilus werneri Werner's killifish
8. Pachypanchax arnoulti
9. Pachypanchax omalonotus Powder-blue panchax
10. Pachypanchax patriciae
11. Pachypanchax playfairii Golden panchax
12. Pachypanchax sakaramyi
13. Pachypanchax sparksorum
14. Pachypanchax varatraza
348
Family Cyprinodontidae
(Pupfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pupfishes are known from the United States, Middle America, West
Indies, parts of northern South America, northern Africa, and
Mediterranean Anatolian region. Chiefly freshwater and brackish;
rarely coastal marine. Egg-laying. Males without gonopodium (external
fertilization). Dorsal processes of maxillaries expanded medially, nearly
meeting in the midline; lateral arm of maxilla expanded. About 22 cm
maximum length.

1. Aphanius almiriensis
2. Aphanius anatoliae anatoliae
3. Aphanius apodus
4. Aphanius asquamatus Scaleless killifish
5. Aphanius baeticus
6. Aphanius burdurensis
7. Aphanius chantrei
8. Aphanius danfordii
9. Aphanius desioi
10. Aphanius dispar dispar
11. Aphanius dispar richardsoni
12. Aphanius fasciatus
13. Aphanius ginaonis
14. Aphanius iberus Spanish toothcarp
15. Aphanius isfahanensis
16. Aphanius mento
17. Aphanius mesopotamicus Mesopotamian tooth-carp
18. Aphanius punctatus
19. Aphanius saourensis Sahara aphanius
20. Aphanius sirhani
21. Aphanius sophiae
22. Aphanius stiassnyae Lake Afdera killifish
23. Aphanius sureyanus
24. Aphanius villwocki
25. Aphanius vladykovi
26. Cualac tessellatus Checkered pupfish
27. Cubanichthys cubensis Cuban killifish
28. Cubanichthys pengelleyi Jamaican killifish
29. Cyprinodon albivelis Whitefin pupfish
30. Cyprinodon alvarezi Potosi pupfish
31. Cyprinodon arcuatus Santa Cruz pupfish
349
32. Cyprinodon artifrons Yucatan pupfish
33. Cyprinodon atrorus Bolson pupfish
34. Cyprinodon beltrani Blackfin pupfish
35. Cyprinodon bifasciatus Cuatro Cienegas pupfish
36. Cyprinodon bobmilleri San Ignacio pupfish
37. Cyprinodon bondi Hispaniola pupfish
38. Cyprinodon bovinus Leon Springs pupfish
39. Cyprinodon ceciliae Villa Lopez pupfish
40. Cyprinodon dearborni
41. Cyprinodon diabolis Devils Hole pupfish
42. Cyprinodon elegans Comanche Springs pupfish
43. Cyprinodon eremus Sonoyta pupfish
44. Cyprinodon esconditus Hidden pupfish
45. Cyprinodon eximius Conchos pupfish
46. Cyprinodon fontinalis Carbonera pupfish
47. Cyprinodon higuey
48. Cyprinodon hubbsi Lake Eustis minnow
49. Cyprinodon inmemoriam Charco Azul pupfish
50. Cyprinodon labiosus Thicklip pupfish
51. Cyprinodon laciniatus Bahama pupfish
52. Cyprinodon latifasciatus Parras pupfish
53. Cyprinodon longidorsalis La Palma pupfish
54. Cyprinodon macrolepis Largescale pupfish
55. Cyprinodon macularius Desert pupfish
56. Cyprinodon maya Maya pupfish
57. Cyprinodon meeki Mezquital pupfish
58. Cyprinodon nazas Nazas pupfish
59. Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae Amargosa River pupfish
60. Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae Tecopa pupfish
61. Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes Ash Meadows pupfish
62. Cyprinodon nevadensis nevadensis Amargosa pupfish
63. Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis Warm Springs pupfish
64. Cyprinodon nevadensis shoshone Shoshone pupfish
65. Cyprinodon nichollsi
66. Cyprinodon pachycephalus Bighead pupfish
67. Cyprinodon pecosensis Pecos pupfish
68. Cyprinodon pisteri Palomas pupfish
69. Cyprinodon radiosus Owens pupfish
70. Cyprinodon riverendi
71. Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis Red River pupfish
72. Cyprinodon salinus milleri Cottonball Marsh pupfish
73. Cyprinodon salinus salinus Salt Creek pupfish
74. Cyprinodon salvadori Bocochi pupfish
75. Cyprinodon simus Boxer pupfish
76. Cyprinodon suavium
77. Cyprinodon tularosa White Sands pupfish
78. Cyprinodon variegatus baconi
79. Cyprinodon variegatus ovinus
80. Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus Sheepshead minnow
81. Cyprinodon verecundus Largefin pupfish
82. Cyprinodon veronicae Charco Palma pupfish
83. Floridichthys carpio Goldspotted killifish
84. Floridichthys polyommus Ocellated killifish
85. Garmanella pulchra Yucatan flagfish
86. Jordanella floridae Flagfish
350
87. Lebias persicus
88. Lebias splendens
89. Lebias transgrediens
90. Megupsilon aporus Catarina pupfish
91. Orestias agassizii
92. Orestias albus
93. Orestias ascotanensis
94. Orestias chungarensis
95. Orestias crawfordi
96. Orestias ctenolepis
97. Orestias cuvieri Orestias
98. Orestias elegans
99. Orestias empyraeus
100. Orestias forgeti
101. Orestias frontosus
102. Orestias gilsoni
103. Orestias gracilis
104. Orestias gymnotus
105. Orestias hardini
106. Orestias imarpe
107. Orestias incae
108. Orestias ispi
109. Orestias jussiei
110. Orestias lastarriae
111. Orestias laucaensis
112. Orestias luteus
113. Orestias minimus
114. Orestias minutus
115. Orestias mooni
116. Orestias mulleri
117. Orestias multiporis
118. Orestias mundus
119. Orestias olivaceus
120. Orestias parinacotensis
121. Orestias pentlandii
122. Orestias piacotensis
123. Orestias polonorum
124. Orestias puni
125. Orestias richersoni
126. Orestias robustus
127. Orestias silustani
128. Orestias taquiri
129. Orestias tchernavini
130. Orestias tomcooni
131. Orestias tschudii
132. Orestias tutini
133. Orestias uruni
134. Orestias ututo
351
Family Fundulidae
(Topminnows and killifishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: lowlands of North and Middle America from southeastern

Canada to Yucatan, including the Mississippi River drainage, Bermuda
and Cuba. Many species euryhaline. Interior (ventral arms of
maxillaries directed anteriorly, often with pronounced hooks; maxilla
twisted, not straight.

1. Adinia xenica Diamond killifish
2. Fundulus albolineatus Whiteline topminnow
3. Fundulus auroguttatus
4. Fundulus bermudae Bermuda killifish
5. Fundulus bifax Stippled studfish
6. Fundulus blairae Western starhead topminnow
7. Fundulus catenatus Northern studfish
8. Fundulus chrysotus Golden topminnow
9. Fundulus cingulatus Banded topminnow
10. Fundulus confluentus Marsh killifish
11. Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus Banded killifish
12. Fundulus diaphanus menona
13. Fundulus dispar Starhead topminnow
14. Fundulus escambiae Russetfin topminnow
15. Fundulus euryzonus Broadstripe topminnow
16. Fundulus grandis Gulf killifish
17. Fundulus grandissimus Giant killifish
18. Fundulus heteroclitus heteroclitus Mummichog
19. Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus
20. Fundulus jenkinsi Saltmarsh topminnow
21. Fundulus julisia Barrens topminnow
22. Fundulus kansae Northern plains killifish
23. Fundulus lima Killifish
24. Fundulus lineolatus Lined topminnow
25. Fundulus luciae Spotfin killifish
26. Fundulus majalis Striped killifish
27. Fundulus notatus Blackstripe topminnow
28. Fundulus nottii Bayou topminnow
29. Fundulus olivaceus Blackspotted topminnow
30. Fundulus parvipinnis California killifish
31. Fundulus persimilis Yucatan killifish
32. Fundulus philpisteri
33. Fundulus pulvereus Bayou killifish
34. Fundulus rathbuni Speckled killifish
352
35. Fundulus relictus Lover's Lake killifish
36. Fundulus rubrifrons Redface topminnow
37. Fundulus saguanus
38. Fundulus sciadicus Plains topminnow
39. Fundulus seminolis Seminole killifish
40. Fundulus similis Longnose killifish
41. Fundulus stellifer Southern studfish
42. Fundulus waccamensis Waccamaw killifish
43. Fundulus zebrinus Plains killifish
44. Leptolucania ommata Pygmy killifish
45. Lucania goodei Bluefin killifish
46. Lucania interioris Cuatrocienegas killifish
47. Lucania parva Rainwater killifish
353
Family Goodeidae
(Splitfins)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Nevada and west central Mexico. In Goodeinae,

fertilization internal; viviparous; males with the anterior rays of anal fin
crowded, shorter, and partly separate from rest of fin (suspected as a
primitive gonopodium called pseudophallus). Ovaries partly fused to
form a single median organ. Embryos and newborn young usually with
ribbonlike structures called trophotaeniae which functions like a
placenta. Empetrichthyinae (2 species) ovipar with external
fertilization. Body form and feeding habits diverse. Attains 20 cm
maximum length.

1. Allodontichthys hubbsi Whitepatched splitfin
2. Allodontichthys polylepis Finescale splitfin
3. Allodontichthys tamazulae Tuxpan splitfin
4. Allodontichthys zonistius Bandfin splitfin
5. Alloophorus robustus Bulldog goodeid
6. Allotoca catarinae Catarina allotoca
7. Allotoca diazi Patzcuaro allotoca
8. Allotoca dugesii Opal allotoca
9. Allotoca goslinei Banded allotoca
10. Allotoca maculata Blackspot allotoca
11. Allotoca meeki Zirahuen allotica
12. Allotoca regalis
13. Allotoca zacapuensis Zacapu allotoca
14. Ameca splendens Butterfly splitfin
15. Ataeniobius toweri Bluetail goodea
16. Chapalichthys encaustus Barred splitfin
17. Chapalichthys pardalis Polka-dot splitfin
18. Chapalichthys peraticus Alien splitfin
19. Characodon audax Bold characodon
20. Characodon garmani Parras characodon
21. Characodon lateralis Rainbow characodon
22. Crenichthys baileyi albivallis Preston White River springfish
23. Crenichthys baileyi baileyi White River springfish
24. Crenichthys baileyi grandis Hiko White River springfish
25. Crenichthys baileyi moapae Moapa White River springfish
26. Crenichthys baileyi thermophilus Mormon White River springfish
27. Crenichthys nevadae Railroad Valley springfish
28. Empetrichthys latos concavus Raycraft Ranch poolfish
354
29. Empetrichthys latos latos Pahrump poolfish
30. Empetrichthys latos pahrump Pahrump Ranch poolfish
31. Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows killifish
32. Girardinichthys ireneae
33. Girardinichthys multiradiatus Darkedged splitfin
34. Girardinichthys viviparus Chapultepec splitfin
35. Goodea atripinnis Blackfin goodea
36. Goodea gracilis Dusky splitfin
37. Goodea luitpoldii Green goodea
38. Hubbsina turneri Highland splitfin
39. Ilyodon cortesae Freckled splitfin
40. Ilyodon furcidens Goldbreast splitfin
41. Ilyodon lennoni Chacambero splitfin
42. Ilyodon whitei Balsas splitfin
43. Ilyodon xantusi Limones splitfin
44. Skiffia bilineata Twoline skiffia
45. Skiffia francesae Golden skiffia
46. Skiffia lermae Olive skiffia
47. Skiffia multipunctata Spotted skiffia
48. Xenoophorus captivus Relict splitfin
49. Xenotaenia resolanae Leopard splitfin
50. Xenotoca eiseni Redtail splitfin
51. Xenotoca melanosoma Black splitfin
52. Xenotoca variata Jeweled splitfin
53. Zoogoneticus purhepechus
54. Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis Picotee goodeid
55. Zoogoneticus tequila Tequila splitfin
355
Family Nothobranchiidae
(African rivulines)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Freshwater (rarely brackish). Continental Africa (south of Sahara

Desert to South Africa). Three oblique red stripes on postorbital region
of males. At least Aphyosemion (includes Callopanchax, Diapteron, and
Scriptaphyosemion), Epiplatys (includes Aphyoplatys),
Fundulopanchax, Notobranchius, and probably Adamas and
Foerschichthys, with perhaps at least 250 species. Aarn and Shephard
(2001) examine some members of the lineage Epiplatina but with
differing results from Costa (2004).

1. Aphyoplatys duboisi Dubois' Panchax
2. Aphyosemion abacinum
3. Aphyosemion ahli
4. Aphyosemion alpha
5. Aphyosemion amoenum Red-finned killi
6. Aphyosemion aureum Golden killi
7. Aphyosemion australe Lyretail panchax
8. Aphyosemion bamilekorum Bamileke killi
9. Aphyosemion bitaeniatum Two-striped Aphyosemion
10. Aphyosemion bivittatum Twostripe lyretail
11. Aphyosemion bualanum
12. Aphyosemion buytaerti
13. Aphyosemion calliurum Banner lyretail
14. Aphyosemion cameronense Cameroon killi
15. Aphyosemion campomaanense
16. Aphyosemion caudofasciatum Caudal-stripe killi
17. Aphyosemion celiae
18. Aphyosemion chauchei
19. Aphyosemion christyi Christy's Lyretail
20. Aphyosemion citrineipinnis
21. Aphyosemion coeleste Sky-blue killi
22. Aphyosemion cognatum Redspot panchax
23. Aphyosemion congicum Congo killi
24. Aphyosemion cyanostictum Gabon jewelfish
25. Aphyosemion dargei Mbam killi
26. Aphyosemion decorsei
27. Aphyosemion deltaense Delta killi
28. Aphyosemion edeanum Edea killi
29. Aphyosemion elberti Red barred killi
356
30. Aphyosemion elegans Elegant killi
31. Aphyosemion escherichi Escherich's killi
32. Aphyosemion etsamense
33. Aphyosemion exigoideum False jewel killi
34. Aphyosemion exiguum Jewel killi
35. Aphyosemion ferranti
36. Aphyosemion franzwerneri Goby killi
37. Aphyosemion fulgens
38. Aphyosemion gabunense boehmi Boehm's Gabon killi
39. Aphyosemion gabunense gabunense Gabon killi
40. Aphyosemion gabunense marginatum Yellow Gabon killi
41. Aphyosemion georgiae
42. Aphyosemion guineense Guinean killi
43. Aphyosemion hanneloreae hanneloreae Hannelore's killi
44. Aphyosemion hanneloreae wuendschi Wuendsch's killi
45. Aphyosemion heinemanni Heinemann's killi
46. Aphyosemion hera
47. Aphyosemion herzogi Herzog's killi
48. Aphyosemion hofmanni Hofmann's killi
49. Aphyosemion joergenscheeli
50. Aphyosemion kouamense
51. Aphyosemion labarrei
52. Aphyosemion lamberti
53. Aphyosemion lefiniense
54. Aphyosemion lividum
55. Aphyosemion loennbergii
56. Aphyosemion louessense
57. Aphyosemion lugens
58. Aphyosemion lujae
59. Aphyosemion maculatum
60. Aphyosemion malumbresi
61. Aphyosemion mimbon
62. Aphyosemion ocellatum
63. Aphyosemion ogoense
64. Aphyosemion pascheni festivum
65. Aphyosemion pascheni pascheni
66. Aphyosemion passaroi
67. Aphyosemion plagitaenium
68. Aphyosemion poliaki
69. Aphyosemion polli
70. Aphyosemion primigenium
71. Aphyosemion punctatum
72. Aphyosemion raddai
73. Aphyosemion rectogoense
74. Aphyosemion riggenbachi
75. Aphyosemion schioetzi
76. Aphyosemion schluppi
77. Aphyosemion seegersi
78. Aphyosemion splendopleure
79. Aphyosemion striatum
80. Aphyosemion thysi
81. Aphyosemion tirbaki
82. Aphyosemion trilineatus
83. Aphyosemion volcanum
84. Aphyosemion wachtersi
357
85. Aphyosemion wildekampi
86. Aphyosemion zygaima
87. Callopanchax huwaldi
88. Callopanchax monroviae
89. Callopanchax occidentalis Golden pheasant panchax
90. Callopanchax sidibei
91. Callopanchax toddi
92. Chromaphyosemion ecucuense
93. Chromaphyosemion erythron
94. Chromaphyosemion koungueense
95. Chromaphyosemion melanogaster
96. Chromaphyosemion melinoeides
97. Chromaphyosemion omega
98. Chromaphyosemion punctulatum
99. Epiplatys ansorgii
100. Epiplatys azureus
101. Epiplatys barmoiensis
102. Epiplatys biafranus
103. Epiplatys bifasciatus bifasciatus
104. Epiplatys bifasciatus taeniatus
105. Epiplatys chaperi Toothed carp
106. Epiplatys chevalieri
107. Epiplatys coccinatus
108. Epiplatys dageti dageti Redchin panchax
109. Epiplatys dageti monroviae
110. Epiplatys esekanus
111. Epiplatys etzeli
112. Epiplatys fasciolatus
113. Epiplatys grahami
114. Epiplatys guineensis
115. Epiplatys hildegardae
116. Epiplatys huberi
117. Epiplatys josianae
118. Epiplatys lamottei Redspotted panchax
119. Epiplatys longiventralis
120. Epiplatys maeseni
121. Epiplatys mesogramma
122. Epiplatys multifasciatus
123. Epiplatys neumanni
124. Epiplatys njalaensis
125. Epiplatys olbrechtsi dauresi
126. Epiplatys olbrechtsi kassiapleuensis
127. Epiplatys olbrechtsi olbrechtsi
128. Epiplatys phoeniceps
129. Epiplatys roloffi
130. Epiplatys ruhkopfi
131. Epiplatys sangmelinensis
132. Epiplatys sexfasciatus rathkei
133. Epiplatys sexfasciatus sexfasciatus Sixbar panchax
134. Epiplatys sexfasciatus togolensis
135. Epiplatys singa
136. Epiplatys spilargyreius
137. Epiplatys superbus
138. Epiplatys zenkeri
139. Episemion callipteron
358
140. Episemion krystallinoron
141. Fenerbahce formosus Starhead killi
142. Foerschichthys flavipinnis
143. Fundulopanchax amieti Amiet's Lyretail
144. Fundulopanchax arnoldi Arnold's killi
145. Fundulopanchax avichang
146. Fundulopanchax batesii Bates' killi
147. Fundulopanchax cinnamomeus Cinnamon Killi
148. Fundulopanchax fallax Kribi killi
149. Fundulopanchax filamentosus Plumed lyretail
150. Fundulopanchax gardneri gardneri Blue lyretail
151. Fundulopanchax gardneri lacustris Ejagham killi
152. Fundulopanchax gardneri mamfensis Mamfe killi
153. Fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus Nigerian killi
154. Fundulopanchax gresensi
155. Fundulopanchax gularis Gulare
156. Fundulopanchax intermittens
157. Fundulopanchax kamdemi
158. Fundulopanchax marmoratus Marbled lyretail
159. Fundulopanchax mirabilis
160. Fundulopanchax moensis
161. Fundulopanchax ndianus
162. Fundulopanchax oeseri
163. Fundulopanchax powelli
164. Fundulopanchax puerzli
165. Fundulopanchax robertsoni
166. Fundulopanchax rubrolabialis
167. Fundulopanchax scheeli
168. Fundulopanchax sjostedti Blue gularis
169. Fundulopanchax spoorenbergi
170. Fundulopanchax traudeae
171. Fundulopanchax walkeri
172. Nimbapanchax jeanpoli Jeanpol's killi
173. Nimbapanchax leucopterygius
174. Nimbapanchax melanopterygius
175. Nimbapanchax petersi
176. Nimbapanchax viridis
177. Nothobranchius albimarginatus
178. Nothobranchius annectens
179. Nothobranchius bojiensis Boji Plains nothobranch
180. Nothobranchius boklundi
181. Nothobranchius brieni
182. Nothobranchius cardinalis Cardinal Nothobranchius
183. Nothobranchius cyaneus
184. Nothobranchius eggersi
185. Nothobranchius elongatus Elongate nothobranch
186. Nothobranchius fasciatus
187. Nothobranchius flammicomantis
188. Nothobranchius foerschi
189. Nothobranchius furzeri Turquoise killifish
190. Nothobranchius fuscotaeniatus
191. Nothobranchius geminus
192. Nothobranchius guentheri Redtail notho
193. Nothobranchius hassoni
194. Nothobranchius hengstleri
359
195. Nothobranchius interruptus Kikambala nothobranch
196. Nothobranchius janpapi
197. Nothobranchius jubbi
198. Nothobranchius kadleci
199. Nothobranchius kafuensis Kafue killifish
200. Nothobranchius kilomberoensis
201. Nothobranchius kirki Redfin notho
202. Nothobranchius kiyawensis
203. Nothobranchius korthausae
204. Nothobranchius krammeri
205. Nothobranchius kuhntae Beira killifish
206. Nothobranchius lourensi
207. Nothobranchius lucius
208. Nothobranchius luekei
209. Nothobranchius makondorum
210. Nothobranchius malaissei
211. Nothobranchius melanospilus Blackspotted nothobranch
212. Nothobranchius microlepis Small scaled nothobranch
213. Nothobranchius neumanni
214. Nothobranchius nubaensis
215. Nothobranchius ocellatus
216. Nothobranchius orthonotus Spotted killifish
217. Nothobranchius palmqvisti
218. Nothobranchius patrizii Blue notho
219. Nothobranchius polli
220. Nothobranchius rachovii Bluefin notho
221. Nothobranchius robustus Red Victoria nothobranch
222. Nothobranchius rosenstocki
223. Nothobranchius rubripinnis
224. Nothobranchius rubroreticulatus
225. Nothobranchius ruudwildekampi
226. Nothobranchius steinforti
227. Nothobranchius symoensi
228. Nothobranchius taeniopygus Striped nothobranch
229. Nothobranchius thierryi Togo Killifish
230. Nothobranchius ugandensis Uganda nothobranch
231. Nothobranchius virgatus
232. Nothobranchius vosseleri Pangani nothobranch
233. Nothobranchius willerti Mnanzini nothobranch
234. Pseudepiplatys annulatus Banded panchax
235. Scriptaphyosemion banforense
236. Scriptaphyosemion bertholdi Berthold's killi
237. Scriptaphyosemion brueningi Bruening's killi
238. Scriptaphyosemion cauveti Kindia killi
239. Scriptaphyosemion chaytori
240. Scriptaphyosemion etzeli
241. Scriptaphyosemion fredrodi
242. Scriptaphyosemion geryi Gérys killi
243. Scriptaphyosemion guignardi
244. Scriptaphyosemion liberiense
245. Scriptaphyosemion roloffi
246. Scriptaphyosemion schmitti
360
Family Poeciliidae
(Poeciliids)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: low altitudes from eastern United States to northeastern

Argentina; also in Africa and Madagascar. Reported to occur in salt
waters in coastal areas (Ref. 13498, 26130). Pectoral fins placed high
on side of body; anterior placement of pelvic fins; pleural ribs on the
first several haemal arches; ventral hyphyral forms a bony cap over
the anterior facet of the anterior ceratohyal; supraorbital pores
modified such that neuromasts are found embedded in fleshy grooves.
Gonopodium present or absent. Some species with all-female
individuals, their eggs capable of developing when stimulated by the
sperm of another species without fertilization. Usually less than 18 cm
maximum length. The Fluviophylacine and the Aplocheilichthyinae that
were formerly placed in the Cyprinodontidae are now placed here, thus
changing the livebearers to subfamily rank Poeciliinae.

1. Alfaro cultratus
2. Alfaro huberi
3. Aplocheilichthys antinorii Black lampeye
4. Aplocheilichthys atripinna
5. Aplocheilichthys bracheti
6. Aplocheilichthys brichardi Brichard's lampeye
7. Aplocheilichthys bukobanus Bukoba lampeye
8. Aplocheilichthys camerunensis Cameroon lampeye
9. Aplocheilichthys centralis Cental east african lampeye
10. Aplocheilichthys eduardensis
11. Aplocheilichthys ehrichi
12. Aplocheilichthys fuelleborni Lake Rukwa lampeye
13. Aplocheilichthys hutereaui Meshscaled topminnow
14. Aplocheilichthys jeanneli Omo lampeye
15. Aplocheilichthys johnstoni Johnston's topminnow
16. Aplocheilichthys kabae
17. Aplocheilichthys katangae Striped topminnow
18. Aplocheilichthys keilhacki
19. Aplocheilichthys kingii
20. Aplocheilichthys kongoranensis Kongoro lampeye
21. Aplocheilichthys lacustris Kibiti Lampeye
22. Aplocheilichthys loati Nile killifish
361
23. Aplocheilichthys lualabaensis Lualaba lampeye
24. Aplocheilichthys macrurus Big tailed lampeye
25. Aplocheilichthys maculatus Spotted lampeye
26. Aplocheilichthys mahagiensis
27. Aplocheilichthys matthesi Saisi lampeye
28. Aplocheilichthys mediolateralis
29. Aplocheilichthys meyburghi
30. Aplocheilichthys moeruensis Moero lampeye
31. Aplocheilichthys myaposae Natal topminnow
32. Aplocheilichthys myersi Hummingbird lampeye
33. Aplocheilichthys nigrolateralis
34. Aplocheilichthys normani Norman's lampeye
35. Aplocheilichthys omoculatus Ruaha lampeye
36. Aplocheilichthys pfaffi Pfaff's lampeye
37. Aplocheilichthys pfefferi
38. Aplocheilichthys pumilus Tanganyika lampeye
39. Aplocheilichthys rancureli Rancurel's lampeye
40. Aplocheilichthys rudolfianus Lake Rudolf lampeye
41. Aplocheilichthys spilauchen Banded lampeye
42. Aplocheilichthys terofali
43. Aplocheilichthys usanguensis Usangu lampeye
44. Aplocheilichthys vanderbilti
45. Aplocheilichthys vitschumbaensis Bitschumbi lampeye
46. Belonesox belizanus Top minnow
47. Brachyrhaphis cascajalensis
48. Brachyrhaphis episcopi
49. Brachyrhaphis hartwegi Soconusco gambusia
50. Brachyrhaphis hessfeldi
51. Brachyrhaphis holdridgei
52. Brachyrhaphis olomina
53. Brachyrhaphis parismina
54. Brachyrhaphis punctifer
55. Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora
56. Brachyrhaphis roseni
57. Brachyrhaphis roswithae
58. Brachyrhaphis terrabensis
59. Carlhubbsia kidderi Champoton gambusia
60. Carlhubbsia stuarti Barred livebearer
61. Cnesterodon brevirostratus
62. Cnesterodon carnegiei
63. Cnesterodon decemmaculatus Ten spotted live-bearer
64. Cnesterodon holopteros
65. Cnesterodon hypselurus
66. Cnesterodon iguape
67. Cnesterodon omorgmatos
68. Cnesterodon pirai
69. Cnesterodon raddai
70. Cnesterodon septentrionalis
71. Fluviphylax obscurus
72. Fluviphylax palikur
73. Fluviphylax pygmaeus
74. Fluviphylax simplex
75. Fluviphylax zonatus
76. Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish
77. Gambusia alvarezi Yellowfin gambusia
362
78. Gambusia amistadensis Amistad gambusia
79. Gambusia atrora Blackfin gambusia
80. Gambusia aurata Golden gambusia
81. Gambusia baracoana
82. Gambusia beebei Miragoane gambusia
83. Gambusia bucheri
84. Gambusia clarkhubbsi San Felipe gambusia
85. Gambusia dominicensis Dominican gambusia
86. Gambusia echeagarayi Maya gambusia
87. Gambusia eurystoma Widemouth gambusia
88. Gambusia gaigei Big Bend gambusia
89. Gambusia geiseri Largespring gambusia
90. Gambusia georgei San Marcos gambusia
91. Gambusia heterochir Clear Creek gambusia
92. Gambusia hispaniolae Hispaniolan gambusia
93. Gambusia holbrooki Eastern mosquitofish
94. Gambusia hurtadoi Crescent gambusia
95. Gambusia krumholzi Spotfin gambusia
96. Gambusia lemaitrei
97. Gambusia longispinis Cuatrocienegas gambusia
98. Gambusia luma Sleek mosquitofish
99. Gambusia manni
100. Gambusia marshi Robust gambusia
101. Gambusia melapleura Striped gambusia
102. Gambusia monticola
103. Gambusia myersi
104. Gambusia nicaraguensis Nicaraguan mosquitofish
105. Gambusia nobilis Pecos gambusia
106. Gambusia panuco Panuco gambusia
107. Gambusia pseudopunctata Tiburon Peninsula gambusia
108. Gambusia punctata Cuban gambusia
109. Gambusia puncticulata Caribbean gambusia
110. Gambusia regani Forlon gambusia
111. Gambusia rhizophorae Mangrove gambusia
112. Gambusia senilis Blotched gambusia
113. Gambusia sexradiata Teardrop mosquito
114. Gambusia speciosa Tex-Mex gambusia
115. Gambusia vittata Gulf gambusia
116. Gambusia wrayi Wray's gambusia
117. Gambusia xanthosoma Cayman gambusia
118. Gambusia yucatana Yucatan gambusia
119. Gambusia zarskei
120. Girardinus creolus Creole topminnow
121. Girardinus cubensis Cuban topminnow
122. Girardinus denticulatus Toothy topminnow
123. Girardinus falcatus Goldbelly topminnow
124. Girardinus metallicus Metallic livebearer
125. Girardinus microdactylus Smallfinger topminnow
126. Girardinus uninotatus Singlespot topminnow
127. Heterandria anzuetoi
128. Heterandria attenuata
129. Heterandria bimaculata Twospot livebearer
130. Heterandria cataractae
131. Heterandria dirempta
132. Heterandria formosa Least killifish
363
133. Heterandria jonesii Barred killifish
134. Heterandria litoperas
135. Heterandria obliqua
136. Heterandria tuxtlaensis Livebearing fish
137. Heterophallus milleri Grijalva gambusia
138. Heterophallus rachovii Coatzacoalcos gambusia
139. Hylopanchax silvestris
140. Hylopanchax stictopleuron Blue lampeye
141. Hypsopanchax catenatus Chain lampeye
142. Hypsopanchax deprimozi
143. Hypsopanchax jobaerti
144. Hypsopanchax jubbi Southern deepbody
145. Hypsopanchax platysternus Zaire lampeye
146. Hypsopanchax zebra Zebra lampeye
147. Lamprichthys tanganicanus Tanganyika killifish
148. Limia caymanensis Grand Cayman limia
149. Limia dominicensis Tiburon Peninsula limia
150. Limia fuscomaculata Blotched limia
151. Limia garnieri Garnier's limia
152. Limia grossidens Largetooth limia
153. Limia heterandria
154. Limia immaculata Plain limia
155. Limia melanogaster Blackbelly limia
156. Limia melanonotata Blackbanded limia
157. Limia miragoanensis Miragoane limia
158. Limia nigrofasciata Blackbarred limia
159. Limia ornata Ornate limia
160. Limia pauciradiata Few-rayed limia
161. Limia perugiae Perugia's limia
162. Limia rivasi Rivas's limia
163. Limia sulphurophila Sulfur limia
164. Limia tridens
165. Limia versicolor Varicolored limia
166. Limia vittata Cuban limia
167. Limia yaguajali Yaguajal limia
168. Limia zonata Striped limia
169. Micropanchax macrophthalmus Lampeye panchax
170. Micropanchax pelagicus
171. Micropanchax scheeli Scheel's lampeye
172. Micropoecilia bifurca
173. Micropoecilia branneri
174. Micropoecilia minima
175. Micropoecilia parae
176. Micropoecilia picta Swamp guppies
177. Neoheterandria cana
178. Neoheterandria elegans
179. Neoheterandria tridentiger
180. Pamphorichthys araguaiensis
181. Pamphorichthys hasemani
182. Pamphorichthys hollandi
183. Pamphorichthys minor Mini-molly
184. Pamphorichthys pertapeh
185. Pamphorichthys scalpridens
186. Pantanodon madagascariensis
187. Pantanodon stuhlmanni Eastcoast lampeye
364
188. Phallichthys amates Merry widow livebearer
189. Phallichthys fairweatheri Picotee livebearer
190. Phallichthys quadripunctatus
191. Phallichthys tico
192. Phalloceros alessandrae
193. Phalloceros anisophallos
194. Phalloceros aspilos
195. Phalloceros buckupi
196. Phalloceros caudimaculatus Dusky millions fish
197. Phalloceros elachistos
198. Phalloceros enneaktinos
199. Phalloceros harpagos
200. Phalloceros heptaktinos
201. Phalloceros leptokeras
202. Phalloceros leticiae
203. Phalloceros lucenorum
204. Phalloceros malabarbai
205. Phalloceros megapolos
206. Phalloceros mikrommatos
207. Phalloceros ocellatus
208. Phalloceros pellos
209. Phalloceros reisi
210. Phalloceros spiloura
211. Phalloceros titthos
212. Phalloceros tupinamba
213. Phalloceros uai
214. Phalloptychus eigenmanni
215. Phalloptychus januarius
216. Phallotorynus dispilos
217. Phallotorynus fasciolatus
218. Phallotorynus jucundus
219. Phallotorynus pankalos
220. Phallotorynus psittakos
221. Phallotorynus victoriae
222. Plataplochilus cabindae
223. Plataplochilus chalcopyrus Flame lampeye
224. Plataplochilus loemensis Loeme lampeye
225. Plataplochilus miltotaenia Red striped lampeye
226. Plataplochilus mimus Mimic lampeye
227. Plataplochilus ngaensis Nga lampeye
228. Plataplochilus pulcher
229. Plataplochilus terveri Terver's lampeye
230. Platypanchax modestus Ruwenzori lampeye
231. Poecilia amazonica
232. Poecilia boesemani
233. Poecilia butleri Pacific molly
234. Poecilia catemaconis Catemaco molly
235. Poecilia caucana
236. Poecilia caudofasciata
237. Poecilia chica Dwarf molly
238. Poecilia dauli
239. Poecilia elegans Elegant molly
240. Poecilia formosa Amazon molly
241. Poecilia gillii
242. Poecilia hispaniolana Hispaniola molly
365
243. Poecilia koperi
244. Poecilia kykesis
245. Poecilia latipinna Sailfin molly
246. Poecilia latipunctata Broadspotted molly
247. Poecilia marcellinoi
248. Poecilia maylandi Balsas molly
249. Poecilia mechthildae
250. Poecilia mexicana Shortfin molly
251. Poecilia nicholsi
252. Poecilia obscura
253. Poecilia orri Mangrove molly
254. Poecilia petenensis Peten molly
255. Poecilia reticulata Guppy
256. Poecilia rositae
257. Poecilia salvatoris
258. Poecilia sphenops Molly
259. Poecilia sulphuraria Sulphur molly
260. Poecilia teresae Mountain molly
261. Poecilia vandepolli
262. Poecilia velifera Sail-fin molly
263. Poecilia vivipara
264. Poecilia wandae
265. Poecilia wingei
266. Poeciliopsis baenschi Golden livebearer
267. Poeciliopsis balsas Balsas livebearer
268. Poeciliopsis catemaco Catemaco livebearer
269. Poeciliopsis elongata Elongate toothcarp
270. Poeciliopsis fasciata San Jeronimo livebearer
271. Poeciliopsis gracilis Porthole livebearer
272. Poeciliopsis hnilickai Upper Grijalva livebearer
273. Poeciliopsis infans Lerma livebearer
274. Poeciliopsis latidens Lowland livebearer
275. Poeciliopsis lucida Clearfin livebearer
276. Poeciliopsis lutzi Oaxaca livebearer
277. Poeciliopsis monacha Headwater livebearer
278. Poeciliopsis occidentalis Gila topminnow
279. Poeciliopsis paucimaculata
280. Poeciliopsis pleurospilus Largespot livebearer
281. Poeciliopsis presidionis Sinaloa livebearer
282. Poeciliopsis prolifica Blackstripe livebearer
283. Poeciliopsis retropinna
284. Poeciliopsis santaelena
285. Poeciliopsis scarlli Michoacan livebearer
286. Poeciliopsis sonoriensis Sonora topminnow
287. Poeciliopsis turneri Blackspotted livebearer
288. Poeciliopsis turrubarensis
289. Poeciliopsis viriosa Chubby livebearer
290. Poropanchax hannerzi Hannerz' Lampeye
291. Poropanchax stigmatopygus
292. Priapella bonita Graceful priapella
293. Priapella chamulae
294. Priapella compressa Palenque priapella
295. Priapella intermedia Isthmian priapella
296. Priapella olmecae Olmec priapella
297. Priapichthys annectens
366
298. Priapichthys caliensis
299. Priapichthys chocoensis
300. Priapichthys darienensis
301. Priapichthys nigroventralis
302. Priapichthys panamensis
303. Priapichthys puetzi
304. Procatopus aberrans Bluegreen lampeye
305. Procatopus lamberti Lambert's lampeye
306. Procatopus nimbaensis Mt. Nimba lampeye
307. Procatopus nototaenia Large finned lampeye
308. Procatopus schioetzi Schiötz' lampeye
309. Procatopus similis Variable lampeye
310. Procatopus websteri
311. Pseudopoecilia austrocolumbiana
312. Pseudopoecilia festae
313. Pseudopoecilia fria
314. Quintana atrizona Barred topminnow
315. Scolichthys greenwayi
316. Scolichthys iota
317. Tomeurus gracilis
318. Xenodexia ctenolepis Grijalva studfish
319. Xenophallus umbratilis
320. Xiphophorus alvarezi Chiapas swordtail
321. Xiphophorus andersi Spiketail platyfish
322. Xiphophorus birchmanni Sheepshead swordtail
323. Xiphophorus clemenciae Yellow swordtail
324. Xiphophorus continens Short-sword platyfish
325. Xiphophorus cortezi Delicate swordtail
326. Xiphophorus couchianus Monterrey platyfish
327. Xiphophorus evelynae Puebla platyfish
328. Xiphophorus gordoni Northern platyfish
329. Xiphophorus hellerii Green swordtail
330. Xiphophorus kallmani
321. Xiphophorus kosszanderi
322. Xiphophorus maculatus Southern platyfish
323. Xiphophorus malinche Highland swordtail
324. Xiphophorus mayae
325. Xiphophorus meyeri Marbled swordtail
326. Xiphophorus milleri Catemaco platyfish
327. Xiphophorus mixei Mixe swordtail
328. Xiphophorus montezumae Montezuma swordtail
329. Xiphophorus monticolus Southern mountain swordtail
330. Xiphophorus multilineatus
331. Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl Mountain swordatail
332. Xiphophorus nigrensis Panuco swordtail
333. Xiphophorus pygmaeus Pygmy swordtail
334. Xiphophorus roseni
335. Xiphophorus signum
336. Xiphophorus variatus Variable platyfish
337. Xiphophorus xiphidium Swordtail platyfish
367
Family Profundulidae
(Middle American killifishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific slopes of Middle America in Mexico,

Guatemala, and Honduras. Gillrakers on anterior arm of first arch 11-
23; dorsal fin with 1-3 rudimentary rays and 10-16 principal rays;
scales in lateral series 31-39. Fertilization external.

1. Profundulus candalarius Headwater killifish
2. Profundulus guatemalensis
3. Profundulus hildebrandi Chiapas killifish
4. Profundulus labialis Largelip killifish
5. Profundulus oaxacae
6. Profundulus portillorum
7. Profundulus punctatus Oaxaca killifish
368
Family Rivulidae
(Rivulines)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Rivulines occur in South America.

1. Aphyolebias boticarioi
2. Aphyolebias claudiae
3. Aphyolebias manuensis
4. Aphyolebias obliquus
5. Aphyolebias peruensis Peruvian longfin
6. Aphyolebias rubrocaudatus
7. Aphyolebias schleseri
8. Aphyolebias wischmanni
9. Austrofundulus guajira
10. Austrofundulus leohoignei
11. Austrofundulus leoni
12. Austrofundulus limnaeus
13. Austrofundulus myersi
14. Austrofundulus rupununi
15. Austrofundulus transilis
16. Austrolebias adloffi
17. Austrolebias affinis
18. Austrolebias alexandri
19. Austrolebias apaii
20. Austrolebias arachan
21. Austrolebias bellottii Argentine pearlfish
22. Austrolebias carvalhoi
23. Austrolebias charrua
24. Austrolebias cinereus
25. Austrolebias cyaneus
26. Austrolebias duraznensis
27. Austrolebias gymnoventris
28. Austrolebias ibicuiensis
29. Austrolebias jaegari
30. Austrolebias juanlangi
31. Austrolebias litzi
32. Austrolebias luteoflammulatus
33. Austrolebias luzardoi
34. Austrolebias melanoorus
35. Austrolebias minuano
36. Austrolebias nachtigalli
37. Austrolebias nigripinnis Blackfin pearlfish
38. Austrolebias nigrofasciatus
39. Austrolebias nioni
369
40. Austrolebias nonoiuliensis
41. Austrolebias paranaensis
42. Austrolebias patriciae
43. Austrolebias paucisquama
44. Austrolebias periodicus
45. Austrolebias reicherti
46. Austrolebias robustus
47. Austrolebias toba
48. Austrolebias univentripinnis
49. Austrolebias vandenbergi
50. Austrolebias varzeae
51. Austrolebias vazferreirai
52. Austrolebias viarius
53. Campellolebias brucei Swordfin killifish
54. Campellolebias chrysolineatus
55. Campellolebias dorsimaculatus
56. Campellolebias intermedius
57. Cynolebias albipunctatus
58. Cynolebias altus
59. Cynolebias attenuatus
60. Cynolebias gibbus
61. Cynolebias gilbertoi
62. Cynolebias griseus
63. Cynolebias itapicuruensis
64. Cynolebias leptocephalus
65. Cynolebias microphthalmus
66. Cynolebias paraguassuensis
67. Cynolebias perforatus
68. Cynolebias porosus
69. Cynolebias vazabarrisensis
70. Cynopoecilus fulgens
71. Cynopoecilus intimus
72. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia
73. Cynopoecilus multipapillatus
74. Cynopoecilus nigrovittatus
75. Gnatholebias zonatus
76. Kryptolebias brasiliensis
77. Kryptolebias campelloi
78. Kryptolebias caudomarginatus
79. Kryptolebias gracilis
80. Kryptolebias marmoratus Mangrove rivulus
81. Kryptolebias ocellatus
82. Kryptolebias sepia
83. Leptolebias aureoguttatus
84. Leptolebias citrinipinnis
85. Leptolebias itanhaensis
86. Leptolebias leitaoi
87. Leptolebias marmoratus Marbled pearlfish
88. Leptolebias opalescens Opal pearlfish
89. Leptolebias splendens Splendid pearlfish
90. Llanolebias stellifer
91. Maratecoara formosa
92. Maratecoara lacortei
93. Maratecoara splendida
94. Megalebias cheradophilus
370
95. Megalebias elongatus
96. Megalebias monstrosus
97. Megalebias prognathus
98. Megalebias wolterstorffi
99. Micromoema xiphophora
100. Millerichthys robustus Mexican rivulus
101. Moema apurinan
102. Moema hellneri
103. Moema heterostigma
104. Moema nudifrontata
105. Moema ortegai
106. Moema pepotei
107. Moema piriana
108. Moema portugali
109. Moema staecki
110. Nematolebias papilliferus
111. Nematolebias whitei Rio pearlfish
112. Neofundulus acutirostratus
113. Neofundulus guaporensis
114. Neofundulus ornatipinnis
115. Neofundulus paraguayensis
116. Neofundulus parvipinnis
117. Notholebias cruzi
118. Notholebias fractifasciatus
119. Notholebias minimus Barredtail pearlfish
120. Papiliolebias bitteri
121. Papiliolebias hatinne
122. Pituna brevirostrata
123. Pituna compacta
124. Pituna obliquoseriata
125. Pituna poranga
126. Pituna schindleri
127. Pituna xinguensis
128. Plesiolebias altamira
129. Plesiolebias aruana
130. Plesiolebias canabravensis
131. Plesiolebias filamentosus
132. Plesiolebias fragilis
133. Plesiolebias glaucopterus
134. Plesiolebias lacerdai
135. Plesiolebias xavantei
136. Prorivulus auriferus
137. Pterolebias hoignei
138. Pterolebias longipinnis Longfin killie
139. Pterolebias phasianus
140. Rachovia brevis
141. Rachovia hummelincki
142. Rachovia maculipinnis
143. Rachovia pyropunctata
144. Renova oscari
145. Rivulus agilae
146. Rivulus altivelis
147. Rivulus amanan
148. Rivulus amanapira
149. Rivulus amphoreus
371
150. Rivulus apiamici
151. Rivulus atratus
152. Rivulus bahianus
153. Rivulus beniensis
154. Rivulus birkhahni
155. Rivulus boehlkei
156. Rivulus bororo
157. Rivulus breviceps
158. Rivulus brunneus
159. Rivulus caurae
160. Rivulus cearensis
161. Rivulus christinae
162. Rivulus chucunaque
163. Rivulus cladophorus
164. Rivulus corpulentus
165. Rivulus crixas
166. Rivulus cryptocallus
167. Rivulus cyanopterus
168. Rivulus cylindraceus Green rivulus
169. Rivulus dapazi
170. Rivulus decoratus
171. Rivulus deltaphilus
172. Rivulus depressus
173. Rivulus derhami
174. Rivulus dibaphus
175. Rivulus egens
176. Rivulus elegans
177. Rivulus elongatus
178. Rivulus erberi
179. Rivulus faucireticulatus
180. Rivulus formosensis
181. Rivulus frenatus
182. Rivulus frommi
183. Rivulus fuscolineatus
184. Rivulus garciai
185. Rivulus gaucheri
186. Rivulus geayi
187. Rivulus giarettai
188. Rivulus glaucus
189. Rivulus gransabanae
190. Rivulus haraldsiolii
191. Rivulus hartii Hart's rivulus
192. Rivulus hildebrandi
193. Rivulus holmiae
194. Rivulus igneus
195. Rivulus illuminatus
196. Rivulus immaculatus
197. Rivulus insulaepinorum Isle of Pines rivulus
198. Rivulus intermittens
199. Rivulus iridescens
200. Rivulus isthmensis
201. Rivulus janeiroensis
202. Rivulus javahe
203. Rivulus jucundus
204. Rivulus jurubatibensis
372
205. Rivulus karaja
206. Rivulus kayabi
207. Rivulus kayapo
208. Rivulus kirovskyi
209. Rivulus kuelpmanni
210. Rivulus lanceolatus
211. Rivulus lazzarotoi
212. Rivulus leucurus
213. Rivulus limoncochae
214. Rivulus litteratus
215. Rivulus luelingi
216. Rivulus lungi
217. Rivulus lyricauda
218. Rivulus magdalenae Magdalena rivulus
219. Rivulus mahdiaensis
220. Rivulus mazaruni
221. Rivulus megaroni
222. Rivulus micropus
223. Rivulus modestus
224. Rivulus monikae
225. Rivulus monticola
226. Rivulus montium
227. Rivulus nicoi
228. Rivulus nudiventris
229. Rivulus obscurus
230. Rivulus ophiomimus
231. Rivulus ornatus
232. Rivulus pacificus
233. Rivulus paracatuensis
234. Rivulus paresi
235. Rivulus parnaibensis
236. Rivulus peruanus
237. Rivulus pictus
238. Rivulus pinima
239. Rivulus planaltinus
240. Rivulus punctatus
241. Rivulus rectocaudatus
242. Rivulus riograndensis
243. Rivulus roloffi Hispaniolan rivulus
244. Rivulus romeri
245. Rivulus rossoi
246. Rivulus rubripunctatus
247. Rivulus rubrolineatus
248. Rivulus rubromarginatus
249. Rivulus rutilicaudus
250. Rivulus salmonicaudus
251. Rivulus santensis
252. Rivulus sape
253. Rivulus scalaris
254. Rivulus siegfriedi
255. Rivulus simplicis
256. Rivulus speciosus
257. Rivulus stagnatus
258. Rivulus strigatus
259. Rivulus taeniatus
373
260. Rivulus tecminae
261. Rivulus tenuis Dogtooth rivulus
262. Rivulus tessellatus
263. Rivulus tocantinensis
264. Rivulus torrenticola
265. Rivulus uakti
266. Rivulus uatuman
267. Rivulus unaensis
268. Rivulus uroflammeus
269. Rivulus urophthalmus
270. Rivulus villwocki
271. Rivulus violaceus
272. Rivulus vittatus
273. Rivulus waimacui
274. Rivulus wassmanni
275. Rivulus weberi
276. Rivulus xanthonotus
277. Rivulus xinguensis
278. Rivulus xiphidius
279. Rivulus zygonectes
280. Simpsonichthys adornatus
281. Simpsonichthys alternatus
282. Simpsonichthys antenori
283. Simpsonichthys auratus
284. Simpsonichthys boitonei Lyrefin pearlfish
285. Simpsonichthys bokermanni
286. Simpsonichthys brunoi
287. Simpsonichthys carlettoi
288. Simpsonichthys chacoensis
289. Simpsonichthys cholopteryx
290. Simpsonichthys constanciae Featherfin pearlfish
291. Simpsonichthys costai
292. Simpsonichthys delucai
293. Simpsonichthys fasciatus
294. Simpsonichthys filamentosus
295. Simpsonichthys flagellatus
296. Simpsonichthys flammeus
297. Simpsonichthys flavicaudatus
298. Simpsonichthys fulminantis
299. Simpsonichthys ghisolfii
300. Simpsonichthys gibberatus
301. Simpsonichthys harmonicus
302. Simpsonichthys hellneri
303. Simpsonichthys igneus
304. Simpsonichthys inaequipinnatus
305. Simpsonichthys izecksohni
306. Simpsonichthys janaubensis
307. Simpsonichthys longignatus
308. Simpsonichthys lopesi
309. Simpsonichthys macaubensis
310. Simpsonichthys magnificus
311. Simpsonichthys marginatus
312. Simpsonichthys mediopapillatus
313. Simpsonichthys multiradiatus
314. Simpsonichthys myersi
374
315. Simpsonichthys nielseni
316. Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus
317. Simpsonichthys notatus
318. Simpsonichthys ocellatus
319. Simpsonichthys parallelus
320. Simpsonichthys perpendicularis
321. Simpsonichthys picturatus
322. Simpsonichthys punctulatus
323. Simpsonichthys radiosus
324. Simpsonichthys reticulatus
325. Simpsonichthys rosaceus
326. Simpsonichthys rufus
327. Simpsonichthys santanae
328. Simpsonichthys similis
329. Simpsonichthys stellatus
330. Simpsonichthys suzarti
321. Simpsonichthys trilineatus
322. Simpsonichthys virgulatus
323. Simpsonichthys zonatus
324. Spectrolebias semiocellatus
325. Stenolebias bellus
326. Stenolebias damascenoi
327. Terranatos dolichopterus Saberfin killie
328. Trigonectes aplocheiloides
329. Trigonectes balzanii
330. Trigonectes macrophthalmus
331. Trigonectes rogoaguae
332. Trigonectes rubromarginatus
333. Trigonectes strigabundus
375
Family Valenciidae
(Toothcarps)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southeastern Spain, Italy, and western Greece. Elongate

and attenuate dorsal process of the maxilla; total number of rays in
dorsal fin 8-11; scales in lateral line series 28-34. Fertilization external.

1. Valencia hispanica Valencia toothcarp
2. Valencia letourneuxi Corfu toothcarp
376
ORDO ELASSOMATIFORMES
(Pygmy sunfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Order still incertae sedis. Distribution: Native range: North America,
eastern USA. Elassomatiformes comprise the single family
Elassomatidae, characterized by a mosaic of reductive characters that
makes problematic their phylogenetic position. For that reason, they
are retain in Perciformes in their own suborder in Nelson (2006). Short
description: Dorsal fi n originating between pectoral and anal fins, with
3-5 spines and 8-13 soft rays; anal fin with 3 spines and 4-8 soft rays;
principal caudal fi n rays 14 or 15; 5 branchiostegals rays; numerous
reductions in laterosensory system (e. g., no lateral line on body).
377
Family Elassomatidae
(Pygmy sunfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Native range: North America. No lateral line on body. Anal fin with 3
spines and 4-8 soft rays; dorsal fin with 3-5 spines and 8-13 soft rays.

1. Elassoma alabamae Spring pygmy sunfish
2. Elassoma boehlkei Carolina pygmy sunfish
3. Elassoma evergladei Everglades pygmy sunfish
4. Elassoma gilberti Pygmy sunfish
5. Elassoma okatie Bluebarred pygmy sunfish
6. Elassoma okefenokee Okefenokee pygmy sunfish
7. Elassoma zonatum Banded pygmy sunfish
378
ORDO ELOPIFORMES
(Tarpons and Tenpounders)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic fins abdominal; body slender, usually compressed; gill openings
wide; caudal fin deeply forked; caudal fin with seven hypurals; scales
cycloid; mesocoracoid and postcleithra present; gular plate well
developed (median); branchiostegal rays 23-35; mouth bordered by
premaxilla and toothed maxilla; upper jaw extending past eye; tip of
snout not overhanging mouth (mouth terminal or superior); no
sensory canal extending onto the small premaxilla. Leptocephali small,
maximum length about 5 cm, with a well-developed, forked, caudal
fin, a posterior dorsal fin (pelvic fins in older larvae), and about 53-86
myomeres.
379
Family Elopidae
(Tenpounders)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; enter estuaries and freshwater, especially as juveniles.

Distribution: tropical and subtropical waters. Body fusiform, oval,
slightly compressed. Eyes big, partially covered with adipose eyelids.
Mouth terminal, upper jaw extending to posterior border of eyes,
lower jaw prominent, bony gular plate ventral between its two
branches. Lateral line scales usually 95-120. Large pseudobranchiae.
Branchiostegal rays 27-35. Usually 20-25 rays in dorsal fin; the last
dorsal ray not produced. Rays in anal fin usually 13-18. Pelvic fin with
usually 12-16 rays, inserted below or behind dorsal fin origin. Dorsal
and anal with base in scaly sheath. Pectorals and pelvics with bony
axillary projection. Vertebrae 63-79. Larval stage translucid. Gamefish.

1. Elops affinis Pacific ladyfish
2. Elops hawaiensis Hawaiian ladyfish
3. Elops lacerta West African ladyfish
4. Elops machnata Tenpounder
5. Elops saurus Ladyfish
6. Elops senegalensis Senegalese ladyfish
7. Elops smithi Malacho
380
Family Megalopidae
(Tarpons)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; entering fresh water. Distribution: tropical and

subtropical waters. Fusiform, compressed body. Mouth terminal,
oblique or superior, lower jaw prominent, gular plate ventral between
two branches of lower jaw. Pseudo- branchiae absent. Branchiostegal
rays: 23-27. Single dorsal fin without spines; dorsal fin rays: 13-21;
filamentous last dorsal ray. Pectorals very low. Anal fin rays: 22-29.
Pelvic fin rays: 10-11. Conus arteriosus present. Branched tubes
radiating over lateral line scales. Swim bladder lying against skull.
About 2.2 m maximum length. Larval stage leptocephalic translucid.
Large silvery fishes. Can tolerate oxygen-poor water by inhaling air
into lung-like swim bladder. Popular sportfishes.

1. Megalops atlanticus Tarpon
2. Megalops cyprinoides Indo-Pacific tarpon
381
ORDO ESOCIFORMES
(Pikes and Mudminnows)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Maxilla toothless but in gape of mouth; no adipose fin; dorsal and anal
fins located posteriorly; no breeding tubercules; no pyloric caeca; no
mesocoracoid.
382
Family Esocidae
(Pikes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Northern Hemishpere, colder parts of Eurasia and North

America. Duckbill-like snout. Forked caudal fin; caudal rays 40-50,
usually 17 branched rays; no spines. Many small cycloid scales.
Complete lateral line. With at least 8 pores in infraorbital canal.
Branchiostegal rays 10-20. Nasals present. With 43-67 vertebrae. To
1.8 m maximum length. Pikes are voracious predators, feeding on a
wide variety of fishes and other vertebrates.

1. Esox americanus americanus Redfin pickerel
2. Esox americanus vermiculatus Grass pickerel
3. Esox lucius Northern pike
4. Esox masquinongy Muskellunge
5. Esox niger Chain pickerel
6. Esox reichertii Amur pike
383
Family Umbridae
(Mudminnows)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: many areas above 20 deg. in the Northern Hemisphere.

Rounded caudal fin. Caudal rays 20-30; 8-19 branched. Lateral line
faint, if present. Pores in infraorbital canal 3 or less. Branchiostegal
rays 5-8. No nasals. Vertebrae 32-42. Chromosome number very
variable (22-78). Attains 33 cm TL maximum length in the genus Dallia

1. Dallia admirabilis
2. Dallia delicatissima
3. Dallia pectoralis Alaska blackfish
4. Novumbra hubbsi Olympic mudminnow
5. Umbra krameri Mudminnow
6. Umbra limi Central mudminnow
7. Umbra pygmaea Eastern mudminnow
384
ORDO GADIFORMES
(Cods)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic fins, when present, inserted below or in front of pectorals

(thoracic or jugular, rarely behind in Macrouridae) with up to 11 rays;
no true spines in the fins; most with long dorsal and anal fins; scales
usually cycloid, rarely ctenoid; premaxilla forms the entire margin of
upper jaw, protractile in some; ectopterygoid toothless; orbitosphenoid
and basisphenoid absent; branchiostegal rays 6-8; posterior vertebral
reduction results in posterior dorsal and anal pterygiophores exceeding
the number of caudal vertebrae; swim bladder without pneumatic duct
(the swim bladder is absent in Melanonus and Squalogadus).
385
Family Bregmacerotidae
(Codlets)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical seas; marine, rarely in estuaries.

Two dorsal fins; first dorsal consisting of a single produced ray, the
second with a large notch at center as in anal fin. Anal fin long. Chin
barbel absent. Scales relatively large; 40-89 in lateral series. Teeth
present on head of vomer. Pelvic fin rays 5, the outer three drawn out
into free filaments. Pyloric caeca few. No otophysic connection
between swim bladder and auditory capsules. Lateral line for most of
its length extending along dorsal margin of body. Vertebrae 43-59.
About 12 cm maximum length. Additional taxonomic work is required
in order to define and classify the species and map their distributions
(Ref. 1371). Larval morphological features very similar to other
gadiform species, but metamorphosis is gradual and direct. Newly
hatched larvae are small, approximately 1.5 mm NL. The size and
appearance of the single occipital ray varies among species.
Pigmentation of oceanic larvae are darker than those in the neritic
zone. All have heavy internal pigment over the visceral mass.

1. Bregmaceros arabicus
2. Bregmaceros atlanticus Antenna codlet
3. Bregmaceros bathymaster Codlet
4. Bregmaceros cantori Striped codlet
5. Bregmaceros cayorum
6. Bregmaceros houdei Stellate codlet
7. Bregmaceros japonicus Japanese codlet
8. Bregmaceros lanceolatus
9. Bregmaceros mcclellandi Unicorn cod
10. Bregmaceros nectabanus Smallscale codlet
11. Bregmaceros neonectabanus
12. Bregmaceros pescadorus
13. Bregmaceros pseudolanceolatus False lance codlet
14. Bregmaceros rarisquamosus Big-eye unicorn-cod
386
Family Euclichthyidae
(Eucla cods)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Bentho-pelagic off New Zealand and around Australia, in depths

between 250 - 800 m. Body long and tapering. Mouth large, no chin
barbel. Two nearly contiguous dorsal fins, the first short based and
high, the second long-based, extending to base of caudal fin. Pelvic
fins with four long, completely separate filamentous rays. Size to about
35 cm.

1. Euclichthys polynemus Eucla cod
387
Family Gadidae
(Cods and Haddocks)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Marine: Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific. Three dorsal fins and two anal
fins, the first dorsal behind head. No spines. Pelvics before pectorals.
Teeth present on vomer. Usually with barbel. No otophysic connection
between swim bladder and auditory capsules. Egg without oil globule.
Up to about 2 m maximum length in Gadus morhua. Members of the
family are found in circumpolar and temperate waters, mainly of the
northern hemisphere. Most species are demersal or benthopelagic,
feeding on fish and invertebrates. Schooling and long-distance
migrations are known for several gadid species. The family is second
only to the Clupeidae in terms of the global volume of marine fish
landings. Following Eschmeyer, Lotidae and Phycidae are not included.

1. Arctogadus borisovi East Siberian cod
2. Arctogadus glacialis Arctic cod
3. Boreogadus saida Polar cod
4. Eleginus gracilis Saffron cod
5. Eleginus nawaga Navaga
6. Gadiculus argenteus argenteus Silvery pout
7. Gadiculus argenteus thori
8. Gadus macrocephalus Pacific cod
9. Gadus morhua Atlantic cod
10. Gadus ogac Greenland cod
11. Melanogrammus aeglefinus Haddock
12. Merlangius merlangus Whiting
13. Microgadus proximus Pacific tomcod
14. Microgadus tomcod Atlantic tomcod
15. Micromesistius australis Southern blue whiting
16. Micromesistius poutassou Blue whiting
17. Pollachius pollachius Pollack
18. Pollachius virens Saithe
19. Raniceps raninus Tadpole fish
20. Theragra chalcogramma Alaska pollock
21. Theragra finnmarchica Norwegian pollock
22. Trisopterus esmarkii Norway pout
23. Trisopterus luscus Pouting
24. Trisopterus minutus Poor cod
388
Family Lotidae
(Hakes and Burbots)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Marine: Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific. One to three dorsal fins and one
anal fin. Chin barbel always present. Caudal fin rounded. Egg with oil
globule. Lota lota is the only freshwater member of the family,
occurring in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America
(Holarctic).

1. Brosme brosme Tusk
2. Ciliata mustela Fivebeard rockling
3. Ciliata septentrionalis Northern rockling
4. Ciliata tchangi
5. Enchelyopus cimbrius Fourbeard rockling
6. Gaidropsarus argentatus Arctic rockling
7. Gaidropsarus biscayensis Mediterranean bigeye rockling
8. Gaidropsarus capensis Cape rockling
9. Gaidropsarus ensis Threadfin rockling
10. Gaidropsarus granti Azores rockling
11. Gaidropsarus guttatus
12. Gaidropsarus insularum Comb rockling
13. Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus Bigeye rockling
14. Gaidropsarus mediterraneus Shore rockling
15. Gaidropsarus novaezealandiae New Zealand ling
16. Gaidropsarus pacificus
17. Gaidropsarus pakhorukovi
18. Gaidropsarus parini
19. Gaidropsarus vulgaris Three-bearded rockling
20. Lota lota Burbot
21. Molva dypterygia Blue ling
22. Molva macrophthalma Spanish ling
23. Molva molva Ling
389
Family Macrouridae
(Grenadiers or rattails)
Brackish x
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic to Antarctic, in deep water. Body attenuated

posteriorly. Anal fin and second dorsal confluent with tail, which tapers
to a sharp point. True fin spines lacking. Leading dorsal fin ray may be
spinous. Usually with chin barbel. Pelvic fin insertion more or less
thoracic. Pelvic fin rays 5-17; lacking in Macrouroides. No caudal fin,
except in one species. Scales small. Light organ, if present,
underneath skin along midline of abdomen with opening just before
anus. Branchiostegal rays 6-8. Abdominal vertebrae 10-16. Maximum
length usually 0.8 m. Mostly benthopelagic, occurring from 200-2000
m.

1. Albatrossia pectoralis Giant grenadier
2. Asthenomacrurus fragilis Fragile grenadier
3. Asthenomacrurus victoris Victory whiptail
4. Bathygadus antrodes
5. Bathygadus bowersi
6. Bathygadus cottoides Codheaded rattail
7. Bathygadus dubiosus
8. Bathygadus entomelas
9. Bathygadus favosus
10. Bathygadus furvescens Blackfin rat tail
11. Bathygadus garretti
12. Bathygadus macrops Bullseye grenadier
13. Bathygadus melanobranchus Vaillant's grenadier
14. Bathygadus nipponicus
15. Bathygadus spongiceps Spongy rat tail
16. Bathygadus sulcatus
17. Cetonurichthys subinflatus Smallpore whiptail
18. Cetonurus crassiceps Globosehead rattail
19. Cetonurus globiceps Globehead grenadier
20. Coelorinchus acanthiger Surgeon grenadier
21. Coelorinchus acantholepis
22. Coelorinchus aconcagua Aconcagua grenadier
23. Coelorinchus acutirostris Spearnose whiptail
24. Coelorinchus amirantensis
25. Coelorinchus amydrozosterus Faintbanded whiptail
26. Coelorinchus anatirostris Duckbill grenadier
27. Coelorinchus anisacanthus
390
28. Coelorinchus aratrum
29. Coelorinchus argentatus Silver whiptail
30. Coelorinchus argus Eyespot grenadier
31. Coelorinchus aspercephalus Rough-head whiptail
32. Coelorinchus asteroides
33. Coelorinchus australis Javelin
34. Coelorinchus biclinozonalis Two-barred whiptail
35. Coelorinchus bollonsi Bollons' rattail
36. Coelorinchus braueri Shovelnose grenadier
37. Coelorinchus brevirostris
38. Coelorinchus caelorhincus Hollowsnout grenadier
39. Coelorinchus campbellicus
40. Coelorinchus canus Clearsnout grenadier
41. Coelorinchus caribbaeus Blackfin grenadier
42. Coelorinchus carinifer
43. Coelorinchus carminatus Longnose grenadier
44. Coelorinchus caudani
45. Coelorinchus celaenostomus Black lip rattail
46. Coelorinchus charius Graceful whiptail
47. Coelorinchus chilensis Chilean grenadier
48. Coelorinchus cingulatus
49. Coelorinchus commutabilis
50. Coelorinchus cookianus Cook's rattail
51. Coelorinchus cylindricus
52. Coelorinchus denticulatus Filesnout grenadier
53. Coelorinchus divergens
54. Coelorinchus dorsalis
55. Coelorinchus doryssus
56. Coelorinchus fasciatus Banded whiptail
57. Coelorinchus flabellispinnis
58. Coelorinchus formosanus Formosa grenadier
59. Coelorinchus fuscigulus
60. Coelorinchus gaesorhynchus Javelin whiptail
61. Coelorinchus geronimo
62. Coelorinchus gilberti
63. Coelorinchus gladius
64. Coelorinchus goobala Goobala whiptail
65. Coelorinchus gormani
66. Coelorinchus hexafasciatus Six-band grenadier
67. Coelorinchus hige
68. Coelorinchus hoangi
69. Coelorinchus horribilis Horrible rattail
70. Coelorinchus hubbsi
71. Coelorinchus immaculatus
72. Coelorinchus infuscus Dusky rattail
73. Coelorinchus innotabilis Notable whiptail
74. Coelorinchus japonicus Japanese grenadier
75. Coelorinchus jordani
76. Coelorinchus kaiyomaru Campbell whiptail
77. Coelorinchus kamoharai Kamohara grenadier
78. Coelorinchus karrerae Karrer's whiptail
79. Coelorinchus kermadecus Kermadec rattail
80. Coelorinchus kishinouyei Mugura grenadier
81. Coelorinchus labiatus Spearsnouted grenadier
82. Coelorinchus lasti Roughsnout whiptail
391
83. Coelorinchus leptorhinus
84. Coelorinchus longicephalus Longhead grenadier
85. Coelorinchus longissimus
86. Coelorinchus macrochir Longarm grenadier
87. Coelorinchus macrolepis
88. Coelorinchus macrorhynchus Bigsnout whiptail
89. Coelorinchus maculatus Blotch whiptail
90. Coelorinchus marinii Marini's grenadier
91. Coelorinchus matamua Mahia whiptail
92. Coelorinchus matsubarai
93. Coelorinchus maurofasciatus Dark banded rattail
94. Coelorinchus mayiae False silver whiptail
95. Coelorinchus mediterraneus
96. Coelorinchus melanobranchus
97. Coelorinchus melanosagmatus
98. Coelorinchus mirus Gargoyle fish
99. Coelorinchus multifasciatus
100. Coelorinchus multispinulosus Spearnose grenadier
101. Coelorinchus mycterismus Upturned snout rattail
102. Coelorinchus mystax Patterned rattail
103. Coelorinchus nazcaensis
104. Coelorinchus notatus
105. Coelorinchus obscuratus
106. Coelorinchus occa Swordsnout grenadier
107. Coelorinchus oliverianus Hawknose grenadier
108. Coelorinchus osipullus
109. Coelorinchus parallelus Spiny grenadier
110. Coelorinchus pardus Leopard whiptail
111. Coelorinchus parvifasciatus Small banded rattail
112. Coelorinchus platorhynchus
113. Coelorinchus polli
114. Coelorinchus productus Unicorn grenadier
115. Coelorinchus pseudoparallelus
116. Coelorinchus quadricristatus
117. Coelorinchus quincunciatus
118. Coelorinchus radcliffei
119. Coelorinchus scaphopsis Shoulderspot grenadier
120. Coelorinchus semaphoreus Semaphore whiptail
121. Coelorinchus sereti Short-tooth whiptail
122. Coelorinchus sexradiatus
123. Coelorinchus shcherbachevi False duckbill whiptail
124. Coelorinchus sheni
125. Coelorinchus simorhynchus
126. Coelorinchus smithi False graceful whiptail
127. Coelorinchus sparsilepis
128. Coelorinchus spathulata Spatulate rattail
129. Coelorinchus spilonotus
130. Coelorinchus spinifer
131. Coelorinchus supernasutus Supanose rattail
132. Coelorinchus thompsoni
133. Coelorinchus thurla Thurla whiptail
134. Coelorinchus tokiensis
135. Coelorinchus trachycarus
136. Coelorinchus triocellatus
137. Coelorinchus trunovi
392
138. Coelorinchus velifer
139. Coelorinchus ventrilux Firebelly grenadier
140. Coelorinchus vityazae
141. Coelorinchus weberi
142. Coelorinchus yurii
143. Coryphaenoides acrolepis Pacific grenadier
144. Coryphaenoides affinis
145. Coryphaenoides alateralis
146. Coryphaenoides altipinnis
147. Coryphaenoides anguliceps Loosescale grenadier
148. Coryphaenoides ariommus Humboldt grenadier
149. Coryphaenoides armatus Abyssal grenadier
150. Coryphaenoides asper
151. Coryphaenoides asprellus
152. Coryphaenoides boops Shortsnout grenadier
153. Coryphaenoides brevibarbis
154. Coryphaenoides bucephalus Narrowsnout grenadier
155. Coryphaenoides bulbiceps Large-eye grenadier
156. Coryphaenoides camurus
157. Coryphaenoides capito Bighead grenadier
158. Coryphaenoides carapinus Carapine grenadier
159. Coryphaenoides carminifer Carmine grenadier
160. Coryphaenoides castaneus
161. Coryphaenoides cinereus Popeye grenadier
162. Coryphaenoides delsolari Trident grenadier
163. Coryphaenoides dossenus Humpback whiptail
164. Coryphaenoides dubius
165. Coryphaenoides fernandezianus Fernandez whiptail
166. Coryphaenoides ferrieri
167. Coryphaenoides filamentosus
168. Coryphaenoides filicauda Grenadier
169. Coryphaenoides filifer Filamented rattail
170. Coryphaenoides grahami Graham's whiptail
171. Coryphaenoides guentheri Günther's grenadier
172. Coryphaenoides gypsochilus
173. Coryphaenoides hextii
174. Coryphaenoides hoskynii
175. Coryphaenoides lecointei
176. Coryphaenoides leptolepis Ghostly grenadier
177. Coryphaenoides liocephalus Bearded rattail
178. Coryphaenoides longicirrhus
179. Coryphaenoides longifilis Longfin grenadier
180. Coryphaenoides macrolophus
181. Coryphaenoides marginatus Amami grenadier
182. Coryphaenoides marshalli
183. Coryphaenoides mcmillani McMillan's whiptail
184. Coryphaenoides mediterraneus Mediterranean grenadier
185. Coryphaenoides mexicanus Mexican grenadier
186. Coryphaenoides microps
187. Coryphaenoides microstomus
188. Coryphaenoides murrayi Abyssal rattail
189. Coryphaenoides myersi Myers' grenadier
190. Coryphaenoides nasutus Largenose grenadier
191. Coryphaenoides oreinos
192. Coryphaenoides orthogrammus
393
193. Coryphaenoides paramarshalli
194. Coryphaenoides profundicolus Deepwater grenadier
195. Coryphaenoides rudis Rudis rattail
196. Coryphaenoides rupestris Roundnose grenadier
197. Coryphaenoides semiscaber
198. Coryphaenoides serrulatus Serrulate whiptail
199. Coryphaenoides sibogae
200. Coryphaenoides spinulosus
201. Coryphaenoides striaturus Striate whiptail
202. Coryphaenoides subserrulatus Longrayed whiptail
203. Coryphaenoides thelestomus Roughlip grenadier
204. Coryphaenoides tydemani
205. Coryphaenoides woodmasoni
206. Coryphaenoides yaquinae
207. Coryphaenoides zaniophorus Thickbeard grenadier
208. Cynomacrurus piriei Dogtooth grenadier
209. Echinomacrurus mollis
210. Echinomacrurus occidentalis
211. Gadomus aoteanus Filamentous rattail
212. Gadomus arcuatus Doublethread grenadier
213. Gadomus capensis
214. Gadomus colletti
215. Gadomus denticulatus
216. Gadomus dispar
217. Gadomus filamentosus
218. Gadomus introniger Blackmouth rat tail
219. Gadomus longifilis Treadfin grenadier
220. Gadomus magnifilis
221. Gadomus melanopterus
222. Gadomus multifilis
223. Gadomus pepperi Blacktongue rat tail
224. Haplomacrourus nudirostris Naked snout rattail
225. Hymenocephalus adelscotti Celebration whiptail
226. Hymenocephalus aeger Plaintail whiptail
227. Hymenocephalus antraeus
228. Hymenocephalus aterrimus Blackest whiptail
229. Hymenocephalus barbatulus
230. Hymenocephalus billsam
231. Hymenocephalus gracilis Graceful grenadier
232. Hymenocephalus grimaldii
233. Hymenocephalus hachijoensis
234. Hymenocephalus heterolepis
235. Hymenocephalus italicus Glasshead grenadier
236. Hymenocephalus kuronumai Kuronuma's whiptail
237. Hymenocephalus lethonemus
238. Hymenocephalus longibarbis Longbarb whiptail
239. Hymenocephalus longiceps
240. Hymenocephalus longipes
241. Hymenocephalus megalops Bigeye whiptail
242. Hymenocephalus nascens Origin whiptail
243. Hymenocephalus neglectissimus
244. Hymenocephalus nesaeae
245. Hymenocephalus papyraceus
246. Hymenocephalus semipellucidus
247. Hymenocephalus striatissimus striatissimus
394
248. Hymenocephalus striatissimus torvus
249. Hymenocephalus striatulus
250. Hymenocephalus tenuis Slender grenadier fish
251. Idiolophorhynchus andriashevi Pineapple rattail
252. Kumba calvifrons
253. Kumba dentoni
254. Kumba gymnorhynchus
255. Kumba hebetata
256. Kumba japonica
257. Kumba maculisquama
258. Kumba musorstom
259. Kumba punctulata
260. Kuronezumia bubonis Bulbous rattail
261. Kuronezumia darus
262. Kuronezumia leonis Snubnose whiptail
263. Kuronezumia macronema
264. Kuronezumia paepkei
265. Kuronezumia pallida Pallid whiptail
266. Lepidorhynchus denticulatus Thorntooth grenadier
267. Lucigadus acrolophus
268. Lucigadus lucifer
269. Lucigadus microlepis Smallfin whiptail
270. Lucigadus nigromaculatus Blackspotted grenadier
271. Lucigadus nigromarginatus
272. Lucigadus ori Bronze whiptail
273. Macrosmia phalacra
274. Macrouroides inflaticeps Inflated whiptail
275. Macrourus berglax Roughhead grenadier
276. Macrourus carinatus Ridge scaled rattail
277. Macrourus holotrachys Bigeye grenadier
278. Macrourus whitsoni Whitson's grenadier
279. Macruroplus potronus
280. Malacocephalus boretzi
281. Malacocephalus hawaiiensis Hawaiian softhead grenadier
282. Malacocephalus laevis Softhead grenadier
283. Malacocephalus luzonensis
284. Malacocephalus nipponensis
285. Malacocephalus occidentalis Western softhead grenadier
286. Malacocephalus okamurai
287. Mataeocephalus acipenserinus Sturgeon grenadier
288. Mataeocephalus adustus
289. Mataeocephalus cristatus
290. Mataeocephalus hyostomus
291. Mataeocephalus kotlyari Kotlyar's whiptail
292. Mataeocephalus tenuicauda Slendertail grenadier
293. Mesobius antipodum Bathypelagic rattail
294. Mesobius berryi Berry's grenadier
295. Nezumia aequalis Common Atlantic grenadier
296. Nezumia africana
297. Nezumia aspidentata
298. Nezumia atlantica Western Atlantic grenadier
299. Nezumia bairdii Marlin-spike grenadier
300. Nezumia brevibarbata Shortbeard grenadier
301. Nezumia brevirostris
302. Nezumia burragei
395
303. Nezumia cliveri
304. Nezumia coheni Cohen's whiptail
305. Nezumia condylura Japanese pugnose grenadier
306. Nezumia convergens Peruvian grenadier
307. Nezumia cyrano
308. Nezumia duodecim Twelve-rayed grenadier
309. Nezumia ectenes
310. Nezumia evides
311. Nezumia holocentra
312. Nezumia infranudis
313. Nezumia investigatoris
314. Nezumia kamoharai
315. Nezumia kapala Kapala whiptail
316. Nezumia kensmithi Blunt-nosed grenadier
317. Nezumia latirostrata Broadsnout grenadier
318. Nezumia leucoura Whitetail whiptail
319. Nezumia liolepis Smooth grenadier
320. Nezumia longebarbata Bluntnose grenadier
321. Nezumia loricata Parrot grenadier
322. Nezumia merretti Merret's whiptail
323. Nezumia micronychodon Smalltooth grenadier
324. Nezumia milleri Miller's grenadier
325. Nezumia namatahi Squashed face rattail
326. Nezumia obliquata
327. Nezumia orbitalis Spectacled grenadier
328. Nezumia parini Parin's grenadier
329. Nezumia polylepis
330. Nezumia propinqua Aloha grenadier
321. Nezumia proxima Short-tail grenadier
322. Nezumia pudens Atacama grenadier
323. Nezumia pulchella Thumb grenadier
324. Nezumia sclerorhynchus Roughtip grenadier
325. Nezumia semiquincunciata
326. Nezumia soela Soela whiptail
327. Nezumia spinosa Sawspine whiptail
328. Nezumia stelgidolepis California grenadier
329. Nezumia suilla
330. Nezumia tinro
331. Nezumia toi
332. Nezumia tomiyamai
333. Nezumia umbracincta
334. Nezumia ventralis
335. Nezumia wularnia Wularni whiptail
336. Odontomacrurus murrayi Roundhead grenadier
337. Paracetonurus flagellicauda
338. Pseudocetonurus septifer
339. Pseudonezumia cetonuropsis
340. Pseudonezumia japonicus
341. Pseudonezumia parvipes
342. Pseudonezumia pusilla Tiny whiptail
343. Sphagemacrurus decimalis
344. Sphagemacrurus gibber
345. Sphagemacrurus grenadae Pugnose grenadier
346. Sphagemacrurus hirundo Swallow grenadier
347. Sphagemacrurus pumiliceps Dwarf whiptail
396
348. Sphagemacrurus richardi Richard's whiptail
349. Squalogadus modificatus Tadpole whiptail
350. Trachonurus gagates Velvet whiptail
351. Trachonurus robinsi
352. Trachonurus sentipellis Shaggy whiptail
353. Trachonurus sulcatus Bristly grenadier
354. Trachonurus villosus Furry whiptail
355. Trachonurus yiwardaus Yiwarda whiptail
356. Trachyrincus aphyodes
357. Trachyrincus helolepis Armourhead grenadier
358. Trachyrincus longirostris Slender unicorn rattail
359. Trachyrincus murrayi Roughnose grenadier
360. Trachyrincus scabrus Roughsnout grenadier
361. Trachyrincus villegai Grey grenadier
362. Ventrifossa atherodon Arrowtooth grenadier
363. Ventrifossa ctenomelas Hawaiian grenadier
364. Ventrifossa divergens Plainfin grenadier
365. Ventrifossa fusca
366. Ventrifossa garmani Sagami grenadier
367. Ventrifossa gomoni Pale smiling whiptail
368. Ventrifossa johnboborum Snoutscale whiptail
369. Ventrifossa longibarbata
370. Ventrifossa macrodon
371. Ventrifossa macropogon Longbeard grenadier
372. Ventrifossa macroptera Palau grenadier
373. Ventrifossa misakia Misaki grenadier
374. Ventrifossa mucocephalus Slimehead grenadier
375. Ventrifossa mystax
376. Ventrifossa nasuta Conesnout grenadier
377. Ventrifossa nigrodorsalis Spinaker grenadier
378. Ventrifossa obtusirostris
379. Ventrifossa paxtoni Thinbarbel whiptail
380. Ventrifossa petersonii Peterson's grenadier
381. Ventrifossa rhipidodorsalis
382. Ventrifossa saikaiensis
383. Ventrifossa sazonovi Dark smiling whiptail
384. Ventrifossa teres
385. Ventrifossa vinolenta
397
Family Melanonidae
(Melanonids)
Brackish x
Marine √
Remark : Marine; meso- to bathypelagic. Distribution: southern Atlantic and

southern Pacific. Dorsal fins 2. Second dorsal confluent with the
pointed caudal fin. No barbel. No otophysic connection. Resemble
morids in most features. Has a very slender caudal peduncle and
distinctive nerve-end organs on the head; small in size and not
abundant.

1. Melanonus gracilis Pelagic cod
2. Melanonus zugmayeri Arrowtail
398
Family Merlucciidae
(Merluccid hakes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, eastern Pacific, Tasmania, and New Zealand.

Dorsal fins 2, except Lyconodes with one. Second dorsal fin and anal
fin with a posterior notch. Chin barbel lacking. Small cycloid scales.
Teeth present on head of vomer. Spinous first principal dorsal ray.
Mouth large and terminal; long, pointed teeth in most species. A large
V-shaped ridge appears on the upper side of the head. Pelvic fin rays
7-10. Branchiostegal rays 7. Pyloric caeca absent. Species of
Merluccius are voracious predators inhabiting the continental shelf and
upper slope. The three species of Macruronus live in large schools on
the continental shelf in Subantarctic waters.

1. Lyconodes argenteus
2. Lyconus brachycolus
3. Lyconus pinnatus
4. Macruronus capensis Cape grenadier
5. Macruronus maderensis
6. Macruronus magellanicus Patagonian grenadier
7. Macruronus novaezelandiae Blue grenadier
8. Merluccius albidus Offshore silver hake
9. Merluccius angustimanus Panama hake
10. Merluccius australis Southern hake
11. Merluccius bilinearis Silver hake
12. Merluccius capensis Shallow-water Cape hake
13. Merluccius gayi gayi South Pacific hake
14. Merluccius gayi peruanus Peruvian hake
15. Merluccius hernandezi Cortez hake
16. Merluccius hubbsi Argentine hake
17. Merluccius merluccius European hake
18. Merluccius paradoxus Deep-water Cape hake
19. Merluccius patagonicus Patagonian hake
20. Merluccius polli Benguela hake
21. Merluccius productus North Pacific hake
22. Merluccius senegalensis Senegalese hake
23. Merluccius tasmanicus
24. Steindachneria argentea Luminous hake
399
Family Moridae
(Morid cods)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: circumglobal. Dorsal fins usually 1 or 2, rarely 3. Anal fins

1 or 2. With or without chin barbel. Teeth on head of vomer minute, if
present. Swim bladder with otophysic connection to auditory capsules.
Benthopelagic to pelagic species ranging from shallow coastal areas to
deep waters beyond 2500 m.

1. Antimora microlepis Finescale mora
2. Antimora rostrata Blue antimora
3. Auchenoceros punctatus Ahuru
4. Eeyorius hutchinsi Tasmanian codling
5. Eretmophorus kleinenbergi
6. Gadella brocca
7. Gadella dancoheni
8. Gadella edelmanni
9. Gadella filifer
10. Gadella imberbis Beardless codling
11. Gadella jordani Jordan's cod
12. Gadella macrura Longtail cod
13. Gadella maraldi Gadella
14. Gadella molokaiensis
15. Gadella norops
16. Gadella obscurus
17. Gadella svetovidovi
18. Gadella thysthlon
19. Guttigadus globiceps Fat-headed cod
20. Guttigadus globosus Tadpole cod
21. Guttigadus kongi Austral cod
22. Guttigadus latifrons
23. Guttigadus nudicephalus
24. Guttigadus nudirostre
25. Guttigadus squamirostre
26. Halargyreus johnsonii Slender codling
27. Laemonema barbatulum Shortbeard codling
28. Laemonema compressicauda
29. Laemonema filodorsale
30. Laemonema goodebeanorum
31. Laemonema gracillipes
32. Laemonema laureysi Guinean codling
33. Laemonema longipes Longfin codling
34. Laemonema macronema
400
35. Laemonema melanurum
36. Laemonema modestum
37. Laemonema nana
38. Laemonema palauense
39. Laemonema rhodochir
40. Laemonema robustum Robust mora
41. Laemonema verecundum Bighead mora
42. Laemonema yarrellii
43. Laemonema yuvto
44. Lepidion capensis
45. Lepidion ensiferus Patagonian codling
46. Lepidion eques North Atlantic codling
47. Lepidion guentheri
48. Lepidion inosimae Morid cod
49. Lepidion lepidion Mediterranean codling
50. Lepidion microcephalus Small-headed cod
51. Lepidion natalensis
52. Lepidion schmidti Schmidt's cod
53. Lotella fernandeziana
54. Lotella fuliginosa
55. Lotella phycis Beardie
56. Lotella rhacina Rock cod
57. Lotella schuettei Slender beardy
58. Lotella tosaensis
59. Mora moro Common mora
60. Notophycis fitchi
61. Notophycis marginata Dwarf codling
62. Physiculus andriashevi
63. Physiculus argyropastus
64. Physiculus beckeri
65. Physiculus bertelseni
66. Physiculus capensis
67. Physiculus chigodarana
68. Physiculus coheni
69. Physiculus cyanostrophus
70. Physiculus cynodon
71. Physiculus dalwigki Black codling
72. Physiculus fedorovi
73. Physiculus fulvus Hakeling
74. Physiculus grinnelli
75. Physiculus helenaensis Skulpin
76. Physiculus hexacytus
77. Physiculus huloti
78. Physiculus japonicus Japanese codling
79. Physiculus karrerae
80. Physiculus kaupi
81. Physiculus longicavis
82. Physiculus longifilis Filament cod
83. Physiculus luminosus Luminescent cod
84. Physiculus marisrubri
85. Physiculus maslowskii
86. Physiculus microbarbata
87. Physiculus natalensis
88. Physiculus nematopus Charcoal mora
89. Physiculus nielseni
401
90. Physiculus nigripinnis
91. Physiculus nigriscens Darktip cod
92. Physiculus normani
93. Physiculus parini
94. Physiculus peregrinus
95. Physiculus rastrelliger Hundred fathom mora
96. Physiculus rhodopinnis
97. Physiculus roseus Rosy cod
98. Physiculus sazonovi
99. Physiculus sterops
100. Physiculus sudanensis
101. Physiculus talarae Peruvian mora
102. Physiculus therosideros Scalyfin cod
103. Physiculus yoshidae
104. Pseudophycis bachus Red codling
105. Pseudophycis barbata Southern bastard codling
106. Pseudophycis breviuscula Northern bastard codling
107. Rhynchogadus hepaticus
108. Salilota australis Tadpole codling
109. Svetovidovia lucullus
110. Tripterophycis gilchristi Grenadier cod
111. Tripterophycis svetovidovi Brown grenadier cod
402
Family Muraenolepididae
(Eel cods)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Southern Hemisphere. Dorsal fins 2; first dorsal with a

single ray. Single anal fin. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are all
joined; the elongated body scales are arranged at oblique angles to
each other. Chin with barbel. No teeth on head of vomer. Pyloric caeca
absent. This family probably includes about 6 species of 4 have been
described to-date.

1. Muraenolepis andriashevi
2. Muraenolepis kuderskii Kudersky parketnik
3. Muraenolepis marmorata Marbled moray cod
4. Muraenolepis microcephala Smallhead moray cod
5. Muraenolepis microps Smalleye moray cod
6. Muraenolepis orangiensis Patagonian moray cod
7. Muraenolepis pacifica Southern Pacific moray cod
8. Muraenolepis trunovi Trunov parketnik
403
Family Phycidae
(Phycid hakes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic. Two dorsal fins, one anal fin, neither connected with caudal
fin. Pelvic fin with two elongated rays. Juveniles of some species spend
part of their time in estuaries. Corresponds with Phycinae in Nelson,
1994.

1. Phycis blennoides Greater forkbeard
2. Phycis chesteri Longfin hake
3. Phycis phycis Forkbeard
4. Urophycis brasiliensis Brazilian codling
5. Urophycis chuss Red hake
6. Urophycis cirrata Gulf hake
7. Urophycis earllii Carolina hake
8. Urophycis floridana Southern codling
9. Urophycis mystacea
10. Urophycis regia Spotted codling
11. Urophycis tenuis White hake
404
ORDO GASTEROSTEIFORMES
(Sticklebacks and Seamoths)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic girdle never attached directly to the cleithra; supramaxillary,

orbitosphenoid, and basisphenoid absent; postcleithrum a single bone
or absent; branchiostegal rays 1-5; body often with armor of dermal
plates; mouth usually small. About 19 species are restricted to
freshwater, and another 40 species are found in brackish water (some
being variously diadromous or at lest able to commonly enter
freshwater and marine water).
405
Family Aulorhynchidae
(Tubesnouts)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific. Coastal marine. Body elongate with lateral
bony scutes; series of 24-26 very short isolated dorsal spines, followed
by a normal dorsal fin with about 10 soft rays; pelvic fin with one
spine and four soft rays; caudal fin with 13 rays; four branchiostegal
rays; circumorbital ring completely posteriorly; epineurals 0-3;
vertebrae 52-56. Maximum length 17 cm in Aulorhynchus flavidus.

1. Aulorhynchus flavidus Tube-snout
406
Family Gasterosteidae
(Sticklebacks and tubesnouts)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Northern Hemisphere. Body may be elongate, naked or

with bony scutes along the sides. Three to sixteen well-developed
isolated dorsal spines preceed a normal dorsal fin having 6-14 rays;
caudal fin rays 12-13; a single spine and 1-2 soft rays in the pelvic fin;
three branchiostegal rays; circumorbital ring incomplete posteriorly;
epineurals present; vertebrae 28-42. About 18 cm maximum length
reached in Spinachia spinachia. Sticklebacks have been widely used in
scientific studies. Several subspecies are recognized by authors and
the family is in need of revision.

1. Apeltes quadracus Fourspine stickleback
2. Culaea inconstans Brook stickleback
3. Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Three-spined stickleback
4. Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae Santa Ana stickleback
5. Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Unarmored threespine stickleback
6. Gasterosteus crenobiontus
7. Gasterosteus gymnurus
8. Gasterosteus islandicus
9. Gasterosteus microcephalus
10. Gasterosteus wheatlandi Blackspotted stickleback
11. Pungitius bussei
12. Pungitius hellenicus
13. Pungitius laevis Smoothtail ninespine stickleback
14. Pungitius platygaster Southern ninespine stickleback
15. Pungitius pungitius Ninespine stickleback
16. Pungitius sinensis Amur stickleback
17. Pungitius tymensis Sakhalin stickleback
18. Spinachia spinachia Sea stickleback
407
Family Hypoptychidae
(Sand eel)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Japan and Korea to Sea of Okhotsk. Body elongate;

naked. Dorsal and anal fins located posteriorly. Dorsal soft rays about
20. Anal soft rays about 20. Pectoral fin with 9 rays. Principal caudal
fin rays 13; 11 branched. Branchiostegal rays 4. Incomplete
circumorbital ring. Premaxillary teeth present only in males. Pleural
ribs about 29 pairs; no epipleurals. About 55-57 vertebrae. Hypural
plate consisting of upper and lower halves. about 8.5 cm maximum
length. Lacking in scutes, spines, pelvic girdle and pelvic fins.

1. Aulichthys japonicus Tubenose
2. Hypoptychus dybowskii Korean sandlance
408
Family Indostomidae
(Armored sticklebacks)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Lake Indawgyi, upper Burma. Slender body with a

covering of bony scutes. Upper jaw non-protractile. Opercular spines
6. Dorsal fin with 6 rays, following a series of 5 isolated dorsal spines.
Anal fin with 6 rays. Pectoral fin rays 23. Pelvic soft rays 4; spines
absent. Branchiostegal rays 5. Ribs absent. Vertebrae usually 21. Swim
bladder physoclistic. Reported maximum length 2.7 cm.

1. Indostomus crocodilus
2. Indostomus paradoxus Pipe fish
3. Indostomus spinosus
409
Family Pegasidae
(Seamoths)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Body broad and depressed (aberrant),

contained in bony plates. Mouth small and inferior; toothless. Rostrum
long and flattened arising from a fusion of the nasals. Jaws protrusible.
Gill filaments lobelike and with tufts. Opercle and subopercle very
small. Preopercle very much enlarged. Dorsal and anal fins short,
spineless and usually with 5 soft rays each. Relatively large and
horizontal pectoral fins; unbranched rays 10-18. Pelvics abdominal;
spine 1; soft rays 1-3. Caudal fin rays 8; the peduncle quadrangular.
Branchiostegal rays 5; filamentous. No supracleithrum and post
cleithrum. Circumorbital bones 3; lachrymal bone the largest. Swimm
bladder absent. Vertebrae 19-22, first 6 abdominal vertebrae
elongated. Feed on minute zoobenthos with extremely protrusible
snout. Spawning takes place in open water near the surface. About 13
cm maximum length.

1. Eurypegasus draconis Short dragonfish
2. Eurypegasus papilio Hawaiian sea-moth fish
3. Pegasus lancifer Sculptured seamoth
4. Pegasus laternarius
5. Pegasus volitans Longtail seamouth
410
ORDO GOBIESOCIFORMES
(Clingfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic fins modified into a thoracic sucking disc (permitting fish to
adhere to substrate), with underlying pelvic bones specialized for
supporting disc (pelvic skeleton highly reduced in Alabes; each pelvic
fin with one small spine and four soft rays (rarely five); single dorsal
fin without spines; head and body scaleless; branchiostegal rays 5-7
(three in Alabes); no circumorbital bones posterior to the lachrymal;
articular process of premaxilla either fused with ascending process or
absent; basibranchials one and two probably absent; supracleithrum
with concave process that articulates with condyle oncleithrum (not
known from other fishes); basisphenoid and orbitosphenoid absent;
genital papilla behind anus; three or three and half gills; hypurals
fused into a single plate; no swim bladder. The following characters
apply to all species except Alabes: scapula and four pectoral radials
and 16-31 pectoral fin rays; usually two postcleithra (rarely one);
either common gill opening or separate opening on each side; pleural
ribs attached to the epineural (?) ribs (an opposite relationship to that
found in most fish); total caudal fin rays 16-27 (8-14 articulating on
hypural fan); vertebrae 25-54 (11-20 + 13-33). Maximum length
normally 7 cm.
411
Family Gobiesocidae
(Clingfishes and Singleslits)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Species in this family occur in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Chiefly
marine, few in freshwater. Most species are shallow water bottom-
dwellers, some associated with invertebrate hosts such as sea urchins
or crinoids. Pelvic fins usually present and modified into a sucking disc;
1 spine, 4 (rarely 5) soft rays. Spineless dorsal fin. Head and body
scaleless. Branchiostegal 5-7 rays (except Alebes with 3). Circumorbital
bone posterior to lachrymal absent. Articular process of premaxilla
either fused with ascending process or absent. Basibranchials 1 and 2
probably absent. Supracleithrum with concave process articulates with
the condyle on cleithrum. Without basisphenoid and orbitosphenoid.
Gills 3 or 3.5. Fused hypurals forming 1 plate. Genital papilla behind
anus. No swim bladder. Vertebrae 25-54. Maximum length normally 7
cm, but reaching at least 30 cm.

1. Acyrtops amplicirrus Flarenostril clingfish
2. Acyrtops beryllinus Emerald clingfish
3. Acyrtus artius Papillate clingfish
4. Acyrtus pauciradiatus
5. Acyrtus rubiginosus Red clingfish
6. Alabes bathys
7. Alabes brevis
8. Alabes dorsalis Common shore-eel
9. Alabes elongata
10. Alabes gibbosa
11. Alabes hoesei Dwarf shore-eel
12. Alabes obtusirostris
13. Alabes occidentalis
14. Alabes parvula Pygmy shore-eel
15. Alabes scotti
16. Alabes springeri
17. Apletodon barbatus Barbel clingfish
18. Apletodon dentatus bacescui
19. Apletodon dentatus dentatus Small-headed clingfish
20. Apletodon incognitus
21. Apletodon microcephalus
22. Apletodon pellegrini Chubby clingfish
412
23. Apletodon wirtzi Sao Tomé clingfish
24. Arcos decoris Elegant clingfish
25. Arcos erythrops Rockwall clingfish
26. Arcos macrophthalmus Padded clingfish
27. Arcos poecilophthalmos Galapagos clingfish
28. Arcos rhodospilus Rock clingfish
29. Aspasma minima
30. Aspasmichthys ciconiae
31. Aspasmodes briggsi
32. Aspasmogaster costata Eastern clingfish
33. Aspasmogaster liorhyncha Smooth-snout clingfish
34. Aspasmogaster occidentalis
35. Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis Tasmanian clingfish
36. Briggsia hastingsi
37. Chorisochismus dentex Rocksucker
38. Cochleoceps bassensis
39. Cochleoceps bicolor Western cleaner-clingfish
40. Cochleoceps orientalis Eastern cleaner-clingfish
41. Cochleoceps spatula
42. Cochleoceps viridis Green clingfish
43. Conidens laticephalus
44. Conidens samoensis
45. Creocele cardinalis Broad clingfish
46. Dellichthys morelandi Urchin clingfish
47. Derilissus altifrons
48. Derilissus kremnobates Whiskereye clingfish
49. Derilissus nanus
50. Derilissus vittiger
51. Diademichthys lineatus
52. Diplecogaster bimaculata bimaculata Two-spotted clingfish
53. Diplecogaster bimaculata euxinica
54. Diplecogaster bimaculata pectoralis
55. Diplecogaster ctenocrypta
56. Diplecogaster megalops Bigeye clingfish
57. Diplocrepis puniceus Orange clingfish
58. Discotrema crinophilum Crinoid clingfish
59. Discotrema monogrammum
60. Discotrema zonatum
61. Eckloniaichthys scylliorhiniceps Weedsucker
62. Gastrocyathus gracilis Slender clingfish
63. Gastrocymba quadriradiata
64. Gastroscyphus hectoris Hector's clingfish
65. Gobiesox adustus Panamic clingfish
66. Gobiesox aethus Clarion clingfish
67. Gobiesox barbatulus Lappetlip clingfish
68. Gobiesox canidens Socorro clingfish
69. Gobiesox crassicorpus
70. Gobiesox daedaleus
71. Gobiesox eugrammus Lined clingfish
72. Gobiesox fluviatilis Mountain clingfish
73. Gobiesox fulvus
74. Gobiesox juniperoserrai Peninsular clingfish
75. Gobiesox juradoensis
76. Gobiesox lucayanus Bahama skilletfish
77. Gobiesox maeandricus Northern clingfish
413
78. Gobiesox marijeanae Lonely clingfish
79. Gobiesox marmoratus
80. Gobiesox mexicanus Mexican clingfish
81. Gobiesox milleri
82. Gobiesox multitentaculus
83. Gobiesox nigripinnis Blackfinned clingfish
84. Gobiesox nudus Clingfish
85. Gobiesox papillifer Bearded clingfish
86. Gobiesox pinniger
87. Gobiesox potamius
88. Gobiesox punctulatus Stippled clingfish
89. Gobiesox rhessodon California clingfish
90. Gobiesox schultzi Smoothlip clingfish
91. Gobiesox stenocephalus
92. Gobiesox strumosus Skilletfish
93. Gobiesox woodsi Woods' clingfish
94. Gouania willdenowi Blunt-snouted clingfish
95. Gymnoscyphus ascitus
96. Haplocylix littoreus Giant clingfish
97. Kopua kuiteri
98. Kopua nuimata
99. Lecanogaster chrysea
100. Lepadichthys bolini Bolin's clingfish
101. Lepadichthys caritus Pale clingfish
102. Lepadichthys coccinotaenia Eyestripe clingfish
103. Lepadichthys ctenion
104. Lepadichthys erythraeus
105. Lepadichthys frenatus
106. Lepadichthys lineatus Doubleline clingfish
107. Lepadichthys minor Minor clingfish
108. Lepadichthys sandaracatus
109. Lepadichthys springeri
110. Lepadicyathus mendeleevi
111. Lepadogaster candolii Connemarra clingfish
112. Lepadogaster lepadogaster Shore clingfish
113. Lepadogaster purpurea Cornish sucker
114. Lepadogaster zebrina
115. Liobranchia stria Minute clingfish
116. Lissonanchus lusheri Streaky clingfish
117. Modicus minimus
118. Modicus tangaroa
119. Opeatogenys cadenati
120. Opeatogenys gracilis
121. Parvicrepis parvipinnis Little clingfish
122. Pherallodichthys meshimaensis
123. Pherallodiscus funebris Northern fraildisc clingfish
124. Pherallodiscus varius Southern fraildisc clingfish
125. Pherallodus indicus
126. Pherallodus smithi Mini-clingfish
127. Posidonichthys hutchinsi
128. Propherallodus briggsi
129. Rimicola cabrilloi Channel Islands clingfish
130. Rimicola dimorpha Southern clingfish
131. Rimicola eigenmanni
132. Rimicola muscarum Kelp clingfish
414
133. Rimicola sila Guadalupe clingfish
134. Sicyases brevirostris
135. Sicyases hildebrandi
136. Sicyases sanguineus
137. Tomicodon absitus Distant clingfish
138. Tomicodon abuelorum
139. Tomicodon australis
140. Tomicodon bidens Bifid clingfish
141. Tomicodon boehlkei Cortez clingfish
142. Tomicodon briggsi
143. Tomicodon chilensis Smallsucker clingfish
144. Tomicodon clarkei
145. Tomicodon cryptus
146. Tomicodon eos Rosy clingfish
147. Tomicodon fasciatus Barred clingfish
148. Tomicodon humeralis Sonora clingfish
149. Tomicodon lavettsmithi
150. Tomicodon leurodiscus
151. Tomicodon myersi Blackstripe clingfish
152. Tomicodon petersii Peter's clingfish
153. Tomicodon prodomus
154. Tomicodon reitzae
155. Tomicodon rhabdotus
156. Tomicodon rupestris
157. Tomicodon vermiculatus
158. Tomicodon zebra Zebra clingfish
159. Trachelochismus melobesia Striped clingfish
160. Trachelochismus pinnulatus
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ORDO GONORYNCHIFORMES
(Milkfish)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Orbitosphenoid absent; parietals small; quadrate condyle far forward;

teeth absent on fifth ceratobranchial; first three vertebrae specialized
and associated with one or more cephalic ribs; suprabranchial
(=epibranchial) organ present (consisting of lateral pouches in the
posterior part of the branchial chamber behind the fourth
epibranchials); mouth small; jaws toothless; no postcleithra; 5-7
hypural plates.
416
Family Chanidae
(Milkfish)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine and brackish; occasionally freshwater. Distribution:

Indian and tropical Pacific Oceans. Body fusiform and compressed.
Mouth terminal. Upper jaw nonprotrusible. Scales cycloid. Pelvic fin
with 11 or 12 rays. Dorsal fin with 13-17 rays. Anal fin with 9-11 rays.
Branchiostegal rays 4. Swim bladder present. Attains a maximum
length of 1.7 m, but usually to a length of 1 m. Feeds on benthic algae
and invertebrates. Valued as food fish in Southeast Asia, where it is
being cultured extensively in ponds. The supply of young chanids for
ponds are being caught inshore.

1. Chanos chanos Milkfish
417
Family Gonorynchidae
(Beaked salmons)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Elongate body. Mouth subterminal. Upper

jaw protrusible. Snout pointed, with 1 barbel at the tip. Head and body
with ctenoid scales, about 140-170 in lateral line. Dorsal (11-13 rays)
and anal (9-10 rays) fins posteriorly placed. Branchiostegal rays 4 or 5.
Swim bladder absent. Attains 60 cm maximum length. Gonorhynchus
is most primitive teleost with ctenoid scales. Possibly up to 6 species.

1. Gonorynchus abbreviatus
2. Gonorynchus forsteri
3. Gonorynchus gonorynchus Beaked salmon
4. Gonorynchus greyi
5. Gonorynchus moseleyi Beaked sandfish
418
Family Kneriidae
(Shellears)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa and Nile. Mouth subterminal. Upper jaw
protrusible. Pelvic fin rays 6-9. Lateral line and scales (cycloid) present
in some genera. About 15 cm maximum length.

1. Cromeria nilotica Naked shellear
2. Cromeria occidentalis
3. Grasseichthys gabonensis
4. Kneria angolensis
5. Kneria ansorgii
6. Kneria auriculata Airbreathing shellear
7. Kneria katangae
8. Kneria maydelli Cunene kneria
9. Kneria paucisquamata
10. Kneria polli Western shellear
11. Kneria ruaha
12. Kneria rukwaensis
13. Kneria sjolandersi
14. Kneria stappersii
15. Kneria uluguru
16. Kneria wittei
17. Parakneria abbreviata
18. Parakneria cameronensis
19. Parakneria damasi
20. Parakneria fortuita Cubango kneria
21. Parakneria kissi
22. Parakneria ladigesi
23. Parakneria lufirae
24. Parakneria malaissei
25. Parakneria marmorata
26. Parakneria mossambica Gorongoza kneria
27. Parakneria spekii
28. Parakneria tanzaniae
29. Parakneria thysi
30. Parakneria vilhenae
419
Family Phractolaemidae
(Hingemouths)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa. Body elongate. Scales cycloid. Superior

mouth. Upper jaw protrusible. Jaws bearing only 2 teeth at the
articulation of the lower jaw. Pelvic fin rays 6. About 6 rays in dorsal
and anal fins. Capable of airbreathing by means of the numerous small
alveoli in the swim bladder. About 18 cm maximum length.

1. Phractolaemus ansorgii Hingemouth
420
ORDO GYMNOTIFORMES
(Knifefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Body eel-like (compressed or rounded); pelvic girdle and fins absent;
dorsal fin absent; anal fin extremely long (more than 140 rays and
extending from near pectoral fin origin to near tip of body) and
employed in forward and backward movements; caudal fin absent or
greatly reduced; restricted gill openings; anal opening under head or
pectorals; basal pterygiophores to anal fin with only one section
(radial) and a hemispherical cartilaginous head that articulates the fin
rays (allowing them to move in a circular motion); electric organs
present; suboperculum absent; palatine not ossified; maxilla
rudimentary.
421
Family Apteronotidae
(Ghost knifefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species diversity and systematics of the Apteronotidae has been

reviewed by Mago-Leccia (1994), Albert and Campos-da-Paz (1998),
and Albert (2001). Apteronotid species are readily recognized as the
only gymnotiform fishes with a caudal fin and a dorsal organ (a
longitudinal strip of fleshy tissue firmly attached to posterodorsal
midline). Among gymnotiforms, apteronotid species also possess the
following unique combination of characters: small eye (its diameter
less than distance between nares); infraorbital and supraorbital
laterosensory lines connected anterior to eye; infraorbital bones
ossified as slender tubes; anterior nares located outside gape; no
urogenital papilla; 1-2 rows of conical teeth in both jaws; anal-fin
origin at, or anterior to, isthmus; no urogenital papilla. Apteronotids
also possess a high frequency tone-type electric organ discharge
(more than 750 Hz at maturity). There are currently 72 names
available in the literature for apteronotid genera and species. Of these,
13 generic and 52 species names are valid. There are in addition 12
manuscript names for species currently in preparation, bringing the
known diversity of Apteronotidae to 64 species. Many more
apteronotid species are anticipated, as the rate of description is
accelerating. Apteronotids are relatively conservative in terms of
overall external morphology. Like all gymnotiforms the shape is
typically culteriform, with an elongate body and anal fin. Higher level
apteronotid taxonomy emphasizes differences in snout length and
shape, and shape and position of the mouth. Apteronotids exhibit
substantial diversity in total adult body size, ranging from an
undescribed Amazonian species of Adontosternarchus, and
Megadontognathus kaitukaensis (each growing to about 160 mm) to
Apteronotus (formerly Ubidia) magdalenese (1.3 M) (Campos-da-Paz,
1999). The Apteronotidae is confined to the Humid Neotropics, ranging
the Rio de la Plata of Argentina (35° S) to the Rio Tuira of Panama
(8°N). Apteronotids are known from the continental waters of all South
422
American countries except Chile (Albert, 2001), and are most diverse -
both taxonomically and ecologically - in the Amazon basin. The
ecology and natural history of most apteronotid species is poorly
understood. Apteronotus species are the most widely distributed,
extending the full range of the family. Apteronotus species inhabit
both floodplain and tierra firme (non-floodplain) streams and rivers.
Like many apteronotids, Apteronotus are aggressive predators of small
aquatic insect larvae and fishes. Apteronotids are most diverse in the
Amazonian floodplain, where many species are specialized to inhabit
deep portions of the river channel. Some main channel apteronotids
are aggressive piscivores (e.g., Sternarchella), whereas other are
planktivores (Adontosternarchus). Magosternarchus spp. predate the
tails of other electric fishes. Other species (e.g., Sternarchorhynchus,
Sternarchorhamphus) have tubular snouts and forage on the beds of
aquatic insect larvae on the rivers bottoms. At least one species
(Sternarchogiton nattereri) eats freshwater sponges which grow on
submerged trees, stumps, and other woody debris. Orthosternarchus
is perhaps the most specialized for life at the river bottom, in many
ways resembling cave fishes; they are almost entirely blind, with
minute, assyemtically arranged eyes; and they have almost no
pigments or scales, appearing bright pink in life due to the underlying
blood hemoglobin. An important aspect of apteronotid diversity is
sexual dimorphism in snout size and shape. Reproductively mature
males of Parapteronotus hasemani have highly elongate jaws, which
are presumed to be involved in male-male competition. Mature males
of Sternarchorhynchus roseni possess numeous teeth on their lower
jaw. Mature male Sternarchogiton nattereri grow teeth externally over
the snout, giving them an appearance to unusuall that for 40 years
they have been regarded as representing an entirely different genus
(Oedemognathus). Apteronotid systematics and taxonomy is rapidly
changing as new species and previously undocumented phenotypes
are discovered. The total expected number of species cannot currently
be estimated with confidence. A large number of undescribed
apteronotid species are known in museum collections and many more
are likely to be captured from continued field studies, particularly in
Western and Central Amazonia. There is little direct commercial
exploitation of Apteronotid species. Many species are ecologically
important in Amazonian floodplains, often constituting a significant
fraction of the biomass (Crampton, 1996). Two species (Apteronotus
423
albifrons and A. leptorhynchus) are common in the aquarium trade.
Apteronotids are not an important food resource.

1. Adontosternarchus balaenops
2. Adontosternarchus clarkae
3. Adontosternarchus devenanzii
4. Adontosternarchus nebulosus
5. Adontosternarchus sachsi
6. Apteronotus albifrons Black ghost
7. Apteronotus apurensis
8. Apteronotus bonapartii
9. Apteronotus brasiliensis
10. Apteronotus camposdapazi
11. Apteronotus caudimaculosus
12. Apteronotus cuchillejo
13. Apteronotus cuchillo
14. Apteronotus ellisi
15. Apteronotus eschmeyeri
16. Apteronotus galvisi
17. Apteronotus jurubidae
18. Apteronotus leptorhynchus
19. Apteronotus macrolepis
20. Apteronotus macrostomus
21. Apteronotus magdalenensis
22. Apteronotus magoi
23. Apteronotus mariae
24. Apteronotus milesi
25. Apteronotus rostratus
26. Apteronotus spurrellii
27. Compsaraia compsus
28. Compsaraia samueli
29. Magosternarchus duccis
30. Magosternarchus raptor
31. Megadontognathus cuyuniense
32. Megadontognathus kaitukaensis
33. Orthosternarchus tamandua
34. Parapteronotus hasemani
35. Pariosternarchus amazonensis
36. Platyurosternarchus crypticus
37. Platyurosternarchus macrostomus
38. Porotergus duende
39. Porotergus gimbeli
40. Porotergus gymnotus
41. Sternarchella curvioperculata
42. Sternarchella orthos
43. Sternarchella schotti
44. Sternarchella sima
45. Sternarchella terminalis
46. Sternarchogiton labiatus
47. Sternarchogiton nattereri
48. Sternarchogiton porcinum
49. Sternarchogiton preto
424
50. Sternarchogiton zuanoni
51. Sternarchorhamphus muelleri
52. Sternarchorhynchus axelrodi Axelrod’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
53. Sternarchorhynchus britskii Britski’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
54. Sternarchorhynchus caboclo Cabocolo tube-snouted ghost knifefish
55. Sternarchorhynchus chaoi Chao’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
56. Sternarchorhynchus cramptoni Crampton’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
57. Sternarchorhynchus curumim Curumim tube-snouted ghost knifefish
58. Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris
59. Sternarchorhynchus freemani Freeman’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
60. Sternarchorhynchus galibi Galibi tube-snouted ghost knifefish
61. Sternarchorhynchus gnomus Gnomus tube-snouted ghost knifefish
62. Sternarchorhynchus goeldii Goeldi’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
63. Sternarchorhynchus hagedornae Hagedorn’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
64. Sternarchorhynchus higuchii Higuchi’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
65. Sternarchorhynchus inpai Inpa tube-snouted ghost knifefish
66. Sternarchorhynchus jaimei Jamei’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
67. Sternarchorhynchus kokraimoro Kokraimoro tube-snouted ghost knifefish
68. Sternarchorhynchus mareikeae Mareike’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
69. Sternarchorhynchus marreroi Marrero’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
70. Sternarchorhynchus mendesi Mendes’ tube-snouted ghost knifefish
71. Sternarchorhynchus mesensis Mesensis tube-snouted ghost knifefish
72. Sternarchorhynchus montanus Montanus tube-snouted ghost knifefish
73. Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus Mormyrus tube-snouted ghost knifefish
74. Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus Oxyrhynchus tube-snouted ghost knifefish
75. Sternarchorhynchus retzeri Retzer’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
76. Sternarchorhynchus roseni Rosen’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
77. Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni
78. Sternarchorhynchus severii Severi’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
79. Sternarchorhynchus starksi Stark’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
80. Sternarchorhynchus stewarti Stewart’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
81. Sternarchorhynchus taphorni Taphorn’s tube-snouted ghost knifefish
82. Sternarchorhynchus villaboasi Villasboas’ tube-snouted ghost knifefish
83. Sternarchorhynchus yepezi Yepez’ tube-snouted ghost knifefish
84. Tembeassu marauna
425
Family Gymnotidae
(Naked-back knifefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Naked-back knifefishes are restricted to freshwaters of Central and

South America. Body eel-like (compressed or rounded); about 100
vertebrae (31-43 precaudals); pelvic girdle and fins absent; dorsal fin
absent; anal fin extremely long from near pectorals to near tip of
body. Weak electrical charge. Nocturnal fishes, mostly occurring in
quiet waters from deep rivers to swamps. May bury themselves in the
substrate in strongly flowing waters. Maximum length 60 cm. Includes
now the monotypic Electrophoridae. Maximum length 2.3 m.

1. Electrophorus electricus Electric eel
2. Gymnotus anguillaris
3. Gymnotus arapaima
4. Gymnotus ardilai
5. Gymnotus bahianus
6. Gymnotus carapo Banded knifefish
7. Gymnotus cataniapo
8. Gymnotus chaviro
9. Gymnotus chimarrao
10. Gymnotus choco
11. Gymnotus coatesi
12. Gymnotus coropinae
13. Gymnotus curupira
14. Gymnotus cylindricus
15. Gymnotus diamantinensis
16. Gymnotus esmeraldas
17. Gymnotus henni
18. Gymnotus inaequilabiatus
19. Gymnotus javari
20. Gymnotus jonasi
21. Gymnotus maculosus Spotted knifefish
22. Gymnotus mamiraua
23. Gymnotus melanopleura
24. Gymnotus obscurus
25. Gymnotus omarorum
26. Gymnotus onca
27. Gymnotus panamensis
28. Gymnotus pantanal
29. Gymnotus pantherinus
426
30. Gymnotus paraguensis
31. Gymnotus pedanopterus
32. Gymnotus stenoleucus
33. Gymnotus sylvius
34. Gymnotus tigre
35. Gymnotus ucamara
36. Gymnotus varzea
427
Family Hypopomidae
(Bluntnose knifefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species diversity and systematics of the Hypopomidae has been

reviewed by Mago-Leccia (1994), Sullivan (1997, 1998), Albert and
Campos-da-Paz (1998), and Albert (2001). Hypopomid species possess
the following unique combination of characters among gymnotiforms:
teeth absent from both jaws; snout moderate to short length
(preorbital region less than 38% head length); eye small (diameter
less than distance between nares); nasal capsule near eye, anterior
nares located outside gape; infraorbital bones ossified as slender
tubes; operculum trapezoidal; hyomandibula oriented oblique to long
axis of head; anal-fin origin ventral or posterior to pectoral fin-base;
no urogenital papilla; no caudal fin or dorsal organ. Hypopomids also
possess a multiphasic (usually biphasic) electric organ discharge
produced as discrete pulses. There are currently 23 names available in
the literature for hypopomid genera and species. Of these, 6 generic
and 25 species names are valid. There are in addition 10 manuscript
names for species currently in preparation, bringing the known
diversity of Hypopomidae to 35 species. Many more hypopomid
species are anticipated, as the rate of description is accelerating.
Hypopomids are relatively conservative in terms of overall external
morphology. Like all gymnotiforms the shape is typically culteriform,
with an elongate body and anal fin. Higher level hypopomid taxonomy
emphasizes differences in: snout length and body profile, ranging from
highly compressed laterally (e.g., Steatogenys) to cylindrical and
worm-like (e.g., Microsternarchus). Hypopomids are small to medium
sized electric fishes, ranging in total adult body size, from the smallest
extant gymnotiform species Hypopygus lepturus (80 mm) to
Brachyhypopomus brevirostris (350 mm). The Hypopomidae is
confined to the Humid Neotropics, ranging the Rio de la Plata of
Argentina (35° S) to the Rio Tuira of Panama (8°N). Hypopomids are
known from the continental waters of all South American countries
except Chile (Albert, 2001), and are most diverse - both taxonomically
428
and ecologically - in the Amazon basin. The ecology and natural
history of most hypopomid species is very poorly understood.
Brachyhypopomus is perhaps the most well studied group; it is also
the most widely distributed hypopomid genus, in terms of both
geography and habitat, extending the full range of the family.
Brachyhypopomus species inhabit seasonal streams in the relative to
highly desertified areas of northwest Venezuela (Falcón), Gran Sabana
(central Guyana), northeast Brazil, southeast Brazil, and northern
Argentina (Chaco) (Costa and Campos-da-Paz, 1992).
Brachyhypopomus is also highly diverse and abundant in floating
meadows of Central Amazonia. Brachyhypopomus is able to tolerate
protracted periods of hypoxic water conditions, at least in part because
they can hold air bubbles in the gill chamber for use in aerial
respiration. Hypopomid systematics and taxonomy is rapidly changing
as new species and previously undocumented phenotypes are
discovered. The total expected number of species cannot currently be
estimated with confidence. A large number of undescribed hypopomid
species are known in museum collections and many more are likely to
be captured from continued field studies, particularly in Western and
Central Amazonia. There is little direct commercial exploitation of
hypopomid species. Brachyhypopomus species are ecologically
important in floating meadows of white water floodplains, often
constituting a significant fraction of the biomass (Crampton, 1996).
Steatogenys elegans is an important part of the biomass in the main
channels of Amazonian channels. Hypopomid species are not common
in the aquarium trade and are not usually eaten.

1. Brachyhypopomus beebei
2. Brachyhypopomus bombilla
3. Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Bluntnose knifefish
4. Brachyhypopomus bullocki
5. Brachyhypopomus diazi
6. Brachyhypopomus draco
7. Brachyhypopomus gauderio
8. Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis
9. Brachyhypopomus jureiae
10. Brachyhypopomus occidentalis
11. Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus
12. Hypopomus artedi
13. Hypopygus lepturus
14. Hypopygus neblinae
15. Microsternarchus bilineatus
429
16. Racenisia fimbriipinna
17. Steatogenys duidae
18. Steatogenys elegans Barred knifefish
19. Steatogenys ocellatus
20. Stegostenopos cryptogenes
430
Family Rhamphichthyidae
(Sand knifefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Sand knifefishes are known from South America. Body elongated and
compressed; 12-26 precaudal vertebrae; pelvic girdle and fins absent;
dorsal fin absent; anal fin extremely long from before pectorals to near
tip of body; no caudal fin. Electric organs present (myogenic). Teeth
absent on lower jaw; snout long and tubular; nostrils relatively close
together. Ethmoid bone very long and narrow, measuring more than
1/3 of the entire length of the neurocranium; symplectic bone also
greatly elongated. Nocturnal fishes that burrow in the sand during
daytime.

1. Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus
2. Gymnorhamphichthys petiti
3. Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni
4. Gymnorhamphichthys rosamariae
5. Iracema caiana
6. Rhamphichthys apurensis
7. Rhamphichthys atlanticus
8. Rhamphichthys drepanium
9. Rhamphichthys hahni
10. Rhamphichthys lineatus
11. Rhamphichthys longior
12. Rhamphichthys marmoratus
13. Rhamphichthys pantherinus
14. Rhamphichthys rostratus
15. Rhamphichthys schomburgki
431
Family Sternopygidae
(Glass knifefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species diversity and systematics of the Sternopygidae has been

reviewed by Mago-Leccia (1978), Lundberg and Mago-Leccia (1986),
Albert and Fink (1996), Albert and Campos-da-Paz (1998), Alves-
Gomes (1998), and Albert (2001). Sternopygid species possess the
following unique combination of characters among gymnotiforms:
multiple rows of small, villiform (brush-like) teeth in both jaws; large
eye (diameter equal to or greater than distance between nares);
infraorbital bones large and bag-like, with expanded bony arches;
anterior nares located outside gape; anal-fin origin at isthmus; no
urogenital papilla, caudal fin or dorsal organ. Sternopygids possess a
tone-type electric organ discharge, characterized by a monophasic
hyperpolarization from negative baseline. There are currently 40
names available in the literature for sternopygid genera and species.
Of these, 6 generic and 30 species names are valid. There are in
addition 11 manuscript names for species currently in preparation,
bringing the known diversity of Sternopygidae to 41 species. Many
more sternopygid species are anticipated, as the rate of description is
accelerating. Sternopygid are relatively conservative in terms of overall
external morphology. Like all gymnotiforms the shape is culteriform,
with an elongate body and anal fin. Higher level sternopygid taxonomy
emphasizes differences in orbital margin, extent of body compression,
and osteological features. Many sternopygid species specialized for life
in main river channels. Many species are highly compressed laterally
and translucent in life (e.g., some Eigenmannia, Rhabdolichops).
Sternopygids are medium to large-sized gymnotiforms, exhibiting
substantial diversity in total adult body size, from 120 mm
(Sternopygus vicentespelaea) to 1.4 M (Sternopygus macrurus). The
Sternopygidae is confined to the Humid Neotropics, ranging the Rio de
la Plata of Argentina (35° S) to the Rio Tuira of Panama (8°N).
Sternopygids are known from the continental waters of all South
American countries except Chile (Albert, 2001), and are most diverse -
432
both taxonomically and ecologically - in the Amazon basin. The
ecology and natural history of most sternopygid species is very poorly
understood. Sternopygus is the most widely distributed sternopygid
genus, in terms of both geography and habitat, extending the full
range of the family. Sternopygus species inhabit both floodplain and
tierra firme (non-floodplain) streams and rivers. Many sternopygids
forage on small aquatic animals (e.g., dipteran larvae) from the
benthos or roots of aquatic vegetation; Rhabdolichops species are
planktivorous, consuming insect and crustacean larvae. Sternopygid
systematics and taxonomy is rapidly changing as new species and
previously undocumented phenotypes are discovered. The total
expected number of species cannot currently be estimated with
confidence. A large number of undescribed sternopygid species are
known in museum collections and many more are likely to be captured
from continued field studies, particularly in Western Amazonia. There
is little direct commercial exploitation of sternopygid species. Some
Eigenmannia species are ecologically important in many riverine
systems, often constituting a large proportion of the biomass, and are
presumed to form an important base of the food web in main
Amazonian river channels (Lundberg et al., 1987). Two species,
Sternopygus macrurus and Eigenmannia cf. virescens are common in
the aquarium trade. Sternopygids are not usually eaten by humans,
although some large (40 - 60 cm) specimens of riverine Sternopygus
spp. are sometimes caught on hook and line.

1. Archolaemus blax
2. Distocyclus conirostris
3. Distocyclus goajira
4. Eigenmannia humboldtii
5. Eigenmannia limbata
6. Eigenmannia macrops
7. Eigenmannia microstoma
8. Eigenmannia nigra
9. Eigenmannia trilineata
10. Eigenmannia vicentespelaea
11. Eigenmannia virescens Glass knifefish
12. Rhabdolichops caviceps
13. Rhabdolichops eastwardi
14. Rhabdolichops electrogrammus
15. Rhabdolichops jegui
16. Rhabdolichops lundbergi
17. Rhabdolichops navalha
18. Rhabdolichops nigrimans
433
19. Rhabdolichops stewarti
20. Rhabdolichops troscheli
21. Rhabdolichops zareti
22. Sternopygus aequilabiatus
23. Sternopygus arenatus
24. Sternopygus astrabes
25. Sternopygus branco
26. Sternopygus castroi
27. Sternopygus macrurus Longtail knifefish
28. Sternopygus obtusirostris
29. Sternopygus pejeraton
30. Sternopygus xingu
434
ORDO LAMPRIFORMES
(Velifers, Tube-eyes and Ribbonfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : No true spines in fins; premaxilla excludes maxilla from gape; unique
type of protrusible upper jaw (maxilla, instead of being ligamentously
attached to the ethmoid and palatine, slides in and out with the highly
protractile premaxilla in at least the first four suborders); pelvic fins
with 0-17 rays; swim bladder, when present, physoclistous;
orbitosphenoid present in some.
435
Family Lampridae
(Opah)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; pelagic. Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Body oval;
compressed. Anterior portion of lateral line arched high. Dorsal fin
long, usually with 50-55 rays. Anal fin long with usually 34-41 rays.
Pelvic fin with 15-17 rays. Scales cycloid; minute. Feed mainly on
squids, octopuses, and crustaceans. Attains 1.8 maximum size.

1. Lampris guttatus Opah
2. Lampris immaculatus Southern opah
436
Family Lophotidae
(Crestfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: most oceans. Naked or with small deciduous cycloid

scales. Anal fin short and situated posteriorly. Normal caudal fin. Pelvic
fin with 1-9 rays, if present. Dorsal fin rays about 220-392, with origin
above or before tip of snout. Swim bladder present. Ink sac opens into
cloaca.

1. Eumecichthys fiski Unicorn crestfish
2. Lophotus capellei Unicornfish
3. Lophotus guntheri Crested bandfish
4. Lophotus lacepede Crested oarfish
437
Family Radiicephalidae
(Tapertails)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: central and eastern Atlantic. Body elongate, compressed

and attenuated posteriorly to a thin caudal filament. Upper lobe of
caudal fin small with 4 rays and lower lobe long and slender, with 7
rays. Dorsal fin rays 152-159. Anal fin rays 7. Pectoral fin rays 9. Pelvic
fin rays 9, which could disappear with development. Lateral line scales
present. Body scaleless. Ribs present. Swim bladder well developed.
Brown ink sac present, opening into the cloaca, about a third of total
length from snout. Vertebrae of equal length; total 114-118 (36-39 +
77-79).

1. Radiicephalus elongatus Tapertail
438
Family Regalecidae
(Oarfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: all oceans. Scaleless. Without anal fin. Pelvic fin long and
slender with 1-5 rays. Dorsal fin base very long, with origin well behind
tip of snout. First few dorsal fin rays bright red and longer than
remaining fin rays. Small-eyed. Toothless. No swim bladder. Number
of gill rakers variable. About 8 m maximum length.

1. Agrostichthys parkeri Streamer fish
2. Regalecus glesne King of herrings
3. Regalecus kinoi
4. Regalecus russelii
439
Family Stylephoridae
(Tube-eye or Thread-tail)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; abyssal. Distribution: most oceans. Ribbonlike. Snout tubular.

Dorsal fin originating from nape reaching to caudal peduncle. Dorsal
fin rays 110-122. Short anal fin, with 16 or 17 rays. Pectoral fin with
10 or 11 rays. Pelvic fin reduced to a single ray. Caudal fin bipartite:
upper lobe with 5 rays and lower lobe with 2 extremely long rays.
Large and telescopic eyes, directed forward or upward. Small and
protrusible mouth. Teeth small. Swim bladder absent. Swims in a
head-up, vertical position. Maximum length 31 cm. Feeds by sucking in
plankton through snout. Perhaps monotypic.

1. Stylephorus chordatus Tube-eye
440
Family Trachipteridae
(Ribbonfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic (incl. Arctic and Mediterranean), Indian and

Pacific Oceans. Body naked. Scales cycloid or modified ctenoid;
deciduous. With or without tubercles. Anal fin absent. Caudal fin long,
with an upper lobe only and oriented perpendicularly to the body.
Pelvic fin rays 1-10. Very long dorsal fin, with origin well behind tip of
snout. Large eyes. Teeth present. No ribs. Swim bladder rudimentary,
if present. Vertebrae 62-111. Growth allometric. About 1.7 m
maximum length.

1. Desmodema lorum Whiptail ribbonfish
2. Desmodema polystictum Polka-dot ribbonfish
3. Trachipterus altivelis King-of-the-salmon
4. Trachipterus arcticus Dealfish
5. Trachipterus fukuzakii Tapertail ribbonfish
6. Trachipterus ishikawae
7. Trachipterus jacksonensis Blackflash ribbonfish
8. Trachipterus trachypterus Mediterranean dealfish
9. Zu cristatus Scalloped ribbonfish
10. Zu elongatus Taper-tail ribbonfish
441
Family Veliferidae
(Velifers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indian and western and mid-Pacific Oceans. Deep and
compressed body. Pelvic fin rays 8 or 9. Long dorsal fin and anal fins.
Swim bladder reaching far past the anus. Branchiostegal rays 6. Total
vertebrae 33 or 34 (16 + 17 or 18).

1. Metavelifer multiradiatus Spinyfin velifer
2. Velifer hypselopterus Sailfin velifer
442
ORDO LEPISOSTEIFORMES
(Gars)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Body and jaws elongate; mouth with needlelike teeth; abbreviated
heterocercal tail; heavy ganoid scales, about 50-65 along lateral line;
dorsal fin far back, with few rays; three branchiostegal rays;
interoperculum absent; two or more supratemporal bones on each
side; maxilla small and immobile; supramaxilla absent; myodome
absent; vomer paired; swim bladder vascularized (thus permitting
aerial respiration); vertebrae opisthocoelous (anterior end convex,
posterior end concave, as in some reptiles and unlike all other fish
except the blenny Andamia. Maximum length about 3.0 m.
443
Family Lepisosteidae
(Gars)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Gars are chiefly freshwater, in brackish water occasionally; very rarely
marine. Distribution: eastern North America (from southern Quebec)
to Costa Rica; Cuba. Body elongate. Jaws elongated, with needlelike
teeth. Short heterocercal tail. Heavily armored with ganoid scales.
Lateral line with about 50-65. Dorsal fin far down posterior. Few dorsal
rays. Branchiostegal rays 3. Gular or interopercle absent. Paired
vomer. Vascularized swim bladder allows aerial respiration. Vertebrae
convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly. About 3 m maximum length.
They occur usually in shallow, weedy areas.

1. Atractosteus spatula Alligator gar
2. Atractosteus tristoechus Cuban gar
3. Atractosteus tropicus Tropical gar
4. Lepisosteus oculatus Spotted gar
5. Lepisosteus osseus Longnose gar
6. Lepisosteus platostomus Shortnose gar
7. Lepisosteus platyrhincus Florida gar
444
ORDO LOPHIIFORMES
(Anglerfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : First ray of spinous dorsal, if present, on head and transformed into
illicium (line) and esca (bait), a device for attracting prey to mouth;
pelvic fins, if present, in front of pectorals, with one spine and four
(rarely) or five soft rays; gill opening small tubelike, at or behind
(rarely partly in front of) pectoral fin base; five or six branchiostegal
rays; no ribs; pectoral radials 2-5, narrow and elongate; first vertebra
fused to skull; swim bladder, when present, physoclistous.
445
Family Antennariidae
(Frogfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: all tropical seas except the Mediterranean. Body short,
spherical, and laterally compressed with lateral eyes; mouth large with
2-4 more or less irregular rows of small, villiform teeth on upper and
lower jaws; tube-like gill opening under pectoral base, used for jet-
propelling. Three dorsal spines on head, the anteriormost (illicium)
free and modified as a lure, usually with a distinct fleshy bait (esca).
Cutaneous filaments or appendages nearly always present; color and
color pattern highly variable from white, yellow, red to dark brown and
black. Juveniles and adults benthic in 0-300 m, with the single
exception of Histrio, which pelagic in floating sargassum weed.
Voracious carnivores feeding on fishes or crustaceans attracted by
wriggling the bait. May resort to cannibalism, even if the other is a
potential mate. To 33 cm SL in Antennarius avalonis. Usually females
lay thousands of eggs embedded in a large bouyant gelatinous mass;
several species bear eggs attached to their body, whereas Histrio
histrio produces a raft of eggs that floats at the surface among
seaweed.

1. Allenichthys glauerti Glauert's anglerfish
2. Antennarius analis Tailjet frogfish
3. Antennarius avalonis Roughbar frogfish
4. Antennarius bermudensis Island frogfish
5. Antennarius biocellatus Brackishwater frogfish
6. Antennarius coccineus Scarlet frogfish
7. Antennarius commerson Commerson's frogfish
8. Antennarius dorehensis New Guinean frogfish
9. Antennarius duescus Side-jet frogfish
10. Antennarius hispidus Shaggy angler
11. Antennarius indicus Indian frogfish
12. Antennarius maculatus Warty frogfish
13. Antennarius multiocellatus Longlure frogfish
14. Antennarius nummifer Spotfin frogfish
15. Antennarius ocellatus Ocellated frogfish
16. Antennarius pardalis
17. Antennarius pauciradiatus Dwarf frogfish
446
18. Antennarius pictus Painted frogfish
19. Antennarius radiosus Singlespot frogfish
20. Antennarius randalli Randall's frogfish
21. Antennarius rosaceus Spiny-tufted frogfish
22. Antennarius sanguineus Bloody frogfish
23. Antennarius scriptissimus
24. Antennarius senegalensis Senegalese frogfish
25. Antennarius striatus Striated frogfish
26. Antennatus flagellatus
27. Antennatus linearis
28. Antennatus strigatus Bandtail frogfish
29. Antennatus tuberosus Tuberculated frogfish
30. Echinophryne crassispina Prickly anglerfish
31. Echinophryne mitchellii Long-spined anglerfish
32. Echinophryne reynoldsi Sponge anglerfish
33. Histiophryne bougainvilli Bougainvilles anglerfish
34. Histiophryne cryptacanthus Cryptic anglerfish
35. Histiophryne psychedelica
36. Histrio histrio Sargassumfish
37. Kuiterichthys furcipilis Rough anglerfish
38. Lophiocharon hutchinsi Hutchins' anglerfish
39. Lophiocharon lithinostomus Marble-mouthed frogfish
40. Lophiocharon trisignatus Three-spot frogfish
41. Nudiantennarius subteres Deep-water frogfish
42. Phyllophryne scortea Smooth anglerfish
43. Rhycherus filamentosus Tasselled anglerfish
44. Rhycherus gloveri Glover's anglerfish
45. Tathicarpus butleri Butler's frogfish
447
Family Brachionichthyidae
(Handfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: southern Australia, primarily off Tasmania. Deep-bodied.

Skin rnaked or covered with denticles. Second dorsal spine joined to
the third by a membrane. Gill opening small, behind pectoral fin base.
Dorsal fin with 15-18 unbranched soft rays. Anal fin rays 7-10. Pelvic
fin with one spine and 4 soft rays. Maximum length 15 cm. Benthic
fishes, occurring in inshore waters at depths up to 60 m. Also called
warty anglers.

1. Brachionichthys australis Australian spotted handfish
2. Brachionichthys hirsutus Spotted Handfish
3. Brachiopsilus dianthus Pink Handfish
4. Brachiopsilus dossenus Humpback Handfish
5. Brachiopsilus ziebelli Ziebell’s Handfish
6. Pezichthys amplispinus Cockatoo Handfish
7. Pezichthys compressus Narrowbody Handfish
8. Pezichthys eltanini Eltanin handfish
9. Pezichthys macropinnis Longfin handfish
10. Pezichthys nigrocilium Eyelash handfish
11. Sympterichthys moultoni Moulton’s handfish
12. Sympterichthys unipennis Smooth handfish
13. Thymichthys politus Red handfish
14. Thymichthys verrucosus Warty handfish
448
Family Caulophrynidae
(Fanfins)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Illicium lacking a distal bulb
with light organ. Females play host to parasitic mature males. Larvae
with pelvic fins. Pectoral radials 2. Dorsal fin 6 (in Robia) or 14-22
normal rays. Anal fin 5 (in Robia) or 12-19 rays. Dorsal and anal rays
extremely long. Caudal fin 8 rays.

1. Caulophryne jordani Fanfin angler
2. Caulophryne pelagica
3. Caulophryne pietschi
4. Caulophryne polynema
5. Robia legula
449
Family Centrophrynidae
(Deep-sea anglerfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The young with small hyoid
barbel. Numerous small spines in skin. Dorsal fin rays 5-7. Anal fin
rays 5 or 6.

1. Centrophryne spinulosa Horned lantern fish
450
Family Ceratiidae
(Seadevils)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Caruncles (low fleshy
appendages) present before soft dorsal fin in females as a modification
of 2 or 3 fin rays; soft rays usually 4 (rarely 5) in dorsal and anal fins.
Cleft of mouth vertical to strongly oblique. Females are host to the
parasitic mature males. Larvae 'humpbacked'. Maximum length at least
77 cm, up to 1.2 m in Ceratias holboelli.

1. Ceratias holboelli Kroyer's deep-sea angler fish
2. Ceratias tentaculatus Southern seadevil
3. Ceratias uranoscopus Stargazing seadevil
4. Cryptopsaras couesii Triplewart seadevil
451
Family Chaunacidae
(Sea toads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. With large balloon-
shaped flabby inflatable bodies; the rough louse skin is covered with
small spine-like scales. The mouth is large and nearly vertical with
small teeths in bands on the jaws, vomer, and palatines. First dorsal
spine bearing a bait or esca that fits into a scaleless U-shaped
depression (illicial cavity) on the snout; second and third dorsal spines
invisibly embedded behind first; 10-12 dorsal soft rays; anal fin with 5-
7 rays; pelvics with 1 spine and 4 soft-rays; pectorals arm-like. Gill
opening behind and above pectoral fin base. Lateral lines are open
canals especially conspicious on the head, protected by enlarged spiny
scales on either side of the canal. Species inhabit continental slopes in
all oceans.

1. Chaunacops coloratus
2. Chaunacops melanostomus Tadpole coffinfish
3. Chaunacops roseus
4. Chaunax abei
5. Chaunax breviradius
6. Chaunax endeavouri Coffinfish
7. Chaunax fimbriatus Tassled coffinfish
8. Chaunax flammeus
9. Chaunax latipunctatus
10. Chaunax nudiventer Naked-belly Coffinfish
11. Chaunax penicillatus Pencil coffinfish
12. Chaunax pictus Pink frogmouth
13. Chaunax stigmaeus Redeye gaper
14. Chaunax suttkusi
15. Chaunax tosaensis
16. Chaunax umbrinus
452
Family Diceratiidae
(Double anglers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific. Tropical and subtropical;

continental shelf or slope. Females with the second cephalic ray
exposed, clubshaped, and with light organ distally. Spine present on
skin. Dorsal fin rays 5 to 7. Anal fin rays 4. Pelvic fin small and
connected with cleithrum.

1. Bufoceratias shaoi
2. Bufoceratias thele
3. Bufoceratias wedli
4. Diceratias bispinosus Two-rod anglerfish
5. Diceratias pileatus
6. Diceratias trilobus
453
Family Gigantactinidae
(Whipnose anglers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Females with elongate body.
Length of illicium almost that of body or longer. Upper jaw jutting
slightly past the lower jaw. Pectoral radials 5. Dorsal fin rays 3-10.
Anal fin rays 3-8. Caudal fin rays 9.

1. Gigantactis balushkini
2. Gigantactis elsmani
3. Gigantactis gargantua
4. Gigantactis gibbsi
5. Gigantactis golovani
6. Gigantactis gracilicauda
7. Gigantactis herwigi
8. Gigantactis ios
9. Gigantactis kreffti
10. Gigantactis longicauda
11. Gigantactis longicirra
12. Gigantactis macronema
13. Gigantactis meadi
14. Gigantactis microdontis
15. Gigantactis microphthalmus
16. Gigantactis paxtoni Paxton's whipnose
17. Gigantactis perlatus
18. Gigantactis savagei
19. Gigantactis vanhoeffeni
20. Gigantactis watermani
21. Rhynchactis leptonema
22. Rhynchactis macrothrix
23. Rhynchactis microthrix
454
Family Himantolophidae
(Footballfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Both sexes lack the
parietals throughout life. Triradiate pelvic bone; six branchiostegal
rays; no epurals. Bony plates, each bearing a median spine, on the
body of females. Dorsal fin rays 5 or 6. Anal fin rays 4; caudal fin with
19 rays; pectoral fin rays 14-18; vertebrae about 19. Females differ
from other ceratioids by having a blunt and short snout; papillae on
snout and chin. Maximum length 46 cm (3.9 cm in males). Like in
other ceratioid families, adult males are parasitic on the larger
females. After metamorphosis into the parasitic stage they seek out
females, attach to their bodies, and feed on their blood. Circumglobal
in the southern hemisphere, tropical to polar.

1. Himantolophus albinares
2. Himantolophus appelii Prickly footballfish
3. Himantolophus azurlucens
4. Himantolophus borealis
5. Himantolophus brevirostris
6. Himantolophus compressus
7. Himantolophus cornifer
8. Himantolophus crinitus
9. Himantolophus danae
10. Himantolophus groenlandicus Atlantic footballfish
11. Himantolophus macroceras
12. Himantolophus macroceratoides
13. Himantolophus mauli
14. Himantolophus melanolophus
15. Himantolophus multifurcatus
16. Himantolophus nigricornis
17. Himantolophus paucifilosus
18. Himantolophus pseudalbinares
19. Himantolophus sagamius Pacific footballfish
455
Family Linophrynidae
(Leftvents)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and Gulf of Panama. Females
are host to the parasitic mature males. Dorsal and anal fins often with
3 soft rays. Linophryne females with hyoid barbel.

1. Acentrophryne dolichonema
2. Acentrophryne longidens
3. Borophryne apogon Netdevil
4. Haplophryne mollis Soft leafvent angler
5. Haplophryne triregium
6. Linophryne algibarbata
7. Linophryne andersoni
8. Linophryne arborifera
9. Linophryne arcturi
10. Linophryne argyresca
11. Linophryne bicornis
12. Linophryne bipennata
13. Linophryne brevibarbata
14. Linophryne coronata
15. Linophryne densiramus Thickbranch angler
16. Linophryne digitopogon
17. Linophryne escaramosa
18. Linophryne indica Headlight angler
19. Linophryne lucifer
20. Linophryne macrodon
21. Linophryne maderensis
22. Linophryne parini
23. Linophryne pennibarbata
24. Linophryne polypogon
25. Linophryne quinqueramosa
26. Linophryne racemifera
27. Linophryne sexfilis
28. Linophryne trewavasae
29. Photocorynus spiniceps
456
Family Lophichthyidae
(Lophichthyid frogfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Reported from the Arafuru Sea, western New Guinea. Skin loose. Nape
not humped. First dorsal spines modified into illicium; 12-13 dorsal soft
rays; 9 anal fin rays; 7 pectoral fin rays. Palatine teeth present. Gill
opening under pectoral fin base. Prehensile pectoral fin.

1. Lophichthys boschmai Boschma's frogfish
457
Family Lophiidae
(Goosefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic, Atlantic (including the Mediterranean Sea), Indian

and Pacific. Head extremely big, wide, and depressed (except Sladenia
with rounded head). Well developed teeth. Lower jaw and sides of
head and flanks fringed with small flaps. Pectoral fin 13-28 rays.
Second dorsal fin 8-12 soft rays. Anal fin 6-10 rays. Vertebrae 18 or
19, in Lophius 26-31. Equipped with a movable rodlike structure above
mouth, tipped with a flap of flesh resembling a flag apparently for
luring prey. Mouth large. Maximum length 1.2 m.

1. Lophiodes abdituspinus
2. Lophiodes beroe
3. Lophiodes bruchius
4. Lophiodes caulinaris Spottedtail angler
5. Lophiodes endoi Anglerfish
6. Lophiodes fimbriatus
7. Lophiodes gracilimanus
8. Lophiodes infrabrunneus Shortspine goosefish
9. Lophiodes insidiator Natal angler
10. Lophiodes kempi Longspine African angler
11. Lophiodes miacanthus
12. Lophiodes monodi
13. Lophiodes mutilus Smooth angler
14. Lophiodes naresi Goosefish
15. Lophiodes reticulatus Reticulated goosefish
16. Lophiodes spilurus Threadfin angler
17. Lophiomus setigerus Blackmouth angler
18. Lophius americanus American angler
19. Lophius budegassa Blackbellied angler
20. Lophius gastrophysus Blackfin goosefish
21. Lophius litulon
22. Lophius piscatorius Angler
23. Lophius vaillanti Shortspine African angler
24. Lophius vomerinus Devil anglerfish
25. Sladenia remiger Celebes monkfish
26. Sladenia shaefersi
458
Family Melanocetidae
(Black seadevils)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Dorsal fin rays 12-17. Anal
fin rays 3 or 4.

1. Melanocetus eustalus
2. Melanocetus johnsonii Humpback anglerfish
3. Melanocetus murrayi Murray's abyssal anglerfish
4. Melanocetus niger
5. Melanocetus rossi
459
Family Neoceratiidae
(Toothed seadevils)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. No illicium. Females

with long movable teeth outside the jaws. Females are host to the
parasitic mature males. Dorsal fin rays 11-13. Anal rays 10-13.

1. Neoceratias spinifer Spiny seadevil
460
Family Ogcocephalidae
(Batfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas except absent

from the Mediterranean Sea. Body usually considerably depressed and
flattened ventrally (box-shaped in Coelophrys). Relatively short illicium
(composed primarily of the modified pterygiophore of the first fin
spine, remnant of second present. The illicial cavity, with its anterior
opening, encloses the esca upon retraction of the illicium. Mouth
nearly horizontal. Gill opening located in or above base of pectoral fin.
Gills 2 or 2.5; first gill arch reduced and without filaments. Soft dorsal
fin small, usually present, 1-6 rays lying posterior to the head. Anal fin
short, with 3 or 4 rays. Pectoral rays 10-19; pelvic I, 5; caudal 9.
Teeth minute, conical, in bands on jaws. Vertebrae 16-21. Scales
always present, as highly variable, pyramid-shaped tubercles.
Tubercles tiny, with long terminal spines, making fish look as if
covered with coarse hair; to large and strongly calcified with bases
close together, making fish appear to be encased in a thick carapace.
Tubercles elaborately sculptured with bosses or crests; or simple
pyramids without strong relief but very enlarged and with thick, strong
terminal spines. Exceptions are structures associated with lateral line
organs; these usually scale-like or boat-shaped, perforated for the
emergent neuromast. Variation in squamation useful in diagnosing
species. Maximum length 40 cm, usually 20 cm. Species of the genus
Coelophrys, with globose bodies and tiny pelvic fins, evidently are
benthopelagic. All other batfishes are strongly depressed for benthic
life. In many species, pelvic and anal fins are relatively thick-skinned
and stout for supporting the body off the substrate. Capable of
walking on the bottom using their large armlike pectoral and smaller
pelvic fins. Swims awkwardly. Bottom dwellers feed on small
invertebrates and fishes. Bathymetric distribution relatively wide, with
Old World genera known primarily from outer continental shelves and
continental slopes to 2,000-3,000 m; one species known from 4,000
m. New World species occurring inshore to subtidal depths and at least
461
two reports of specimens taken upstream in rivers. All larvae and
postlarvae so far known are pelagic. Assumed to be nonguarders.

1. Coelophrys arca
2. Coelophrys bradburyae
3. Coelophrys brevicaudata
4. Coelophrys brevipes
5. Coelophrys micropa
6. Coelophrys mollis
7. Coelophrys oblonga
8. Dibranchus accinctus
9. Dibranchus atlanticus Atlantic batfish
10. Dibranchus cracens
11. Dibranchus discors
12. Dibranchus erinaceus
13. Dibranchus hystrix
14. Dibranchus japonicus Japanese seabat
15. Dibranchus nasutus
16. Dibranchus nudivomer
17. Dibranchus sparsus
18. Dibranchus spinosus
19. Dibranchus spongiosa
20. Dibranchus tremendus
21. Dibranchus velutinus
22. Halicmetus niger
23. Halicmetus reticulatus Marbled seabat
24. Halicmetus ruber
25. Halieutaea brevicauda Spiny sea bat
26. Halieutaea coccinea Scarlet seabat
27. Halieutaea fitzsimonsi Circular seabat
28. Halieutaea fumosa Smoky seabat
29. Halieutaea hancocki Hairy seabat
30. Halieutaea indica Indian handfish
31. Halieutaea nigra
32. Halieutaea retifera
33. Halieutaea stellata Batfish
34. Halieutichthys aculeatus Pancake batfish
35. Halieutopsis andriashevi
36. Halieutopsis bathyoreos
37. Halieutopsis galatea
38. Halieutopsis ingerorum
39. Halieutopsis margaretae
40. Halieutopsis simula
41. Halieutopsis stellifera
42. Halieutopsis tumifrons
43. Halieutopsis vermicularis
44. Malthopsis annulifera
45. Malthopsis gigas Giant triangular batfish
46. Malthopsis gnoma
47. Malthopsis jordani
48. Malthopsis lutea Longnose seabat
49. Malthopsis mitrigera
462
50. Malthopsis retifera Reticulate triangular batfish
51. Malthopsis tiarella Spearnose seabat
52. Ogcocephalus corniger Longnose batfish
53. Ogcocephalus cubifrons
54. Ogcocephalus darwini Galápagos batfish
55. Ogcocephalus declivirostris Slantbrow batfish
56. Ogcocephalus nasutus Shortnose batfish
57. Ogcocephalus notatus
58. Ogcocephalus pantostictus Spotted batfish
59. Ogcocephalus parvus Roughback batfish
60. Ogcocephalus porrectus
61. Ogcocephalus pumilus Dwarf batfish
62. Ogcocephalus radiatus Polka-dot batfish
63. Ogcocephalus rostellum Palefin batfish
64. Ogcocephalus vespertilio Seadevil
65. Solocisquama carinata
66. Solocisquama erythrina
67. Solocisquama stellulata
68. Zalieutes elater Roundel batfish
69. Zalieutes mcgintyi Tricorn batfish
463
Family Oneirodidae
(Dreamers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Naked; some females with
short spines. Dorsal fin rays 4-8. Anal fin rays 4-7. Jaws of the same
length anteriorly.

1. Bertella idiomorpha
2. Chaenophryne draco Smooth dreamer
3. Chaenophryne longiceps Can-opener smoothdream
4. Chaenophryne melanorhabdus
5. Chaenophryne quasiramifera
6. Chaenophryne ramifera
7. Chirophryne xenolophus
8. Ctenochirichthys longimanus
9. Danaphryne nigrifilis
10. Dolopichthys allector
11. Dolopichthys danae
12. Dolopichthys dinema
13. Dolopichthys jubatus
14. Dolopichthys karsteni
15. Dolopichthys longicornis
16. Dolopichthys pullatus Lobed dreamer
17. Leptacanthichthys gracilispinis Plainchin dreamarm
18. Lophodolos acanthognathus Whalehead dreamer
19. Lophodolos indicus
20. Microlophichthys microlophus Short-rod anglerfish
21. Oneirodes acanthias Spiny dreamer
22. Oneirodes alius
23. Oneirodes anisacanthus
24. Oneirodes appendixus
25. Oneirodes basili
26. Oneirodes bradburyae
27. Oneirodes bulbosus Bulb-fish
28. Oneirodes carlsbergi
29. Oneirodes clarkei
30. Oneirodes cristatus
31. Oneirodes dicromischus
32. Oneirodes epithales Nightmare dreamer
33. Oneirodes eschrichtii Bulbous dreamer
34. Oneirodes flagellifer
35. Oneirodes haplonema
36. Oneirodes heteronema
37. Oneirodes kreffti Krefft's dreamer
464
38. Oneirodes luetkeni
39. Oneirodes macronema
40. Oneirodes macrosteus
41. Oneirodes melanocauda
42. Oneirodes micronema
43. Oneirodes mirus
44. Oneirodes myrionemus
45. Oneirodes notius
46. Oneirodes pietschi
47. Oneirodes plagionema
48. Oneirodes posti
49. Oneirodes pterurus
50. Oneirodes rosenblatti
51. Oneirodes sabex Rough dreamer
52. Oneirodes schistonema
53. Oneirodes schmidti
54. Oneirodes theodoritissieri
55. Oneirodes thompsoni
56. Oneirodes thysanema
57. Oneirodes whitleyi Whitley's dreamer
58. Pentherichthys venustus
59. Phyllorhinichthys balushkini
60. Phyllorhinichthys micractis
61. Pietschichthys horridus
62. Puck pinnata
63. Spiniphryne duhameli
64. Spiniphryne gladisfenae Prickly dreamer
65. Tyrannophryne pugnax
465
Family Tetrabrachiidae
(Four-armed frogfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia. Skin loose. Body elongate and
strongly compressed; mouth small; palatine teeth absent; eyes small
and superior; swim bladder absent; nape humped. First dorsal spines
modified into illicium; soft dorsal fin rays 16-17; anal fin rays 11-12;
pectoral fin rays 9, fin divided into two portions. Gill opening under
pectoral fin base. Prehensile pectoral fin. Maximum length about 7 cm.

1. Dibrachichthys melanurus
2. Tetrabrachium ocellatum Four-armed frogfish
466
Family Thaumatichthyidae
(Wolftrap anglers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific. Resembles Oneirodidae but with the
upper jaw jutting far past the lower jaw and upper arm of operculum
with 2 or more branches.

1. Lasiognathus amphirhamphus
2. Lasiognathus beebei
3. Lasiognathus intermedius
4. Lasiognathus saccostoma
5. Lasiognathus waltoni
6. Thaumatichthys axeli
7. Thaumatichthys binghami
8. Thaumatichthys pagidostomus
467
Ordo Mugiliformes
(Mullets)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: All tropical and temperate seas. Chiefly marine (coastal)
and brackish water; some in freshwater (Liza abu only in fresh and
estuaries). Short description: Spinous (4 spines) and soft dorsal fins
widely separated. Pelvic fins subabdominal; 1 spine, 5 soft rays.
Lateral line hardly visible when present. Mouth of moderate size.
Toothless or teeth small. Long gill rakers. Muscular stomach;
extremely long intestine. Vertebrae 24-26. Maximum length about 90
cm. Travel in schools and feed on fine algae, diatoms, and detritus of
bottom sediments. Important food fishes. Taxonomy: Mugiliformes
have been considered as a separate order like here, or as a
Perciformes suborder, and most part of the time close to
Atherinidae(formes). They are either considered at the base of
Acanthopterygii or Percomorpha. The consensus is to consider that
they are close to Atherinids, Gasterosteids, Synbranchids, Elassomatids
in an unresolved polychotomy.
468
Family Mugilidae
(Mullets)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: All tropical and temperate seas. Chiefly marine (coastal)
and brackish water; some in freshwater (Liza abu only in fresh and
estuaries). Short description: Spinous (4 spines) and soft dorsal fins
widely separated. Pelvic fins subabdominal; 1 spine, 5 soft rays.
Lateral line hardly visible when present. Mouth of moderate size.
Toothless or teeth small. Long gill rakers. Muscular stomach;
extremely long intestine. Vertebrae 24-26. Maximum length about 90
cm. Travel in schools and feed on fine algae, diatoms, and detritus of
bottom sediments. Important food fishes.

1. Agonostomus catalai Comoro mullet
2. Agonostomus monticola Mountain mullet
3. Agonostomus telfairii Fairy mullet
4. Aldrichetta forsteri Yellow-eye mullet
5. Cestraeus goldiei Goldie river mullet
6. Cestraeus oxyrhyncus Sharp-nosed river mullet
7. Cestraeus plicatilis Lobed river mullet
8. Chaenomugil proboscideus Snouted mullet
9. Chelon bispinosus Cape Verde mullet
10. Chelon haematocheilus So-iny mullet
11. Chelon labrosus Thicklip grey mullet
12. Crenimugil crenilabis Fringelip mullet
13. Crenimugil heterocheilos Half fringelip mullet
14. Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet
15. Liza abu Abu mullet
16. Liza affinis Eastern keelback mullet
17. Liza alata Diamond mullet
18. Liza argentea Flat-tail mullet
19. Liza aurata Golden grey mullet
20. Liza carinata Keeled mullet
21. Liza dumerili Grooved mullet
22. Liza falcipinnis Sicklefin mullet
23. Liza grandisquamis Largescaled mullet
24. Liza klunzingeri Klunzinger's mullet
25. Liza luciae St. Lucia mullet
26. Liza macrolepis Largescale mullet
27. Liza mandapamensis
28. Liza melinoptera Otomebora mullet
469
29. Liza parsia Goldspot mullet
30. Liza persicus Persian mullet
31. Liza ramada Thinlip grey mullet
32. Liza ramsayi Ramsay's mullet
33. Liza richardsonii South African mullet
34. Liza saliens Leaping mullet
35. Liza subviridis Greenback mullet
36. Liza tade Tade gray mullet
37. Liza tricuspidens Striped mullet
38. Liza vaigiensis Squaretail mullet
39. Moolgarda pedaraki Longfin mullet
40. Moolgarda perusii Longfinned mullet
41. Mugil bananensis Banana mullet
42. Mugil broussonnetii Broussonnet's mullet
43. Mugil capurrii Leaping African mullet
44. Mugil cephalus Flathead grey mullet
45. Mugil curema White mullet
46. Mugil curvidens Dwarf mullet
47. Mugil gaimardianus
48. Mugil galapagensis Galapagos mullet
49. Mugil gyrans Fantail mullet
50. Mugil hospes Hospe mullet
51. Mugil incilis Parassi mullet
52. Mugil liza Lebranche mullet
53. Mugil platanus
54. Mugil rammelsbergii Mullet
55. Mugil rubrioculus
56. Mugil setosus Liseta mullet
57. Mugil soiuy So-iuy mullet
58. Mugil trichodon
59. Myxus capensis Freshwater mullet
60. Myxus elongatus Sand grey mullet
61. Myxus multidens
62. Myxus petardi Pinkeye mullet
63. Neomyxus chaptalii
64. Neomyxus leuciscus Acute-jawed mullet
65. Oedalechilus labeo Boxlip mullet
66. Oedalechilus labiosus Hornlip mullet
67. Paramugil georgii Silver mullet
68. Paramugil parmatus Broad-mouthed mullet
69. Rhinomugil corsula Corsula
70. Rhinomugil nasutus Shark mullet
71. Sicamugil cascasia Yellowtail mullet
72. Sicamugil hamiltonii Burmese mullet
73. Valamugil buchanani Bluetail mullet
74. Valamugil cunnesius Longarm mullet
75. Valamugil delicata
76. Valamugil engeli Kanda
77. Valamugil formosae
78. Valamugil robustus Robust mullet
79. Valamugil seheli Bluespot mullet
80. Valamugil speigleri Speigler's mullet
81. Xenomugil thoburni Thoburn's mullet
470
ORDO MYCTOPHIFORMES
(Lanternfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Head and body compressed; eye lateral (dorsolateral in the myctophid
Hierops); mouth usually large and terminal; adipose fin present;
usually 8 pelvic fin rays; usually 7-11 branchiostegal rays. All are deep-
sea pelagic and benthopelagic fishes.
471
Family Myctophidae
(Lanternfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: circumglobal. Below the adipose fin is a cartilaginous

supporting plate. Some genera with small supramaxilla. Subocular
shelf present. Anal fin origin below or slightly behind dorsal fin base.
Head and body with groups and rows of small photophores; one
species without. Scales cycloid; ctenoid in 4 species. Swim bladder
usually present. Vertebrae 28-45. Heavily preyed upon by many
marine fishes and mammals. Diurnal migration exhibited by many:
most species with peak abundance between 300 and 1200 m by day
and between 10 and 100 m at night.

1. Benthosema fibulatum Spinycheek lanternfish
2. Benthosema glaciale Glacier lantern fish
3. Benthosema panamense Lamp fish
4. Benthosema pterotum Skinnycheek lanternfish
5. Benthosema suborbitale Smallfin lanternfish
6. Bolinichthys distofax
7. Bolinichthys indicus Lanternfish
8. Bolinichthys longipes Popeye lampfish
9. Bolinichthys nikolayi Nikolay's lanternfish
10. Bolinichthys photothorax Spurcheek lanternfish
11. Bolinichthys pyrsobolus Fiery lanternfish
12. Bolinichthys supralateralis Stubby lanternfish
13. Centrobranchus andreae Andre's lanternfish
14. Centrobranchus brevirostris
15. Centrobranchus choerocephalus
16. Centrobranchus nigroocellatus Roundnose lanternfish
17. Ceratoscopelus maderensis Madeira lantern fish
18. Ceratoscopelus townsendi Dogtooth lampfish
19. Ceratoscopelus warmingii Warming's lantern fish
20. Diaphus adenomus Gilbert's large lantern fish
21. Diaphus aliciae
22. Diaphus anderseni Andersen's lantern fish
23. Diaphus antonbruuni
24. Diaphus arabicus
25. Diaphus basileusi
26. Diaphus bertelseni Bertelsen's lanternfish
27. Diaphus brachycephalus Short-headed lantern fish
28. Diaphus burtoni
472
29. Diaphus chrysorhynchus Golden-nosed lantern fish
30. Diaphus coeruleus Blue lantern fish
31. Diaphus confusus
32. Diaphus dahlgreni
33. Diaphus danae Dana lanternfish
34. Diaphus dehaveni
35. Diaphus diadematus Crown lanternfish
36. Diaphus diademophilus
37. Diaphus drachmanni Drachmann's lanternfish
38. Diaphus dumerilii
39. Diaphus effulgens Headlight fish
40. Diaphus ehrhorni
41. Diaphus faustinoi
42. Diaphus fragilis Fragile lantern fish
43. Diaphus fulgens
44. Diaphus garmani Garman's lanternfish
45. Diaphus gigas
46. Diaphus handi
47. Diaphus holti Small lantern fish
48. Diaphus hudsoni Hudson's lanternfish
49. Diaphus impostor Imposter lanternfish
50. Diaphus jenseni Jensen's lanternfish
51. Diaphus kapalae Kapala lanternfish
52. Diaphus knappi
53. Diaphus kora
54. Diaphus kuroshio
55. Diaphus lobatus
56. Diaphus longleyi
57. Diaphus lucidus Spotlight lanternfish
58. Diaphus lucifrons
59. Diaphus luetkeni Luetken's lanternfish
60. Diaphus malayanus Malayan lanternfish
61. Diaphus mascarensis
62. Diaphus meadi Mead's lanternfish
63. Diaphus megalops
64. Diaphus metopoclampus Spothead lantern fish
65. Diaphus minax
66. Diaphus mollis Soft lanternfish
67. Diaphus nielseni
68. Diaphus ostenfeldi Ostenfeld's lanternfish
69. Diaphus pacificus Pacific headlightfish
70. Diaphus pallidus
71. Diaphus parini
72. Diaphus parri Parr's lanternfish
73. Diaphus perspicillatus Transparent lantern fish
74. Diaphus phillipsi Bolin's lantern fish
75. Diaphus problematicus Problematic lanternfish
76. Diaphus rafinesquii White-spotted lantern fish
77. Diaphus regani Regan's lanternfish
78. Diaphus richardsoni
79. Diaphus rivatoni
80. Diaphus roei
81. Diaphus sagamiensis
82. Diaphus schmidti
83. Diaphus signatus
473
84. Diaphus similis
85. Diaphus splendidus Horned lanternfish
86. Diaphus suborbitalis
87. Diaphus subtilis
88. Diaphus taaningi
89. Diaphus termophilus Taaning's lantern fish
90. Diaphus theta California headlightfish
91. Diaphus thiollierei Thiolliere's lanternfish
92. Diaphus trachops
93. Diaphus umbroculus
94. Diaphus vanhoeffeni
95. Diaphus watasei Watases lanternfish
96. Diaphus whitleyi
97. Diaphus wisneri
98. Diogenichthys atlanticus Longfin lanternfish
99. Diogenichthys laternatus Diogenes lanternfish
100. Diogenichthys panurgus
101. Electrona antarctica
102. Electrona carlsbergi Electron subantarctic
103. Electrona paucirastra Belted lanternfish
104. Electrona risso Electric lantern fish
105. Electrona subaspera Rough lanternfish
106. Gonichthys barnesi Barne's lanternfish
107. Gonichthys cocco
108. Gonichthys tenuiculus Slendertail lanternfish
109. Gonichthys venetus
110. Gymnoscopelus bolini
111. Gymnoscopelus braueri
112. Gymnoscopelus fraseri
113. Gymnoscopelus hintonoides False-midas lanternfish
114. Gymnoscopelus microlampas Minispotted lanternfish
115. Gymnoscopelus nicholsi Nichol's lanternfish
116. Gymnoscopelus opisthopterus
117. Gymnoscopelus piabilis Southern blacktip lanternfish
118. Hintonia candens
119. Hygophum atratum Thickhead lanternfish
120. Hygophum benoiti Benoit's lanternfish
121. Hygophum bruuni
122. Hygophum hanseni Hansen's lanternfish
123. Hygophum hygomii Bermuda lantern fish
124. Hygophum macrochir Large-finned lanternfish
125. Hygophum proximum Firefly lanternfish
126. Hygophum reinhardtii Reinhardt's lantern fish
127. Hygophum taaningi
128. Idiolychnus urolampus
129. Krefftichthys anderssoni
130. Lampadena anomala
131. Lampadena chavesi Chaves' lanternfish
132. Lampadena dea
133. Lampadena luminosa Luminous lanternfish
134. Lampadena notialis Notal lanternfish
135. Lampadena pontifex
136. Lampadena speculigera Mirror lanternfish
137. Lampadena urophaos atlantica
138. Lampadena urophaos urophaos Sunbeam lampfish
474
139. Lampadena yaquinae
140. Lampanyctodes hectoris Hector's lanternfish
141. Lampanyctus acanthurus Spinytail lampfish
142. Lampanyctus alatus Winged lanternfish
143. Lampanyctus australis Southern lanternfish
144. Lampanyctus crocodilus Jewel lanternfish
145. Lampanyctus festivus Festive lanternfish
146. Lampanyctus hubbsi
147. Lampanyctus intricarius Diamondcheek lanternfish
148. Lampanyctus iselinoides
149. Lampanyctus jordani Brokenline lanternfish
150. Lampanyctus lepidolychnus Mermaid lanternfish
151. Lampanyctus macdonaldi Rakery beaconlamp
152. Lampanyctus macropterus
153. Lampanyctus nobilis Noble lampfish
154. Lampanyctus omostigma
155. Lampanyctus parvicauda Slimtail lampfish
156. Lampanyctus photonotus
157. Lampanyctus pusillus Pygmy lanternfish
158. Lampanyctus simulator
159. Lampanyctus steinbecki Longfin lampfish
160. Lampanyctus tenuiformis
161. Lampanyctus turneri
162. Lampanyctus vadulus
163. Lampichthys procerus Blackhead lanternfish
164. Lepidophanes gaussi
165. Lepidophanes guentheri
166. Lobianchia dofleini Dofleini's lantern fish
167. Lobianchia gemellarii Cocco's lantern fish
168. Loweina interrupta
169. Loweina rara Laura's lantern fish
170. Loweina terminata
171. Metelectrona ahlstromi
172. Metelectrona herwigi Herwig lanternfish
173. Metelectrona ventralis Flaccid lanternfish
174. Myctophum affine Metallic lantern fish
175. Myctophum asperum Prickly lanternfish
176. Myctophum aurolaternatum Golden lanternfish
177. Myctophum brachygnathum Short-jawed lanternfish
178. Myctophum fissunovi
179. Myctophum indicum
180. Myctophum lunatum
181. Myctophum lychnobium
182. Myctophum nitidulum Pearly lanternfish
183. Myctophum obtusirostre Bluntsnout lanternfish
184. Myctophum orientale Oriental lanternfish
185. Myctophum ovcharovi
186. Myctophum phengodes Bright lanternfish
187. Myctophum punctatum Spotted lanternfish
188. Myctophum selenops Wisner's lantern fish
189. Myctophum spinosum Spiny lantern fish
190. Nannobrachium achirus Lantern fish
191. Nannobrachium atrum Dusky lanternfish
192. Nannobrachium bristori
193. Nannobrachium crypticum
475
194. Nannobrachium cuprarium
195. Nannobrachium fernae
196. Nannobrachium gibbsi
197. Nannobrachium hawaiiensis
198. Nannobrachium idostigma
199. Nannobrachium indicum
200. Nannobrachium isaacsi
201. Nannobrachium lineatum
202. Nannobrachium nigrum Black lantern fish
203. Nannobrachium phyllisae
204. Nannobrachium regale Pinpoint lampfish
205. Nannobrachium ritteri Broadfin lampfish
206. Nannobrachium wisneri
207. Notolychnus valdiviae Topside lampfish
208. Notoscopelus bolini
209. Notoscopelus caudispinosus Lobisomem
210. Notoscopelus elongatus
211. Notoscopelus japonicus Japanese lanternfish
212. Notoscopelus kroyeri Lancet fish
213. Notoscopelus resplendens Patchwork lampfish
214. Parvilux boschmai
215. Parvilux ingens Giant lampfish
216. Protomyctophum andriashevi
217. Protomyctophum arcticum Arctic telescope
218. Protomyctophum beckeri
219. Protomyctophum bolini
220. Protomyctophum chilense
221. Protomyctophum choriodon
222. Protomyctophum crockeri California flashlightfish
223. Protomyctophum gemmatum
224. Protomyctophum luciferum
225. Protomyctophum mcginnisi
226. Protomyctophum normani Norman's lanterrnfish
227. Protomyctophum parallelum Parallel lanternfish
228. Protomyctophum subparallelum Subparallel lanternfish
229. Protomyctophum tenisoni
230. Protomyctophum thompsoni Bigeye lanternfish
231. Scopelopsis multipunctatus Multispotted lanternfish
232. Stenobrachius leucopsarus Northern lampfish
233. Stenobrachius nannochir Garnet lanternfish
234. Symbolophorus barnardi Barnards lanternfishes
235. Symbolophorus boops Bogue lanternfish
236. Symbolophorus californiensis Bigfin lanternfish
237. Symbolophorus evermanni Evermann's lantern fish
238. Symbolophorus kreffti
239. Symbolophorus reversus Reverse gland lanternfish
240. Symbolophorus rufinus
241. Symbolophorus veranyi Large-scale lantern fish
242. Taaningichthys bathyphilus Deepwater lanternfish
243. Taaningichthys minimus
244. Taaningichthys paurolychnus
245. Tarletonbeania crenularis Blue lanternfish
246. Tarletonbeania taylori
247. Triphoturus mexicanus Mexican lampfish
248. Triphoturus nigrescens Highseas lampfish
476
249. Triphoturus oculeum
477
Family Neoscopelidae
(Blackchins)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Entirely compressed.

Supramaxilla long and slender, trilobate rostral cartilage. No subocular
shelf. Anal fin origin far posterior to dorsal fin. Some with
photophores. Scales cycloid; ctenoid scales present in Solivomer. Swim
bladder present in all but Scopelengys. Vertebrae 29-35. About 30 cm
maximum length.

1. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Large-scaled lantern fish
2. Neoscopelus microchir Shortfin neoscopelid
3. Neoscopelus porosus Spangleside neoscopelid
4. Scopelengys clarkei
5. Scopelengys tristis Pacific blackchin
6. Solivomer arenidens
478
ORDO NOTACANTHIFORMES
(Halosaurs and Deep-sea spiny eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Body eel-like; posteriorly directed spine on dorsal edge of rear of

maxilla; premaxilla and maxilla bordering upper jaw; gill membranes
separate; pectoral fins relatively high on body; pelvic fins abdominal,
with 7-11 rays (the two fins are usually connected by a membrane);
anal fin base long and merged with what remains of the caudal fin;
caudal fin skeleton reduced or absent; tail easily regenerated when
lost; branchiostegal rays 5-23; swim bladder present. Some have
photophores.
479
Family Halosauridae
(Halosaurs)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: global. Deep sea. Teeth present in premaxilla and maxilla.
Branchiostegal membranes not united; rays 9-23. Dorsal fin far
anterior to anus, with 9-13 soft rays and spineless. Cavernous lateral
line stretches over the entire body length lateroventrally. Relatively
large scales; less than 30 lateral series of scales on each side.

1. Aldrovandia affinis Gilbert's halosaurid fish
2. Aldrovandia gracilis
3. Aldrovandia mediorostris
4. Aldrovandia oleosa
5. Aldrovandia phalacra Hawaiian halosaurid fish
6. Aldrovandia rostrata
7. Halosauropsis macrochir Abyssal halosaur
8. Halosaurus attenuatus
9. Halosaurus carinicauda
10. Halosaurus guentheri
11. Halosaurus johnsonianus Halosaur
12. Halosaurus ovenii
13. Halosaurus parvipennis
14. Halosaurus pectoralis Australian halosaur
15. Halosaurus radiatus
16. Halosaurus ridgwayi
17. Halosaurus sinensis
480
Family Notacanthidae
(Deep-sea spiny eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; benthic in deep waters (125-3500 m) with global distribution.

Branchiostegal membranes at least partly joined; at least part of the
dorsal fin posterior to the anus; lateral line not cavernous and well up
on the side; scales relatively small, more than 50 longitudinal rows
occur on each side. Some species with 3 spinelike rays in each pelvic
fin. Feed on benthic animals (polychaetes, coelenterates) in a head-
down position; also feed on small nektonic crustaceans. Females
greatly outnumber males. Giant leptocephalus larvae probably pertain
to this family.

1. Lipogenys gillii
2. Notacanthus abbotti
3. Notacanthus bonaparte Shortfin spiny eel
4. Notacanthus chemnitzii Spiny eel
5. Notacanthus indicus
6. Notacanthus sexspinis Spiny-back eel
7. Notacanthus spinosus
8. Polyacanthonotus africanus
9. Polyacanthonotus challengeri Longnose tapirfish
10. Polyacanthonotus merretti
11. Polyacanthonotus rissoanus Smallmouth spiny eel
481
ORDO OPHIDIIFORMES
(Cusk eels)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic fins when present, inserted at level of preopercle or farther

anterior (mental or jugular), zero to two soft rays in each, and
occasionally with a spine; base of dorsal and anal fins long, extending
to and usually joined with caudal fin; nostrils paired on each side;
dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores more numerous than adjacent
vertebrae (the ratio being about 1.8:1).
482
Family Aphyonidae
(Blind cusk eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Scaleless. No swim

bladder. Dorsal fin continuous with anal fins. Dorsal fin origin
posterior, well behind the pectoral fin. Eyes rudimentary. Opercular
spine weak, if present. Sensory pores on head absent. No pyloric
caeca. Pelvic fin jugular with a single ray; lacking in a few. Bilobed
ovaries. Total vertebrae 68-86: precaudal 26-48. Neotenic in some
features. Mostly found beyond 700 m depth.

1. Aphyonus bolini
2. Aphyonus brevidorsalis
3. Aphyonus gelatinosus Gelatinous blindfish
4. Aphyonus rassi
5. Barathronus affinis
6. Barathronus bicolor
7. Barathronus bruuni
8. Barathronus diaphanus
9. Barathronus maculatus Spotted gelatinous cusk
10. Barathronus multidens
11. Barathronus pacificus
12. Barathronus parfaiti
13. Barathronus solomonensis
14. Barathronus unicolor
15. Meteoria erythrops
16. Nybelinella brevidorsalis
17. Nybelinella erikssoni
18. Parasciadonus brevibrachium
19. Parasciadonus pauciradiatus
20. Sciadonus cryptophthalmus
21. Sciadonus galatheae
22. Sciadonus jonassoni
23. Sciadonus pedicellaris
483
Family Bythitidae
(Viviparous brotulas)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Chiefly marine; rare in

brackish and freshwaters. Usually with scales. Swim bladder present.
Opercle usually with strong spine. Pyloric caeca present. Vertebrae 9-
22 (precaudal). Tribe Dinematichthyini: Male copulatory organ with a
penis and 1-2 (rarely 3) pairs of pseudoclaspers in cavity of ventral
body wall covered by a fleshy hood; first anal fin pterygiophore slightly
to strongly elongated; head pore system generally unreduced, 6
mandibular, 2-4 preopercular, 5-7 infraorbital, and 3-4 supraorbital
pores, including supraorbital pore above the opercular spine;
posteriormost supraorbital head pore tubular (Ref. 57884). D/V =
anterior dorsal fin ray above vertebra number; D/A = anterior anal fin
ray below dorsal fin ray number; V/A = anterior anal fin ray below
vertebrae number; V in D = number of dorsal fin rays per ray-bearing
vertebra.

1. Acarobythites larsonae Larson's cusk
2. Alionematichthys ceylonensis
3. Alionematichthys crassiceps
4. Alionematichthys minyomma
5. Alionematichthys phuketensis
6. Alionematichthys piger
7. Alionematichthys plicatosurculus
8. Alionematichthys riukiuensis Bigeye cusk
9. Alionematichthys samoaensis
10. Alionematichthys shinoharai
11. Alionematichthys suluensis
12. Alionematichthys winterbottomi
13. Anacanthobythites platycephalus
14. Anacanthobythites tasmaniensis
15. Beaglichthys bleekeri
16. Beaglichthys larsonae
17. Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Beagle cusk
18. Bellottia apoda
19. Bellottia armiger
20. Bellottia cryptica
21. Bellottia galatheae
484
22. Bellottia robusta
23. Bidenichthys beeblebroxi
24. Bidenichthys capensis Freetail brotula
25. Bidenichthys consobrinus Grey brotula
26. Brosmodorsalis persicinus Pink brotula
27. Brosmolus longicaudus Longtail cusk
28. Brosmophyciops pautzkei Slimy cuskeel
29. Brosmophycis marginata Red brotula
30. Brotulinella taiwanensis Taiwan coralbrotula
31. Bythites fuscus Arctic brotula
32. Bythites gerdae
33. Bythites islandicus
34. Calamopteryx goslinei Longarm brotula
35. Calamopteryx jeb
36. Calamopteryx robinsorum Teacher brotula
37. Cataetyx alleni
38. Cataetyx bruuni
39. Cataetyx chthamalorhynchus
40. Cataetyx hawaiiensis
41. Cataetyx laticeps
42. Cataetyx lepidogenys
43. Cataetyx messieri
44. Cataetyx nielseni Nielsen's catetyx
45. Cataetyx niki Brown brotula
46. Cataetyx platyrhynchus
47. Cataetyx rubrirostris Rubynose brotula
48. Cataetyx simus
49. Dactylosurculus gomoni
50. Dermatopsis greenfieldi Greenfield's mudbrotula
51. Dermatopsis hoesei Hoese's mudbrotula
52. Dermatopsis joergennielseni Nielsen's mudbrotula
53. Dermatopsis macrodon Fleshfish
54. Dermatopsoides andersoni Anderson's mudbrotula
55. Dermatopsoides kasougae Orange brotula
56. Dermatopsoides morrisonae Morrison's mudbrotula
57. Dermatopsoides talboti Lesser orange brotula
58. Diancistrus alatus Winged coralbrotula
59. Diancistrus alleni Allen's coralbrotula
60. Diancistrus altidorsalis Humpbacked coralbrotula
61. Diancistrus atollorum Atoll coralbrotula
62. Diancistrus beateae Beate's coralbrotula
63. Diancistrus brevirostris Shortnosed coralbrotula
64. Diancistrus eremitus Lonely coralbrotula
65. Diancistrus erythraeus
66. Diancistrus fijiensis Fiji coralbrotula
67. Diancistrus fuscus Dusky brotulid
68. Diancistrus jackrandalli Randall's coralbrotula
69. Diancistrus jeffjohnsoni Johnson's coralbrotula
70. Diancistrus karinae Karin's coralbrotula
71. Diancistrus katrineae Katrine's coralbrotula
72. Diancistrus leisi Leis' coralbrotula
73. Diancistrus longifilis Twinhook cusk
74. Diancistrus machidai Machida's coralbrotula
75. Diancistrus manciporus Few-pored coralbrotula
76. Diancistrus mcgroutheri Mcgrouther's coralbrotula
485
77. Diancistrus mennei Menne's coralbrotula
78. Diancistrus niger Dark coralbrotula
79. Diancistrus novaeguineae
80. Diancistrus pohnpeiensis Pohnpei coralbrotula
81. Diancistrus robustus Robust coralbrotula
82. Diancistrus springeri Springer's coralbrotula
83. Diancistrus tongaensis Tonga coralbrotula
84. Diancistrus typhlops
85. Diancistrus vietnamensis Vietnam coralbrotula
86. Didymothallus criniceps
87. Didymothallus mizolepis Smalleye cusk
88. Didymothallus pruvosti
89. Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Yellow pigmy brotula
90. Dinematichthys trilobatus
91. Diplacanthopoma alcockii
92. Diplacanthopoma brachysoma
93. Diplacanthopoma brunnea
94. Diplacanthopoma japonicus
95. Diplacanthopoma jordani
96. Diplacanthopoma kreffti Deepbody cusk
97. Diplacanthopoma nigripinnis
98. Diplacanthopoma raniceps
99. Diplacanthopoma riversandersoni
100. Dipulus caecus Orange eelpout
101. Dipulus hutchinsi Hutchin's mudbrotula
102. Dipulus multiradiatus Slender blindfish
103. Dipulus norfolkanus
104. Eusurculus andamanensis
105. Eusurculus pistillum
106. Eusurculus pristinus
107. Fiordichthys paxtoni Baldhead cusk
108. Fiordichthys slartibartfasti
109. Grammonoides opisthodon Bighead brotula
110. Grammonus ater
111. Grammonus claudei Reef-cave brotula
112. Grammonus diagrammus Purple brotula
113. Grammonus longhursti
114. Grammonus minutus
115. Grammonus nagaredai
116. Grammonus robustus
117. Grammonus thielei
118. Grammonus waikiki
119. Grammonus yunokawai
120. Gunterichthys bussingi Bussing's mudbrotula
121. Gunterichthys coheni Cohen's mudbrotula
122. Gunterichthys longipenis Gold brotula
123. Hastatobythites arafurensis Spinyhead cusk
124. Hephthocara crassiceps
125. Hephthocara simum
126. Lapitaichthys frickei
127. Lucifuga dentata Toothed Cuban cusk-eel
128. Lucifuga inopinata
129. Lucifuga lucayana Lucaya cavebrotula
130. Lucifuga simile
131. Lucifuga spelaeotes New Providence cusk-eel
486
132. Lucifuga subterranea Cuban cusk-eel
133. Lucifuga teresinarum
134. Majungaichthys simplex
135. Mascarenichthys heemstrai
136. Mascarenichthys microphthalmus
137. Melodichthys hadrocephalus
138. Microbrotula bentleyi
139. Microbrotula greenfieldi
140. Microbrotula polyactis Many-ray cusk
141. Microbrotula punicea
142. Microbrotula queenslandica Queensland cusk
143. Microbrotula randalli
144. Microbrotula rubra
145. Monothrix polylepis Littoral cusk
146. Ogilbia boehlkei Boehlke's coralbrotula
147. Ogilbia boydwalkeri Walker's coralbrotula
148. Ogilbia cayorum Key brotula
149. Ogilbia cocoensis Coco coralbrotula
150. Ogilbia davidsmithi Smith's coralbrotula
151. Ogilbia deroyi Deroy's cuskeel
152. Ogilbia galapagosensis Galapagos cuskeel
153. Ogilbia jeffwilliamsi William's coralbrotula
154. Ogilbia jewettae Jewett's coralbrotula
155. Ogilbia mccoskeri Mccosker's coralbrotula
156. Ogilbia nigromarginata Darkfinned coralbrotula
157. Ogilbia nudiceps Naked-headed coralbrotula
158. Ogilbia robertsoni Roberts' coralbrotula
159. Ogilbia sabaji Sabaji's coralbrotula
160. Ogilbia sedorae Sedor's coralbrotula
161. Ogilbia suarezae Suarez' coralbrotula
162. Ogilbia tyleri Tyler's coralbrotula
163. Ogilbia ventralis Gulf cuskeel
164. Ogilbichthys ferocis Ferocious coralbrotula
165. Ogilbichthys haitiensis Haiti coralbrotula
166. Ogilbichthys kakuki Kakuk's coralbrotula
167. Ogilbichthys longimanus Longfinned coralbrotula
168. Ogilbichthys microphthalmus Small-eyed coralbrotula
169. Ogilbichthys puertoricoensis Puerto Rico coralbrotula
170. Ogilbichthys tobagoensis Tobago coralbrotula
171. Paradiancistrus acutirostris Sharpnosed coralbrotula
172. Paradiancistrus cuyoensis Cuyo coralbrotula
173. Paradiancistrus lombokensis
174. Porocephalichthys dasyrhynchus Shaggy cusk
175. Pseudogilbia sanblasensis San Blas coralbrotula
176. Pseudonus acutus
177. Pseudonus platycephalus
178. Pseudonus squamiceps
179. Saccogaster hawaii
180. Saccogaster maculata
181. Saccogaster melanomycter
182. Saccogaster normae
183. Saccogaster parva
184. Saccogaster rhamphidognatha
185. Saccogaster staigeri
186. Saccogaster tuberculata Bagbelly cusk
487
187. Stygnobrotula latebricola Black widow
188. Thalassobathia nelsoni
189. Thalassobathia pelagica
190. Thermichthys hollisi
191. Tuamotuichthys bispinosus Two-spined slopebrotula
192. Tuamotuichthys marshallensis Marshall slopebrotula
193. Tuamotuichthys schwarzhansi
194. Typhliasina pearsei Mexican blind brotula
195. Ungusurculus collettei
196. Ungusurculus komodoensis
197. Ungusurculus philippinensis
198. Ungusurculus riauensis
199. Ungusurculus sundaensis
200. Ungusurculus williamsi
201. Zephyrichthys barryi
488
Family Carapidae
(Pearlfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

Oceans. Dorsal fin rays shorter than opposite anal rays. Anus of adults
and origin of anal fin located behind head and usually under pectoral
fin, under vertebrae 1 - 13. Translucent eel-like fishes without scales.
Wide gill openings, reaching far forward. Vomerine, palatine and jaw
teeth present. No opercular spines. Branchiostegal rays 6-7. No
supramaxillary. Vertebrae about 85-145. Vexillum present in larvae.
Eggs are pelagic, oval, and slightly over 1 mm in the longest
dimension (Ref. 240). Pearlfishes are free-living (Echiodon),
commensal (Carapus, Onuxodon), or parasitic (Encheliophis, =
Jordanicus), living in association with shallow-water invertebrate hosts
(holothurians, bivalves, starfishes), largely in coral-dominated
communities. Family members occur in shelf and slope waters of 0-
2,000 m depth and range from about 65°N to 60°S.

1. Carapus acus Pearl fish
2. Carapus bermudensis Pearlfish
3. Carapus boraborensis Pinhead pearlfish
4. Carapus dubius Pacific pearlfish
5. Carapus mourlani Star pearlfish
6. Carapus sluiteri
7. Echiodon anchipterus Closefin pearlfish
8. Echiodon atopus
9. Echiodon coheni
10. Echiodon cryomargarites Messmate
11. Echiodon dawsoni Chain pearlfish
12. Echiodon dentatus
13. Echiodon drummondii
14. Echiodon exsilium Nocturnal pearlfish
15. Echiodon neotes
16. Echiodon pegasus
17. Echiodon pukaki
18. Echiodon rendahli Messmate fish
19. Encheliophis chardewalli
20. Encheliophis gracilis Graceful pearlfish
21. Encheliophis homei Silver pearlfish
489
22. Encheliophis sagamianus
23. Encheliophis vermicularis Worm pearlfish
24. Encheliophis vermiops Pygmy pearlfish
25. Eurypleuron cinereum
26. Eurypleuron owasianum Eel pearlfish
27. Onuxodon fowleri Fowler's pearlfish
28. Onuxodon margaritiferae Bivalve pearlfish
29. Onuxodon parvibrachium Oyster pearlfish
30. Pyramodon lindas Blackedge pearlfish
31. Pyramodon parini
32. Pyramodon punctatus Dogtooth pearlfish
33. Pyramodon ventralis Pallid pearlfish
34. Snyderidia canina
35. Tetragondacnus spilotus
490
Family Ophidiidae
(Cusk-eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Dorsal fin rays
usually equal to or longer than opposing anal fin rays; anus and anal
fin origin usually behind tip of pectoral fin; scales present; some with
one or more spines on opercle; supramaxillary present; larvae without
a vexillum; pelvics sometimes absent. Maximum length 2 m in
Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi. Oviparous.

1. Abyssobrotula galatheae
2. Acanthonus armatus Bony-eared assfish
3. Alcockia rostrata
4. Apagesoma australis
5. Apagesoma delosommatus
6. Apagesoma edentatum
7. Barathrites iris
8. Barathrites parri
9. Barathrodemus manatinus
10. Barathrodemus nasutus
11. Bassogigas gillii
12. Bassozetus compressus Abyssal assfish
13. Bassozetus elongatus
14. Bassozetus galatheae Galathea assfish
15. Bassozetus glutinosus Glutin assfish
16. Bassozetus levistomatus
17. Bassozetus multispinis
18. Bassozetus nasus
19. Bassozetus normalis
20. Bassozetus oncerocephalus
21. Bassozetus robustus Robust assfish
22. Bassozetus taenia
23. Bassozetus werneri
24. Bassozetus zenkevitchi
25. Bathyonus caudalis
26. Bathyonus laticeps
27. Bathyonus pectoralis
28. Benthocometes robustus
29. Brotula barbata Bearded brotula
30. Brotula clarkae Pacific bearded brotula
31. Brotula flaviviridis
32. Brotula multibarbata Goatsbeard brotula
491
33. Brotula ordwayi Ordway's brotula
34. Brotula townsendi Townsend's cusk eel
35. Brotulotaenia brevicauda
36. Brotulotaenia crassa Violet cuskeel
37. Brotulotaenia nielseni
38. Brotulotaenia nigra Dark cusk
39. Cherublemma emmelas Black brotula
40. Chilara taylori Spotted cusk-eel
41. Dannevigia tusca Australian tusk
42. Dicrolene filamentosa
43. Dicrolene gregoryi
44. Dicrolene hubrechti
45. Dicrolene introniger Digitate cusk eel
46. Dicrolene kanazawai
47. Dicrolene longimana
48. Dicrolene mesogramma
49. Dicrolene multifilis Slender brotula
50. Dicrolene nigra
51. Dicrolene nigricaudis
52. Dicrolene pallidus
53. Dicrolene pullata
54. Dicrolene quinquarius
55. Dicrolene tristis
56. Dicrolene vaillanti
57. Enchelybrotula gomoni
58. Enchelybrotula paucidens
59. Epetriodus freddyi Needletooth cusk
60. Eretmichthys pinnatus
61. Genypterus blacodes Pink cusk-eel
62. Genypterus brasiliensis
63. Genypterus capensis Kingklip
64. Genypterus chilensis Red cusk-eel
65. Genypterus maculatus Black cusk-eel
66. Genypterus tigerinus Rock ling
67. Glyptophidium argenteum
68. Glyptophidium effulgens
69. Glyptophidium japonicum Japanese cusk
70. Glyptophidium longipes Bigeye brotula
71. Glyptophidium lucidum Sculptured cusk
72. Glyptophidium macropus
73. Glyptophidium oceanium
74. Holcomycteronus aequatoris
75. Holcomycteronus brucei
76. Holcomycteronus digittatus
77. Holcomycteronus profundissimus
78. Holcomycteronus pterotus
79. Holcomycteronus squamosus
80. Homostolus acer Filament cusk
81. Hoplobrotula armata Armoured cusk
82. Hoplobrotula badia
83. Hoplobrotula gnathopus False kinglip
84. Hypopleuron caninum Whiptail cusk
85. Lamprogrammus brunswigi
86. Lamprogrammus exutus Legless cuskeel
87. Lamprogrammus fragilis
492
88. Lamprogrammus niger
89. Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi Scaleline cusk
90. Lepophidium aporrhox Dusky cusk eel
91. Lepophidium brevibarbe Shortbeard cusk-eel
92. Lepophidium jeannae Mottled cusk-eel
93. Lepophidium kallion
94. Lepophidium marmoratum
95. Lepophidium microlepis Silver cusk eel
96. Lepophidium negropinna Specklefin cusk eel
97. Lepophidium pardale Leopard cusk eel
98. Lepophidium pheromystax Blackedge cusk-eel
99. Lepophidium profundorum Blackrim cusk-eel
100. Lepophidium prorates Prowspine cusk eel
101. Lepophidium staurophor Barred cusk-eel
102. Lepophidium stigmatistium Blotchfin cusk eel
103. Leptobrotula breviventralis
104. Leucicorus atlanticus
105. Leucicorus lusciosus
106. Luciobrotula bartschi
107. Luciobrotula corethromycter
108. Luciobrotula lineata
109. Luciobrotula nolfi
110. Mastigopterus imperator
111. Monomitopus agassizii
112. Monomitopus americanus
113. Monomitopus conjugator
114. Monomitopus garmani
115. Monomitopus kumae
116. Monomitopus longiceps
117. Monomitopus magnus
118. Monomitopus malispinosus
119. Monomitopus metriostoma
120. Monomitopus microlepis
121. Monomitopus nigripinnis
122. Monomitopus pallidus
123. Monomitopus torvus
124. Monomitopus vitiazi Spearcheek cusk
125. Neobythites alcocki
126. Neobythites analis Black-edged cusk-eel
127. Neobythites andamanensis
128. Neobythites australiensis Australian cusk
129. Neobythites bimaculatus Twospot cusk
130. Neobythites bimarginatus
131. Neobythites braziliensis
132. Neobythites crosnieri
133. Neobythites elongatus
134. Neobythites fasciatus
135. Neobythites fijiensis
136. Neobythites franzi Franz's cusk
137. Neobythites gilli Twospot brotula
138. Neobythites javaensis
139. Neobythites kenyaensis
140. Neobythites longipes Longray cusk
141. Neobythites longispinis
142. Neobythites longiventralis
493
143. Neobythites macrocelli
144. Neobythites macrops Spotfin cusk
145. Neobythites malayanus
146. Neobythites malhaensis
147. Neobythites marginatus Stripefin brotula
148. Neobythites marianaensis
149. Neobythites marquesaensis
150. Neobythites meteori
151. Neobythites monocellatus
152. Neobythites multidigitatus
153. Neobythites multiocellatus
154. Neobythites multistriatus
155. Neobythites musorstomi
156. Neobythites natalensis
157. Neobythites neocaledoniensis
158. Neobythites nigriventris Blackbelly cusk
159. Neobythites ocellatus
160. Neobythites pallidus Pale cusk
161. Neobythites purus Pure cusk
162. Neobythites sereti
163. Neobythites sinensis
164. Neobythites sivicola
165. Neobythites soelae Soela cusk
166. Neobythites somaliaensis
167. Neobythites steatiticus
168. Neobythites stefanovi
169. Neobythites stelliferoides Thread brotula
170. Neobythites stigmosus
171. Neobythites trifilis
172. Neobythites unicolor
173. Neobythites unimaculatus Onespot cusk
174. Neobythites vityazi
175. Neobythites zonatus
176. Neobythitoides serratus
177. Ophidion antipholus Longnose cusk-eel
178. Ophidion asiro
179. Ophidion barbatum Snake blenny
180. Ophidion beani
181. Ophidion dromio Shorthead cusk-eel
182. Ophidion exul
183. Ophidion fulvum Earspot cusk eel
184. Ophidion galeoides Striped cusk eel
185. Ophidion genyopus Ravenous cusk
186. Ophidion grayi Blotched cusk-eel
187. Ophidion guianense Guianan cusk-eel
188. Ophidion holbrookii Band cusk-eel
189. Ophidion imitator Mimic cusk-eel
190. Ophidion iris Rainbow cusk eel
191. Ophidion josephi
192. Ophidion lagochila Harelip cusk
193. Ophidion lozanoi
194. Ophidion marginatum Striped cusk-eel
195. Ophidion metoecus
196. Ophidion muraenolepis Blackedge cusk
197. Ophidion nocomis Letter opener
494
198. Ophidion puck Pallid cusk-eel
199. Ophidion robinsi Colonial cusk-eel
200. Ophidion rochei
201. Ophidion saldanhai
202. Ophidion scrippsae Basketweave cusk-eel
203. Ophidion selenops Mooneye cusk-eel
204. Ophidion smithi
205. Ophidion welshi Crested cusk-eel
206. Otophidium chickcharney Ghost cusk-eel
207. Otophidium dormitator Sleeper cusk-eel
208. Otophidium indefatigabile Bighead cusk eel
209. Otophidium omostigma Polka-dot cusk-eel
210. Parophidion schmidti Dusky cusk-eel
211. Parophidion vassali
212. Penopus microphthalmus
213. Petrotyx hopkinsi Velvetnose brotula
214. Petrotyx sanguineus Redfin brotula
215. Porogadus abyssalis
216. Porogadus atripectus
217. Porogadus catena
218. Porogadus gracilis Cavernous assfish
219. Porogadus guentheri
220. Porogadus longiceps
221. Porogadus melampeplus
222. Porogadus melanocephalus
223. Porogadus miles Slender cuskeel
224. Porogadus nudus
225. Porogadus silus
226. Porogadus subarmatus
227. Porogadus trichiurus
228. Pycnocraspedum armatum
229. Pycnocraspedum fulvum
230. Pycnocraspedum microlepis
231. Pycnocraspedum phyllosoma
232. Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Pelagic cusk
233. Raneya brasiliensis Banded cusk eel
234. Selachophidium guentheri Barbed brotula
235. Sirembo imberbis Golden cusk
236. Sirembo jerdoni Brown-banded cusk-eel
237. Sirembo metachroma Chameleon cusk
238. Spectrunculus grandis Pudgy cuskeel
239. Spottobrotula amaculata Lined cusk
240. Spottobrotula mahodadi
241. Tauredophidium hextii
242. Typhlonus nasus
243. Ventichthys biospeedoi East-Pacific ventbrotula
244. Xyelacyba myersi Gargoyle cusk
495
Family Parabrotulidae
(False brotulas)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Scattered parts of Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Scales absent; body eel-like; mouth small, lower jae protruding in front
of upper; dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin; dorsal fin with
37-50 rays, caudal fin with 4-6 rays, anal fin with 34-43 rays; dorsal fin
origin well behind pectoral fin; two nostrils on each side of head; no
sensory pores on head; pelvic fins absent; pectoral fin small, with 6-8
rays; ovaries bilobed; vertebrae 54-73. Maximum length about 6 cm.

1. Leucobrotula adipata
2. Parabrotula plagiophthalma False cusk
3. Parabrotula tanseimaru
496
ORDO OSMERIFORMES
(Smelts)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Maxilla included in gape of mouth (the toothless maxilla is excluded

from the gape in Protroctes and Lovettia and almost so in Aplochiton;
adipose fin present or absent; radii absent on scales; loss of
basisphenoid and orbitosphenoid bones. Osmeriforms spawn in
freshwater except the Argentinoidei, Osmerus eperlanus, and perhaps
one or two salangids.
497
Family Alepocephalidae
(Slickheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: eastern Atlantic, western Indian and eastern and western
Pacific Oceans. Usually small teeth. Long and numerous gill rakers. No
shoulder sac apparatus. 5-13 branchiostegal rays. Most common in
depths below 1000 m.

1. Alepocephalus agassizii Agassiz' slickhead
2. Alepocephalus andersoni
3. Alepocephalus antipodianus Antipodean slickhead
4. Alepocephalus asperifrons
5. Alepocephalus australis Small scaled brown slickhead
6. Alepocephalus bairdii Baird's slickhead
7. Alepocephalus bicolor Bicolor slickhead
8. Alepocephalus blanfordii
9. Alepocephalus dentifer
10. Alepocephalus fundulus
11. Alepocephalus longiceps Longfin slickhead
12. Alepocephalus longirostris Longsnout slickhead
13. Alepocephalus melas
14. Alepocephalus owstoni Owston's slickhead
15. Alepocephalus planifrons
16. Alepocephalus productus Smalleye smooth-head
17. Alepocephalus rostratus Risso's smooth-head
18. Alepocephalus tenebrosus California slickhead
19. Alepocephalus triangularis Triangulate slickhead
20. Alepocephalus umbriceps Slickhead
21. Asquamiceps caeruleus
22. Asquamiceps hjorti Barethroat slickhead
23. Asquamiceps longmani
24. Asquamiceps velaris Fanfin smooth-head
25. Aulastomatomorpha phospherops Luminous slickhead
26. Bajacalifornia aequatoris
27. Bajacalifornia arcylepis Network slickhead
28. Bajacalifornia burragei Sharpchin slickhead
29. Bajacalifornia calcarata Brown slickhead
30. Bajacalifornia erimoensis
31. Bajacalifornia megalops Bigeye smooth-head
32. Bajacalifornia microstoma
33. Bathyprion danae Fangtooth smooth-head
34. Bathytroctes breviceps
35. Bathytroctes elegans
498
36. Bathytroctes inspector
37. Bathytroctes macrognathus
38. Bathytroctes macrolepis Koefoed's smooth-head
39. Bathytroctes michaelsarsi Michael Sars smooth-head
40. Bathytroctes microlepis Smallscale smooth-head
41. Bathytroctes oligolepis
42. Bathytroctes pappenheimi
43. Bathytroctes squamosus Deepscale slickhead
44. Bathytroctes zugmayeri Zugmayer's slickhead
45. Binghamichthys aphos
46. Conocara bertelseni
47. Conocara fiolenti Fiolenti's smooth-head
48. Conocara kreffti Wrinkled slickhead
49. Conocara macropterum Longfin smooth-head
50. Conocara microlepis Elongate smooth-head
51. Conocara murrayi Murray's smooth-head
52. Conocara nigrum Flathead slickhead
53. Conocara salmoneum Salmon smooth-head
54. Conocara werneri Werner's smooth-head
55. Einara edentula Toothless smooth-head
56. Einara macrolepis Loosescale smooth-head
57. Leptoderma affinis Eel slickhead
58. Leptoderma lubricum
59. Leptoderma macrops Grenadier smooth-head
60. Leptoderma retropinna
61. Microphotolepis multipunctata
62. Microphotolepis schmidti
63. Mirognathus normani Norman's smooth-head
64. Narcetes erimelas
65. Narcetes kamoharai
66. Narcetes lloydi Lloyd's slickhead
67. Narcetes stomias Blackhead salmon
68. Narcetes wonderi
69. Photostylus pycnopterus Starry smooth-head
70. Rinoctes nasutus Abyssal smooth-head
71. Rouleina attrita Softskin smooth-head
72. Rouleina danae
73. Rouleina eucla Eucla slickhead
74. Rouleina euryops
75. Rouleina guentheri Bordello slickhead
76. Rouleina livida
77. Rouleina maderensis Madeiran smooth-head
78. Rouleina nuda
79. Rouleina squamilatera Bluntsnout slickhead
80. Rouleina watasei
81. Talismania antillarum Antillean smooth-head
82. Talismania bifurcata Threadfin slickhead
83. Talismania brachycephala
84. Talismania bussingi
85. Talismania filamentosa
86. Talismania homoptera Hairfin smooth-head
87. Talismania kotlyari
88. Talismania longifilis Longtail slickhead
89. Talismania mekistonema Threadfin smooth-head
90. Talismania okinawensis
499
91. Xenodermichthys copei Bluntsnout smooth-head
92. Xenodermichthys nodulosus
500
Family Argentinidae
(Argentines or herring smelts)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Eyes not tubular. Adipose fin
over anal fin base. With postcleithra and mesocoracoid. Origin of
dorsal fin in front of pelvics. Pectoral fin base on ventrolateral surface.
Fin rays: dorsal 10-14, anal 10-17, pectoral 11-25, pelvic 10-15.
Brachiostegal 4-6 rays. Vertebrae 43-70 (many with 46-55).

1. Argentina aliceae Alice argentina
2. Argentina australiae
3. Argentina brasiliensis
4. Argentina brucei Bruce's argentine
5. Argentina elongata
6. Argentina euchus
7. Argentina georgei
8. Argentina kagoshimae
9. Argentina sialis North-Pacific argentine
10. Argentina silus Greater argentine
11. Argentina sphyraena Argentine
12. Argentina stewarti
13. Argentina striata Striated argentine
14. Glossanodon australis Southern herring smelt
15. Glossanodon danieli
16. Glossanodon elongatus
17. Glossanodon kotakamaru Kotaka’s argentine
18. Glossanodon leioglossus Smalltoothed argentine
19. Glossanodon lineatus
20. Glossanodon melanomanus
21. Glossanodon mildredae
22. Glossanodon nazca
23. Glossanodon polli
24. Glossanodon pseudolineatus Saddled herring smelt
25. Glossanodon pygmaeus Pygmy argentine
26. Glossanodon semifasciatus Deep-sea smelt
27. Glossanodon struhsakeri Struhsaker's deep-sea smelt
501
Family Bathylaconidae
(Bathylaconids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Short description: Dorsal fin inserted back on the body; no adipose fin;
upper jawas usually with teeth; pemaxilla minute; mouth large with
maxilla extending well behind eyes; large cycloid scales; no swim
bladder; dark-colored. Distribution: circumglobal in tropical and
temperate seas. Were previously included in Alepocephalidae.

1. Bathylaco macrophthalmus
2. Bathylaco nielseni
3. Bathylaco nigricans Black warrior
4. Herwigia kreffti Krefft's smooth-head
502
Family Bathylagidae
(Deep-sea smelts)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Adipose fin may be present
or absent. No postcleithra and mesocoracoid. Pectoral fins originating
close to ventral surface of body. Fin rays: dorsal 6-13, anal 10-28,
pectoral 7-16, pelvic 6-11. Brachiostegal rays 2. Vertebrae 38-55.

1. Bathylagichthys australis Southern deepsea smelt
2. Bathylagichthys longipinnis
3. Bathylagichthys parini
4. Bathylagichthys problematicus
5. Bathylagoides argyrogaster Silver deepsea smelt
6. Bathylagus andriashevi
7. Bathylagus antarcticus Antarctic deepsea smelt
8. Bathylagus borealis
9. Bathylagus callorhini
10. Bathylagus euryops Goiter blacksmelt
11. Bathylagus gracilis
12. Bathylagus greyae Grey's deepsea smelt
13. Bathylagus niger
14. Bathylagus nigrigenys Blackchin blacksmelt
15. Bathylagus pacificus Slender blacksmelt
16. Bathylagus stilbius California smoothtongue
17. Bathylagus tenuis
18. Bathylagus wesethi Snubnose blacksmelt
19. Dolicholagus longirostris Longsnout blacksmelt
20. Leuroglossus schmidti Northern smoothtongue
21. Lipolagus ochotensis Eared blacksmelt
22. Melanolagus bericoides Bigscale deepsea smelt
23. Pseudobathylagus milleri Stout blacksmelt
503
Family Galaxiidae
(Galaxiids)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Galaxiids occur in Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia,

southernmost Africa, and southern South America. Freshwater;
diadromous. Caudal fin 12-14 branched rays. No scales. Lateral line
present. Abdomen without horny keel. No teeth on maxillary,
vomerine, palatine, and basibranchial. Paired gonads. Without
cucumber odor. In Subfamily Lovettinae vertebrae 52-58, maximum
length about 7.7 cm; Subfamily Aplochitoninae vertebrae 64-74,
maximum length 38 cm; and, Subfamily Galaxiinae vertebrae 37-66.
Freshwater galaxiids = ISSCAAP 13; diadromous galaxiids = ISSCAAP
25. CLOFFSCA The galaxiids are freshwater fishes, some of which are
diadromous, that occur in cool temperate waters of the Southern
Hemisphere in Australia, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, the
Chatham Islands, Auckland and Campbell Islands, New Caledonia,
southern South America, the Falkland Islands/Malvinas, and the
southern tip of South Africa (Berra, 2001). There are seven genera
(Aplochiton, Brachygalaxias, Galaxias [including Nesogalaxias from
New Caledonia], Galaxiella, Lovettia, Neochanna, and Paragalaxias)
and about 51 species. Five new species of Galaxias were described in
the last few years when it was discovered that G. vulgaris from the
South Island of New Zealand was actually a species complex (Wallis et
al., 2000). Galaxiids are elongate, scaleless fishes and all lack an
adipose fin except Aplochiton and Lovettia. Some species are rather
stocky and tubular. Most species have seven pelvic and 16 caudal fin
rays (McDowall, 1990), however there is wide variation of other
elements of the caudal skeleton within and among species (McDowall,
1999). A lateral line is present. Some species may have an accessory
lateral line composed of small, widely spaced neuromasts along the
dorsolateral trunk from the occiput to the dorsal fin (McDowall, 1997).
This accessory lateral line may function in sensing food or predators at
the water's surface. The dorsal fin is situated posteriorly and more or
less above the anal fin. Nelson (1994) listed three subfamilies of the
504
Galaxiidae: Lovettiinae, Aplochitoninae, and Galaxiinae. The
Lovettiinae is found only in Tasmania. The subfamily Aplochitoninae
(previously considered a separate family) is composed of two species
of Aplochiton from southern South America (McDowall 1971a). The
dorsal fin of Aplochiton is anteriorly positioned over the pelvic fins. An
adipose fin is present, and the caudal fin is forked. Aplochiton is
probably amphidromous with the larvae being carried to sea after
hatching in freshwater streams. McDowall (1984b) reported a post-
larval Aplochiton taken at sea in southern Chile. The Galaxiinae
includes five genera and about 48 species. This subfamily is most
diverse in Australia, especially Tasmania, and in New Zealand.
However, representatives also occur in South America, and one
species inhabits Cape coastal streams at the southern tip of South
Africa (Berra, 2001). No members of the family or subfamily occur in
the Northern Hemisphere in spite of Day's description of G. indicus,
which McDowall (1973b) regarded as a nomen dubium. Galaxias
maculatus has one of the most widely disjunct distributions of any
freshwater fish (Berra et al., 1996). Galaxias maculatus occurs in
eastern and western Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, New
Zealand, Chatham Island, southern Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland
Islands/Malvinas (McDowall, 1970, Berra 2001). Two hypotheses have
been advanced to explain this disjunct distribution: dispersal
(movement through the sea) and vicariance (continental drift). A
summary of this debate involving McDowall (1970), Rosen (1974,
1978) and others is given by Berra et al. (1996) who used allozyme
electrophoresis of muscle extracts of G. maculatus from eastern and
western Australia, New Zealand, and Chile to test the hypothesis that
populations from the western Pacific and the eastern Pacific do not
differ genetically. They found only minor differentiation in allele
frequency at some loci and no fixation of alternative alleles. The
populations appeared to be part of the same gene pool indicating that
gene flow via dispersal through the sea occurs today. Only a small
amount of gene flow is necessary to prevent accumulation of genetic
differences by random drift. The marine larval stage of G. maculatus
has a six-month period to traverse the distance between the southern
continents (McDowall et al., 1994) and could provide enough gene
flow to deter fixation for alternative alleles. A study of mitochondrial
DNA sequence divergence by Waters and Burridge (1999) also
supported the dispersal argument, but reported greater population
505
differentiation than detected by Berra et al. (1996) with allozymes.
Other South American galaxiids include two additional species of
Galaxias and the small, colorful Brachygalaxias bullocki (McDowall,
1971b). Galaxias platei occurs in Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland
Islands/Malvinas, and the very rare, if not extinct, G. globiceps is
known from only a few specimens taken near Puerto Montt, Chile
(Berra and Ruiz, 1994, Berra and Barbour, 1998). Brachygalaxias
bullocki resembles Galaxiella of Australia, but whether this similarity is
due to convergence or phylogeny is not clear. Waters (1996), Waters
and Cambray (1997), and Waters et al. (2000) provided mtDNA data
useful for phylogenetic analysis of galaxiids.

1. Aplochiton taeniatus
2. Aplochiton zebra
3. Brachygalaxias bullocki
4. Brachygalaxias gothei
5. Galaxias anomalus
6. Galaxias argenteus Giant kokopu
7. Galaxias auratus Golden galaxias
8. Galaxias brevipinnis Koaro
9. Galaxias cobitinis
10. Galaxias depressiceps
11. Galaxias divergens Dwarf galaxias
12. Galaxias eldoni
13. Galaxias fasciatus Banded kokopu
14. Galaxias fontanus Swan galaxias
15. Galaxias fuscus Brown galaxias
16. Galaxias globiceps
17. Galaxias gollumoides
18. Galaxias gracilis Dwarf inanga
19. Galaxias johnstoni Clarence galaxias
20. Galaxias macronasus
21. Galaxias maculatus Inanga
22. Galaxias neocaledonicus
23. Galaxias niger Black galaxias
24. Galaxias occidentalis Western minnow
25. Galaxias olidus Mountain galaxias
26. Galaxias parvus Small pedder galaxias
27. Galaxias paucispondylus Alpine galaxias
28. Galaxias pedderensis Pedder galaxias
29. Galaxias platei
30. Galaxias postvectis Shortjaw kokopu
31. Galaxias prognathus Longjawed galaxias
32. Galaxias pullus
33. Galaxias rekohua
34. Galaxias rostratus Murray jollytail
35. Galaxias tanycephalus Saddled galaxias
36. Galaxias truttaceus Spotted mountain trout
506
37. Galaxias vulgaris Common river galaxias
38. Galaxias zebratus Cape galaxias
39. Galaxiella munda Mud minnow
40. Galaxiella nigrostriata Black-stripe minnow
41. Galaxiella pusilla Eastern little galaxias
42. Lovettia sealii Tasmanian whitebait
43. Neochanna apoda Brown mudfish
44. Neochanna burrowsius Canterbury mudfish
45. Neochanna cleaveri Tasmanian mudfish
46. Neochanna diversus Black mudfish
47. Neochanna heleios Northland mudfish
48. Paragalaxias dissimilis Shannon galaxias
49. Paragalaxias eleotroides Great Lake Darter
50. Paragalaxias julianus Julian galaxias
51. Paragalaxias mesotes Arthurs paragalaxias
507
Family Lepidogalaxiidae
(Salamanderfishes)
Brackish X
Marine x
Remark : This monotypic family is composed of the bizarre salamanderfish,

Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, which is found only in the southwest
corner of Western Australia in pools and streams on heathland peat
flats between the Blackwood and Kent Rivers, a distance of about 180
km centered on the village of Northcliffe. This species has an elongate,
slender, scaled body and a blunt head. The dorsal fin is tall and usually
held erect with 5-7 dorsal rays. The pelvic fins are abdominal with
elongate rays. The anal fin of males possesses modified rays and
becomes noticably sexually dimorphic at 25 mm TL. The anal fin is
covered with a scaly sheath. Females develop a genital papilla. The
caudal fin is lanceolate. The phylogenetic relationships of this family
are not certain. Recent studies have arrived at different conclusions. It
does not neatly fit into a primary, secondary or peripheral division
catagory. This situation may become clearer when we know its
ancestry. It may turn out to be a very ancient lineage.

1. Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Dwarf pencilfish
508
Family Leptochilichthyidae
(Leptochilichthyids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Deep-sea; eastern Atlantic, western Indian, and eastern

and western Pacific Oceans. Expanded and toothless maxilla; teeth
present on palate and dentary. Long and numerous gill rakers. No
shoulder sac apparatus. Branchiostegal rays 13; dorsal fin rays 11-21;
anal fin rays 11-18; lateral line scales 47-64; vertebrae 47-58.
Maximum length 31 cm. Most common in depths below 1,000 m, but
rare and poorly known.

1. Leptochilichthys agassizii Agassiz' smooth-head
2. Leptochilichthys microlepis Smallscale smoothhead
3. Leptochilichthys pinguis Vaillant's smooth-head
509
Family Microstomatidae
(Pencil smelts)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Habitat: oceanic, mesopelagic Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific

Ocean Diagnostic characters: eye large, more than twice the length of
snout; mouth small; no spines in fins; dorsal fin well behind midpoint
of body; pectoral fin base on sides of body; adipose fin present or
absent; lateral line extending onto caudal fin (Microstoma).

1. Microstoma microstoma Slender argentine
2. Nansenia ahlstromi
3. Nansenia antarctica
4. Nansenia ardesiaca Robust smallmouth
5. Nansenia atlantica
6. Nansenia candida Bluethroat argentine
7. Nansenia crassa Stout argentine
8. Nansenia groenlandica Greenland argentine
9. Nansenia iberica
10. Nansenia indica
11. Nansenia longicauda
12. Nansenia macrolepis
13. Nansenia megalopa
14. Nansenia oblita
15. Nansenia obscura
16. Nansenia pelagica
17. Nansenia sanrikuensis
18. Nansenia tenera
19. Nansenia tenuicauda
20. Xenophthalmichthys danae
510
Family Opisthoproctidae
(Barreleyes or Spookfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Usually tubular eyes.
Pectoral fin inserted low on side. Some with the pelvic fin base on
side. Some with adipose fin. Photophores sometimes present. Swim
bladder lacking in most. Branchiostegal rays 2-4.

1. Bathylychnops exilis Javelin spookfish
2. Dolichopteryx anascopa
3. Dolichopteryx binocularis
4. Dolichopteryx brachyrhynchus
5. Dolichopteryx longipes Brownsnout spookfish
6. Dolichopteryx minuscula
7. Dolichopteryx parini Winged spookfish
8. Dolichopteryx pseudolongipes Spookfish
9. Dolichopteryx rostrata
10. Dolichopteryx trunovi
11. Ioichthys kashkini
12. Macropinna microstoma Barreleye
13. Opisthoproctus grimaldii Mirrorbelly
14. Opisthoproctus soleatus Barrel-eye
15. Rhynchohyalus natalensis Glasshead barreleye
16. Winteria telescopa Binocular fish
511
Family Osmeridae
(Smelts)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Anadromous, freshwater (coastal) and marine. Distribution: Northern

Hemisphere in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. No axillary process on
pelvics. Pelvic fin rays 8. Principal caudal rays 19; unbranched rays 2.
Branchiostegal rays 6-10. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth present.
Teeth on inner mouth bones and dentary. Mesocoracoid present. No
orbitospehnoid. Pyloric caeca 1-11, or absent. Last vertebra directed
upward. Color silvery. About 40 cm maximum length; most species
below 20 cm.

1. Allosmerus elongatus Whitebait smelt
2. Hypomesus chishimaensis Kunashir smelt
3. Hypomesus japonicus
4. Hypomesus nipponensis Japanese smelt
5. Hypomesus olidus Pond smelt
6. Hypomesus pretiosus Surf smelt
7. Hypomesus transpacificus Delta smelt
8. Mallotus villosus Capelin
9. Osmerus eperlanus European smelt
10. Osmerus mordax dentex Arctic rainbow smelt
11. Osmerus mordax mordax Rainbow smelt
12. Osmerus spectrum Pigmy smelt
13. Spirinchus lanceolatus
14. Spirinchus starksi Night smelt
15. Spirinchus thaleichthys Longfin smelt
16. Thaleichthys pacificus Eulachon
512
Family Platytroctidae
(Tubeshoulders)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: all oceans except Mediterranean . Blue-green luminous

fluid coming from a conspicuous opening through tubular papilla just
below lateral line is produced by the black shoulder sac apparatus
located under the shoulder girdle. Many with light organs; in adults
directed ventrally. Canal system subcutaneous, often connected to
scale pockets by pores. Pectoral fin 14-28 rays. Pelvic fin 6-10 rays;
fins absent in Platroctes apus. Swim bladder absent. Branchiostegal 4-
8 rays. Vertebrae 40-52. Maximum length about 30 cm. Most species
occur between 300 - 1,000 m.

1. Barbantus curvifrons Palebelly searsid
2. Barbantus elongatus
3. Holtbyrnia anomala Bighead searsid
4. Holtbyrnia conocephala
5. Holtbyrnia cyanocephala
6. Holtbyrnia innesi Teardrop tubeshoulder
7. Holtbyrnia intermedia
8. Holtbyrnia laticauda Tusked tubeshoulder
9. Holtbyrnia latifrons Streaklight tubeshoulder
10. Holtbyrnia macrops Bigeye searsid
11. Holtbyrnia ophiocephala
12. Matsuichthys aequipinnis
13. Maulisia acuticeps Sharpsnout tubeshoulder
14. Maulisia argipalla Palegold searsid
15. Maulisia isaacsi
16. Maulisia mauli Maul's searsid
17. Maulisia microlepis Smallscale searsid
18. Mentodus bythios
19. Mentodus crassus
20. Mentodus eubranchus
21. Mentodus facilis
22. Mentodus longirostris
23. Mentodus mesalirus
24. Mentodus perforatus
25. Mentodus rostratus
26. Mirorictus taningi
27. Normichthys herringi
28. Normichthys operosus Multipore searsid
513
29. Normichthys yahganorum
30. Pectinantus parini
31. Persparsia kopua Spangled tubeshoulder
32. Platytroctes apus Legless searsid
33. Platytroctes mirus Leaf searsid
34. Sagamichthys abei Shining tubeshoulder
35. Sagamichthys gracilis
36. Sagamichthys schnakenbecki Schnakenbeck's searsid
37. Searsia koefoedi Koefoed's searsid
38. Searsioides calvala
39. Searsioides multispinus
514
Family Plecoglossidae
(Ayu fish)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Anadromous. Distribution: Japan, Korea, and China. No axillary

process on pelvics. Last vertebrae not directed upward. Pyloric caeca
more than 300. Dorsal fin rays 10-12. Anal fin rays 9-17.
Branchiostegal rays 5 or 6. Usually 59-64 vertebrae.

1. Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis Ayu sweetfish
2. Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis
3. Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Ryukyu ayu-fish
515
Family Retropinnidae
(New Zealand smelts)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Fresh- and brackishwater; some partly marine. Distribution: New

Zealand, Chatham Islands, southeastern Australia, and Tasmania. With
adipose fin. Forked caudal fin. Caudal fin rays 16; branched. Scales
cycloid. Lateral line absent. Abdomen with a small horny keel along
midventral before anus. Teeth on vomerine, palatine, and
basibranchial. Branchiostegal rays usually 5 or 6. No pyloric caeca.
Gonad unpaired (left only).

1. Prototroctes maraena Australian grayling
2. Prototroctes oxyrhynchus New Zealand grayling
3. Retropinna retropinna Cucumberfish
4. Retropinna semoni Australian smelt
5. Retropinna tasmanica Tasmanian smelt
6. Stokellia anisodon Stokell's smelt
516
Family Salangidae
(Icefishes or noodlefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Mainly freshwater; some anadromous. Distribution: Southeast Asia.

Body transparent or translucent; scaleless; adult males with 1 row of
scales above anal fin base; head stronly depressed. Pelvic fins rays 6-
8. Maxilla with numerous teeths. Branchiostegal rays 3 or 4. Skeleton
poorly ossified, 48-79 vertebrae. Possibly retained larval characters
(neotenic). Maximum length about 15 cm. Some species are primarily
marine but may spawn in freshwater. Freshwater icefishes = ISSCAAP
13; anadromous icefishes = ISSCAAP 39.

1. Hemisalanx brachyrostralis
2. Neosalanx anderssoni
3. Neosalanx argentea
4. Neosalanx brevirostris
5. Neosalanx hubbsi
6. Neosalanx jordani
7. Neosalanx oligodontis
8. Neosalanx pseudotaihuensis
9. Neosalanx reganius
10. Neosalanx taihuensis
11. Neosalanx tangkahkeii
12. Protosalanx chinensis
13. Protosalanx hyalocranius Clearhead icefish
14. Salangichthys ishikawae
15. Salangichthys microdon Japanese icefish
16. Salanx ariakensis
17. Salanx chinensis Chinese noodlefish
18. Salanx cuvieri Noodlefish
19. Salanx prognathus
20. Salanx reevesii
517
ORDO OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES
(Bony tongues)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Intestine passes posteriorly to left of esophagus and stomach;

parasphenoid and tounge bones usually with well-developed teeth and
forming a shearing bite (mesopterygoid and usually the ectopterygoid
also toothed); premaxilla small and fixed to the skull; no supramaxilla;
caudal fin skeleton, except in Hiodon, with large first ural centrum and
no urodermals, one or more epurals fused with uroneurals; caudal fin
with 16 or fewer branched rays; nasal capsule rigid, no antorbital-
supraorbital system for pumping water over olfactory epithelium;
epipleural intermuscular bones absent; one or two pyloric caeca, one
caecum in Hiodon and Pantodon and two in other osteoglossiforms.
518
Family Arapaimidae
(Bonytongues)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Composed of only two species, the Neotropical arapaima, Arapaima

gigas, and the African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus; these two had
in the past often been included within Osteoglossidae. The name
Heterotidae has been used for this family, but the name Arapaimidae
is older and, thus, is the correct name. Arapaima gigas is the largest
truly freshwater fish in South America, the largest individuals of which
are at least 390 cm in length (unconfirmed reports of greater than 450
cm). The family is spelled by Ferraris as Arapaimatidae.

1. Arapaima gigas Arapaima
2. Heterotis niloticus African bonytongue
519
Family Gymnarchidae
(Abas)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa and Nile. Body elongate. No anal, caudal,
and pelvic fins. Parasphenoid and tongue toothless. Branchiostegal
rays 4. Dorsal fin rays 183-230. Locomotion is accomplished by means
of wavelike motion along the long dorsal fin. Vertebrae 114-120. The
major vein in the circulatory system is the right neoposterior cardinal
vein, with the left one arising from it. Maximum length 1.5 m, usually
below 0.9 m. With electric organ derived from caudal musculature.
Only left gonad developed and functional. Monogeneric and
monospecific. Placed into Mormyridae by some workers.

1. Gymnarchus niloticus Aba
520
Family Hiodontidae
(Mooneyes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: North America. Anal fin of moderate length and separate
from cadual fin. Anal fin rays 22-23. Caudal fin well developed; forked.
Distinct pelvic fins, with 7 rays. Branchiostegal rays 7-10. Subopercle
present. About 54-61 scales in lateral line. Maximum length 50 cm.

1. Hiodon alosoides Goldeye
2. Hiodon tergisus Mooneye
521
Family Mormyridae
(Elephantfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa and Nile. Paired and vertical fins all
present; narrow caudal peduncle and deeply forked caudal fin.
Parasphenoid and tongue with teeth. Branchiostegal rays 6-8. Dorsal
fin rays 12-91. Anal fin rays 20-70. Dorsal and anal fins usually
opposite each other on posterior part of body. With 37-64 vertebrae.
Mouth of highly variable form, often trunklike. Maximum length 1.5 m,
usually 9-50 cm. Mormyrids are noted for their large cerebellums and
their use of electricity and sound.

1. Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri
2. Brienomyrus adustus
3. Brienomyrus brachyistius
4. Brienomyrus kingsleyae eburneensis
5. Brienomyrus kingsleyae kingsleyae
6. Brienomyrus longianalis
7. Brienomyrus niger
8. Brienomyrus tavernei
9. Campylomormyrus alces
10. Campylomormyrus bredoi
11. Campylomormyrus cassaicus
12. Campylomormyrus christyi
13. Campylomormyrus curvirostris
14. Campylomormyrus elephas
15. Campylomormyrus luapulaensis
16. Campylomormyrus mirus
17. Campylomormyrus numenius
18. Campylomormyrus orycteropus
19. Campylomormyrus phantasticus
20. Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus
21. Campylomormyrus tamandua Wormjawed mormyrid
22. Campylomormyrus tshokwe
23. Genyomyrus donnyi
24. Gnathonemus barbatus
25. Gnathonemus echidnorhynchus
26. Gnathonemus longibarbis Longnose stonebasher
27. Gnathonemus petersii Elephantnose fish
28. Heteromormyrus pauciradiatus
29. Hippopotamyrus aelsbroecki
522
30. Hippopotamyrus ansorgii Slender stonebasher
31. Hippopotamyrus castor
32. Hippopotamyrus discorhynchus Zambesi parrotfish
33. Hippopotamyrus grahami Graham's stonebasher
34. Hippopotamyrus harringtoni
35. Hippopotamyrus macrops
36. Hippopotamyrus macroterops
37. Hippopotamyrus pappenheimi
38. Hippopotamyrus paugyi
39. Hippopotamyrus pictus
40. Hippopotamyrus psittacus
41. Hippopotamyrus retrodorsalis
42. Hippopotamyrus szaboi
43. Hippopotamyrus weeksii
44. Hippopotamyrus wilverthi
45. Hyperopisus bebe bebe
46. Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis
47. Isichthys henryi
48. Ivindomyrus opdenboschi
49. Marcusenius abadii
50. Marcusenius altisambesi
51. Marcusenius annamariae
52. Marcusenius bentleyi
53. Marcusenius brucii
54. Marcusenius cuangoanus
55. Marcusenius cyprinoides
56. Marcusenius deboensis
57. Marcusenius devosi
58. Marcusenius dundoensis
59. Marcusenius friteli
60. Marcusenius furcidens
61. Marcusenius fuscus
62. Marcusenius ghesquierei
63. Marcusenius greshoffii
64. Marcusenius intermedius
65. Marcusenius kutuensis
66. Marcusenius leopoldianus
67. Marcusenius livingstonii
68. Marcusenius macrolepidotus angolensis
69. Marcusenius macrolepidotus macrolepidotus Bulldog
70. Marcusenius macrophthalmus
71. Marcusenius mento
72. Marcusenius meronai
73. Marcusenius monteiri Monteiri's bulldog
74. Marcusenius moorii
75. Marcusenius ntemensis
76. Marcusenius nyasensis
77. Marcusenius rheni
78. Marcusenius sanagaensis
79. Marcusenius schilthuisiae
80. Marcusenius senegalensis gracilis Trunkfish
81. Marcusenius senegalensis pfaffi
82. Marcusenius senegalensis senegalensis
83. Marcusenius stanleyanus
84. Marcusenius thomasi
523
85. Marcusenius ussheri
86. Marcusenius victoriae Victoria stonebasher
87. Mormyrops anguilloides Cornish jack
88. Mormyrops attenuatus
89. Mormyrops batesianus
90. Mormyrops breviceps
91. Mormyrops caballus
92. Mormyrops citernii
93. Mormyrops curtus
94. Mormyrops curviceps
95. Mormyrops engystoma
96. Mormyrops furcidens
97. Mormyrops intermedius
98. Mormyrops lineolatus
99. Mormyrops mariae
100. Mormyrops masuianus
101. Mormyrops microstoma
102. Mormyrops nigricans
103. Mormyrops oudoti
104. Mormyrops parvus
105. Mormyrops sirenoides
106. Mormyrus bernhardi Bernhard's elephant-snout fish
107. Mormyrus caballus asinus
108. Mormyrus caballus bumbanus
109. Mormyrus caballus caballus
110. Mormyrus caballus lualabae
111. Mormyrus casalis
112. Mormyrus caschive
113. Mormyrus cyaneus
114. Mormyrus felixi
115. Mormyrus goheeni
116. Mormyrus hasselquistii Elephant snout
117. Mormyrus hildebrandti Hildebrandt's elephant-snout fish
118. Mormyrus iriodes
119. Mormyrus kannume Elephant-snout fish
120. Mormyrus lacerda Western bottlenose mormyrid
121. Mormyrus longirostris Eastern bottlenose mormyrid
122. Mormyrus macrocephalus
123. Mormyrus macrophthalmus
124. Mormyrus niloticus
125. Mormyrus ovis
126. Mormyrus rume proboscirostris
127. Mormyrus rume rume Mormyrids
128. Mormyrus subundulatus
129. Mormyrus tapirus
130. Mormyrus tenuirostris Athi elephant-snout fish
131. Mormyrus thomasi
132. Myomyrus macrodon
133. Myomyrus macrops
134. Myomyrus pharao
135. Oxymormyrus boulengeri
136. Oxymormyrus zanclirostris
137. Paramormyrops batesii
138. Paramormyrops curvifrons
139. Paramormyrops gabonensis
524
140. Paramormyrops hopkinsi
141. Paramormyrops jacksoni Ghost stonebasher
142. Paramormyrops longicaudatus
143. Paramormyrops sphekodes
144. Petrocephalus ansorgii
145. Petrocephalus balayi
146. Petrocephalus bane bane
147. Petrocephalus bane comoensis
148. Petrocephalus binotatus
149. Petrocephalus bovei bovei
150. Petrocephalus bovei guineensis
151. Petrocephalus catostoma catostoma Churchill
152. Petrocephalus catostoma congicus
153. Petrocephalus catostoma haullevillei
154. Petrocephalus catostoma tanensis Tana-churchill
155. Petrocephalus christyi
156. Petrocephalus cunganus
157. Petrocephalus gliroides
158. Petrocephalus grandoculis
159. Petrocephalus guttatus
160. Petrocephalus hutereaui
161. Petrocephalus keatingii
162. Petrocephalus levequei
163. Petrocephalus microphthalmus
164. Petrocephalus pallidomaculatus
165. Petrocephalus pellegrini
166. Petrocephalus sauvagii
167. Petrocephalus schoutedeni
168. Petrocephalus simus
169. Petrocephalus soudanensis
170. Petrocephalus squalostoma
171. Petrocephalus sullivani
172. Petrocephalus tenuicauda
173. Petrocephalus wesselsi Southern Churchill
174. Pollimyrus adspersus
175. Pollimyrus brevis
176. Pollimyrus castelnaui Dwarf stonebasher
177. Pollimyrus isidori fasciaticeps
178. Pollimyrus isidori isidori Elephant Fish
179. Pollimyrus isidori osborni
180. Pollimyrus maculipinnis
181. Pollimyrus marchei
182. Pollimyrus marianne
183. Pollimyrus nigricans Dark stonebasher
184. Pollimyrus nigripinnis
185. Pollimyrus pedunculatus
186. Pollimyrus petherici
187. Pollimyrus petricolus
188. Pollimyrus plagiostoma
189. Pollimyrus pulverulentus
190. Pollimyrus schreyeni
191. Pollimyrus stappersii kapangae
192. Pollimyrus stappersii stappersii
193. Pollimyrus tumifrons
194. Stomatorhinus ater
525
195. Stomatorhinus corneti
196. Stomatorhinus fuliginosus
197. Stomatorhinus humilior
198. Stomatorhinus ivindoensis
199. Stomatorhinus kununguensis
200. Stomatorhinus microps
201. Stomatorhinus patrizii
202. Stomatorhinus polli
203. Stomatorhinus polylepis
204. Stomatorhinus puncticulatus
205. Stomatorhinus schoutedeni
206. Stomatorhinus walkeri
526
Family Notopteridae
(Featherbacks or knifefishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Chiefly freshwater; sometimes in brackish water. Distribution: Africa

(2) and Southeast Asia (2). Small quill-like dorsal fin (absent in
Xenomystus) and long-based anal fin confluent with small caudal fin.
Combined anal and caudal rays 100 or more. Pelvic fins, when
present, small with 3-6 rays. No subopercle. Scales in lateral line 120-
180. Scutes along ventral 25-45. Maximum length 80 cm. Small
specimens are popular with home aquarists and large adults are
exhibited in public aquaria. Most are used for food in their native
ranges.

1. Chitala blanci Indochina featherback
2. Chitala borneensis
3. Chitala chitala Clown knifefish
4. Chitala hypselonotus
5. Chitala lopis Giant featherback
6. Chitala ornata Clown featherback
7. Notopterus notopterus Bronze featherback
8. Papyrocranus afer Reticulate knifefish
9. Papyrocranus congoensis
10. Xenomystus nigri African knifefish
527
Family Osteoglossidae
(Arowanas)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Arowanas are tropical freshwater fishes. Five species occurring in the
Neotropical region (2), Southeast Asia (1), Australia and New Guinea
(2). Osteoglossids are similar in appearance to arapaimatids and were,
until recently, considered to be part of one family. Both families have
elongate, slender bodies with large scales. Osteoglossids differ in a
number of characters, the most obvious are the presence of barbels at
the symphasis of the lower jaw, a highly compressed abdomen (versus
nearly cylindrical), and a huge mouth with a markedly oblique gape
(Ref. 50892). Pelvic fins well behind base of pectoral fins. Most with
very large scales. Some with suprabranchial organ and capable of air-
breathing. Vertebrae 60-100. Most are omnivores or carnivores
inhabiting quiet waters. Arowanas are commonly exhibited in public
aquaria and is a popular aquarium fish in Asia.

1. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Arawana
2. Osteoglossum ferreirai Black arawana
3. Scleropages aureus
4. Scleropages formosus Asian bonytongue
5. Scleropages jardinii Australian bonytongue
6. Scleropages legendrei
7. Scleropages leichardti Spotted bonytongue
8. Scleropages macrocephalus
528
Family Pantodontidae
(Freshwater Butterflyfish)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical western Africa. Pelvic fin insertion under much
enlarged pectoral fins. Capable of aerial respiration with swim bladder.
Branchiostegal rays 8. No subopercle. Sometimes without interopercle.
Vertebrae 30. Maximum length 10 cm. Closely related to the
Osteoglossidae.

1. Pantodon buchholzi Freshwater butterflyfish
529
ORDO PERCIFORMES
(Perch-likes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Largest order of fishes. Most families in many suborders are not
currently definable in terms of shared derived characters and thus may
not be monophyletic. Most perciforms are marine shore fishes, while
about 2,000 species (e.g. cichlids) normally occur only in freshwater,
and about 2,200 species occur in freshwater for at least part of their
life history.
530
Family Acanthuridae
(Surgeonfishes, Tangs, Unicornfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Circumtropical, especially around coral reefs; five species

in the Atlantic, the remaining in the Pacific and Indian oceans. All have
a deep compressed body with the eye high on the head and a long
preorbital bone. Single unnotched dorsal fin with 4-9 spines and 19-31
rays; anal fin with 2 (only Naso) or 3 spines and 19-36 rays; pelvic fins
with 1 spine and 3 (Naso and Paracanthurus) or 5 rays. Very small
ctenoid scales. A small terminal mouth with a single row of close-set
teeth. Most surgeon fishes graze on benthic algae and have a long
intestine; some feed mainly on zooplankton or detritus. Surgeon fishes
are able to slash other fishes with their sharp caudal spines by a rapid
side sweep of the tail. Pelagic spawners. Many species have bright
colors and are popular aquarium fishes.

1. Acanthurus achilles Achilles tang
2. Acanthurus albipectoralis Whitefin surgeonfish
3. Acanthurus auranticavus Orange-socket surgeonfish
4. Acanthurus bahianus Ocean surgeon
5. Acanthurus bariene Black-spot surgeonfish
6. Acanthurus blochii Ringtail surgeonfish
7. Acanthurus chirurgus Doctorfish
8. Acanthurus chronixis Chronixis surgeonfish
9. Acanthurus coeruleus Blue tang surgeonfish
10. Acanthurus dussumieri Eyestripe surgeonfish
11. Acanthurus fowleri Fowler's surgeonfish
12. Acanthurus gahhm Black surgeonfish
13. Acanthurus grammoptilus Finelined surgeonfish
14. Acanthurus guttatus Whitespotted surgeonfish
15. Acanthurus japonicus Japan surgeonfish
16. Acanthurus leucocheilus Palelipped surgeonfish
17. Acanthurus leucopareius Whitebar surgeonfish
18. Acanthurus leucosternon Powderblue surgeonfish
19. Acanthurus lineatus Lined surgeonfish
20. Acanthurus maculiceps White-freckled surgeonfish
21. Acanthurus mata Elongate surgeonfish
22. Acanthurus monroviae Monrovia doctorfish
23. Acanthurus nigricans Whitecheek surgeonfish
24. Acanthurus nigricauda Epaulette surgeonfish
531
25. Acanthurus nigrofuscus Brown surgeonfish
26. Acanthurus nigroris Bluelined surgeonfish
27. Acanthurus nubilus Bluelined surgeon
28. Acanthurus olivaceus Orangespot surgeonfish
29. Acanthurus polyzona Black-barred surgeonfish
30. Acanthurus pyroferus Chocolate surgeonfish
31. Acanthurus randalli Gulf surgeonfish
32. Acanthurus reversus
33. Acanthurus sohal Sohal surgeonfish
34. Acanthurus tennentii Doubleband surgeonfish
35. Acanthurus thompsoni Thompson's surgeonfish
36. Acanthurus triostegus Convict surgeonfish
37. Acanthurus tristis Indian Ocean mimic surgeonfish
38. Acanthurus xanthopterus Yellowfin surgeonfish
39. Ctenochaetus binotatus Twospot surgeonfish
40. Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus
41. Ctenochaetus flavicauda
42. Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis Chevron tang
43. Ctenochaetus marginatus Striped-fin surgeonfish
44. Ctenochaetus striatus Striated surgeonfish
45. Ctenochaetus strigosus Spotted surgeonfish
46. Ctenochaetus tominiensis Tomini surgeonfish
47. Ctenochaetus truncatus
48. Naso annulatus Whitemargin unicornfish
49. Naso brachycentron Humpback unicornfish
50. Naso brevirostris Spotted unicornfish
51. Naso caeruleacauda
52. Naso caesius Gray unicornfish
53. Naso elegans Elegant unicornfish
54. Naso fageni Horseface unicornfish
55. Naso hexacanthus Sleek unicornfish
56. Naso lituratus Orangespine unicornfish
57. Naso lopezi Elongate unicornfish
58. Naso maculatus
59. Naso mcdadei Squarenose unicornfish
60. Naso minor Slender unicorn
61. Naso reticulatus
62. Naso thynnoides Oneknife unicornfish
63. Naso tonganus Bulbnose unicornfish
64. Naso tuberosus Humpnose unicornfish
65. Naso unicornis Bluespine unicornfish
66. Naso vlamingii Bignose unicornfish
67. Paracanthurus hepatus Palette surgeonfish
68. Prionurus biafraensis Biafra doctorfish
69. Prionurus chrysurus
70. Prionurus laticlavius Razor surgeonfish
71. Prionurus maculatus Yellowspotted sawtail
72. Prionurus microlepidotus Sixplate sawtail
73. Prionurus punctatus Yellowtail surgeonfish
74. Prionurus scalprum Scalpel sawtail
75. Zebrasoma desjardinii
76. Zebrasoma flavescens Yellow tang
77. Zebrasoma gemmatum Spotted tang
78. Zebrasoma rostratum Longnose surgeonfish
79. Zebrasoma scopas Twotone tang
532
80. Zebrasoma velifer Sailfin tang
81. Zebrasoma xanthurum Yellowtail tang
533
Family Acropomatidae
(Lanternbellies, Temperate ocean-basses)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Two dorsal fins, the first with 7-10
spines; the second with or without spine and with 8-10 soft rays; anal
fin with 2-3 spines and 7-9 soft rays. Seven branchiostegal rays; 25
vertebrae. Opercle with two rounded spines. Lateral line complete.
Pelvic fin with one spine and 5 soft rays. Species of Acropoma with
light organs and the anus near the pelvic fin base. Several species are
provisionally placed in this family.

1. Acropoma argentistigma
2. Acropoma boholensis
3. Acropoma hanedai
4. Acropoma japonicum Glowbelly
5. Acropoma lecorneti
6. Apogonops anomalus Three-spined cardinalfish
7. Doederleinia berycoides Rosy seabass
8. Doederleinia gracilispinis
9. Doederleinia orientalis
10. Malakichthys barbatus
11. Malakichthys elegans Splendid seabass
12. Malakichthys griseus
13. Malakichthys levis Smooth seabass
14. Malakichthys mochizuki Mochizuki's seabass
15. Malakichthys similis
16. Malakichthys wakiyae
17. Neoscombrops annectens Sombre splitfin
18. Neoscombrops atlanticus
19. Neoscombrops cynodon Silver splitfin
20. Neoscombrops pacificus
21. Synagrops adeni Aden splitfin
22. Synagrops analis Threespine seabass
23. Synagrops argyreus
24. Synagrops bellus Blackmouth bass
25. Synagrops japonicus Blackmouth splitfin
26. Synagrops malayanus
27. Synagrops microlepis Thinlip splitfin
28. Synagrops philippinensis Sharptooth seabass
29. Synagrops pseudomicrolepis
30. Synagrops serratospinosus Roughspine seabass
31. Synagrops spinosus Keelcheek bass
534
32. Synagrops trispinosus Threespine bass
33. Verilus sordidus
535
Family Amarsipidae
(Bagless glassfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. Body translucent, without

coloration. Pelvic fins jugular. No pharyngeal sacs. Dorsal fin with the
anterior portion having 10-12 short spines and 22-27 longer soft rays
posteriorly. Anal fin lacking spines; soft rays 28-32. Pectoral fin rays
17-19. With 45-47 vertebrae. Known only from larvae and juveniles,
largest specimen only 12 cm SL.

1. Amarsipus carlsbergi Amarsipa
536
Family Ambassidae
(Asiatic glassfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Asia and Oceania, Indo-west Pacific Oceans. Dorsal fin
usually with 7-8 spines and 7-11 soft rays; anal fin with three spines
and 7-11 softrays. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays; 24-25
vertebrae. Many species with semi-transparent body. Maximum length
about 26 cm. Formerly known as Chandidae.

1. Ambassis agassizii Agassiz's olive glassfish
2. Ambassis agrammus Sailfin glass perchlet
3. Ambassis ambassis Commerson's glassy
4. Ambassis buruensis Buru glass perchlet
5. Ambassis buton Buton glassy perchlet
6. Ambassis dussumieri Malabar glassy perchlet
7. Ambassis elongatus Yellowfin glassfish
8. Ambassis fontoynonti
9. Ambassis gymnocephalus Bald glassy
10. Ambassis interrupta Long-spined glass perchlet
11. Ambassis jacksoniensis Port Jackson perchlet
12. Ambassis kopsii Freckled hawkfish
13. Ambassis macleayi Macleay's glass perchlet
14. Ambassis macracanthus Estuarine glass perchlet
15. Ambassis marianus Estuary perchlet
16. Ambassis miops Flag-tailed glass perchlet
17. Ambassis muelleri Mueller's glassfish
18. Ambassis nalua Scalloped perchlet
19. Ambassis natalensis Slender glassy
20. Ambassis productus Longspine glassy
21. Ambassis urotaenia Banded-tail glassy perchlet
22. Ambassis vachellii Vachelli's glass perchlet
23. Chanda nama Elongate glass-perchlet
24. Denariusa australis
25. Denariusa bandata Pennyfish
26. Gymnochanda filamentosa
27. Gymnochanda flamea
28. Gymnochanda limi
29. Paradoxodacna piratica
30. Parambassis altipinnis High-finned glass perchlet
31. Parambassis apogonoides Iridescent glassy perchlet
32. Parambassis confinis Sepik glass perchlet
33. Parambassis dayi Day's glassy perchlet
34. Parambassis gulliveri Giant glassfish
537
35. Parambassis lala Highfin glassy perchlet
36. Parambassis macrolepis
37. Parambassis pulcinella
38. Parambassis ranga Indian glassy fish
39. Parambassis siamensis
40. Parambassis tenasserimensis
41. Parambassis thomassi Western Ghat glassy perchlet
42. Parambassis vollmeri
43. Parambassis wolffii Duskyfin glassy perchlet
44. Pseudambassis alleni
45. Pseudambassis baculis Himalayan glassy perchlet
46. Pseudambassis roberti
47. Tetracentrum apogonoides Four-spined glass perchlet
48. Tetracentrum caudovittatus Kokoda glass perchlet
49. Tetracentrum honessi Honess' glass perchlet
538
Family Ammodytidae
(Sand lances)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic, Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Body elongate
with minute cycloid scales. Dorsal and anal fin spines absent. Usually
without pelvic fins. Lateral line running along dorsal. Toothless. Dorsal
fin long; soft rays usually 40-69. Anal fin rays 14-36. Banchiostegal
rays 7. Gill membranes separate. No swim bladder. Vertebrae 52-78.
Maximum length 30 cm.

1. Ammodytes americanus American sand lance
2. Ammodytes dubius Northern sand lance
3. Ammodytes hexapterus Pacific sand lance
4. Ammodytes marinus Lesser sand-eel
5. Ammodytes personatus Pacific sandlance
6. Ammodytes tobianus Small sandeel
7. Ammodytoides gilli Gill's sand lance
8. Ammodytoides idai
9. Ammodytoides kimurai
10. Ammodytoides leptus Pitcairn Sandlance
11. Ammodytoides praematura
12. Ammodytoides pylei Pyle's sand lance
13. Ammodytoides renniei Scaly sandlance
14. Ammodytoides vagus
15. Ammodytoides xanthops Yellow face sandlance
16. Bleekeria kallolepis
17. Bleekeria mitsukurii
18. Bleekeria viridianguilla
19. Gymnammodytes capensis Cape sandlance
20. Gymnammodytes cicerelus Mediterranean sand eel
21. Gymnammodytes semisquamatus Smooth sandeel
22. Hyperoplus immaculatus Greater sand-eel
23. Hyperoplus lanceolatus Great sandeel
24. Lepidammodytes macrophthalmus
25. Protammodytes brachistos
26. Protammodytes sarisa
539
Family Anabantidae
(Climbing gouramies)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa and India to Philippines. Rarely brackish. Fixed

conical teeth on jaws, prevomer, and parasphenoid. Relatively large
mouth. Upper jaw slighlty protractile. The genus Sandelia has only
cycloid scales, few gill rakers, and generally a carnivorous diet.
Includes Coius that has been put in synonymy with Anabas, Coius
cobojius being an Anabantidae (Kottelat, 2000).

1. Anabas cobojius Gangetic koi
2. Anabas testudineus Climbing perch
3. Ctenopoma acutirostre Spotted ctenopoma
4. Ctenopoma argentoventer Silverbelly ctenopoma
5. Ctenopoma ashbysmithi
6. Ctenopoma gabonense
7. Ctenopoma garuanum
8. Ctenopoma houyi
9. Ctenopoma kingsleyae Tailspot ctenopoma
10. Ctenopoma maculatum
11. Ctenopoma multispine Manyspined ctenopoma
12. Ctenopoma muriei Ocellated labyrinth fish
13. Ctenopoma nebulosum
14. Ctenopoma nigropannosum Twospot climbing perch
15. Ctenopoma ocellatum Eyespot ctenopoma
16. Ctenopoma pellegrini
17. Ctenopoma petherici
18. Ctenopoma riggenbachi
19. Ctenopoma togoensis
20. Ctenopoma weeksii Mottled ctenopoma
21. Microctenopoma ansorgii Ornate ctenopoma
22. Microctenopoma congicum Congo ctenopoma
23. Microctenopoma damasi
24. Microctenopoma fasciolatum Banded ctenopoma
25. Microctenopoma intermedium
26. Microctenopoma lineatum
27. Microctenopoma milleri
28. Microctenopoma nanum Dwarf ctenopoma
29. Microctenopoma nigricans
30. Microctenopoma ocellifer
31. Microctenopoma pekkolai
32. Microctenopoma uelense
540
33. Sandelia bainsii Rocky kurper
34. Sandelia capensis Cape kurper
541
Family Anarhichadidae
(Wolffishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Atlantic and North Pacific. Body mostly compressed
and moderately elongate except one species Anarrhichthys ocellatus,
is extremely elongate and for its shape goes by the common name
wolf-eel. Dorsal fin long, starting at the head, and composed of 69-88
flexible spines in Anarhichas and 218-250 in Anarrhichthys. Anal fin
with 42-55 soft rays in Anarhichas and 0-1 spine and 180-233 soft rays
in Anarrhichthys. Caudal fin separated from dorsal and anal fins by a
short peduncle in Anarhichas, median fins confluent and tapering to a
point in Anarrhichthys. Pectoral fins large and rounded, with 18-24
rays. Pelvic fins absent. One pair of nostrils. Scales cycloid, minute and
non-overlapping, or absent. Mechanosensory canals of head well
developed, pores with age becoming overgrown: nasal 2, occipital 3-5,
interorbital 1-2, postorbital 4-5, suborbital 7-9, preopercular 4,
mandibular 3-4. One or two trunk lateral lines of superficial
neuromasts, difficult to discern in preserved material. Most species
have strong canines and molars for digging out and crushing clams
and other hard-shelled prey. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus,
gill openings widely separated. Branchiostegal rays 6-8. Swim bladder
absent. Vertebrae 72-89 to 251. Primarily demersal, inhabiting shallow
to moderately deep cold waters. Maximum length about 2. 5 m.

1. Anarhichas denticulatus Northern wolffish
2. Anarhichas lupus Atlantic wolffish
3. Anarhichas minor Spotted wolffish
4. Anarhichas orientalis Bering wolffish
5. Anarrhichthys ocellatus Wolf-eel
542
Family Aplodactylidae
(Marblefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: coastal southern Australia, New Zealand, Peru and Chile.
Spines in dorsal fin 14-23; soft rays 16-21. Anal fin soft rays 6-8.
Vomerine teeth present. Jaw teeth varied: incisiform, lanceolate or
tricuspid.

1. Aplodactylus arctidens Marblefish
2. Aplodactylus etheridgii Notchheaded marblefish
3. Aplodactylus guttatus
4. Aplodactylus punctatus
5. Aplodactylus westralis Western seacarp
6. Crinodus lophodon Rock cale
543
Family Apogonidae
(Cardinalfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Chiefly marine. Some
in brackish water; some (e.g. Glossamia) in streams (tropical Pacific
Islands). Dorsal fins separate. First dorsal fin with 6-8 spines; 8-14 soft
rays in the second. Spines in anal fin 2; soft rays 8-18. Scales usually
ctenoid; several groups with cycloid scales (absent in Gymnapogon).
Branchiostegal rays 7. Vertebrae 24 or 25 (10 + 14 or 15). Males are
mouthbrooders. Most species nocturnal, feeding on zooplankton and
small benthic invertebrates. Maximum length 20 cm; most species
below 10 cm. They do generally well in aquariums.

1. Apogon abrogramma
2. Apogon affinis Bigtooth cardinalfish
3. Apogon albimaculosus Cream-spotted cardinalfish
4. Apogon albomarginatus
5. Apogon amboinensis Amboina cardinalfish
6. Apogon americanus Brazilian flamefish
7. Apogon angustatus Broadstriped cardinalfish
8. Apogon apogonides Short-tooth cardinal
9. Apogon argyrogaster Silvermouth siphonfish
10. Apogon aroubiensis
11. Apogon aterrimus
12. Apogon atradorsatus Blacktip cardinalfish
13. Apogon atricaudus Plain cardinalfish
14. Apogon atrogaster Blackbelly cardinalfish
15. Apogon aureus Ring-tailed cardinalfish
16. Apogon aurolineatus Bridle cardinalfish
17. Apogon axillaris Axillary-spot cardinalfish
18. Apogon binotatus Barred cardinalfish
19. Apogon brevispinis
20. Apogon bryx Offshore cardinalfish
21. Apogon campbelli
22. Apogon capricornis Capricorn cardinalfish
23. Apogon carinatus Ocellate cardinalfish
24. Apogon catalai
25. Apogon cathetogramma
26. Apogon caudicinctus Little tailband cardinalfish
27. Apogon cavitensis Whiteline cardinalfish
28. Apogon ceramensis Ceram cardinalfish
544
29. Apogon chalcius
30. Apogon cheni
31. Apogon chrysopomus Spotted-gill cardinalfish
32. Apogon chrysotaenia Yellowlined cardinalfish
33. Apogon cladophilos Shelter cardinalfish
34. Apogon coccineus Ruby cardinalfish
35. Apogon compressus Ochre-striped cardinalfish
36. Apogon cookii Cook's cardinalfish
37. Apogon crassiceps Transparent cardinalfish
38. Apogon cyanosoma Yellowstriped cardinalfish
39. Apogon cyanotaenia
40. Apogon dammermani
41. Apogon deetsie Deetsie's cardinalfish
42. Apogon dhofar Dhofar cardinalfish
43. Apogon dianthus
44. Apogon dispar Redspot cardinalfish
45. Apogon diversus
46. Apogon doederleini Doederlein's cardinalfish
47. Apogon doryssa Longspine cardinalfish
48. Apogon dovii Tailspot cardinalfish
49. Apogon ellioti Flag-in cardinal-fish
50. Apogon endekataenia Candystripe cardinalfish
51. Apogon erythrinus Hawaiian ruby cardinalfish
52. Apogon erythrosoma
53. Apogon evermanni Evermann's cardinalfish
54. Apogon exostigma Narrowstripe cardinalfish
55. Apogon fasciatus Broadbanded cardinalfish
56. Apogon flagelliferus Coachwhip cardinal
57. Apogon flavus Brassy cardinalfish
58. Apogon fleurieu Cardinalfish
59. Apogon fraenatus Bridled cardinalfish
60. Apogon franssedai Frans' cardinalfish
61. Apogon fukuii
62. Apogon fuscomaculatus Brown-spotted cardinalfish
63. Apogon fusovatus
64. Apogon gouldi Deepwater cardinalfish
65. Apogon griffini
66. Apogon guadalupensis Guadalupe cardinalfish
67. Apogon guamensis Guam cardinalfish
68. Apogon gularis
69. Apogon hartzfeldii Hartzfeld's cardinalfish
70. Apogon hoevenii Frostfin cardinalfish
71. Apogon holotaenia Copperstriped cardinalfish
72. Apogon hungi
73. Apogon hyalosoma Humpbacked cardinalfish
74. Apogon imberbis Cardinal fish
75. Apogon indicus
76. Apogon ishigakiensis
77. Apogon isus
78. Apogon jenkinsi
79. Apogon kallopterus Iridescent cardinalfish
80. Apogon kalosoma
81. Apogon kautamea
82. Apogon kiensis Rifle cardinal
83. Apogon komodoensis
545
84. Apogon lachneri Whitestar cardinalfish
85. Apogon lateralis Humpback cardinal
86. Apogon lativittatus
87. Apogon latus
88. Apogon leptocaulus Slendertail cardinalfish
89. Apogon leptofasciatus
90. Apogon limenus Sydney cardinalfish
91. Apogon lineatus Indian perch
92. Apogon lineomaculatus
93. Apogon maculatus Flamefish
94. Apogon maculiferus Spotted cardinalfish
95. Apogon maculipinnis
96. Apogon margaritophorus Red-striped cardinalfish
97. Apogon marquesensis
98. Apogon melanoproctus Blackvent cardinalfish
99. Apogon melanopterus
100. Apogon melanopus Monster cardinal-fish
101. Apogon melas Black cardinalfish
102. Apogon micromaculatus
103. Apogon microspilos
104. Apogon moluccensis Moluccan cardinalfish
105. Apogon monospilus Moluccen cardinal
106. Apogon mosavi Dwarf cardinalfish
107. Apogon multilineatus Many-lined cardinalfish
108. Apogon multitaeniatus Smallscale cardinal
109. Apogon mydrus
110. Apogon nanus
111. Apogon natalensis
112. Apogon neotes Mini cardinalfish
113. Apogon nigripes Blackfoot cardinal
114. Apogon nigrocincta
115. Apogon nigrofasciatus Blackstripe cardinalfish
116. Apogon nitidus Bluespot cardinalfish
117. Apogon norfolcensis Norfolk cardinalfish
118. Apogon notatus Spotnape cardinalfish
119. Apogon noumeae
120. Apogon novaeguineae
121. Apogon novemfasciatus Sevenstriped cardinalfish
122. Apogon ocellicaudus
123. Apogon omanensis Oman cardinalfish
124. Apogon oxina
125. Apogon oxygrammus
126. Apogon pacificus Pink cardinalfish
127. Apogon pallidofasciatus Palestriped cardinalfish
128. Apogon parvulus
129. Apogon phenax Mimic cardinalfish
130. Apogon photogaster
131. Apogon pillionatus Broadsaddle cardinalfish
132. Apogon planifrons Pale cardinalfish
133. Apogon pleuron
134. Apogon poecilopterus Pearly-finned cardinalfish
135. Apogon posterofasciatus
136. Apogon properuptus Southern orange-lined cardinal fish
137. Apogon pselion
138. Apogon pseudomaculatus Twospot cardinalfish
546
139. Apogon quadrifasciatus Twostripe cardinal
140. Apogon quadrisquamatus Sawcheek cardinalfish
141. Apogon quartus
142. Apogon queketti Spotfin cardinal
143. Apogon quinquestriatus
144. Apogon radcliffei
145. Apogon regula
146. Apogon relativus
147. Apogon retrosella Barspot cardinalfish
148. Apogon rhodopterus Redfin cardinalfish
149. Apogon robbyi Striped cardinalfish
150. Apogon robinsi Roughlip cardinalfish
151. Apogon rubellus
152. Apogon rubrifuscus
153. Apogon rubrimacula
154. Apogon rueppellii Gobbleguts
155. Apogon rufus
156. Apogon sabahensis
157. Apogon sangiensis Sangi cardinalfish
158. Apogon schlegeli
159. Apogon sealei Seale's cardinalfish
160. Apogon selas Meteor cardinalfish
161. Apogon semilineatus Half-lined cardinal
162. Apogon seminigracaudus
163. Apogon semiornatus Oblique-banded cardinalfish
164. Apogon septemstriatus Sevenband cardinalfish
165. Apogon sinus
166. Apogon smithi Smith's cardinalfish
167. Apogon spilurus
168. Apogon spongicolus
169. Apogon striatodes
170. Apogon striatus
171. Apogon susanae
172. Apogon taeniophorus Reef-flat cardinalfish
173. Apogon taeniopterus Bandfin cardinalfish
174. Apogon talboti Flame cardinalfish
175. Apogon tchefouensis
176. Apogon thermalis Half-barred cardinal
177. Apogon townsendi Belted cardinalfish
178. Apogon trimaculatus Three-spot cardinalfish
179. Apogon unicolor Big red cardinalfish
180. Apogon unitaeniatus Single-striped cardinalfish
181. Apogon urostigma
182. Apogon ventrifasciatus
183. Apogon victoriae Western striped cardinalfish
184. Apogon wassinki Kupang cardinalfish
185. Apogon wilsoni
186. Apogon zebrinus
187. Apogonichthyoides atripes Bulls-eye cardinalfish
188. Apogonichthyoides brevicaudatus Many-banded cardinal-fish
189. Apogonichthyoides cantoris
190. Apogonichthyoides chrysurus Golden cardinalfish
191. Apogonichthyoides euspilotus
192. Apogonichthyoides gardineri
193. Apogonichthyoides heptastygma
547
194. Apogonichthyoides niger
195. Apogonichthyoides nigripinnis Bullseye
196. Apogonichthyoides opercularis Pearlycheek cardinalfish
197. Apogonichthyoides pharaonis
198. Apogonichthyoides pseudotaeniatus Doublebar cardinalfish
199. Apogonichthyoides regani
200. Apogonichthyoides sialis
201. Apogonichthyoides taeniatus Twobelt cardinal
202. Apogonichthyoides timorensis Timor cardinalfish
203. Apogonichthyoides umbratilis
204. Apogonichthyoides uninotatus
205. Apogonichthys landoni
206. Apogonichthys ocellatus Ocellated cardinalfish
207. Apogonichthys perdix Perdix cardinalfish
208. Archamia ataenia
209. Archamia biguttata Twinspot cardinalfish
210. Archamia bilineata
211. Archamia bleekeri Gon's cardinalfish
212. Archamia buruensis Buru cardinalfish
213. Archamia flavofasciata
214. Archamia fucata Orangelined cardinalfish
215. Archamia leai Lea's cardinalfish
216. Archamia lineolata Shimmering cardinal
217. Archamia macroptera Dusky-tailed cardinalfish
218. Archamia mozambiquensis Mozambique cardinalfish
219. Archamia pallida
220. Archamia zosterophora Blackbelted cardinalfish
221. Astrapogon alutus Bronze cardinalfish
222. Astrapogon puncticulatus Blackfin cardinalfish
223. Astrapogon stellatus Conchfish
224. Cercamia cladara
225. Cercamia eremia Glassy cardinalfish
226. Cheilodipterus alleni
227. Cheilodipterus arabicus Tiger cardinal
228. Cheilodipterus artus Wolf cardinalfish
229. Cheilodipterus intermedius Intermediate cardinalfish
230. Cheilodipterus isostigmus Dog-toothed cardinalfish
231. Cheilodipterus lachneri
232. Cheilodipterus macrodon Large toothed cardinalfish
233. Cheilodipterus nigrotaeniatus
234. Cheilodipterus novemstriatus Indian Ocean twospot cardinalfish
235. Cheilodipterus octovittatus
236. Cheilodipterus parazonatus Mimic cardinal
237. Cheilodipterus persicus Persian cardinalfish
238. Cheilodipterus pygmaios
239. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Five-lined cardinalfish
240. Cheilodipterus singapurensis Truncate cardinalfish
241. Cheilodipterus zonatus
242. Coranthus polyacanthus
243. Foa brachygramma Weed cardinalfish
244. Foa fo Weedy cardinalfish
245. Foa hyalina
246. Foa madagascariensis
247. Fowleria aurita Crosseyed cardinalfish
248. Fowleria flammea
548
249. Fowleria isostigma
250. Fowleria marmorata Marbled cardinalfish
251. Fowleria polystigma
252. Fowleria punctulata Spotcheek cardinalfish
253. Fowleria vaiulae Mottled cardinalfish
254. Fowleria variegata Variegated cardinalfish
255. Glossamia abo
256. Glossamia aprion Mouth almighty
257. Glossamia beauforti Beaufort's mouth almighty
258. Glossamia gjellerupi Gjellerup's mouth almighty
259. Glossamia heurni
260. Glossamia narindica Slender mouth almighty
261. Glossamia sandei Sande's mouth almighty
262. Glossamia trifasciata Three-barred mouth almighty
263. Glossamia wichmanni Wichmann's mouth almighty
264. Gymnapogon africanus Crystal cardinal
265. Gymnapogon annona Naked cardinalfish
266. Gymnapogon foraminosus
267. Gymnapogon japonicus
268. Gymnapogon melanogaster
269. Gymnapogon philippinus Philippine cardinalfish
270. Gymnapogon urospilotus B-spot cardinalfish
271. Gymnapogon vanderbilti Vanderbilt's cardinalfish
272. Holapogon maximus Titan cardinalfish
273. Jaydia truncata Flagfin cardinalfish
274. Lachneratus phasmaticus Phantom cardinalfish
275. Mionorus bombonensis
276. Neamia articycla
277. Neamia notula
278. Neamia octospina Eightspine cardinalfish
279. Nectamia annularis Ringtail cardinalfish
280. Nectamia bandanensis Bigeye cardinalfish
281. Nectamia fusca
282. Nectamia ignitops
283. Nectamia luxuria
284. Nectamia savayensis Samoan cardinalfish
285. Nectamia similis
286. Nectamia viria
287. Ostorhinchus leslie
288. Ostorhinchus luteus Yellow cardinalfish
289. Paxton concilians Paxton's cardinalfish
290. Phaeoptyx conklini Freckled cardinalfish
291. Phaeoptyx pigmentaria Dusky cardinalfish
292. Phaeoptyx xenus Sponge cardinalfish
293. Pseudamia amblyuroptera White-jawed cardinalfish
294. Pseudamia gelatinosa Gelatinous cardinalfish
295. Pseudamia hayashii Hayashi's cardinalfish
296. Pseudamia nigra Estuary cardinalfish
297. Pseudamia rubra
298. Pseudamia tarri Tarr's cardinalfish
299. Pseudamia zonata Paddlefish cardinalfish
300. Pseudamiops diaphanes Transparent cardinalfish
301. Pseudamiops gracilicauda Graceful-tailed cardinalfish
302. Pseudamiops pellucidus Limpid cardinal
303. Pseudamiops phasma
549
304. Pterapogon kauderni Banggai cardinal fish
305. Pterapogon mirifica Sailfin cardinalfish
306. Rhabdamia clupeiformis
307. Rhabdamia cypselurus Swallowtail cardinalfish
308. Rhabdamia gracilis Luminous cardinalfish
309. Rhabdamia mentalis
310. Rhabdamia nigrimentum
311. Rhabdamia nuda
312. Rhabdamia spilota
313. Siphamia argentea
314. Siphamia cephalotes Wood's siphonfish
315. Siphamia corallicola
316. Siphamia cuneiceps Wedgehead siphonfish
317. Siphamia cuprea Coppery siphonfish
318. Siphamia elongata
319. Siphamia fistulosa Fistulose cardinalfish
320. Siphamia fuscolineata Crown-of-thorns cardinalfish
321. Siphamia guttulata
322. Siphamia jebbi
323. Siphamia majimai Striped siphonfish
324. Siphamia mossambica Sea urchin cardinal
325. Siphamia nigra
326. Siphamia ovalis
327. Siphamia permutata
328. Siphamia roseigaster Pink-breasted siphon-fish
329. Siphamia tubifer
330. Siphamia tubulata Siphonfish
321. Siphamia versicolor Sea urchin cardinalfish
322. Siphamia woodi
323. Siphamia zaribae Zariba fish
324. Sphaeramia nematoptera Pajama cardinalfish
325. Sphaeramia orbicularis Orbiculate cardinalfish
326. Vincentia badia Scarlet cardinalfish
327. Vincentia conspersa Southern cardinalfish
328. Vincentia macrocauda Smooth cardinalfish
329. Vincentia novaehollandiae Eastern gobbleguts
330. Vincentia punctata Orange cardinalfish
331. Zoramia flebila
332. Zoramia fragilis Fragile cardinalfish
333. Zoramia gilberti Gilbert's cardinalfish
334. Zoramia leptacantha Threadfin cardinalfish
335. Zoramia perlita Pearly cardinalfish
336. Zoramia viridiventer
550
Family Ariommatidae
(Ariommatids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; in deep waters. Distribution: tropical and subtropical eastern

North and South America, Africa, Asia, Kermadec Islands, and Hawaii.
Adults with pelvic fins. Dorsal fins 2. The spinous dorsal with 10-12
slender spines; soft dorsal with 14-18 soft rays. Three short spines in
anal fin; soft rays 13-16. Pectoral fin rays 20-24. Two low fleshy keels
on each side of caudal peduncle. 30-32 vertebrae.

1. Ariomma bondi Silver-rag driftfish
2. Ariomma brevimanum
3. Ariomma dollfusi
4. Ariomma evermanni
5. Ariomma indicum Indian driftfish
6. Ariomma luridum Ariommid
7. Ariomma melanum Brown driftfish
8. Ariomma parini Parin's ariomma
9. Ariomma regulus Spotted driftfish
551
Family Arripidae
(Australian salmon)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Southern Australia and New Zealand region. Soft dorsal
fin considerably longer than anal fin. Gill membranes not united to
isthmus. Anal spines 3. Arripidae, used by many authors is incorrect.
Paulin suggested Arripididae as another spelling.

1. Arripis georgianus Ruff
2. Arripis trutta Australian salmon
3. Arripis truttacea Western Australian salmon
4. Arripis xylabion Northern kahawai
552
Family Artedidraconidae
(Barbled plunderfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Deepwater Antarctic. Chin barbel present; opercle woth

hook-shaped spine; four or five hypurals; vertebrae 33-41.

1. Artedidraco glareobarbatus
2. Artedidraco lonnbergi
3. Artedidraco mirus
4. Artedidraco orianae
5. Artedidraco shackletoni
6. Artedidraco skottsbergi
7. Dolloidraco longedorsalis
8. Histiodraco velifer
9. Pogonophryne albipinna
10. Pogonophryne barsukovi
11. Pogonophryne bellingshausenensis Pogonophryne
12. Pogonophryne cerebropogon
13. Pogonophryne dewitti
14. Pogonophryne eakini
15. Pogonophryne fusca Dark toad plunderfish
16. Pogonophryne immaculata
17. Pogonophryne lanceobarbata
18. Pogonophryne macropogon
19. Pogonophryne marmorata Marbled plunderfish
20. Pogonophryne mentella
21. Pogonophryne orangiensis
22. Pogonophryne permitini Plunderfish
23. Pogonophryne platypogon
24. Pogonophryne scotti
25. Pogonophryne squamibarbata
26. Pogonophryne ventrimaculata
553
Family Badidae
(Chameleonfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: lowlands of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi

basins, in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh; and, Irrawaddy in Myanmar
and China (Dario species). Ectopterygoid no teeth. Maxillary process
on dentigerous process of premaxilla absent. Preopercle and
infraorbitals with smooth margins. Infraorbital ossicle next to
lachrymal (infraorbital 2) lost. Vertebrae 24-30. larva with unique
multicellular adhesive organ at tip of yolk sac. Eggs completely
surrounded by a sheath of fibers without actually being attached to
these, micropylar region without ridges or circular areas of carpetlike
fibers.

1. Badis assamensis
2. Badis badis Badis
3. Badis blosyrus
4. Badis chittagongis
5. Badis corycaeus
6. Badis dibruensis
7. Badis ferrarisi
8. Badis kanabos
9. Badis khwae
10. Badis kyar
11. Badis pyema
12. Badis ruber
13. Badis siamensis
14. Badis tuivaiei
15. Dario dario
16. Dario dayingensis
17. Dario hysginon
554
Family Banjosidae
(Banjofishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine, coastal. Distribution: China, southern Japan, and Korea. Deep
and strongly compressed body. Head profile steep and nearly straight.
No spines on operculum. Ten flattened spines in dorsal fin; soft rays
12. Three spines in anal fin, the second one produced; soft rays 7.
Pelvic fin insertion behind base of pectoral fin. Slightly emarginate
caudal fin. Lateral line uninterrupted and complete. Brownish or olive.
Eight faint longitudinal dark bands. Attains about 30 cm maximum
length.

1. Banjos banjos Banjofish
555
Family Bathyclupeidae
(Deep-sea scalyfins)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indian, western Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico. Oceanic.

Spineless dorsal fin in posterior half of the body. Long anal fin with a
single spine. Dorsal and anal fins with scales. Mouth bordered by
maxillae and premaxillae. Vertebrae usually 31 (10 + 21) (Ref. 7463).
Dorsal fin with 1 spine and 8 to 10 soft rays; anal fin with 1 spine and
24 to 39 soft rays; pectoral fin with 26 to 30 rays.

1. Bathyclupea argentea
2. Bathyclupea elongata
3. Bathyclupea gracilis Slender deepsea herring
4. Bathyclupea hoskynii
5. Bathyclupea malayana
6. Bathyclupea megaceps
7. Bathyclupea schroederi
556
Family Bathydraconidae
(Antarctic dragonfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic. Mouth usually nonprotrusible. Gill membranes

fused. Spinous dorsal fin lacking.

1. Acanthodraco dewitti
2. Akarotaxis nudiceps
3. Bathydraco antarcticus
4. Bathydraco joannae
5. Bathydraco macrolepis
6. Bathydraco marri Deep-water dragon
7. Bathydraco scotiae
8. Cygnodraco mawsoni Mawson's dragonfish
9. Gerlachea australis
10. Gymnodraco acuticeps Ploughfish
11. Parachaenichthys charcoti
12. Parachaenichthys georgianus
13. Prionodraco evansii
14. Psilodraco breviceps
15. Racovitzia glacialis
16. Racovitzia harrissoni
17. Vomeridens infuscipinnis
557
Family Bathymasteridae
(Ronquils)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific. Dorsal and anal fins long, height nearly
even along their full length, seprated from large, truncate to round
caudal fin by distinct caudal peduncle. Dorsal fin with 43-49 branched
and unbranched rays and anal fin with 31-36 rays, these counts
including 1-6 weak, flexible spines at front of dorsal fin and 1 or 2 in
anal fin. Pectoral fins large and rounded. Pelvic fins thoracic, with 1
spine and 5 rays. One pair of nostrils. Scales weakly ctenoid, almost
smooth, to strongly ctenoid. Sensory pores on top of head and cheeks
usually distinct. Lateral line distinct, running high on body and nearly
straight to end of dorsal fin, with 75-105 scales. Palatine and vomerine
teeth present. Gill membranes separate, free of the isthmus; except in
Rathbunella broadly joined and forming a free fold across the isthmus.
Branchiostegal rays 6. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 46-55. Colored
olive brown to dull red, bluish black or purplish with vivid green, blue,
yellow, red, orange and white bars and spots or other markings,
varying somewhat by population or between the sexes. Maximum
length more than 38 cm. Marine; intertidal zone to outer continental
shelf, mainly along rocky shores and at depths less than 150 m.

1. Bathymaster caeruleofasciatus Alaskan ronquil
2. Bathymaster derjugini
3. Bathymaster leurolepis Smallmouth ronquil
4. Bathymaster signatus Searcher
5. Rathbunella alleni
6. Rathbunella hypoplecta Stripefin ronquil
7. Ronquilus jordani Northern ronquil
558
Family Blenniidae
(Combtooth blennies)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indian, Atlantic and Pacific. Chiefly tropical and

subtropical marine; rare in fresh- and brackish water. Scaleless body
(lateral line scales modified in few species). Premaxillae not protractile.
Usually blunt head. Pelvic fins present in all but 2 species, before
pectorals, with 1 short, inconspicuous spine and 2-4 segmented rays.
No teeth in palatines; vomerine teeth present or absent. Teeth in jaws
comblike, fixed or movable (canine teeth occasionally present). Dorsal
spines 3-17, flexible; 9-119 segmented soft rays. Pectoral rays 10-18,
unbranched. Caudal fin rays branched or unbranched. Anal spines 2.
All with basisphenoid except in Nemophini. Swim bladder usually
absent in adults, except in Phenablennius, Omox, and most
Nemophini. Vertebrae often 28-44 (135 in Xiphasia). Maximum length
about 54 cm; most smaller than 15 cm. Mostly bottom dwelling
species feeding on a mixed diet of algae and benthic invertebrates;
some are planktivores, and some are specialized to feed on skin or fins
of larger fishes, with mimic as cleaner. Males attract gravid females to
lay their eggs in a small hole or crevice, or underneath empty bivalve
shells. The eggs are then guarded by the male or by both parents. 420
species.

1. Aidablennius sphynx
2. Alloblennius anuchalis
3. Alloblennius jugularis Jugular blenny
4. Alloblennius parvus Dwarf blenny
5. Alloblennius pictus
6. Alticus anjouanae
7. Alticus arnoldorum Pacific leaping blenny
8. Alticus kirkii Kirk's blenny
9. Alticus monochrus
10. Alticus montanoi
11. Alticus saliens Leaping blenny
12. Alticus sertatus
13. Alticus simplicirrus Marquesan rockstripper
14. Andamia amphibius
559
15. Andamia heteroptera
16. Andamia reyi Suckerlip blenny
17. Andamia tetradactylus
18. Antennablennius adenensis Aden blenny
19. Antennablennius australis Moustached rockskipper
20. Antennablennius bifilum Horned rockskipper
21. Antennablennius ceylonensis
22. Antennablennius hypenetes Arabian blenny
23. Antennablennius simonyi Simony's blenny
24. Antennablennius variopunctatus Orangedotted blenny
25. Aspidontus dussumieri Lance blenny
26. Aspidontus taeniatus False cleanerfish
27. Aspidontus tractus
28. Atrosalarias fuscus fuscus
29. Atrosalarias fuscus holomelas Brown coral blenny
30. Atrosalarias hosokawai
31. Bathyblennius antholops
32. Blenniella bilitonensis
33. Blenniella caudolineata Blue-spotted blenny
34. Blenniella chrysospilos Red-spotted blenny
35. Blenniella cyanostigma Striped rockskipper
36. Blenniella gibbifrons Hump-headed blenny
37. Blenniella interrupta Dashed-line blenny
38. Blenniella leopardus
39. Blenniella paula
40. Blenniella periophthalmus Blue-dashed rockskipper
41. Blennius maoricus
42. Blennius normani
43. Blennius ocellaris Butterfly blenny
44. Chalaroderma capito Looseskin blenny
45. Chalaroderma ocellata Two-eyed blenny
46. Chasmodes bosquianus Striped blenny
47. Chasmodes longimaxilla Stretchjaw blenny
48. Chasmodes saburrae Florida blenny
49. Cirripectes alboapicalis
50. Cirripectes alleni Kimberley blenny
51. Cirripectes auritus Blackflap blenny
52. Cirripectes castaneus Chestnut eyelash-blenny
53. Cirripectes chelomatus Lady Musgrave blenny
54. Cirripectes filamentosus Filamentous blenny
55. Cirripectes fuscoguttatus Spotted blenny
56. Cirripectes gilberti
57. Cirripectes hutchinsi
58. Cirripectes imitator Imitator blenny
59. Cirripectes jenningsi
60. Cirripectes kuwamurai
61. Cirripectes obscurus Gargantuan blenny
62. Cirripectes perustus Flaming blenny
63. Cirripectes polyzona
64. Cirripectes quagga Squiggly blenny
65. Cirripectes randalli
66. Cirripectes springeri Springer's blenny
67. Cirripectes stigmaticus Red-streaked blenny
68. Cirripectes vanderbilti Scarface blenny
69. Cirripectes variolosus Red-speckled blenny
560
70. Cirripectes viriosus
71. Cirrisalarias bunares
72. Coryphoblennius galerita Montagu's blenny
73. Crossosalarias macrospilus Tripplespot blenny
74. Dodekablennos fraseri
75. Ecsenius aequalis Fourline blenny
76. Ecsenius alleni
77. Ecsenius aroni Aron's blenny
78. Ecsenius australianus Australian blenny
79. Ecsenius axelrodi Axelrod's clown blenny
80. Ecsenius bandanus Banda comb-tooth
81. Ecsenius bathi Bath's comb-tooth
82. Ecsenius bicolor Bicolor blenny
83. Ecsenius bimaculatus
84. Ecsenius caeruliventris Bluebelly blenny
85. Ecsenius collettei
86. Ecsenius dentex
87. Ecsenius dilemma
88. Ecsenius fijiensis
89. Ecsenius fourmanoiri
90. Ecsenius frontalis Smooth-fin blenny
91. Ecsenius gravieri Red Sea mimic blenny
92. Ecsenius isos
93. Ecsenius kurti
94. Ecsenius lineatus Linear blenny
95. Ecsenius lividanalis
96. Ecsenius lubbocki
97. Ecsenius mandibularis Queensland blenny
98. Ecsenius melarchus Yellow-eyed comb-tooth
99. Ecsenius midas Persian blenny
100. Ecsenius minutus
101. Ecsenius monoculus
102. Ecsenius nalolo Nalolo
103. Ecsenius namiyei Black comb-tooth
104. Ecsenius niue
105. Ecsenius oculatus
106. Ecsenius oculus Ocular blenny
107. Ecsenius ops
108. Ecsenius opsifrontalis Comical blenny
109. Ecsenius pardus
110. Ecsenius paroculus
111. Ecsenius pictus White-lined comb-tooth
112. Ecsenius polystictus
113. Ecsenius portenoyi
114. Ecsenius prooculis
115. Ecsenius pulcher
116. Ecsenius randalli
117. Ecsenius schroederi
118. Ecsenius sellifer Saddle blenny
119. Ecsenius shirleyae
120. Ecsenius stictus Great Barrier Reef blenny
121. Ecsenius stigmatura
122. Ecsenius taeniatus
123. Ecsenius tessera
124. Ecsenius tigris Tiger blenny
561
125. Ecsenius tricolor
126. Ecsenius trilineatus Three-lined blenny
127. Ecsenius yaeyamaensis Yaeyama blenny
128. Enchelyurus ater Black blenny
129. Enchelyurus brunneolus
130. Enchelyurus flavipes
131. Enchelyurus kraussii Krauss' blenny
132. Enchelyurus petersi
133. Entomacrodus cadenati West African rockhopper
134. Entomacrodus caudofasciatus Tail-barred rockskipper
135. Entomacrodus chapmani
136. Entomacrodus chiostictus Rock blenny
137. Entomacrodus corneliae
138. Entomacrodus cymatobiotus Pacific rockskipper
139. Entomacrodus decussatus Wavy-lined blenny
140. Entomacrodus epalzeocheilos Fringelip rockskipper
141. Entomacrodus lemuria
142. Entomacrodus macrospilus
143. Entomacrodus marmoratus Rockskipper
144. Entomacrodus nigricans Pearl blenny
145. Entomacrodus niuafoouensis Tattoo-chin rockskipper
146. Entomacrodus randalli
147. Entomacrodus rofeni
148. Entomacrodus sealei Seale's rockskipper
149. Entomacrodus solus
150. Entomacrodus stellifer lighti
151. Entomacrodus stellifer stellifer Stellar rockskipper
152. Entomacrodus strasburgi Strasburg's blenny
153. Entomacrodus striatus Reef margin blenny
154. Entomacrodus textilis Textile blenny
155. Entomacrodus thalassinus longicirrus
156. Entomacrodus thalassinus thalassinus Sea blenny
157. Entomacrodus vermiculatus Vermiculated blenny
158. Entomacrodus vomerinus
159. Entomacrodus williamsi
160. Exallias brevis Leopard blenny
161. Glyptoparus delicatulus Delicate blenny
162. Haptogenys bipunctata
163. Hirculops cornifer Highbrow rockskipper
164. Hypleurochilus aequipinnis Oyster blenny
165. Hypleurochilus bananensis
166. Hypleurochilus bermudensis Barred blenny
167. Hypleurochilus caudovittatus Zebratail blenny
168. Hypleurochilus fissicornis
169. Hypleurochilus geminatus Crested blenny
170. Hypleurochilus langi
171. Hypleurochilus multifilis Featherduster blenny
172. Hypleurochilus pseudoaequipinnis
173. Hypleurochilus springeri Orangespotted blenny
174. Hypsoblennius brevipinnis Barnaclebill blenny
175. Hypsoblennius caulopus Tidepool blenny
176. Hypsoblennius digueti
177. Hypsoblennius exstochilus Longhorn blenny
178. Hypsoblennius gentilis Bay blenny
179. Hypsoblennius gilberti Rockpool blenny
562
180. Hypsoblennius hentz Feather blenny
181. Hypsoblennius invemar Tessellated blenny
182. Hypsoblennius ionthas Freckled blenny
183. Hypsoblennius jenkinsi Mussel blenny
184. Hypsoblennius maculipinna
185. Hypsoblennius paytensis
186. Hypsoblennius proteus Socorro blenny
187. Hypsoblennius robustus
188. Hypsoblennius sordidus
189. Hypsoblennius striatus Striated blenny
190. Istiblennius bellus Imspringer
191. Istiblennius colei
192. Istiblennius dussumieri Streaky rockskipper
193. Istiblennius edentulus Rippled rockskipper
194. Istiblennius flaviumbrinus
195. Istiblennius lineatus Lined rockskipper
196. Istiblennius meleagris Peacock rockskipper
197. Istiblennius muelleri
198. Istiblennius pox Scarface rockskipper
199. Istiblennius rivulatus
200. Istiblennius spilotus Spotted rockskipper
201. Istiblennius steindachneri
202. Istiblennius unicolor Pallid rockskipper
203. Istiblennius zebra Zebra blenny
204. Laiphognathus longispinis Crown spotty blenny
205. Laiphognathus multimaculatus Spotty blenny
206. Lipophrys adriaticus
207. Lipophrys bauchotae
208. Lipophrys caboverdensis
209. Lipophrys canevae
210. Lipophrys dalmatinus
211. Lipophrys nigriceps Black-headed blenny
212. Lipophrys pholis Shanny
213. Lipophrys velifer
214. Litobranchus fowleri Fowler's rockskipper
215. Lupinoblennius dispar Mangrove blenny
216. Lupinoblennius nicholsi Highfin blenny
217. Lupinoblennius paivai Paiva's blenny
218. Lupinoblennius vinctus
219. Meiacanthus abditus
220. Meiacanthus anema Threadless blenny
221. Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Forktail blenny
222. Meiacanthus bundoon Bundoon blenny
223. Meiacanthus crinitus
224. Meiacanthus ditrema One-striped poison-fang blenny
225. Meiacanthus fraseri
226. Meiacanthus geminatus
227. Meiacanthus grammistes Striped poison-fang blenny
228. Meiacanthus kamoharai
229. Meiacanthus limbatus
230. Meiacanthus lineatus Lined fangblenny
231. Meiacanthus luteus Yellow fangbelly
232. Meiacanthus mossambicus Mozambique fangblenny
233. Meiacanthus naevius
234. Meiacanthus nigrolineatus Blackline fangblenny
563
235. Meiacanthus oualanensis
236. Meiacanthus phaeus
237. Meiacanthus procne
238. Meiacanthus reticulatus
239. Meiacanthus smithi Disco blenny
240. Meiacanthus tongaensis
241. Meiacanthus urostigma
242. Meiacanthus vicinus
243. Meiacanthus vittatus One-striped fangblenny
244. Mimoblennius atrocinctus
245. Mimoblennius cas
246. Mimoblennius cirrosus Fringed blenny
247. Mimoblennius lineathorax
248. Mimoblennius rusi Rusi blenny
249. Nannosalarias nativitatis Pygmy blenny
250. Oman ypsilon Oman blenny
251. Omobranchus angelus
252. Omobranchus anolius
253. Omobranchus aurosplendidus
254. Omobranchus banditus Bandit blenny
255. Omobranchus elegans
256. Omobranchus elongatus Cloister blenny
257. Omobranchus fasciolatoceps
258. Omobranchus fasciolatus Arab blenny
259. Omobranchus ferox Gossamer blenny
260. Omobranchus germaini Germain's blenny
261. Omobranchus hikkaduwensis
262. Omobranchus loxozonus
263. Omobranchus mekranensis Mekran blenny
264. Omobranchus meniscus
265. Omobranchus obliquus Roundhead blenny
266. Omobranchus punctatus Muzzled blenny
267. Omobranchus robertsi
268. Omobranchus rotundiceps
269. Omobranchus smithi
270. Omobranchus steinitzi
271. Omobranchus verticalis
272. Omobranchus woodi Kappie blenny
273. Omobranchus zebra
274. Omox biporos Omox blenny
275. Omox lupus
276. Ophioblennius atlanticus
277. Ophioblennius macclurei Redlip blenny
278. Ophioblennius steindachneri Large-banded blenny
279. Ophioblennius trinitatis
280. Parablennius cornutus
281. Parablennius cyclops
282. Parablennius dialloi
283. Parablennius gattorugine Tompot blenny
284. Parablennius goreensis
285. Parablennius incognitus
286. Parablennius intermedius
287. Parablennius laticlavius
288. Parablennius lodosus Mud blenny
289. Parablennius marmoreus Seaweed blenny
564
290. Parablennius opercularis Cheekspot blenny
291. Parablennius parvicornis Rock-pool blenny
292. Parablennius pilicornis Ringneck blenny
293. Parablennius rouxi
294. Parablennius ruber Portuguese blenny
295. Parablennius salensis
296. Parablennius sanguinolentus Rusty blenny
297. Parablennius serratolineatus
298. Parablennius sierraensis
299. Parablennius tasmanianus Tasmanian blenny
300. Parablennius tentacularis Tentacled blenny
301. Parablennius thysanius Tasseled blenny
302. Parablennius verryckeni
303. Parablennius yatabei
304. Parablennius zvonimiri
305. Parahypsos piersoni
306. Paralipophrys trigloides
307. Paralticus amboinensis Ambon rockskipper
308. Parenchelyurus hepburni Hepburn's blenny
309. Parenchelyurus hyena
310. Pereulixia kosiensis Kosi rockskipper
311. Petroscirtes ancylodon Arabian fangblenny
312. Petroscirtes breviceps Striped poison-fang blenny mimic
313. Petroscirtes fallax Deceiver fangbelly
314. Petroscirtes lupus Wolf fangbelly
315. Petroscirtes marginatus
316. Petroscirtes mitratus Floral blenny
317. Petroscirtes pylei Twilight Fangblenny
318. Petroscirtes springeri
319. Petroscirtes thepassii Thepas' sabretooth blenny
320. Petroscirtes variabilis Variable sabretooth blenny
321. Petroscirtes xestus Xestus sabretooth blenny
322. Phenablennius heyligeri
323. Plagiotremus azaleus Sabertooth blenny
324. Plagiotremus ewaensis Ewa blenny
325. Plagiotremus goslinei Biting blenny
326. Plagiotremus iosodon
327. Plagiotremus laudandus flavus
328. Plagiotremus laudandus laudandus Bicolour fangblenny
329. Plagiotremus phenax Imposter fangblenny
330. Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Bluestriped fangblenny
321. Plagiotremus spilistius
322. Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Piano fangblenny
323. Plagiotremus townsendi Townsend's fangblenny
324. Praealticus bilineatus
325. Praealticus caesius
326. Praealticus dayi
327. Praealticus labrovittatus Crenulate-lipped rockskipper
328. Praealticus margaritarius
329. Praealticus margaritatus
330. Praealticus multistriatus
331. Praealticus natalis Natal rockskipper
332. Praealticus oortii
333. Praealticus poptae Marianas rockskipper
334. Praealticus semicrenatus
565
335. Praealticus striatus
336. Praealticus tanegasimae
337. Praealticus triangulus
338. Rhabdoblennius nigropunctatus
339. Rhabdoblennius nitidus Barred-chin blenny
340. Rhabdoblennius papuensis
341. Rhabdoblennius rhabdotrachelus Barchin blenny
342. Rhabdoblennius snowi Snow's rockskipper
343. Salaria basilisca
344. Salaria economidisi
345. Salaria fluviatilis Freshwater blenny
346. Salaria pavo Peacock blenny
347. Salarias alboguttatus White-spotted blenny
348. Salarias ceramensis Seram blenny
349. Salarias fasciatus Jewelled blenny
350. Salarias guttatus Breast-spot blenny
351. Salarias luctuosus
352. Salarias nigrocinctus
353. Salarias obscurus
354. Salarias patzneri Patzner's blenny
355. Salarias ramosus Starry blenny
356. Salarias reticulatus
357. Salarias segmentatus Segmented blenny
358. Salarias sexfilum
359. Salarias sibogai
360. Salarias sinuosus Fringelip blenny
361. Scartella caboverdiana
362. Scartella cristata Molly miller
363. Scartella emarginata Maned blenny
364. Scartella itajobi
365. Scartella nuchifilis
366. Scartella poiti
367. Scartella springeri
368. Scartichthys crapulatus
369. Scartichthys gigas Giant blenny
370. Scartichthys variolatus
371. Scartichthys viridis
372. Spaniblennius clandestinus
373. Spaniblennius riodourensis
374. Stanulus seychellensis Seychelle's blenny
375. Stanulus talboti Talbot's blenny
376. Xiphasia matsubarai Japanese snake blenny
377. Xiphasia setifer Hairtail blenny
566
Family Bovichtidae
(Thornfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: marine habitats in southern Australia, New Zealand, and

southern South America. Freshwater habitats in southeastern Australia
and Tasmania. Mouth protrusible. Snout not very elongated. Gill
membranes not united to isthmus, projecting far forward. One lateral
line; snout not produced. Spinous dorsal fin present.

1. Bovichtus angustifrons
2. Bovichtus argentinus
3. Bovichtus chilensis
4. Bovichtus diacanthus
5. Bovichtus oculus
6. Bovichtus psychrolutes
7. Bovichtus variegatus Thornfish
8. Bovichtus veneris
9. Cottoperca gobio Channel bull blenny
10. Halaphritis platycephala
567
Family Bramidae
(Pomfrets)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; oceanic. Dorsal fin
extending over length of body in some; anterior dorsal fin spines
unbranched; anal spines lost; 36-54 vertebrae. To 85 cm maximum
length, reported for Taractichthys longipinnis. Eumegistus is thought to
be the most primitive genus.

1. Brama australis Southern rays bream
2. Brama brama Atlantic pomfret
3. Brama caribbea Caribbean pomfret
4. Brama dussumieri Lesser bream
5. Brama japonica Pacific pomfret
6. Brama myersi Myers' pomfret
7. Brama orcini Bigtooth pomfret
8. Brama pauciradiata Shortfin pomfret
9. Eumegistus brevorti
10. Eumegistus illustris Brilliant pomfret
11. Pteraclis aesticola Pacific fanfish
12. Pteraclis carolinus
13. Pteraclis velifera Spotted fanfish
14. Pterycombus brama Atlantic fanfish
15. Pterycombus petersii Prickly fanfish
16. Taractes asper Rough pomfret
17. Taractes rubescens Pomfret
18. Taractichthys longipinnis Big-scale pomfret
19. Taractichthys steindachneri Sickle pomfret
20. Xenobrama microlepis Golden pomfret
568
Family Caesionidae
(Fusiliers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Dorsal fin having 10-15 slender spines;
soft rays 8-22. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 9-13. Jaws with small
teeth in most species. Upper jaw highly protractile. Vertebrae 24. To
about 60 cm maximum length. Fusiliers are closely related to snappers
(Lutjanidae) but possess several adaptations for a planktivorous mode
of life, such as the elongate fusiform body, the small mouth, and the
deeply forked caudal fin. During the day they occur in large
zooplankton feeding schools in mid-water over the reef, along steep
outer reef slopes and around deep lagoon pinnacles. Although they are
active swimmers, they often pause to pick zooplankton and at cleaning
stations, and shelter within the reef at night. Require unrestricted
space, hence unsuitable for home aquaria. Fusiliers are important food
fishes and are also used as bait in tuna fisheries.

1. Caesio caerulaurea Blue and gold fusilier
2. Caesio cuning Redbelly yellowtail fusilier
3. Caesio lunaris Lunar fusilier
4. Caesio striata Striated fusilier
5. Caesio suevica Suez fusilier
6. Caesio teres Yellow and blueback fusilier
7. Caesio varilineata Variable-lined fusilier
8. Caesio xanthonota Yellowback fusilier
9. Dipterygonotus balteatus Mottled fusilier
10. Gymnocaesio gymnoptera Slender fusilier
11. Pterocaesio capricornis Capricorn fusilier
12. Pterocaesio chrysozona Goldband fusilier
13. Pterocaesio digramma Double-lined fusilier
14. Pterocaesio flavifasciata
15. Pterocaesio lativittata Wide-band fusilier
16. Pterocaesio marri Marr's fusilier
17. Pterocaesio monikae
18. Pterocaesio pisang Banana fusilier
19. Pterocaesio randalli Randall's fusilier
20. Pterocaesio tessellata One-stripe fusilier
21. Pterocaesio tile Dark-banded fusilier
22. Pterocaesio trilineata Three-stripe fusilier
569
Family Callanthiidae
(Splendid perches)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Eastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean), Indian and Pacific

Oceans. Flat nasal organ devoid of lamellae; lateral line running along
base of dorsal fin. There is a midlateral row of scales with pits and/or
grooves.

1. Callanthias allporti Splendid sea perch
2. Callanthias australis Magnificent splendid perch
3. Callanthias japonicus
4. Callanthias legras Goldie
5. Callanthias parini
6. Callanthias platei
7. Callanthias ruber Parrot seaperch
8. Callanthias splendens
9. Grammatonotus ambiortus
10. Grammatonotus crosnieri Long-tailed groppo
11. Grammatonotus laysanus
12. Grammatonotus macrophthalmus
13. Grammatonotus surugaensis
14. Parabarossia lanceolata
570
Family Callionymidae
(Dragonets)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Mainly Indo-West Pacific. Tropical, benthic. Small gill

opening on upper side of head. A strong spine in preopercle.
Operculum and suboperculum without spines. Lateral line present.
Pectoral skeleton with 3 radials. Basisphenoid or posttemporal usually
lacking. Nasal bones paired. Postcleithra 2. Hypurals fused into one
plate. Spines in dorsal fin usually 4; soft rays 6-11. Anal fin soft rays 4-
10. Maximum length about 25 cm. Commonly sexually dimorphic.
Colorful. Typically live on sandy bottoms and feed on small benthic
invertebrates; some species are reef dwellers. Pelagic spawners. Some
Synchiropus species are popular in the aquarium trade but are difficult
to maintain as they feed only on small invertebrates.

1. Anaora tentaculata Tentacled dragonet
2. Bathycallionymus kaianus
3. Bathycallionymus sokonumeri
4. Callionymus aagilis Slow dragonet
5. Callionymus acutirostris Pointed dragonet
6. Callionymus afilum Northern Australian longtail dragonet
7. Callionymus africanus African deepwater dragonet
8. Callionymus altipinnis Highfin deepwater dragonet
9. Callionymus amboina Ambon darter dragonet
10. Callionymus annulatus Big-head dragonet
11. Callionymus australis Australian stinkfish
12. Callionymus bairdi Lancer dragonet
13. Callionymus belcheri Belcher’s dragonet
14. Callionymus beniteguri Whitespotted dragonet
15. Callionymus bentuviai Ben-Tuvia’s deepwater dragonet
16. Callionymus bifilum NW Australian deepwater dragonet
17. Callionymus bleekeri Bleeker’s deepwater dragonet
18. Callionymus caeruleonotatus Bluespotted dragonet
19. Callionymus carebares Indian deepwater dragonet
20. Callionymus colini Tiny New Guinea longtail dragonet
21. Callionymus comptus Ornamented dragonet
22. Callionymus cooperi Cooper’s dragonet
23. Callionymus csiro
24. Callionymus curvicornis
25. Callionymus decoratus Decorated dragonet
571
26. Callionymus delicatulus Delicate dragonet
27. Callionymus doryssus
28. Callionymus draconis
29. Callionymus enneactis Mangrove dragonet
30. Callionymus erythraeus Smallhead dragonet
31. Callionymus fasciatus
32. Callionymus filamentosus Blotchfin dragonet
33. Callionymus flavus
34. Callionymus fluviatilis River dragonet
35. Callionymus formosanus
36. Callionymus futuna
37. Callionymus gardineri Longtail dragonet
38. Callionymus goodladi Goodlad's stinkfish
39. Callionymus grossi Gross's stinkfish
40. Callionymus guentheri
41. Callionymus hainanensis
42. Callionymus hildae
43. Callionymus hindsii Hinds' dragonet
44. Callionymus io
45. Callionymus japonicus
46. Callionymus kailolae
47. Callionymus kanakorum
48. Callionymus keeleyi
49. Callionymus kotthausi
50. Callionymus leucobranchialis
51. Callionymus leucopoecilus
52. Callionymus limiceps Rough-headed dragonet
53. Callionymus luridus
54. Callionymus lyra Dragonet
55. Callionymus macclesfieldensis
56. Callionymus maculatus
57. Callionymus margaretae Margaret's dragonet
58. Callionymus marleyi Sand dragonet
59. Callionymus marquesensis
60. Callionymus martinae
61. Callionymus mascarenus Mauritius dragonet
62. Callionymus megastomus
63. Callionymus melanotopterus
64. Callionymus meridionalis
65. Callionymus moretonensis Queensland stinkfish
66. Callionymus mortenseni
67. Callionymus muscatensis Muscat dragonet
68. Callionymus neptunius Long-tail dragonet
69. Callionymus obscurus
70. Callionymus ochiaii
71. Callionymus octostigmatus
72. Callionymus ogilbyi
73. Callionymus oxycephalus
74. Callionymus persicus
75. Callionymus planus
76. Callionymus platycephalus
77. Callionymus pleurostictus
78. Callionymus pusillus
79. Callionymus regani
80. Callionymus reticulatus Reticulated dragonet
572
81. Callionymus risso
82. Callionymus rivatoni
83. Callionymus russelli
84. Callionymus sagitta Arrow dragonet
85. Callionymus scabriceps
86. Callionymus schaapii Short-snout sand-dragonet
87. Callionymus semeiophor
88. Callionymus sereti
89. Callionymus simplicicornis Simple-spined dragonet
90. Callionymus sphinx
91. Callionymus spiniceps
92. Callionymus stigmatopareius
93. Callionymus sublaevis
94. Callionymus superbus Proud dragonet
95. Callionymus tenuis
96. Callionymus tethys
97. Callionymus umbrithorax
98. Callionymus valenciennei
99. Callionymus variegatus
100. Callionymus whiteheadi
101. Callionymus zythros
102. Calliurichthys izuensis
103. Calliurichthys scaber
104. Dactylopus dactylopus Fingered dragonet
105. Diplogrammus goramensis Goram dragonet
106. Diplogrammus gruveli
107. Diplogrammus infulatus Sawspine dragonet
108. Diplogrammus pauciradiatus Spotted dragonet
109. Diplogrammus pygmaeus Pygmy dragonet
110. Diplogrammus randalli
111. Diplogrammus xenicus
112. Draculo celetus Dainty dragonet
113. Draculo maugei
114. Draculo pogognathus
115. Draculo shango
116. Eleutherochir mirabilis
117. Eleutherochir opercularis Flap-gilled dragonet
118. Eocallionymus papilio Painted stinkfish
119. Foetorepus agassizii Spotfin dragonet
120. Foetorepus australis
121. Foetorepus calauropomus Common stinkfish
122. Foetorepus dagmarae
123. Foetorepus garthi
124. Foetorepus goodenbeani Palefin dragonet
125. Foetorepus kamoharai
126. Foetorepus kanmuensis
127. Foetorepus kinmeiensis
128. Foetorepus masudai
129. Foetorepus paxtoni
130. Foetorepus phasis Bight stinkfish
131. Foetorepus talarae
132. Foetorepus valdiviae
133. Minysynchiropus kiyoae
134. Neosynchiropus bacescui
135. Paracallionymus costatus Ladder dragonet
573
136. Paradiplogrammus corallinus Exclamation point dragonet
137. Paradiplogrammus curvispinis
138. Paradiplogrammus parvus
139. Protogrammus antipodus
140. Protogrammus sousai
141. Pseudocalliurichthys brevianalis Small ruddertail dragonet
142. Pseudocalliurichthys ikedai
143. Repomucenus calcaratus Spotted stinkfish
144. Repomucenus huguenini
145. Repomucenus koreanus
146. Repomucenus lunatus
147. Repomucenus macdonaldi
148. Repomucenus olidus
149. Repomucenus ornatipinnis
150. Repomucenus richardsonii
151. Repomucenus virgis
152. Synchiropus altivelis
153. Synchiropus atrilabiatus Antler dragonet
154. Synchiropus bartelsi Bartel's dragonet
155. Synchiropus circularis Circled dragonet
156. Synchiropus claudiae
157. Synchiropus delandi
158. Synchiropus grandoculis
159. Synchiropus grinnelli Philippines dragonet
160. Synchiropus hawaiiensis
161. Synchiropus ijimae Japanese dragonet
162. Synchiropus kuiteri Orange-black dragonet
163. Synchiropus laddi Ladd's dragonet
164. Synchiropus lateralis
165. Synchiropus lineolatus
166. Synchiropus marmoratus Marbled dragonet
167. Synchiropus minutulus
168. Synchiropus monacanthus Deep-water dragonet
169. Synchiropus morrisoni Morrison's dragonet
170. Synchiropus moyeri Moyer's dragonet
171. Synchiropus novaecaledoniae
172. Synchiropus ocellatus Ocellated dragonet
173. Synchiropus orientalis
174. Synchiropus orstom
175. Synchiropus phaeton
176. Synchiropus picturatus Picturesque dragonet
177. Synchiropus postulus Dwarf dragonet
178. Synchiropus rameus High-finned dragonet
179. Synchiropus randalli
180. Synchiropus richeri
181. Synchiropus rosulentus Rosy dragonet
182. Synchiropus rubrovinctus
183. Synchiropus sechellensis
184. Synchiropus signipinnis
185. Synchiropus splendidus Mandarinfish
186. Synchiropus springeri
187. Synchiropus stellatus Starry dragonet
188. Synchiropus zamboangana
189. Tonlesapia tsukawakii
574
Family Caproidae
(Boarfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Body covered with
small ctenoid scales; spines in dorsal fin 7-9; anal fin spines 2-3; a
single spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Rounded caudal fin. Distinct
sagittal crest; pleural ribs present. Vertebrae 21-23.

1. Antigonia aurorosea
2. Antigonia capros Deepbody boarfish
3. Antigonia combatia Shortspine boarfish
4. Antigonia eos
5. Antigonia hulleyi
6. Antigonia indica
7. Antigonia kenyae
8. Antigonia malayana Malayan deepsea boarfish
9. Antigonia ovalis
10. Antigonia quiproqua
11. Antigonia rhomboidea Rhomboidal boarfish
12. Antigonia rubescens Indo-Pacific boarfish
13. Antigonia rubicunda Rosy deepsea boarfish
14. Antigonia saya
15. Antigonia socotrae
16. Antigonia undulata
17. Antigonia xenolepis
18. Capros aper Boarfish
575
Family Carangidae
(Jacks and pompanos)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; rarely brackish. Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Body generally compressed, although body shape extremely variable
from very deep to fusiform. Most species with only small cycloid
scales. Scales along lateral line often modified into spiny scutes.
Detached finlets, as many as nine, sometimes found behind dorsal and
anal fins. Large juveniles and adults with 2 dorsal fins. Anterior dorsal
fin with 3-9 spines; the second having 1 spine and usually 18-37 soft
rays. Anal spines usually 3, the first 2 separate from the rest; soft rays
usually 15-31. Widely forked caudal fin. Caudal peduncle slender.
Pelvic fins lacking in Parona signata. Vertebrae 24-27 (modally 24).
Fast swimming predators of the waters above the reef and in the open
sea. Some root in sand for invertebrates and fishes. One of the most
important families of tropical marine fishes; fished commercially and
for recreation.

1. Alectis alexandrinus Alexandria pompano
2. Alectis ciliaris African pompano
3. Alectis indica Indian threadfish
4. Alepes apercna Smallmouth scad
5. Alepes djedaba Shrimp scad
6. Alepes kleinii Razorbelly scad
7. Alepes melanoptera Blackfin scad
8. Alepes vari Herring scad
9. Atropus atropos Cleftbelly trevally
10. Atule mate Yellowtail scad
11. Campogramma glaycos Vadigo
12. Carangoides armatus Longfin trevally
13. Carangoides bajad Orangespotted trevally
14. Carangoides bartholomaei Yellow jack
15. Carangoides chrysophrys Longnose trevally
16. Carangoides ciliarius
17. Carangoides coeruleopinnatus Coastal trevally
18. Carangoides dinema Shadow trevally
19. Carangoides equula Whitefin trevally
20. Carangoides ferdau Blue trevally
21. Carangoides fulvoguttatus Yellowspotted trevally
576
22. Carangoides gymnostethus Bludger
23. Carangoides hedlandensis Bumpnose trevally
24. Carangoides humerosus Duskyshoulder trevally
25. Carangoides malabaricus Malabar trevally
26. Carangoides oblongus Coachwhip trevally
27. Carangoides orthogrammus Island trevally
28. Carangoides otrynter Threadfin jack
29. Carangoides plagiotaenia Barcheek trevally
30. Carangoides praeustus Brownback trevally
31. Carangoides ruber Bar jack
32. Carangoides talamparoides Imposter trevally
33. Caranx bucculentus Bluespotted trevally
34. Caranx caballus Green jack
35. Caranx caninus Pacific crevalle jack
36. Caranx crysos Blue runner
37. Caranx fischeri Longfin crevalle jack
38. Caranx heberi Blacktip trevally
39. Caranx hippos Crevalle jack
40. Caranx ignobilis Giant trevally
41. Caranx latus Horse-eye jack
42. Caranx lugubris Black jack
43. Caranx melampygus Bluefin trevally
44. Caranx papuensis Brassy trevally
45. Caranx rhonchus False scad
46. Caranx sansun
47. Caranx senegallus Senegal jack
48. Caranx sexfasciatus Bigeye trevally
49. Caranx tille Tille trevally
50. Caranx vinctus Cocinero
51. Chloroscombrus chrysurus Atlantic bumper
52. Chloroscombrus orqueta Pacific bumper
53. Decapterus akaadsi
54. Decapterus koheru Koheru
55. Decapterus kurroides Redtail scad
56. Decapterus lajang
57. Decapterus macarellus Mackerel scad
58. Decapterus macrosoma Shortfin scad
59. Decapterus maruadsi Japanese scad
60. Decapterus muroadsi Amberstripe scad
61. Decapterus punctatus Round scad
62. Decapterus russelli Indian scad
63. Decapterus scombrinus Mexican scad
64. Decapterus tabl Roughear scad
65. Elagatis bipinnulata Rainbow runner
66. Gnathanodon speciosus Golden trevally
67. Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus Bluntnose jack
68. Hemicaranx bicolor Bicolor jack
69. Hemicaranx leucurus Yellowfin jack
70. Hemicaranx zelotes Blackfin jack
71. Lichia amia Leerfish
72. Megalaspis cordyla Torpedo scad
73. Naucrates ductor Pilotfish
74. Oligoplites altus Longjaw leatherjacket
75. Oligoplites palometa Maracaibo leatherjacket
76. Oligoplites refulgens Shortjaw leatherjacket
577
77. Oligoplites saliens Castin leatherjacket
78. Oligoplites saurus Leatherjacket
79. Pantolabus radiatus Fringefin trevally
80. Parastromateus niger Black pomfret
81. Parona signata Parona leatherjacket
82. Pseudocaranx chilensis Juan Fernandez trevally
83. Pseudocaranx dentex White trevally
84. Pseudocaranx dinjerra
85. Pseudocaranx wrighti Skipjack trevally
86. Scomberoides commersonnianus Talang queenfish
87. Scomberoides lysan Doublespotted queenfish
88. Scomberoides tala Barred queenfish
89. Scomberoides tol Needlescaled queenfish
90. Selar boops Oxeye scad
91. Selar crumenophthalmus Bigeye scad
92. Selaroides leptolepis Yellowstripe scad
93. Selene brevoortii Hairfin lookdown
94. Selene brownii Caribbean moonfish
95. Selene dorsalis African moonfish
96. Selene orstedii Mexican moonfish
97. Selene peruviana Peruvian moonfish
98. Selene setapinnis Atlantic moonfish
99. Selene spixii
100. Selene vomer Lookdown
101. Seriola carpenteri Guinean amberjack
102. Seriola dumerili Greater amberjack
103. Seriola fasciata Lesser amberjack
104. Seriola hippos Samson fish
105. Seriola lalandi Yellowtail amberjack
106. Seriola peruana Fortune jack
107. Seriola quinqueradiata Japanese amberjack
108. Seriola rivoliana Longfin yellowtail
109. Seriola zonata Banded rudderfish
110. Seriolina nigrofasciata Blackbanded trevally
111. Trachinotus africanus Southern pompano
112. Trachinotus anak Oyster pompano
113. Trachinotus baillonii Small spotted dart
114. Trachinotus blochii Snubnose pompano
115. Trachinotus botla Largespotted dart
116. Trachinotus carolinus Florida pompano
117. Trachinotus cayennensis Cayenne pompano
118. Trachinotus coppingeri Swallowtail dart
119. Trachinotus falcatus Permit
120. Trachinotus goodei Great pompano
121. Trachinotus goreensis Longfin pompano
122. Trachinotus kennedyi Blackblotch pompano
123. Trachinotus marginatus Plata pompano
124. Trachinotus maxillosus Guinean pompano
125. Trachinotus mookalee Indian pompano
126. Trachinotus ovatus Pompano
127. Trachinotus paitensis Paloma pompano
128. Trachinotus rhodopus Gafftopsail pompano
129. Trachinotus stilbe Steel pompano
130. Trachinotus teraia Shortfin pompano
131. Trachurus aleevi
578
132. Trachurus capensis Cape horse mackerel
133. Trachurus declivis Greenback horse mackerel
134. Trachurus delagoa African scad
135. Trachurus indicus Arabian scad
136. Trachurus japonicus Japanese jack mackerel
137. Trachurus lathami Rough scad
138. Trachurus longimanus Crozet scad
139. Trachurus mediterraneus Mediterranean horse mackerel
140. Trachurus murphyi Chilean jack mackerel
141. Trachurus novaezelandiae Yellowtail horse mackerel
142. Trachurus picturatus Blue jack mackerel
143. Trachurus symmetricus Pacific jack mackerel
144. Trachurus trachurus Atlantic horse mackerel
145. Trachurus trecae Cunene horse mackerel
146. Ulua aurochs Silvermouth trevally
147. Ulua mentalis Longrakered trevally
148. Uraspis helvola
149. Uraspis secunda Cottonmouth jack
150. Uraspis uraspis Whitemouth jack
579
Family Caristiidae
(Manefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Oceanic. Deep bodied. Dorsal fin high with long base, origin on head;
anal fin with 17 to 22 elements (spines lost); pectoral fins with 16 to
21 rays (Ref. 9850). Elongate pelvic fins, inserted before or behind
pectoral fin base; with 1 spine and 5 soft rays 5. Caudal rays 15,
branched. Branchiostegal rays 7. With 35-40 vertebrae. Associated
with siphonophores, including feeding on them.

1. Caristius groenlandicus
2. Caristius japonicus
3. Caristius macropus Manefish
4. Paracaristius heemstrai
5. Paracaristius maderensis
6. Platyberyx opalescens
580
Family Centracanthidae
(Picarels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and off South Africa.

Dorsal fin having 11-13 spines and 9-11 soft rays. Three spines in anal
fin; soft rays 9-10. Very protractile upper jaw. Planktivorous.

1. Centracanthus cirrus Curled picarel
2. Spicara alta Bigeye picarel
3. Spicara australis
4. Spicara axillaris
5. Spicara maena Blotched picarel
6. Spicara martinicus
7. Spicara melanurus Blackspot picarel
8. Spicara nigricauda Blacktail picarel
9. Spicara smaris Picarel
581
Family Centrarchidae
(Sunfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: North America. Anal spines at least 3. Pseudobranch small

and hidden. Branchiostegal rays 5-7. Separate gill membranes. To
about 83 cm maximum length (reported for Micropterus salmoides).
Mostly nest builders. Nest building and guarding done by the male.
Valued as sports fish and used in physiological and ecological
experiments. Introduced into many areas outside native range.

1. Acantharchus pomotis Mud sunfish
2. Ambloplites ariommus Shadow bass
3. Ambloplites cavifrons Roanoke bass
4. Ambloplites constellatus Ozark bass
5. Ambloplites rupestris Rock bass
6. Archoplites interruptus Sacramento perch
7. Centrarchus macropterus Flier
8. Enneacanthus chaetodon Blackbanded sunfish
9. Enneacanthus gloriosus Bluespotted sunfish
10. Enneacanthus obesus Banded sunfish
11. Lepomis auritus Redbreast sunfish
12. Lepomis cyanellus Green sunfish
13. Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed
14. Lepomis gulosus Warmouth
15. Lepomis humilis Orangespotted sunfish
16. Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill
17. Lepomis marginatus Dollar sunfish
18. Lepomis megalotis Longear sunfish
19. Lepomis microlophus Redear sunfish
20. Lepomis miniatus Redspotted sunfish
21. Lepomis punctatus Spotted sunfish
22. Lepomis symmetricus Bantam sunfish
23. Micropterus cataractae Shoal bass
24. Micropterus coosae Redeye bass
25. Micropterus dolomieu Smallmouth bass
26. Micropterus floridanus
27. Micropterus notius Suwannee bass
28. Micropterus punctulatus Spotted bass
29. Micropterus salmoides Largemouth black bass
30. Micropterus treculii Guadalupe bass
31. Pomoxis annularis White crappie
32. Pomoxis nigromaculatus Black crappie
582
Family Centrogenyidae
(False scorpionfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Family needs more work. Only one marine species (rarely brackish)
bearing a superficial resemblance to cirrhitids. Also misspelled
Centrogeniidae or Centrogenysidae.

1. Centrogenys vaigiensis False scorpionfish
583
Family Centrolophidae
(Medusafishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: All tropical and temperate seas, except of mid-Indian and
mid-Pacific Oceans. Adults with pelvic fins. Continuous dorsal fin,
either with 0-5 feeble spines graduating to soft rays or 5-9 stout and
much shorter spines not graduating to soft rays. Anal fin rays 15-41,
usually 3 of which are spines.

1. Centrolophus niger Rudderfish
2. Hyperoglyphe antarctica Bluenose warehou
3. Hyperoglyphe bythites Black driftfish
4. Hyperoglyphe japonica Pacific barrelfish
5. Hyperoglyphe macrophthalma
6. Hyperoglyphe perciformis Barrelfish
7. Hyperoglyphe pringlei Black butterfish
8. Icichthys lockingtoni Medusafish
9. Psenopsis anomala Pacific rudderfish
10. Psenopsis cyanea Indian ruff
11. Psenopsis humerosa Blackspot butterfish
12. Psenopsis intermedia
13. Psenopsis obscura Obscure ruff
14. Psenopsis shojimai
15. Pseudoicichthys australis Southern driftfish
16. Schedophilus griseolineatus
17. Schedophilus haedrichi Mocosa ruff
18. Schedophilus huttoni New Zealand ruffe
19. Schedophilus maculatus Pelagic butterfish
20. Schedophilus marmoratus
21. Schedophilus medusophagus Cornish blackfish
22. Schedophilus ovalis Imperial blackfish
23. Schedophilus pemarco Pemarco blackfish
24. Schedophilus velaini Violet warehou
25. Seriolella brama Common warehou
26. Seriolella caerulea White warehou
27. Seriolella porosa Choicy ruff
28. Seriolella punctata Silver warehou
29. Seriolella tinro
30. Seriolella violacea Palm ruff
31. Tubbia tasmanica Tasmanian ruffe
584
Family Centropomidae
(Snooks)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Family content changed since Ref. 7463. Includes only Centropomus
with 12 species, (= former Centropominae). Hypopterus (1 sp.), Lates
(9 spp.) and Psammoperca (1 sp.) are placed in a new family, Latidae
(= former Centropomidae: Latinae) (Ref. 54714). Distribution:
Americas and Atlantic Ocean. Perch-like fishes with concave snout
profiles. Marine (often brackish); some in freshwater. Branchiostegal 7
rays. Important food fishes. Maximum length about 1.4 m. The
following information (Ref. 7463) needs to be reviewed after the
splitting. Lateral line extends onto caudal peduncle, reaching posterior
margin of fin (except in one species); some species with 3 rows on the
tail. Pelvic axis usually with scaly process. Dorsal fin bipartite (either
deeply notched or with a distinct gap); with 7 or 8 spines on the first
part; 1 spine and 8-11 soft rays on the second. Anal fin 3 spines; 6- 9
soft rays. Pelvic fin 1 spine, 5 soft rays. Caudal fin rounded, truncate
or forked.

1. Centropomus armatus Armed snook
2. Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook
3. Centropomus medius Blackfin snook
4. Centropomus mexicanus Guianan snook
5. Centropomus nigrescens Black snook
6. Centropomus parallelus Fat snook
7. Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook
8. Centropomus poeyi Mexican snook
9. Centropomus robalito Yellowfin snook
10. Centropomus undecimalis Common snook
11. Centropomus unionensis Union snook
12. Centropomus viridis White snook
585
Family Cepolidae
(Bandfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Eastern Atlantic (off Europe and Mediterranean) and

Indo-West Pacific (including New Zealand). Continuous dorsal fin with
0-4 spines (often 3). Anal fin 0-2 spines. Vomer and palatine toothless.
Postcleithrum 1. Branchiostegal rays 6. Lateral line found along dorsal
fin base. Epineural ribs in some trunk vertebrae fused proximally to
corresponding pleural ribs. Body color usually red or pink. Maximum
length 70 cm, attained in Cepola rubescens. Most species live in self-
made burrows in muddy or fine-sand areas. Feed on zooplankton.
Pelagic eggs.

1. Acanthocepola abbreviata Bandfish
2. Acanthocepola indica
3. Acanthocepola krusensternii Red-spotted bandfish
4. Acanthocepola limbata Blackspot bandfish
5. Cepola australis Australian bandfish
6. Cepola haastii
7. Cepola macrophthalma Red bandfish
8. Cepola pauciradiata
9. Cepola schlegelii
10. Owstonia dorypterus
11. Owstonia grammodon
12. Owstonia maccullochi McCulloch's bandfish
13. Owstonia macrophthalmus
14. Owstonia nigromarginatus
15. Owstonia pectinifer Comb bandfish
16. Owstonia sarmiento
17. Owstonia simoterus
18. Owstonia tosaensis
19. Owstonia totomiensis Short-tail bandfish
20. Owstonia weberi
21. Pseudocepola taeniosoma
22. Sphenanthias sibogae
586
Family Chaenopsidae
(Pike, Tube and Flagblennies)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North and South America, tropical. Body compressed;

usually elongated to anguilliform in Chaenopsis. Scaleless. Lateral line
absent, or not more than 3 pores behind operculum. Maxilla hidden
from external view. Dorsal fin much higher anteriorly in some species.
Spines in dorsal fin 17-28; soft rays 10-38; total dorsal fin rays 29-57.
Spines in anal fin 2: soft rays 19-38. Pectoral fin rays 12-15. Caudal fin
separate or joined to dorsal and anal fins in varying degrees. Nape
without cirri. With or without orbital and nasal cirri. Head rough, often
with spines. About 16 cm maximum length; most much smaller.
Symbiosis between a chaenopsid and a stony coral has been reported
from the Caribbean. Most dwell in abandoned invertebrate tubes and
feed on small crustaceans. Assumed to guard eggs in their tubes (RF).

1. Acanthemblemaria aspera Roughhead blenny
2. Acanthemblemaria atrata Cocos barnacle blenny
3. Acanthemblemaria balanorum Clubhead blenny
4. Acanthemblemaria betinensis Speckled blenny
5. Acanthemblemaria castroi Galapagos barnacle blenny
6. Acanthemblemaria chaplini Papillose blenny
7. Acanthemblemaria crockeri Browncheek blenny
8. Acanthemblemaria cubana
9. Acanthemblemaria exilispinus Bluntspine blenny
10. Acanthemblemaria greenfieldi False papillose blenny
11. Acanthemblemaria hancocki Hancock's blenny
12. Acanthemblemaria harpeza
13. Acanthemblemaria johnsoni
14. Acanthemblemaria macrospilus Barnacle blenny
15. Acanthemblemaria mangognatha Revillagigedo barnacle
16. Acanthemblemaria maria Secretary blenny
17. Acanthemblemaria medusa Medusa blenny
18. Acanthemblemaria paula Dwarf spinyhead blenny
19. Acanthemblemaria rivasi Spotjaw blenny
20. Acanthemblemaria spinosa Spinyhead blenny
21. Acanthemblemaria stephensi Malpelo barnacle blenny
22. Chaenopsis alepidota alepidota Orangethroat pikeblenny
23. Chaenopsis alepidota californiensis
24. Chaenopsis coheni Cortez pikeblenny
587
25. Chaenopsis deltarrhis Delta pikeblenny
26. Chaenopsis limbaughi Yellowface pikeblenny
27. Chaenopsis megalops
28. Chaenopsis ocellata Bluethroat pikeblenny
29. Chaenopsis resh
30. Chaenopsis roseola Flecked pikeblenny
31. Chaenopsis schmitti Yellow-mouth pikeblenny
32. Chaenopsis stephensi
33. Cirriemblemaria lucasana Plume blenny
34. Coralliozetus angelicus Angel blenny
35. Coralliozetus boehlkei Barcheek blenny
36. Coralliozetus cardonae Twinhorn blenny
37. Coralliozetus micropes Scarletfin blenny
38. Coralliozetus rosenblatti Spikefin blenny
39. Coralliozetus springeri
40. Ekemblemaria lira
41. Ekemblemaria myersi Reefsand blenny
42. Ekemblemaria nigra Moth blenny
43. Emblemaria atlantica Banner blenny
44. Emblemaria australis
45. Emblemaria biocellata Twospot blenny
46. Emblemaria caldwelli Caribbean blenny
47. Emblemaria caycedoi Colombian blenny
48. Emblemaria culmenis Ridge blenny
49. Emblemaria diphyodontis Venezuelan blenny
50. Emblemaria hudsoni
51. Emblemaria hyltoni Filament blenny
52. Emblemaria hypacanthus Gulf signal blenny
53. Emblemaria nivipes Whiteback signal blenny
54. Emblemaria pandionis Sailfin blenny
55. Emblemaria piratica Sailfin signal blenny
56. Emblemaria piratula Pirate blenny
57. Emblemaria vitta
58. Emblemaria walkeri Elusive signal blenny
59. Emblemariopsis bahamensis Blackhead blenny
60. Emblemariopsis bottomei Shorthead blenny
61. Emblemariopsis dianae Orangeflag blenny
62. Emblemariopsis diaphana Glass blenny
63. Emblemariopsis leptocirris
64. Emblemariopsis occidentalis Flagfin blenny
65. Emblemariopsis pricei Seafan blenny
66. Emblemariopsis ramirezi
67. Emblemariopsis randalli Hornless blenny
68. Emblemariopsis ruetzleri
69. Emblemariopsis signifer
70. Emblemariopsis tayrona Tayrona blenny
71. Hemiemblemaria simulus Wrasse blenny
72. Lucayablennius zingaro Arrow blenny
73. Mccoskerichthys sandae Tufted blenny
74. Neoclinus blanchardi Sarcastic fringehead
75. Neoclinus bryope
76. Neoclinus chihiroe
77. Neoclinus lacunicola
78. Neoclinus nudus
79. Neoclinus okazakii
588
80. Neoclinus stephensae Yellowfin fringehead
81. Neoclinus toshimaensis
82. Neoclinus uninotatus Onespot fringehead
83. Protemblemaria bicirrus Warthead blenny
84. Protemblemaria perla
85. Protemblemaria punctata
86. Stathmonotus culebrai Panamanian worm blenny
87. Stathmonotus gymnodermis Naked blenny
88. Stathmonotus hemphillii Blackbelly blenny
89. Stathmonotus lugubris Mexican worm blenny
90. Stathmonotus sinuscalifornici California worm blenny
91. Stathmonotus stahli Eelgrass blenny
92. Tanyemblemaria alleni Slender blenny
589
Family Chaetodontidae
(Butterflyfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic (tropical to temperate), Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Primarily

Indo-west Pacific. Highly compressed body. Dorsal fin continuous, with
6-16 spines and 15-30 soft rays. Spines in anal fin 3-5, usually 3, and
14-23 soft rays. Caudal fin with 15 branched rays, rounded to
emarginate. Scales extend onto anal and dorsal fins. Mouth small,
terminal and protrusible with a band or rows of small brushlike teeth.
Gut coiled several times. Two anteriorly directed processes in swim
bladder. Vertebrae 24 (11+13). Most with bright coloration, a dark
band across the eye and an 'eyespot' dorsally. Generally near coral
reefs. Typically diurnal. Many feed on a combination of coelenterate
polyps or tentacles, small invertebrates, fish eggs, and filamentous
algae while others are specialists or planktivores. Most species occur
as heterosexual pairs. Pelagic spawners. Tholichthys larval stage with
the head region covered with bony plates. Some of the planktivores
and generalists do well in the aquarium, but most species are difficult
to maintain, and obligate corallivores nearly impossible. Chaet- (gr.) =
bristle, odont- (gr.) = tooth.

1. Amphichaetodon howensis Lord Howe Island butterflyfish
2. Amphichaetodon melbae Narrow-barred butterflyfish
3. Chaetodon adiergastos Philippine butterflyfish
4. Chaetodon andamanensis
5. Chaetodon argentatus Asian butterflyfish
6. Chaetodon assarius West Australian butterflyfish
7. Chaetodon aureofasciatus Golden butterflyfish
8. Chaetodon auriga Threadfin butterflyfish
9. Chaetodon auripes Oriental butterflyfish
10. Chaetodon austriacus Blacktail butterflyfish
11. Chaetodon baronessa Eastern triangular butterflyfish
12. Chaetodon bennetti Bluelashed butterflyfish
13. Chaetodon blackburnii Brownburnie
14. Chaetodon burgessi Burgess' butterflyfish
15. Chaetodon capistratus Foureye butterflyfish
16. Chaetodon citrinellus Speckled butterflyfish
17. Chaetodon collare Redtail butterflyfish
590
18. Chaetodon daedalma Wrought iron butterflyfish
19. Chaetodon declivis Marquesas butterflyfish
20. Chaetodon decussatus Indian vagabond butterflyfish
21. Chaetodon dialeucos Oman butterflyfish
22. Chaetodon dolosus African butterflyfish
23. Chaetodon ephippium Saddle butterflyfish
24. Chaetodon falcula Blackwedged butterflyfish
25. Chaetodon fasciatus Diagonal butterflyfish
26. Chaetodon flavirostris Black butterflyfish
27. Chaetodon flavocoronatus Yellow-crowned butterflyfish
28. Chaetodon fremblii Bluestriped butterflyfish
29. Chaetodon gardineri Gardner's butterflyfish
30. Chaetodon guentheri Crochet butterflyfish
31. Chaetodon guttatissimus Peppered butterflyfish
32. Chaetodon hemichrysus Half-yellow butterflyfish
33. Chaetodon hoefleri Four-banded butterflyfish
34. Chaetodon humeralis Threebanded butterflyfish
35. Chaetodon interruptus Yellow teardrop butterflyfish
36. Chaetodon kleinii Sunburst butterflyfish
37. Chaetodon larvatus Hooded butterflyfish
38. Chaetodon leucopleura Somali butterflyfish
39. Chaetodon lineolatus Lined butterflyfish
40. Chaetodon litus Easter Island butterflyfish
41. Chaetodon lunula Raccoon butterflyfish
42. Chaetodon lunulatus Oval butterflyfish
43. Chaetodon madagaskariensis Seychelles butterflyfish
44. Chaetodon marleyi Doublesash butterflyfish
45. Chaetodon melannotus Blackback butterflyfish
46. Chaetodon melapterus Arabian butterflyfish
47. Chaetodon mertensii Atoll butterflyfish
48. Chaetodon mesoleucos White-face butterflyfish
49. Chaetodon meyeri Scrawled butterflyfish
50. Chaetodon miliaris Millet butterflyfish
51. Chaetodon mitratus Indian butterflyfish
52. Chaetodon multicinctus Pebbled butterflyfish
53. Chaetodon nigropunctatus Black-spotted butterflyfish
54. Chaetodon nippon Japanese butterflyfish
55. Chaetodon ocellatus Spotfin butterflyfish
56. Chaetodon ocellicaudus Spot-tail butterflyfish
57. Chaetodon octofasciatus Eightband butterflyfish
58. Chaetodon ornatissimus Ornate butterflyfish
59. Chaetodon oxycephalus Spot-nape butterflyfish
60. Chaetodon paucifasciatus Eritrean butterflyfish
61. Chaetodon pelewensis Sunset butterflyfish
62. Chaetodon plebeius Blueblotch butterflyfish
63. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Spotband butterflyfish
64. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Fourspot butterflyfish
65. Chaetodon rafflesii Latticed butterflyfish
66. Chaetodon rainfordi Rainford's butterflyfish
67. Chaetodon reticulatus Mailed butterflyfish
68. Chaetodon robustus Three-banded butterflyfish
69. Chaetodon sanctaehelenae Saint Helena butterflyfish
70. Chaetodon sedentarius Reef butterflyfish
71. Chaetodon selene Yellow-dotted butterflyfish
72. Chaetodon semeion Dotted butterflyfish
591
73. Chaetodon semilarvatus Bluecheek butterflyfish
74. Chaetodon smithi Smith's butterflyfish
75. Chaetodon speculum Mirror butterflyfish
76. Chaetodon striatus Banded butterflyfish
77. Chaetodon tinkeri Hawaiian butterflyfish
78. Chaetodon triangulum Triangle butterflyfish
79. Chaetodon trichrous Tahiti butterflyfish
80. Chaetodon tricinctus Three-striped butterflyfish
81. Chaetodon trifascialis Chevron butterflyfish
82. Chaetodon trifasciatus Melon butterflyfish
83. Chaetodon ulietensis Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish
84. Chaetodon unimaculatus Teardrop butterflyfish
85. Chaetodon vagabundus Vagabond butterflyfish
86. Chaetodon wiebeli Hongkong butterflyfish
87. Chaetodon xanthocephalus Yellowhead butterflyfish
88. Chaetodon xanthurus Pearlscale butterflyfish
89. Chaetodon zanzibarensis Zanzibar butterflyfish
90. Chelmon marginalis Margined coralfish
91. Chelmon muelleri Blackfin coralfish
92. Chelmon rostratus Copperband butterflyfish
93. Chelmonops curiosus Western talma
94. Chelmonops truncatus Truncate coralfish
95. Coradion altivelis Highfin coralfish
96. Coradion chrysozonus Goldengirdled coralfish
97. Coradion melanopus Twospot coralfish
98. Forcipiger flavissimus Longnose butterfly fish
99. Forcipiger longirostris Longnose butterflyfish
100. Hemitaurichthys multispinosus Many-spined butterflyfish
101. Hemitaurichthys multispinus Spiny butterflyfish
102. Hemitaurichthys polylepis Pyramid butterflyfish
103. Hemitaurichthys thompsoni Thompson's butterflyfish
104. Hemitaurichthys zoster Brown-and-white butterflyfish
105. Heniochus acuminatus Pennant coralfish
106. Heniochus chrysostomus Threeband pennantfish
107. Heniochus diphreutes False moorish idol
108. Heniochus intermedius Red Sea bannerfish
109. Heniochus monoceros Masked bannerfish
110. Heniochus pleurotaenia Phantom bannerfish
111. Heniochus singularius Singular bannerfish
112. Heniochus varius Horned bannerfish
113. Johnrandallia nigrirostris Blacknosed butterflyfish
114. Parachaetodon ocellatus Sixspine butterflyfish
115. Prognathodes aculeatus Longsnout butterflyfish
116. Prognathodes aya Bank butterflyfish
117. Prognathodes brasiliensis
118. Prognathodes carlhubbsi
119. Prognathodes dichrous Bicolor butterflyfish
120. Prognathodes falcifer Scythemarked butterflyfish
121. Prognathodes guezei Gueze's butterflyfish
122. Prognathodes guyanensis French butterflyfish
123. Prognathodes guyotensis
124. Prognathodes marcellae
125. Prognathodes obliquus Oblique butterflyfish
126. Roa australis Triple-banded butterflyfish
127. Roa excelsa Hawaiian gold-barred butterflyfish
592
128. Roa jayakari Indian golden-barred butterflyfish
129. Roa modesta Brown-banded butterflyfish
593
Family Champsodontidae
(Crocodile toothfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Elongate pelvic fins before pectorals. Small

pectoral fins with an oblique base. Short spinous dorsal fin, with 5
spines and 17-20 rays. Long anal fin, with one spine and 17-20 soft
rays.

1. Champsodon atridorsalis
2. Champsodon capensis Gaper
3. Champsodon fimbriatus
4. Champsodon guentheri Günther's sabre-gills
5. Champsodon longipinnis
6. Champsodon machaeratus
7. Champsodon nudivittis
8. Champsodon omanensis
9. Champsodon pantolepis
10. Champsodon sagittus
11. Champsodon sechellensis
12. Champsodon snyderi
13. Champsodon vorax
594
Family Channichthyidae
(Crocodile icefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic and southern South America. Mouth

nonprotrusible. Snout projecting forward and depressed. Spinous
dorsal fin present. Pelvic fins broad or elongate. Vertebrae 22-31.
Maximum length 75 cm. Gill membranes fused. Erythrocytes lacking in
most or all species and is thought to be probably compensated for by
the cold, well-oxygenated habitat, a large volume of blood circulation
and skin respiration.

1. Chaenocephalus aceratus Blackfin icefish
2. Chaenodraco wilsoni Spiny icefish
3. Champsocephalus esox Pike icefish
4. Champsocephalus gunnari Mackerel icefish
5. Channichthys aelitae Aelita icefish
6. Channichthys bospori Big-eyed icefish
7. Channichthys irinae Pygmy icefish
8. Channichthys mithridatis Green icefish
9. Channichthys normani
10. Channichthys panticapaei Charcoal icefish
11. Channichthys rhinoceratus Unicorn icefish
12. Channichthys rugosus Red icefish
13. Channichthys velifer Sail icefish
14. Chionobathyscus dewitti
15. Chionodraco hamatus
16. Chionodraco myersi Myers' icefish
17. Chionodraco rastrospinosus Ocellated icefish
18. Cryodraco antarcticus Long-fingered icefish
19. Cryodraco atkinsoni
20. Cryodraco pappenheimi
21. Dacodraco hunteri
22. Neopagetopsis ionah Jonah's icefish
23. Pagetopsis macropterus
24. Pagetopsis maculatus
25. Pseudochaenichthys georgianus South Georgia icefish
595
Family Channidae
(Snakeheads)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa (three species) and southern Asia. Elongate
body; lower jaw protruding. Dorsal and anal fin bases long. Pelvic fins
may be lacking in some; with 6 rays when present. No spines in fins.
Scales ctenoid or cycloid. Airbreathing through suprabranchial organ.
About 1.2 m maximum length. Important in aquaculture and
commonly used in rice-fish farming. Some species are widely
introduced.

1. Channa amphibeus Borna snakehead
2. Channa argus argus Snakehead
3. Channa argus warpachowskii Amur snakehead
4. Channa asiatica Small snakehead
5. Channa aurantimaculata
6. Channa bankanensis
7. Channa baramensis
8. Channa barca Barca snakehead
9. Channa bleheri
10. Channa burmanica
11. Channa cyanospilos
12. Channa diplogramma
13. Channa gachua
14. Channa harcourtbutleri Burmese snakehead
15. Channa lucius
16. Channa maculata Blotched snakehead
17. Channa marulia Great snakehead
18. Channa marulioides
19. Channa melanoptera
20. Channa melasoma Black snakehead
21. Channa micropeltes Indonesian snakehead
22. Channa nox
23. Channa orientalis Walking snakehead
24. Channa ornatipinnis
25. Channa panaw
26. Channa pleurophthalma
27. Channa pulchra
28. Channa punctata Spotted snakehead
29. Channa stewartii Assamese snakehead
30. Channa striata Striped snakehead
31. Parachanna africana
596
32. Parachanna insignis
33. Parachanna obscura
597
Family Cheilodactylidae
(Morwongs)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Southern Hemisphere (parts of Atlantic, Indian, and

Pacific Oceans) and Northern Hemisphere (off Japan, China and
Hawaiian Islands). Dorsal fin single, continuous or almost separate;
spines 14-22; soft rays 19-39. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 7-19.
No teeth in vomer and palatines. Adults with the lower 4-7 pectoral
rays usually thickened, elongated, and free. Vertebrae usually 24.
Moderately elongate and compressed fishes with small mouths and
thick lips. About 1 m maximum length. Feed on small benthic
invertebrates. Hide in holes at night. Inhabits subtropical and
temperate nearshore waters; often solitary, demersal over reef
substrates.

1. Cheilodactylus fasciatus Redfingers
2. Cheilodactylus francisi Blacktip morwong
3. Cheilodactylus nigripes Magpie perch
4. Cheilodactylus pixi Barred fingerfin
5. Cheilodactylus rubrolabiatus
6. Cheilodactylus variegatus Peruvian morwong
7. Chirodactylus brachydactylus Two-tone fingerfin
8. Chirodactylus grandis Bank steenbras
9. Chirodactylus jessicalenorum Natal fingerfin
10. Dactylophora nigricans Dusky morwong
11. Goniistius ephippium Painted moki
12. Goniistius fuscus Red morwong
13. Goniistius gibbosus Western crested morwong
14. Goniistius plessisi Plessis' morwong
15. Goniistius quadricornis
16. Goniistius spectabilis Red moki
17. Goniistius vestitus Crested morwong
18. Goniistius vittatus Hawaiian morwong
19. Goniistius zebra Redlip morwong
20. Goniistius zonatus Spottedtail morwong
21. Nemadactylus bergi Castaneta
22. Nemadactylus douglasii Porae
23. Nemadactylus gayi
24. Nemadactylus macropterus Tarakihi
25. Nemadactylus monodactylus St. Paul's fingerfin
598
26. Nemadactylus valenciennesi Sea carp
27. Nemadactylus vemae
599
Family Cheimarrichthyidae
(Torrentfish)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Family Cheimarrhichthyidae is a monotypic family consisting of

Cheimarrichthys fosteri which is found in fast-flowing rivers thoughout
coastal New Zealand. It is called a torrentfish for it lives in tumbling
white waters usually in large rivers with gravel and boulders and a
broad bed. Such rivers are unstable, their beds shift during floods.
Much of this habitat is difficult to reach that torrentfish are not easily
observed and relatively little is known about them. The species may
reach an elevation of 700 meters and penetrate 300 kilometers inland
from the coast. The fish has a heavy body and broad head that is
flattened on the ventral surface. The depressed head, its flattened
ventral surface, combined with the broad pectoral and pelvic fins are
hydrodynamically attuned to the swift-flowing currents. Dorsal fin with
3 or 4 short, isolated spines preceeding the long, low soft dorsal fin.
The anal fin with 1 spine and 15 soft rays. The pelvic fins are under
the head, anterior to the broad pectoral fins. The caudal fin is slightly
forked. The mouth is small and non protractile, the snout overhangs
the lower jaw. A lateral line is present with about 50scales along its
length. Maximum total length is about 16 cm, most specimens are
about 10 - 12.5 cm. Apparently spawns in the spring and has a marine
larval stage, but the actual spawning site is unknown. Juveniles enter
fresh water in spring and spend the rest of their lives there. Feeds on
aquatic insects. The subterminal mouth is very effective for grazing
invertebrates from rock surfaces.

1. Cheimarrichthys fosteri Torrent fish
600
Family Chiasmodontidae
(Snaketooth fishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Oceanic. Premaxilla and maxilla elongate and slender, firmly fused
distally. Premaxilla with the front tip dorsally expanded and diverging
to the sides. Mouth and stomach very distensible. Two separate dorsal
fins, first short with 7-8 flexible spines, second long with 18 to 29
segmented rays; anal fin long with 1 spine, 17-29 segmented rays; 33-
48 vertebrae. Pseudoscopelus with photophores and sometimes placed
in its own family.

1. Chiasmodon bolangeri
2. Chiasmodon braueri
3. Chiasmodon lavenbergi
4. Chiasmodon niger Black swallower
5. Chiasmodon subniger
6. Dysalotus alcocki
7. Dysalotus oligoscolus
8. Kali caribbaea
9. Kali colubrina
10. Kali falx
11. Kali indica
12. Kali macrodon
13. Kali macrura
14. Kali normani
15. Kali parri
16. Pseudoscopelus albeolus
17. Pseudoscopelus altipinnis
18. Pseudoscopelus aphos
19. Pseudoscopelus astronesthidens
20. Pseudoscopelus australis
21. Pseudoscopelus bothrorrhinos
22. Pseudoscopelus cephalus
23. Pseudoscopelus lavenbergi
24. Pseudoscopelus microps
25. Pseudoscopelus obtusifrons
26. Pseudoscopelus parini
27. Pseudoscopelus pierbartus
28. Pseudoscopelus sagamianus
29. Pseudoscopelus scriptus
30. Pseudoscopelus scutatus
31. Pseudoscopelus stellatus
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32. Pseudoscopelus vityazi
602
Family Chironemidae
(Kelpfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: coastal Australia, New Zealand, and Chile. Spines in

dorsal fin 14-16; soft rays 15-21. Anal fin soft rays 6-8. Vomerine teeth
present. Palatines toothless. Conical or villiform jaw teeth. About 40
cm maximum length.

1. Chironemus bicornis
2. Chironemus delfini
3. Chironemus georgianus Tasseled kelpfish
4. Chironemus marmoratus Kelpfish
5. Chironemus microlepis Smallscale kelpfish
6. Threpterius maculosus Silver spot
603
Family Cichlidae
(Cichlids)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Cichlids are distributed in Central and South America, Texas (1

species), West Indies, Africa, Madagascar, Syria, Israel, Iran, Sri
Lanka, and coastal southern India. Some species widely introduced.
Body shape quite variable, mostly moderately deep and compressed. A
nostril on each side of head. Interrupted lateral line in most species.
Scales in lateral lines may be over 100, usually 20-50. Dorsal fin
usually with 7-25 spines and 5-30 soft rays. Spines in anal fin 3-15
(generally 3); soft rays 4-15 (a few with 30). Subocular shelf absent.
About 80 cm maximum length, in Boulengerochromis microlepis.
Colorful cichlids are reared as aquarium fish. Breeding activities highly
organized. Parental care in 3 forms: mouthbrooding,
substratebrooding, and substratebrooding of eggs then mouthbrooding
of young. Species flocks are reported from Africa. CLOFFSCA: The
cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in
freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate families, with
at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species
(Kullander, 1998). The geographical distribution includes freshwaters
of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the
Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species),
southern India and Sri Lanka (3 species, also in brackish water),
Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and
Hispaniola (4 valid species, some in brackish water), North America
and isthmian Central America (95 valid species), and South America
(290 valid species ) (Kullander, 1998, updated). Cichlids are known by
family or genus-level local names, commonly with an adjective to
distinguish well-marked species. Higher level names include bujurqui
(Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca
(Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central
America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). Cichla species are
known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil,
Peru), the latter name expressed as lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali
604
(Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the
Guianas. Crenicichla species are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa
in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia,
Venezuela), datra fisi (Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and
Uruguay). Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical
synapomorphies. 1. The loss of a major structural association between
parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the
musculous insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior
border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular (Stiassny,
1981); 2. The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the
anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981); 3.
The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone
(Stiassny, 1981); 4. The presence of characteristically shaped and
distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981); 5.
The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct
parts (Liem & Greenwood). 6. The stomach has an extendible blind
pouch (Zihler, 1982) 7. The stomach has a left hand exit to the
anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler,
1982) 8. The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having
a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the crista inferior
by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985). 9. Short paired
hypapophyses on the third and/or fourth vertebral centra (Kullander,
1998). Cichlid diversity has been explained both by their advanced
brood care and by the versatile design of the pharyngeal jaw complex
used for food mastication. The unpaired lower pharyngeal toothplate
and the opposed upper pharyngeal tooth plates are contained in a
muscular sling characterizing labroid fishes. There is considerable
variation in the shape and of the toothplates and associated dentition,
reflecting diet specializations. The oral jaws are generally highly
movable and protrusible, and tooth shape varies greatly, although
most Neotropical cichlids have simple, subconical, unicuspid teeth,
whereas African cichlids commonly have laterally bicuspid or tricuspid
oral teeth. Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally
by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal fin, 2-12
(usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on
each side of the head. The lateral line is usually divided into one
anterior upper portion ending below the end of the dorsal-fin base,
and a posterior lower portion running along the middle of the caudal
peduncle. Among Neotropical taxa, lengths range from about 25-30
605
mm adult size in Apistogramma and Taeniacara, to about 1 meter in
Cichla temensis. Most taxa are in the interval 10-20 cm, however. Most
Neotropical cichlids occupy lentic habitats within rivers and streams;
but there is also a number of moderately to strongly adapted
rheophilic species. The latter include many Crenicichla species and the
genera Teleocichla and Retroculus, which are distributed mainly in the
Brazilian and Guianan highlands. The majority of the Neotropical
cichlids feed on a variety of invertebrates and some plant matter, and
specializations among those species remain little investigated. Cichla,
large Crenicichla species, Petenia, Parachromis, Caquetaia, Astronotus,
and Acaronia, feed on fishes and large invertebrates.
Chaetobranchopsis, Chaetobranchus and Satanoperca acuticeps are
plankton feeders. Most Neotropical Cichlidae are moderately to
strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. Eggs are typically
deposited on a substrate and both parents guard offspring over
several weeks, even for some time after the young are free-swimming.
Smaller species, particularly in the genus Apistogramma, may be
strongly sexually dimorphic. Sexes differ in color and the female is
smaller than the male and assumes all or most of the care for the eggs
and young. Oral incubation, or mouthbrooding, has been recorded for
many Geophagus, Gymnogeophagus, and Satanoperca species, but
also for one species of Aequidens and one species of Heros.
Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded
on a substrate prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs
or newly hatched larvae. A few mouthbrooding species practice
exclusive maternal brood care, with a minimum delay between egg-
laying and oral incubation (Gymnogeophagus balzanii, NE Colombian
Geophagus species). Geographical ranges are commonly limited to a
single river or even one or a few streams, reflecting both ecological
constraints and drainage basin histories. A few Neotropical cichlids are
recorded from brackish water conditions. The northernmost species
are Herichthys cyanoguttatus from the lower Rio Grande drainage in
Texas, USA, on the Atlantic coast, and ‘Cichlasoma beani’, which
reaches north to the Río Yaquí on the Pacific coast of Mexico. In South
America cichlids are recorded from virtually all river drainages, but
rarely occupy elevations over 500 m ASL, and generally remain below
200 m ASL. Cichlids are absent from the Río Marañón above the Pongo
de Manseriche and from the Río Ucayali drainage upstream of Atalaya
(the mouth of the Río Urubamba [Río Vilcanota] and Río Tombo [Río
606
Apurimac]). There are four permanent cichlid species occurring on the
island of Trinidad, but no cichlids are found on any other islands close
to the Venezuelan coast. Most Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil have 1-3
species of cichlids. The southern limit of the family in South America is
not well documented, but may be in the lower Río Negro in Argentina,
which river marks the northern limit of Patagonia. On the Pacific slope,
cichlids are found in a succession of permanent rivers south to the Río
Jequetepeque or perhaps even to slightly south of Lima, Peru. Because
of the varied behavior and often attractive colors and moderate size,
cichlids are commonly kept as ornamental fish. Practically all genera
and more than half of the species have been kept in aquaria at some
time. The traditionally most important aquarium species are
Pterophyllum and Symphysodon species, the former often representing
the aquarium hobby in logotypes. Sportfishing is concentrated on the
Cichla species for which there is a strong North American and Brazilian
market including sport fishing safaris and Tucunaré fishing contests
predominantly in Brazil (Kelber, 1999). All the larger species are used
as food fish, within a traditional artisanal and subsistence fishery, and
all local markets in the lowland Amazon and Orinoco drainages offer
Cichla, Astronotus, and other available species of sizes over 10 cm
(Ferreira et al., 1998, for a market survey at Santarém). Astronotus
species, and to some extent Cichla species are subject to aquaculture
in Brazil. The family Cichlidae was first monographed by Heckel
(1840), based on the Natterer collection from Brazil (illustrations in
Riedl-Dorn, 2000). Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843),
based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana, Brazil and
Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications).
Steindachner (1875) worked on the Thayer expedition collection of
Amazonian cichlids, but did not add much beyond the work of Heckel.
Günther (1868, based on several shorter papers) described and
illustrated a large part of the Central American cichlid fauna, followed
by Regan (1906-1908). Pellegrin (1904) revised the family with
diagnoses of all genera and species known to him. Much of Pellegrin’s
efforts with the Neotropical taxa were improved upon by Regan’s
series of generic revisions in the next two years (Regan, 1905-1906),
which remained the platform for all Neotropical cichlid systematics
until the 1980s. The first modern phylogenetic revision of the
Neotropical cichlids was presented by Cichocki (1976), and most
recently Kullander (1988) and Farias et al. (1999) have provided
607
phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology and molecular data
respectively. A formal classification down to tribe is provided by
Kullander (1988). Scientific general reviews of the family are provided
by Keenleyside (1991) and Barlow (2000). There is no scientific
monograph covering all Neotropical cichlid species, but numerous
aquarium books of variable quality, of which Stawikowski & Werner
(1998) may be consulted for the most updated compilation of
cichlasomine cichlids. Country monographs of cichlids are available for
Peru (Kullander, 1986) and Surinam (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989).
Bussing (1998: 293-384) summarizes data on 24 Costa Rican cichlid
species; Keith et al. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for 38 cichlid
species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield &
Thomerson (1997:184-206) cover 19 species from Belize Recent
generic revisions cover Crenicichla (Ploeg, 1991; innumerable errors
and inconsistencies), Gymnogeophagus (Reis & Malabarba, 1988),
Apistogramma (Kullander, 1980, somewhat outdated), Cichlasoma
(Kullander, 1983), Teleocichla (Kullander, 1988), Retroculus (Gosse,
1971), Geophagus s. lato (Gosse, 1976, somewhat outdated),
Biotoecus (Kullander, 1989), and Mesonauta (Kullander & Silfvergrip,
1991). The check-list herein recognizes 403 valid Neotropical cichlid
species out of XXX nominal taxa. Kullander (1998) estimated that
there are about ten undescribed North-Central American cichlid taxa
and about 160 undescribed South American taxa. Numerous problems
of species discrimination remain. Some of the most enigmatic cases
includes ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus, of which Hubbs (1936) described
numerous subspecies. Some of these taxa are certainly distinct
species, but the status of highly localized subspecies from the Yucatán
peninsula, which are based on one or very few specimens, remains a
subject for revision. All these taxa are herein treated as valid for want
of any better option. Another source of frustration concerns the
generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South
American taxa, which were excluded from the catch-all genus
Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983). Most of these are now recognized in
well-diagnosed genera (Kullander, 1986, 1996, Kullander & Hartel,
1997), but several are kept with the generic denomination ‘Cichlasoma’
which is judged better than to include them in genera to which they
certainly do not belong. On the whole it is not satisfactory to have
one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a generic name,
illustrating a real problem with the more formalized procedure of
608
naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against
doubtful species. The current estimate of 450 South American taxa is
based on species already represented in museum collections; it can be
assumed that new collections will bring in many more new taxa.

1. Acarichthys heckelii Threadfin acara
2. Acaronia nassa Bigeye cichlid
3. Acaronia vultuosa
4. Aequidens biseriatus
5. Aequidens chimantanus
6. Aequidens coeruleopunctatus
7. Aequidens diadema
8. Aequidens epae
9. Aequidens gerciliae
10. Aequidens hoehnei
11. Aequidens latifrons Platinum acara
12. Aequidens mauesanus
13. Aequidens metae Yellow acara
14. Aequidens michaeli
15. Aequidens pallidus Doublespot acara
16. Aequidens paloemeuensis
17. Aequidens patricki
18. Aequidens plagiozonatus
19. Aequidens potaroensis
20. Aequidens pulcher Blue acara
21. Aequidens rivulatus Green terror
22. Aequidens rondoni
23. Aequidens sapayensis Sapayo cichlid
24. Aequidens tetramerus Saddle cichlid
25. Aequidens tubicen
26. Aequidens viridis
27. Alcolapia alcalica Magadi tilapia
28. Alcolapia grahami
29. Alcolapia latilabris
30. Alcolapia ndalalani
31. Alticorpus geoffreyi
32. Alticorpus macrocleithrum
33. Alticorpus mentale
34. Alticorpus peterdaviesi
35. Alticorpus profundicola
36. Altolamprologus calvus
37. Altolamprologus compressiceps
38. Amatitlania coatepeque
39. Amatitlania kanna
40. Amatitlania nigrofasciata Convict cichlid
41. Amatitlania siquia
42. Amphilophus alfari Pastel cichlid
43. Amphilophus altifrons
44. Amphilophus amarillo
45. Amphilophus astorquii
46. Amphilophus bussingi
609
47. Amphilophus calobrensis
48. Amphilophus chancho
49. Amphilophus citrinellus Midas cichlid
50. Amphilophus diquis
51. Amphilophus flaveolus
52. Amphilophus hogaboomorum
53. Amphilophus labiatus Red devil
54. Amphilophus longimanus Red breast cichlid
55. Amphilophus lyonsi
56. Amphilophus macracanthus Blackthroat cichlid
57. Amphilophus margaritifer
58. Amphilophus nourissati Bluemouth cichlid
59. Amphilophus rhytisma
60. Amphilophus robertsoni False firemouth cichlid
61. Amphilophus rostratus
62. Amphilophus sagittae
63. Amphilophus xiloaensis
64. Amphilophus zaliosus Arrow cichlid
65. Andinoacara stalsbergi
66. Anomalochromis thomasi
67. Apistogramma acrensis
68. Apistogramma agassizii Agassiz's dwarf cichlid
69. Apistogramma alacrina
70. Apistogramma amoena Pleasant cichlid
71. Apistogramma angayuara
72. Apistogramma arua
73. Apistogramma atahualpa
74. Apistogramma baenschi
75. Apistogramma barlowi
76. Apistogramma bitaeniata
77. Apistogramma borellii Umbrella cichlid
78. Apistogramma brevis
79. Apistogramma cacatuoides Cockatoo cichlid
80. Apistogramma caetei
81. Apistogramma commbrae Corumba cichlid
82. Apistogramma cruzi
83. Apistogramma diplotaenia
84. Apistogramma elizabethae
85. Apistogramma eremnopyge
86. Apistogramma erythrura
87. Apistogramma eunotus
88. Apistogramma geisleri
89. Apistogramma gephyra
90. Apistogramma gibbiceps
91. Apistogramma gossei
92. Apistogramma guttata
93. Apistogramma hippolytae
94. Apistogramma hoignei
95. Apistogramma hongsloi
96. Apistogramma huascar
97. Apistogramma inconspicua
98. Apistogramma iniridae
99. Apistogramma inornata
100. Apistogramma juruensis
101. Apistogramma linkei
610
102. Apistogramma luelingi
103. Apistogramma macmasteri
104. Apistogramma martini
105. Apistogramma meinkeni
106. Apistogramma mendezi
107. Apistogramma moae
108. Apistogramma nijsseni
109. Apistogramma norberti
110. Apistogramma ortmanni
111. Apistogramma panduro
112. Apistogramma pantalone
113. Apistogramma paucisquamis
114. Apistogramma payaminonis
115. Apistogramma personata
116. Apistogramma pertensis Amazon dwarf cichlid
117. Apistogramma piauiensis
118. Apistogramma pleurotaenia
119. Apistogramma pulchra
120. Apistogramma regani
121. Apistogramma resticulosa
122. Apistogramma rositae
123. Apistogramma rubrolineata
124. Apistogramma rupununi Two-spot Apistogramma
125. Apistogramma salpinction
126. Apistogramma similis
127. Apistogramma staecki
128. Apistogramma steindachneri
129. Apistogramma taeniata
130. Apistogramma trifasciata
131. Apistogramma tucurui
132. Apistogramma uaupesi
133. Apistogramma urteagai
134. Apistogramma velifera
135. Apistogramma viejita
136. Apistogramma wapisana
137. Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis
138. Archocentrus centrarchus Flier cichlid
139. Archocentrus multispinosus Rainbow cichlid
140. Archocentrus spinosissimus
141. Aristochromis christyi
142. Astatoreochromis alluaudi Alluaud's haplo
143. Astatoreochromis straeleni Bluelip haplo
144. Astatoreochromis vanderhorsti
145. Astatotilapia bloyeti Bloyet's haplo
146. Astatotilapia burtoni
147. Astatotilapia calliptera Eastern happy
148. Astatotilapia desfontainii
149. Astatotilapia flaviijosephi
150. Astatotilapia stappersii
151. Astatotilapia swynnertoni
152. Astatotilapia tweddlei
153. Astronotus crassipinnis
154. Astronotus ocellatus Oscar
155. Aulonocara aquilonium
156. Aulonocara auditor
611
157. Aulonocara baenschi Nkhomo-benga peacock
158. Aulonocara brevinidus
159. Aulonocara brevirostre
160. Aulonocara ethelwynnae Chitande aulonocara
161. Aulonocara gertrudae
162. Aulonocara guentheri
163. Aulonocara hansbaenschi Aulonocara Fort Maguire
164. Aulonocara hueseri Night aulonocara
165. Aulonocara jacobfreibergi Fairy cichlid
166. Aulonocara koningsi
167. Aulonocara korneliae Aulonocara chizumulu
168. Aulonocara macrochir
169. Aulonocara maylandi kandeensis Blue orchid aulonocara
170. Aulonocara maylandi maylandi Sulfurhead Aulonocara
171. Aulonocara nyassae Emperor cichlid
172. Aulonocara rostratum
173. Aulonocara saulosi Greenface aulonocara
174. Aulonocara steveni Pale Usisya aulonocara
175. Aulonocara stonemani
176. Aulonocara stuartgranti Flavescent peacock
177. Aulonocara trematocephalum
178. Aulonocranus dewindti
179. Australoheros autrani
180. Australoheros barbosae
181. Australoheros capixaba
182. Australoheros charrua
183. Australoheros facetus Chameleon cichlid
184. Australoheros forquilha
185. Australoheros guarani
186. Australoheros ipatinguensis
187. Australoheros kaaygua
188. Australoheros macacuensis
189. Australoheros macaensis
190. Australoheros minuano
191. Australoheros muriae
192. Australoheros paraibae
193. Australoheros ribeirae
194. Australoheros robustus
195. Australoheros saquarema
196. Australoheros scitulus
197. Australoheros taura
198. Australoheros tembe
199. Baileychromis centropomoides
200. Bathybates fasciatus
201. Bathybates ferox
202. Bathybates graueri
203. Bathybates hornii
204. Bathybates leo
205. Bathybates minor
206. Bathybates vittatus
207. Benitochromis batesii
208. Benitochromis conjunctus
209. Benitochromis finleyi
210. Benitochromis nigrodorsalis
211. Benitochromis riomuniensis
612
212. Benitochromis ufermanni
213. Benthochromis horii
214. Benthochromis melanoides
215. Benthochromis tricoti
216. Biotodoma cupido Greenstreaked eartheater
217. Biotodoma wavrini Orinoco eartheater
218. Biotoecus dicentrarchus
219. Biotoecus opercularis
220. Boulengerochromis microlepis Giant cichlid
221. Buccochromis atritaeniatus
222. Buccochromis heterotaenia
223. Buccochromis lepturus Slender tail hap
224. Buccochromis nototaenia Stripeback hap
225. Buccochromis oculatus
226. Buccochromis rhoadesii
227. Buccochromis spectabilis
228. Bujurquina apoparuana
229. Bujurquina cordemadi
230. Bujurquina eurhinus
231. Bujurquina hophrys
232. Bujurquina huallagae
233. Bujurquina labiosa
234. Bujurquina mariae
235. Bujurquina megalospilus
236. Bujurquina moriorum
237. Bujurquina oenolaemus
238. Bujurquina ortegai
239. Bujurquina peregrinabunda
240. Bujurquina robusta
241. Bujurquina syspilus
242. Bujurquina tambopatae
243. Bujurquina vittata Banded acara
244. Bujurquina zamorensis
245. Callochromis macrops
246. Callochromis melanostigma
247. Callochromis pleurospilus
248. Caprichromis liemi Happy
249. Caprichromis orthognathus
250. Caquetaia kraussii
251. Caquetaia myersi
252. Caquetaia spectabilis
253. Caquetaia umbrifera Turquoise cichlid
254. Cardiopharynx schoutedeni
255. Chaetobranchopsis australis
256. Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis
257. Chaetobranchus flavescens
258. Chaetobranchus semifasciatus
259. Chalinochromis brichardi
260. Chalinochromis popelini
261. Champsochromis caeruleus
262. Champsochromis spilorhynchus
263. Cheilochromis euchilus Malawi thick lip
264. Chetia brevicauda
265. Chetia brevis Orange-fringed largemouth
266. Chetia flaviventris Canary kurper
613
267. Chetia gracilis Slender happy
268. Chetia mola
269. Chetia welwitschi Angolan happy
270. Chilochromis duponti
271. Chilotilapia rhoadesii Bream
272. Chromidotilapia cavalliensis
273. Chromidotilapia elongata
274. Chromidotilapia guntheri guntheri Guenther's mouthbrooder
275. Chromidotilapia guntheri loennbergi
276. Chromidotilapia kingsleyae
277. Chromidotilapia linkei
278. Chromidotilapia mamonekenei
279. Chromidotilapia melaniae
280. Chromidotilapia mrac
281. Chromidotilapia nana
282. Chromidotilapia regani
283. Chromidotilapia schoutedeni
284. Cichla intermedia
285. Cichla jariina
286. Cichla kelberi
287. Cichla melaniae
288. Cichla mirianae
289. Cichla monoculus
290. Cichla nigromaculata
291. Cichla ocellaris Peacock cichlid
292. Cichla orinocensis
293. Cichla pinima
294. Cichla piquiti
295. Cichla pleiozona
296. Cichla temensis Speckled pavon
297. Cichla thyrorus
298. Cichla vazzoleri
299. Cichlasoma aguadae
300. Cichlasoma alborum
301. Cichlasoma amarum
302. Cichlasoma amazonarum
303. Cichlasoma araguaiense
304. Cichlasoma atromaculatum
305. Cichlasoma beani Green guapote
306. Cichlasoma bimaculatum Black acara
307. Cichlasoma bocourti Chisel-tooth cichlid
308. Cichlasoma boliviense
309. Cichlasoma cienagae
310. Cichlasoma conchitae
311. Cichlasoma dimerus
312. Cichlasoma ericymba
313. Cichlasoma festae Guayas cichlid
314. Cichlasoma geddesi
315. Cichlasoma gephyrum
316. Cichlasoma grammodes
317. Cichlasoma istlanum
318. Cichlasoma mayorum
319. Cichlasoma microlepis
320. Cichlasoma orientale
321. Cichlasoma orinocense
614
322. Cichlasoma ornatum
323. Cichlasoma paranaense
324. Cichlasoma pearsei Pantano cichlid
325. Cichlasoma portalegrense
326. Cichlasoma pusillum
327. Cichlasoma ramsdeni Joturo
328. Cichlasoma salvini Yellow belly cichlid
329. Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense
330. Cichlasoma stenozonum
321. Cichlasoma taenia Brown coscarob
322. Cichlasoma trimaculatum Three spot cichlid
323. Cichlasoma troschelii
324. Cichlasoma ufermanni Usumacinta cichlid
325. Cichlasoma urophthalmus Mexican mojarra
326. Cichlasoma zebra
327. Cleithracara maronii Keyhole cichlid
328. Congochromis dimidiatus
329. Congochromis pugnatus
330. Congochromis sabinae
331. Congochromis squamiceps
332. Copadichromis atripinnis
333. Copadichromis azureus
334. Copadichromis borleyi Haplochromis borleyi redfin
335. Copadichromis chizumuluensis
336. Copadichromis chrysonotus
337. Copadichromis cyaneus
338. Copadichromis cyanocephalus
339. Copadichromis diplostigma
340. Copadichromis geertsi
341. Copadichromis ilesi
342. Copadichromis insularis
343. Copadichromis jacksoni
344. Copadichromis likomae
345. Copadichromis mbenjii Haplochromis quads
346. Copadichromis melas
347. Copadichromis mloto
348. Copadichromis nkatae
349. Copadichromis parvus
350. Copadichromis pleurostigma
351. Copadichromis pleurostigmoides
352. Copadichromis quadrimaculatus
353. Copadichromis trewavasae
354. Copadichromis trimaculatus Verduya's hap
355. Copadichromis verduyni
356. Copadichromis virginalis
357. Corematodus shiranus
358. Corematodus taeniatus
359. Crenicara latruncularium
360. Crenicara punctulatum Checkerboard cichlid
361. Crenicichla acutirostris
362. Crenicichla adspersa
363. Crenicichla albopunctata
364. Crenicichla alta Millet
365. Crenicichla anthurus
366. Crenicichla brasiliensis
615
367. Crenicichla britskii
368. Crenicichla cametana
369. Crenicichla celidochilus
370. Crenicichla cincta
371. Crenicichla compressiceps
372. Crenicichla coppenamensis
373. Crenicichla cyanonotus
374. Crenicichla cyclostoma
375. Crenicichla empheres
376. Crenicichla frenata
377. Crenicichla gaucho
378. Crenicichla geayi Halfbanded pike cichlid
379. Crenicichla hadrostigma
380. Crenicichla haroldoi
381. Crenicichla heckeli
382. Crenicichla hemera
383. Crenicichla hummelincki
384. Crenicichla igara
385. Crenicichla iguapina
386. Crenicichla iguassuensis
387. Crenicichla inpa
388. Crenicichla isbrueckeri
389. Crenicichla jaguarensis
380. Crenicichla jegui
381. Crenicichla johanna
382. Crenicichla jupiaensis
383. Crenicichla jurubi
384. Crenicichla labrina
385. Crenicichla lacustris
386. Crenicichla lenticulata
387. Crenicichla lepidota Pike cichlid
388. Crenicichla lucius
389. Crenicichla lugubris
390. Crenicichla macrophthalma
391. Crenicichla maculata
392. Crenicichla mandelburgeri
393. Crenicichla marmorata
394. Crenicichla menezesi
395. Crenicichla minuano
396. Crenicichla missioneira
397. Crenicichla mucuryna
398. Crenicichla multispinosa
399. Crenicichla nickeriensis
400. Crenicichla niederleinii
401. Crenicichla notophthalmus
402. Crenicichla pellegrini
403. Crenicichla percna
404. Crenicichla phaiospilus
405. Crenicichla prenda
406. Crenicichla proteus
407. Crenicichla punctata
408. Crenicichla pydanielae
409. Crenicichla regani
410. Crenicichla reticulata
411. Crenicichla rosemariae
616
412. Crenicichla santosi
413. Crenicichla saxatilis Ringtail pike cichlid
414. Crenicichla scottii
415. Crenicichla sedentaria
416. Crenicichla semicincta
417. Crenicichla semifasciata
418. Crenicichla sipaliwini
419. Crenicichla stocki
420. Crenicichla strigata
421. Crenicichla sveni
422. Crenicichla tendybaguassu
423. Crenicichla ternetzi
424. Crenicichla tesay
425. Crenicichla tigrina
426. Crenicichla tingui
427. Crenicichla urosema
428. Crenicichla vaillanti
429. Crenicichla virgatula
430. Crenicichla vittata
431. Crenicichla wallacii
432. Crenicichla yaha
433. Crenicichla zebrina
434. Cryptoheros altoflavus
435. Cryptoheros chetumalensis
436. Cryptoheros cutteri
437. Cryptoheros myrnae
438. Cryptoheros nanoluteus
439. Cryptoheros panamensis
440. Cryptoheros sajica
441. Cryptoheros septemfasciatus
442. Cryptoheros spilurus Blue-eye cichlid
443. Ctenochromis benthicola
444. Ctenochromis horei
445. Ctenochromis luluae
446. Ctenochromis oligacanthus
447. Ctenochromis pectoralis Pangani haplo
448. Ctenochromis polli
449. Ctenopharynx intermedius Blackspot climbing perch
450. Ctenopharynx nitidus
451. Ctenopharynx pictus
452. Cunningtonia longiventralis
453. Cyathochromis obliquidens
454. Cyathopharynx furcifer Featherfin cichlid
455. Cyclopharynx fwae
456. Cyclopharynx schwetzi
457. Cynotilapia afra
458. Cynotilapia axelrodi
459. Cynotilapia pulpican
460. Cyphotilapia frontosa Humphead cichlid
461. Cyphotilapia gibberosa
462. Cyprichromis coloratus
463. Cyprichromis leptosoma
464. Cyprichromis microlepidotus
465. Cyprichromis pavo
466. Cyprichromis zonatus
617
467. Cyrtocara moorii Hump-head
468. Danakilia franchettii
469. Dicrossus filamentosus Chessboard cichlid
470. Dicrossus gladicauda
471. Dicrossus maculatus
472. Dimidiochromis compressiceps Malawi eyebiter
473. Dimidiochromis dimidiatus Ncheni type haplochromis
474. Dimidiochromis kiwinge
475. Dimidiochromis strigatus Haplochromis sunset
476. Diplotaxodon aeneus
477. Diplotaxodon apogon
478. Diplotaxodon argenteus
479. Diplotaxodon ecclesi
480. Diplotaxodon greenwoodi
481. Diplotaxodon limnothrissa
482. Diplotaxodon macrops
483. Divandu albimarginatus
484. Docimodus evelynae
485. Docimodus johnstoni
486. Eclectochromis lobochilus
487. Eclectochromis ornatus
488. Ectodus descampsii
489. Enantiopus albini
490. Enigmatochromis lucanusi
491. Eretmodus cyanostictus Tanganyika Clown
492. Etia nguti
493. Etroplus canarensis Canara pearlspot
494. Etroplus maculatus Orange chromide
495. Etroplus suratensis Pearlspot
496. Exochochromis anagenys Threespot torpedo
497. Fossorochromis rostratus
498. Genyochromis mento
499. Geophagus abalios
500. Geophagus altifrons
501. Geophagus argyrostictus
502. Geophagus brachybranchus
503. Geophagus brasiliensis Pearl cichlid
504. Geophagus brokopondo
505. Geophagus camopiensis Oyapock eartheater
506. Geophagus crassilabris Panamanian eartheater
507. Geophagus dicrozoster
508. Geophagus gottwaldi
509. Geophagus grammepareius
510. Geophagus harreri Maroni eartheater
511. Geophagus iporangensis
512. Geophagus itapicuruensis
513. Geophagus megasema
514. Geophagus neambi
515. Geophagus obscurus
516. Geophagus parnaibae
517. Geophagus pellegrini Yellowhump eartheater
518. Geophagus proximus
519. Geophagus steindachneri Redhump eartheater
520. Geophagus surinamensis Redstriped eartheater
521. Geophagus sveni
618
522. Geophagus taeniopareius
523. Geophagus winemilleri
524. Gephyrochromis lawsi
525. Gephyrochromis moorii
526. Gnathochromis permaxillaris
527. Gnathochromis pfefferi
528. Gobiocichla ethelwynnae
529. Gobiocichla wonderi
530. Grammatotria lemairii
531. Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi
532. Greenwoodochromis christyi
533. Guianacara cuyunii
534. Guianacara geayi
535. Guianacara oelemariensis
536. Guianacara owroewefi
537. Guianacara sphenozona
538. Guianacara stergiosi
539. Gymnogeophagus australis Uruguayan eartheater
540. Gymnogeophagus balzanii Argentine humphead
541. Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis
542. Gymnogeophagus che
543. Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys Smooth-cheek eartheater
544. Gymnogeophagus labiatus Earth eater
545. Gymnogeophagus lacustris
546. Gymnogeophagus meridionalis
547. Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus Stripefin eartheater
548. Gymnogeophagus setequedas
549. Gymnogeophagus tiraparae
550. Haplochromis acidens
551. Haplochromis adolphifrederici
552. Haplochromis aelocephalus
553. Haplochromis aeneocolor
554. Haplochromis akika
555. Haplochromis albertianus
556. Haplochromis altigenis
557. Haplochromis ampullarostratus
558. Haplochromis angustifrons
559. Haplochromis annectidens
560. Haplochromis apogonoides
561. Haplochromis arcanus
562. Haplochromis argenteus
563. Haplochromis artaxerxes
564. Haplochromis astatodon
565. Haplochromis avium
566. Haplochromis azureus
567. Haplochromis barbarae
568. Haplochromis bareli
569. Haplochromis bartoni
570. Haplochromis bayoni
571. Haplochromis beadlei
572. Haplochromis bicolor
573. Haplochromis boops
574. Haplochromis brownae
575. Haplochromis bullatus
576. Haplochromis cassius
619
577. Haplochromis cavifrons
578. Haplochromis chilotes
579. Haplochromis chlorochrous
580. Haplochromis chromogynos
581. Haplochromis chrysogynaion
582. Haplochromis cinctus
583. Haplochromis cinereus
584. Haplochromis cnester
585. Haplochromis commutabilis Kachira Blue
586. Haplochromis crassilabris
587. Haplochromis crebridens
588. Haplochromis crocopeplus
589. Haplochromis cronus
590. Haplochromis cryptodon
591. Haplochromis cryptogramma
592. Haplochromis cyaneus
593. Haplochromis decticostoma
594. Haplochromis degeni
595. Haplochromis dentex
596. Haplochromis dichrourus
597. Haplochromis diplotaenia
598. Haplochromis dolichorhynchus
599. Haplochromis dolorosus
600. Haplochromis eduardianus
601. Haplochromis eduardii
602. Haplochromis elegans
603. Haplochromis empodisma
604. Haplochromis engystoma
605. Haplochromis erythrocephalus
606. Haplochromis erythromaculatus
607. Haplochromis estor
608. Haplochromis eutaenia
609. Haplochromis exspectatus
610. Haplochromis fischeri
611. Haplochromis flavipinnis
612. Haplochromis flavus
613. Haplochromis fuelleborni Fuelleborn's mouthbrooder
614. Haplochromis fuscus
615. Haplochromis fusiformis
616. Haplochromis gigas
617. Haplochromis gigliolii
618. Haplochromis gilberti
619. Haplochromis gowersii
620. Haplochromis gracilior
621. Haplochromis granti
622. Haplochromis graueri
623. Haplochromis greenwoodi
624. Haplochromis guiarti
625. Haplochromis harpakteridion
626. Haplochromis heusinkveldi
627. Haplochromis hiatus
628. Haplochromis howesi
629. Haplochromis humilior
630. Haplochromis humilis
631. Haplochromis igneopinnis
620
632. Haplochromis insidiae
633. Haplochromis iris
634. Haplochromis ishmaeli
635. Haplochromis kamiranzovu
636. Haplochromis katavi Katavi mouthbrooder
637. Haplochromis kujunjui
638. Haplochromis labiatus
639. Haplochromis labriformis
640. Haplochromis lacrimosus
641. Haplochromis laparogramma
642. Haplochromis latifasciatus
643. Haplochromis limax
644. Haplochromis lividus
645. Haplochromis loati
646. Haplochromis longirostris
647. Haplochromis luteus
648. Haplochromis macconneli
649. Haplochromis macrocephalus
650. Haplochromis macrognathus
651. Haplochromis macrops
652. Haplochromis macropsoides
653. Haplochromis maculipinna
654. Haplochromis mahagiensis
655. Haplochromis maisomei
656. Haplochromis malacophagus
657. Haplochromis mandibularis
658. Haplochromis martini
659. Haplochromis maxillaris
660. Haplochromis mbipi
661. Haplochromis megalops
662. Haplochromis melanopterus
663. Haplochromis melanopus
664. Haplochromis melichrous
665. Haplochromis mentatus
666. Haplochromis mento
667. Haplochromis michaeli
668. Haplochromis microchrysomelas
669. Haplochromis microdon
670. Haplochromis multiocellatus
671. Haplochromis murakoze
672. Haplochromis mylergates
673. Haplochromis mylodon
674. Haplochromis nanoserranus
675. Haplochromis nigrescens
676. Haplochromis nigricans
677. Haplochromis nigripinnis
678. Haplochromis nigroides
679. Haplochromis niloticus
680. Haplochromis nubilus Blue Victoria mouthbrooder
681. Haplochromis nuchisquamulatus
682. Haplochromis nyanzae
683. Haplochromis nyererei
684. Haplochromis obesus
685. Haplochromis obliquidens
686. Haplochromis obtusidens
621
687. Haplochromis occultidens
688. Haplochromis oligolepis
689. Haplochromis olivaceus
690. Haplochromis omnicaeruleus
691. Haplochromis oregosoma
692. Haplochromis orthostoma
693. Haplochromis pachycephalus
694. Haplochromis pallidus
695. Haplochromis paludinosus
696. Haplochromis pappenheimi
697. Haplochromis paradoxus
698. Haplochromis paraguiarti
699. Haplochromis paraplagiostoma
700. Haplochromis paropius
701. Haplochromis parorthostoma
702. Haplochromis parvidens
703. Haplochromis paucidens
704. Haplochromis pellegrini
705. Haplochromis percoides
706. Haplochromis perrieri
707. Haplochromis petronius
708. Haplochromis pharyngalis
709. Haplochromis pharyngomylus
710. Haplochromis phytophagus
711. Haplochromis piceatus
712. Haplochromis pitmani
713. Haplochromis placodus
714. Haplochromis plagiodon
715. Haplochromis plagiostoma
716. Haplochromis plutonius
717. Haplochromis prodromus
718. Haplochromis prognathus
719. Haplochromis pseudopellegrini
720. Haplochromis ptistes
721. Haplochromis pundamilia
722. Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus
723. Haplochromis pyrrhopteryx
724. Haplochromis retrodens
725. Haplochromis riponianus
726. Haplochromis rubescens
727. Haplochromis rubripinnis
728. Haplochromis rudolfianus
729. Haplochromis rufocaudalis
730. Haplochromis rufus
731. Haplochromis sauvagei
732. Haplochromis saxicola
733. Haplochromis scheffersi
734. Haplochromis schubotzi
735. Haplochromis schubotziellus
736. Haplochromis serranus
737. Haplochromis serridens
738. Haplochromis simotes
739. Haplochromis simpsoni
740. Haplochromis smithii
741. Haplochromis spekii
622
742. Haplochromis squamipinnis
743. Haplochromis squamulatus
744. Haplochromis sulphureus
745. Haplochromis tanaos
746. Haplochromis taurinus
747. Haplochromis teegelaari
748. Haplochromis teunisrasi
749. Haplochromis theliodon
750. Haplochromis thereuterion
751. Haplochromis thuragnathus
752. Haplochromis tridens
753. Haplochromis turkanae Turkana haplo
754. Haplochromis tyrianthinus
755. Haplochromis ushindi
756. Haplochromis velifer
757. Haplochromis venator
758. Haplochromis vicarius
759. Haplochromis victoriae
760. Haplochromis victorianus
761. Haplochromis vittatus
762. Haplochromis vonlinnei
763. Haplochromis welcommei
764. Haplochromis worthingtoni
765. Haplochromis xanthopteryx
766. Haplochromis xenognathus
767. Haplochromis xenostoma
768. Haplotaxodon microlepis
769. Haplotaxodon trifasciatus
770. Hemibates stenosoma
771. Hemichromis angolensis
772. Hemichromis bimaculatus Jewelfish
773. Hemichromis cerasogaster
774. Hemichromis elongatus Banded jewel cichlid
775. Hemichromis exsul Turkana jewel cichlid
776. Hemichromis fasciatus Banded jewelfish
777. Hemichromis frempongi
778. Hemichromis guttatus
779. Hemichromis letourneuxi Jewel fish
780. Hemichromis lifalili
781. Hemichromis stellifer
782. Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia
783. Hemitilapia oxyrhyncha Giant Haplochromis
784. Herichthys bartoni Barton's cichlid
785. Herichthys carpintis Lowland cichlid
786. Herichthys cyanoguttatus Rio Grande cichlid
787. Herichthys deppii Nautla cichlid
788. Herichthys labridens Curve-bar cichlid
789. Herichthys minckleyi Minkley's cichlid
790. Herichthys pantostictus Chairel cichlid
791. Herichthys steindachneri Steindachner's cichlid
792. Herichthys tamasopoensis Tamasopo cichlid
793. Heroina isonycterina
794. Heros efasciatus
795. Heros notatus
796. Heros severus Banded cichlid
623
797. Heros spurius
798. Heterochromis multidens
799. Hoplarchus psittacus
800. Hypselecara coryphaenoides
801. Hypselecara temporalis Emerald cichlid
802. Hypsophrys nematopus Poor man's tropheus
803. Hypsophrys nicaraguensis Moga
804. Interochromis loocki
805. Iodotropheus declivitas
806. Iodotropheus sprengerae Lavender mbuna
807. Iodotropheus stuartgranti
808. Iranocichla hormuzensis
809. Julidochromis dickfeldi
810. Julidochromis marlieri
811. Julidochromis ornatus Golden julie
812. Julidochromis regani Convict julie
813. Julidochromis transcriptus Masked julie
814. Katria katria
815. Konia dikume Dikume
816. Konia eisentrauti Konye
817. Krobia guianensis Krobia
818. Krobia itanyi Dolphin cichlid
819. Labeotropheus fuelleborni Blue mbuna
820. Labeotropheus trewavasae Scrapermouth mbuna
821. Labidochromis caeruleus Blue streak hap
822. Labidochromis chisumulae
823. Labidochromis flavigulis Chisumulu pearl
824. Labidochromis freibergi
825. Labidochromis gigas
826. Labidochromis heterodon
827. Labidochromis ianthinus
828. Labidochromis lividus
829. Labidochromis maculicauda
830. Labidochromis mathotho
831. Labidochromis mbenjii
832. Labidochromis mylodon
833. Labidochromis pallidus
834. Labidochromis shiranus
835. Labidochromis strigatus
836. Labidochromis textilis
837. Labidochromis vellicans
838. Labidochromis zebroides
839. Laetacara araguaiae
840. Laetacara curviceps Flag acara
841. Laetacara dorsigera Redbreast acara
842. Laetacara flavilabris
843. Laetacara fulvipinnis
844. Laetacara thayeri
845. Lamprologus callipterus
846. Lamprologus congoensis
847. Lamprologus finalimus
848. Lamprologus kungweensis
849. Lamprologus laparogramma
850. Lamprologus lemairii
851. Lamprologus lethops
624
852. Lamprologus meleagris
853. Lamprologus mocquardi
854. Lamprologus ocellatus
855. Lamprologus ornatipinnis
856. Lamprologus signatus
857. Lamprologus speciosus
858. Lamprologus stappersi
859. Lamprologus symoensi
860. Lamprologus teugelsi
861. Lamprologus tigripictilis
862. Lamprologus tumbanus
863. Lamprologus werneri
864. Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus
865. Lepidiolamprologus cunningtoni
866. Lepidiolamprologus elongatus
867. Lepidiolamprologus kendalli
868. Lepidiolamprologus mimicus
869. Lepidiolamprologus nkambae
870. Lepidiolamprologus profundicola
871. Lestradea perspicax
872. Lestradea stappersii
873. Lethrinops albus
874. Lethrinops altus
875. Lethrinops argenteus
876. Lethrinops auritus Golden sand-eater
877. Lethrinops christyi
878. Lethrinops furcifer Greenface sandsifter
879. Lethrinops gossei
880. Lethrinops leptodon
881. Lethrinops lethrinus
882. Lethrinops longimanus
883. Lethrinops longipinnis
884. Lethrinops lunaris
885. Lethrinops macracanthus
886. Lethrinops macrochir
887. Lethrinops macrophthalmus
888. Lethrinops marginatus Lethrinops rounded head
889. Lethrinops micrentodon
890. Lethrinops microdon
891. Lethrinops microstoma Littletooth sandeater
892. Lethrinops mylodon borealis
893. Lethrinops mylodon mylodon
894. Lethrinops oculatus
895. Lethrinops parvidens Lethrinops red flush
896. Lethrinops stridei
897. Lethrinops turneri
898. Lichnochromis acuticeps Malawi gar
899. Limbochromis robertsi
900. Limnochromis abeelei
901. Limnochromis auritus Spangled cichlid
902. Limnochromis staneri
903. Limnotilapia dardennii
904. Lobochilotes labiatus
905. Maylandia aurora
906. Maylandia barlowi
625
907. Maylandia benetos
908. Maylandia callainos
909. Maylandia chrysomallos
910. Maylandia cyneusmarginata
911. Maylandia elegans
912. Maylandia emmiltos
913. Maylandia estherae Red zebra
914. Maylandia flavifemina
915. Maylandia greshakei William's mbuna
916. Maylandia hajomaylandi
917. Maylandia heteropicta
918. Maylandia lanisticola
919. Maylandia livingstonii
920. Maylandia lombardoi
921. Maylandia mbenjii
922. Maylandia melabranchion
923. Maylandia phaeos
924. Maylandia pursa
925. Maylandia pyrsonotos
926. Maylandia sandaracinos
927. Maylandia thapsinogen
928. Maylandia xanstomachus
929. Maylandia zebra Zebra mbuna
930. Mazarunia mazarunii
931. Mchenga conophoros
932. Mchenga cyclicos
933. Mchenga eucinostomus
934. Mchenga flavimanus
935. Mchenga inornata
936. Mchenga thinos
937. Melanochromis auratus Golden mbuna
938. Melanochromis baliodigma
939. Melanochromis benetos
940. Melanochromis brevis
941. Melanochromis chipokae
942. Melanochromis cyaneorhabdos
943. Melanochromis dialeptos
944. Melanochromis elastodema
945. Melanochromis heterochromis
946. Melanochromis interruptus
947. Melanochromis joanjohnsonae Pearl of Likoma
948. Melanochromis johannii Bluegray mbuna
949. Melanochromis kaskazini
950. Melanochromis labrosus
951. Melanochromis lepidiadaptes
952. Melanochromis loriae
953. Melanochromis melanopterus
954. Melanochromis mellitus
955. Melanochromis mossambiquensis
956. Melanochromis parallelus Parallel striped mbuna
957. Melanochromis perileucos
958. Melanochromis perspicax
959. Melanochromis robustus
960. Melanochromis simulans
961. Melanochromis vermivorus Purple mbuna
626
962. Melanochromis wochepa
963. Melanochromis xanthodigma
964. Mesonauta acora
965. Mesonauta egregius
966. Mesonauta festivus Flag cichlid
967. Mesonauta guyanae
968. Mesonauta insignis
969. Mesonauta mirificus
970. Microchromis zebroides
971. Mikrogeophagus altispinosus
972. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi Ram cichlid
973. Myaka myaka Myaka
974. Mylochromis anaphyrmus
975. Mylochromis balteatus
976. Mylochromis chekopae
977. Mylochromis ensatus
978. Mylochromis epichorialis
979. Mylochromis ericotaenia
980. Mylochromis formosus
981. Mylochromis gracilis Haplochromis torpedo stripe
982. Mylochromis guentheri
983. Mylochromis incola Golden mola hap
984. Mylochromis labidodon
985. Mylochromis lateristriga Basket hap
986. Mylochromis melanonotus Haplochromis yellow black line
987. Mylochromis melanotaenia
988. Mylochromis mola
989. Mylochromis mollis Softy hap
990. Mylochromis obtusus
991. Mylochromis plagiotaenia
992. Mylochromis semipalatus
993. Mylochromis sphaerodon Roundtooth hap
994. Mylochromis spilostichus
995. Naevochromis chrysogaster
996. Nandopsis haitiensis Haitian cichlid
997. Nandopsis tetracanthus Biajaca
998. Nannacara adoketa
999. Nannacara anomala Goldeneye cichlid
1000. Nannacara aureocephalus
1001. Nannacara bimaculata
1002. Nannacara quadrispinae
1003. Nannacara taenia
1004. Nanochromis consortus
1005. Nanochromis minor
1006. Nanochromis nudiceps
1007. Nanochromis parilus
1008. Nanochromis splendens
1009. Nanochromis teugelsi
1010. Nanochromis transvestitus
1011. Nanochromis wickleri
1012. Neolamprologus bifasciatus
1013. Neolamprologus boulengeri
1014. Neolamprologus brevis
1015. Neolamprologus brichardi
1016. Neolamprologus buescheri
627
1017. Neolamprologus cancellatus
1018. Neolamprologus caudopunctatus
1019. Neolamprologus chitamwebwai
1020. Neolamprologus christyi
1021. Neolamprologus crassus
1022. Neolamprologus cylindricus
1023. Neolamprologus devosi
1024. Neolamprologus falcicula
1025. Neolamprologus fasciatus
1026. Neolamprologus furcifer
1027. Neolamprologus gracilis
1028. Neolamprologus hecqui
1029. Neolamprologus helianthus
1030. Neolamprologus leleupi
1031. Neolamprologus leloupi
1032. Neolamprologus longicaudatus
1033. Neolamprologus longior
1034. Neolamprologus marunguensis
1035. Neolamprologus meeli
1036. Neolamprologus modestus
1037. Neolamprologus mondabu
1038. Neolamprologus multifasciatus
1039. Neolamprologus mustax
1040. Neolamprologus niger
1041. Neolamprologus nigriventris
1042. Neolamprologus obscurus
1043. Neolamprologus olivaceous
1044. Neolamprologus pectoralis
1045. Neolamprologus petricola
1046. Neolamprologus pleuromaculatus
1047. Neolamprologus prochilus
1048. Neolamprologus pulcher
1049. Neolamprologus savoryi
1050. Neolamprologus schreyeni
1051. Neolamprologus sexfasciatus
1052. Neolamprologus similis
1053. Neolamprologus splendens
1054. Neolamprologus tetracanthus Fourspine cichlid
1055. Neolamprologus toae
1056. Neolamprologus tretocephalus
1057. Neolamprologus variostigma
1058. Neolamprologus ventralis
1059. Neolamprologus walteri
1060. Neolamprologus wauthioni
1061. Nimbochromis fuscotaeniatus Fuscotaeniatus
1062. Nimbochromis linni
1063. Nimbochromis livingstonii
1064. Nimbochromis polystigma
1065. Nimbochromis venustus
1066. Nyassachromis boadzulu
1067. Nyassachromis breviceps
1068. Nyassachromis leuciscus Small green utaka
1069. Nyassachromis microcephalus
1070. Nyassachromis nigritaeniatus
1071. Nyassachromis prostoma
628
1072. Nyassachromis purpurans
1073. Nyassachromis serenus
1074. Ophthalmotilapia boops
1075. Ophthalmotilapia heterodonta
1076. Ophthalmotilapia nasuta
1077. Ophthalmotilapia ventralis
1078. Oreochromis amphimelas
1079. Oreochromis andersonii Three spotted tilapia
1080. Oreochromis angolensis
1081. Oreochromis aureus Blue tilapia
1082. Oreochromis chungruruensis
1083. Oreochromis esculentus Singida tilapia
1084. Oreochromis hunteri Lake Chala tilapia
1085. Oreochromis ismailiaensis
1086. Oreochromis jipe Jipe tilapia
1087. Oreochromis karomo Karomo
1088. Oreochromis karongae
1089. Oreochromis korogwe Korogwe tilapia
1090. Oreochromis lepidurus
1091. Oreochromis leucostictus
1092. Oreochromis lidole
1093. Oreochromis macrochir Longfin tilapia
1094. Oreochromis malagarasi
1095. Oreochromis mortimeri Kariba tilapia
1096. Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia
1097. Oreochromis mweruensis
1098. Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis Baringo tilapia
1099. Oreochromis niloticus cancellatus
1100. Oreochromis niloticus eduardianus Tilapia
1101. Oreochromis niloticus filoa
1102. Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Nile tilapia
1103. Oreochromis niloticus sugutae
1104. Oreochromis niloticus tana
1105. Oreochromis niloticus vulcani
1106. Oreochromis pangani girigan
1107. Oreochromis pangani pangani
1108. Oreochromis placidus placidus Black tilapia
1109. Oreochromis placidus ruvumae
1110. Oreochromis rukwaensis Lake Rukwa tilapia
1111. Oreochromis saka
1112. Oreochromis salinicola
1113. Oreochromis schwebischi
1114. Oreochromis shiranus chilwae Chilwa tilapia
1115. Oreochromis shiranus shiranus
1116. Oreochromis spilurus niger Athi River tilapia
1117. Oreochromis spilurus percivali Buffalo Springs tilapia
1118. Oreochromis spilurus spilurus Sabaki tilapia
1119. Oreochromis squamipinnis
1120. Oreochromis tanganicae
1121. Oreochromis upembae
1122. Oreochromis urolepis hornorum
1123. Oreochromis urolepis urolepis Wami tilapia
1124. Oreochromis variabilis Victoria tilapia
1125. Orthochromis kalungwishiensis
1126. Orthochromis kasuluensis
629
1127. Orthochromis luichensis
1128. Orthochromis luongoensis
1129. Orthochromis machadoi Cunene dwarf happy
1130. Orthochromis malagaraziensis
1131. Orthochromis mazimeroensis
1132. Orthochromis mosoensis
1133. Orthochromis polyacanthus
1134. Orthochromis rubrolabialis
1135. Orthochromis rugufuensis
1136. Orthochromis stormsi
1137. Orthochromis torrenticola
1138. Orthochromis uvinzae
1139. Otopharynx antron
1140. Otopharynx argyrosoma
1141. Otopharynx auromarginatus Golden-margined hap
1142. Otopharynx brooksi
1143. Otopharynx decorus
1144. Otopharynx heterodon Royal blue hap
1145. Otopharynx lithobates
1146. Otopharynx ovatus
1147. Otopharynx pachycheilus
1148. Otopharynx selenurus
1149. Otopharynx speciosus
1150. Otopharynx spelaeotes
1151. Otopharynx tetraspilus
1152. Otopharynx tetrastigma
1153. Otopharynx walteri Aristochromis deep
1154. Oxylapia polli
1155. Pallidochromis tokolosh
1156. Parachromis dovii Guapote
1157. Parachromis friedrichsthalii Yellowjacket cichlid
1158. Parachromis loisellei
1159. Parachromis managuensis Jaguar guapote
1160. Parachromis motaguensis False yellowjacket cichlid
1161. Paracyprichromis brieni
1162. Paracyprichromis nigripinnis
1163. Parananochromis axelrodi
1164. Parananochromis brevirostris
1165. Parananochromis caudifasciatus
1166. Parananochromis gabonicus
1167. Parananochromis longirostris
1168. Parananochromis ornatus
1169. Paraneetroplus bulleri Sarabia cichlid
1170. Paraneetroplus gibbiceps Teapa cichlid
1171. Paraneetroplus nebuliferus Papaloapan cichlid
1172. Paratilapia polleni
1173. Paratilapia toddi
1174. Paretroplus dambabe
1175. Paretroplus damii
1176. Paretroplus gymnopreopercularis
1177. Paretroplus kieneri
1178. Paretroplus lamenabe
1179. Paretroplus maculatus
1180. Paretroplus maromandia
1181. Paretroplus menarambo
630
1182. Paretroplus nourissati
1183. Paretroplus petiti
1184. Paretroplus polyactis
1185. Paretroplus tsimoly
1186. Pelmatochromis buettikoferi
1187. Pelmatochromis nigrofasciatus
1188. Pelmatochromis ocellifer
1189. Pelvicachromis humilis
1190. Pelvicachromis pulcher Rainbow krib
1191. Pelvicachromis roloffi
1192. Pelvicachromis rubrolabiatus
1193. Pelvicachromis signatus
1194. Pelvicachromis subocellatus
1195. Pelvicachromis taeniatus
1196. Perissodus eccentricus
1197. Perissodus microlepis
1198. Petenia splendida Bay snook
1199. Petrochromis famula
1200. Petrochromis fasciolatus
1201. Petrochromis macrognathus
1202. Petrochromis orthognathus
1203. Petrochromis polyodon
1204. Petrochromis trewavasae ephippium
1205. Petrochromis trewavasae trewavasae Threadfin cichlid
1206. Petrotilapia chrysos
1207. Petrotilapia genalutea
1208. Petrotilapia microgalana
1209. Petrotilapia nigra
1210. Petrotilapia tridentiger
1211. Pharyngochromis acuticeps Zambezi bream
1212. Pharyngochromis darlingi Zambezi happy
1213. Placidochromis acuticeps
1214. Placidochromis acutirostris
1215. Placidochromis argyrogaster
1216. Placidochromis boops
1217. Placidochromis borealis
1218. Placidochromis chilolae
1219. Placidochromis communis
1220. Placidochromis domirae
1221. Placidochromis ecclesi
1222. Placidochromis electra Deep-water hap
1223. Placidochromis elongatus
1224. Placidochromis fuscus
1225. Placidochromis hennydaviesae
1226. Placidochromis intermedius
1227. Placidochromis johnstoni
1228. Placidochromis koningsi
1229. Placidochromis lineatus
1230. Placidochromis longimanus
1231. Placidochromis longirostris
1232. Placidochromis longus
1233. Placidochromis lukomae
1234. Placidochromis macroceps
1235. Placidochromis macrognathus
1236. Placidochromis mbunoides
631
1237. Placidochromis milomo Super VC-10 hap
1238. Placidochromis minor
1239. Placidochromis minutus
1240. Placidochromis msakae
1241. Placidochromis nigribarbis
1242. Placidochromis nkhatae
1243. Placidochromis nkhotakotae
1244. Placidochromis obscurus
1245. Placidochromis ordinarius
1246. Placidochromis orthognathus
1247. Placidochromis pallidus
1248. Placidochromis phenochilus
1249. Placidochromis platyrhynchos
1250. Placidochromis polli
1251. Placidochromis rotundifrons
1252. Placidochromis subocularis
1253. Placidochromis trewavasae
1254. Placidochromis turneri
1255. Placidochromis vulgaris
1256. Plecodus elaviae
1257. Plecodus multidentatus
1258. Plecodus paradoxus
1259. Plecodus straeleni
1260. Protomelas annectens
1261. Protomelas dejunctus
1262. Protomelas fenestratus Fenestratus
1263. Protomelas insignis One-and-a-half-stripe hap
1264. Protomelas kirkii
1265. Protomelas labridens
1266. Protomelas macrodon
1267. Protomelas marginatus marginatus
1268. Protomelas marginatus vuae
1269. Protomelas pleurotaenia
1270. Protomelas similis
1271. Protomelas spilonotus
1272. Protomelas spilopterus
1273. Protomelas taeniolatus Spindle hap
1274. Protomelas triaenodon
1275. Protomelas virgatus
1276. Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor multicolor Egyptian mouth-brooder
1277. Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae Dwarf Victoria mouthbrooder
1278. Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi
1279. Pseudocrenilabrus philander dispersus
1280. Pseudocrenilabrus philander luebberti
1281. Pseudocrenilabrus philander philander Southern mouthbrooder
1282. Pseudosimochromis curvifrons
1283. Pseudotropheus ater
1284. Pseudotropheus crabro
1285. Pseudotropheus cyaneus Cyan hap
1286. Pseudotropheus demasoni
1287. Pseudotropheus elongatus Elongate mbuna
1288. Pseudotropheus fainzilberi
1289. Pseudotropheus flavus
1290. Pseudotropheus fuscoides
1291. Pseudotropheus fuscus
632
1292. Pseudotropheus galanos
1293. Pseudotropheus longior
1294. Pseudotropheus minutus
1295. Pseudotropheus purpuratus
1296. Pseudotropheus saulosi
1297. Pseudotropheus socolofi Pindani
1298. Pseudotropheus tursiops
1299. Pseudotropheus williamsi Red top williamsi
1300. Pterochromis congicus
1301. Pterophyllum altum
1302. Pterophyllum leopoldi
1303. Pterophyllum scalare Freshwater angelfish
1304. Ptychochromis curvidens
1305. Ptychochromis grandidieri
1306. Ptychochromis inornatus
1307. Ptychochromis insolitus
1308. Ptychochromis loisellei
1309. Ptychochromis makira
1310. Ptychochromis oligacanthus
1311. Ptychochromis onilahy
1312. Ptychochromoides betsileanus
1313. Ptychochromoides itasy
1314. Ptychochromoides vondrozo
1315. Pungu maclareni
1316. Reganochromis calliurus
1317. Retroculus lapidifer
1318. Retroculus septentrionalis
1319. Retroculus xinguensis
1320. Rhamphochromis brevis
1321. Rhamphochromis esox
1322. Rhamphochromis ferox
1323. Rhamphochromis leptosoma
1324. Rhamphochromis longiceps Tigerfish
1325. Rhamphochromis lucius
1326. Rhamphochromis macrophthalmus
1327. Rhamphochromis woodi
1328. Rocio gemmata
1329. Rocio ocotal
1330. Rocio octofasciata Jack Dempsey
1321. Sargochromis carlottae Rainbow happy
1322. Sargochromis codringtonii Green happy
1323. Sargochromis coulteri Cunene happy
1324. Sargochromis giardi Pink happy
1325. Sargochromis greenwoodi Greenwood's happy
1326. Sargochromis mellandi Snaileater
1327. Sargochromis mortimeri Mortimer's happy
1328. Sargochromis thysi
1329. Sarotherodon caroli Fissi
1330. Sarotherodon caudomarginatus
1331. Sarotherodon galilaeus borkuanus
1332. Sarotherodon galilaeus boulengeri
1333. Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus Mango tilapia
1334. Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus
1335. Sarotherodon galilaeus sanagaensis
1336. Sarotherodon linnellii Blackfin tilapia
633
1337. Sarotherodon lohbergeri Keppi
1338. Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii Mango fish
1339. Sarotherodon melanotheron leonensis
1340. Sarotherodon melanotheron melanotheron Blackchin tilapia
1341. Sarotherodon mvogoi
1342. Sarotherodon nigripinnis dolloi
1343. Sarotherodon nigripinnis nigripinnis
1344. Sarotherodon occidentalis
1345. Sarotherodon steinbachi Kululu
1346. Sarotherodon tournieri liberiensis
1347. Sarotherodon tournieri tournieri
1348. Satanoperca acuticeps Sharphead eartheater
1349. Satanoperca daemon Threespot eartheater
1350. Satanoperca jurupari Demon eartheater
1351. Satanoperca leucosticta
1352. Satanoperca lilith
1353. Satanoperca mapiritensis
1354. Satanoperca pappaterra Pantanal eartheater
1355. Schwetzochromis neodon
1356. Sciaenochromis ahli Electric blue hap
1357. Sciaenochromis benthicola
1358. Sciaenochromis fryeri
1359. Sciaenochromis psammophilus Electric blue kande
1360. Serranochromis altus Humpback largemouth
1361. Serranochromis angusticeps Thinface cichlid
1362. Serranochromis janus
1363. Serranochromis longimanus Longfin largemouth
1364. Serranochromis macrocephalus Purpleface largemouth
1365. Serranochromis meridianus Lowveld largemouth
1366. Serranochromis robustus jallae Nembwe
1367. Serranochromis robustus robustus Yellow-belly bream
1368. Serranochromis spei
1369. Serranochromis stappersi
1370. Serranochromis thumbergi Brownspot largemouth
1371. Simochromis babaulti
1372. Simochromis diagramma
1373. Simochromis margaretae
1374. Simochromis marginatus
1375. Simochromis pleurospilus
1376. Spathodus erythrodon
1377. Spathodus marlieri
1378. Steatocranus bleheri
1379. Steatocranus casuarius Lionhead cichlid
1380. Steatocranus gibbiceps
1381. Steatocranus glaber
1382. Steatocranus irvinei Cichlid
1383. Steatocranus mpozoensis
1384. Steatocranus rouxi
1385. Steatocranus tinanti
1386. Steatocranus ubanguiensis
1387. Stigmatochromis modestus
1388. Stigmatochromis pholidophorus Candle hap
1389. Stigmatochromis pleurospilus
1380. Stigmatochromis woodi
1381. Stomatepia mariae Nsess
634
1382. Stomatepia mongo Mongo
1383. Stomatepia pindu Pindu
1384. Symphysodon aequifasciatus Blue discus
1385. Symphysodon discus Red discus
1386. Taeniacara candidi
1387. Taeniochromis holotaenia
1388. Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus
1389. Taeniolethrinops furcicauda
1390. Taeniolethrinops laticeps
1391. Taeniolethrinops praeorbitalis
1392. Tahuantinsuyoa chipi
1393. Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza
1394. Tangachromis dhanisi
1395. Tanganicodus irsacae Spotfin goby cichlid
1396. Teleocichla centisquama Slender pike cichlid
1397. Teleocichla centrarchus
1398. Teleocichla cinderella
1399. Teleocichla gephyrogramma
1400. Teleocichla monogramma
1401. Teleocichla prionogenys
1402. Teleocichla proselytus
1403. Teleogramma brichardi
1404. Teleogramma depressa
1405. Teleogramma gracile
1406. Teleogramma monogramma
1407. Telmatochromis bifrenatus
1408. Telmatochromis brachygnathus
1409. Telmatochromis brichardi
1410. Telmatochromis burgeoni
1411. Telmatochromis dhonti
1412. Telmatochromis temporalis
1413. Telmatochromis vittatus
1414. Theraps coeruleus
1415. Theraps irregularis Arroyo cichlid
1416. Theraps lentiginosus Freckled cichlid
1417. Theraps wesseli
1418. Thoracochromis albolabris Thicklipped happy
1419. Thoracochromis bakongo
1420. Thoracochromis brauschi
1421. Thoracochromis buysi Namib happy
1422. Thoracochromis callichromus
1423. Thoracochromis demeusii
1424. Thoracochromis fasciatus
1425. Thoracochromis lucullae
1426. Thoracochromis moeruensis
1427. Thoracochromis schwetzi
1428. Thoracochromis stigmatogenys
1429. Thoracochromis wingatii
1430. Thorichthys affinis Yellow meeki
1431. Thorichthys aureus Blue flash
1432. Thorichthys callolepis San Domingo cichlid
1433. Thorichthys ellioti
1434. Thorichthys helleri Yellow cichlid
1435. Thorichthys meeki Firemouth cichlid
1436. Thorichthys pasionis Blackgullet cichlid
635
1437. Thorichthys socolofi Chiapas cichlid
1438. Thysochromis annectens
1439. Thysochromis ansorgii
1440. Tilapia bakossiorum
1441. Tilapia baloni
1442. Tilapia bemini
1443. Tilapia bilineata
1444. Tilapia brevimanus
1445. Tilapia busumana
1446. Tilapia buttikoferi
1447. Tilapia bythobates
1448. Tilapia cabrae
1449. Tilapia cameronensis
1450. Tilapia camerunensis
1451. Tilapia cessiana
1452. Tilapia coffea
1453. Tilapia congica
1454. Tilapia dageti
1455. Tilapia deckerti
1456. Tilapia discolor
1457. Tilapia flava
1458. Tilapia guinasana Otjikoto tilapia
1459. Tilapia guineensis Guinean tilapia
1460. Tilapia gutturosa
1461. Tilapia imbriferna
1462. Tilapia ismailiaensis
1463. Tilapia jallae
1464. Tilapia joka
1465. Tilapia kottae
1466. Tilapia louka
1467. Tilapia margaritacea
1468. Tilapia mariae Spotted tilapia
1469. Tilapia nyongana
1470. Tilapia rendalli Redbreast tilapia
1471. Tilapia rheophila
1472. Tilapia ruweti Okavango tilapia
1473. Tilapia snyderae
1474. Tilapia sparrmanii Banded tilapia
1475. Tilapia spongotroktis
1476. Tilapia tholloni
1477. Tilapia thysi
1478. Tilapia walteri
1479. Tilapia zillii Redbelly tilapia
1480. Tomocichla asfraci
1481. Tomocichla sieboldii
1482. Tomocichla tuba
1483. Tramitichromis brevis
1484. Tramitichromis intermedius
1485. Tramitichromis lituris
1486. Tramitichromis trilineatus
1487. Tramitichromis variabilis
1488. Trematocara caparti
1489. Trematocara kufferathi
1490. Trematocara macrostoma
1491. Trematocara marginatum
636
1492. Trematocara nigrifrons
1493. Trematocara stigmaticum
1494. Trematocara unimaculatum
1495. Trematocara variabile
1496. Trematocara zebra
1497. Trematocranus labifer
1498. Trematocranus microstoma Haplochromis placodon pointed head
1499. Trematocranus placodon
1500. Triglachromis otostigma
1501. Tristramella sacra
1502. Tristramella simonis intermedia
1503. Tristramella simonis magdalenae
1504. Tristramella simonis simonis
1505. Tropheops gracilior
1506. Tropheops lucerna
1507. Tropheops macrophthalmus
1508. Tropheops microstoma
1509. Tropheops modestus
1510. Tropheops novemfasciatus
1511. Tropheops romandi
1512. Tropheops tropheops
1513. Tropheus annectens
1514. Tropheus brichardi
1515. Tropheus duboisi
1516. Tropheus kasabae
1517. Tropheus moorii Blunthead cichlid
1518. Tropheus polli
1519. Tylochromis aristoma
1520. Tylochromis bangwelensis Hump-back bream
1521. Tylochromis elongatus
1522. Tylochromis intermedius
1523. Tylochromis jentinki
1524. Tylochromis labrodon
1525. Tylochromis lateralis
1526. Tylochromis leonensis
1527. Tylochromis microdon
1528. Tylochromis mylodon Mweru hump-backed bream
1529. Tylochromis polylepis
1530. Tylochromis praecox
1531. Tylochromis pulcher
1532. Tylochromis regani
1533. Tylochromis robertsi
1534. Tylochromis sudanensis
1535. Tylochromis trewavasae
1536. Tylochromis variabilis
1537. Tyrannochromis macrostoma
1538. Tyrannochromis maculiceps
1539. Tyrannochromis nigriventer
1540. Tyrannochromis polyodon
1541. Uaru amphiacanthoides Uaru
1542. Uaru fernandezyepezi
1543. Variabilichromis moorii
1544. Vieja argentea White cichlid
1545. Vieja bifasciata Twoband cichlid
1546. Vieja breidohri Angostura cichlid
637
1547. Vieja fenestrata
1548. Vieja godmanni Southern checkmark cichlid
1549. Vieja guttulata Amatitlan cichlid
1550. Vieja hartwegi Tailbar cichlid
1551. Vieja heterospila Montecristo cichlid
1552. Vieja intermedia Northern checkmark cichlid
1553. Vieja maculicauda Blackbelt cichlid
1554. Vieja melanura
1555. Vieja microphthalma
1556. Vieja regani Almoloya cichlid
1557. Vieja synspila Redhead cichlid
1558. Vieja tuyrensis
1559. Vieja zonata Oaxaca cichlid
1560. Xenochromis hecqui
1561. Xenotilapia bathyphila
1562. Xenotilapia boulengeri
1563. Xenotilapia burtoni
1564. Xenotilapia caudafasciata
1565. Xenotilapia flavipinnis Yellow Sand Cichlid
1566. Xenotilapia leptura
1567. Xenotilapia longispinis
1568. Xenotilapia melanogenys
1569. Xenotilapia nasus
1570. Xenotilapia nigrolabiata
1571. Xenotilapia ochrogenys
1572. Xenotilapia ornatipinnis
1573. Xenotilapia papilio
1574. Xenotilapia rotundiventralis
1575. Xenotilapia sima
1576. Xenotilapia spiloptera
1577. Xenotilapia tenuidentata
638
Family Cirrhitidae
(Hawkfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical western and eastern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific
(mainly Indo-Pacific). Continuous dorsal fin with 10 spines, 11-17 soft
rays; interspinal membranes with cirri. Anal fin 5-7 soft rays. Scales
ctenoid or cycloid. Vertebrae 26-28. Maximum length about 55 cm.
Species usually small and very colorful; inhabits rocks and corals. Have
many features in common with the scorpaenids. Feed on small
crustaceans and fishes. Protogynous hermaphrodites, with few
dominant males. Spawning takes place in open water near the surface.
Adapt well to aquarium conditions.

1. Amblycirrhitus bimacula Twospot hawkfish
2. Amblycirrhitus earnshawi
3. Amblycirrhitus oxyrhynchos
4. Amblycirrhitus pinos Redspotted hawkfish
5. Amblycirrhitus unimacula
6. Cirrhitichthys aprinus Spotted hawkfish
7. Cirrhitichthys aureus Yellow hawkfish
8. Cirrhitichthys bleekeri
9. Cirrhitichthys calliurus Spottedtail hawkfish
10. Cirrhitichthys falco Dwarf hawkfish
11. Cirrhitichthys guichenoti
12. Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus Coral hawkfish
13. Cirrhitichthys randalli
14. Cirrhitops fasciatus Redbarred hawkfish
15. Cirrhitops hubbardi
16. Cirrhitops mascarenensis
17. Cirrhitus albopunctatus
18. Cirrhitus atlanticus West African hawkfish
19. Cirrhitus pinnulatus Stocky hawkfish
20. Cirrhitus rivulatus Giant hawkfish
21. Cristacirrhitus punctatus Blackspotted hawkfish
22. Cyprinocirrhites polyactis Swallowtail hawkfish
23. Isocirrhitus sexfasciatus Sixband hawkfish
24. Itycirrhitus wilhelmi
25. Neocirrhites armatus Flame hawkfish
26. Notocirrhitus splendens Splendid hawkfish
27. Oxycirrhites typus Longnose hawkfish
28. Paracirrhites arcatus Arc-eye hawkfish
639
29. Paracirrhites bicolor
30. Paracirrhites forsteri Blackside hawkfish
31. Paracirrhites hemistictus Whitespot hawkfish
32. Paracirrhites nisus
33. Paracirrhites xanthus
640
Family Clinidae
(Clinids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Mainly temperate in both

southern and northern hemispheres. Scales usually inconspicuous;
cycloid, having radii in all fields. No cirri on nape, may be present
elsewhere on head. Dorsal fin with more spines than soft rays; all fin
rays simple. Anal fin 2 spines. A cordlike ligament stretches from
ceratohyal to dentary symphasis. Maximum length about 60 cm
reported for Heterostichus rostratus; mostly well below this size.

1. Blennioclinus brachycephalus Lace klipfish
2. Blennioclinus stella Silverbubble klipfish
3. Blennophis anguillaris Snaky klipfish
4. Blennophis striatus Striped klipfish
5. Cancelloxus burrelli Slender platanna-klipfish
6. Cancelloxus elongatus Whiteblotched klipfish
7. Cancelloxus longior
8. Cirrhibarbis capensis Barbelled klipfish
9. Climacoporus navalis Fleet klipfish
10. Clinitrachus argentatus Cline
11. Clinoporus biporosus Ladder klipfish
12. Clinus acuminatus Sad klipfish
13. Clinus agilis Agile klipfish
14. Clinus arborescens
15. Clinus berrisfordi Onrust klipfish
16. Clinus brevicristatus Cape klipfish
17. Clinus cottoides Bluntnose klipfish
18. Clinus helenae Helen's klipfish
19. Clinus heterodon Westcoast klipfish
20. Clinus latipennis False Bay klipfish
21. Clinus nematopterus Chinese klipfish
22. Clinus robustus Robust klipfish
23. Clinus rotundifrons Kelp klipfish
24. Clinus spatulatus Bot River klipfish
25. Clinus superciliosus
26. Clinus taurus Bull klipfish
27. Clinus venustris Speckled klipfish
28. Clinus woodi Oldman klipfish
29. Cristiceps argyropleura Silver-sided weedfish
30. Cristiceps aurantiacus Golden weedfish
31. Cristiceps australis Crested weedfish
641
32. Ericentrus rubrus Orange clinid
33. Fucomimus mus Mousey klipfish
34. Gibbonsia elegans Spotted kelpfish
35. Gibbonsia evides
36. Gibbonsia metzi Striped kelpfish
37. Gibbonsia montereyensis Crevice kelpfish
38. Heteroclinus adelaidae Adelaide's weedfish
39. Heteroclinus antinectes Natal weedfish
40. Heteroclinus eckloniae Kelp weedfish
41. Heteroclinus equiradiatus Sevenbar weedfish
42. Heteroclinus fasciatus Banded weedfish
43. Heteroclinus flavescens Short-tassel weedfish
44. Heteroclinus heptaeolus Ogilby's weedfish
45. Heteroclinus johnstoni Johnston's weedfish
46. Heteroclinus kuiteri
47. Heteroclinus macrophthalmus Large-eye weedfish
48. Heteroclinus marmoratus Slender weedfish
49. Heteroclinus nasutus Large-nose weedfish
50. Heteroclinus perspicillatus Common weedfish
51. Heteroclinus puellarum Little weedfish
52. Heteroclinus roseus Rosy weedfish
53. Heteroclinus tristis Sharp-nose weedfish
54. Heteroclinus whiteleggii Whitelegg's weedfish
55. Heteroclinus wilsoni Wilson's weedfish
56. Heterostichus rostratus Giant kelpfish
57. Muraenoclinus dorsalis Nosestripe klipfish
58. Myxodes cristatus Sailfin clinid
59. Myxodes ornatus
60. Myxodes viridis
61. Ophiclinops hutchinsi Earspot snakeblenny
62. Ophiclinops pardalis Spotted snakeblenny
63. Ophiclinops varius Variegated snake-blenny
64. Ophiclinus antarcticus Adelaide snakeblenny
65. Ophiclinus brevipinnis Shortfin snakeblenny
66. Ophiclinus gabrieli Frosted snake-blenny
67. Ophiclinus gracilis Black-back snake-blenny
68. Ophiclinus ningulus Variable snake-blenny
69. Ophiclinus pectoralis Whiteblotch snakeblenny
70. Pavoclinus caeruleopunctatus
71. Pavoclinus graminis Grass klipfish
72. Pavoclinus laurentii Rippled klipfish
73. Pavoclinus litorafontis Slinky klipfish
74. Pavoclinus mentalis Bearded klipfish
75. Pavoclinus myae Mya's klipfish
76. Pavoclinus pavo Peacock klipfish
77. Pavoclinus profundus Deepwater klipfish
78. Pavoclinus smalei Deep-reef klipfish
79. Peronedys anguillaris Eel blenny
80. Ribeiroclinus eigenmanni
81. Smithichthys fucorum Leafy klipfish
82. Springeratus caledonicus Caledonian weedfish
83. Springeratus polyporatus
84. Springeratus xanthosoma
85. Sticharium clarkae Dusky crawler
86. Sticharium dorsale Sand crawler
642
87. Xenopoclinus kochi Platanna klipfish
88. Xenopoclinus leprosus Leprous platanna-klipfish
643
Family Coryphaenidae
(Dolphinfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Slender fishes with
compressed head and body. The single dorsal fin originates on the
head and extends over nearly the full length of the body. No spines;
soft rays 48-65. No spines on anal fin. Deeply forked caudal fin.
Forehead steep and high in adult males. Live specimens with
exceedingly beautiful colors. Vertebrae 30-34. Attains 1.5 m maximum
length. Dolphinfishes inhabit the surface waters where they feed upon
small fishes and other animals.

1. Coryphaena equiselis Pompano dolphinfish
2. Coryphaena hippurus Common dolphinfish
644
Family Creediidae
(Sandburrowers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific from South Africa to Hawaii and Easter
I. Lower jaw fringed with a row of cirri. A knob projecting backward at
the articulation of lower jaw. Snout fleshy and jutting beyond lower
jaw. Lateral line goes down to ventral surface gradually or abruptly.
Scales in lateral line often with three-lobed posterior extensions,
except the most anterior scales. A few species largely scaleless, except
for lateral line scales which is always present. Continuous dorsal fin
with 12-43 unbranched soft rays. Pelvic fin like an inverted bowl, 3-5
soft rays; pelvics very close to each other. Cornea folding in at junction
of skin and cornea. Slightly bulging eyes. Opercular bone very much
splintered or fimbriated. Maximum length about 8 cm.

1. Apodocreedia vanderhorsti Longfin burrower
2. Chalixodytes chameleontoculis Sand dart
3. Chalixodytes tauensis Saddled sandburrower
4. Creedia alleni
5. Creedia bilineatus
6. Creedia haswelli Slender sand-diver
7. Creedia partimsquamigera Half-scaled sand-diver
8. Crystallodytes cookei South Pacific Sandburrower
9. Crystallodytes pauciradiatus
10. Limnichthys donaldsoni Donaldson's sandburrower
11. Limnichthys fasciatus Barred sand burrower
12. Limnichthys nitidus Sand submarine
13. Limnichthys orientalis
14. Limnichthys polyactis Tommyfish
15. Limnichthys rendahli
16. Schizochirus insolens
17. Tewara cranwellae
645
Family Cryptacanthodidae
(Wrymouths)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: cold-temperate north Pacific and northwest Atlantic. Body

elongate, rounded anteriorly and compressed posteriorly; head broad,
depressed, with eyes set high. Lower jaw projecting; mouth large,
oblique to nearly vertical. Dorsal and anal fins long, extending to
caudal fin base or confluent with caudal fin; dorsal fin with 60-80 stiff
spines, anal fin with 0-3 spines and 43-52 soft rays. Pectoral fins very
small. Pelvic fins absent, pelvic girdle present. Nostrils tubular, one
pair (posterior absent). Scales absent, except small cycloid scales
present in Cryptacanthodes giganteus. Cephalic mechanosensory
canals not opening to the outside. Trunk lateral line represented by
widely spaced pit organs (superficial neuromasts). Vomerine teeth
present; palatine teeth present in all except Cryptacanthodes
aleutensis. Gill membranes broadly connected to the isthmus, gill
openings not continued far forward. Branchiostegal rays 6. Gill rakers
very short, less than 15 in number. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae
71-88. Pale brown above and cream-colored below, with or without
spots; or uniformly pink or red. Attain total lengths of 31-127 cm.
Benthic, making extensive systems of tunnels with numerous exits by
burrowing in soft substrates. Feeds on crustaceans and other
invertebrates.

1. Cryptacanthodes aleutensis Dwarf wrymouth
2. Cryptacanthodes bergi
3. Cryptacanthodes giganteus Giant wrymouth
4. Cryptacanthodes maculatus Wrymouth
646
Family Dactyloscopidae
(Sand stargazers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North and South America. Warm temperate to tropical.

Mouth strongly oblique. Usually with fringes on lips. with fingerlike
subdivisions. Upper margin of operculum with fingerlike subdivisions.
Eyes dorsally placed and somewhat protrusible; with or without eye
stalk. Pelvic fin jugular, with 1 spine and 3 soft rays. Dorsal fin long,
continuous or divided; 7-23 spines, 12-36 soft rays. Anal fin 21-41 soft
rays. Lateral line 33-73 scales. Body scales cycloid. Parasphenoid
absent. Vertebrae 10-13 abdominal, 23-42 caudal. Maximum length
about 15 cm. Frequently burrow in sand. Pumps water with a
branchiostegal instead of an opercular pump.

1. Dactylagnus mundus Giant sand stargazer
2. Dactylagnus parvus Panamic stargazer
3. Dactylagnus peratikos
4. Dactyloscopus amnis Riverine stargazer
5. Dactyloscopus boehlkei
6. Dactyloscopus byersi Notchtail stargazer
7. Dactyloscopus comptus
8. Dactyloscopus crossotus Bigeye stargazer
9. Dactyloscopus fimbriatus
10. Dactyloscopus foraminosus Reticulate stargazer
11. Dactyloscopus lacteus Milky sand stargazer
12. Dactyloscopus lunaticus Moonstruck stargazer
13. Dactyloscopus metoecus Mexican stargazer
14. Dactyloscopus minutus Tiny stargazer
15. Dactyloscopus moorei Speckled stargazer
16. Dactyloscopus pectoralis Whitesaddle stargazer
17. Dactyloscopus poeyi Shortchin stargazer
18. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Sand stargazer
19. Dactyloscopus zelotes
20. Gillellus arenicola Sandy stargazer
21. Gillellus chathamensis Cocos stargazer
22. Gillellus greyae Arrow stargazer
23. Gillellus healae Masked stargazer
24. Gillellus inescatus
25. Gillellus jacksoni
26. Gillellus ornatus Ornate stargazer
27. Gillellus searcheri Searcher stargazer
647
28. Gillellus semicinctus Half-banded stargazer
29. Gillellus uranidea Warteye stargazer
30. Heteristius cinctus
31. Leurochilus acon Smoothlip stargazer
32. Myxodagnus belone Dartfish
33. Myxodagnus macrognathus
34. Myxodagnus opercularis Dart stargazer
35. Myxodagnus sagitta
36. Myxodagnus walkeri
37. Platygillellus altivelis Sailfin stargazer
38. Platygillellus brasiliensis Brazilian sand stargazer
39. Platygillellus bussingi Bussing's stargazer
40. Platygillellus rubellulus Shortfin sand stargazer
41. Platygillellus rubrocinctus Saddle stargazer
42. Platygillellus smithi
43. Sindoscopus australis
44. Storrsia olsoni
648
Family Datnioididae
(Freshwater tripletails)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: from India to Borneo in fresh and brackish waters.

Palatine and vomer toothless; caudal fin rounded; rounded lobes on
anal and second dorsal fins giving fish the appearance of having three
tails; dorsal fin with 12 spines and 15-16 soft rays; 24 vertebrae. The
very young camouflage themselves by turning sideways and floating
like leaves. Coius cobojius the type species of Coius has been assigned
to Anabas. Therefore, Coius has been put in synonymy with Anabas
and genus and species included in Anabantidae (Kottelat, 2000;
CAS_Ref_No 25865). This implies: - a change of the family name in
Datnioididae (= former Datnioidae); - a genus change for the other
Datnioididae species that have been assigned to Coius but are not
Anabantidae. All have been assigned to Datnioides, now the genus
type for the family.

1. Datnioides campbelli
2. Datnioides microlepis Finescale tigerfish
3. Datnioides polota
4. Datnioides pulcher Siamese tiger perch
5. Datnioides undecimradiatus Mekong tiger perch
649
Family Dichistiidae
(Galjoen fishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: South Africa and Madagascar. Marine, coastal and

brackish water. Relatively deep-bodied. Spines in dorsal fin 10; soft
rays usually 18-23. Three spines in anal fin, soft rays usually 13 or 14.
Gill membranes united to isthmus. Mouth small with some incisiform
teeth. (= former Coracinidae).

1. Dichistius capensis Galjoen
2. Dichistius multifasciatus Banded galjoen
650
Family Dinolestidae
(Long-finned pike)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: southern Australia. Body elongate. Lower jaw jutted.

Teeth present on vomer and palatine. Some caninelike teeth in mouth.
Scales covering head (including maxilla, snout, and occiput). Axillary
scale at base of pelvics. Dorsal fins far apart. Anterior dorsal fin with 4
or 5 spines; the second dorsal fin with 1 short spine and about 18 or
19 soft rays. One short spine on anal fin; soft rays about 26. Scales
cycloid; about 64-67 along lateral line. Lateral line extending onto
caudal fin. Vertebrae 27 (10 + 17). To about 50 cm maximum length.

1. Dinolestes lewini Long-finned pike
651
Family Dinopercidae
(Cavebasses)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indian and Atlantic (off Angola). Dorsal fin continuous; 9-
11 spines, 18-20 soft-rays. Anal fin 3 spines, 12-14 soft rays. Caudal
fin truncate. Lower jaw protruding. Maxillae exposed; large
supramaxillae. Serrated preopercle. Frontal bones with high median
crest. Opercular spines 2. Branchiostegal rays 7. Swim bladder large, 3
pairs of intrinsic muscles. Vertebrae 26.

1. Centrarchops chapini Barred seabass
2. Dinoperca petersi Lampfish
652
Family Draconettidae
(Slope dragonets)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Pacific (Japan to Hawaii), Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Chiefly tropical to warm temperate. Each side of head with two
nostrils. Relatively broad gill opening. One straight strong spine on
both opercle and subopercle. No spine on preopercle. Lateral line
vestigial or in a groove; head portion of lateral line developed. Pectoral
skeleton with 4 radials. Posttemporal and basisphenoid present. Nasal
bone absent. Single postcleithrum. Hypurals 2; separate. Spines in
dorsal fin 3; soft rays 12-15. Anal fin soft rays 12 or 13. Uncommon or
relatively rare. Found along edge of contintental shelf or on
seamounts.

1. Centrodraco abstractum
2. Centrodraco acanthopoma
3. Centrodraco atrifilum
4. Centrodraco gegonipus
5. Centrodraco insolitus
6. Centrodraco nakaboi
7. Centrodraco oregonus lineatus
8. Centrodraco oregonus oregonus
9. Centrodraco ornatus
10. Centrodraco otohime
11. Centrodraco pseudoxenicus
12. Centrodraco rubellus
13. Centrodraco striatus
14. Draconetta xenica
653
Family Drepaneidae
(Sicklefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Indo-west Pacific and West Africa. Body deep and laterally
compressed. Mouth markedly protractile. Spinal portion of dorsal fin
with 13-14 spines, distinct from soft-rayed portion with 19-22 soft
rays; anal fin with three spines and 17-19 soft rays; pectoral fins
longer than head, falcate; 24 vertebrae. Maxilla distally exposed.
Subocular shelf absent. Feed on small invertebrates. Assumed to be
pelagic spawners (RF). Drepane punctata and D. longimana are only
distinguished by color and might be the same species. Name was
changed from Drepanidae (preoccupied in insects) to Drepaneidae,
following Opinion of Jan. 1976.

1. Drepane africana African sicklefish
2. Drepane longimana Concertina fish
3. Drepane punctata Spotted sicklefish
654
Family Echeneidae
(Remoras)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Elongate body, with the head
flattened and bearing a sucking disc having 10-28 transverse movable
lamina (disc said to have evolved from a spinous dorsal fin). Mandible
jutted. Scales small and cycloid. Spines absent in dorsal and anal fins.
About 18-40 soft rays each in dorsal and anal fins. No swim bladder.
Branchiostegal rays 8-11. With the sucking disc, the remora hitches to
larger animals such as sharks, bony fishes, turtles or mammals. Some
species reportedly show considerable host specificity. They act as
cleaners on their hosts and also feed on 'leftovers'. Assumed to be
pelagic spawners (RF). About 1 m maximum length (reported for
Echeines naucrates); the smallest species measuring 17 cm.

1. Echeneis naucrates Live sharksucker
2. Echeneis neucratoides Whitefin sharksucker
3. Phtheirichthys lineatus Slender suckerfish
4. Remora australis Whalesucker
5. Remora brachyptera Spearfish remora
6. Remora osteochir Marlin sucker
7. Remora remora Shark sucker
8. Remorina albescens White suckerfish
655
Family Eleginopsidae
(Patagonian blennies)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Off Tierra del Fuego. Formerly in Nototheniidae.

1. Eleginops maclovinus Patagonian blennie
656
Family Eleotridae
(Sleepers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: most tropical and subtropical areas; rare in temperate

areas. Separate pelvic fins, or fused to various extents. Mouth never
subterminal. Cycloid or ctenoid scales. Dorsal fin 2-8 flexible spines.
Vertebrae 25-28. Branchiostegal rays 6. Maximum length about 60 cm
(reported for Dormitator maculatus).

1. Allomogurnda flavimarginata
2. Allomogurnda hoesei
3. Allomogurnda insularis
4. Allomogurnda landfordi
5. Allomogurnda montana
6. Allomogurnda nesolepis Yellowbelly gudgeon
7. Allomogurnda papua
8. Allomogurnda sampricei
9. Belobranchus belobranchus Throat-spine gudgeon
10. Bostrychus africanus
11. Bostrychus aruensis Island gudgeon
12. Bostrychus microphthalmus
13. Bostrychus sinensis Four-eyed sleeper
14. Bostrychus strigogenys Striped-cheek gudgeon
15. Bostrychus zonatus Barred gudgeon
16. Bunaka gyrinoides Greenback gauvina
17. Bunaka pinguis
18. Butis amboinensis Olive flathead-gudgeon
19. Butis butis Duckbill sleeper
20. Butis gymnopomus
21. Butis humeralis
22. Butis koilomatodon Mud sleeper
23. Butis melanostigma Black-spotted gudgeon
24. Calumia eilperinae
25. Calumia godeffroyi Tailface sleeper
26. Calumia papuensis
27. Calumia profunda
28. Dormitator cubanus
29. Dormitator latifrons Pacific fat sleeper
30. Dormitator lebretonis
31. Dormitator lophocephalus
32. Dormitator maculatus Fat sleeper
33. Dormitator pleurops
34. Eleotris acanthopoma
657
35. Eleotris amblyopsis Large-scaled spinycheek sleeper
36. Eleotris andamensis
37. Eleotris annobonensis
38. Eleotris aquadulcis Freshwater gudgeon
39. Eleotris balia
40. Eleotris brachyurus
41. Eleotris daganensis
42. Eleotris fasciatus
43. Eleotris feai
44. Eleotris fusca Dusky sleeper
45. Eleotris lutea Lutea sleeper
46. Eleotris macrocephala
47. Eleotris macrolepis
48. Eleotris margaritacea
49. Eleotris mauritiana Widehead sleeper
50. Eleotris melanosoma Broadhead sleeper
51. Eleotris melanura
52. Eleotris oxycephala
53. Eleotris pellegrini
54. Eleotris perniger Smallscaled spinycheek sleeper
55. Eleotris picta Spotted sleeper
56. Eleotris pisonis Spinycheek sleeper
57. Eleotris pseudacanthopomus
58. Eleotris sandwicensis Sandwich Island sleeper
59. Eleotris senegalensis
60. Eleotris soaresi
61. Eleotris tecta
62. Eleotris tubularis
63. Eleotris vittata
64. Eleotris vomerodentata
65. Erotelis armiger Flathead sleeper
66. Erotelis shropshirei
67. Erotelis smaragdus Emerald sleeper
68. Gobiomorphus australis Striped gudgeon
69. Gobiomorphus basalis Cran's bully
70. Gobiomorphus breviceps Upland bully
71. Gobiomorphus cotidianus Common bully
72. Gobiomorphus coxii Cox's gudgeon
73. Gobiomorphus gobioides Giant bully
74. Gobiomorphus hubbsi Bluegilled bully
75. Gobiomorphus huttoni Redfinned bully
76. Gobiomorus dormitor Bigmouth sleeper
77. Gobiomorus maculatus Pacific sleeper
78. Gobiomorus polylepis Finescale sleeper
79. Grahamichthys radiata Graham's gudgeon
80. Guavina guavina Guavina
81. Guavina micropus
82. Hemieleotris latifasciata Pygmy sleeper
83. Hemieleotris levis
84. Hypseleotris agilis
85. Hypseleotris aurea Golden gudgeon
86. Hypseleotris barrawayi
87. Hypseleotris bipartita
88. Hypseleotris compressa Empire gudgeon
89. Hypseleotris compressocephalus
658
90. Hypseleotris cyprinoides Tropical carp-gudgeon
91. Hypseleotris dayi Golden sleeper
92. Hypseleotris ejuncida Slender gudgeon
93. Hypseleotris everetti
94. Hypseleotris galii Firetailed gudgeon
95. Hypseleotris guentheri
96. Hypseleotris kimberleyensis Barnett River gudgeon
97. Hypseleotris klunzingeri Western carp gudgeon
98. Hypseleotris leuciscus
99. Hypseleotris pangel
100. Hypseleotris regalis Prince Regent gudgeon
101. Hypseleotris tohizonae
102. Incara multisquamatus
103. Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi Mitchell gudgeon
104. Kimberleyeleotris notata Drysdale gudgeon
105. Kribia kribensis
106. Kribia leonensis
107. Kribia nana
108. Kribia uellensis
109. Leptophilypnus fluviatilis
110. Leptophilypnus guatemalensis
111. Leptophilypnus panamensis
112. Microphilypnus amazonicus
113. Microphilypnus macrostoma
114. Microphilypnus ternetzi
115. Milyeringa veritas Cave gudgeon
116. Mogurnda adspersa Purple-spotted gudgeon
117. Mogurnda aiwasoensis
118. Mogurnda aurifodinae Northern mogurnda
119. Mogurnda cingulata Banded mogurnda
120. Mogurnda clivicola Flinders ranges mogurnda
121. Mogurnda furva Black mogurnda
122. Mogurnda kaifayama
123. Mogurnda kutubuensis Lake Kutubu mogurnda
124. Mogurnda larapintae Desert mogurnda
125. Mogurnda lineata Kokoda mogurnda
126. Mogurnda maccuneae
127. Mogurnda magna
128. Mogurnda malsmithi
129. Mogurnda mbuta
130. Mogurnda mogurnda Northern trout gudgeon
131. Mogurnda mosa
132. Mogurnda oligolepis Kimberley mogurnda
133. Mogurnda orientalis Eastern mogurnda
134. Mogurnda pardalis
135. Mogurnda pulchra Moresby mogurnda
136. Mogurnda spilota Blotched mogurnda
137. Mogurnda thermophila Dalhousie mogurnda
138. Mogurnda variegata Variegated mogurnda
139. Mogurnda vitta Striped mogurnda
140. Mogurnda wapoga
141. Odonteleotris canina
142. Odonteleotris macrodon Gangetic sleeper
143. Ophieleotris aporos Snakehead gudgeon
144. Ophiocara macrolepidota
659
145. Ophiocara porocephala Northern mud gudgeon
146. Oxyeleotris altipinna
147. Oxyeleotris aruensis Aru gudgeon
148. Oxyeleotris caeca
149. Oxyeleotris expatria
150. Oxyeleotris fimbriata Fimbriate gudgeon
151. Oxyeleotris herwerdenii Blackbanded gauvina
152. Oxyeleotris heterodon Sentani gudgeon
153. Oxyeleotris lineolata Sleepy cod
154. Oxyeleotris marmorata Marble goby
155. Oxyeleotris nullipora Poreless gudgeon
156. Oxyeleotris paucipora Fewpored gudgeon
157. Oxyeleotris selheimi Giant gudgeon
158. Oxyeleotris siamensis
159. Oxyeleotris urophthalmoides
160. Oxyeleotris urophthalmus
161. Oxyeleotris wisselensis Paniai gudgeon
162. Parviparma straminea
163. Philypnodon grandiceps Flathead gudgeon
164. Philypnodon macrostomus
165. Philypnus macrolepis
166. Pogoneleotris heterolepis
167. Prionobutis dasyrhynchus
168. Prionobutis microps Small-eyed loter
169. Ratsirakia legendrei
170. Tateurndina ocellicauda Peacock gudgeon
171. Thalasseleotris adela Marine gudgeon
172. Thalasseleotris iota New Zealand pygmy sleeper
173. Typhleotris madagascariensis
174. Typhleotris pauliani
660
Family Embiotocidae
(Surfperches)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific, coastal, rarely in freshwater. Dorsal fin with
6-11 spines, except in Hysterocarpus traski (15-19); soft rays 9-28.
Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 15-35. Scales cycloid. Lateral line
with generally 35-75 scales. Forked caudal fin. Viviparous. Intromission
by the male is aided by the thickened anterior of anal fin. Embryos
may rely on connections to maternal tissue for developmental
requirements. About 45 cm maximum length, reported for Rhacochilus
toxotes.

1. Amphistichus argenteus Barred surfperch
2. Amphistichus koelzi Calico surfperch
3. Amphistichus rhodoterus Redtail surfperch
4. Brachyistius aletes
5. Brachyistius frenatus Kelp perch
6. Cymatogaster aggregata Shiner perch
7. Ditrema jordani
8. Ditrema temminckii pacificum
9. Ditrema temminckii temminckii
10. Ditrema viride
11. Embiotoca jacksoni Black perch
12. Embiotoca lateralis Striped seaperch
13. Hyperprosopon anale Spotfin surfperch
14. Hyperprosopon argenteum Walleye surfperch
15. Hyperprosopon ellipticum Silver surfperch
16. Hypsurus caryi Rainbow seaperch
17. Hysterocarpus traskii pomo
18. Hysterocarpus traskii traskii Russian river tule perch
19. Micrometrus aurora Reef perch
20. Micrometrus minimus Dwarf perch
21. Neoditrema ransonnetii
22. Phanerodon atripes Sharpnose seaperch
23. Phanerodon furcatus White seaperch
24. Rhacochilus toxotes Rubberlip seaperch
25. Rhacochilus vacca Pile perch
26. Zalembius rosaceus Pink seaperch
661
Family Emmelichthyidae
(Rovers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine. Chiefly tropical to warm temperate in the Indo-Pacific,

southern Pacific, eastern Atlantic, and Caribbean Sea. Jaws highly
protrusible; toothless or nearly so. Maxilla scaly, expanded distally; not
covered by preorbital bone with the mouth closed. Well-developed
supramaxilla. Large rostral cartilage. Dorsal fin continuous with a slight
or deep notch reaching to base, or separated into spinous and soft-
rayed portions with isolated short spines in between. Spines in dorsal
fin 11-14; soft rays 9-12. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 9-11.
Forked caudal fin, the lobes folding in like scissors. Branchiostegal rays
7. Vertebrae 24 (10 + 14). Maximum length to 50 cm. Depth range of
adults 100-400 m, usually demersal.

1. Emmelichthys elongatus
2. Emmelichthys karnellai
3. Emmelichthys nitidus cyanescens
4. Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus Cape bonnetmouth
5. Emmelichthys ruber Red rover
6. Emmelichthys struhsakeri Golden redbait
7. Erythrocles acarina
8. Erythrocles microceps
9. Erythrocles monodi Atlantic rubyfish
10. Erythrocles schlegelii Japanese rubyfish
11. Erythrocles scintillans Golden kali kali
12. Erythrocles taeniatus
13. Plagiogeneion fiolenti
14. Plagiogeneion geminatum
15. Plagiogeneion macrolepis Bigscale rubyfish
16. Plagiogeneion rubiginosum Rubyfish
17. Plagiogeneion unispina
662
Family Enoplosidae
(Oldwife)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: southern half of Australia. Unsually large pelvic fins,

bearing a strong spine. External head bones smooth. Supramaxilla
present. Lower angle of opercle with 2 sharp spines. Silvery body with
black vertical bands.

1. Enoplosus armatus Old wife
663
Family Ephippidae
(Spadefishes, Batfishes and Scats)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific; marine, rarely brackish. Anal fin with 3
spines. Compressed laterally and deep-bodied. Mouth small; vomer or
palatines toothless; comblike series of large blunt gill rakers on first
epibranchial. Omnivores of algae and small invertebrates. Thought to
be pelagic spawners. Juveniles of Platax species are popular and
unproblematic aquarium species, but grow very fast.

1. Chaetodipterus faber Atlantic spadefish
2. Chaetodipterus lippei West African spadefish
3. Chaetodipterus zonatus Pacific spadefish
4. Ephippus goreensis East Atlantic African spadefish
5. Ephippus orbis Orbfish
6. Parapsettus panamensis Panama spadefish
7. Platax batavianus Humpback batfish
8. Platax boersii Golden spadefish
9. Platax orbicularis Orbicular batfish
10. Platax pinnatus Dusky batfish
11. Platax teira Longfin batfish
12. Proteracanthus sarissophorus
13. Rhinoprenes pentanemus Threadfin scat
14. Tripterodon orbis African spadefish
15. Zabidius novemaculeatus Ninespine batfish
664
Family Epigonidae
(Deepwater cardinalfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic (incl. Mediterranean), Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Differ from apogonids in having usually 25 vertebrae, more than six
infraorbitals, rostral cartilage greatly enlarged, and soft dorsal and anal
fins covered with scales. Maximum length of 58 cm reached in the
deepwater genus Epigonus.

1. Brephostoma carpenteri
2. Brinkmannella elongata
3. Epigonus affinis
4. Epigonus angustifrons
5. Epigonus atherinoides
6. Epigonus cavaticus
7. Epigonus constanciae
8. Epigonus crassicaudus
9. Epigonus ctenolepis
10. Epigonus denticulatus Pencil cardinal
11. Epigonus devaneyi
12. Epigonus elegans
13. Epigonus elongatus
14. Epigonus fragilis
15. Epigonus glossodontus
16. Epigonus heracleus
17. Epigonus lenimen Big-eyed cardinalfish
18. Epigonus macrops Luminous deepsea cardinalfish
19. Epigonus marimonticolus
20. Epigonus marisrubri Deepwater cardinalfish
21. Epigonus merleni
22. Epigonus notacanthus
23. Epigonus occidentalis Western deepsea cardinalfish
24. Epigonus oligolepis
25. Epigonus pandionis Bigeye
26. Epigonus parini
27. Epigonus pectinifer
28. Epigonus robustus Robust cardinalfish
29. Epigonus telescopus Black cardinal fish
30. Epigonus waltersensis
31. Florenciella lugubris
32. Microichthys coccoi
33. Microichthys sanzoi
34. Rosenblattia robusta Stout cardinalfish
665
35. Sphyraenops bairdianus Triplespine deepwater cardinalfish
666
Family Gempylidae
(Snake mackerels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Usually found in very deep waters. Distribution: tropical and

subtropical seas. Body elongate; compressed. Exposed maxilla. Usually
with isolated finlets after anal and dorsal fins. Pectoral fin inserted low
on body. Pelvic fins lacking or very small. Caudal fin present.

1. Diplospinus multistriatus Striped escolar
2. Epinnula magistralis Domine
3. Gempylus serpens Snake mackerel
4. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Escolar
5. Nealotus tripes Black snake mackerel
6. Neoepinnula americana American sackfish
7. Neoepinnula orientalis Sackfish
8. Nesiarchus nasutus Black gemfish
9. Paradiplospinus antarcticus Antarctic escolar
10. Paradiplospinus gracilis Slender escolar
11. Promethichthys prometheus Roudi escolar
12. Rexea alisae
13. Rexea antefurcata Long-finned escolar
14. Rexea bengalensis Bengal escolar
15. Rexea brevilineata Short-lined escolar
16. Rexea nakamurai Nakamura's escolar
17. Rexea prometheoides Royal escolar
18. Rexea solandri Silver gemfish
19. Rexichthys johnpaxtoni Paxton's escolar
20. Ruvettus pretiosus Oilfish
21. Thyrsites atun Snoek
22. Thyrsitoides marleyi Black snoek
23. Thyrsitops lepidopoides White snake mackerel
24. Tongaichthys robustus Tonga escolar
667
Family Gerreidae
(Mojarras)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: most tropical seas. Chiefly marine. In brackish water

occasionally; rare in freshwater. Very protractile mouth. Head scaly but
with smooth upper surface. Dorsal and anal fins with a sheath of
scales along base. Gill membranes not united to isthmus. Deeply
forked tail; 24 vertebrae. Maximum length 35 cm, attained in Gerres
filamentosus. Small silvery fishes with highly protrusible mouth. They
feed by sorting benthic invertebrates from sand. Foodfishes. Assumed
to be nonguarders (RF).

1. Diapterus auratus Irish mojarra
2. Diapterus aureolus Golden mojarra
3. Diapterus brevirostris
4. Diapterus peruvianus Peruvian mojarra
5. Diapterus rhombeus Caitipa mojarra
6. Eucinostomus argenteus Silver mojarra
7. Eucinostomus currani Pacific flagfin mojarra
8. Eucinostomus dowii Dow's mojarra
9. Eucinostomus entomelas Dark-spot mojarra
10. Eucinostomus gracilis Graceful mojarra
11. Eucinostomus gula Jenny mojarra
12. Eucinostomus harengulus Tidewater mojarra
13. Eucinostomus havana Bigeye mojarra
14. Eucinostomus jonesii Slender mojarra
15. Eucinostomus lefroyi Mottled mojarra
16. Eucinostomus melanopterus Flagfin mojarra
17. Eugerres axillaris Black axillary mojarra
18. Eugerres brasilianus Brazilian mojarra
19. Eugerres brevimanus Short fin mojarra
20. Eugerres lineatus Streaked mojarra
21. Eugerres mexicanus
22. Eugerres periche Periche mojarra
23. Eugerres plumieri Striped mojarra
24. Gerres akazakii Japanese tenspined silver-biddy
25. Gerres argyreus Common mojarra
26. Gerres baconensis Scaly snouted silver-biddy
27. Gerres chrysops Gold sheen silver-biddy
28. Gerres cinereus Yellow fin mojarra
29. Gerres decacanthus Small Chinese silver-biddy
668
30. Gerres equulus
31. Gerres erythrourus Deep-bodied mojarra
32. Gerres filamentosus Whipfin silver-biddy
33. Gerres infasciatus Nonbanded whipfin mojarra
34. Gerres japonicus Japanese silver-biddy
35. Gerres kapas Singapore silver-biddy
36. Gerres limbatus Saddleback silver-biddy
37. Gerres longirostris Strongspine silver-biddy
38. Gerres macracanthus Longspine silverbiddy
39. Gerres maldivensis
40. Gerres methueni Striped silver biddy
41. Gerres microphthalmus Small-eyed whipfin mojarra
42. Gerres mozambiquensis
43. Gerres nigri Guinean striped mojarra
44. Gerres oblongus Slender silver-biddy
45. Gerres ovatus
46. Gerres oyena Common silver-biddy
47. Gerres phaiya Strong spined silver-biddy
48. Gerres philippinus
49. Gerres ryukyuensis Ryukyu banded silver-biddy
50. Gerres setifer Small Bengal silver-biddy
51. Gerres shima Banded silver-biddy
52. Gerres silaceus Malayan silver-biddy
53. Gerres subfasciatus Common silver belly
54. Parequula melbournensis Silverbelly
55. Pentaprion longimanus Longfin mojarra
669
Family Glaucosomatidae
(Pearl perches)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Eastern Indian and Western Pacific (Japan to Australia).

Dorsal fin 8 graduated spines, 12-14 soft rays. Anal fin 3 spines, 12
soft rays. Scaled maxilla. Nearly straight lateral line, reaching the tail.
Lunate or truncate caudal fin. Maximum length about 90 cm.

1. Glaucosoma buergeri Deepsea jewfish
2. Glaucosoma hebraicum Westralian jewfish
3. Glaucosoma magnificum Threadfin pearl-perch
4. Glaucosoma scapulare Pearl perch
670
Family Gobiidae
(Gobies)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine and brackish, some species are catadromous. Often the
most abundant fish in freshwater on oceanic islands. Distribution:
mostly tropical and subtropical areas. Pelvic fins fused into an adhesive
disc, when well developed. Spinous dorsal present or absent; when
present with 2-8 flexible spines and discontinuous with soft dorsal.
Cycloid or ctenoid scales almost always present. Prominent head
barbels present in some species. To 50 cm maximum length; most
species below 10 cm. The largest family of marine fishes (possibly >
2,000). The smallest fishes (and vertebrates) in the world belong to
this family. Mostly marine in shallow coastal waters and around coral
reefs. Most are cryptic bottom dwelling carnivores of small benthic
invertebrates; others are planktivores. Some species have symbiotic
relationships with invertebrates (e.g. shrimps) and others are known
to remove ecto-parasites from other fishes. Typically nest spawners
with non-spherical eggs guarded by the male. Many are popular
aquarium fishes. The following subfamilies are recognized:
Oxudercinae, Amblyopinae, Sicydiinae, Gobionellinae and Gobiinae.
Reported to have 230 genera and around 1,500 species by Hoese and
Larson, 2006.

1. Aboma etheostoma Scaly boy
2. Acanthogobius flavimanus Yellowfin goby
3. Acanthogobius lactipes
4. Acanthogobius luridus
5. Acentrogobius audax Mangrove goby
6. Acentrogobius caninus Tropical sand goby
7. Acentrogobius chlorostigmatoides Greenspot goby
8. Acentrogobius cyanomos
9. Acentrogobius dayi Day's goby
10. Acentrogobius ennorensis
11. Acentrogobius griseus Grey goby
12. Acentrogobius janthinopterus Robust mangrove goby
13. Acentrogobius masoni
14. Acentrogobius multifasciatus
671
15. Acentrogobius pellidebilis
16. Acentrogobius pflaumii Striped sandgoby
17. Acentrogobius simplex Bagamoyo goby
18. Acentrogobius suluensis Sulu goby
19. Acentrogobius therezieni
20. Acentrogobius viganensis
21. Acentrogobius viridipunctatus Spotted green goby
22. Afurcagobius suppositus Long-headed goby
23. Afurcagobius tamarensis Tamar River goby
24. Akihito futuna
25. Akihito vanuatu
26. Akko brevis
27. Akko dionaea
28. Akko rossi
29. Amblychaeturichthys hexanema
30. Amblychaeturichthys sciistius
31. Amblyeleotris arcupinna
32. Amblyeleotris aurora Pinkbar goby
33. Amblyeleotris bellicauda
34. Amblyeleotris biguttata
35. Amblyeleotris bleekeri Shrimp goby
36. Amblyeleotris callopareia Beautiful-cheek shrimpgoby
37. Amblyeleotris delicatulus
38. Amblyeleotris diagonalis Diagonal shrimp goby
39. Amblyeleotris downingi Downing's shrimpgoby
40. Amblyeleotris ellipse
41. Amblyeleotris fasciata Red-banded prawn-goby
42. Amblyeleotris fontanesii Giant prawn-goby
43. Amblyeleotris guttata Spotted prawn-goby
44. Amblyeleotris gymnocephala Masked shrimpgoby
45. Amblyeleotris harrisorum
46. Amblyeleotris japonica
47. Amblyeleotris latifasciata
48. Amblyeleotris macronema Longspine shrimpgoby
49. Amblyeleotris marquesas
50. Amblyeleotris masuii
51. Amblyeleotris melanocephala
52. Amblyeleotris morishitai
53. Amblyeleotris neglecta
54. Amblyeleotris neumanni
55. Amblyeleotris novaecaledoniae
56. Amblyeleotris ogasawarensis Redspotted shrimpgoby
57. Amblyeleotris periophthalma Periophthalma prawn-goby
58. Amblyeleotris randalli Randall's prawn-goby
59. Amblyeleotris rhyax Volcano shrimpgoby
60. Amblyeleotris rubrimarginata Redmargin shrimpgoby
61. Amblyeleotris steinitzi Steinitz' prawn-goby
62. Amblyeleotris stenotaeniata
63. Amblyeleotris sungami Magnus' prawn-goby
64. Amblyeleotris taipinensis
65. Amblyeleotris triguttata Triplespot shrimpgoby
66. Amblyeleotris wheeleri Gorgeous prawn-goby
67. Amblyeleotris yanoi Flagtail shrimpgoby
68. Amblygobius albimaculatus Butterfly goby
69. Amblygobius buanensis Buan goby
672
70. Amblygobius bynoensis Bynoe goby
71. Amblygobius decussatus Orange-striped goby
72. Amblygobius esakiae Snoutspot goby
73. Amblygobius linki Link's goby
74. Amblygobius magnusi
75. Amblygobius nocturnus Nocturn goby
76. Amblygobius phalaena Whitebarred goby
77. Amblygobius semicinctus
78. Amblygobius sphynx Sphinx goby
79. Amblygobius stethophthalmus
80. Amblygobius tekomaji
81. Amblyotrypauchen arctocephalus Armour eelgoby
82. Amoya gracilis Bluespotted mangrovegoby
83. Amoya madraspatensis Manyband goby
84. Amoya moloanus Barcheek Amoya
85. Amoya signata Tusk goby
86. Amoya veliensis
87. Anatirostrum profundorum Duckbill pugolovka
88. Ancistrogobius dipus Double-fin cheek-hook goby
89. Ancistrogobius squamiceps Scaly cheek-hook goby
90. Ancistrogobius yanoi Yano s cheek-hook goby
91. Ancistrogobius yoshigoui Threadless cheek-hook goby
92. Aphia minuta Transparent goby
93. Apocryptes bato
94. Apocryptodon madurensis Madura goby
95. Apocryptodon punctatus
96. Arcygobius baliurus
97. Arenigobius bifrenatus
98. Arenigobius frenatus Half-bridled goby
99. Arenigobius leftwichi Oyster goby
100. Aruma histrio Slow goby
101. Asterropteryx atripes Yano s starry goby
102. Asterropteryx bipunctata Orange-spotted goby
103. Asterropteryx ensifera Miller's damsel
104. Asterropteryx ovata
105. Asterropteryx semipunctata Starry goby
106. Asterropteryx senoui
107. Asterropteryx spinosa Eyebar spiny goby
108. Asterropteryx striata
109. Astrabe fasciata
110. Astrabe flavimaculata
111. Astrabe lactisella
112. Aulopareia atripinnatus
113. Aulopareia janetae Scalycheek goby
114. Aulopareia koumansi
115. Aulopareia unicolor
116. Austrolethops wardi Small-eyed goby
117. Awaous acritosus Roman nose goby
118. Awaous aeneofuscus Freshwater goby
119. Awaous banana River goby
120. Awaous commersoni River goby
121. Awaous flavus
122. Awaous fluviatilis
123. Awaous grammepomus Scribbled goby
124. Awaous guamensis
673
125. Awaous lateristriga West African freshwater goby
126. Awaous litturatus
127. Awaous macrorhynchus
128. Awaous melanocephalus Largesnout goby
129. Awaous nigripinnis
130. Awaous ocellaris
131. Awaous pallidus
132. Awaous personatus
133. Awaous tajasica Sand fish
134. Barbulifer antennatus Barbulifer
135. Barbulifer ceuthoecus Bearded goby
136. Barbulifer enigmaticus Goateed goby
137. Barbulifer mexicanus Saddlebanded goby
138. Barbulifer pantherinus Panther goby
139. Barbuligobius boehlkei Cryptic bearded goby
140. Bathygobius aeolosoma
141. Bathygobius albopunctatus Whitespotted goby
142. Bathygobius andrei
143. Bathygobius arundelii
144. Bathygobius burtoni
145. Bathygobius casamancus
146. Bathygobius coalitus Whitespotted frillgoby
147. Bathygobius cocosensis Cocos frill-goby
148. Bathygobius cotticeps Cheekscaled frill-goby
149. Bathygobius curacao Notchtongue goby
150. Bathygobius cyclopterus Spotted frillgoby
151. Bathygobius fishelsoni
152. Bathygobius fuscus Dusky frillgoby
153. Bathygobius hongkongensis
154. Bathygobius karachiensis
155. Bathygobius kreftii Krefft's frillgoby
156. Bathygobius laddi Brownboy goby
157. Bathygobius lineatus Southern frillfin
158. Bathygobius meggitti Meggitt's goby
159. Bathygobius mystacium Island frillfin
160. Bathygobius niger Black minigoby
161. Bathygobius ostreicola
162. Bathygobius panayensis
163. Bathygobius petrophilus
164. Bathygobius ramosus Panamic frillfin
165. Bathygobius smithi
166. Bathygobius soporator Frillfin goby
167. Benthophiloides brauneri
168. Benthophiloides turcomanus
169. Benthophilus baeri Baer pugolovka
170. Benthophilus casachicus
171. Benthophilus ctenolepidus
172. Benthophilus durrelli
173. Benthophilus granulosus Granular pugolovka
174. Benthophilus grimmi
175. Benthophilus kessleri
176. Benthophilus leobergius
177. Benthophilus leptocephalus
178. Benthophilus leptorhynchus Short-snout pugolovka
179. Benthophilus macrocephalus Caspian tadpole goby
674
180. Benthophilus magistri Azov tadpole goby
181. Benthophilus mahmudbejovi
182. Benthophilus nudus
183. Benthophilus ragimovi
184. Benthophilus spinosus Spiny pugolovka
185. Benthophilus stellatus Stellate tadpole-goby
186. Benthophilus svetovidovi
187. Boleophthalmus birdsongi Birdsong's mudskipper
188. Boleophthalmus boddarti Boddart's goggle-eyed goby
189. Boleophthalmus caeruleomaculatus Bluespotted mudskipper
190. Boleophthalmus dussumieri
191. Boleophthalmus pectinirostris
192. Bollmannia boqueronensis White-eye goby
193. Bollmannia chlamydes
194. Bollmannia communis Ragged goby
195. Bollmannia eigenmanni Shelf goby
196. Bollmannia gomezi Colombian goby
197. Bollmannia litura
198. Bollmannia longipinnis
199. Bollmannia macropoma Frailscale goby
200. Bollmannia marginalis Apostrophe goby
201. Bollmannia ocellata Pennant goby
202. Bollmannia pawneea
203. Bollmannia stigmatura Tailspot goby
204. Bollmannia umbrosa Dusky goby
205. Brachyamblyopus brachysoma
206. Brachygobius aggregatus Schooling bumblebee goby
207. Brachygobius doriae
208. Brachygobius kabiliensis Kabili bumblebee goby
209. Brachygobius mekongensis
210. Brachygobius nunus
211. Brachygobius sabanus
212. Brachygobius sua Bumblebee goby
213. Brachygobius xanthomelas
214. Brachygobius xanthozonus Bumblebee fish
215. Bryaninops amplus Large whip goby
216. Bryaninops dianneae
217. Bryaninops erythrops Erythrops goby
218. Bryaninops isis Isis goby
219. Bryaninops loki Loki whip-goby
220. Bryaninops natans Redeye goby
221. Bryaninops nexus Upside-down goby
222. Bryaninops ridens Ridens goby
223. Bryaninops tigris Black coral goby
224. Bryaninops yongei Whip coral goby
225. Buenia affinis De Buen's goby
226. Buenia jeffreysii Jeffrey's goby
227. Cabillus atripelvicus
228. Cabillus caudimacula
229. Cabillus lacertops Lizard cabillus
230. Cabillus macrophthalmus Bigeye cabillus
231. Cabillus tongarevae Tongareva goby
232. Caecogobius cryptophthalmus
233. Caffrogobius agulhensis Agulhas goby
234. Caffrogobius caffer
675
235. Caffrogobius dubius
236. Caffrogobius gilchristi Prison goby
237. Caffrogobius natalensis Baldy
238. Caffrogobius nudiceps Barehead goby
239. Caffrogobius saldanha Commafin goby
240. Calamiana illota
241. Calamiana mindora Stripe-face Calamiana
242. Calamiana variegata
243. Callogobius amikami
244. Callogobius andamanensis
245. Callogobius bauchotae Bauchot's goby
246. Callogobius bifasciatus Doublebar goby
247. Callogobius centrolepis
248. Callogobius clitellus Saddled goby
249. Callogobius crassus
250. Callogobius depressus Flathead goby
251. Callogobius dori
252. Callogobius flavobrunneus Slimy goby
253. Callogobius hasseltii Hasselt's goby
254. Callogobius hastatus
255. Callogobius liolepis
256. Callogobius maculipinnis Ostrich goby
257. Callogobius mucosus Sculptured goby
258. Callogobius nigromarginatus
259. Callogobius okinawae Okinawa flap-headed goby
260. Callogobius plumatus Feather goby
261. Callogobius producta Elongate flap-headed goby
262. Callogobius sclateri Pacific goby
263. Callogobius seshaiyai
264. Callogobius sheni
265. Callogobius snelliusi
266. Callogobius stellatus
267. Callogobius tanegasimae
268. Caragobius burmanicus
269. Caragobius rubristriatus Red eelgoby
270. Caragobius urolepis Scaleless worm goby
271. Caspiosoma caspium
272. Chaenogobius annularis Forktongue goby
273. Chaenogobius gulosus
274. Chaeturichthys stigmatias
275. Chlamydogobius eremius Desert goby
276. Chlamydogobius gloveri Dalhousie goby
277. Chlamydogobius japalpa Finke goby
278. Chlamydogobius micropterus Elizabeth springs goby
279. Chlamydogobius ranunculus Tadpole goby
280. Chlamydogobius squamigenus Edgbaston goby
281. Chriolepis atrimelum
282. Chriolepis benthonis Deepwater goby
283. Chriolepis cuneata Rail goby
284. Chriolepis dialepta
285. Chriolepis fisheri Translucent goby
286. Chriolepis lepidota
287. Chriolepis minutillus Rubble goby
288. Chriolepis tagus Mystery goby
289. Chriolepis vespa Wasp goby
676
290. Chriolepis zebra Gecko goby
291. Chromogobius britoi Brito's goby
292. Chromogobius quadrivittatus Chestnut goby
293. Chromogobius zebratus Kolombatovic's goby
294. Clariger chionomaculatus
295. Clariger cosmurus
296. Clariger exilis
297. Clariger papillosus
298. Clevelandia ios Arrow goby
299. Corcyrogobius liechtensteini Liechtenstein's goby
300. Corcyrogobius lubbocki
301. Coryogalops adamsoni Adamson's goby
302. Coryogalops anomolus Anomolous goby
303. Coryogalops bretti
304. Coryogalops bulejiensis Thinbarred goby
305. Coryogalops monospilus Onespot goby
306. Coryogalops ocheticus
307. Coryogalops sordida Epaulette goby
308. Coryogalops tessellatus
309. Coryogalops william Kaalpens goby
310. Coryphopterus alloides Barfin goby
311. Coryphopterus bol Sand-canyon goby
312. Coryphopterus dicrus Colon goby
313. Coryphopterus eidolon Pallid goby
314. Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Bridled goby
315. Coryphopterus gracilis
316. Coryphopterus humeralis
317. Coryphopterus hyalinus Glass goby
318. Coryphopterus kuna
319. Coryphopterus lipernes Peppermint goby
320. Coryphopterus personatus Masked goby
321. Coryphopterus punctipectophorus Spotted goby
322. Coryphopterus thrix Bartail goby
323. Coryphopterus tortugae Patch-reef goby
324. Coryphopterus urospilus Redlight goby
325. Coryphopterus venezuelae
326. Cotylopus acutipinnis
327. Cotylopus rubripinnis
328. Cristatogobius albius
329. Cristatogobius aurimaculatus
330. Cristatogobius lophius
321. Cristatogobius nonatoae
322. Cristatogobius rubripectoralis Redfin crestedgoby
323. Croilia mossambica Burrowing goby
324. Cryptocentroides arabicus Arabian goby
325. Cryptocentroides gobioides Crested oystergoby
326. Cryptocentroides insignis Insignia prawn-goby
327. Cryptocentrus albidorsus White-backed shrimpgoby
328. Cryptocentrus bulbiceps Bluelined shrimpgoby
329. Cryptocentrus caeruleomaculatus Blue-speckled prawn-goby
330. Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatus Harlequin prawn-goby
331. Cryptocentrus callopterus
332. Cryptocentrus cebuanus Cebu shrimpgoby
333. Cryptocentrus cephalotaenius
334. Cryptocentrus cinctus Yellow prawn-goby
677
335. Cryptocentrus cryptocentrus Ninebar prawn-goby
336. Cryptocentrus cyanotaenia Lagoon shrimpgoby
337. Cryptocentrus diproctotaenia
338. Cryptocentrus fasciatus Y-bar shrimp goby
339. Cryptocentrus flavus
340. Cryptocentrus inexplicatus Inexplicable shrimpgoby
341. Cryptocentrus insignitus Signal goby
342. Cryptocentrus koumansi Kouman's prawn-goby
343. Cryptocentrus leonis
344. Cryptocentrus leucostictus Saddled prawn-goby
345. Cryptocentrus lutheri Luther's prawn-goby
346. Cryptocentrus malindiensis
347. Cryptocentrus maudae Maude's shrimpgoby
348. Cryptocentrus nigrocellatus
349. Cryptocentrus niveatus
350. Cryptocentrus octofasciatus Blue-speckled prawn goby
351. Cryptocentrus pavoninoides
352. Cryptocentrus polyophthalmus
353. Cryptocentrus pretiosus
354. Cryptocentrus russus
355. Cryptocentrus shigensis Shige shrimpgoby
356. Cryptocentrus singapurensis Singapore prawn-goby
357. Cryptocentrus strigilliceps Target shrimp goby
358. Cryptocentrus tentaculatus Tentacle shrimpgoby
359. Cryptocentrus wehrlei
360. Cryptocentrus yatsui
361. Crystallogobius linearis Crystal goby
362. Ctenogobiops aurocingulus Gold-streaked prawn-goby
363. Ctenogobiops feroculus Sandy prawn-goby
364. Ctenogobiops formosa
365. Ctenogobiops maculosus Seychelles shrimpgoby
366. Ctenogobiops mitodes
367. Ctenogobiops phaeostictus
368. Ctenogobiops pomastictus Gold-specked prawn-goby
369. Ctenogobiops tangaroai Tangaroa shrimpgoby
370. Ctenogobiops tongaensis
371. Ctenogobius aestivaregia
372. Ctenogobius boleosoma Darter goby
373. Ctenogobius cervicosquamus
374. Ctenogobius chengtuensis
375. Ctenogobius clarki
376. Ctenogobius claytonii Mexican goby
377. Ctenogobius fasciatus Blotchcheek goby
378. Ctenogobius filamentosus
379. Ctenogobius fukushimai
380. Ctenogobius lepturus
381. Ctenogobius manglicola
382. Ctenogobius parvus
383. Ctenogobius pseudofasciatus Slashcheek goby
384. Ctenogobius puncticeps
385. Ctenogobius saepepallens Dash goby
386. Ctenogobius sagittula Longtail goby
387. Ctenogobius shennongensis
388. Ctenogobius shufeldti American freshwater goby
389. Ctenogobius smaragdus Emerald goby
678
380. Ctenogobius stigmaticus Marked goby
381. Ctenogobius stigmaturus Spottail goby
382. Ctenogobius szechuanensis
383. Ctenogobius yaoshanensis
384. Ctenotrypauchen chinensis
385. Deltentosteus collonianus Toothed goby
386. Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus Four-spotted goby
387. Didogobius amicuscaridis
388. Didogobius bentuvii Ben-Tuvia's goby
389. Didogobius kochi
390. Didogobius schlieweni
391. Didogobius splechtnai
392. Didogobius wirtzi
393. Discordipinna griessingeri Spikefin goby
394. Drombus dentifer Yellow Drombus
395. Drombus globiceps Kranji drombus
396. Drombus halei Hale's drombus
397. Drombus key Key goby
398. Drombus kranjiensis
399. Drombus lepidothorax White-edge drombus
400. Drombus ocyurus Bluemarked drombus
401. Drombus palackyi
402. Drombus simulus Pinafore goby
403. Drombus triangularis Brown drombus
404. Ebomegobius goodi
405. Echinogobius hayashii Cheek-streaked goby
406. Economidichthys pygmaeus
407. Economidichthys trichonis
408. Egglestonichthys bombylios Egglestone's bumblebee goby
409. Egglestonichthys melanoptera
410. Egglestonichthys patriciae
411. Ego zebra
412. Elacatinus atronasus
413. Elacatinus chancei Shortstripe goby
414. Elacatinus colini
415. Elacatinus digueti Banded cleaner goby
416. Elacatinus dilepis Orangesided goby
417. Elacatinus evelynae Sharknose goby
418. Elacatinus figaro Barber goby
419. Elacatinus gemmatus Frecklefin goby
420. Elacatinus genie Cleaner goby
421. Elacatinus horsti Yellowline goby
422. Elacatinus illecebrosus Barsnout goby
423. Elacatinus inornatus Inornate goby
424. Elacatinus janssi Spotback goby
425. Elacatinus jarocho Jarocho Goby
426. Elacatinus limbaughi Widebanded cleaning goby
427. Elacatinus lobeli
428. Elacatinus lori
429. Elacatinus louisae Spotlight goby
430. Elacatinus macrodon Tiger goby
431. Elacatinus multifasciatus Greenbanded goby
432. Elacatinus nesiotes
433. Elacatinus oceanops Neon goby
434. Elacatinus pallens Semiscaled goby
679
435. Elacatinus panamensis Panamanian Greenbanded Goby
436. Elacatinus phthirophagus Noronha cleaner goby
437. Elacatinus pridisi
438. Elacatinus prochilos Broadstripe goby
439. Elacatinus puncticulatus
440. Elacatinus randalli Yellownose goby
441. Elacatinus redimiculus Cinta Goby
442. Elacatinus rubrigenis
443. Elacatinus saucrus Leopard goby
444. Elacatinus serranilla
445. Elacatinus tenox Slaty goby
446. Elacatinus xanthiprora Yellowprow goby
447. Elacatinus zebrellus Zebrette goby
448. Eleotrica cableae Cable's goby
449. Enypnias aceras
450. Enypnias seminudus Silt goby
451. Eucyclogobius newberryi Tidewater goby
452. Eugnathogobius indicus
453. Eugnathogobius kabilia
454. Eugnathogobius mas
455. Eugnathogobius microps
456. Eugnathogobius oligactis
457. Eugnathogobius paludosus
458. Eugnathogobius polylepis
459. Eugnathogobius siamensis
460. Eugnathogobius stictos
461. Eutaeniichthys gilli
462. Evermannia erici
463. Evermannia longipinnis Enigmatic goby
464. Evermannia panamensis
465. Evermannia zosterura Bandedtail goby
466. Evermannichthys bicolor
467. Evermannichthys convictor Tenant goby
468. Evermannichthys metzelaari Sponge goby
469. Evermannichthys silus Pugnose goby
470. Evermannichthys spongicola
471. Eviota abax
472. Eviota afelei Afele's fringefin goby
473. Eviota albolineata Spotted fringefin goby
474. Eviota bifasciata Twostripe pygmy goby
475. Eviota bimaculata Twospot fringedfin goby
476. Eviota cometa Comet pygmy goby
477. Eviota disrupta
478. Eviota distigma Twospot pygmy goby
479. Eviota epiphanes Divine dwarf goby
480. Eviota fasciola Barred pygmy goby
481. Eviota guttata Spotted pygmy goby
482. Eviota herrei Herre's pygmy goby
483. Eviota hoesei
484. Eviota indica
485. Eviota infulata Infulata pygmy goby
486. Eviota inutilis
487. Eviota irrasa
488. Eviota japonica
489. Eviota korechika
680
490. Eviota lachdeberei Lachdebrere's pygmy goby
491. Eviota lacrimae
492. Eviota latifasciata Broad-banded pygmy goby
493. Eviota masudai
494. Eviota melasma Melasma pygmy goby
495. Eviota mikiae White-line pygmy goby
496. Eviota monostigma
497. Eviota natalis
498. Eviota nebulosa Nebulous pygmy goby
499. Eviota nigripinna
500. Eviota nigriventris Blackbelly goby
501. Eviota ocellifer
502. Eviota pardalota Leopard dwarfgoby
503. Eviota partimacula
504. Eviota pellucida Pellucida pygmy goby
505. Eviota prasina Green bubble goby
506. Eviota prasites Prasites pygmy goby
507. Eviota pseudostigma
508. Eviota punctulata Pepperfin pygmy goby
509. Eviota queenslandica Queensland pygmy goby
510. Eviota raja
511. Eviota randalli
512. Eviota readerae
513. Eviota rubra
514. Eviota rubrisparsa
515. Eviota saipanensis Saipan pygmy goby
516. Eviota sebreei Sebree's pygmy goby
517. Eviota shimadai
518. Eviota sigillata Seven-figure pygmy goby
519. Eviota smaragdus Smaragdus pygmy goby
520. Eviota sparsa Speckled pygmy goby
521. Eviota spilota
522. Eviota storthynx Storthynx pygmy goby
523. Eviota susanae
524. Eviota tigrina
525. Eviota toshiyuki
526. Eviota variola
527. Eviota winterbottomi
528. Eviota zebrina
529. Eviota zonura Naked-headed goby
530. Evorthodus lyricus Lyre goby
531. Evorthodus minutus Small goby
532. Exyrias akihito
533. Exyrias belissimus Mud reef-goby
534. Exyrias ferrarisi
535. Exyrias puntang Puntang goby
536. Favonigobius aliciae
537. Favonigobius exquisitus Exquisite sand-goby
538. Favonigobius gymnauchen Sharp-nosed sand goby
539. Favonigobius lateralis
540. Favonigobius lentiginosus
541. Favonigobius melanobranchus Blackthroat goby
542. Favonigobius opalescens
543. Favonigobius punctatus
544. Favonigobius reichei Indo-Pacific tropical sand goby
681
545. Feia dabra Dabra goby
546. Feia nota
547. Feia nympha
548. Feia ranta Ranta Goby
549. Fusigobius aureus
550. Fusigobius duospilus Barenape goby
551. Fusigobius inframaculatus
552. Fusigobius longispinus Orange-spotted sand-goby
553. Fusigobius maximus
554. Fusigobius melacron
555. Fusigobius neophytus Common fusegoby
556. Fusigobius pallidus
557. Fusigobius signipinnis Signalfin goby
558. Gammogobius steinitzi Steinitz's goby
559. Gillichthys mirabilis Longjaw mudsucker
560. Gillichthys seta Shortjaw mudsucker
561. Ginsburgellus novemlineatus Nineline goby
562. Gladiogobius brevispinis Short-spined goby
563. Gladiogobius ensifer Gladiator goby
564. Gladiogobius rex King goby
565. Glossogobius ankaranensis
566. Glossogobius aureus Golden tank goby
567. Glossogobius bellendenensis
568. Glossogobius bicirrhosus
569. Glossogobius brunnoides Dusky mountain goby
570. Glossogobius bulmeri Bulmer's goby
571. Glossogobius callidus River goby
572. Glossogobius celebius Celebes goby
573. Glossogobius circumspectus Circumspect goby
574. Glossogobius coatesi Coates' goby
575. Glossogobius concavifrons Concave goby
576. Glossogobius flavipinnis
577. Glossogobius giuris Tank goby
578. Glossogobius hoesei Hoese's goby
579. Glossogobius intermedius
580. Glossogobius kokius
581. Glossogobius koragensis Koragu tank goby
582. Glossogobius matanensis
583. Glossogobius minutus
584. Glossogobius muscorum
585. Glossogobius obscuripinnis
586. Glossogobius olivaceus
587. Glossogobius robertsi
588. Glossogobius sparsipapillus Linecheek tank goby
589. Glossogobius torrentis White water goby
590. Gnatholepis anjerensis Eye-bar goby
591. Gnatholepis argus
592. Gnatholepis cauerensis australis
593. Gnatholepis cauerensis cauerensis Eyebar goby
594. Gnatholepis cauerensis hawaiiensis Shoulderspot goby
595. Gnatholepis davaoensis
596. Gnatholepis gymnocara
597. Gnatholepis pascuensis
598. Gnatholepis thompsoni Goldspot goby
599. Gnatholepis volcanus
682
600. Gnatholepis yoshinoi
601. Gobiodon acicularis Needlespine coral goby
602. Gobiodon albofasciatus Whitelined coral goby
603. Gobiodon atrangulatus
604. Gobiodon axillaris
605. Gobiodon brochus
606. Gobiodon ceramensis
607. Gobiodon citrinus Poison goby
608. Gobiodon fulvus
609. Gobiodon heterospilos
610. Gobiodon histrio Broad-barred goby
611. Gobiodon micropus
612. Gobiodon multilineatus
613. Gobiodon oculolineatus
614. Gobiodon okinawae Okinawa goby
615. Gobiodon prolixus
616. Gobiodon quinquestrigatus Five-lined coral goby
617. Gobiodon reticulatus Reticulate goby
618. Gobiodon rivulatus Rippled coralgoby
619. Gobiodon spilophthalmus White-lined coral goby
620. Gobiodon unicolor
621. Gobioides africanus
622. Gobioides broussonnetii Violet goby
623. Gobioides grahamae
624. Gobioides peruanus Peruvian eelgoby
625. Gobioides sagitta
626. Gobionellus atripinnis Blackfin goby
627. Gobionellus comma Comma goby
628. Gobionellus daguae Choco goby
629. Gobionellus liolepis
630. Gobionellus microdon Estuary goby
631. Gobionellus munizi
632. Gobionellus mystax
633. Gobionellus occidentalis
634. Gobionellus oceanicus Highfin goby
635. Gobionellus phenacus Impostor goby
636. Gobionellus stomatus
637. Gobionellus thoropsis Sperm goby
638. Gobiopsis angustifrons
639. Gobiopsis aporia
640. Gobiopsis arenaria
641. Gobiopsis atrata New Zealand black goby
642. Gobiopsis bravoi Bravo's bearded goby
643. Gobiopsis canalis Checkered goby
644. Gobiopsis exigua
645. Gobiopsis macrostoma Longjaw goby
646. Gobiopsis malekulae
647. Gobiopsis namnas
648. Gobiopsis pinto Snakehead goby
649. Gobiopsis quinquecincta
650. Gobiopsis springeri
651. Gobiopsis woodsi
652. Gobiopterus birtwistlei
653. Gobiopterus brachypterus
654. Gobiopterus chuno
683
655. Gobiopterus lacustris Lacustrine goby
656. Gobiopterus macrolepis
657. Gobiopterus mindanensis
658. Gobiopterus panayensis
659. Gobiopterus semivestitus
660. Gobiopterus stellatus Dwarf freshwater goby
661. Gobiosoma bosc Naked goby
662. Gobiosoma chiquita Sonora goby
663. Gobiosoma ginsburgi Seaboard goby
664. Gobiosoma grosvenori Rockcut goby
665. Gobiosoma hemigymnum
666. Gobiosoma hildebrandi
667. Gobiosoma homochroma
668. Gobiosoma longipala Twoscale goby
669. Gobiosoma nudum Knobchin goby
670. Gobiosoma paradoxum Paradox goby
671. Gobiosoma parri
672. Gobiosoma robustum Code goby
673. Gobiosoma schultzi
674. Gobiosoma spes Vermiculated goby
675. Gobiosoma spilotum Isthmian goby
676. Gobiosoma yucatanum Yucatan goby
677. Gobius ater Bellotti's goby
678. Gobius ateriformis
679. Gobius auratus Golden goby
680. Gobius bontii
681. Gobius bucchichi Bucchich's goby
682. Gobius cobitis Giant goby
683. Gobius couchi Couch's goby
684. Gobius cruentatus Red-mouthed goby
685. Gobius fallax Sarato's goby
686. Gobius gasteveni Steven's goby
687. Gobius geniporus Slender goby
688. Gobius hypselosoma
689. Gobius kolombatovici
690. Gobius koseirensis
691. Gobius leucomelas
692. Gobius melanopus Pink-speckled shrimpgoby
693. Gobius niger Black goby
694. Gobius paganellus Rock goby
695. Gobius roulei Roule's goby
696. Gobius rubropunctatus
697. Gobius scorteccii
698. Gobius senegambiensis
699. Gobius strictus Schmidt's goby
700. Gobius tetrophthalmus
701. Gobius tigrellus
702. Gobius tropicus
703. Gobius vittatus Striped goby
704. Gobius xanthocephalus
705. Gobiusculus flavescens Two-spotted goby
706. Gobulus birdsongi
707. Gobulus crescentalis Crescent goby
708. Gobulus hancocki Sandtop goby
709. Gobulus myersi Paleback goby
684
710. Gorogobius nigricinctus
711. Gorogobius stevcici
712. Grallenia arenicola
713. Grallenia lipi Filamented pygmy sand-goby
714. Gymneleotris seminuda Splitbanded goby
715. Gymnoamblyopus novaeguineae
716. Gymnogobius breunigii
717. Gymnogobius castaneus Biringo
718. Gymnogobius cylindricus
719. Gymnogobius heptacanthus
720. Gymnogobius isaza
721. Gymnogobius macrognathos
722. Gymnogobius mororanus
723. Gymnogobius nigrimembranis
724. Gymnogobius opperiens
725. Gymnogobius petschiliensis
726. Gymnogobius scrobiculatus
727. Gymnogobius taranetzi
728. Gymnogobius transversefasciatus
729. Gymnogobius uchidai
730. Gymnogobius urotaenia
731. Gymnogobius zhoushanensis
732. Hazeus elati Eilat sandgoby
733. Hazeus maculipinna
734. Hazeus otakii
735. Hemigobius hoevenii
736. Hemigobius mingi
737. Hetereleotris apora Poreless goby
738. Hetereleotris bipunctata
739. Hetereleotris caminata Mourner
740. Hetereleotris diademata
741. Hetereleotris exilis
742. Hetereleotris georgegilli Gill's goby
743. Hetereleotris kenyae
744. Hetereleotris margaretae Smooth-scale goby
745. Hetereleotris nebulofasciata
746. Hetereleotris poecila
747. Hetereleotris readerae
748. Hetereleotris sticta
749. Hetereleotris tentaculata Locusthead
750. Hetereleotris vinsoni Vinson's goby
751. Hetereleotris vulgaris Common goby
752. Hetereleotris zanzibarensis Goggle goby
753. Hetereleotris zonata Goggles
754. Heterogobius chiloensis
755. Heteroplopomus barbatus
756. Hyrcanogobius bergi
757. Ilypnus gilberti Cheekspot goby
758. Ilypnus luculentus Bright goby
759. Istigobius campbelli
760. Istigobius decoratus Decorated goby
761. Istigobius diadema
762. Istigobius goldmanni Goldman's goby
763. Istigobius hoesei
764. Istigobius hoshinonis
685
765. Istigobius nigroocellatus Black-spotted goby
766. Istigobius ornatus Ornate goby
767. Istigobius perspicillatus
768. Istigobius rigilius Rigilius goby
769. Istigobius spence Pearl goby
770. Karsten totoyensis
771. Kelloggella cardinalis Cardinal goby
772. Kelloggella disalvoi
773. Kelloggella oligolepis
774. Kelloggella quindecimfasciata Central goby
775. Kelloggella tricuspidata
776. Knipowitschia cameliae
777. Knipowitschia caucasica
778. Knipowitschia croatica
779. Knipowitschia ephesi
780. Knipowitschia goerneri
781. Knipowitschia iljini
782. Knipowitschia longecaudata
783. Knipowitschia mermere
784. Knipowitschia milleri
785. Knipowitschia montenegrina
786. Knipowitschia mrakovcici
787. Knipowitschia panizzae
788. Knipowitschia punctatissima
789. Knipowitschia radovici
790. Knipowitschia thessala
791. Koumansetta hectori Hector's goby
792. Koumansetta rainfordi Old glory
793. Larsonella pumila
794. Lebetus guilleti Guillet's goby
795. Lebetus scorpioides Diminutive goby
796. Lentipes adelphizonus
797. Lentipes armatus
798. Lentipes concolor
799. Lentipes crittersius
800. Lentipes dimetrodon
801. Lentipes kaaea
802. Lentipes mindanaoensis
803. Lentipes multiradiatus
804. Lentipes rubrofasciatus
805. Lentipes solomonensis
806. Lentipes venustus
807. Lentipes watsoni
808. Lentipes whittenorum
809. Lepidogobius lepidus Bay goby
810. Lesueurigobius friesii Fries's goby
811. Lesueurigobius heterofasciatus
812. Lesueurigobius koumansi
813. Lesueurigobius sanzi Sanzo's goby
814. Lesueurigobius suerii Lesueur's goby
815. Lethops connectens Halfblind goby
816. Leucopsarion petersii
817. Lobulogobius bentuviai
818. Lobulogobius morrigu
819. Lobulogobius omanensis Oman goby
686
820. Lophiogobius ocellicauda
821. Lophogobius bleekeri
822. Lophogobius cristulatus
823. Lophogobius cyprinoides Crested goby
824. Lotilia graciliosa Whitecap goby
825. Lubricogobius dinah
826. Lubricogobius exiguus
827. Lubricogobius ornatus
828. Lubricogobius tre
829. Luciogobius adapel
830. Luciogobius albus
831. Luciogobius ama
832. Luciogobius brevipterus
833. Luciogobius dormitoris
834. Luciogobius elongatus
835. Luciogobius grandis
836. Luciogobius guttatus Flat-headed goby
837. Luciogobius koma
838. Luciogobius martellii
839. Luciogobius pallidus
840. Luciogobius parvulus
841. Luciogobius platycephalus
842. Luciogobius saikaiensis
843. Luposicya lupus
844. Lythrypnus alphigena
845. Lythrypnus brasiliensis
846. Lythrypnus cobalus
847. Lythrypnus crocodilus Mahogany goby
848. Lythrypnus dalli Bluebanded goby
849. Lythrypnus elasson Dwarf goby
850. Lythrypnus gilberti Galapagos blue-banded goby
851. Lythrypnus heterochroma Diphasic goby
852. Lythrypnus insularis Distant goby
853. Lythrypnus lavenbergi
854. Lythrypnus minimus Pygmy goby
855. Lythrypnus mowbrayi
856. Lythrypnus nesiotes Island goby
857. Lythrypnus okapia Okapi goby
858. Lythrypnus phorellus Convict goby
859. Lythrypnus pulchellus Gorgeous goby
860. Lythrypnus rhizophora Spotcheek goby
861. Lythrypnus solanensis
862. Lythrypnus spilus Bluegold goby
863. Lythrypnus zebra Zebra goby
864. Macrodontogobius wilburi Largetooth goby
865. Mahidolia mystacina Flagfin prawn goby
866. Mangarinus waterousi
867. Mauligobius maderensis
868. Mauligobius nigri
869. Mesogobius batrachocephalus Knout goby
870. Mesogobius nigronotatus
871. Mesogobius nonultimus
872. Microgobius brevispinis Balboa goby
873. Microgobius carri Seminole goby
874. Microgobius crocatus
687
875. Microgobius curtus
876. Microgobius cyclolepis Roundscale goby
877. Microgobius emblematicus Emblem goby
878. Microgobius erectus Erect goby
879. Microgobius gulosus Clown goby
880. Microgobius meeki
881. Microgobius microlepis Banner goby
882. Microgobius miraflorensis Miraflores goby
883. Microgobius signatus
884. Microgobius tabogensis Taboga goby
885. Microgobius thalassinus Green goby
886. Millerigobius macrocephalus
887. Minysicya caudimaculata Blackspot minigoby
888. Mistichthys luzonensis
889. Mugilogobius abei
890. Mugilogobius adeia
891. Mugilogobius amadi
892. Mugilogobius cagayanensis
893. Mugilogobius cavifrons
894. Mugilogobius chulae Yellowstripe goby
895. Mugilogobius duospilus Dual-spotted goby
896. Mugilogobius durbanensis Durban goby
897. Mugilogobius fasciatus
898. Mugilogobius filifer
899. Mugilogobius fontinalis
900. Mugilogobius fusca
901. Mugilogobius fusculus Obscure goby
902. Mugilogobius inhacae Meander goby
903. Mugilogobius karatunensis
904. Mugilogobius latifrons
905. Mugilogobius lepidotus
906. Mugilogobius littoralis
907. Mugilogobius mertoni Chequered mangrove goby
908. Mugilogobius myxodermus
909. Mugilogobius notospilus
910. Mugilogobius paludis
911. Mugilogobius parvus
912. Mugilogobius platynotus Flat-backed goby
913. Mugilogobius platystomus Indonesian goby
914. Mugilogobius rambaiae Queen of Siam goby
915. Mugilogobius rexi
916. Mugilogobius rivulus
917. Mugilogobius sarasinorum Sarasin's goby
918. Mugilogobius stigmaticus
919. Mugilogobius tagala
920. Mugilogobius tigrinus
921. Mugilogobius wilsoni
922. Mugilogobius zebra
923. Myersina adonis
924. Myersina crocata
925. Myersina filifer
926. Myersina lachneri
927. Myersina larsonae
928. Myersina macrostoma
929. Myersina nigrivirgata
688
930. Myersina papuanus
931. Myersina pretoriusi Pondoland sailfin goby
932. Myersina yangii
933. Nematogobius ansorgii
934. Nematogobius brachynemus
935. Nematogobius maindroni
936. Neogobius bathybius
937. Neogobius caspius Caspian goby
938. Neogobius cephalargoides
939. Neogobius fluviatilis Monkey goby
940. Neogobius gymnotrachelus Racer goby
941. Neogobius melanostomus Round goby
942. Neogobius pallasi Caspian sand goby
943. Neogobius platyrostris Flatsnout goby
944. Neogobius ratan Ratan goby
945. Neogobius rhodioni Riverine goby
946. Neogobius rizensis
947. Neogobius turani
948. Nes longus Orangespotted goby
949. Nesogobius greeni
950. Nesogobius hinsbyi Tasmanian orange-spotted sand-goby
951. Nesogobius maccullochi
952. Nesogobius pulchellus Australian sailfin goby
953. Obliquogobius cirrifer
954. Obliquogobius cometes
955. Obliquogobius megalops
956. Obliquogobius turkayi
957. Obliquogobius yamadai
958. Odondebuenia balearica Coralline goby
959. Odontamblyopus lacepedii
960. Odontamblyopus rebecca
961. Odontamblyopus roseus
962. Odontamblyopus rubicundus
963. Odontamblyopus tenuis
964. Oligolepis acutipennis Sharptail goby
965. Oligolepis cylindriceps
966. Oligolepis jaarmani
967. Oligolepis keiensis Kei goby
968. Oligolepis stomias
969. Ophiogobius jenynsi
970. Ophiogobius ophicephalus
971. Oplopomops diacanthus Hole goby
972. Oplopomus caninoides
973. Oplopomus oplopomus Spinecheek goby
974. Opua atherinoides
975. Opua nephodes Cloudy goby
976. Oxuderces dentatus
977. Oxuderces wirzi Wirz's goby
978. Oxyurichthys amabalis
979. Oxyurichthys auchenolepis
980. Oxyurichthys cornutus
981. Oxyurichthys dasi
982. Oxyurichthys formosanus
983. Oxyurichthys guibei
984. Oxyurichthys heisei Ribbon goby
689
985. Oxyurichthys lemayi Lace goby
986. Oxyurichthys lonchotus
987. Oxyurichthys microlepis Maned goby
988. Oxyurichthys mindanensis
989. Oxyurichthys notonema
990. Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema Eyebrow goby
991. Oxyurichthys papuensis Frogface goby
992. Oxyurichthys paulae Jester goby
993. Oxyurichthys petersenii
994. Oxyurichthys saru
995. Oxyurichthys stigmalophius Spotfin goby
996. Oxyurichthys takagi
997. Oxyurichthys tentacularis
998. Oxyurichthys uronema
999. Oxyurichthys viridis
1000. Oxyurichthys visayanus
1001. Padogobius bonelli
1002. Padogobius nigricans Arno goby
1003. Paedogobius kimurai
1004. Palatogobius grandoculus
1005. Palatogobius paradoxus Mauve goby
1006. Palutrus meteori Meteor goby
1007. Palutrus pruinosa Pruinosa goby
1008. Palutrus reticularis
1009. Palutrus scapulopunctatus
1010. Pandaka lidwilli
1011. Pandaka pusilla
1012. Pandaka pygmaea Dwarf pygmy goby
1013. Pandaka rouxi
1014. Pandaka silvana Dwarfgoby
1015. Pandaka trimaculata
1016. Papuligobius ocellatus
1017. Papuligobius uniporus
1018. Parachaeturichthys ocellatus
1019. Parachaeturichthys polynema Taileyed goby
1020. Paragobiodon echinocephalus Redhead goby
1021. Paragobiodon lacunicolus Blackfin coral goby
1022. Paragobiodon melanosomus Dark coral goby
1023. Paragobiodon modestus Warthead goby
1024. Paragobiodon xanthosoma Emerald coral goby
1025. Parapocryptes rictuosus
1026. Parapocryptes serperaster
1027. Parasicydium bandama
1028. Paratrimma nigrimenta
1029. Paratrimma urospila
1030. Paratrypauchen microcephalus Comb goby
1031. Parawaous megacephalus
1032. Pariah scotius Peppered goby
1033. Parkraemeria ornata
1034. Parrella fusca
1035. Parrella ginsburgi Darkblotch goby
1036. Parrella lucretiae Lucretia's goby
1037. Parrella macropteryx
1038. Parrella maxillaris Doublestripe goby
1039. Pascua caudilinea
690
1040. Periophthalmodon freycineti Pug-headed mudskipper
1041. Periophthalmodon schlosseri Giant mudskipper
1042. Periophthalmodon septemradiatus
1043. Periophthalmus argentilineatus Barred mudskipper
1044. Periophthalmus barbarus Atlantic mudskipper
1045. Periophthalmus chrysospilos
1046. Periophthalmus darwini
1047. Periophthalmus gracilis
1048. Periophthalmus kalolo Common mudskipper
1049. Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus
1050. Periophthalmus malaccensis
1051. Periophthalmus minutus
1052. Periophthalmus modestus Shuttles hoppfish
1053. Periophthalmus novaeguineaensis New Guinea mudskipper
1054. Periophthalmus novemradiatus Pearse's mudskipper
1055. Periophthalmus spilotus
1056. Periophthalmus takita Takita's mudskipper
1057. Periophthalmus variabilis
1058. Periophthalmus walailakae
1059. Periophthalmus waltoni Walton's mudskipper
1060. Periophthalmus weberi Weber's mudskipper
1061. Phoxacromion kaneharai
1062. Phyllogobius platycephalops Slender spongegoby
1063. Platygobiopsis akihito
1064. Platygobiopsis dispar
1065. Platygobiopsis tansei
1066. Pleurosicya annandalei Scalynape goby
1067. Pleurosicya australis
1068. Pleurosicya bilobata Bilobed ghost goby
1069. Pleurosicya boldinghi
1070. Pleurosicya carolinensis Caroline Islands ghost goby
1071. Pleurosicya coerulea Blue coral ghost goby
1072. Pleurosicya elongata Cling goby
1073. Pleurosicya fringilla
1074. Pleurosicya labiata
1075. Pleurosicya larsonae
1076. Pleurosicya micheli Michel's ghost goby
1077. Pleurosicya mossambica Toothy goby
1078. Pleurosicya muscarum Ghost goby
1079. Pleurosicya occidentalis
1080. Pleurosicya plicata Plicata ghost goby
1081. Pleurosicya prognatha
1082. Pleurosicya sinaia
1083. Pleurosicya spongicola
1084. Polyspondylogobius sinensis
1085. Pomatoschistus bathi
1086. Pomatoschistus canestrinii
1087. Pomatoschistus knerii
1088. Pomatoschistus lozanoi Lozano's goby
1089. Pomatoschistus marmoratus Marbled goby
1090. Pomatoschistus microps Common goby
1091. Pomatoschistus minutus Sand goby
1092. Pomatoschistus montenegrensis
1093. Pomatoschistus norvegicus Norway goby
1094. Pomatoschistus pictus Painted goby
691
1095. Pomatoschistus quagga
1096. Pomatoschistus tortonesei
1097. Ponticola constructor
1098. Ponticola cyrius
1099. Ponticola eurycephalus Mushroom goby
1100. Ponticola gorlap
1101. Ponticola kessleri Bighead goby
1102. Ponticola syrman Syrman goby
1103. Porogobius schlegelii
1104. Priolepis agrena
1105. Priolepis ailina
1106. Priolepis aithiops
1107. Priolepis anthioides
1108. Priolepis ascensionis
1109. Priolepis aureoviridis Yellow-green goby
1110. Priolepis boreus
1111. Priolepis cincta Girdled goby
1112. Priolepis compita Crossroads goby
1113. Priolepis dawsoni
1114. Priolepis eugenius Noble goby
1115. Priolepis fallacincta
1116. Priolepis farcimen Farcimen goby
1117. Priolepis goldshmidtae
1118. Priolepis hipoliti Rusty goby
1119. Priolepis inhaca Brick goby
1120. Priolepis kappa
1121. Priolepis latifascima
1122. Priolepis limbatosquamis Rimmed-scaled goby
1123. Priolepis nocturna
1124. Priolepis nuchifasciata Orange reef-goby
1125. Priolepis pallidicincta Palebarred goby
1126. Priolepis profunda
1127. Priolepis psygmophilia
1128. Priolepis randalli Randall's goby
1129. Priolepis robinsi
1130. Priolepis semidoliata Half-barred goby
1131. Priolepis squamogena
1132. Priolepis sticta
1133. Priolepis triops
1134. Priolepis vexilla
1135. Priolepis winterbottomi
1136. Proterorhinus marmoratus Tubenose goby
1137. Proterorhinus semilunaris
1138. Proterorhinus semipellucidus
1139. Proterorhinus tataricus
1140. Psammogobius biocellatus Sleepy goby
1141. Psammogobius knysnaensis Knysna sandgoby
1142. Pseudaphya ferreri Ferrer's goby
1143. Pseudapocryptes borneensis
1144. Pseudapocryptes elongatus
1145. Pseudogobiopsis festivus
1146. Pseudogobius avicennia
1147. Pseudogobius isognathus
1148. Pseudogobius javanicus
1149. Pseudogobius masago
692
1150. Pseudogobius melanostictus
1151. Pseudogobius olorum Swan river goby
1152. Pseudogobius poicilosoma
1153. Pseudorhinogobius aporus
1154. Pseudotrypauchen multiradiatus
1155. Psilogobius mainlandi Mainland's goby
1156. Psilogobius prolatus
1157. Psilogobius randalli
1158. Psilotris alepis Scaleless goby
1159. Psilotris amblyrhynchus
1160. Psilotris batrachodes Toadfish goby
1161. Psilotris boehlkei
1162. Psilotris celsus Highspine goby
1163. Psilotris kaufmani
1164. Pterogobius elapoides
1165. Pterogobius virgo
1166. Pterogobius zacalles
1167. Pterogobius zonoleucus
1168. Pycnomma roosevelti Roosevelt's goby
1169. Pycnomma semisquamatum Secret goby
1170. Quietula guaymasiae Guaymas goby
1171. Quietula y-cauda American shadow goby
1172. Redigobius amblyrhynchus
1173. Redigobius balteatops Bull goby
1174. Redigobius balteatus Rhinohorn goby
1175. Redigobius bikolanus Speckled goby
1176. Redigobius chrysosoma
1177. Redigobius dewaali Checked goby
1178. Redigobius dispar
1179. Redigobius leptochilus
1180. Redigobius macrostoma Large-mouth goby
1181. Redigobius penango
1182. Redigobius roemeri Roemer's goby
1183. Redigobius sapangus
1184. Redigobius tambujon
1185. Rhinogobiops nicholsii Blackeye goby
1186. Rhinogobius albimaculatus
1187. Rhinogobius boa
1188. Rhinogobius brunneus Amur goby
1189. Rhinogobius bucculentus
1190. Rhinogobius candidianus
1191. Rhinogobius carpenteri
1192. Rhinogobius changjiangensis
1193. Rhinogobius changtinensis
1194. Rhinogobius chiengmaiensis Chiangmai stream goby
1195. Rhinogobius cliffordpopei
1196. Rhinogobius davidi
1197. Rhinogobius delicatus
1198. Rhinogobius duospilus
1199. Rhinogobius flavoventris
1200. Rhinogobius flumineus
1201. Rhinogobius genanematus
1202. Rhinogobius gigas
1203. Rhinogobius giurinus
1204. Rhinogobius henchuenensis
693
1205. Rhinogobius honghensis
1206. Rhinogobius lanyuensis
1207. Rhinogobius leavelli
1208. Rhinogobius lentiginis
1209. Rhinogobius lindbergi
1210. Rhinogobius lineatus
1211. Rhinogobius linshuiensis
1212. Rhinogobius longyanensis
1213. Rhinogobius lungwoensis
1214. Rhinogobius maculafasciatus
1215. Rhinogobius maculicervix
1216. Rhinogobius mekongianus
1217. Rhinogobius milleri
1218. Rhinogobius multimaculatus
1219. Rhinogobius nagoyae formosanus
1220. Rhinogobius nagoyae nagoyae
1221. Rhinogobius nammaensis
1222. Rhinogobius nandujiangensis
1223. Rhinogobius nantaiensis
1224. Rhinogobius ponkouensis
1225. Rhinogobius reticulatus
1226. Rhinogobius rubrolineatus
1227. Rhinogobius rubromaculatus
1228. Rhinogobius sagittus
1229. Rhinogobius similis
1230. Rhinogobius sulcatus
1231. Rhinogobius taenigena
1232. Rhinogobius variolatus
1233. Rhinogobius vermiculatus
1234. Rhinogobius virgigena
1235. Rhinogobius wangchuangensis
1236. Rhinogobius wangi
1237. Rhinogobius wuyanlingensis
1238. Rhinogobius wuyiensis
1239. Rhinogobius xianshuiensis
1240. Rhinogobius zhoui
1241. Risor ruber Tusked goby
1242. Robinsichthys arrowsmithensis
1243. Sagamia geneionema
1244. Scartelaos cantoris
1245. Scartelaos gigas
1246. Scartelaos histophorus Walking goby
1247. Scartelaos tenuis Indian Ocean slender mudskipper
1248. Schismatogobius ampluvinculus
1249. Schismatogobius bruynisi
1250. Schismatogobius deraniyagalai Redneck goby
1251. Schismatogobius fuligimentus
1252. Schismatogobius insignus
1253. Schismatogobius marmoratus
1254. Schismatogobius pallidus
1255. Schismatogobius roxasi
1256. Schismatogobius vanuatuensis
1257. Schismatogobius vitiensis
1258. Sicydium adelum
1259. Sicydium altum
694
1260. Sicydium brevifile
1261. Sicydium buscki
1262. Sicydium bustamantei
1263. Sicydium cocoensis
1264. Sicydium crenilabrum
1265. Sicydium fayae
1266. Sicydium gilberti
1267. Sicydium gymnogaster Smoothbelly goby
1268. Sicydium hildebrandi
1269. Sicydium multipunctatum Multispotted goby
1270. Sicydium plumieri Sirajo
1271. Sicydium punctatum
1272. Sicydium rosenbergii
1273. Sicydium salvini
1274. Sicyopterus aiensis
1275. Sicyopterus brevis
1276. Sicyopterus caeruleus
1277. Sicyopterus caudimaculatus
1278. Sicyopterus crassus
1279. Sicyopterus cynocephalus Cleft-lipped goby
1280. Sicyopterus eudentatus
1281. Sicyopterus fasciatus
1282. Sicyopterus franouxi
1283. Sicyopterus fuliag
1284. Sicyopterus griseus
1285. Sicyopterus hageni Hagen's goby
1286. Sicyopterus japonicus
1287. Sicyopterus lacrymosus
1288. Sicyopterus lagocephalus Bichique
1289. Sicyopterus laticeps
1290. Sicyopterus lividus
1291. Sicyopterus longifilis Threadfin goby
1292. Sicyopterus macrostetholepis
1293. Sicyopterus marquesensis
1294. Sicyopterus microcephalus
1295. Sicyopterus micrurus Clinging goby
1296. Sicyopterus ouwensi Ouwen's goby
1297. Sicyopterus panayensis
1298. Sicyopterus parvei
1299. Sicyopterus pugnans
1300. Sicyopterus punctissimus
1301. Sicyopterus rapa
1302. Sicyopterus sarasini
1303. Sicyopterus stimpsoni Stimpson's goby
1304. Sicyopterus wichmanni
1305. Sicyopus auxilimentus
1306. Sicyopus bitaeniatus
1307. Sicyopus cebuensis
1308. Sicyopus chloe
1309. Sicyopus discordipinnis
1310. Sicyopus exallisquamulus
1311. Sicyopus fehlmanni
1312. Sicyopus jonklaasi Lipstick goby
1313. Sicyopus leprurus
1314. Sicyopus multisquamatus
695
1315. Sicyopus mystax
1316. Sicyopus nigriradiatus
1317. Sicyopus sasali
1318. Sicyopus zosterophorum
1319. Signigobius biocellatus Twinspot goby
1320. Silhouettea aegyptia Red Sea goby
1321. Silhouettea capitlineata
1322. Silhouettea chaimi
1323. Silhouettea dotui
1324. Silhouettea evanida
1325. Silhouettea hoesei
1326. Silhouettea indica
1327. Silhouettea insinuans Phantom goby
1328. Silhouettea nuchipunctatus
1329. Silhouettea sibayi Barebreast goby
1330. Siphonogobius nue
1321. Speleogobius trigloides Grotto goby
1322. Stenogobius alleni
1323. Stenogobius beauforti Beaufort's goby
1324. Stenogobius blokzeyli
1325. Stenogobius caudimaculosus
1326. Stenogobius fehlmanni
1327. Stenogobius genivittatus Chinstripe goby
1328. Stenogobius gymnopomus
1329. Stenogobius hawaiiensis
1330. Stenogobius hoesei
1331. Stenogobius ingeri
1332. Stenogobius keletaona
1333. Stenogobius kenyae Africa rivergoby
1334. Stenogobius kyphosus
1335. Stenogobius lachneri Bintuni goby
1336. Stenogobius laterisquamatus
1337. Stenogobius macropterus
1338. Stenogobius marinus
1339. Stenogobius marqueti
1340. Stenogobius mekongensis
1341. Stenogobius ophthalmoporus
1342. Stenogobius polyzona Chinestripe goby
1343. Stenogobius psilosinionus
1344. Stenogobius randalli
1345. Stenogobius squamosus
1346. Stenogobius watsoni
1347. Stenogobius yateiensis
1348. Stenogobius zurstrassenii
1349. Stigmatogobius borneensis
1350. Stigmatogobius elegans
1351. Stigmatogobius minima
1352. Stigmatogobius pleurostigma
1353. Stigmatogobius sadanundio
1354. Stigmatogobius sella
1355. Stigmatogobius signifer
1356. Stiphodon allen
1357. Stiphodon astilbos
1358. Stiphodon atratus
1359. Stiphodon atropurpureus
696
1360. Stiphodon aureorostrum
1361. Stiphodon birdsong
1362. Stiphodon caeruleus
1363. Stiphodon carisa Lampung Hill-stream Goby
1364. Stiphodon discotorquatus
1365. Stiphodon elegans
1366. Stiphodon hydroreibatus
1367. Stiphodon imperiorientis
1368. Stiphodon julieni
1369. Stiphodon kalfatak
1370. Stiphodon larson
1371. Stiphodon martenstyni
1372. Stiphodon mele
1373. Stiphodon multisquamus
1374. Stiphodon oatea
1375. Stiphodon olivaceus
1376. Stiphodon ornatus
1377. Stiphodon pelewensis
1378. Stiphodon percnopterygionus
1379. Stiphodon rubromaculatus
1380. Stiphodon rutilaureus
1381. Stiphodon sapphirinus
1382. Stiphodon semoni
1383. Stiphodon surrufus
1384. Stiphodon tuivi
1385. Stiphodon weberi
1386. Stiphodon zebrinus
1387. Stonogobiops dracula Dracula shrimp-goby
1388. Stonogobiops medon
1389. Stonogobiops nematodes Filament-finned prawn-goby
1380. Stonogobiops pentafasciata
1381. Stonogobiops xanthorhinica Yellownose prawn-goby
1382. Stonogobiops yasha
1383. Sueviota aprica
1384. Sueviota atrinasa
1385. Sueviota lachneri
1386. Sueviota larsonae
1387. Sufflogobius bibarbatus Pelagic goby
1388. Suruga fundicola
1389. Synechogobius hasta
1390. Synechogobius ommaturus Asian freshwater goby
1391. Taenioides anguillaris Eel worm goby
1392. Taenioides buchanani Burmese gobyeel
1393. Taenioides caniscapulus
1394. Taenioides cirratus Bearded worm goby
1395. Taenioides eruptionis
1396. Taenioides esquivel Bulldog eelgoby
1397. Taenioides gracilis Slender eel goby
1398. Taenioides jacksoni Bearded eelgoby
1399. Taenioides kentalleni
1400. Taenioides limicola
1401. Taenioides mordax
1402. Taenioides nigrimarginatus Blackfin eel goby
1403. Taenioides purpurascens
1404. Tamanka maculata
697
1405. Tamanka siitensis
1406. Tasmanogobius gloveri Marine goby
1407. Tasmanogobius lasti Lagoon goby
1408. Tasmanogobius lordi Lord's goby
1409. Thorogobius angolensis
1410. Thorogobius ephippiatus Leopard-spotted goby
1411. Thorogobius macrolepis Large-scaled goby
1412. Thorogobius rofeni
1413. Tomiyamichthys alleni
1414. Tomiyamichthys fourmanoiri
1415. Tomiyamichthys lanceolatus Lanceolate shrimpgoby
1416. Tomiyamichthys latruncularius Fan shrimp-goby
1417. Tomiyamichthys oni Monster shrimpgoby
1418. Tomiyamichthys praealta Tall-fin shrimp-goby
1419. Tomiyamichthys smithi
1420. Tomiyamichthys tanyspilus
1421. Triaenopogon microsquamis
1422. Tridentiger barbatus Shokihaze goby
1423. Tridentiger bifasciatus Shimofuri goby
1424. Tridentiger brevispinis
1425. Tridentiger kuroiwae
1426. Tridentiger nudicervicus
1427. Tridentiger obscurus Dusky tripletooth goby
1428. Tridentiger trigonocephalus Chameleon goby
1429. Trimma agrena Fishnet pygmy goby
1430. Trimma anaima
1431. Trimma annosum Greybearded pygmy goby
1432. Trimma anthrenum Honey-bee pygmy goby
1433. Trimma avidori
1434. Trimma barralli
1435. Trimma benjamini Redface dwarfgoby
1436. Trimma bisella
1437. Trimma caesiura Caesiura dwarfgoby
1438. Trimma cana Candycane pygmy goby
1439. Trimma caudipunctatum
1440. Trimma corallinum Polkadot goby
1441. Trimma dalerocheila
1442. Trimma emeryi Emery's goby
1443. Trimma eviotops Red-barred rubble goby
1444. Trimma fangi Fang's pygmy goby
1445. Trimma filamentosus
1446. Trimma fishelsoni
1447. Trimma flammeum
1448. Trimma flavatrum Wasp pygmy goby
1449. Trimma flavicaudatum
1450. Trimma fraena
1451. Trimma fucatum Harlot pygmy goby
1452. Trimma gigantum Giant pygmy goby
1453. Trimma grammistes
1454. Trimma griffithsi
1455. Trimma haima
1456. Trimma halonevum
1457. Trimma hayashii Four-eye pygmy goby
1458. Trimma hoesei
1459. Trimma hotsarihiensis Helen reef pygmy goby
698
1460. Trimma imaii
1461. Trimma kudoi
1462. Trimma lantana
1463. Trimma macrophthalmum Flame goby
1464. Trimma marinae Princess pygmy goby
1465. Trimma mendelssohni
1466. Trimma milta
1467. Trimma nasa
1468. Trimma naudei Naude's rubble goby
1469. Trimma necopina Orange-speckled pygmy-goby
1470. Trimma nomurai
1471. Trimma okinawae Okinawa rubble goby
1472. Trimma omanensis
1473. Trimma preclarum Exquisite pygmy goby
1474. Trimma randalli Randall s pygmy goby
1475. Trimma rubromaculatum
1476. Trimma sanguinellus Sanguinello pygmy goby
1477. Trimma sheppardi
1478. Trimma sostra Sostra pygmy goby
1479. Trimma squamicana Candy scale pygmy goby
1480. Trimma stobbsi
1481. Trimma striatum Stripehead goby
1482. Trimma tauroculum Bullseye pygmy goby
1483. Trimma taylori Yellow cave goby
1484. Trimma tevegae Blue-striped cave goby
1485. Trimma unisquamis Cheekscale dwarfgoby
1486. Trimma volcana Volcano pygmy goby
1487. Trimma winchi
1488. Trimma winterbottomi Winterbottom's goby
1489. Trimma woutsi
1490. Trimma yanagitai
1491. Trimma yanoi
1492. Trimmatom macropodus
1493. Trimmatom nanus
1494. Trimmatom offucius
1495. Trimmatom pharus
1496. Trimmatom sagma
1497. Trimmatom zapotes
1498. Trypauchen pelaeos
1499. Trypauchen raha
1500. Trypauchen taenia
1501. Trypauchen vagina
1502. Trypauchenichthys larsonae
1503. Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis
1504. Trypauchenichthys typus
1505. Trypauchenopsis intermedia
1506. Tryssogobius colini
1507. Tryssogobius flavolineatus
1508. Tryssogobius longipes
1509. Tryssogobius nigrolineatus
1510. Tryssogobius porosus
1511. Tryssogobius quinquespinus
1512. Tukugobius philippinus
1513. Typhlogobius californiensis Blind goby
1514. Valenciennea alleni
699
1515. Valenciennea bella
1516. Valenciennea decora
1517. Valenciennea helsdingenii Twostripe goby
1518. Valenciennea immaculata Red-lined sleeper
1519. Valenciennea limicola
1520. Valenciennea longipinnis Long-finned goby
1521. Valenciennea muralis Mural goby
1522. Valenciennea parva Parva goby
1523. Valenciennea persica
1524. Valenciennea puellaris Maiden goby
1525. Valenciennea randalli Greenband goby
1526. Valenciennea sexguttata Sixspot goby
1527. Valenciennea strigata Blueband goby
1528. Valenciennea wardii Ward's sleeper
1529. Vanderhorstia ambanoro Ambanoro prawn-goby
1530. Vanderhorstia attenuata
1531. Vanderhorstia auronotata
1532. Vanderhorstia auropunctata
1533. Vanderhorstia bella
1534. Vanderhorstia belloides
1535. Vanderhorstia delagoae Candystick goby
1536. Vanderhorstia dorsomacula
1537. Vanderhorstia fasciaventris
1538. Vanderhorstia flavilineata
1539. Vanderhorstia hiramatsui
1540. Vanderhorstia kizakura
1541. Vanderhorstia longimanus
1542. Vanderhorstia macropteryx
1543. Vanderhorstia mertensi Mertens' prawn-goby
1544. Vanderhorstia nannai Moon-spotted shrimp goby
1545. Vanderhorstia nobilis Majestic shrimpgoby
1546. Vanderhorstia opercularis
1547. Vanderhorstia ornatissima Ornate prawn-goby
1548. Vanderhorstia papilio
1549. Vanderhorstia rapa
1550. Vanderhorstia steelei
1551. Vanneaugobius canariensis
1552. Vanneaugobius dollfusi
1553. Vanneaugobius pruvoti
1554. Varicus bucca
1555. Varicus imswe Whiteband goby
1556. Varicus marilynae Orangebelly goby
1557. Vomerogobius flavus Lemon Goby
1558. Wheelerigobius maltzani
1559. Wheelerigobius wirtzi Cameroon goby
1560. Yoga pyrops
1561. Yongeichthys criniger
1562. Yongeichthys nebulosus Shadow goby
1563. Yongeichthys thomasi
1564. Yongeichthys tuticorinensis
1565. Zappa confluentus Slender mudskipper
1566. Zebrus zebrus
1567. Zosterisessor ophiocephalus Grass goby
700
Family Grammatidae
(Basslets)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical. Distribution: western Atlantic. Lateral line interrupted (two

segments) or lacking. One spine on pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Dorsal fin
spines 11-13. Attains about 10 cm maximum length. Some colorful
species used as marine aquarium fishes.

1. Gramma brasiliensis Brazilian basslet
2. Gramma linki Yellowlined basslet
3. Gramma loreto Royal gramma
4. Gramma melacara Blackcap basslet
5. Lipogramma anabantoides Dusky basslet
6. Lipogramma evides Banded basslet
7. Lipogramma flavescens Yellow basslet
8. Lipogramma klayi Bicolor basslet
9. Lipogramma regia Royal basslet
10. Lipogramma robinsi Yellowbar basslet
11. Lipogramma rosea Rosy basslet
12. Lipogramma trilineata Threeline basslet
701
Family Haemulidae
(Grunts)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Chiefly marine, some

brackish, rarely freshwater. Dorsal fin continuous, 9-14 spines, 11-26
soft rays. Anal fin 3 spines, 6-18 soft rays. Small mouth with thick lips.
Usually cardiform jaw teeth, with vomer generally toothless. Usually
with enlarged chin pores. Branchiostegal rays 7. Vertebrae 26 or 27
(10 or 11 + 16). Adults are typically inactive during day when they
shelter near or under ledges; they disperse to feed on benthic
invertebrates at night. Pelagic spawners. Juveniles are popular in
home aquaria, but adults require a large tank. Maximum length about
60 cm. Important food fishes.

1. Anisotremus caesius Silvergrey grunt
2. Anisotremus davidsonii Xantic sargo
3. Anisotremus dovii Spotted head sargo
4. Anisotremus interruptus Burrito grunt
5. Anisotremus moricandi Brownstriped grunt
6. Anisotremus pacifici Carruco sargo
7. Anisotremus scapularis Peruvian grunt
8. Anisotremus surinamensis Black margate
9. Anisotremus taeniatus Panama porkfish
10. Anisotremus virginicus Porkfish
11. Boridia grossidens Borriqueta porgy
12. Brachydeuterus auritus Bigeye grunt
13. Conodon macrops Lemoneye grunt
14. Conodon nobilis Barred grunt
15. Conodon serrifer Armed grunt
16. Diagramma centurio Sailfin rubberlip
17. Diagramma labiosum
18. Diagramma melanacra Blackfin slatey
19. Diagramma picta Painted sweetlips
20. Diagramma punctata
21. Genyatremus luteus Torroto grunt
22. Haemulon album White margate
23. Haemulon aurolineatum Tomtate grunt
24. Haemulon bonariense Black grunt
25. Haemulon boschmae Bronzestripe grunt
26. Haemulon carbonarium Caesar grunt
27. Haemulon chrysargyreum Smallmouth grunt
702
28. Haemulon flaviguttatum Yellowspotted grunt
29. Haemulon flavolineatum French grunt
30. Haemulon macrostomum Spanish grunt
31. Haemulon maculicauda Spottail grunt
32. Haemulon melanurum Cottonwick grunt
33. Haemulon parra Sailor's grunt
34. Haemulon plumierii White grunt
35. Haemulon schrankii
36. Haemulon sciurus Bluestriped grunt
37. Haemulon scudderii Grey grunt
38. Haemulon serrula
39. Haemulon sexfasciatum Greybar grunt
40. Haemulon squamipinna
41. Haemulon steindachneri Chere-chere grunt
42. Haemulon striatum Striped grunt
43. Haemulopsis axillaris Yellowstripe grunt
44. Haemulopsis elongatus Elongate grunt
45. Haemulopsis leuciscus Raucous grunt
46. Haemulopsis nitidus Shining grunt
47. Isacia conceptionis Cabinza grunt
48. Microlepidotus brevipinnis Humpback grunt
49. Microlepidotus inornatus Wavyline grunt
50. Orthopristis cantharinus Sheephead grunt
51. Orthopristis chalceus Brassy grunt
52. Orthopristis chrysoptera Pigfish
53. Orthopristis forbesi
54. Orthopristis lethopristis Scalyfin grunt
55. Orthopristis poeyi Corocoro cubano
56. Orthopristis reddingi Bronze-striped grunt
57. Orthopristis ruber Corocoro grunt
58. Parakuhlia macrophthalmus Dara
59. Parapristipoma humile Guinean grunt
60. Parapristipoma macrops
61. Parapristipoma octolineatum African striped grunt
62. Parapristipoma trilineatum Chicken grunt
63. Plectorhinchus albovittatus Two-striped sweetlips
64. Plectorhinchus celebicus Celebes sweetlips
65. Plectorhinchus ceylonensis Sri Lanka sweetlips
66. Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Harlequin sweetlips
67. Plectorhinchus chrysotaenia Yellow-striped sweetlips
68. Plectorhinchus chubbi Dusky rubberlip
69. Plectorhinchus cinctus Crescent sweetlips
70. Plectorhinchus diagrammus Striped sweetlips
71. Plectorhinchus faetela
72. Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus Lemonfish
73. Plectorhinchus gaterinoides Lined sweetlips
74. Plectorhinchus gaterinus Blackspotted rubberlip
75. Plectorhinchus gibbosus Harry hotlips
76. Plectorhinchus harrawayi
77. Plectorhinchus lessonii Lesson's thicklip
78. Plectorhinchus lineatus Yellowbanded sweetlips
79. Plectorhinchus macrolepis Biglip grunt
80. Plectorhinchus macrospilus
81. Plectorhinchus mediterraneus Rubberlip grunt
82. Plectorhinchus multivittatus Many-lined sweetlips
703
83. Plectorhinchus nigrus
84. Plectorhinchus obscurus Giant sweetlips
85. Plectorhinchus orientalis Oriental sweetlips
86. Plectorhinchus paulayi Zebra sweetlip
87. Plectorhinchus pictus Trout sweetlips
88. Plectorhinchus picus Painted sweetlip
89. Plectorhinchus plagiodesmus Barred rubberlip
90. Plectorhinchus playfairi Whitebarred rubberlip
91. Plectorhinchus polytaenia Ribboned sweetlips
92. Plectorhinchus punctatissimus
93. Plectorhinchus schotaf Minstrel sweetlips
94. Plectorhinchus sordidus Sordid rubberlip
95. Plectorhinchus umbrinus
96. Plectorhinchus unicolor
97. Plectorhinchus vittatus Indian Ocean oriental sweetlips
98. Pomadasys aheneus Yellowback grunt
99. Pomadasys andamanensis
100. Pomadasys argenteus Silver grunt
101. Pomadasys argyreus Bluecheek silver grunt
102. Pomadasys auritus Longhead grunt
103. Pomadasys bayanus Purplemouth grunt
104. Pomadasys bipunctatus
105. Pomadasys branickii Sand grunt
106. Pomadasys commersonnii Smallspotted grunter
107. Pomadasys corvinaeformis Roughneck grunt
108. Pomadasys crocro Burro grunt
109. Pomadasys empherus Bigspine grunt
110. Pomadasys furcatus Banded grunter
111. Pomadasys guoraca
112. Pomadasys hasta
113. Pomadasys incisus Bastard grunt
114. Pomadasys jubelini Sompat grunt
115. Pomadasys kaakan Javelin grunter
116. Pomadasys laurentino Manylined grunter
117. Pomadasys macracanthus Longspine grunt
118. Pomadasys maculatus Saddle grunt
119. Pomadasys multimaculatus Cock grunter
120. Pomadasys olivaceus Olive grunt
121. Pomadasys panamensis Panama grunt
122. Pomadasys perotaei Parrot grunt
123. Pomadasys punctulatus Lined grunt
124. Pomadasys quadrilineatus Yellow-lined grunter
125. Pomadasys ramosus
126. Pomadasys rogerii Pigsnout grunt
127. Pomadasys schyrii
128. Pomadasys striatus Striped grunter
129. Pomadasys stridens Striped piggy
130. Pomadasys suillus
131. Pomadasys taeniatus Bronzestriped grunt
132. Pomadasys trifasciatus Black-ear javelin
133. Pomadasys unimaculatus Red patched grunter
134. Xenichthys agassizii
135. Xenichthys rupestris
136. Xenichthys xanti Longfin salema
137. Xenistius californiensis Californian salema
704
138. Xenistius peruanus
139. Xenocys jessiae
705
Family Hapalogenyidae
(Barbeled grunters)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Family not recognized but only mentioned under Haemulidae. Genus
Hapalogenys was formerly in Haemulidae.

1. Hapalogenys analis
2. Hapalogenys dampieriensis Australian striped velvetchin
3. Hapalogenys filamentosus Philippine dark velvetchin
4. Hapalogenys kishinouyei Lined javelinfish
5. Hapalogenys merguiensis
6. Hapalogenys mucronatus
7. Hapalogenys nigripinnis Short barbeled grunter
8. Hapalogenys nitens
9. Hapalogenys sennin Long barbeled grunter
706
Family Harpagiferidae
(Spiny plunderfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Littoral, extending north to subantarctic and south to, for
example, southern part of South America and Kerquelen and
Macquarie islands. Chin barbel absent; strong spine on opercle and on
subopercle; three hypurals; vertebrae 34-37.

1. Harpagifer andriashevi
2. Harpagifer antarcticus Antarctic spiny plunderfish
3. Harpagifer bispinis Magellan plunderfish
4. Harpagifer crozetensis Littoral Crozet spiny plounderfish
5. Harpagifer georgianus South Georgia spiny plunderfish
6. Harpagifer kerguelensis Kerguelen spiny plunderfish
7. Harpagifer macquariensis
8. Harpagifer nybelini
9. Harpagifer palliolatus Crested spiny plunderfish
10. Harpagifer permitini Permitin spiny plunderfish
11. Harpagifer spinosus Deep-water spiny plunderfish
707
Family Helostomatidae
(Kissing gourami)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Thailand to Malay Archipelago. Teeth absent in

premaxilla, dentaries, palatine, and pharynx. Lateral lines 2. Lower
lateral line starts below the end of the upper line. Spines in dorsal fin
16-18; soft rays 13-16. Anal fin spines 13-15; soft rays 17-19. Scales
in lateral line 43-48. Top of head with cycloid scales; ctenoid scales in
other locations. Lips with horny teeth. Gillrakers numerous. About 30
cm maximum length. Filter feeder and grazer on benthic algae.

1. Helostoma temminkii Kissing gourami
708
Family Howellidae
(Oceanic basslets)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : From Prokofiev (2006). Gathers 3 genera from Percichthyidae and

Acropomatidae, Howella being often incertae sedis.

1. Bathysphyraenops declivifrons
2. Bathysphyraenops simplex
3. Howella brodiei Pelagic basslet
4. Howella pammelas
5. Howella parini
6. Howella sherborni Sherborn's pelagic bass
7. Howella zina
8. Pseudohowella intermedia
709
Family Icosteidae
(Ragfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific from Japan to California. Body strongly

compressed. Skeletal framework mainly of cartilage, thus unusually
flexible. Skin thick and tough. The juveniles and adults differ greatly in
appearance and were originally described as different species. The
transition to adult form occurs between 40 and 60 cm standard length.
Body deep in juveniles, elongate in adults. Eyes small. Mouth terminal
and large. Fin spines absent. Dorsal and anal fins single, long, and
high, comprising 50-56 and 33-44 soft rays, respectively. Caudal
peduncle long and slender. Caudal fin large and paddlelike, rounded in
juveniles and emarginate in adults. Pectoral fins fanlike, pedunculate,
20-22 rays. Pelvic fins and scales present in juveniles, absent in adults.
Two nostrils, close together toward front of snout, on each side.
Lateral line canal single, with keel of minute spines. Teeth uniserial,
small, sharp, closely and evenly set; vomerine and palatine teeth
absent. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; except joined
and attached to the isthmus for a short distance anteriorly.
Branchiostegal rays 6 or 7. Gill rakers 7-17 on first arch. Swim bladder
absent. Vertebrae 66-70. Juvenile light brown blotched yellow and
purple, adult dark purplish brown. Attains 213 cm maximum total
length. Juveniles occur in shallow water or offshore near the surface;
adults near bottom and deep, to 1,420 m. Feeds mainly on jellyfishes
but also reported to take cephalopods and small fishes.

1. Icosteus aenigmaticus Ragfish
710
Family Inermiidae
(Bonnetmouths)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical. Distribution: western Atlantic. A deep notch between the

dorsal fins. Anterior dorsal with 10 (Emmelichthyops) or 17 spines
(Inermia). Second dorsal with 2 spines and 10 (Emmelichthyops) or 9
soft rays (Inermia). Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 8 or 10. No
teeth on jaws, vomer and palatine. Two enlarged pores on chin.
Deeply forked caudal fin. Vertebrae 26 (abdominal 12 or 13). Very
protractile upper jaw. Maximum length up to about 25 cm. Schooling
plankton feeders of open waters. Assumed to be pelagic spawners
(RF).

1. Emmelichthyops atlanticus Bonnetmouth
2. Inermia vittata Boga
711
Family Istiophoridae
(Billfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: most tropical and subtropical waters. Premaxilla and nasal
bones produced, forming a spear-like bill or rostrum with a rounded
cross-section. Gill membranes not united to isthmus. Very narrow
pelvic fins. Jaw teeth present. Two keels on each side of caudal
peduncle in adults. Dorsal fin extending over much of body length;
sometimes resembling a sail. Dorsal fin can be depresssed into a
groove. Lateral line persists in life. Vertebrae 24. Maximum length 4 m.
Bill used for stunning prey fish. The morphological adaptations
required for maintaining high brain and retinal temperatures are
discussed in Brock et al. 1993 Science 260:210-214. Very popular as
game fish.

1. Istiophorus albicans Atlantic sailfish
2. Istiophorus platypterus Indo-Pacific sailfish
3. Makaira indica Black marlin
4. Makaira mazara Indo-Pacific blue marlin
5. Makaira nigricans Blue marlin
6. Tetrapturus albidus Atlantic white marlin
7. Tetrapturus angustirostris Shortbill spearfish
8. Tetrapturus audax Striped marlin
9. Tetrapturus belone Mediterranean spearfish
10. Tetrapturus georgii Roundscale spearfish
11. Tetrapturus pfluegeri Longbill spearfish
712
Family Kraemeriidae
(Sand darters)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific, as far as Hawaii. Rarely brackish or fresh-

water. Body elongate and scaleless. Tip of tongue with 2 lobes. Lower
jaw jutted with the chin enlarged. Small eyes. Anal and dorsal fins not
confluent with caudal fin. Usually 1 dorsal fin with 4-6 weak spines,
usually 13-18 soft rays. Pelvic fins usually separate; 1 spine, 5 soft
rays. Branchiostegal rays 5. Maximum length about 6 cm. Usually live
in sandy shallow waters; many are burrowing with only the head out.

1. Gobitrichinotus arnoulti
2. Gobitrichinotus radiocularis
3. Kraemeria bryani Bryan's sand dart
4. Kraemeria cunicularia Transparent sand dart
5. Kraemeria galatheaensis
6. Kraemeria merensis
7. Kraemeria nuda
8. Kraemeria samoensis Samoan sand dart
9. Kraemeria tongaensis
713
Family Kuhliidae
(Aholeholes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. One freshwater species Kuhlia rupestris.

Well-developed scaly sheath on dorsal and anal fins. Dorsal fin with a
deep notch; 10 spines, 9-12 soft rays. Anal fin 3 spines, 9-13 soft
rays.. Without a scaly pelvic axillary process. Two spines on opercle.
Vertebrae 25. Small compressed silvery fishes, in schools in surgy
areas by day, dispersed to feed on free-swimming crustaceans at
night. Juveniles often in tidepools. Maximum length 50 cm. Assumed
to be non-guarders (RF).

1. Kuhlia boninensis
2. Kuhlia caudavittata
3. Kuhlia malo
4. Kuhlia marginata Dark-margined flagtail
5. Kuhlia mugil Barred flagtail
6. Kuhlia munda Silver flagtail
7. Kuhlia nutabunda
8. Kuhlia petiti
9. Kuhlia rubens
10. Kuhlia rupestris Rock flagtail
11. Kuhlia salelea
12. Kuhlia sandvicensis Hawaiian flagtail
13. Kuhlia xenura
714
Family Kurtidae
(Nurseryfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Small family of two species in the genus Kurtus. Kurtus indicus occurs
in coastal areas from the Coromandel Coast of southeast India to
China, Indonesia, and Borneo. It occasionally enters estuaries, but is
mostly found in marine waters. Kurtus gulliveri is found in northern
Australia and southern New Guinea and is more likely to occur in large,
turbid rivers and estuaries. Kurtus has a compressed, oblong body
with small cycloid scales and a rudimentary anterior lateral line. The
opercular bones are very thin. Four spines are present at the angle of
the preopercle. The dorsal fin is single with a reduced anterior spinous
part followed by soft rays. The back is elevated into a hump. The
mouth is large with villiform jaw teeth. The anal fin is long with two
anal spines. Kurtus indicus has 31-32 soft anal rays, and K. gulliveri
has 44-47 soft anal rays. The pelvic fin has one spine and five rays.
The caudal fin is deeply forked. Expanded ribs completely enclose the
posterior portion of the swim bladder and partially enclose the anterior
portion. The most distinctive feature of this genus is the presence in
males of an occipital hook directed anteriorly and downward nearly
forming a closed ring. This hook is formed from the supraoccipital and
modified dorsal spines; it is used to carry eggs. Females lack a hook.
Young males show only a slight protuberance that eventually enlarges
as the fish grows. A maximum length of 60 cm has been reported for
Kurtus gulliveri.

1. Kurtus gulliveri Nurseryfish
2. Kurtus indicus Indian hump head
715
Family Kyphosidae
(Sea chubs)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Dorsal fin 9-16 spines, 11-28
soft rays. Vertebrae 24-28 (in Graus 34). Subfamilies Girellinae and
Kyphosinae (except Graus) are herbivorous, feeding mainly on algae;
the rest are carnivorous, feeding on benthic invertebrates. Congregate
in great numbers for pelagic spawning. Usually found near shore.
Foodfish in some areas, trashfish in others. That this family is
monophyletic has yet to be established.

1. Atypichthys latus Eastern footballer
2. Atypichthys strigatus Australian mado
3. Bathystethus cultratus Grey knifefish
4. Bathystethus orientale
5. Doydixodon laevifrons
6. Girella albostriata
7. Girella cyanea Blue drummer
8. Girella elevata Black drummer
9. Girella feliciana
10. Girella fimbriata
11. Girella freminvillii
12. Girella leonina
13. Girella mezina
14. Girella nebulosa
15. Girella nigricans Opaleye
16. Girella punctata
17. Girella simplicidens Gulf opal eye
18. Girella stuebeli
19. Girella tephraeops Rock blackfish
20. Girella tricuspidata Parore
21. Girella zebra Zebra fish
22. Girella zonata
23. Graus nigra
24. Hermosilla azurea Zebra-perch sea chub
25. Kyphosus analogus Blue-bronze sea chub
26. Kyphosus bigibbus Brown chub
27. Kyphosus cinerascens Blue sea chub
28. Kyphosus cornelii Western buffalo bream
29. Kyphosus elegans Cortez sea chub
30. Kyphosus hawaiiensis Hawaiian chub
31. Kyphosus incisor Yellow sea chub
716
32. Kyphosus lutescens Revillagigedo sea chub
33. Kyphosus pacificus Pacific drummer
34. Kyphosus saltatrix Bermuda sea chub
35. Kyphosus sydneyanus Silver drummer
36. Kyphosus vaigiensis Brassy chub
37. Labracoglossa argenteiventris
38. Labracoglossa nitida Blue knifefish
39. Medialuna ancietae
40. Medialuna californiensis Halfmoon
41. Microcanthus strigatus Stripey
42. Neatypus obliquus Western footballer
43. Neoscorpis lithophilus Stone-bream
44. Scorpis aequipinnis Sea sweep
45. Scorpis chilensis
46. Scorpis georgiana Banded sweep
47. Scorpis lineolata Silver sweep
48. Scorpis violacea Blue maomao
49. Sectator azureus
50. Sectator ocyurus Bluestriped chub
51. Tilodon sexfasciatum Moonlighter
717
Family Labridae
(Wrasses)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Protrusible mouth. Most jaw
teeth with gaps between them; teeth usually jutting outward. Dorsal
fin 8-21 spines (usually less than15), 6-21 soft rays. Anal fin 4-6 spines
(often 3), 7-18 soft rays. Cycloid scales, generally large to moderate,
25-80 along the side (may be small and over 100 if small. Lateral line
interrupted or continuous. Vertebrae 23-42. Snout elongated in the
genus Gomphosus. Size, shape and color very diversified. Most species
are sand burrowers; carnivores on benthic invertebrates; also
planktivores, and some small species remove ectoparasites of larger
fishes. Most species change color and sex with growth, from an initial
phase (IP) of both males and females, the latter able to change sex
into an often brilliantly colored terminal male phase (TP). Males
dominate several females; all Indo-Pacific species are pelagic
spawners. Most species do well in aquaria, and young Coris are
particularly popular. Maximum length about 2.3 m, many are less than
15 cm, the shortest being 4.5 cm. Medium to large species are
important food fishes.

1. Acantholabrus palloni Scale-rayed wrasse
2. Achoerodus gouldii Western blue groper
3. Achoerodus viridis Eastern blue groper
4. Ammolabrus dicrus Sand wrasse
5. Anampses caeruleopunctatus Bluespotted wrasse
6. Anampses chrysocephalus Red tail wrasse
7. Anampses cuvier Pearl wrasse
8. Anampses elegans Elegant wrasse
9. Anampses femininus Blue-striped orange tamarin
10. Anampses geographicus Geographic wrasse
11. Anampses lennardi Blue and yellow wrasse
12. Anampses lineatus Lined wrasse
13. Anampses melanurus White-spotted wrasse
14. Anampses meleagrides Spotted wrasse
15. Anampses neoguinaicus New Guinea wrasse
16. Anampses twistii Yellowbreasted wrasse
17. Anampses viridis
718
18. Anchichoerops natalensis Natal wrasse
19. Austrolabrus maculatus
20. Bodianus anthioides Lyretail hogfish
21. Bodianus axillaris Axilspot hogfish
22. Bodianus bathycapros
23. Bodianus bilunulatus Tarry hogfish
24. Bodianus bimaculatus Twospot hogfish
25. Bodianus busellatus
26. Bodianus cylindriatus
27. Bodianus diana Diana's hogfish
28. Bodianus dictynna
29. Bodianus diplotaenia Mexican hogfish
30. Bodianus eclancheri Harlequin wrasse
31. Bodianus flavifrons Masked pigfish
32. Bodianus flavipinnis Yellowfin pigfish
33. Bodianus frenchii Foxfish
34. Bodianus insularis Island hogfish
35. Bodianus izuensis Striped pigfish
36. Bodianus leucosticticus Lined hogfish
37. Bodianus loxozonus Blackfin hogfish
38. Bodianus macrognathos Giant hogfish
39. Bodianus macrourus Black-banded hogfish
40. Bodianus masudai
41. Bodianus mesothorax Splitlevel hogfish
42. Bodianus neilli Bay of Bengal hogfish
43. Bodianus neopercularis
44. Bodianus opercularis Blackspot hogfish
45. Bodianus oxycephalus
46. Bodianus paraleucosticticus
47. Bodianus perditio Golden-spot hogfish
48. Bodianus prognathus
49. Bodianus pulchellus Spotfin hogfish
50. Bodianus rubrisos
51. Bodianus rufus Spanish hogfish
52. Bodianus sanguineus Sunrise wrasse
53. Bodianus scrofa Barred hogfish
54. Bodianus sepiacaudus
55. Bodianus solatus
56. Bodianus speciosus Blackbar hogfish
57. Bodianus tanyokidus
58. Bodianus thoracotaeniatus
59. Bodianus trilineatus Fourline hogfish
60. Bodianus unimaculatus Red pigfish
61. Bodianus vulpinus Western pigfish
62. Centrolabrus caeruleus
63. Centrolabrus exoletus Rock cook
64. Centrolabrus trutta Emerald wrasse
65. Cheilinus abudjubbe
66. Cheilinus chlorourus Floral wrasse
67. Cheilinus fasciatus Redbreasted wrasse
68. Cheilinus lunulatus Broomtail wrasse
69. Cheilinus oxycephalus Snooty wrasse
70. Cheilinus oxyrhynchus
71. Cheilinus trilobatus Tripletail wrasse
72. Cheilinus undulatus Humphead wrasse
719
73. Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse
74. Choerodon anchorago Orange-dotted tuskfish
75. Choerodon azurio
76. Choerodon balerensis
77. Choerodon cauteroma Bluespotted tuskfish
78. Choerodon cephalotes Purple tuskfish
79. Choerodon cyanodus Blue tuskfish
80. Choerodon fasciatus Harlequin tuskfish
81. Choerodon frenatus Bridled tuskfish
82. Choerodon gomoni
83. Choerodon graphicus Graphic tuskfish
84. Choerodon gymnogenys
85. Choerodon jordani Jordan's tuskfish
86. Choerodon margaritiferus
87. Choerodon melanostigma
88. Choerodon monostigma Dark-spot tuskfish
89. Choerodon oligacanthus
90. Choerodon paynei Payne's tuskfish
91. Choerodon robustus Robust tuskfish
92. Choerodon rubescens Baldchin groper
93. Choerodon schoenleinii Blackspot tuskfish
94. Choerodon sugillatum Wedge-tailed tuskfish
95. Choerodon venustus Venus tuskfish
96. Choerodon vitta Redstripe tuskfish
97. Choerodon zamboangae Purple eyebrowed tuskfish
98. Choerodon zosterophorus Zoster wrasse
99. Cirrhilabrus adornatus
100. Cirrhilabrus aurantidorsalis
101. Cirrhilabrus balteatus Girdled wrasse
102. Cirrhilabrus bathyphilus Deepwater wrasse
103. Cirrhilabrus beauperryi Beau s wrasse
104. Cirrhilabrus blatteus Purple-boned wrasse
105. Cirrhilabrus brunneus
106. Cirrhilabrus cenderawasih Cenderawasih wrasse
107. Cirrhilabrus claire
108. Cirrhilabrus condei Conde's wrasse
109. Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura Blueside wrasse
110. Cirrhilabrus earlei Orange-striped wrasse
111. Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Exquisite wrasse
112. Cirrhilabrus filamentosus Whip-fin wrasse
113. Cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis Yellowfin fairy wrasse
114. Cirrhilabrus joanallenae
115. Cirrhilabrus johnsoni Johnson's wrasse
116. Cirrhilabrus jordani Flame wrasse
117. Cirrhilabrus katherinae Katherine's wrasse
118. Cirrhilabrus katoi
119. Cirrhilabrus laboutei Laboute's wrasse
120. Cirrhilabrus lanceolatus Long-tailed wrasse
121. Cirrhilabrus lineatus Purplelined wrasse
122. Cirrhilabrus lubbocki Lubbock's wrasse
123. Cirrhilabrus lunatus
124. Cirrhilabrus luteovittatus Yellowband wrasse
125. Cirrhilabrus marjorie Marjorie's Wrasse
126. Cirrhilabrus melanomarginatus
127. Cirrhilabrus morrisoni Morrison's wrasse
720
128. Cirrhilabrus naokoae Naoko's Fairy Wrasse
129. Cirrhilabrus punctatus Dotted wrasse
130. Cirrhilabrus pylei Pyle's wrasse
131. Cirrhilabrus randalli Randall's wrasse
132. Cirrhilabrus rhomboidalis Rhomboid wrasse
133. Cirrhilabrus roseafascia
134. Cirrhilabrus rubrimarginatus Red-margined wrasse
135. Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis Redfin wrasse
136. Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis
137. Cirrhilabrus rubriventralis Social wrasse
138. Cirrhilabrus sanguineus
139. Cirrhilabrus scottorum Scott's wrasse
140. Cirrhilabrus solorensis
141. Cirrhilabrus temminckii Threadfin wrasse
142. Cirrhilabrus tonozukai
143. Cirrhilabrus walindi
144. Cirrhilabrus walshi
145. Clepticus africanus African Creole wrasse
146. Clepticus brasiliensis
147. Clepticus parrae Creole wrasse
148. Conniella apterygia Mutant wrasse
149. Coris atlantica
150. Coris auricularis Western king wrasse
151. Coris aurilineata Goldlined coris
152. Coris aygula Clown coris
153. Coris ballieui
154. Coris batuensis Batu coris
155. Coris bulbifrons Doubleheader
156. Coris caudimacula Spottail coris
157. Coris centralis
158. Coris cuvieri
159. Coris debueni
160. Coris dorsomacula Pale-barred coris
161. Coris flavovittata Yellowstripe coris
162. Coris formosa Queen coris
163. Coris gaimard African coris
164. Coris hewetti
165. Coris julis Mediterranean rainbow wrasse
166. Coris marquesensis
167. Coris musume
168. Coris nigrotaenia Blackbar coris
169. Coris picta Comb wrasse
170. Coris pictoides Blackstripe coris
171. Coris roseoviridis
172. Coris sandeyeri Sandager's wrasse
173. Coris variegata Dapple coris
174. Coris venusta Elegant coris
175. Ctenolabrus rupestris Goldsinny-wrasse
176. Cymolutes lecluse Sharp-headed wrasse
177. Cymolutes praetextatus Knife razorfish
178. Cymolutes torquatus Finescale razorfish
179. Decodon grandisquamis Largescale wrasse
180. Decodon melasma Blackspot wrasse
181. Decodon pacificus Ten-tooth wrasse
182. Decodon puellaris Red hogfish
721
183. Diproctacanthus xanthurus Yellowtail tubelip
184. Doratonotus megalepis Dwarf wrasse
185. Dotalabrus alleni Little rainbow wrasse
186. Dotalabrus aurantiacus Castelnau's wrasse
187. Epibulus brevis Latent slingjaw wrasse
188. Epibulus insidiator Sling-jaw wrasse
189. Eupetrichthys angustipes Snakeskin wrasse
190. Frontilabrus caeruleus
191. Gomphosus caeruleus Green birdmouth wrasse
192. Gomphosus varius Bird wrasse
193. Halichoeres adustus Black wrasse
194. Halichoeres aestuaricola Mangrove wrasse
195. Halichoeres argus Argus wrasse
196. Halichoeres bathyphilus Greenband wrasse
197. Halichoeres bicolor
198. Halichoeres binotopsis
199. Halichoeres biocellatus Red-lined wrasse
200. Halichoeres bivittatus Slippery dick
201. Halichoeres bleekeri
202. Halichoeres brasiliensis Brazilian wrasse
203. Halichoeres brownfieldi Brownfields wrasse
204. Halichoeres burekae Mardi Gras wrasse
205. Halichoeres caudalis Painted wrasse
206. Halichoeres chierchiae Wounded wrasse
207. Halichoeres chlorocephalus
208. Halichoeres chloropterus Pastel-green wrasse
209. Halichoeres chrysus Canary wrasse
210. Halichoeres claudia
211. Halichoeres cosmetus Adorned wrasse
212. Halichoeres cyanocephalus Yellowcheek wrasse
213. Halichoeres dimidiatus
214. Halichoeres discolor Cocos wrasse
215. Halichoeres dispilus Chameleon wrasse
216. Halichoeres garnoti Yellowhead wrasse
217. Halichoeres girardi
218. Halichoeres hartzfeldii Hartzfeld's wrasse
219. Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard wrasse
220. Halichoeres insularis Socorro wrasse
221. Halichoeres iridis
222. Halichoeres kallochroma
223. Halichoeres lapillus Jewelled wrasse
224. Halichoeres leptotaenia
225. Halichoeres leucoxanthus Canarytop wrasse
226. Halichoeres leucurus Greyhead wrasse
227. Halichoeres maculipinna Clown wrasse
228. Halichoeres malpelo Malpelo wrasse
229. Halichoeres margaritaceus Pink-belly wrasse
230. Halichoeres marginatus Dusky wrasse
231. Halichoeres melanochir Orangefin wrasse
232. Halichoeres melanotis Golden wrasse
233. Halichoeres melanurus Tail-spot wrasse
234. Halichoeres melas
235. Halichoeres melasmapomus Cheekspot wrasse
236. Halichoeres miniatus Circle-cheek wrasse
237. Halichoeres nebulosus Nebulous wrasse
722
238. Halichoeres nicholsi Spinster wrasse
239. Halichoeres nigrescens Bubblefin wrasse
240. Halichoeres notospilus Banded wrasse
241. Halichoeres orientalis
242. Halichoeres ornatissimus Ornamented wrasse
243. Halichoeres pallidus Pale wrasse
244. Halichoeres papilionaceus
245. Halichoeres pardaleocephalus
246. Halichoeres pelicieri
247. Halichoeres penrosei
248. Halichoeres pictus Rainbow wrasse
249. Halichoeres podostigma Axil spot wrasse
250. Halichoeres poeyi Blackear wrasse
251. Halichoeres prosopeion Twotone wrasse
252. Halichoeres purpurescens Silty wrasse
253. Halichoeres radiatus Puddingwife wrasse
254. Halichoeres raisneri
255. Halichoeres richmondi Richmond's wrasse
256. Halichoeres rubricephalus
257. Halichoeres salmofasciatus Red-striped wrasse
258. Halichoeres sazimai
259. Halichoeres scapularis Zigzag wrasse
260. Halichoeres semicinctus Rock wrasse
261. Halichoeres signifer
262. Halichoeres socialis
263. Halichoeres solorensis Green wrasse
264. Halichoeres stigmaticus U-spot wrasse
265. Halichoeres tenuispinis
266. Halichoeres timorensis Timor wrasse
267. Halichoeres trimaculatus Threespot wrasse
268. Halichoeres trispilus
269. Halichoeres vrolikii Indian Ocean pinstriped wrasse
270. Halichoeres zeylonicus Goldstripe wrasse
271. Halichoeres zulu
272. Hemigymnus fasciatus Barred thicklip
273. Hemigymnus melapterus Blackeye thicklip
274. Hologymnosus annulatus Ring wrasse
275. Hologymnosus doliatus Pastel ringwrasse
276. Hologymnosus longipes Sidespot longface wrasse
277. Hologymnosus rhodonotus Redback longface wrasse
278. Iniistius aneitensis Yellowblotch razorfish
279. Iniistius auropunctatus
280. Iniistius baldwini Baldwin's razorfish
281. Iniistius celebicus Celebes razorfish
282. Iniistius griffithsi
283. Iniistius pavo Peacock wrasse
284. Iniistius trivittatus
285. Iniistius umbrilatus Razor wrasse fish
286. Labrichthys unilineatus Tubelip wrasse
287. Labroides bicolor Bicolor cleaner wrasse
288. Labroides dimidiatus Bluestreak cleaner wrasse
289. Labroides pectoralis Blackspot cleaner wrasse
290. Labroides phthirophagus Hawaiian cleaner wrasse
291. Labroides rubrolabiatus Redlip cleaner wrasse
292. Labropsis alleni Allen's tubelip
723
293. Labropsis australis Southern tubelip
294. Labropsis manabei Northern tubelip
295. Labropsis micronesica Micronesian wrasse
296. Labropsis polynesica
297. Labropsis xanthonota Yellowback tubelip
298. Labrus bergylta Ballan wrasse
299. Labrus merula Brown wrasse
300. Labrus mixtus Cuckoo wrasse
301. Labrus viridis
302. Lachnolaimus maximus Hogfish
303. Lappanella fasciata
304. Lappanella guineensis
305. Larabicus quadrilineatus Fourline wrasse
306. Leptojulis chrysotaenia
307. Leptojulis cyanopleura Shoulder-spot wrasse
308. Leptojulis lambdastigma
309. Leptojulis polylepis
310. Leptojulis urostigma
311. Macropharyngodon bipartitus bipartitus Rare wrasse
312. Macropharyngodon bipartitus marisrubri
313. Macropharyngodon choati Choat's wrasse
314. Macropharyngodon cyanoguttatus
315. Macropharyngodon geoffroy Geoffroy's wrasse
316. Macropharyngodon kuiteri Black leopard wrasse
317. Macropharyngodon meleagris Blackspotted wrasse
318. Macropharyngodon moyeri
319. Macropharyngodon negrosensis Yellowspotted wrasse
320. Macropharyngodon ornatus False leopard
321. Macropharyngodon vivienae Madagascar wrasse
322. Malapterus reticulatus
323. Minilabrus striatus Minute wrasse
324. Nelabrichthys ornatus
325. Notolabrus celidotus Spotty
326. Notolabrus cinctus
327. Notolabrus fucicola Yellow-saddled wrasse
328. Notolabrus gymnogenis Crimsonband wrasse
329. Notolabrus inscriptus Inscribed wrasse
330. Notolabrus parilus Brownspotted wrasse
321. Notolabrus tetricus Blue-throated wrasse
322. Novaculichthys macrolepidotus Seagrass wrasse
323. Novaculichthys taeniourus Rockmover wrasse
324. Ophthalmolepis lineolata Maori wrasse
325. Oxycheilinus arenatus Speckled maori wrasse
326. Oxycheilinus bimaculatus Two-spot wrasse
327. Oxycheilinus celebicus Celebes wrasse
328. Oxycheilinus digramma Cheeklined wrasse
329. Oxycheilinus lineatus
330. Oxycheilinus mentalis Mental wrasse
331. Oxycheilinus nigromarginatus Blackmargin maori wrasse
332. Oxycheilinus orientalis Oriental maori wrasse
333. Oxycheilinus rhodochrous
334. Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Ringtail maori wrasse
335. Oxyjulis californica Se orita
336. Paracheilinus angulatus Angular flasher
337. Paracheilinus attenuatus
724
338. Paracheilinus bellae Bell's flasher
339. Paracheilinus carpenteri Pink flasher
340. Paracheilinus cyaneus
341. Paracheilinus filamentosus Filamentous wrasse
342. Paracheilinus flavianalis Yellowfin flasher wrasse
343. Paracheilinus hemitaeniatus
344. Paracheilinus lineopunctatus Spot-lined flasher
345. Paracheilinus mccoskeri McCosker's flasher
346. Paracheilinus nursalim
347. Paracheilinus octotaenia Red Sea eightline flasher
348. Paracheilinus piscilineatus
349. Paracheilinus rubricaudalis
350. Paracheilinus togeanensis
351. Paracheilinus walton
352. Parajulis poecilepterus
353. Pictilabrus brauni Braun's wrasse
354. Pictilabrus laticlavius Patrician wrasse
355. Pictilabrus viridis False senator wrasse
356. Polylepion cruentum Bleeding wrasse
357. Polylepion russelli
358. Pseudocheilinops ataenia Pelvic-spot wrasse
359. Pseudocheilinus citrinus
360. Pseudocheilinus dispilus
361. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Striated wrasse
362. Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Sixline wrasse
363. Pseudocheilinus ocellatus Whitebarred wrasse
364. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Eight-lined wrasse
365. Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia Four-lined wrasse
366. Pseudocoris aequalis
367. Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata Rust-banded wrasse
368. Pseudocoris bleekeri
369. Pseudocoris heteroptera Torpedo wrasse
370. Pseudocoris ocellata
371. Pseudocoris yamashiroi Redspot wrasse
372. Pseudodax moluccanus Chiseltooth wrasse
373. Pseudojuloides argyreogaster
374. Pseudojuloides atavai Polynesian wrasse
375. Pseudojuloides cerasinus Smalltail wrasse
376. Pseudojuloides elongatus Long green wrasse
377. Pseudojuloides erythrops Redeye wrasse
378. Pseudojuloides inornatus Cape wrasse
379. Pseudojuloides kaleidos
380. Pseudojuloides mesostigma Sidespot wrasse
381. Pseudojuloides pyrius
382. Pseudojuloides severnsi
383. Pseudojuloides xanthomos
384. Pseudolabrus biserialis Redband wrasse
385. Pseudolabrus eoethinus Red naped wrasse
386. Pseudolabrus fuentesi
387. Pseudolabrus gayi
388. Pseudolabrus guentheri G nther's wrasse
389. Pseudolabrus japonicus
380. Pseudolabrus luculentus Orange wrasse
381. Pseudolabrus miles Scarlet wrasse
382. Pseudolabrus rubicundus Rosy wrasse
725
383. Pseudolabrus semifasciatus
384. Pseudolabrus sieboldi
385. Pseudolabrus torotai
386. Pteragogus aurigarius
387. Pteragogus cryptus Cryptic wrasse
388. Pteragogus enneacanthus Cockerel wrasse
389. Pteragogus flagellifer Cocktail wrasse
390. Pteragogus guttatus Sneaky wrasse
391. Pteragogus pelycus Sideburn wrasse
392. Pteragogus taeniops Cheekbar wrasse
393. Semicossyphus darwini Gal pagos sheephead wrasse
394. Semicossyphus pulcher California sheephead
395. Semicossyphus reticulatus
396. Stethojulis albovittata Bluelined wrasse
397. Stethojulis balteata Belted wrasse
398. Stethojulis bandanensis Red shoulder wrasse
399. Stethojulis interrupta Cutribbon wrasse
400. Stethojulis maculata
401. Stethojulis marquesensis
402. Stethojulis notialis
403. Stethojulis strigiventer Three-ribbon wrasse
404. Stethojulis terina
405. Stethojulis trilineata Three-lined rainbowfish
406. Suezichthys arquatus Rainbow slender wrasse
407. Suezichthys aylingi Crimson cleaner fish
408. Suezichthys bifurcatus Striped trawl wrasse
409. Suezichthys caudavittatus Spottail wrasse
410. Suezichthys cyanolaemus Bluethroat rainbow wrasse
411. Suezichthys devisi Gracilis wrasse
412. Suezichthys gracilis Slender wrasse
413. Suezichthys notatus Northern rainbow wrasse
414. Suezichthys russelli Russell's wrasse
415. Suezichthys soelae Soela wrasse
416. Symphodus bailloni Baillon's wrasse
417. Symphodus cinereus Grey wrasse
418. Symphodus doderleini
419. Symphodus mediterraneus Axillary wrasse
420. Symphodus melanocercus
421. Symphodus melops Corkwing wrasse
422. Symphodus ocellatus
423. Symphodus roissali Five-spotted wrasse
424. Symphodus rostratus
425. Symphodus tinca East Atlantic peacock wrasse
426. Tautoga onitis Tautog
427. Tautogolabrus adspersus Cunner
428. Tautogolabrus brandaonis
429. Terelabrus rubrovittatus
430. Thalassoma amblycephalum Bluntheaded wrasse
431. Thalassoma ascensionis Greenfish
432. Thalassoma ballieui Blacktail wrasse
433. Thalassoma bifasciatum Bluehead
434. Thalassoma cupido
435. Thalassoma duperrey Saddle wrasse
436. Thalassoma genivittatum Red-cheek wrasse
437. Thalassoma grammaticum Sunset wrasse
726
438. Thalassoma hardwicke Sixbar wrasse
439. Thalassoma hebraicum Goldbar wrasse
440. Thalassoma heiseri
441. Thalassoma jansenii Jansen's wrasse
442. Thalassoma loxum
443. Thalassoma lucasanum Cortez rainbow wrasse
444. Thalassoma lunare Moon wrasse
445. Thalassoma lutescens Yellow-brown wrasse
446. Thalassoma newtoni
447. Thalassoma nigrofasciatum Blackbarred wrasse
448. Thalassoma noronhanum Noronha wrasse
449. Thalassoma pavo Ornate wrasse
450. Thalassoma purpureum Surge wrasse
451. Thalassoma quinquevittatum Fivestripe wrasse
452. Thalassoma robertsoni
453. Thalassoma rueppellii Klunzinger's wrasse
454. Thalassoma sanctaehelenae St. Helena wrasse
455. Thalassoma septemfasciatum Seven-banded wrasse
456. Thalassoma trilobatum Christmas wrasse
457. Thalassoma virens Emerald wrasse
458. Wetmorella albofasciata Whitebanded sharpnose wrasse
459. Wetmorella nigropinnata Sharpnose wrasse
460. Wetmorella tanakai
461. Xenojulis margaritaceus Finspot wrasse
462. Xiphocheilus typus Blue-banded wrasse
463. Xyrichtys bimaculatus Two-spot razorfish
464. Xyrichtys blanchardi Marmalade Razorfish
465. Xyrichtys cyanifrons
466. Xyrichtys dea Blackspot razorfish
467. Xyrichtys geisha
468. Xyrichtys incandescens
469. Xyrichtys jacksonensis Purple-spotted wrasse
470. Xyrichtys javanicus
471. Xyrichtys koteamea
472. Xyrichtys martinicensis Rosy razorfish
473. Xyrichtys melanopus Yellowpatch razorfish
474. Xyrichtys mundiceps Cape razorfish
475. Xyrichtys niger
476. Xyrichtys novacula Pearly razorfish
477. Xyrichtys pastellus
478. Xyrichtys pentadactylus Fivefinger wrasse
479. Xyrichtys rajagopalani
480. Xyrichtys sanctaehelenae Yellow razorfish
481. Xyrichtys splendens Green razorfish
482. Xyrichtys twistii
483. Xyrichtys verrens
484. Xyrichtys victori Galapagos razorfish
485. Xyrichtys virens
486. Xyrichtys wellingtoni
487. Xyrichtys woodi Wood's wrasse
727
Family Labrisomidae
(Labrisomids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific. Mainly tropical. Cycloid scales, never
small and imbedded; only the anterior edge has radii. Few species
scaleless (5 in Stathmonotus, 1 in Neoclinus). Nape, nostril, and above
eye often with cirri. Dorsal fin with more spines than soft-rays; some
species with only a spinous dorsal fin. Viviparity occurs in the genera
Xenomeda and Starksia. Male intromittent organ present only in
Starksia. Feed on small benthic invertebrates.

1. Alloclinus holderi Island kelpfish
2. Auchenionchus crinitus
3. Auchenionchus microcirrhis
4. Auchenionchus variolosus
5. Calliclinus geniguttatus
6. Calliclinus nudiventris
7. Cottoclinus canops
8. Cryptotrema corallinum Deep-water blenny
9. Cryptotrema seftoni Hidden blenny
10. Dialommus fuscus Gal pagos four-eyed blenny
11. Dialommus macrocephalus Foureye rockskipper
12. Exerpes asper Sargassum blenny
13. Haptoclinus apectolophus Uncombed blenny
14. Labrisomus albigenys Whitecheek blenny
15. Labrisomus bucciferus Puffcheek blenny
16. Labrisomus conditus Masquerader hairy blenny
17. Labrisomus cricota Mock blenny
18. Labrisomus dendriticus Bravo clinid
19. Labrisomus fernandezianus
20. Labrisomus filamentosus Quillfin blenny
21. Labrisomus gobio Palehead blenny
22. Labrisomus guppyi Mimic blenny
23. Labrisomus haitiensis Longfin blenny
24. Labrisomus jenkinsi Jenkins' blenny
25. Labrisomus kalisherae Downy blenny
26. Labrisomus multiporosus Porehead blenny
27. Labrisomus nigricinctus Spotcheek blenny
28. Labrisomus nuchipinnis Hairy blenny
29. Labrisomus philippii Chalapo clinid
30. Labrisomus pomaspilus
31. Labrisomus socorroensis Misspelled blenny
728
32. Labrisomus striatus Green blenny
33. Labrisomus wigginsi Baja blenny
34. Labrisomus xanti Largemouth blenny
35. Malacoctenus africanus
36. Malacoctenus aurolineatus Goldline blenny
37. Malacoctenus boehlkei Diamond blenny
38. Malacoctenus costaricanus
39. Malacoctenus delalandii
40. Malacoctenus ebisui Fishgod blenny
41. Malacoctenus erdmani
42. Malacoctenus gigas Sonora blenny
43. Malacoctenus gilli Dusky blenny
44. Malacoctenus hubbsi Redside blenny
45. Malacoctenus macropus Rosy blenny
46. Malacoctenus margaritae Margarita blenny
47. Malacoctenus tetranemus Throatspotted blenny
48. Malacoctenus triangulatus Saddled blenny
49. Malacoctenus versicolor Barfin blenny
50. Malacoctenus zacae Zaca blenny
51. Malacoctenus zonifer Glossy blenny
52. Malacoctenus zonogaster Belted blenny
53. Nemaclinus atelestos Threadfin blenny
54. Paraclinus altivelis Topgallant blenny
55. Paraclinus arcanus
56. Paraclinus barbatus Goatee blenny
57. Paraclinus beebei Pink blenny
58. Paraclinus cingulatus Coral blenny
59. Paraclinus ditrichus Leastfoot blenny
60. Paraclinus fasciatus Banded blenny
61. Paraclinus fehlmanni
62. Paraclinus grandicomis Horned blenny
63. Paraclinus infrons Bald blenny
64. Paraclinus integripinnis Reef finspot
65. Paraclinus magdalenae Magdalena blenny
66. Paraclinus marmoratus Marbled blenny
67. Paraclinus mexicanus Mexican blenny
68. Paraclinus monophthalmus One-eyed blenny
69. Paraclinus naeorhegmis Surf blenny
70. Paraclinus nigripinnis Blackfin blenny
71. Paraclinus rubicundus
72. Paraclinus sini Flapscale blenny
73. Paraclinus spectator
74. Paraclinus stephensi Professor blenny
75. Paraclinus tanygnathus Longjaw blenny
76. Paraclinus walkeri San Quintin blenny
77. Starksia atlantica Smooth-eye blenny
78. Starksia brasiliensis
79. Starksia cremnobates Fugitive blenny
80. Starksia culebrae
81. Starksia elongata Elongate blenny
82. Starksia fasciata Blackbar blenny
83. Starksia fulva Yellow blenny
84. Starksia galapagensis Galapagos blenny
85. Starksia grammilaga Pinstriped blenny
86. Starksia guadalupae Guadalupe blenny
729
87. Starksia guttata Spotted blenny
88. Starksia hassi Ringed blenny
89. Starksia hoesei Hose blenny
90. Starksia lepicoelia Blackcheek blenny
91. Starksia lepidogaster Scalybelly blenny
92. Starksia leucovitta Whitesaddle blenny
93. Starksia melasma Black spot blenny
94. Starksia multilepis Manyscaled blenny
95. Starksia nanodes
96. Starksia occidentalis Occidental blenny
97. Starksia ocellata Checkered blenny
98. Starksia posthon Brown-spotted blenny
99. Starksia rava Tawny blenny
100. Starksia sella Darksaddle blenny
101. Starksia sluiteri Chessboard blenny
102. Starksia smithvanizi Brokenbar blenny
103. Starksia spinipenis Phallic blenny
104. Starksia starcki Key blenny
105. Starksia variabilis
106. Starksia y-lineata Forked bar blenny
107. Xenomedea rhodopyga Redrump blenny
730
Family Lactariidae
(False trevallies)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Dorsal fins 2. Soft-rayed parts of dorsal and

anal fins covered with deciduous scales (all scales easily shed). Upper
and lower jaws each with 2 small front canine teeth at front. 24
vertebrae. Single genus, Lactarius.

1. Lactarius lactarius False trevally
731
Family Lateolabracidae
(Asian seaperches)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Western Pacific.

1. Lateolabrax japonicus Japanese seabass
2. Lateolabrax latus Blackfin seabass
732
Family Latidae
(Lates perches)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Africa, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Mainly freshwater.

Perch-like fishes with concave snout profiles. Branchiostegal 7 rays.
Important food fishes. Maximum length about 2 m. Subfamily
Centropomidae: Latinae raised to family level.

1. Hypopterus macropterus Spikey bass
2. Lates angustifrons Tanganyika lates
3. Lates calcarifer Barramundi
4. Lates japonicus Japanese lates
5. Lates longispinis Rudolf lates
6. Lates macrophthalmus Albert lates
7. Lates mariae Bigeye lates
8. Lates microlepis Forktail lates
9. Lates niloticus Nile perch
10. Lates stappersii Sleek lates
11. Psammoperca waigiensis Waigieu seaperch
733
Family Latridae
(Trumpeters)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: coastal southern Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and

southern Atlantic. Dorsal fin 14-24 spines, 23-40 soft rays. Anal fin 18-
35 soft rays. Vomerine teeth present or absent. Valued as game fish
and for their good taste.

1. Latridopsis ciliaris Blue moki
2. Latridopsis forsteri Bastard trumpeter
3. Latris lineata Striped trumpeter
4. Latris pacifica Silver trumpeter
5. Mendosoma lineatum Telescope fish
734
Family Leiognathidae
(Slimys, Slipmouths, or Ponyfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Mainly marine; some species enter freshwater. Distribution: Indo-West

Pacific; one species entered the Mediterranean through the Suez
canal. Strongly compressed, slimy body. Scales small. Head naked,
bearing bony ridges on upper surface. Gill membranes united with
isthmus. Mouth small and very protractile. No teeth on palate.
Pseudobranchiae absent. Dorsal fin continuous with 8 or 9 spines that
are somewhat elevated, in the anterior portion; posterior portion with
14-16 soft rays. Three spines on anal fin. Dorsal and anal fin spines
with a locking mechanism. A scaly sheath at the base of dorsal and
anal fins. Vertebrae 22-23. All species have esophageal luminous
organs. Also noted for their production of mucus (see common name).
Common in shallow coastal waters and tidal creeks where they feed on
benthic invertebrates. Easily caught by trawls or beach seines;
important artisanal food fish.

1. Equulites antongil
2. Equulites elongatus Slender ponyfish
3. Equulites klunzingeri
4. Equulites laterofenestra
5. Equulites leuciscus Whipfin ponyfish
6. Equulites moretoniensis Moreton Bay ponyfish
7. Equulites rivulatus
8. Equulites stercorarius Oblong slipmouth
9. Eubleekeria jonesi Jones’ pony fish
10. Eubleekeria kupanensis Kupang pony fish
11. Eubleekeria rapsoni Rapson's ponyfish
12. Eubleekeria splendens Splendid ponyfish
13. Gazza achlamys Smalltoothed ponyfish
14. Gazza dentex Ovoid toothpony
15. Gazza minuta Toothpony
16. Gazza rhombea Rhomboid toothpony
17. Gazza squamiventralis Scaled belly toothpony
18. Leiognathus aureus Golden ponyfish
19. Leiognathus berbis Berber ponyfish
20. Leiognathus brevirostris Shortnose ponyfish
21. Leiognathus daura Goldstripe ponyfish
735
22. Leiognathus dussumieri Dussumier's ponyfish
23. Leiognathus equulus Common ponyfish
24. Leiognathus fasciatus Striped ponyfish
25. Leiognathus hataii Hatai's ponyfish
26. Leiognathus lineolatus Ornate ponyfish
27. Leiognathus longispinis Longspine ponyfish
28. Leiognathus oblongus Oblong ponyfish
29. Leiognathus panayensis Panay ponyfish
30. Leiognathus parviceps
31. Leiognathus robustus
32. Leiognathus striatus
33. Nuchequula blochii Twoblotch ponyfish
34. Nuchequula flavaxilla Yellowspotted ponyfish
35. Nuchequula gerreoides Decorated ponyfish
36. Nuchequula glenysae
37. Nuchequula longicornis
38. Nuchequula mannusella
39. Nuchequula nuchalis Spotnape ponyfish
40. Photopectoralis bindus Orangefin ponyfish
41. Secutor hanedai
42. Secutor indicius
43. Secutor insidiator Pugnose ponyfish
44. Secutor interruptus Pig-nosed pony-fish
45. Secutor megalolepis Bigscale ponyfish
46. Secutor ruconius Deep pugnose ponyfish
736
Family Leptobramidae
(Beachsalmon)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Coastal marine and brackish water; occasionally entering rivers.

Distribution: southern New Guinea, Queensland, and Western
Australia. Body deep; compressed. Maxillae extending far behind eye.
Serrate preorbital. Relatively small eyes; adipose lid present. Dorsal fin
short, originating behind middle of body. Four spines in dorsal fin; soft
rays 16-18. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 26-30. Scales along
lateral line about 75-77; the tubes long and narrow. Short gill rakers,
usually 10. To about 35 cm maximum length.

1. Leptobrama muelleri Beachsalmon
737
Family Leptoscopidae
(Southern sandfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Australia and New Zealand. Eyes dorsally located or

nearly dorsal. Moderately oblique mouth. Lips with fringes. Lateral line
along mid-flanks. Body scaled. Interpelvic space wide. Long dorsal and
anal fins. Occasionally in estuaries or lower reach of rivers.

1. Crapatalus angusticeps Slender stargazer
2. Crapatalus munroi Robust pygmy-stargazer
3. Crapatalus novaezelandiae
4. Leptoscopus macropygus Estuary stargazer
5. Lesueurina platycephala Flathead pygmy-stargazer
738
Family Lethrinidae
(Emperors or Scavengers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific (only Lethrinus

atlanticus occurs in the Atlantic, off West Africa). Lethrinids are
bottom-feeding, carnivorous, coastal fishes, ranging primarily on or
near reefs. They typically feed primarily at night on benthic
invertebrates or fishes, those with molariform teeth mainly on hard-
shelled invertebrates. Lethrinids can be solitary or schooling and do
not appear to be territorial. They often form large aggregations for
pelagic spawning. Protogynous hermaphroditism (sex reversal from
female to male) has been demonstrated in several species of
Lethrinus. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 9-10 soft rays. Three spines in
anal fin; soft rays 8-10. Accessory subpelvic keel absent. Subocular
shelf small. All but the smallest emperors are esteemed food fishes,
although an iodoform odor is attributed to individuals of some species
when cooked.

1. Gnathodentex aureolineatus Striped large-eye bream
2. Gymnocranius audleyi Collared large-eye bream
3. Gymnocranius elongatus Forktail large-eye bream
4. Gymnocranius euanus Japanese large-eye bream
5. Gymnocranius frenatus Yellowsnout large-eye bream
6. Gymnocranius grandoculis Blue-lined large-eye bream
7. Gymnocranius griseus Grey large-eye bream
8. Gymnocranius microdon Blue-spotted large-eye bream
9. Gymnoncranius oblongus
10. Lethrinus amboinensis Ambon emperor
11. Lethrinus atkinsoni Pacific yellowtail emperor
12. Lethrinus atlanticus Atlantic emperor
13. Lethrinus borbonicus Snubnose emperor
14. Lethrinus conchyliatus Redaxil emperor
15. Lethrinus crocineus Yellowtail emperor
16. Lethrinus enigmaticus Blackeye emperor
17. Lethrinus erythracanthus Orange-spotted emperor
18. Lethrinus erythropterus Longfin emperor
19. Lethrinus genivittatus Longspine emperor
20. Lethrinus haematopterus Chinese emperor
21. Lethrinus harak Thumbprint emperor
739
22. Lethrinus laticaudis Grass emperor
23. Lethrinus lentjan Pink ear emperor
24. Lethrinus mahsena Sky emperor
25. Lethrinus microdon Smalltooth emperor
26. Lethrinus miniatus Trumpet emperor
27. Lethrinus nebulosus Spangled emperor
28. Lethrinus obsoletus Orange-striped emperor
29. Lethrinus olivaceus Longface emperor
30. Lethrinus ornatus Ornate emperor
31. Lethrinus punctulatus Australian emperor
32. Lethrinus ravus Drab emperor
33. Lethrinus reticulatus Red snout emperor
34. Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Spotcheek emperor
35. Lethrinus semicinctus Black blotch emperor
36. Lethrinus variegatus Slender emperor
37. Lethrinus xanthochilus Yellowlip emperor
38. Monotaxis grandoculis Humpnose big-eye bream
39. Wattsia mossambica Mozambique large-eye bream
740
Family Lobotidae
(Tripletails)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: most tropical seas. No teeth on vomer and palatine.

Rounded caudal fin. Head triangular. Anal and soft dorsal with a
rounded lobe posteriorly making the fish look triple-tailed. Juveniles
are said to float sideways like leaves as a form of camouflage. To
about 1 m maximum length. Assumed to be pelagic spawners (RF).

1. Lobotes pacificus Pacific tripletail
2. Lobotes surinamensis Tripletail
741
Family Lutjanidae
(Snappers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Marine; rarely estuarine. Some species do enter freshwater for

feeding. Tropical and subtropical: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Dorsal fin continuous or slightly notched. Spines in dorsal fin 10-12;
soft rays 10-17. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 7-11. Pelvic fins
originating just behind pectoral base. Mouth moderate to large;
terminal. Jaws bearing enlarged canine teeth. Palatine teeth small.
Vomer usually with small teeth. Maxilla covered by preorbital with the
mouth closed. Branchiostegal rays 7. Vertebrae 24 (10 + 14). To
about 1 m maximum length. Most species are predators of crustaceans
and fishes, several are planktivores. Most do well in aquaria, but grow
too fast. Valued as food fish but sometimes a cause of ciguatera.
Generally demersal, down to depths of about 450 m.

1. Aphareus furca Small toothed jobfish
2. Aphareus rutilans Rusty jobfish
3. Aprion virescens Green jobfish
4. Apsilus dentatus Black snapper
5. Apsilus fuscus African forktail snapper
6. Etelis carbunculus Deep-water red snapper
7. Etelis coruscans Deepwater longtail red snapper
8. Etelis oculatus Queen snapper
9. Etelis radiosus Pale snapper
10. Hoplopagrus guentherii Mexican barred snapper
11. Lipocheilus carnolabrum Tang's snapper
12. Lutjanus adetii Yellow-banded snapper
13. Lutjanus agennes African red snapper
14. Lutjanus alexandrei
15. Lutjanus ambiguus Ambiguous snapper
16. Lutjanus analis Mutton snapper
17. Lutjanus apodus Schoolmaster snapper
18. Lutjanus aratus Mullet snapper
19. Lutjanus argentimaculatus Mangrove red snapper
20. Lutjanus argentiventris Yellow snapper
21. Lutjanus bengalensis Bengal snapper
22. Lutjanus biguttatus Two-spot banded snapper
23. Lutjanus bitaeniatus Indonesian snapper
24. Lutjanus bohar Two-spot red snapper
742
25. Lutjanus boutton Moluccan snapper
26. Lutjanus buccanella Blackfin snapper
27. Lutjanus campechanus Northern red snapper
28. Lutjanus carponotatus Spanish flag snapper
29. Lutjanus coeruleolineatus Blueline snapper
30. Lutjanus colorado Colorado snapper
31. Lutjanus cyanopterus Cubera snapper
32. Lutjanus decussatus Checkered snapper
33. Lutjanus dentatus African brown snapper
34. Lutjanus dodecacanthoides Sunbeam snapper
35. Lutjanus ehrenbergii Blackspot snapper
36. Lutjanus endecacanthus Guinea snapper
37. Lutjanus erythropterus Crimson snapper
38. Lutjanus fulgens Golden African snapper
39. Lutjanus fulviflamma Dory snapper
40. Lutjanus fulvus Blacktail snapper
41. Lutjanus fuscescens Freshwater snapper
42. Lutjanus gibbus Humpback red snapper
43. Lutjanus goldiei Papuan black snapper
44. Lutjanus goreensis Gorean snapper
45. Lutjanus griseus Grey snapper
46. Lutjanus guilcheri Yellowfin red snapper
47. Lutjanus guttatus Spotted rose snapper
48. Lutjanus inermis Golden snapper
49. Lutjanus jocu Dog snapper
50. Lutjanus johnii John's snapper
51. Lutjanus jordani Jordan's snapper
52. Lutjanus kasmira Common bluestripe snapper
53. Lutjanus lemniscatus Yellowstreaked snapper
54. Lutjanus lunulatus Lunartail snapper
55. Lutjanus lutjanus Bigeye snapper
56. Lutjanus madras Indian snapper
57. Lutjanus mahogoni Mahogany snapper
58. Lutjanus malabaricus Malabar blood snapper
59. Lutjanus maxweberi Pygmy snapper
60. Lutjanus mizenkoi Samoan snapper
61. Lutjanus monostigma One-spot snapper
62. Lutjanus notatus Bluestriped snapper
63. Lutjanus novemfasciatus Pacific dog snapper
64. Lutjanus ophuysenii Spotstripe snapper
65. Lutjanus peru Pacific red snapper
66. Lutjanus purpureus Southern red snapper
67. Lutjanus quinquelineatus Five-lined snapper
68. Lutjanus rivulatus Blubberlip snapper
69. Lutjanus rufolineatus Yellow-lined snapper
70. Lutjanus russellii Russell's snapper
71. Lutjanus sanguineus Humphead snapper
72. Lutjanus sebae Emperor red snapper
73. Lutjanus semicinctus Black-banded snapper
74. Lutjanus stellatus Star snapper
75. Lutjanus synagris Lane snapper
76. Lutjanus timoriensis Timor snapper
77. Lutjanus viridis Blue and gold snapper
78. Lutjanus vitta Brownstripe red snapper
79. Lutjanus vivanus Silk snapper
743
80. Macolor macularis Midnight snapper
81. Macolor niger Black and white snapper
82. Ocyurus chrysurus Yellowtail snapper
83. Paracaesio caerulea Japanese snapper
84. Paracaesio gonzalesi Vanuatu snapper
85. Paracaesio kusakarii Saddle-back snapper
86. Paracaesio paragrapsimodon
87. Paracaesio sordida Dirty ordure snapper
88. Paracaesio stonei Cocoa snapper
89. Paracaesio waltervadi
90. Paracaesio xanthura Yellowtail blue snapper
91. Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris Scalemouth jobfish
92. Pinjalo lewisi Slender pinjalo
93. Pinjalo pinjalo Pinjalo
94. Pristipomoides aquilonaris Wenchman
95. Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus Ornate jobfish
96. Pristipomoides auricilla Goldflag jobfish
97. Pristipomoides filamentosus Crimson jobfish
98. Pristipomoides flavipinnis Golden eye jobfish
99. Pristipomoides freemani Slender wenchman
100. Pristipomoides macrophthalmus Cardinal snapper
101. Pristipomoides multidens Goldbanded jobfish
102. Pristipomoides sieboldii Lavender jobfish
103. Pristipomoides typus Sharptooth jobfish
104. Pristipomoides zonatus Oblique-banded snapper
105. Randallichthys filamentosus Randall's snapper
106. Rhomboplites aurorubens Vermilion snapper
107. Symphorichthys spilurus Sailfin snapper
108. Symphorus nematophorus Chinamanfish
744
Family Luvaridae
(Louvar)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Oceanic. Distribution: tropical and subtropical waters. Blunt snout. Gill
membranes broadly united to isthmus. Origin of dorsal fin moving
posteriorly with growth. Vertebrae 22, with the last 2 vertebrae fused.
Maximum length 1.8 m. High fecundity. A 1.7 m Luvaris imperialis was
reported to have an estimated 47.5 million eggs. Nonschooling.

1. Luvarus imperialis Luvar
745
Family Malacanthidae
(Tilefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Depth range 10-500 m

(usually 50-200 m). One species (Malacanthus latovittatus) may be
found in both marine and brackish water (Goldie River, New
Guinea).(Ref. 8991). One relatively long dorsal fin; total dorsal fin rays
22-64. Relatively long anal fin; 1 or 2 weak spines; soft rays 14-56.
Top of head with or without cutaneous ridge. Operculum with one
blunt or sharp spine. Branchiostegal rays 6. Truncate, double
emarginate, emarginate to forked caudal fin. Vertebrae 24, 25, or 27
(precaudal 10 or 11). Larvae with elaborate spines (elongated and
serrate) on the head and scale (Ref. 8991). All species live in a
burrow, some in a large rubble mound of their own construction, in
pairs or colonies. They feed on benthic invertebrates or zoopankton.
Assumed to be nonguarders (RF). Most aquarium specimens are
collected with poison and soon die. According to Dooley 1978 (Ref.
8991), the tilefishes are comprised of two morphologically different
and evolutionary distinct groups and are distinct enough to be
separate families [Branchiostegidae: with genera Branchiostegus,
Lopholatilus, Caulolatilus and Malacanthidae: with genera Hoplolatilus
and Malacanthus].

1. Branchiostegus albus
2. Branchiostegus argentatus
3. Branchiostegus auratus
4. Branchiostegus australiensis Australian tilefish
5. Branchiostegus doliatus Ribbed tilefish
6. Branchiostegus gloerfelti
7. Branchiostegus hedlandensis Port Hedland tilefish
8. Branchiostegus ilocanus
9. Branchiostegus japonicus Horsehead tilefish
10. Branchiostegus paxtoni Paxton's tilefish
11. Branchiostegus sawakinensis Freckled tilefish
12. Branchiostegus semifasciatus Zebra tilefish
13. Branchiostegus serratus Australian barred tilefish
14. Branchiostegus vittatus
746
15. Branchiostegus wardi Ward's tilefish
16. Caulolatilus affinis Bighead tilefish
17. Caulolatilus bermudensis Bermuda tilefish
18. Caulolatilus chrysops Atlantic goldeneye tilefish
19. Caulolatilus cyanops Blackline tilefish
20. Caulolatilus dooleyi Bankslope tilefish
21. Caulolatilus guppyi Reticulated tilefish
22. Caulolatilus hubbsi Hubbs' tilefish
23. Caulolatilus intermedius Gulf bareye tilefish
24. Caulolatilus microps Grey tilefish
25. Caulolatilus princeps Ocean whitefish
26. Caulolatilus williamsi Yellowbar tilefish
27. Hoplolatilus chlupatyi Chameleon sand tilefish
28. Hoplolatilus cuniculus Dusky tilefish
29. Hoplolatilus erdmanni Triton tilefish
30. Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri Yellow-spotted tilefish
31. Hoplolatilus fronticinctus Pastel tilefish
32. Hoplolatilus geo
33. Hoplolatilus luteus Yellow tilefish
34. Hoplolatilus marcosi Redback sand tilefish
35. Hoplolatilus oreni
36. Hoplolatilus pohle
37. Hoplolatilus purpureus Purple sand tilefish
38. Hoplolatilus starcki Stark's tilefish
39. Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps Great northern tilefish
40. Lopholatilus villarii Tile fish
41. Malacanthus brevirostris Quakerfish
42. Malacanthus latovittatus Blue blanquillo
43. Malacanthus plumieri Sand tilefish
747
Family Menidae
(Moonfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Disclike body; sharp-breasted. Dorsal

contour almost horizontal. Dorsal soft rays 43-45; spineless. Anal soft
rays 30-33; spineless. First pelvic fin ray in adult very elongated.

1. Mene maculata Moonfish
748
Family Microdesmidae
(Wormfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical seas, rarely in brackish and freshwater. Body

elongated to anguilliform, strongly compressed. Tip of tongue not
lobed. Scales cycloid, small, and embedded in body. Eyes lateral.
Caudal fin separate or confluent with dorsal and anal fins. To 30 cm
maximum length. Inhabits shallow waters: coral reefs to muddy
estuaries and tidepools; often burrowing in sand and mud; hover
above the substrate to feed on zooplankton. Eggs are deposited in the
burrows and presumably guarded by the parents; larvae are pelagic.
Dartfishes are hardy in the aquarium, unless caught with poison.

1. Cerdale fasciata
2. Cerdale floridana Pugjaw wormfish
3. Cerdale ionthas Spotted worm goby
4. Cerdale paludicola
5. Cerdale prolata
6. Clarkichthys bilineatus Flagtail wormfish
7. Gunnellichthys copleyi
8. Gunnellichthys curiosus Curious wormfish
9. Gunnellichthys grandoculis
10. Gunnellichthys irideus
11. Gunnellichthys monostigma Onespot wormfish
12. Gunnellichthys pleurotaenia Onestripe wormfish
13. Gunnellichthys viridescens Yellowstripe wormfish
14. Microdesmus aethiopicus
15. Microdesmus affinis Olivaceous wormfish
16. Microdesmus africanus
17. Microdesmus bahianus
18. Microdesmus carri Stippled wormfish
19. Microdesmus dipus Banded worm goby
20. Microdesmus dorsipunctatus Spotback wormfish
21. Microdesmus lanceolatus Lancetail wormfish
22. Microdesmus longipinnis Pink wormfish
23. Microdesmus luscus Blind wormfish
24. Microdesmus retropinnis Rearfin wormfish
25. Microdesmus suttkusi Spotside wormfish
26. Navigobius dewa
27. Paragunnellichthys seychellensis Seychelle's wormfish
28. Paragunnellichthys springeri
749
29. Pterocerdale insolita
750
Family Monodactylidae
(Moonyfishes or Fingerfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: west Africa, Indo-Pacific. Chiefly marine and brackish;

occasionally entering freshwater. Body deep and highly compressed.
Pelvic fins present in juveniles, lacking or vestigial in adults in
Monodactylus. Dorsal fin with the base long and scaly; 5-8 short and
graduated spines. Anal fin base long; 3 spines. Scales cycloid or
ctenoid. Often silvery. Feed on small fish and invertebrates. Assumed
to be nonguarders (RF). In large schools in river mouths. Common
freshwater aquarium fish.

1. Monodactylus argenteus Silver moony
2. Monodactylus falciformis Full moony
3. Monodactylus kottelati
4. Monodactylus sebae African moony
5. Schuettea scalaripinnis Eastern pomfred
6. Schuettea woodwardi Woodwards pomfret
751
Family Moronidae
(Temperate basses)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North America (Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico drainages,

introduced elsewhere), Europe, and northern Africa. Coastal areas.
Dorsal fins 2; D1 8-10 spines, D2 1 spine, 10-13 soft rays. Anal fin 3
spines, 9-12 soft rays. Operculum 2 spines. Lateral line reaching
almost the posterior margin of caudal fin. Auxillary row of lateral line
scales on the caudal fin above and below the main row. Branchiostegal
rays 7. Vertebrae 25.

1. Dicentrarchus labrax European seabass
2. Dicentrarchus punctatus Spotted seabass
3. Morone americana White perch
4. Morone chrysops White bass
5. Morone mississippiensis Yellow bass
6. Morone saxatilis Striped bass
752
Family Mullidae
(Goatfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, rarely in brackish

waters. Elongated body. Dorsal fins far apart. First dorsal fin with 6-8
spines; second dorsal with one spine and 8-9 soft rays, shorter than
anal fin. Spines in anal fin 1 or 2, with 5-8 soft rays. Forked caudal fin.
Vertebrae 24. Chin with 2 long barbels, which contain chemosensory
organs and are used to probe the sand or holes in the reef for benthic
invertebrates or small fish. Many brightly colored. Pelagic spawners.
Up to 60 cm maximum length. Valued as food fish. Not popular for
aquaria, but do well in right settings. Mullus (lat.) = mullet.

1. Mulloidichthys dentatus Mexican goatfish
2. Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Yellowstripe goatfish
3. Mulloidichthys martinicus Yellow goatfish
4. Mulloidichthys mimicus Mimic goatfish
5. Mulloidichthys pfluegeri Orange goatfish
6. Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Yellowfin goatfish
7. Mullus argentinae Argentine goatfish
8. Mullus auratus Red goatfish
9. Mullus barbatus barbatus Red mullet
10. Mullus barbatus ponticus
11. Mullus surmuletus Surmullet
12. Parupeneus angulatus
13. Parupeneus barberinoides Bicolor goatfish
14. Parupeneus barberinus Dash-and-dot goatfish
15. Parupeneus biaculeatus Pointed goatfish
16. Parupeneus chrysonemus Yellow-threaded goatfish
17. Parupeneus chrysopleuron Yellow striped goatfish
18. Parupeneus ciliatus Whitesaddle goatfish
19. Parupeneus crassilabris
20. Parupeneus cyclostomus Gold-saddle goatfish
21. Parupeneus diagonalis
22. Parupeneus forsskali Red Sea goatfish
23. Parupeneus fraserorum
24. Parupeneus heptacanthus Cinnabar goatfish
25. Parupeneus indicus Indian goatfish
26. Parupeneus insularis Twosaddle goatfish
27. Parupeneus jansenii
28. Parupeneus louise
753
29. Parupeneus macronemus Long-barbel goatfish
30. Parupeneus margaritatus Pearly goatfish
31. Parupeneus minys
32. Parupeneus moffitti
33. Parupeneus multifasciatus Manybar goatfish
34. Parupeneus nansen
35. Parupeneus orientalis
36. Parupeneus pleurostigma Sidespot goatfish
37. Parupeneus porphyreus
38. Parupeneus posteli
39. Parupeneus procerigena
40. Parupeneus rubescens Rosy goatfish
41. Parupeneus seychellensis
42. Parupeneus signatus Black-spot goatfish
43. Parupeneus spilurus Blackspot goatfish
44. Parupeneus trifasciatus Doublebar goatfish
45. Pseudupeneus grandisquamis Bigscale goatfish
46. Pseudupeneus maculatus Spotted goatfish
47. Pseudupeneus prayensis West African goatfish
48. Upeneichthys lineatus Blue-striped mullet
49. Upeneichthys stotti Stott's goatfish
50. Upeneichthys vlamingii Southern goatfish
51. Upeneus asymmetricus Asymmetrical goatfish
52. Upeneus australiae Australian goatfish
53. Upeneus davidaromi Arom's goatfish
54. Upeneus doriae Gilded goatfish
55. Upeneus filifer Pennant goatfish
56. Upeneus francisi Francis' goatfish
57. Upeneus guttatus Two-tone goatfish
58. Upeneus indicus Tall-fin goatfish
59. Upeneus japonicus Bensasi goatfish
60. Upeneus luzonius Dark-barred goatfish
61. Upeneus margarethae Margaretha's goatfish
62. Upeneus mascareinsis Mascarene goatfish
63. Upeneus moluccensis Goldband goatfish
64. Upeneus mouthami Moutham's goatfish
65. Upeneus oligospilus Short-fin goatfish
66. Upeneus parvus Dwarf goatfish
67. Upeneus pori Por's goatfish
68. Upeneus quadrilineatus Four-stripe goatfish
69. Upeneus suahelicus Swahili goatfish
70. Upeneus subvittatus Deep-water goatfish
71. Upeneus sulphureus Sulphur goatfish
72. Upeneus sundaicus Ochrebanded goatfish
73. Upeneus supravittatus Long-fin goatfish
74. Upeneus taeniopterus Finstripe goatfish
75. Upeneus tragula Freckled goatfish
76. Upeneus vittatus Yellowstriped goatfish
77. Upeneus xanthogrammus
754
Family Nandidae
(Asian leaffishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Southern Asia. Head and mouth large, the latter very
protractile. Continuous dorsal fin. Rounded caudal fin. Lateral line
incomplete or lacking. No scaly axillary process in pelvic fin. Many
species are fierce predators. Restricted to the genus Nandus. Teeth
present from the ectopterygoid. Maxillary process on dentigerous
process of premaxilla present. Preopercle and infraorbitals with
serrated margins. Infraorbital ossicle next to lachrymal (infraorbital 2)
present. Vertebrae 13 + 10 = 23. Larvae with numerous individual
attachment cells scattered over the yolk sac. Micropylar areas with
adhesive filaments restricted to circular area, forming a dense carpet
in NandusI.

1. Afronandus sheljuzhkoi Fourspine leaffish
2. Nandus andrewi
3. Nandus mercatus
4. Nandus nandus Gangetic leaffish
5. Nandus nebulosus Bornean leaffish
6. Nandus oxyrhynchus
7. Nandus prolixus
8. Polycentropsis abbreviata African leaffish
9. Pristolepis fasciata Malayan leaffish
10. Pristolepis grootii Indonesian leaffish
11. Pristolepis marginata Malabar leaffish
755
Family Nematistiidae
(Roosterfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical. Distribution: Eastern Pacific from southernmost California to

Peru. Body compressed. Scales small; cycloid. Lateral line with about
120-130 scales in irregular series. Scutes absent along lateral line.
Spinous dorsal fin with 7 very long spines, normally resting in a
groove; second dorsal with a single spine and 25-28 soft rays. Three
spines in anal fin; soft rays 15-17. Otophysic connection unique, with
the swim bladder entering through large foramina in basioccipital and
contacts inner ear. Vertebrae 24 (10 + 14).

1. Nematistius pectoralis Roosterfish
756
Family Nemipteridae
(Threadfin breams, Whiptail breams)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Tropical and sub-tropical Indo-West Pacific. Dorsal fin

with 10 spines; soft rays 9. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 7
(Nemipterus virgatus with 8). A filament off upper lobe of caudal fin in
some species. Well developed subocular shelf and accessory pelvic
keel. Intercalar present. Carnivorous fishes that feed mainly on benthic
small fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans and polychaetes; some species
are planktivores. Protogynous hermaphroditism is reported for some
species of Scolopsis. Not generally kept in aquaria, but potentially
hardy. Threadfin breams are an important component of commercial
and artisanal fisheries.

1. Nemipterus aurifilum Yellow-lip threadfin bream
2. Nemipterus aurorus Dawn threadfin bream
3. Nemipterus balinensis Balinese threadfin bream
4. Nemipterus balinensoides Dwarf threadfin bream
5. Nemipterus bathybius Yellowbelly threadfin bream
6. Nemipterus bipunctatus Delagoa threadfin bream
7. Nemipterus celebicus Celebes threadfin bream
8. Nemipterus furcosus Fork-tailed threadfin bream
9. Nemipterus gracilis Graceful threadfin bream
10. Nemipterus hexodon Ornate threadfin bream
11. Nemipterus isacanthus Teardrop threadfin bream
12. Nemipterus japonicus Japanese threadfin bream
13. Nemipterus marginatus Red filament threadfin bream
14. Nemipterus mesoprion Mauvelip threadfin bream
15. Nemipterus nematophorus Doublewhip threadfin bream
16. Nemipterus nematopus Yellow-tipped threadfin bream
17. Nemipterus nemurus Redspine threadfin bream
18. Nemipterus peronii Notchedfin threadfin bream
19. Nemipterus randalli Randall's threadfin bream
20. Nemipterus tambuloides Fivelined threadfin bream
21. Nemipterus theodorei Theodore's threadfin bream
22. Nemipterus thosaporni Palefin threadfin bream
23. Nemipterus virgatus Golden threadfin bream
24. Nemipterus vitiensis Fiji threadfin bream
25. Nemipterus zysron Slender threadfin bream
26. Parascolopsis aspinosa Smooth dwarf monocle bream
27. Parascolopsis baranesi
757
28. Parascolopsis boesemani Redfin dwarf monocle bream
29. Parascolopsis capitinis
30. Parascolopsis eriomma Rosy dwarf monocle bream
31. Parascolopsis inermis Unarmed dwarf monocle bream
32. Parascolopsis melanophrys Dwarf monocle bream
33. Parascolopsis qantasi Slender dwarf monocle bream
34. Parascolopsis rufomaculatus Red-spot dwarf monocle bream
Long-rayed dwarf monocle
35. Parascolopsis tanyactis
bream
36. Parascolopsis tosensis Tosa dwarf monocle bream
37. Parascolopsis townsendi Scaly dwarf monocle bream
38. Pentapodus aureofasciatus Yellowstripe threadfin bream
39. Pentapodus bifasciatus White-shouldered whiptail
40. Pentapodus caninus Small-toothed whiptail
41. Pentapodus emeryii Double whiptail
42. Pentapodus nagasakiensis Japanese whiptail
43. Pentapodus numberii
44. Pentapodus paradiseus Paradise whiptail
45. Pentapodus porosus Northwest Australian whiptail
46. Pentapodus setosus Butterfly whiptail
47. Pentapodus trivittatus Three-striped whiptail
48. Pentapodus vitta Striped whiptail
49. Scaevius milii Green-striped coral bream
50. Scolopsis affinis Peters' monocle bream
51. Scolopsis aurata Yellowstripe monocle bream
52. Scolopsis bilineata Two-lined monocle bream
53. Scolopsis bimaculata Thumbprint monocle bream
54. Scolopsis ciliata Saw-jawed monocle bream
55. Scolopsis frenatus Bridled monocle bream
56. Scolopsis ghanam Arabian monocle bream
57. Scolopsis lineata Striped monocle bream
58. Scolopsis margaritifera Pearly monocle bream
59. Scolopsis monogramma Monogrammed monocle bream
60. Scolopsis taeniata Black-streaked monocle bream
61. Scolopsis taenioptera Lattice monocle bream
62. Scolopsis temporalis Bald-spot monocle bream
63. Scolopsis trilineata Three-lined monocle bream
64. Scolopsis vosmeri Whitecheek monocle bream
65. Scolopsis xenochrous Oblique-barred monocle bream
758
Family Nomeidae
(Driftfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical seas. Adults with pelvic fins. First
dorsal fin with 9-12 slender spines. Second dorsal fin with 0-3 spines;
soft rays 15-32. Anal fin spines 1-3; soft rays 14-30. About 1 m
maximum length.

1. Cubiceps baxteri Black fathead
2. Cubiceps caeruleus Blue fathead
3. Cubiceps capensis Cape fathead
4. Cubiceps gracilis Driftfish
5. Cubiceps kotlyari Kotlyar's cubehead
6. Cubiceps macrolepis Large-scale cigarfish
7. Cubiceps nanus Dwarf cigarfish
8. Cubiceps paradoxus Longfin cigarfish
9. Cubiceps pauciradiatus Bigeye cigarfish
10. Cubiceps whiteleggii Shadow driftfish
11. Nomeus gronovii Man-of-war fish
12. Parapsenes rotundus Round psen
13. Psenes arafurensis Banded driftfish
14. Psenes cyanophrys Freckled driftfish
15. Psenes maculatus Silver driftfish
16. Psenes pellucidus Bluefin driftfish
17. Psenes sio Twospine driftfish
759
Family Nototheniidae
(Cod icefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; rare in brackish water. Distribution: high latitudes of

Southern Hemisphere and coastal Antarctic. Body with scales. Mouth
protrusible. A fold of gill membranes across the isthmus. Spinous
dorsal fin present, with 3-11 spines (the second with 25-42 soft rays).
One to three lateral lines. Vertebrae 45-59. Most species benthic, some
pelagic and some cryopelagic. Absence of a swim bladder
compensated for by lipids and low mineral content of bones, leading to
near neutral buoyancy.

1. Aethotaxis mitopteryx mitopteryx Longfin icedevil
2. Aethotaxis mitopteryx pawsoni
3. Cryothenia amphitreta
4. Cryothenia peninsulae Pithead
5. Dissostichus eleginoides Patagonian toothfish
6. Dissostichus mawsoni Antarctic toothfish
7. Gobionotothen acuta Triangular rockcod
8. Gobionotothen angustifrons Narrowhead rockcod
9. Gobionotothen barsukovi
10. Gobionotothen gibberifrons Humped rockcod
11. Gobionotothen marionensis Lobe-lip notothen
12. Gvozdarus balushkini
13. Gvozdarus svetovidovi Naked-head toothfish
14. Lepidonotothen larseni Painted notie
15. Lepidonotothen mizops Toad notie
16. Lepidonotothen nudifrons Yellowfin notie
17. Lepidonotothen squamifrons Grey rockcod
18. Notothenia angustata Maori chief
19. Notothenia coriiceps Black rockcod
20. Notothenia cyanobrancha Blue rockcod
21. Notothenia microlepidota Black cod
22. Notothenia neglecta Yellowbelly rockcod
23. Notothenia rossii Marbled rockcod
24. Notothenia trigramma
25. Nototheniops nybelini
26. Pagothenia borchgrevinki Bald notothen
27. Pagothenia brachysoma Stocky rockcod
28. Paranotothenia dewitti
29. Paranotothenia magellanica Magellanic rockcod
760
30. Patagonotothen brevicauda brevicauda Patagonian rockcod
31. Patagonotothen brevicauda shagensis
32. Patagonotothen cornucola
33. Patagonotothen elegans
34. Patagonotothen guntheri Yellowfin notothen
35. Patagonotothen jordani
36. Patagonotothen kreffti
37. Patagonotothen longipes
38. Patagonotothen ramsayi Longtail southern cod
39. Patagonotothen sima
40. Patagonotothen squamiceps
41. Patagonotothen tessellata Black southern cod
42. Patagonotothen thompsoni
43. Patagonotothen wiltoni
44. Pleuragramma antarcticum Antarctic silverfish
45. Trematomus bernacchii Emerald rockcod
46. Trematomus eulepidotus Blunt scalyhead
47. Trematomus hansoni Striped rockcod
48. Trematomus lepidorhinus Slender scalyhead
49. Trematomus loennbergii Scaly rockcod
50. Trematomus newnesi Dusky rockcod
51. Trematomus nicolai Spotted notothen
52. Trematomus pennellii Sharp-spined notothenia
53. Trematomus scotti Crowned rockcod
54. Trematomus tokarevi Bigeye notothen
55. Trematomus vicarius Orange notothen
761
Family Odacidae
(Cales and Weed-whitings)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Coastal. Distribution: Australia and New Zealand. Jaw teeth fused or
parrotlike. Spines in dorsal fin 14-23. One spine in pelvic fin; soft rays
4 (one species lacking pelvic fin). Scales usually of small to moderate
size. Lateral line with about 30-87 scales.

1. Haletta semifasciata Blue weed whiting
2. Neoodax balteatus Little weed whiting
3. Odax acroptilus Rainbow cale
4. Odax cyanoallix Bluefinned butterfish
5. Odax cyanomelas Herring cale
6. Odax pullus Butterfish
7. Siphonognathus argyrophanes Tubemouth
8. Siphonognathus attenuatus Slender weed whiting
9. Siphonognathus beddomei Pencil weed whiting
10. Siphonognathus caninis Sharpnose weed whiting
11. Siphonognathus radiatus Long-rayed weed whiting
12. Siphonognathus tanyourus Longtail weed whiting
762
Family Odontobutidae
(Freshwater sleepers)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: freshwater streams of northern Vietnam, China, Korea,

Japan, and Russia. May be distinguished from other goboid families by
the following characters: scapula large, excluding proximal radial from
contact with cleithrum; six branchiostegal rays; no lateral line.

1. Micropercops borealis
2. Micropercops cinctus
3. Micropercops dabryi
4. Micropercops swinhonis
5. Neodontobutis aurarmus
6. Neodontobutis hainanensis
7. Neodontobutis macropectoralis
8. Neodontobutis tonkinensis
9. Odontobutis haifengensis
10. Odontobutis hikimius
11. Odontobutis interrupta
12. Odontobutis obscura
13. Odontobutis platycephala
14. Odontobutis potamophila
15. Odontobutis sinensis
16. Odontobutis yaluensis
17. Perccottus glenii Chinese sleeper
18. Sineleotris chalmersi
19. Sineleotris namxamensis
20. Sineleotris saccharae
21. Terateleotris aspro
763
Family Opistognathidae
(Jawfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: western and central Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific (Gulf of
California to Panama). Large-mouthed. Cycloid scales with head
naked. Pelvic fins more anterior than pectorals; 1 spine, 5 soft rays
(inner 3 weak and branched, outer 2 stout and unbranched).
Continuous dorsal fin 9-12 spines. High lateral line running along
dorsal, terminating at the middle of dorsal fin (a species with both
ventral and dorsal lateral lines). Palatine toothless. Species of Stalix
with transversly forked anterior spines in dorsal fin. Mostly small fishes
with enlarged head and mouth and narrow tapering body. Live in
burrows in sand which they enter tail-first. Feed on benthic and
planktonic invertebrates. Mouthbrooders.

1. Lonchopisthus higmani
2. Lonchopisthus lemur
3. Lonchopisthus lindneri
4. Lonchopisthus micrognathus Swordtail jawfish
5. Lonchopisthus sinuscalifornicus Longtailed jawfish
6. Merogymnoides carpentariae
7. Opistognathus alleni Abrolhos jawfish
8. Opistognathus aurifrons Yellowhead jawfish
9. Opistognathus brasiliensis Darkfin jawfish
10. Opistognathus brochus
11. Opistognathus castelnaui Castelnau's jawfish
12. Opistognathus cuvierii Bartail jawfish
13. Opistognathus darwiniensis Darwin jawfish
14. Opistognathus decorus
15. Opistognathus dendriticus
16. Opistognathus elizabethensis Elizabeth reef jawfish
17. Opistognathus evermanni
18. Opistognathus eximius Harlequin smiler
19. Opistognathus fenmutis
20. Opistognathus fossoris
21. Opistognathus galapagensis Galapagos jawfish
22. Opistognathus gilberti Yellow jawfish
23. Opistognathus hongkongiensis
24. Opistognathus hopkinsi
25. Opistognathus inornatus Black jawfish
764
26. Opistognathus iyonis
27. Opistognathus jacksoniensis Smiler
28. Opistognathus latitabundus Blotched jawfish
29. Opistognathus leprocarus Roughcheek jawfish
30. Opistognathus liturus
31. Opistognathus lonchurus Moustache jawfish
32. Opistognathus macrognathus Banded jawfish
33. Opistognathus macrolepis Bigscale jawfish
34. Opistognathus margaretae Halfscaled jawfish
35. Opistognathus maxillosus Mottled jawfish
36. Opistognathus megalepis Largesacle jawfish
37. Opistognathus melachasme Yellowmouth jawfish
38. Opistognathus mexicanus Mexican jawfish
39. Opistognathus muscatensis Robust jawfish
40. Opistognathus nigromarginatus Birdled jawfish
41. Opistognathus nothus
42. Opistognathus panamaensis Panamanian jawfish
43. Opistognathus papuensis Papuan jawfish
44. Opistognathus punctatus Finespotted jawfish
45. Opistognathus reticeps Reticulated jawfish
46. Opistognathus reticulatus Leopard jawfish
47. Opistognathus rhomaleus Giant jawfish
48. Opistognathus robinsi Spotfin jawfish
49. Opistognathus rosenbergii
50. Opistognathus rosenblatti Blue-spotted jawfish
51. Opistognathus rufilineatus
52. Opistognathus scops Bullseye jawfish
53. Opistognathus seminudus Halfnaked jawfish
54. Opistognathus signatus
55. Opistognathus smithvanizi
56. Opistognathus solorensis
57. Opistognathus stigmosus Coral sea jawfish
58. Opistognathus verecundus Bashful jawfish
59. Opistognathus walkeri
60. Opistognathus whitehursti Dusky jawfish
61. Stalix davidsheni
62. Stalix dicra
63. Stalix eremia
64. Stalix flavida
65. Stalix histrio Harlequin jawfish
66. Stalix immaculata
67. Stalix moenensis
68. Stalix omanensis Oman jawfish
69. Stalix sheni
70. Stalix toyoshio
71. Stalix versluysi
765
Family Oplegnathidae
(Knifejaws)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Japan, southern half of Australia to Tasmania, Galapagos

and Peru, and South Africa. Teeth fused forming a parrotlike beak in
adults. Low spinous dorsal fin in adults. Spinous and soft dorsal fin
about the same height and are countinuous in juveniles. Spines in
dorsal fin 11 or 12; soft rays 11-22. Three spines in anal fin; 11-16
soft rays. Very small scales. About 0.9 m maximum length. Feed on
barnacles and mollusks. Foodfishes. Usually not kept in aquaria.
Assumed to be nonguarders (RF).

1. Oplegnathus conwayi Cape knifejaw
2. Oplegnathus fasciatus Barred knifejaw
3. Oplegnathus insignis Pacific beakfish
4. Oplegnathus peaolopesi Mozambique knifejaw
5. Oplegnathus punctatus Spotted knifejaw
6. Oplegnathus robinsoni Natal knifejaw
7. Oplegnathus woodwardi Knifejaw
766
Family Osphronemidae
(Gouramies)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Since FoW3 (Nelson 1994), with one genus Osphronemus and 3 spp.,
the content of the family has changed: - It includes its Belontidae with
3 subfamilies. - In addition, the Family Luciopercidae has been merged
with the subfamily Belontidae: Trichogastrinae to form the subfamily
Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae (Britz et al., 1995; Britz, 2001). In
CoF2005 (Eschmeyer, 2005), which is followed, and since CoF 2004
(Eschmeyer, 2004), the family has 4 subfamilies: Osphroneminae
(giant gouramies) Belontiinae (combtail gouramies) Macropodinae
(Siamese fighting fishes, paradisefishes) Luciocephalinae (gouramies
and pikehead) The following definition needs to be reviewed.
Distribution: Pakistan and India to Malay Archipelago and Korea. Teeth
absent on prevomer and palatine. Protractile upper jaw. Lateral line
single, complete and continuous in Osphroneminae; vestigial in other
subfamilies, when present. Maximum dorsal soft rays 10; in
Osphroneminae dorsal fin spines 11-13; soft rays 11-13, anal fin
spines 9-12; soft rays 16-22, all scales ctenoid, about 80 cm maximum
length. Pelvic fins with an elongate ray in many species. Some species
are oral brooders and others build bubble nests. Other family name =
Polyacanthidae. CoF 2003 (Eschmeyer, 2003) Four subfamilies:
Osphroneminae, Belontiinae, Macropodinae and Trichogastrinae. FoW3
(Nelson, 1994); CoF 2002 (Eschmeyer, 2002). Family Belontiidae
containing the 3 latter subfamilies above.

1. Belontia hasselti Malay combtail
2. Belontia signata Ceylonese combtail
3. Betta akarensis Akar betta
4. Betta albimarginata
5. Betta anabatoides Giant betta
6. Betta antoni
7. Betta apollon
8. Betta aurigans
9. Betta balunga
767
10. Betta bellica Slim betta
11. Betta breviobesus
12. Betta brownorum
13. Betta burdigala
14. Betta channoides
15. Betta chini
16. Betta chloropharynx
17. Betta coccina
18. Betta compuncta
19. Betta cracens
20. Betta dimidiata
21. Betta edithae
22. Betta enisae
23. Betta falx
24. Betta ferox
25. Betta foerschi
26. Betta fusca Dusky betta
27. Betta gladiator
28. Betta hipposideros
29. Betta ibanorum
30. Betta ideii
31. Betta imbellis Crescent betta
32. Betta krataios
33. Betta kuehnei
34. Betta lehi
35. Betta livida
36. Betta macrostoma Spotfin betta
37. Betta mandor
38. Betta midas
39. Betta miniopinna
40. Betta obscura
41. Betta ocellata
42. Betta pallida
43. Betta pallifina
44. Betta pardalotos
45. Betta patoti
46. Betta persephone
47. Betta pi
48. Betta picta Spotted betta
49. Betta pinguis
50. Betta prima
51. Betta pugnax Penang betta
52. Betta pulchra
53. Betta raja
54. Betta renata
55. Betta rubra Toba betta
56. Betta rutilans
57. Betta schalleri
58. Betta simorum
59. Betta simplex
60. Betta smaragdina Blue betta
61. Betta spilotogena
62. Betta splendens Siamese fighting fish
63. Betta stigmosa
64. Betta stiktos
768
65. Betta strohi
66. Betta taeniata Borneo betta
67. Betta tomi
68. Betta tussyae
69. Betta uberis
70. Betta unimaculata Howong betta
71. Betta waseri
72. Colisa chuna Honey gourami
73. Colisa fasciata Banded gourami
74. Colisa labiosa Thick lipped gourami
75. Colisa lalia Dwarf gourami
76. Ctenops nobilis Frail gourami
77. Luciocephalus aura
78. Luciocephalus pulcher Pikehead
79. Macropodus erythropterus
80. Macropodus hongkongensis
81. Macropodus ocellatus
82. Macropodus opercularis Roundtail paradisefish
83. Macropodus spechti
84. Malpulutta kretseri Spotted gourami
85. Osphronemus exodon Elephant ear gourami
86. Osphronemus goramy Giant gourami
87. Osphronemus laticlavius Giant red tail gourami
88. Osphronemus septemfasciatus
89. Parasphaerichthys lineatus
90. Parasphaerichthys ocellatus Eyespot gourami
91. Parosphromenus alfredi
92. Parosphromenus allani
93. Parosphromenus anjunganensis
94. Parosphromenus bintan
95. Parosphromenus deissneri Licorice gourami
96. Parosphromenus filamentosus Spiketail gourami
97. Parosphromenus harveyi
98. Parosphromenus linkei
99. Parosphromenus nagyi
100. Parosphromenus opallios
101. Parosphromenus ornaticauda
102. Parosphromenus pahuensis
103. Parosphromenus paludicola
104. Parosphromenus parvulus
105. Parosphromenus quindecim
106. Parosphromenus rubrimontis
107. Parosphromenus sumatranus
108. Parosphromenus tweediei
109. Pseudosphromenus cupanus Spiketail paradisefish
110. Pseudosphromenus dayi
111. Sphaerichthys acrostoma
112. Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Chocolate gourami
113. Sphaerichthys selatanensis
114. Sphaerichthys vaillanti
115. Trichogaster leerii Pearl gourami
116. Trichogaster microlepis Moonlight gourami
117. Trichogaster pectoralis Snakeskin gourami
118. Trichogaster trichopterus Three spot gourami
119. Trichopsis pumila Pygmy gourami
769
120. Trichopsis schalleri Threestripe gourami
121. Trichopsis vittata Croaking gourami
770
Family Ostracoberycidae
(Shellskin alfonsinos)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Eastern and northern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Prominent
spine extending back from lower limb of preopercle; two separate
dorsal fins; 25 vertebrae.

1. Ostracoberyx dorygenys
2. Ostracoberyx fowleri
3. Ostracoberyx paxtoni Spinycheek seabass
771
Family Parascorpididae
(Jutjaws)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Indo-Pacific. Mouth large with lower jaw projecting forward; no

incisiform teeth; pelvics well behind pectorals; 27 vertebrae. Maximum
length 60 cm. Usually found near shore. Number of species unclear.
Known only from South Africa.

1. Parascorpis typus Jutjaw
772
Family Pempheridae
(Sweepers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: western Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Body deep;
compressed. Maxillae not extending beyond center of eye. Smooth
preorbital. Eyes big, lacking adipose lid. Dorsal fin short, with origin
before middle of body. Dorsal fin with 4-7 graduated spines; soft rays
7-12. Anal fin with usually 3 (very rarely 2) spines and 17-45 soft rays.
Scales along lateral line usually 40-82, extending onto caudal fin; the
tubes usually short and wide. Long gillrakers, usually 25-31. A few
species with luminiscent organs. Pyloric caeca 9 or 10. Swim bladder
present in all but one species (Pempheris poeyi). Vertebrae 25 (10 +
15). To about 30 cm maximum length. Aggregate in caves by day and
disperse to feed on zooplankton at night. Assumed to be pelagic
spawners (RF). Not popular for aquariums. [Eschmeyer 1998 lists 5
nominal species for Parapriacanthus of which 2 are valid, 2 are
synonyms, and one has no type material; thus, number of species in
this genus is probably 2, not 5 (RF)]

1. Parapriacanthus dispar Deep bullseye
2. Parapriacanthus elongatus Slender bullseye
3. Parapriacanthus marei
4. Parapriacanthus pseudelongatus Polynesian sweeper
5. Parapriacanthus ransonneti Pigmy sweeper
6. Pempheris adspersa
7. Pempheris adusta Dusky sweeper
8. Pempheris affinis Black-tipped bullseye
9. Pempheris analis Bronze sweeper
10. Pempheris compressa Small-scale bullseye
11. Pempheris japonica
12. Pempheris klunzingeri Klunzinger's bullseye
13. Pempheris mangula Black-edged sweeper
14. Pempheris molucca
15. Pempheris multiradiata Common bullseye
16. Pempheris nyctereutes
17. Pempheris ornata Orangelined bullseye
18. Pempheris otaitensis
19. Pempheris oualensis Silver sweeper
773
20. Pempheris poeyi Curved sweeper
21. Pempheris rapa
22. Pempheris schomburgkii Glassy sweeper
23. Pempheris schreineri
24. Pempheris schwenkii Black-stripe sweeper
25. Pempheris vanicolensis Vanikoro sweeper
26. Pempheris xanthoptera
27. Pempheris ypsilychnus Ypsilon bullseye
774
Family Pentacerotidae
(Armorheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific and southwestern Atlantic. Body moderately

deep (Pentaceropsis) to very deep (Pentaceros); strongly compressed.
Head bones exposed, rough and striated. Supramaxilla lacking. Dorsal
fin having 4-14 strong spines; 9-29 soft rays. With 2-5 strong spines in
anal fin; soft rays 7-13. Large pelvic fins. One long and strong spine in
pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Scales small. Primary on deep slopes,
seamounts, and pelagic; shallow primarily in temperate areas.
Foodfishes. Assumed to be nonguarders (RF).

1. Evistias acutirostris Striped boarfish
2. Histiopterus typus Sailfin armourhead
3. Parazanclistius hutchinsi Short boarfish
4. Paristiopterus gallipavo Yellowspotted boarfish
5. Paristiopterus labiosus Giant boarfish
6. Pentaceropsis recurvirostris Longsnout boarfish
7. Pentaceros capensis Cape armourhead
8. Pentaceros decacanthus Bigspined boarfish
9. Pentaceros japonicus Japanese armorhead
10. Pentaceros quinquespinis
11. Pseudopentaceros pectoralis Longfin armorhead
12. Pseudopentaceros richardsoni Pelagic armourhead
13. Pseudopentaceros wheeleri Slender armorhead
14. Zanclistius elevatus Longfin boarfish
775
Family Percichthyidae
(Temperate perches)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Species of this family are distributed in Australia and South America
(primarily Argentina and Chile). Rarely brackish. Complete and
continuous lateral line. Dorsal fins continuous, with or without a notch;
spines 7-12 (1-3 in Gadopsis bispinosus); soft rays 8-38. Anal fin
spines 3; soft rays 7-13 (16-20 in Gadopsis). Scales ctenoid,
secondarily cycloid. Vertebrae 25-36 (40-50 in Gadopsis). Dioecious.
Poorly defined group, its composition is subject to change. Eschmeyer
(1998) recognized 14 valid genera. Percilia species are considered to
be under its own family Perciliidae (Arratia, pers. comm.).

1. Bostockia porosa Nightfish
2. Coreoperca herzi
3. Coreoperca kawamebari
4. Coreoperca loona
5. Coreoperca whiteheadi
6. Edelia vittata Western pygmy perch
7. Gadopsis bispinosus Two-spined blackfish
8. Gadopsis marmoratus River blackfish
9. Guyu wujalwujalensis
10. Maccullochella ikei Eastern freshwater cod
11. Maccullochella macquariensis Trout cod
12. Maccullochella peelii mariensis Mary River cod
13. Maccullochella peelii peelii Murray cod
14. Macquaria ambigua Golden perch
15. Macquaria australasica Australian bass
16. Macquaria colonorum Estuary perch
17. Macquaria novemaculeata
18. Nannatherina balstoni Balston's pygmy perch
19. Nannoperca australis Tasmanian pigmy perch
20. Nannoperca obscura Yarra pygmy perch
21. Nannoperca oxleyana Oxleyan pygmy perch
22. Nannoperca variegata Golden pygmy perch
23. Percichthys chilensis
24. Percichthys colhuapiensis Largemouth perch
25. Percichthys laevis
26. Percichthys melanops
27. Percichthys trucha Creole perch
28. Siniperca chuatsi Mandarin fish
776
29. Siniperca fortis
30. Siniperca knerii
31. Siniperca liuzhouensis
32. Siniperca obscura
33. Siniperca roulei
34. Siniperca scherzeri
35. Siniperca undulata
36. Siniperca vietnamensis
777
Family Percidae
(Perches)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Northern Hemisphere. Dorsal fins separate or narrowly

joined. Anal spines 1 or 2, the second usually weak. Pelvic fins
thoracic. A single spine and 5 soft rays in the pelvic fin. Branchiostegal
rays 5-8. Branchiostegal membrane separate from isthmus. Vertebrae
32-50. Maximum length up to 100 cm TL (reported for Sander
lucioperca). Some species enter estuaries.

1. Ammocrypta beanii Naked sand darter
2. Ammocrypta bifascia Florida sand darter
3. Ammocrypta clara Western sand darter
4. Ammocrypta meridiana Southern sand darter
5. Ammocrypta pellucida Eastern sand darter
6. Ammocrypta vivax Scaly sand darter
7. Crystallaria asprella Crystal darter
8. Crystallaria cincotta Diamond darter
9. Etheostoma acuticeps Sharphead darter
10. Etheostoma akatulo Bluemask darter
11. Etheostoma aquali Coppercheek darter
12. Etheostoma artesiae Redspot darter
13. Etheostoma asprigene Mud darter
14. Etheostoma atripinne Cumberland snubnose darter
15. Etheostoma australe Conchos darter
16. Etheostoma baileyi Emerald darter
17. Etheostoma barbouri Teardrop darter
18. Etheostoma barrenense Splendid darter
19. Etheostoma basilare Corrugated darter
20. Etheostoma bellator Warrior darter
21. Etheostoma bellum Orangefin darter
22. Etheostoma bison Buffalo darter
23. Etheostoma blennioides Greenside darter
24. Etheostoma blennius Blenny darter
25. Etheostoma boschungi Slackwater darter
26. Etheostoma brevirostrum Holiday darter
27. Etheostoma burri Brook Darter
28. Etheostoma caeruleum Rainbow darter
29. Etheostoma camurum Bluebreast darter
30. Etheostoma cervus Chickasaw darter
31. Etheostoma chermocki Vermilion darter
32. Etheostoma chienense Relict darter
778
33. Etheostoma chlorobranchium Greenfin darter
34. Etheostoma chlorosoma Bluntnose darter
35. Etheostoma chuckwachatte Lipstick darter
36. Etheostoma cinereum Ashy darter
37. Etheostoma collettei Creole darter
38. Etheostoma collis Carolina darter
39. Etheostoma colorosum Coastal darter
40. Etheostoma coosae Coosa darter
41. Etheostoma corona Crown darter
42. Etheostoma cragini Arkansas darter
43. Etheostoma crossopterum Fringed darter
44. Etheostoma davisoni Choctawhatchee darter
45. Etheostoma denoncourti Golden darter
46. Etheostoma derivativum Stone darter
47. Etheostoma ditrema Coldwater darter
48. Etheostoma douglasi Tuskaloossa darter
49. Etheostoma duryi Black darter
50. Etheostoma edwini Brown darter
51. Etheostoma erythrozonum Meramec Saddled Darter
52. Etheostoma etnieri Cherry darter
53. Etheostoma etowahae Etowah darter
54. Etheostoma euzonum Arkansas saddled darter
55. Etheostoma exile Iowa darter
56. Etheostoma flabellare Fantail darter
57. Etheostoma flavum Saffron darter
58. Etheostoma fonticola Fountain darter
59. Etheostoma forbesi Barrens darter
60. Etheostoma fragi Strawberry darter
61. Etheostoma fricksium Savannah darter
62. Etheostoma fusiforme Swamp darter
63. Etheostoma gracile Slough darter
64. Etheostoma grahami Rio Grande darter
65. Etheostoma gutselli Tuckasegee darter
66. Etheostoma histrio Harlequin darter
67. Etheostoma hopkinsi Christmas darter
68. Etheostoma inscriptum Turquoise darter
69. Etheostoma jessiae Blueside darter
70. Etheostoma jordani Greenbreast darter
71. Etheostoma juliae Yoke darter
72. Etheostoma kanawhae Kanawha darter
73. Etheostoma kantuckeense Highland Rim Darter
74. Etheostoma kennicotti Stripetail darter
75. Etheostoma lachneri Tombigbee darter
76. Etheostoma lawrencei Headwater darter
77. Etheostoma lemniscatum Tuxedo Darter
78. Etheostoma lepidum Greenthroat darter
79. Etheostoma longimanum Longfin darter
80. Etheostoma lugoi Tufa darter
81. Etheostoma luteovinctum Redband darter
82. Etheostoma lynceum Brighteye darter
83. Etheostoma maculatum Spotted darter
84. Etheostoma mariae Pinewoods darter
85. Etheostoma marmorpinnum Marbled Darter
86. Etheostoma microlepidum Smallscale darter
87. Etheostoma microperca Least darter
779
88. Etheostoma moorei Yellowcheek darter
89. Etheostoma neopterum Lollipop darter
90. Etheostoma nianguae Niangua darter
91. Etheostoma nigripinne Blackfin darter
92. Etheostoma nigrum Johnny darter
93. Etheostoma nuchale Watercress darter
94. Etheostoma obeyense Barcheek darter
95. Etheostoma occidentale
96. Etheostoma okaloosae Okaloosa darter
97. Etheostoma olivaceum Sooty darter
98. Etheostoma olmstedi Tessellated darter
99. Etheostoma oophylax Guardian darter
100. Etheostoma orientale
101. Etheostoma osburni Candy darter
102. Etheostoma pallididorsum Paleback darter
103. Etheostoma parvipinne Goldstripe darter
104. Etheostoma percnurum Duskytail darter
105. Etheostoma perlongum Waccamaw darter
106. Etheostoma phytophilum Rush darter
107. Etheostoma planasaxatile
108. Etheostoma podostemone Riverweed darter
109. Etheostoma pottsii Chihuahua darter
110. Etheostoma proeliare Cypress darter
111. Etheostoma pseudovulatum Egg-mimic darter
112. Etheostoma punctulatum Stippled darter
113. Etheostoma pyrrhogaster Firebelly darter
114. Etheostoma radiosum Orangebelly darter
115. Etheostoma rafinesquei Kentucky darter
116. Etheostoma ramseyi Alabama darter
117. Etheostoma raneyi Yazoo darter
118. Etheostoma rubrum Bayou darter
119. Etheostoma rufilineatum Redline darter
120. Etheostoma rupestre Rock darter
121. Etheostoma sagitta Arrow darter
122. Etheostoma saludae Saluda darter
123. Etheostoma sanguifluum Bloodfin darter
124. Etheostoma scotti Cherokee darter
125. Etheostoma segrex Río Salado darter
126. Etheostoma sellare Maryland darter
127. Etheostoma sequatchiense Sequatchie darter
128. Etheostoma serrifer Sawcheek darter
129. Etheostoma simoterum Snubnose darter
130. Etheostoma sitikuense Citico Darter
131. Etheostoma smithi Slabrock darter
132. Etheostoma spectabile Orangethroat darter
133. Etheostoma squamiceps Spottail darter
134. Etheostoma stigmaeum Speckled darter
135. Etheostoma striatulum Striated darter
136. Etheostoma susanae Cumberland darter
137. Etheostoma swaini Gulf darter
138. Etheostoma swannanoa Swannanoa darter
139. Etheostoma tallapoosae Tallapoosa darter
140. Etheostoma tecumsehi Shawnee darter
141. Etheostoma tennesseense
142. Etheostoma tetrazonum Missouri saddled darter
780
143. Etheostoma thalassinum Seagreen darter
144. Etheostoma tippecanoe Tippecanoe darter
145. Etheostoma trisella Trispot darter
146. Etheostoma tuscumbia Tuscumbia darter
147. Etheostoma uniporum Current darter
148. Etheostoma variatum Variegate darter
149. Etheostoma virgatum Striped darter
150. Etheostoma vitreum Glassy darter
151. Etheostoma vulneratum Wounded darter
152. Etheostoma wapiti Boulder darter
153. Etheostoma whipplei Redfin darter
154. Etheostoma zonale Banded darter
155. Etheostoma zonifer Backwater darter
156. Etheostoma zonistium Bandfin darter
157. Gymnocephalus acerina Donets ruffe
158. Gymnocephalus baloni Danube ruffe
159. Gymnocephalus cernua Ruffe
160. Gymnocephalus schraetser Schraetzer
161. Perca flavescens American yellow perch
162. Perca fluviatilis European perch
163. Perca schrenkii Balkhash perch
164. Percarina demidoffii Percarina
165. Percarina maeotica
166. Percina antesella Amber darter
167. Percina aurantiaca Tangerine darter
168. Percina aurolineata Goldline darter
169. Percina aurora Pearl darter
170. Percina austroperca Southern logperch
171. Percina bimaculata Chesapeake logperch
172. Percina brevicauda Coal darter
173. Percina burtoni Blotchside darter
174. Percina caprodes Logperch
175. Percina carbonaria Texas logperch
176. Percina copelandi Channel darter
177. Percina crassa Piedmont darter
178. Percina crypta Halloween Darter
179. Percina cymatotaenia Bluestripe darter
180. Percina evides Gilt darter
181. Percina fulvitaenia Ozark logperch
182. Percina gymnocephala Appalachia darter
183. Percina jenkinsi Conasauga logperch
184. Percina kathae Mobile logperch
185. Percina kusha Bridled darter
186. Percina lenticula Freckled darter
187. Percina macrocephala Longhead darter
188. Percina macrolepida Bigscale logperch
189. Percina maculata Blackside darter
190. Percina nasuta Longnose darter
191. Percina nevisense Chainback darter
192. Percina nigrofasciata Blackbanded darter
193. Percina notogramma Stripeback darter
194. Percina oxyrhynchus Sharpnose darter
195. Percina palmaris Bronze darter
196. Percina pantherina Leopard darter
197. Percina peltata Shield darter
781
198. Percina phoxocephala Slenderhead darter
199. Percina rex Roanoke logperch
200. Percina roanoka Roanoke darter
201. Percina sciera Dusky darter
202. Percina shumardi River darter
203. Percina sipsi Bankhead darter
204. Percina smithvanizi Muscadine Darter
205. Percina squamata Olive darter
206. Percina stictogaster Frecklebelly darter
207. Percina suttkusi Gulf logperch
208. Percina tanasi Snail darter
209. Percina uranidea Stargazing darter
210. Percina vigil Saddleback darter
211. Percina williamsi Sickle darter
212. Romanichthys valsanicola Asprete
213. Sander canadensis Sauger
214. Sander lucioperca Pike-perch
215. Sander marinus Estuarine perch
216. Sander vitreus Walleye
217. Sander volgensis Volga pikeperch
218. Zingel asper Rhone streber
219. Zingel balcanicus
220. Zingel streber Danube streber
221. Zingel zingel Zingel
782
Family Perciliidae
(Southern basses)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Freshwater. Chile.

1. Percilia gillissi
2. Percilia irwini
783
Family Percophidae
(Duckbills)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indo-West Pacific, and southeastern Pacific.

Head depressed. Usually big-eyed. Interorbital width small. Spinous
dorsal absent; if present, separate from soft dorsal. Anal fin may have
1 spine. Pelvic fin 1 spine, 5 soft rays. Pelvic fins widely separate.

1. Acanthaphritis barbata
2. Acanthaphritis grandisquamis
3. Acanthaphritis ozawai
4. Acanthaphritis unoorum
5. Bembrops anatirostris Duckbill flathead
6. Bembrops cadenati
7. Bembrops caudimacula
8. Bembrops curvatura
9. Bembrops filifer Sharpnosed duckbill
10. Bembrops gobioides Goby flathead
11. Bembrops greyi Roundtail duckbill
12. Bembrops heterurus Squaretail duckbill
13. Bembrops macromma
14. Bembrops magnisquamis
15. Bembrops morelandi Flathead
16. Bembrops nelsoni
17. Bembrops nematopterus
18. Bembrops ocellatus Ocellate duckbill
19. Bembrops platyrhynchus Natal duckbill
20. Bembrops quadrisella
21. Bembrops raneyi Bahama duckbill
22. Chrionema chlorotaenia
23. Chrionema chryseres
24. Chrionema furunoi
25. Chrionema pallidum
26. Chrionema squamentum
27. Chrionema squamiceps
28. Dactylopsaron dimorphicum
29. Enigmapercis acutirostris
30. Enigmapercis reducta Broad sandfish
31. Hemerocoetes artus
32. Hemerocoetes macrophthalmus
33. Hemerocoetes monopterygius Opalfish
34. Hemerocoetes morelandi
35. Hemerocoetes pauciradiatus
784
36. Matsubaraea fusiforme
37. Osopsaron formosensis
38. Osopsaron karlik
39. Osopsaron verecundum
40. Percophis brasiliensis Brazilian flathead
41. Pteropsaron evolans
42. Pteropsaron heemstrai
43. Pteropsaron incisum
44. Pteropsaron natalensis
45. Pteropsaron neocaledonicus
46. Pteropsaron springeri
47. Squamicreedia obtusa Obtuse sandfish
785
Family Pholidae
(Gunnels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Atlantic, Arctic and North Pacific. Body elongate
and compressed. One dorsal fin, about two times longer than anal fin
and extending from head to caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 73-100 stiff
spines, anal fin with 1-3 spines in front of 32-53 soft rays; both fins
reaching or confluent with base of caudal fin. Caudal fin rounded. Anal
fin long, but shorter relative to body length than in pricklebacks.
Pectoral fins absent in some gunnel species, minute or very small in
others. Pelvic fins rudimentary, consisting of 1 spine and 1 ray; or
absent, including pelvic girdle. No fleshy cirri on head or body. One
pair of nostrils. Body covered with tiny, inconspicuous, mucus-covered
cycloid scales. Mechanosensory canals of head opening through pores
typically constant in number: nasal 2, occipital 3, interorbital 1,
postorbital 6, suborbital 6, preopercular 5, and mandibular 4. Body
lateral line represented by mediolateral row of superficial neuromasts,
generally not discernible in preserved material. Teeth small and
conical. Gill membranes broadly joined and free from the isthmus.
Branchiostegal rays 5 or 6. Pyloric caeca absent. Ribs absent.
Abdominal vertebrae with parapophyses united, forming hemal arches.
Vertebrae 80-105. Coloration cryptic, from yellow and brown to red or
green, often with spots, blotches, and bands. Attains total length of
about 46 cm. Mainly inhabits rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal
areas, especially among kelp and other macroalgae; often found under
rocks or in tide pools in the intertidal zone. Feeds on small crustaceans
and mollusks.

1. Apodichthys flavidus Penpoint gunnel
2. Apodichthys fucorum Rockweed gunnel
3. Apodichthys sanctaerosae Kelp gunnel
4. Pholis clemensi Longfin gunnel
5. Pholis crassispina
6. Pholis fangi
7. Pholis fasciata Banded gunnel
786
8. Pholis gunnellus Rock gunnel
9. Pholis laeta Crescent gunnel
10. Pholis nea
11. Pholis nebulosa Tidepool gunnel
12. Pholis ornata Saddleback gunnel
13. Pholis picta
14. Pholis schultzi Red gunnel
15. Rhodymenichthys dolichogaster Stippled gunnel
787
Family Pholidichthyidae
(Convict blenny)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: southwesternmost Philippines to Solomon Islands.

Anguilliform. A nostril to each side of head. Scaleless. Pelvic fins below
or a little before pectoral base. One weak spine in pelvic fin; soft rays
2 or 3. Caudal fin confluent with anal and dorsal fins. Soft rays in
dorsal fin 70-79. Anal soft rays 55-62. Pectoral fin rays 15. Lower
pharyngeal bones coalesced into one. Interorbital area with septal
bone. Vertebrae 71-79 (22-26=48-56).

1. Pholidichthys anguis
2. Pholidichthys leucotaenia Convict blenny
788
Family Pinguipedidae
(Sandperches)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic side of South America and Africa, Indo-Pacific (as
far down to New Zealand, to Hawaii and off Chile). Pelvic fin insertion
below or before pectoral base. Truncate to deeply lunate caudal fin.
Branched rays in caudal fin 13-15. Dorsal fin with 4-5 spines and 19-
26 soft rays. Benthic carnivores of small invertebrates and fishes.
Protogynous hermaphrodites; territorial and haremic; pelagic
spawners.

1. Kochichthys flavofasciatus
2. Parapercis albipinna
3. Parapercis alboguttata Whitespot sandsmelt
4. Parapercis allporti Barred grubfish
5. Parapercis atlantica
6. Parapercis aurantiaca
7. Parapercis australis
8. Parapercis banoni
9. Parapercis basimaculata
10. Parapercis binivirgata Redbanded weever
11. Parapercis biordinis
12. Parapercis cephalopunctata
13. Parapercis clathrata Latticed sandperch
14. Parapercis colemani
15. Parapercis colias New Zealand blue cod
16. Parapercis compressa
17. Parapercis cylindrica Cylindrical sandperch
18. Parapercis decemfasciata
19. Parapercis diagonalis
20. Parapercis diplospilus Doublespot grubfish
21. Parapercis dockinsi
22. Parapercis elongata
23. Parapercis filamentosa Threadfin sandperch
24. Parapercis flavescens
25. Parapercis flavolabiata Yellowlip grubfish
26. Parapercis flavolineata
27. Parapercis fuscolineata
28. Parapercis gilliesii Yellow weaver
29. Parapercis haackei Wavy grubfish
30. Parapercis hexophtalma Speckled sandperch
31. Parapercis kamoharai
789
32. Parapercis katoi
33. Parapercis lata Y-Barred Sandperch
34. Parapercis lineopunctata
35. Parapercis macrophthalma Narrow barred grubfish
36. Parapercis maculata Harlequin sandperch
37. Parapercis maritzi
38. Parapercis millepunctata Black dotted sand perch
39. Parapercis mimaseana
40. Parapercis multifasciata Gold-birdled sandsmelt
41. Parapercis multiplicata Redbarred sandperch
42. Parapercis muronis
43. Parapercis natator
44. Parapercis nebulosa Barred sandperch
45. Parapercis okamurai
46. Parapercis ommatura
47. Parapercis pacifica
48. Parapercis phenax
49. Parapercis pulchella Harlequin sandsmelt
50. Parapercis punctata
51. Parapercis punctulata Spotted sandperch
52. Parapercis quadrispinosa
53. Parapercis queenslandica
54. Parapercis ramsayi Spotted grubfish
55. Parapercis robinsoni Smallscale grubfish
56. Parapercis roseoviridis
57. Parapercis rufa
58. Parapercis schauinslandii Redspotted sandperch
59. Parapercis sexfasciata Grub fish
60. Parapercis sexlorata Sixstrap grubfish
61. Parapercis shaoi
62. Parapercis signata Blackflag sandperch
63. Parapercis simulata
64. Parapercis snyderi U-mark sandperch
65. Parapercis somaliensis Somali sandperch
66. Parapercis stricticeps White-streaked grubfish
67. Parapercis striolata
68. Parapercis tetracantha Reticulated sandperch
69. Parapercis vittafrons
70. Parapercis xanthogramma
71. Parapercis xanthozona Yellowbar sandperch
72. Pinguipes brasilianus Brazilian sandperch
73. Pinguipes chilensis
74. Prolatilus jugularis Pacific sandperch
75. Pseudopercis numida Namorado sandperch
76. Pseudopercis semifasciata Argentinian sandperch
77. Ryukyupercis gushikeni Rosy grubfish
78. Simipercis trispinosa Threespine grubfish
790
Family Plesiopidae
(Roundheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Elongate fishes with large mouths and
large eyes. Third branchiostegal ray extending farther posteriorly than
adjacent rays resulting in a projection on the margin of the
branchiostegal membrane (except in Calloplesiops); lateral line
incomplete or disjunct. Feed on small crustaceans and fishes.
Maximum length about 20 cm. Two subfamilies, Plesiopinae and
Acanthoclininae. Note that Plesiopinae may be paraphyletic (Mooi and
Gill, 2004). Includes Notograptidae (Notograptus with 4 species) in
Acanthoclininae (Mooi and Gill, 2004).

1. Acanthoclinus fuscus
2. Acanthoclinus littoreus Rockfish
3. Acanthoclinus marilynae Stout rockfish
4. Acanthoclinus matti
5. Acanthoclinus rua Little rockfish
6. Acanthoplesiops echinatus
7. Acanthoplesiops hiatti Hiatt's basslet
8. Acanthoplesiops indicus Scottie
9. Acanthoplesiops naka Tongan spiny basslet
10. Acanthoplesiops psilogaster
11. Assessor flavissimus Yellow devilfish
12. Assessor macneilli Blue devilfish
13. Assessor randalli
14. Beliops batanensis
15. Beliops xanthokrossos Southern longfin
16. Belonepterygion fasciolatum Barred spiny basslet
17. Calloplesiops altivelis Comet
18. Calloplesiops argus
19. Fraudella carassiops Carp prettyfin
20. Notograptus gregoryi Shark Bay eel-blenny
21. Notograptus guttatus Spotted eel blenny
22. Notograptus kauffmani
23. Notograptus livingstonei
24. Paraplesiops alisonae Alison's blue devil
25. Paraplesiops bleekeri Eastern blue devil
26. Paraplesiops meleagris Blue devil
27. Paraplesiops poweri Northern blue devil
28. Paraplesiops sinclairi Western blue devil
791
29. Plesiops auritus
30. Plesiops cephalotaenia
31. Plesiops coeruleolineatus Crimsontip longfin
32. Plesiops corallicola Bluegill longfin
33. Plesiops facicavus
34. Plesiops genaricus Cheekveil longfin
35. Plesiops gracilis Threadfin longfin
36. Plesiops insularis Island longfin
37. Plesiops malalaxus
38. Plesiops multisquamata Spotted longfin
39. Plesiops mystaxus Moustache longfin
40. Plesiops nakaharae
41. Plesiops nigricans Whitespotted longfin
42. Plesiops oxycephalus Sharp-nosed longfin
43. Plesiops polydactylus
44. Plesiops thysanopterus
45. Plesiops verecundus Redtip longfin
46. Steeneichthys nativitatus
47. Steeneichthys plesiopsus Steene's prettyfin
48. Trachinops brauni Bluelined hulafish
49. Trachinops caudimaculatus Southern hulafish
50. Trachinops noarlungae Yellowhead hulafish
51. Trachinops taeniatus Eastern hulafish
792
Family Polycentridae
(Leaffishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Southern America. Small fishes, reaching about 6-8 cm

SL. Dorsal fin has 16-18 spines, 7-13 rays. Anal fin 12-13 spines, 7-14
rays. Lateral line absent. Head and mouth large, the latter extremely
protractile. Continuous dorsal fin. Pectorals and soft parts of the dorsal
and anal fins are highly transparent and are the only fins that move
when approaching prey. Exhibit male parental care of eggs and larvae;
egg clutch deposited under leaves of aquatic plants (Monocirrhus) or
at the small crevices (Polycentrus). This group has never been
thoroughly revised, and it is possible that there are more than one
species in each genus.

1. Monocirrhus polyacanthus Amazon leaffish
2. Polycentrus schomburgkii Guyana leaffish
793
Family Polynemidae
(Threadfins)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine and brackish. Some riverine. Distribution: all tropical
and subtropical seas. Mouth inferior. Pectoral fin with 2 sections.
Upper section of pectoral fin with the rays attached; the lower section
having 3-7 (except in Polistonemus with 14 or 15) long free rays.
Spinous and soft dorsal fins far apart. Pelvics subabdominal. One spine
in pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Deeply forked caudal fin. Vertebrae 24 or 25.
Reaches 1.8 m maximum length, reported for Eleutheronema
tetradactylum. Feed on benthic invertebrates of sandy to muddy
bottoms. Few species near reefs. Foodfishes. Assumed to be pelagic
spawners (RF).

1. Eleutheronema rhadinum East Asian fourfinger threadfin
2. Eleutheronema tetradactylum Fourfinger threadfin
3. Eleutheronema tridactylum Threefinger threadfin
4. Filimanus heptadactyla Sevenfinger threadfin
5. Filimanus hexanema Javanese threadfin
6. Filimanus perplexa Splendid threadfin
7. Filimanus sealei Eightfinger threadfin
8. Filimanus similis Indian sevenfinger threadfin
9. Filimanus xanthonema Yellowthread threadfin
10. Galeoides decadactylus Lesser African threadfin
11. Leptomelanosoma indicum Indian threadfin
12. Parapolynemus verekeri Dwarf paradise fish
13. Pentanemus quinquarius Royal threadfin
14. Polydactylus approximans Blue bobo
15. Polydactylus bifurcus Slender fivefinger threadfin
16. Polydactylus longipes Long-limb threadfin
17. Polydactylus luparensis Sarawak Giant Threadfin
18. Polydactylus macrochir King threadfin
19. Polydactylus macrophthalmus River threadfin
20. Polydactylus malagasyensis African blackspot threadfin
21. Polydactylus microstomus Smallmouth threadfin
22. Polydactylus mullani Arabian blackspot threadfin
23. Polydactylus multiradiatus Australian threadfin
24. Polydactylus nigripinnis Blackfin threadfin
25. Polydactylus octonemus Atlantic threadfin
26. Polydactylus oligodon Littlescale threadfin
27. Polydactylus opercularis Yellow bobo
794
28. Polydactylus persicus Persian blackspot threadfin
29. Polydactylus plebeius Striped threadfin
30. Polydactylus quadrifilis Giant African threadfin
31. Polydactylus sexfilis Sixfinger threadfin
32. Polydactylus sextarius Blackspot threadfin
33. Polydactylus siamensis Largemouth striped threadfin
34. Polydactylus virginicus Barbu
35. Polynemus aquilonaris Northern paradise fish
36. Polynemus bidentatus
37. Polynemus dubius Eastern paradise fish
38. Polynemus hornadayi Hornaday’s paradise fish
39. Polynemus kapuasensis Kapuas elegant paradise fish
40. Polynemus melanochir dulcis Lake blackhand paradise fish
41. Polynemus melanochir melanochir Blackhand paradise fish
42. Polynemus multifilis Elegant paradise fish
43. Polynemus paradiseus Paradise threadfin
795
Family Polyprionidae
(Wreckfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Opercle with two rounded spines. Lateral line complete and
continuous. Pelvic fin with one spine and five soft rays. This
description needs to be checked and completed.

1. Polyprion americanus Wreckfish
2. Polyprion moeone Bass groper
3. Polyprion oxygeneios Hapuku wreckfish
4. Polyprion yanezi
5. Stereolepis doederleini
6. Stereolepis gigas Giant seabass
796
Family Pomacanthidae
(Angelfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical Atlantic, Indian, and (mainly western) Pacific. Strongly

compressed body. Angle of preopercle with a strong spine. Three
spines in anal fin. Many species have an elongate extension on hind
margin of soft dorsal and anal fins. Caudal fin rounded to strongly
lunate with 15 branched rays. Vertebrae 24 (10+14). Striking
coloration, markedly different between juveniles and adults of many
species. In shallow waters of less than 20 m deep, very seldom below
50 m; generally near coral reefs. Social organizations in this group
vary from monogamy, harems, promiscousity, and lekking. Several
species are protogynous hermaphrodites engaging in 'haremic' social
system. Pelagic spawners. Species of Centropyge feed primarily on
filamentous algae and species of Genicanthus feed primarily on
zooplankton; most others feed on sponges, invertebrates, algae and
fish eggs. Most species do well in the aquarium, but some food
specialists are difficult to maintain. Poma- = operculum, acanth- (gr.)
= spine. Three basic feeding styles: predation on sessile invertebrates,
herbivory and planktivory.

1. Apolemichthys arcuatus Banded angelfish
2. Apolemichthys armitagei Armitage angelfish
3. Apolemichthys griffisi Griffis angelfish
4. Apolemichthys guezei Reunion angelfish
5. Apolemichthys kingi Tiger angelfish
6. Apolemichthys trimaculatus Threespot angelfish
7. Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus Goldspotted angelfish
8. Apolemichthys xanthotis Yellow-ear angelfish
9. Apolemichthys xanthurus Yellowtail angelfish
10. Centropyge abei
11. Centropyge acanthops Orangeback angelfish
12. Centropyge argi Cherubfish
13. Centropyge aurantia Golden angelfish
14. Centropyge aurantonotus Flameback angelfish
15. Centropyge bicolor Bicolor angelfish
16. Centropyge bispinosa Twospined angelfish
17. Centropyge boylei Peppermint angelfish
797
18. Centropyge colini Cocos-Keeling angelfish
19. Centropyge debelius Blue Mauritius angelfish
20. Centropyge eibli Blacktail angelfish
21. Centropyge ferrugata Rusty angelfish
22. Centropyge fisheri Orange angelfish
23. Centropyge flavicauda Whitetail angelfish
24. Centropyge flavipectoralis Yellowfin angelfish
25. Centropyge flavissima Lemonpeel angelfish
26. Centropyge heraldi Yellow angelfish
27. Centropyge hotumatua Blackear angelfish
28. Centropyge interruptus Japanese angelfish
29. Centropyge joculator Yellowhead angelfish
30. Centropyge loricula Flame angel
31. Centropyge multicolor Multicolor angelfish
32. Centropyge multifasciata Barred angelfish
33. Centropyge multispinis Dusky angelfish
34. Centropyge nahackyi Nahacky's angelfish
35. Centropyge narcosis Narc angelfish
36. Centropyge nigriocella Blackspot angelfish
37. Centropyge nox Midnight angelfish
38. Centropyge potteri Russet angelfish
39. Centropyge resplendens Resplendent angelfish
40. Centropyge shepardi Mango angelfish
41. Centropyge tibicen Keyhole angelfish
42. Centropyge venusta Purplemask angelfish
43. Centropyge vrolikii Pearlscale angelfish
44. Chaetodontoplus ballinae Ballina angelfish
45. Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus Bluespotted angelfish
46. Chaetodontoplus chrysocephalus Orangeface angelfish
47. Chaetodontoplus conspicillatus Conspicuous angelfish
48. Chaetodontoplus dimidiatus Velvet angelfish
49. Chaetodontoplus duboulayi Scribbled angelfish
50. Chaetodontoplus melanosoma Black-velvet angelfish
51. Chaetodontoplus meredithi Queensland yellowtail angelfish
52. Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus Vermiculated angelfish
53. Chaetodontoplus niger
54. Chaetodontoplus personifer Blueface angelfish
55. Chaetodontoplus poliourus
56. Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis Bluestriped angelfish
57. Chaetodontoplus vanderloosi
58. Genicanthus bellus Ornate angelfish
59. Genicanthus caudovittatus Zebra angelfish
60. Genicanthus lamarck Blackstriped angelfish
61. Genicanthus melanospilos Spotbreast angelfish
62. Genicanthus personatus Masked angelfish
63. Genicanthus semicinctus Halfbanded angelfish
64. Genicanthus semifasciatus Japanese swallow
65. Genicanthus spinus Pitcairn angelfish
66. Genicanthus takeuchii
67. Genicanthus watanabei Blackedged angelfish
68. Holacanthus africanus Guinean angelfish
69. Holacanthus bermudensis Angelfish
70. Holacanthus ciliaris Queen angelfish
71. Holacanthus clarionensis Clarion angelfish
72. Holacanthus isabelita Blue angelfish
798
73. Holacanthus limbaughi Clipperton angelfish
74. Holacanthus passer King angelfish
75. Holacanthus tricolor Rock beauty
76. Pomacanthus annularis Bluering angelfish
77. Pomacanthus arcuatus Gray angelfish
78. Pomacanthus asfur Arabian angelfish
79. Pomacanthus chrysurus Goldtail angelfish
80. Pomacanthus imperator Emperor angelfish
81. Pomacanthus maculosus Yellowbar angelfish
82. Pomacanthus navarchus Bluegirdled angelfish
83. Pomacanthus paru French angelfish
84. Pomacanthus rhomboides Old woman angelfish
85. Pomacanthus semicirculatus Semicircle angelfish
86. Pomacanthus sexstriatus Sixbar angelfish
87. Pomacanthus xanthometopon Yellowface angelfish
88. Pomacanthus zonipectus Cortez angelfish
89. Pygoplites diacanthus Regal angelfish
799
Family Pomacentridae
(Damselfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; rare in brackish water. All tropical seas, mainly Indo-
Pacific. One nostril on each side of head; double nostrils in some
species of Chromis and Dascyllus. Body usually deep and compressed.
Small mouth. Incomplete and interrupted lateral line. Anal fin with
usually 2 spines, very rarely 3. No palatine teeth. About 35 cm
maximum length. Coloration variable with individuals and with locality
for the same species. Many species are highly territorial herbivores,
omnivores, or planktivores. Damselfishes lay elliptical demersal eggs
that are guarded by the males. Included are the anemonefishes
(Amphiprioninae), which live in close association with large sea
anemones. Damsels are among the hardiest aquariumfishes, but some
species are extremely aggressive. Poma- = opercle, centron = spine,
(refers to pointed margin of opercle); amphi- (gr.) = on both sides,
prion = saw, (refers to serrate opercles)

1. Abudefduf abdominalis Green damselfish
2. Abudefduf bengalensis Bengal sergeant
3. Abudefduf concolor
4. Abudefduf conformis
5. Abudefduf declivifrons Mexican nightsergeant
6. Abudefduf hoefleri African sergeant
7. Abudefduf lorenzi Black-tail sergeant
8. Abudefduf luridus Canary damsel
9. Abudefduf margariteus Pearly sergeant
10. Abudefduf natalensis Natal sergeant
11. Abudefduf notatus Yellowtail sergeant
12. Abudefduf saxatilis Sergeant-major
13. Abudefduf septemfasciatus Banded sergeant
14. Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissortail sergeant
15. Abudefduf sordidus Blackspot sergeant
16. Abudefduf sparoides False-eye sergeant
17. Abudefduf taurus Night sergeant
18. Abudefduf troschelii Panamic sergeant major
19. Abudefduf vaigiensis Indo-Pacific sergeant
20. Abudefduf whitleyi Whitley's sergeant
21. Acanthochromis polyacanthus Spiny chromis
800
22. Altrichthys azurelineatus Azure damsel
23. Altrichthys curatus
24. Amblyglyphidodon aureus Golden damselfish
25. Amblyglyphidodon batunai Batuna damsel
26. Amblyglyphidodon curacao Staghorn damselfish
27. Amblyglyphidodon flavilatus Yellowfin damsel
28. Amblyglyphidodon indicus
29. Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster Yellowbelly damselfish
30. Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus
31. Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis
32. Amblyglyphidodon ternatensis Ternate damsel
33. Amblypomacentrus breviceps Black-banded demoiselle
34. Amblypomacentrus clarus
35. Amblypomacentrus vietnamicus
36. Amphiprion akallopisos Skunk clownfish
37. Amphiprion akindynos Barrier reef anemonefish
38. Amphiprion allardi Twobar anemonefish
39. Amphiprion barberi
40. Amphiprion bicinctus Twoband anemonefish
41. Amphiprion chagosensis Chagos anemonefish
42. Amphiprion chrysogaster Mauritian anemonefish
43. Amphiprion chrysopterus Orangefin anemonefish
44. Amphiprion clarkii Yellowtail clownfish
45. Amphiprion ephippium Saddle anemonefish
46. Amphiprion frenatus Tomato clownfish
47. Amphiprion fuscocaudatus Seychelles anemonefish
48. Amphiprion latezonatus Wide-band Anemonefish
49. Amphiprion latifasciatus Madagascar anemonefish
50. Amphiprion leucokranos Whitebonnet anemonefish
51. Amphiprion mccullochi Whitesnout anemonefish
52. Amphiprion melanopus Fire clownfish
53. Amphiprion nigripes Maldive anemonefish
54. Amphiprion ocellaris Clown anemonefish
55. Amphiprion omanensis Oman anemonefish
56. Amphiprion percula Orange clownfish
57. Amphiprion perideraion Pink anemonefish
58. Amphiprion polymnus Saddleback clownfish
59. Amphiprion rubrocinctus Red Anemonefish
60. Amphiprion sandaracinos Yellow clownfish
61. Amphiprion sebae Sebae anemonefish
62. Amphiprion thiellei Thielle's anemonefish
63. Amphiprion tricinctus Maroon clownfish
64. Azurina eupalama Galapagos damsel
65. Azurina hirundo Swallow damsel
66. Cheiloprion labiatus Big-lip damsel
67. Chromis abrupta
68. Chromis abyssicola Deepsea chromis
69. Chromis abyssus Deep blue Chromis
70. Chromis acares Midget chromis
71. Chromis agilis Agile chromis
72. Chromis albicauda
73. Chromis albomaculata White-spotted chromis
74. Chromis alleni Allen's chromis
75. Chromis alpha Yellow-speckled chromis
76. Chromis alta Oval damselfish
801
77. Chromis amboinensis Ambon chromis
78. Chromis analis Yellow chromis
79. Chromis athena
80. Chromis atrilobata Scissortail damselfish
81. Chromis atripectoralis Black-axil chromis
82. Chromis atripes Dark-fin chromis
83. Chromis axillaris Grey chromis
84. Chromis bami
85. Chromis brevirostris Shortsnout Chromis
86. Chromis cadenati Cadenat's chromis
87. Chromis caerulea Green chromis
88. Chromis caudalis Blue-axil chromis
89. Chromis chromis Damselfish
90. Chromis chrysura Stout chromis
91. Chromis cinerascens Green puller
92. Chromis circumaurea Gold-rim Chromis
93. Chromis crusma Valparaiso chromis
94. Chromis cyanea Blue chromis
95. Chromis dasygenys Blue-spotted chromis
96. Chromis degruyi DeGruy’s Chromis
97. Chromis delta Deep reef chromis
98. Chromis dimidiata Chocolatedip chromis
99. Chromis dispilus Demoiselle
100. Chromis earina Spring Chromis
101. Chromis elerae Twinspot chromis
102. Chromis enchrysura Yellowtail reeffish
103. Chromis fatuhivae
104. Chromis flavapicis
105. Chromis flavaxilla Arabian chromis
106. Chromis flavicauda Cobalt chromis
107. Chromis flavipectoralis Malayan chromis
108. Chromis flavomaculata Yellow-spotted chromis
109. Chromis fumea Smokey chromis
110. Chromis hanui Hawaiian bicolor chromis
111. Chromis hypsilepis Brown puller
112. Chromis insolata Sunshinefish
113. Chromis intercrusma Peruvian chromis
114. Chromis iomelas Half-and-half chromis
115. Chromis jubauna
116. Chromis klunzingeri Black-headed chromis
117. Chromis lepidolepis Scaly chromis
118. Chromis leucura Whitetail chromis
119. Chromis limbata Azores chromis
120. Chromis limbaughi Limbaugh's damselfish
121. Chromis lineata Lined chromis
122. Chromis lubbocki Lubbock's chromis
123. Chromis margaritifer Bicolor chromis
124. Chromis megalopsis Bigeye chromis
125. Chromis meridiana
126. Chromis mirationis Japanese chromis
127. Chromis monochroma
128. Chromis multilineata Brown chromis
129. Chromis nigroanalis Kenyan chromis
130. Chromis nigrura Blacktail chromis
131. Chromis nitida Barrier reef chromis
802
132. Chromis notata Pearl-spot chromis
133. Chromis okamurai Okinawa chromis
134. Chromis onumai
135. Chromis opercularis Doublebar chromis
136. Chromis ovalis Hawaiian chromis
137. Chromis ovatiformis Ovate chromis
138. Chromis pamae
139. Chromis pelloura Duskytail chromis
140. Chromis pembae Pemba chromis
141. Chromis planesi
142. Chromis punctipinnis Blacksmith
143. Chromis pura
144. Chromis randalli Randall's chromis
145. Chromis retrofasciata Black-bar chromis
146. Chromis sanctaehelenae St. Helena chromis
147. Chromis scotochiloptera Philippines chromis
148. Chromis scotti Purple reeffish
149. Chromis struhsakeri Struhsaker's chromis
150. Chromis ternatensis Ternate chromis
151. Chromis trialpha Trispot chromis
152. Chromis unipa
153. Chromis vanderbilti Vanderbilt's chromis
154. Chromis verater Threespot chromis
155. Chromis viridis Blue green damselfish
156. Chromis weberi Weber's chromis
157. Chromis westaustralis West Australian chromis
158. Chromis woodsi Wood's chromis
159. Chromis xanthochira Yellow-axil chromis
160. Chromis xanthopterygia Yellowfin chromis
161. Chromis xanthura Paletail chromis
162. Chromis xouthos
163. Chromis xutha Buff chromis
164. Chrysiptera albata
165. Chrysiptera annulata Footballer demoiselle
166. Chrysiptera arnazae
167. Chrysiptera biocellata Twinspot damselfish
168. Chrysiptera bleekeri Bleeker's damsel
169. Chrysiptera brownriggii Surge damselfish
170. Chrysiptera caeruleolineata Blueline demoiselle
171. Chrysiptera chrysocephala
172. Chrysiptera cyanea Sapphire devil
173. Chrysiptera cymatilis
174. Chrysiptera flavipinnis Yellowfin damselfish
175. Chrysiptera galba Canary demoiselle
176. Chrysiptera giti
177. Chrysiptera glauca Grey demoiselle
178. Chrysiptera hemicyanea Azure demoiselle
179. Chrysiptera kuiteri
180. Chrysiptera niger Black damselfish
181. Chrysiptera notialis Southern demoiselle
182. Chrysiptera oxycephala Blue-spot demoiselle
183. Chrysiptera parasema Goldtail demoiselle
184. Chrysiptera pricei
185. Chrysiptera rapanui Easter damselfish
186. Chrysiptera rex King demoiselle
803
187. Chrysiptera rollandi Rolland's demoiselle
188. Chrysiptera sheila Sheila's damselfish
189. Chrysiptera sinclairi Sinclair's demoisselle
190. Chrysiptera springeri Springer's demoiselle
191. Chrysiptera starcki Starck's demoiselle
192. Chrysiptera talboti Talbot's demoiselle
193. Chrysiptera taupou Southseas devil
194. Chrysiptera traceyi Tracey's demoiselle
195. Chrysiptera tricincta Threeband damselfish
196. Chrysiptera unimaculata Onespot demoiselle
197. Dascyllus albisella Hawaiian dascyllus
198. Dascyllus aruanus Whitetail dascyllus
199. Dascyllus auripinnis
200. Dascyllus carneus Cloudy dascyllus
201. Dascyllus flavicaudus Yellowtail dascyllus
202. Dascyllus marginatus Marginate dascyllus
203. Dascyllus melanurus Blacktail humbug
204. Dascyllus reticulatus Reticulate dascyllus
205. Dascyllus strasburgi Strasburg's dascyllus
206. Dascyllus trimaculatus Threespot dascyllus
207. Dischistodus chrysopoecilus White-spot damsel
208. Dischistodus darwiniensis Banded damsel-fish
209. Dischistodus fasciatus Banded damsel
210. Dischistodus melanotus Black-vent damsel
211. Dischistodus perspicillatus White damsel
212. Dischistodus prosopotaenia Honey-head damsel
213. Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus Monarch damsel
214. Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon Lagoon damselfish
215. Hypsypops rubicundus Garibaldi damselfish
216. Lepidozygus tapeinosoma Fusilier damselfish
217. Mecaenichthys immaculatus Immaculate damsel
218. Microspathodon bairdii Bumphead damselfish
219. Microspathodon chrysurus Yellowtail damselfish
220. Microspathodon dorsalis Giant damselfish
221. Microspathodon frontatus Guinean damselfish
222. Neoglyphidodon bonang Ocellated damsel
223. Neoglyphidodon carlsoni Carlson's damsel
224. Neoglyphidodon crossi Cross' damsel
225. Neoglyphidodon melas Bowtie damselfish
226. Neoglyphidodon nigroris Black-and-gold chromis
227. Neoglyphidodon oxyodon Bluestreak damselfish
228. Neoglyphidodon polyacanthus Multispine damselfish
229. Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus Barhead damsel
230. Neopomacentrus anabatoides Silver demoiselle
231. Neopomacentrus aquadulcis
232. Neopomacentrus azysron Yellowtail demoiselle
233. Neopomacentrus bankieri Chinese demoiselle
234. Neopomacentrus cyanomos Regal demoiselle
235. Neopomacentrus fallax Violet damsel
236. Neopomacentrus filamentosus Brown demoiselle
237. Neopomacentrus fuliginosus African demoiselle
238. Neopomacentrus metallicus Metallic demoiselle
239. Neopomacentrus miryae Miry's demoiselle
240. Neopomacentrus nemurus Coral demoiselle
241. Neopomacentrus sindensis Arabian demoiselle
804
242. Neopomacentrus sororius
243. Neopomacentrus taeniurus Freshwater demoiselle
244. Neopomacentrus violascens Violet demoiselle
245. Neopomacentrus xanthurus Red Sea demoiselle
246. Nexilosus latifrons Coquito sergeant
247. Parma alboscapularis Black scalyfin
248. Parma bicolor Bicolor scalyfin
249. Parma kermadecensis Kermadec scalyfin
250. Parma mccullochi McCulloch's scalyfin
251. Parma microlepis White-ear scalyfin
252. Parma occidentalis Western scalyfin
253. Parma oligolepis Big-scale parma
254. Parma polylepis Banded parma
255. Parma unifasciata Girdled scalyfin
256. Parma victoriae Victorian scalyfin
257. Plectroglyphidodon dickii Blackbar devil
258. Plectroglyphidodon flaviventris Yellow-belly damsel
259. Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis Brighteye damselfish
260. Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Johnston Island damsel
261. Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Whitespotted devil
262. Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus Singlebar devil
263. Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis Phoenix devil
264. Plectroglyphidodon randalli Mauritian damsel
265. Plectroglyphidodon sagmarius
266. Plectroglyphidodon sindonis Rock damselfish
267. Pomacentrus adelus Obscure damsel
268. Pomacentrus agassizii Creole damsel
269. Pomacentrus albicaudatus Whitefin damsel
270. Pomacentrus albimaculus Whitespot damsel
271. Pomacentrus alexanderae Alexander's damsel
272. Pomacentrus alleni Andaman damsel
273. Pomacentrus amboinensis Ambon damsel
274. Pomacentrus aquilus Dark damsel
275. Pomacentrus arabicus Arabian damsel
276. Pomacentrus armillatus
277. Pomacentrus atriaxillaris
278. Pomacentrus aurifrons
279. Pomacentrus auriventris Goldbelly damsel
280. Pomacentrus australis Australian damsel
281. Pomacentrus azuremaculatus Bluespotted damsel
282. Pomacentrus baenschi Baensch's damsel
283. Pomacentrus bankanensis Speckled damselfish
284. Pomacentrus bintanensis
285. Pomacentrus bipunctatus
286. Pomacentrus brachialis Charcoal damsel
287. Pomacentrus burroughi Burrough's damsel
288. Pomacentrus caeruleopunctatus
289. Pomacentrus caeruleus Caerulean damsel
290. Pomacentrus callainus
291. Pomacentrus chrysurus Whitetail damsel
292. Pomacentrus coelestis Neon damselfish
293. Pomacentrus colini Colin's damsel
294. Pomacentrus cuneatus Wedgespot damsel
295. Pomacentrus emarginatus Outer-reef damsel
296. Pomacentrus fuscidorsalis Tahitian reef-damsel
805
297. Pomacentrus geminospilus Sabah damsel
298. Pomacentrus grammorhynchus Bluespot damsel
299. Pomacentrus imitator Imitator damsel
300. Pomacentrus indicus Indian damsel
301. Pomacentrus javanicus Java damsel
302. Pomacentrus komodoensis
303. Pomacentrus lepidogenys Scaly damsel
304. Pomacentrus leptus Slender damsel
305. Pomacentrus limosus Muddy damsel
306. Pomacentrus littoralis Smoky damsel
307. Pomacentrus melanochir Indonesian damsel
308. Pomacentrus microspilus
309. Pomacentrus milleri Miller's damselfish
310. Pomacentrus moluccensis Lemon damsel
311. Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Nagasaki damsel
312. Pomacentrus nigromanus Goldback damsel
313. Pomacentrus nigromarginatus Blackmargined damsel
314. Pomacentrus opisthostigma Brown damsel
315. Pomacentrus pavo Sapphire damsel
316. Pomacentrus philippinus Philippine damsel
317. Pomacentrus pikei Blacklip damsel
318. Pomacentrus polyspinus Thai damsel
319. Pomacentrus proteus Colombo damsel
320. Pomacentrus reidi Reid's damsel
321. Pomacentrus rodriguesensis
322. Pomacentrus saksonoi Anton's damsel
323. Pomacentrus similis Similar damsel
324. Pomacentrus simsiang Blueback damsel
325. Pomacentrus smithi Smith's damsel
326. Pomacentrus spilotoceps
327. Pomacentrus stigma Blackspot damsel
328. Pomacentrus sulfureus Sulphur damsel
329. Pomacentrus taeniometopon Brackish damsel
330. Pomacentrus trichourus Paletail damsel
321. Pomacentrus trilineatus Threeline damsel
322. Pomacentrus tripunctatus Threespot damsel
323. Pomacentrus vaiuli Ocellate damselfish
324. Pomacentrus wardi Ward's damsel
325. Pomacentrus xanthosternus Yellowbreasted damsel
326. Pomacentrus yoshii
327. Pomachromis exilis Slender reef-damsel
328. Pomachromis guamensis Guam damsel
329. Pomachromis richardsoni Richardson's reef-damsel
330. Premnas biaculeatus Spinecheek anemonefish
331. Pristotis cyanostigma Bluedotted damsel
332. Pristotis obtusirostris Gulf damselfish
333. Similiparma hermani Cape damsel
334. Stegastes acapulcoensis Acapulco major
335. Stegastes adustus Dusky damselfish
336. Stegastes albifasciatus Whitebar gregory
337. Stegastes altus Japanese gregory
338. Stegastes apicalis Australian gregory
339. Stegastes arcifrons Island major
340. Stegastes aureus Golden gregory
341. Stegastes baldwini Baldwin's major
806
342. Stegastes beebei Southern whitetail major
343. Stegastes diencaeus Longfin damselfish
344. Stegastes emeryi Emery's gregory
345. Stegastes fasciolatus Pacific gregory
346. Stegastes flavilatus Beaubrummel
347. Stegastes fuscus Brazilian damsel
348. Stegastes gascoynei Coral sea gregory
349. Stegastes imbricatus Cape Verde gregory
350. Stegastes insularis Island gregory
351. Stegastes leucorus Whitetail major
352. Stegastes leucostictus Beaugregory
353. Stegastes limbatus Ebony gregory
354. Stegastes lividus Blunt snout gregory
355. Stegastes lubbocki
356. Stegastes nigricans Dusky farmerfish
357. Stegastes obreptus Western gregory
358. Stegastes otophorus Freshwater gregory
359. Stegastes partitus Bicolor damselfish
360. Stegastes pelicieri Mauritian gregory
361. Stegastes pictus Yellowtip damselfish
362. Stegastes planifrons Threespot damselfish
363. Stegastes rectifraenum Cortez damselfish
364. Stegastes redemptus Clarion major
365. Stegastes robertsoni
366. Stegastes rocasensis Rocas gregory
367. Stegastes sanctaehelenae
368. Stegastes sanctipauli Saint Paul's gregory
369. Stegastes trindadensis Trinadade gregory
370. Stegastes uenfi
371. Stegastes variabilis Cocoa damselfish
372. Teixeirichthys jordani Jordan's damsel
807
Family Pomatomidae
(Bluefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Dorsal fins 2; D1 7-8 spines;
D2 1 spine, 13-28 soft rays. Anal fin 2-3 spines, 12-27 soft rays. Soft-
rays of dorsal and anal fins scaly. Preopercle bearing a membrane flap
over the subopercle. Pectorals with a black blotch at base. Vertebrae
26.

1. Pomatomus saltatrix Bluefish
808
Family Priacanthidae
(Bigeyes or Catalufas)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Eyes very
big, with a brilliant reflective layer (tapetum lucidum). Mouth big and
superior (strongly oblique). Dorsal fin spines usually 10; soft rays 10-
15. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 9-16. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate to rounded. Sixteen principal rays in caudal fin (2
unbranched). Inner rays of pelvic fin attached to body by a
membrane. Scales very rough with integral spines, usually bright red
in color. Epibenthic and generally associated with rock formations or
coral reefs; a few species are often trawled in more open areas;
usually carnivorous and nocturnal. Eggs, larvae and early juvenile
stages are pelagic. Typically less than 30 cm TL, but largest species
attains more than 50 cm maximum length. Used as foodfish.

1. Cookeolus japonicus Longfinned bullseye
2. Heteropriacanthus cruentatus Glasseye
3. Priacanthus alalaua Alalaua
4. Priacanthus arenatus Atlantic bigeye
5. Priacanthus blochii Paeony bulleye
6. Priacanthus fitchi Deepsea bigeye
7. Priacanthus hamrur Moontail bullseye
8. Priacanthus macracanthus Red bigeye
9. Priacanthus meeki Hawaiian bigeye
10. Priacanthus nasca
11. Priacanthus prolixus Elongate bulleye
12. Priacanthus sagittarius Arrow bulleye
13. Priacanthus tayenus Purple-spotted bigeye
14. Priacanthus zaiserae
15. Pristigenys alta Short bigeye
16. Pristigenys meyeri
17. Pristigenys niphonia Japanese bigeye
18. Pristigenys serrula Popeye catalufa
809
Family Pseudaphritidae
(Catadromous icefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Freshwater, brackish, and marine. Southern Australia (including

Tasmania).

1. Pseudaphritis porosus
2. Pseudaphritis undulatus
3. Pseudaphritis urvillii Congolli
810
Family Pseudochromidae
(Dottybacks)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Marine, rarely brackish. One spine on pelvic

fin. Pelvic fin insertion below or before pectoral fin base. Lateral line
variable (interrupted or continuous in some). Attains about 50 cm
maximum length in Congrogadinae; mostly below 11 cm. Small, often
brilliantly colored elongate fishes. Most species remain near crevices or
among rubble. They feed on small invertebrates and fishes. The male
guards a ball of eggs deposited by the female. Some species are
mouthbrooders.

1. Anisochromis kenyae Annie
2. Anisochromis mascarenensis
3. Anisochromis straussi
4. Assiculoides desmonotus Bondfin dottyback
5. Assiculus punctatus
6. Blennodesmus scapularis Ocellate eel blenny
7. Chlidichthys abruptus St Brandon's dottyback
8. Chlidichthys auratus Golden dottyback
9. Chlidichthys bibulus Nosey dottyback
10. Chlidichthys cacatuoides Cockatoo dottyback
11. Chlidichthys chagosensis Chagos dottyback
12. Chlidichthys clibanarius Chainmail dottyback
13. Chlidichthys foudioides Fody dottyback
14. Chlidichthys inornatus
15. Chlidichthys johnvoelckeri Cerise dottyback
16. Chlidichthys pembae
17. Chlidichthys randalli
18. Chlidichthys rubiceps
19. Chlidichthys smithae
20. Congrogadus amplimaculatus Largespot eel blenny
21. Congrogadus hierichthys
22. Congrogadus malayanus Malayan eel blenny
23. Congrogadus spinifer Spiny eel-blenny
24. Congrogadus subducens Carpet eel-blenny
25. Congrogadus winterbottomi Pilbara eelblenny
26. Cypho purpurascens Oblique-lined dottyback
27. Cypho zaps Checkered dottyback
28. Halidesmus coccus Rooster snakelet
29. Halidesmus polytretus
811
30. Halidesmus scapularis Snakelet
31. Halidesmus socotraensis Socotran snakelet
32. Halidesmus thomaseni Thomasen's snakelet
33. Halimuraena hexagonata
34. Halimuraena lepopareia
35. Halimuraena shakai Zulu snakelet
36. Halimuraenoides isostigma
37. Haliophis aethiopus
38. Haliophis diademus Stars-and-stripes snakelet
39. Haliophis guttatus African eel blenny
40. Labracinus atrofasciatus
41. Labracinus cyclophthalmus Fire-tail devil
42. Labracinus lineatus Lined dottyback
43. Labracinus melanotaenia Darkstriped dottyback
44. Lubbockichthys multisquamatus Fine-scaled dottyback
45. Lubbockichthys myersi
46. Lubbockichthys tanakai
47. Manonichthys alleni Sabah dottyback
48. Manonichthys jamali
49. Manonichthys paranox Midnight dottyback
50. Manonichthys polynemus Longfin dottyback
51. Manonichthys splendens Splendid dottyback
52. Manonichthys winterbottomi False midnight dottyback
53. Natalichthys leptus Pencil snakelet
54. Natalichthys ori Natal snakelet
55. Natalichthys sam Nail snakelet
56. Ogilbyina novaehollandiae Multicolored dottyback
57. Ogilbyina queenslandiae Queensland dottyback
58. Ogilbyina salvati
59. Oxycercichthys veliferus Sailfin dottyback
60. Pectinochromis lubbocki
61. Pholidochromis cerasina
62. Pholidochromis marginata Margined dottyback
63. Pictichromis aurifrons Gold-browed dottyback
64. Pictichromis caitlinae
65. Pictichromis coralensis Bicoloured dottyback
66. Pictichromis diadema Diadem dottyback
67. Pictichromis dinar Dottyback
68. Pictichromis ephippiata
69. Pictichromis paccagnellae Royal dottyback
70. Pictichromis porphyrea Magenta dottyback
71. Pseudochromis aldabraensis Orange dottyback
72. Pseudochromis alticaudex Spotbreast dottyback
73. Pseudochromis andamanensis Andaman dottyback
74. Pseudochromis aureolineatus Gold-lined dottyback
75. Pseudochromis aurulentus
76. Pseudochromis bitaeniatus Double-striped dottyback
77. Pseudochromis caudalis
78. Pseudochromis coccinicauda
79. Pseudochromis colei
80. Pseudochromis cometes
81. Pseudochromis cyanotaenia Surge dottyback
82. Pseudochromis dilectus
83. Pseudochromis dixurus Forktail dottyback
84. Pseudochromis dutoiti Dutoiti
812
85. Pseudochromis elongatus
86. Pseudochromis flammicauda Firetail dottyback
87. Pseudochromis flavivertex Sunrise dottyback
88. Pseudochromis flavopunctatus
89. Pseudochromis fowleri
90. Pseudochromis fridmani Orchid dottyback
91. Pseudochromis fuscus Brown dottyback
92. Pseudochromis howsoni Howson's dottyback
93. Pseudochromis jace
94. Pseudochromis jamesi Spot-tailed dottyback
95. Pseudochromis kolythrus
96. Pseudochromis kristinae Lipstick dottyback
97. Pseudochromis leucorhynchus White-nosed dottyback
98. Pseudochromis linda Yellowtail dottyback
99. Pseudochromis litus
100. Pseudochromis lugubris Mournful dottyback
101. Pseudochromis luteus
102. Pseudochromis madagascariensis Madagascan dottyback
103. Pseudochromis magnificus Magnificent dottyback
104. Pseudochromis marshallensis Marshall Is. dottyback
105. Pseudochromis matahari Sunburst Dottyback
106. Pseudochromis melanotus
107. Pseudochromis melanurus Blacktail dottyback
108. Pseudochromis melas Dark dottyback
109. Pseudochromis mooii Mooi's dottyback
110. Pseudochromis moorei
111. Pseudochromis natalensis Natal dottyback
112. Pseudochromis nigrovittatus Blackstripe dottyback
113. Pseudochromis olivaceus Olive dottyback
114. Pseudochromis omanensis
115. Pseudochromis persicus Bluespotted dottyback
116. Pseudochromis perspicillatus Southeast Asian blackstripe dottyback
117. Pseudochromis pesi Pale dottyback
118. Pseudochromis pictus
119. Pseudochromis punctatus
120. Pseudochromis pylei Pyle's dottyback
121. Pseudochromis quinquedentatus Spiny dottyback
122. Pseudochromis ransonneti Karimunjawa dottyback
123. Pseudochromis reticulatus Reticulate dottyback
124. Pseudochromis sankeyi Striped dottyback
125. Pseudochromis springeri Blue-striped dottyback
126. Pseudochromis steenei Lyretail dottyback
127. Pseudochromis striatus
128. Pseudochromis tapeinosoma Blackmargin dottyback
129. Pseudochromis tauberae Lightheaded dottyback
130. Pseudochromis tonozukai Spot-stripe dottyback
131. Pseudochromis viridis Green dottyback
132. Pseudochromis wilsoni Yellowfin dottyback
133. Pseudochromis xanthochir
134. Pseudoplesiops annae
135. Pseudoplesiops collare
136. Pseudoplesiops howensis Lord Howe Dottyback
137. Pseudoplesiops immaculatus Immaculate dottyback
138. Pseudoplesiops knighti Bug-eyed dottyback
139. Pseudoplesiops occidentalis
813
140. Pseudoplesiops revellei Bearded dottyback
141. Pseudoplesiops rosae Rose Island basslet
142. Pseudoplesiops typus Hidden basslet
143. Pseudoplesiops wassi Fleckfin dottyback
144. Rusichthys explicitus
145. Rusichthys plesiomorphus
814
Family Ptereleotridae
(Dartfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Marine, rarely freshwater. Tropical and subtropical waters.

1. Aioliops brachypterus
2. Aioliops megastigma
3. Aioliops novaeguineae
4. Aioliops tetrophthalmus
5. Nemateleotris decora Elegant firefish
6. Nemateleotris helfrichi Helfrichs' dartfish
7. Nemateleotris magnifica Fire goby
8. Oxymetopon compressus
9. Oxymetopon cyanoctenosum Blue-barred ribbon goby
10. Oxymetopon filamentosum
11. Oxymetopon formosum
12. Oxymetopon typus
13. Parioglossus aporos
14. Parioglossus caeruleolineatus
15. Parioglossus dotui
16. Parioglossus formosus Beautiful hover goby
17. Parioglossus galzini
18. Parioglossus interruptus
19. Parioglossus lineatus Lined hover goby
20. Parioglossus marginalis
21. Parioglossus multiradiatus
22. Parioglossus neocaledonicus
23. Parioglossus nudus Naked hover goby
24. Parioglossus palustris Borneo hoverer
25. Parioglossus philippinus Philippine dartfish
26. Parioglossus rainfordi Rainford's dartfish
27. Parioglossus raoi Rao's hover goby
28. Parioglossus senoui
29. Parioglossus sinensis
30. Parioglossus taeniatus Taeniatus dartfish
31. Parioglossus triquetrus
32. Parioglossus verticalis Vertical hover goby
33. Parioglossus winterbottomi
34. Ptereleotris arabica
35. Ptereleotris brachyptera
36. Ptereleotris calliura Blue goby
37. Ptereleotris carinata Panamic dartfish
38. Ptereleotris crossogenion
39. Ptereleotris evides Blackfin dartfish
815
40. Ptereleotris grammica Lined dartfish
41. Ptereleotris hanae Blue hana goby
42. Ptereleotris helenae Hovering goby
43. Ptereleotris heteroptera Blacktail goby
44. Ptereleotris kallista
45. Ptereleotris lineopinnis Sad glider
46. Ptereleotris melanopogon
47. Ptereleotris microlepis Blue gudgeon
48. Ptereleotris monoptera
49. Ptereleotris randalli Brazilian dartfish
50. Ptereleotris uroditaenia Flagtail dartfish
51. Ptereleotris zebra Chinese zebra goby
816
Family Ptilichthyidae
(Quillfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Northern North Pacific. Body extremely slender and

elongate; dorsal and anal fins long and tall giving the fish the
appearance of a bird's wing feather, or writing quill. Head small, 4-7%
of body length, with a broad fleshy appendage at the symphysis of the
lower jaw. Dorsal fin starts at nape and comprises 79-90 isolated, low
spines followed by 130-157 soft rays. Anal fin begins far forward (at
about 30% of standard length) with 166-196 soft rays. Dorsal and anal
fins confluent with much reduced caudal fin and, with growth of fish,
fleshy extension of tail which becomes relatively longer and almost
filamentous. Pectoral fins rounded, with 11-13 rays. Pelvic fins and
girdle absent. One pair of nostrils (posterior absent). Scales cycloid,
very small and scattered; or absent. Mechanosensory canals of the
head reduced, remaining canals with few pores: nasal 1, interorbital 1,
postorbital 1, preopercular 3, mandibular 2. Trunk lateral line canal
absent, superficial neuromasts presumed present. Jaw teeth closely
set, uniserial, with sharp conical tips; vomerine and palatine teeth
absent. Gill membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus. Gill
rakers as low, stout nubs. Branchiostegal rays 5-7. Pyloric caeca and
swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 222-240. Yellow or orange to greenish
gray, somewhat translucent; dark streak along body and others on
head in preserved specimens. Attains up to 39 cm length not including
caudal filament. Found at depths to 360 m or more, typically at
shallower depths over the middle and inner continental shelf. May
burrow in sand and mud during the day, but their daytime behavior is
not known with certainty. Migrate at night to the surface to feed and
are attracted by lights to docks and boats.

1. Ptilichthys goodei Quillfish
817
Family Rachycentridae
(Cobia)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. Elongate body. Head depressed.

Six to nine short free spines preceeding the long dorsal fin. Spines in
dorsal fin 1-3; soft rays 26-33. Anal fin long. Anal spines 2 or 3; soft
rays 22-28. Body with 3 dark lateral stripes. To 1.5 m maximum
length. Feed on crustaceans, fishes, and squids. Assumed to be a
pelagic spawner (RF). An excellent food and gamefish.

1. Rachycentron canadum Cobia
818
Family Rhyacichthyidae
(Loach gobies)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Australian Archipelago, Philippines, China, and

Solomon Islands. Compressed tail. Depressed head. Eyes small. Mouth
subterminal. Upper lip fleshy. Interpelvic space wide. Broad pectoral
fins; rays 21 or 22. With an adhesive or sucking disc comprised of the
lower surface of head, anterior part of the body, and the paired fins.
Dorsal fins quite apart. First dorsal with 7 weak spines; second dorsal
with 1 spine and 8 or 9 soft rays. One weak spine in anal fin; 8 or 9
soft rays. About 35-40 ctenoid scales in lateral line. Well developed
lateral line system on head and body. Lunate caudal fin. About 32 cm
maximum length.

1. Protogobius attiti
2. Rhyacichthys aspro Loach goby
3. Rhyacichthys guilberti
819
Family Scaridae
(Parrotfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly tropical. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Jaw
teeth fused or parrotlike. Spines in dorsal fin 9; soft rays 10. Three
spines in anal fin; soft rays 9. One spine in pelvic; soft rays 5. Caudal
fin with 11 branched rays. Scales large; cycloid. Lateral line with
usually 22-24 scales. Vertebrae 25. Herbivorous, usually scraping algae
from dead coral substrates. Bits of rock eaten with the algae are
crushed into sand and ground with the algae to aid in digestion,
making parrotfish some of the most important producers of sand on
coral reefs. At night, some species rest enveloped in their mucoid
secretion. Sex change seems a common occurence, with an initial
phase (IP) of both males and females, and the latter changing into a
brilliantly colored male terminal phase (TP). Terminal males dimonate
several females; pelagic spawners. Many species could be identified by
their live coloration but this may be lost in preservation, or can vary
between juveniles and adults and with sex change. Important food
fishes. Difficult to maintain in aquaria as the fused teeth need to
constantly graze dead coral rock in order to keep from growing too
long.

1. Bolbometopon muricatum Green humphead parrotfish
2. Calotomus carolinus Carolines parrotfish
3. Calotomus japonicus Japanese parrotfish
4. Calotomus spinidens Spinytooth parrotfish
5. Calotomus viridescens Viridescent parrotfish
6. Calotomus zonarchus Yellowbar parrot
7. Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolour parrotfish
8. Chlorurus atrilunula Bluemoon parrotfish
9. Chlorurus bleekeri Bleeker's parrotfish
10. Chlorurus bowersi Bower's parrotfish
11. Chlorurus capistratoides
12. Chlorurus cyanescens Blue humphead parrotfish
13. Chlorurus enneacanthus Captain parrotfish
14. Chlorurus frontalis Tan-faced parrotfish
15. Chlorurus genazonatus Sinai parrotfish
820
16. Chlorurus gibbus Heavybeak parrotfish
17. Chlorurus japanensis Palecheek parrotfish
18. Chlorurus microrhinos Steephead parrots
19. Chlorurus oedema Knothead parrotfish
20. Chlorurus perspicillatus Spectacled parrotfish
21. Chlorurus rhakoura
22. Chlorurus sordidus Daisy parrotfish
23. Chlorurus strongylocephalus Steephead parrotfish
24. Chlorurus troschelii Troschel's parrotfish
25. Cryptotomus roseus Bluelip parrotfish
26. Hipposcarus harid Candelamoa parrotfish
27. Hipposcarus longiceps Pacific longnose parrotfish
28. Leptoscarus vaigiensis Marbled parrotfish
29. Nicholsina denticulata Loosetooth parrotfish
30. Nicholsina usta collettei
31. Nicholsina usta usta Emerald parrotfish
32. Scarus altipinnis Filament-finned parrotfish
33. Scarus arabicus Arabian parrotfish
34. Scarus caudofasciatus Redbarred parrotfish
35. Scarus chameleon Chameleon parrotfish
36. Scarus chinensis
37. Scarus coelestinus Midnight parrotfish
38. Scarus coeruleus Blue parrotfish
39. Scarus collana Red Sea parrotfish
40. Scarus compressus Azure parrotfish
41. Scarus dimidiatus Yellowbarred parrotfish
42. Scarus dubius Regal parrot
43. Scarus falcipinnis Sicklefin parrotfish
44. Scarus ferrugineus Rusty parrotfish
45. Scarus festivus Festive parrotfish
46. Scarus flavipectoralis Yellowfin parrotfish
47. Scarus forsteni Forsten's parrotfish
48. Scarus frenatus Bridled parrotfish
49. Scarus fuscocaudalis Darktail parrotfish
50. Scarus fuscopurpureus Purple-brown parrotfish
51. Scarus ghobban Blue-barred parrotfish
52. Scarus globiceps Globehead parrotfish
53. Scarus gracilis
54. Scarus guacamaia Rainbow parrotfish
55. Scarus hoefleri Guinean parrotfish
56. Scarus hypselopterus Yellow-tail parrotfish
57. Scarus iseri Striped parrotfish
58. Scarus koputea Marquesan parrotfish
59. Scarus longipinnis Highfin parrotfish
60. Scarus maculipinna Spot fin parrotfish
61. Scarus niger Dusky parrotfish
62. Scarus obishime
63. Scarus oviceps Dark capped parrotfish
64. Scarus ovifrons Knobsnout parrotfish
65. Scarus perrico Bumphead parrotfish
66. Scarus persicus Gulf parrotfish
67. Scarus prasiognathos Singapore parrotfish
68. Scarus psittacus Common parrotfish
69. Scarus quoyi Quoy's parrotfish
70. Scarus rivulatus Rivulated parrotfish
821
71. Scarus rubroviolaceus Ember parrotfish
72. Scarus russelii Eclipse parrotfish
73. Scarus scaber Fivesaddle parrotfish
74. Scarus schlegeli Yellowband parrotfish
75. Scarus spinus Greensnout parrotfish
76. Scarus taeniopterus Princess parrotfish
77. Scarus tricolor Tricolour parrotfish
78. Scarus trispinosus
79. Scarus vetula Queen parrotfish
80. Scarus viridifucatus Roundhead parrotfish
81. Scarus xanthopleura Red parrotfish
82. Scarus zelindae
83. Scarus zufar Dhofar parrotfish
84. Sparisoma amplum
85. Sparisoma atomarium Greenblotch parrotfish
86. Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband parrotfish
87. Sparisoma axillare
88. Sparisoma chrysopterum Redtail parrotfish
89. Sparisoma cretense Parrotfish
90. Sparisoma frondosum
91. Sparisoma griseorubrum
92. Sparisoma radians Bucktooth parrotfish
93. Sparisoma rubripinne Redfin parrotfish
94. Sparisoma strigatum Strigate parrotfish
95. Sparisoma tuiupiranga
96. Sparisoma viride Stoplight parrotfish
822
Family Scatophagidae
(Scats)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Compressed and deep-bodied like

butterflyfishes. Mouth non-protrusible. Pelvics with axillary process.
Deep notch on dorsal fin. First spine in dorsal fin procumbent. Spines
in anal fin 4. Sixteen branched rays in caudal fin. Vertebrae 23 (11 +
12). To about 35 cm maximum length. Feed on algae and feces.
Commonly kept in freshwater aquaria.

1. Scatophagus argus Spotted scat
2. Scatophagus tetracanthus Scatty
3. Selenotoca multifasciata Spotbanded scat
4. Selenotoca papuensis
823
Family Schindleriidae
(Infantfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Oceanic. Small, neotenic. Pronephros functional, body transparent,

many cartilage and dermal bones do not develop. Unbranched dorsal
fin rays 15-22. Anal fin rays 11-17. Pectoral fin rays 11-18. Caudal fin
with 13 principal rays. Branchiostegal rays 5, short. Vertebrae 31-44.
Vertebral column with rodlike terminal section. Maximum length about
2 cm.

1. Schindleria brevipinguis Stout infantfish
2. Schindleria pietschmanni
3. Schindleria praematura Schindler's fish
824
Family Sciaenidae
(Drums or Croakers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Drums or croakers are distributed in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific
oceans. Dorsal fin long, having a deep notch between the spinous and
soft-rayed parts, but the parts rarely separate. Spinous part with 6-13
spines; the soft-rayed part with 1 spine and usually 20-35 soft rays.
Anal fin having 1 or 2 usually weak spines; soft rays 6-13. Lateral line
reaching end of caudal fin. Slightly emarginate to rounded caudal fin.
Opercle with the upper bony edge forked. Gill opening with a bony flap
above it. Some species with 1 barbel or a patch of small barbels on
chin. Large cavernous canals in head. Snout and lower jaw with
conspicuous pores. Vomer and palatine toothless. Swim bladder
usually having many branches and used as a resonating chamber.
Exceptionally large otoliths. Vertebrae 24-29. Bottom dwelling
carnivores, feeding on benthic invertebrates and small fishes. Juveniles
are popular aquarium fishes, but difficult to maintain.

1. Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater drum
2. Argyrosomus amoyensis Amoy croaker
3. Argyrosomus beccus
4. Argyrosomus coronus Dusky kob
5. Argyrosomus heinii Arabian sea meagre
6. Argyrosomus hololepidotus Southern meagre
7. Argyrosomus inodorus Mild meagre
8. Argyrosomus japonicus Japanese meagre
9. Argyrosomus regius Meagre
10. Argyrosomus thorpei Squaretail kob
11. Aspericorvina jubata Prickly croaker
12. Atractoscion aequidens Geelbeck croaker
13. Atractoscion nobilis White weakfish
14. Atrobucca adusta Scorched croaker
15. Atrobucca alcocki
16. Atrobucca antonbruun
17. Atrobucca bengalensis
18. Atrobucca brevis Orange jewfish
19. Atrobucca geniae
20. Atrobucca kyushini Black-spot croaker
21. Atrobucca marleyi African blackmouth croaker
825
22. Atrobucca nibe Blackmouth croaker
23. Atrobucca trewavasae
24. Austronibea oedogenys Yellowtail croaker
25. Bahaba chaptis Chaptis bahaba
26. Bahaba polykladiskos Spine bahaba
27. Bahaba taipingensis Chinese bahaba
28. Bairdiella armata Armed croaker
29. Bairdiella batabana Blue croaker
30. Bairdiella chrysoura
31. Bairdiella ensifera Swordspine croaker
32. Bairdiella icistia Ronco croaker
33. Bairdiella ronchus Ground croaker
34. Bairdiella sanctaeluciae Striped croaker
35. Boesemania microlepis Boeseman croaker
36. Cheilotrema saturnum Black croaker
37. Chrysochir aureus Reeve's croaker
38. Cilus gilberti Corvina drum
39. Collichthys lucidus
40. Collichthys niveatus
41. Corvula macrops Vacuocua croaker
42. Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus Barbel drum
43. Ctenosciaena peruviana Peruvian barbel drum
44. Cynoscion acoupa Acoupa weakfish
45. Cynoscion albus Whitefin weakfish
46. Cynoscion analis Peruvian weakfish
47. Cynoscion arenarius Sand weakfish
48. Cynoscion guatucupa Stripped weakfish
49. Cynoscion jamaicensis Jamaica weakfish
50. Cynoscion leiarchus Smooth weakfish
51. Cynoscion microlepidotus Smallscale weakfish
52. Cynoscion nannus Dwarf weakfish
53. Cynoscion nebulosus Spotted weakfish
54. Cynoscion nortoni hake weakfish
55. Cynoscion nothus Silver seatrout
56. Cynoscion othonopterus Gulf weakfish
57. Cynoscion parvipinnis Shortfin weakfish
58. Cynoscion phoxocephalus Cachema weakfish
59. Cynoscion praedatorius Boccone weakfish
60. Cynoscion regalis Squeteague
61. Cynoscion reticulatus
62. Cynoscion similis Tonkin weakfish
63. Cynoscion squamipinnis Weakfish
64. Cynoscion steindachneri Smalltooth weakfish
65. Cynoscion stolzmanni Stolzmann's weakfish
66. Cynoscion striatus Striped weakfish
67. Cynoscion virescens Green weakfish
68. Cynoscion xanthulus Orangemouth weakfish
69. Daysciaena albida Bengal corvina
70. Dendrophysa russelii Goatee croaker
71. Elattarchus archidium Bluestreak drum
72. Equetus iwamotoi Blackbar drum
73. Equetus lanceolatus Jack-knifefish
74. Equetus punctatus Spotted drum
75. Genyonemus lineatus White croaker
76. Isopisthus parvipinnis Bigtooth corvina
826
77. Isopisthus remifer Silver weakfish
78. Johnius amblycephalus Bearded croaker
79. Johnius australis Bottlenose jewfish
80. Johnius belangerii Belanger's croaker
81. Johnius borneensis Sharpnose hammer croaker
82. Johnius cantori
83. Johnius carouna Caroun croaker
84. Johnius carutta Karut croaker
85. Johnius coitor Coitor croaker
86. Johnius distinctus
87. Johnius dorsalis Small kob
88. Johnius dussumieri Sin croaker
89. Johnius elongatus Spindle croaker
90. Johnius fasciatus
91. Johnius fuscolineatus Bellfish
92. Johnius gangeticus
93. Johnius glaucus Pale spotfin croaker
94. Johnius goldmani
95. Johnius grypotus
96. Johnius heterolepis Large-scale croaker
97. Johnius hypostoma Small-mouth croaker
98. Johnius laevis Smooth croaker
99. Johnius latifrons Broad-head croaker
100. Johnius macropterus Largefin croaker
101. Johnius macrorhynus Big-snout croaker
102. Johnius mannarensis Mannar croaker
103. Johnius novaeguineae Paperhead croaker
104. Johnius novaehollandiae
105. Johnius pacificus Pacific croaker
106. Johnius philippinus
107. Johnius plagiostoma Large-eye croaker
108. Johnius trachycephalus Leaftail croaker
109. Johnius trewavasae Trewavas croaker
110. Johnius weberi Weber's croaker
111. Kathala axillaris Kathala croaker
112. Larimichthys crocea Large yellow croaker
113. Larimichthys pamoides Southern yellow croaker
114. Larimichthys polyactis Yellow croaker
115. Larimus acclivis Steeplined drum
116. Larimus argenteus Silver drum
117. Larimus breviceps Shorthead drum
118. Larimus effulgens Shining drum
119. Larimus fasciatus Banded drum
120. Larimus pacificus Pacific drum
121. Leiostomus xanthurus Spot croaker
122. Lonchurus elegans Blackfin croaker
123. Lonchurus lanceolatus Longtail croaker
124. Macrodon ancylodon King weakfish
125. Macrodon mordax Dogteeth weakfish
126. Macrospinosa cuja
127. Megalonibea fusca
128. Menticirrhus americanus Southern kingcroaker
129. Menticirrhus elongatus Pacific kingcroaker
130. Menticirrhus littoralis Gulf kingcroaker
131. Menticirrhus nasus Highfin king croaker
827
132. Menticirrhus ophicephalus Snakehead kingcroaker
133. Menticirrhus paitensis Paita kingcroaker
134. Menticirrhus panamensis Panama kingcroaker
135. Menticirrhus saxatilis Northern kingfish
136. Menticirrhus undulatus California kingcroaker
137. Micropogonias altipinnis Tallfin croaker
138. Micropogonias ectenes Slender croaker
139. Micropogonias fasciatus
140. Micropogonias furnieri Whitemouth croaker
141. Micropogonias manni
142. Micropogonias megalops
143. Micropogonias undulatus Atlantic croaker
144. Miichthys miiuy Mi-iuy croaker
145. Miracorvina angolensis Angola croaker
146. Nebris microps Smalleye croaker
147. Nebris occidentalis Pacific smalleye croaker
148. Nibea albiflora Yellow drum
149. Nibea chui Chu's croaker
150. Nibea coibor
151. Nibea leptolepis Small scale croaker
152. Nibea maculata Blotched croaker
153. Nibea microgenys Small-jaw croaker
154. Nibea mitsukurii Honnibe croaker
155. Nibea semifasciata Sharpnose croaker
156. Nibea soldado Soldier croaker
157. Nibea squamosa Scale croaker
158. Odontoscion dentex Reef croaker
159. Odontoscion eurymesops Galapagos croaker
160. Odontoscion xanthops Yelloweye croaker
161. Ophioscion adustus Croaker
162. Ophioscion costaricensis
163. Ophioscion imiceps Blinkard croaker
164. Ophioscion panamensis Panama croaker
165. Ophioscion punctatissimus Spotted croaker
166. Ophioscion scierus Point-Tuza croaker
167. Ophioscion simulus Snub-nosed croaker
168. Ophioscion strabo Squint-eyed croaker
169. Ophioscion typicus Point-nosed croaker
170. Ophioscion vermicularis Vermiculated croaker
171. Otolithes cuvieri Lesser tigertooth croaker
172. Otolithes ruber Tigertooth croaker
173. Otolithoides biauritus Bronze croaker
174. Otolithoides pama Pama croaker
175. Pachypops fourcroi Guyanan croaker
176. Pachypops pigmaeus
177. Pachypops trifilis
178. Pachyurus adspersus Brazilian croaker
179. Pachyurus bonariensis La Plata croaker
180. Pachyurus calhamazon
181. Pachyurus francisci San Francisco croaker
182. Pachyurus gabrielensis
183. Pachyurus junki
184. Pachyurus paucirastrus
185. Pachyurus schomburgkii Amazon croaker
186. Pachyurus squamipennis
828
187. Pachyurus stewarti
188. Panna heterolepis Hooghly croaker
189. Panna microdon Panna croaker
190. Panna perarmatus Armour croaker
191. Paralonchurus brasiliensis Banded croaker
192. Paralonchurus dumerilii Suco croaker
193. Paralonchurus goodei Goode croaker
194. Paralonchurus peruanus Peruvian banded croaker
195. Paralonchurus petersii Peters' banded croaker
196. Paralonchurus rathbuni Bearded banded croaker
197. Paranebris bauchotae
198. Paranibea semiluctuosa Half-mourning croaker
199. Pareques acuminatus High-hat
200. Pareques fuscovittatus Fusco drum
201. Pareques lanfeari Royal highhat
202. Pareques perissa Odd highhat
203. Pareques umbrosus Cubbyu
204. Pareques viola Gungo highhat
205. Pennahia anea Bigeye croaker
206. Pennahia argentata Silver croaker
207. Pennahia macrocephalus Big-head pennah croaker
208. Pennahia ovata
209. Pennahia pawak Pawak croaker
210. Pentheroscion mbizi
211. Petilipinnis grunniens
212. Plagioscion auratus Black curbinata
213. Plagioscion casattii
214. Plagioscion montei
215. Plagioscion pauciradiatus
216. Plagioscion squamosissimus South American silver croaker
217. Plagioscion surinamensis Pacora
218. Plagioscion ternetzi Freshwater croaker
219. Pogonias cromis Black drum
220. Protonibea diacanthus Blackspotted croaker
221. Protosciaena trewavasae New Grenada drum
222. Pseudotolithus elongatus Bobo croaker
223. Pseudotolithus epipercus Guinea croaker
224. Pseudotolithus moorii Cameroon croaker
225. Pseudotolithus senegalensis Cassava croaker
226. Pseudotolithus senegallus Law croaker
227. Pseudotolithus typus Longneck croaker
228. Pteroscion peli Boe drum
229. Pterotolithus lateoides Bigmouth croaker
230. Pterotolithus maculatus Blotched tiger-toothed croaker
231. Roncador stearnsii Spotfin croaker
232. Sciaena bathytatos Deep-water drum
233. Sciaena callaensis
234. Sciaena deliciosa Lorna drum
235. Sciaena fasciata
236. Sciaena umbra Brown meagre
237. Sciaena wieneri
238. Sciaenops ocellatus Red drum
239. Seriphus politus Queen croaker
240. Sonorolux fluminis Estuary croaker
241. Stellifer brasiliensis
829
242. Stellifer chaoi
243. Stellifer chrysoleuca Shortnose stardrum
244. Stellifer colonensis Stardrum
245. Stellifer ephelis
246. Stellifer ericymba Hollow stardrum
247. Stellifer fuerthii White stardrum
248. Stellifer griseus Gray stardrum
249. Stellifer illecebrosus Silver stardrum
250. Stellifer lanceolatus American stardrum
251. Stellifer magoi
252. Stellifer mancorensis Smooth stardrum
253. Stellifer melanocheir Black stardrum
254. Stellifer microps Smalleye stardrum
255. Stellifer minor Minor stardrum
256. Stellifer naso
257. Stellifer oscitans Yawning stardrum
258. Stellifer pizarroensis Pizzaro stardrum
259. Stellifer rastrifer Rake stardrum
260. Stellifer stellifer Little croaker
261. Stellifer venezuelae
262. Stellifer walkeri Professor stardrum
263. Stellifer wintersteenorum Amigo stardrum
264. Stellifer zestocarus Softhead stardrum
265. Totoaba macdonaldi Totoaba
266. Umbrina analis Longspine drum
267. Umbrina broussonnetii Striped drum
268. Umbrina bussingi Bussing's drum
269. Umbrina canariensis Canary drum
270. Umbrina canosai Argentine croaker
271. Umbrina cirrosa Shi drum
272. Umbrina coroides Sand drum
273. Umbrina dorsalis Longfin drum
274. Umbrina galapagorum Galápagos drum
275. Umbrina imberbis
276. Umbrina milliae
277. Umbrina reedi
278. Umbrina roncador Yellowfin drum
279. Umbrina ronchus Fusca drum
280. Umbrina steindachneri Steindachner's drum
281. Umbrina wintersteeni Wintersteen drum
282. Umbrina xanti Polla drum
830
Family Scombridae
(Mackerels, Tunas, Bonitos)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical seas. Body elongate and fusiform,
moderately compressed in some genera. Snout pointed, premaxilla
beaklike, free from nasal bones which are separated by the ethmoid
bone; mouth large; teeth in jaws strong, moderate, or weak; no true
canines; palate and tongue may bear teeth. The 2 dorsal fins separate
and depressible into grooves with 5-12 finlets behind second dorsal
and anal fins; first dorsal fin with 9-27 rays, origin well behind the
head. Pectoral fins high on body. Pelvic fins moderate or small with 6
fin rays, placed below the pectoral fins. Caudal fin deeply forked with
supporting caudal rays completely covering hypural plate. At least 2
small keels on each side of caudal fin base, a larger keel in between
on caudal peduncle in more advanced species. Lateral line simple.
Vertebrae 31-66. Body covered with small to moderate scales or a
scaly corselet developed (area behind head and around pectoral fins
covered with large thick scales) and rest of body naked or covered
with tiny scales. Gill membranes not united to isthmus. Thunnus and
close relatives with a specialized vascular system for heat exchange;
the evolution of this and related adaptations for endothermy are
discussed in Block et al. 1993. Primarily swift, epipelagic predators;
some species occur in coastal waters, others far from shore. Mackerels
(Scomber and Rastrelliger) filter plankton with their long gill rakers.
Spanish mackerels, bonitos and tunas feed on larger prey, including
small fishes, crustaceans and squids. The main predators of smaller
scombrids are other predacious fishes, particularly large tunas and
billfises. Dioecious and most display little or no sexual dimorphism in
structure or color pattern. Females of many species attain larger sizes
than maels. Batch spawning of most species takes place in tropical and
subtropical waters, frequently inshore. Eggs are pelagic and hatch into
planktonic larvae. Among the most important of commercial and sport
fishes. According to the recent phylogenies, two subfamilies can be
recognized: - Gasterochismatinae with one species Gasterochisma
831
melampus. - Scombrinae: divided currently in four tribes, only
Scombrini are supported by molecular data; more research is needed
for Scomberomorini, Sardini, and Thunnini.

1. Acanthocybium solandri Wahoo
2. Allothunnus fallai Slender tuna
3. Auxis rochei eudorax Bullet tuna
4. Auxis rochei rochei Bullet tuna
5. Auxis thazard brachydorax
6. Auxis thazard thazard Frigate tuna
7. Cybiosarda elegans Leaping bonito
8. Euthynnus affinis Kawakawa
9. Euthynnus alletteratus Little tunny
10. Euthynnus lineatus Black skipjack
11. Gasterochisma melampus Butterfly kingfish
12. Grammatorcynus bicarinatus Shark mackerel
13. Grammatorcynus bilineatus Double-lined mackerel
14. Gymnosarda unicolor Dogtooth tuna
15. Katsuwonus pelamis Skipjack tuna
16. Orcynopsis unicolor Plain bonito
17. Rastrelliger brachysoma Short mackerel
18. Rastrelliger faughni Island mackerel
19. Rastrelliger kanagurta Indian mackerel
20. Sarda australis Australian bonito
21. Sarda chiliensis chiliensis Eastern Pacific bonito
22. Sarda chiliensis lineolata Pacific bonito
23. Sarda orientalis Striped bonito
24. Sarda sarda Atlantic bonito
25. Scomber australasicus Blue mackerel
26. Scomber colias Atlantic chub mackerel
27. Scomber japonicus Chub mackerel
28. Scomber scombrus Atlantic mackerel
29. Scomberomorus brasiliensis Serra Spanish mackerel
30. Scomberomorus cavalla King mackerel
31. Scomberomorus commerson Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel
32. Scomberomorus concolor Monterey Spanish mackerel
33. Scomberomorus guttatus Indo-Pacific king mackerel
34. Scomberomorus koreanus Korean seerfish
35. Scomberomorus lineolatus Streaked seerfish
36. Scomberomorus maculatus Atlantic Spanish mackerel
37. Scomberomorus multiradiatus Papuan seerfish
38. Scomberomorus munroi Australian spotted mackerel
39. Scomberomorus niphonius Japanese Spanish mackerel
40. Scomberomorus plurilineatus Kanadi kingfish
41. Scomberomorus queenslandicus Queensland school mackerel
42. Scomberomorus regalis Cero
43. Scomberomorus semifasciatus Broad-barred king mackerel
44. Scomberomorus sierra Pacific sierra
45. Scomberomorus sinensis Chinese seerfish
46. Scomberomorus tritor West African Spanish mackerel
47. Thunnus alalunga Albacore
48. Thunnus albacares Yellowfin tuna
832
49. Thunnus atlanticus Blackfin tuna
50. Thunnus maccoyii Southern bluefin tuna
51. Thunnus obesus Bigeye tuna
52. Thunnus orientalis Pacific bluefin tuna
53. Thunnus thynnus Atlantic bluefin tuna
54. Thunnus tonggol Longtail tuna
833
Family Scombrolabracidae
(Longfin escolars)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Deep-water fishes. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

Protrusible premaxilla. Serrated operculum and preoperculum. Gas
bladder having thin, elastic walls and evaginations that fit into the
bullae of the adult vertebrae. Vertebrae 30, adults with the 5th
through 12th vertebrae having bullae bulging dorsolaterally and
opening ventrally. About 30 cm maximum length.

1. Scombrolabrax heterolepis Longfin escolar
834
Family Scombropidae
(Gnomefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Two dorsal fins. Soft-rayed parts
of dorsal and anal fins scaly. Preopercle bearing a membrane flap over
the subopercle. Pectorals with a black blotch at base.

1. Scombrops boops Gnomefish
2. Scombrops gilberti
3. Scombrops oculatus Atlantic scombrops
835
Family Scytalinidae
(Graveldivers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Subarctic and cold-temperate North Pacific. Small,

elongate and compressed. Extremely agile and when disturbed rapidly
escape by burrowing into the substrate. Their adeptness at going to
ground earned them the specific name cerdale, meaning the wary one
or the fox. Seldom observed or collected even though they occur in
some locations in dense concentrations, and probably are most often
seen by clam diggers.The generic name Scytalina is a diminutive of
Scytale, from the Greek for viper, in allusion to the serpentlike
appearance of the head: broad, with expanded cheeks and a distinct
neck, and two strong canines in the upper and lower jaws. Eyes small
situated high on the head. Dorsal and anal fins supported by thin,
flexible spines (no soft rays). Dorsal and anal fins both with 41-51
spines, deeply buried in skin, the fins beginning opposite each other
about halfway back on the body confluent with the caudal fin, which is
rounded. Pectoral fins tiny and fleshy, with about 8 rays. Pelvic fins
and girdle absent. One pair of nostrils (posterior absent). Cephalic
mechanosensory canals opening through pores in deep, broad
depressions with fleshy raised rims. Trunk lateral line canal, scales,
pyloric caeca and swim bladder absent. Teeth conical, present on
jaws, vomer, and palatines. Gill membranes broadly united, free from
the isthmus. Branchiostegal rays 6 or 7. Gill rakers practically obsolete.
Pleural ribs absent. Vertebrae 69-71. Pinkish brown with purplish
mottling, caudal fin margin reddish orange. Attains 15 cm maximum
total length. Intertidal and shallow subtidal in spaces under rocks and
in gravel, broken shells and sand substrates.

1. Scytalina cerdale Graveldiver
836
Family Serranidae
(Sea basses: Groupers and Fairy basslets)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Tropical and temperate oceans. Some enter freshwater.

Operculum bearing 3 spines - a main spine with one below and one
above it. Lateral line complete and continuous, not reaching onto
caudal fin (lacking in one species). Dorsal fin may be notched, with 7-
12 spines. Three spines on anal fin. Caudal fin usually rounded,
truncate, or lunate; rarely forked. Tip of maxilla exposed even with
mouth closed. No scaly axillary pelvic process. One spine on pelvic fin;
soft rays 5. Branchiostegal rays usually 7. Vertebrae 24-26.
Monoecious with some functional hermaphrodites; groupers are
protogynous hermaphrodites. Anthiinae are mostly small colorful
planktivores feeding primarily on tiny crustaceans and fish eggs. They
change sex from females to a few dominant males. Despite their
attractive colors they need zooplankton as food and are thus not well
suited for aquariums. Groupers attain up to 3 m maximum length and
weights of up to 400 kg. They are bottom-dwelling predators and
highly commercial food fish. Groupers are hardy aquarium fish, but
grow rapidly. Grammistinae get their name from a bitter tasting skin
toxin, grammistin, which can kill other animals in an aquarium. They
feed on crustaceans and fishes. Subfamilies Anthiinae, Epinephelinae
(tribes Epinephelini, Niphonini, Liopropomatini, Diploprioni,
Grammistini) and Serraninae. Synchronous hermaphroditism is
primitive in relation to proterogyne hermaphroditism in the phylogenic
evolution of Serranidae.

1. Acanthistius brasilianus Argentine seabass
2. Acanthistius cinctus Yellowbanded perch
3. Acanthistius fuscus
4. Acanthistius joanae Scalyjaw koester
5. Acanthistius ocellatus Eastern wirrah
6. Acanthistius pardalotus Leopard wirrah
7. Acanthistius patachonicus
8. Acanthistius paxtoni Orangelined wirrah
837
9. Acanthistius pictus Brick seabass
10. Acanthistius sebastoides Koester
11. Acanthistius serratus Western wirrah
12. Aethaloperca rogaa Redmouth grouper
13. Alphestes afer Mutton hamlet
14. Alphestes immaculatus Pacific mutton hamlet
15. Alphestes multiguttatus Rivulated mutton hamlet
16. Anatolanthias apiomycter
17. Anthias anthias Swallowtail seaperch
18. Anthias asperilinguis
19. Anthias cyprinoides
20. Anthias helenensis
21. Anthias menezesi
22. Anthias nicholsi Yellowfin bass
23. Anthias noeli Rosy Jewelfish
24. Anthias salmopunctatus
25. Anthias tenuis Threadnose bass
26. Anthias woodsi Swallowtail bass
27. Anyperodon leucogrammicus Slender grouper
28. Aporops bilinearis Blotched podge
29. Aulacocephalus temminckii Goldribbon soapfish
30. Bathyanthias cubensis
31. Bathyanthias mexicanus Yellowtail bass
32. Bathyanthias roseus
33. Belonoperca chabanaudi Arrowhead soapfish
34. Belonoperca pylei Orangespotted soapfish
35. Bullisichthys caribbaeus Pugnose bass
36. Caesioperca lepidoptera Butterfly perch
37. Caesioperca rasor Barber perch
38. Caesioscorpis theagenes Blowhole perch
39. Caprodon krasyukovae Krasyukova's perch
40. Caprodon longimanus Pink maomao
41. Caprodon schlegelii Sunrise perch
42. Centropristis fuscula Twospot sea bass
43. Centropristis ocyurus Bank sea bass
44. Centropristis philadelphica Rock sea bass
45. Centropristis rufus
46. Centropristis striata Black seabass
47. Cephalopholis aitha Rusty hind
48. Cephalopholis argus Peacock hind
49. Cephalopholis aurantia Golden hind
50. Cephalopholis boenak Chocolate hind
51. Cephalopholis cruentata Graysby
52. Cephalopholis cyanostigma Bluespotted hind
53. Cephalopholis formosa Bluelined hind
54. Cephalopholis fulva Coney
55. Cephalopholis hemistiktos Yellowfin hind
56. Cephalopholis igarashiensis Garish hind
57. Cephalopholis leopardus Leopard hind
58. Cephalopholis microprion Freckled hind
59. Cephalopholis miniata Coral hind
60. Cephalopholis nigri Niger hind
61. Cephalopholis oligosticta Vermilion hind
62. Cephalopholis panamensis Pacific graysby
63. Cephalopholis polleni Harlequin hind
838
64. Cephalopholis polyspila
65. Cephalopholis sexmaculata Sixblotch hind
66. Cephalopholis sonnerati Tomato hind
67. Cephalopholis spiloparaea Strawberry hind
68. Cephalopholis taeniops Bluespotted seabass
69. Cephalopholis urodeta Darkfin hind
70. Chelidoperca hirundinacea
71. Chelidoperca investigatoris
72. Chelidoperca lecromi
73. Chelidoperca margaritifera Pearly perchlet
74. Chelidoperca pleurospilus
75. Cratinus agassizii Graery threadfin seabass
76. Cromileptes altivelis Humpback grouper
77. Dactylanthias aplodactylus
78. Dactylanthias baccheti
79. Dermatolepis dermatolepis Leather bass
80. Dermatolepis inermis Marbled grouper
81. Dermatolepis striolata Smooth grouper
82. Diplectrum bivittatum Dwarf sand perch
83. Diplectrum conceptione Sand-perch
84. Diplectrum eumelum Orange-spotted sand perch
85. Diplectrum euryplectrum Bighead sand perch
86. Diplectrum formosum Sand perch
87. Diplectrum labarum Highfin sand perch
88. Diplectrum macropoma Mexican sand perch
89. Diplectrum maximum Torpedo sand perch
90. Diplectrum pacificum Inshore sand perch
91. Diplectrum radiale Pond perch
92. Diplectrum rostrum Bridled sand perch
93. Diplectrum sciurus Gulf squirrelfish
94. Diploprion bifasciatum Barred soapfish
95. Diploprion drachi Yellowfin soapfish
96. Epinephelides armatus Breaksea cod
97. Epinephelus adscensionis Rock hind
98. Epinephelus aeneus White grouper
99. Epinephelus akaara Hong Kong grouper
100. Epinephelus albomarginatus White-edged grouper
101. Epinephelus amblycephalus Banded grouper
102. Epinephelus analogus Spotted grouper
103. Epinephelus andersoni Catface grouper
104. Epinephelus areolatus Areolate grouper
105. Epinephelus awoara Yellow grouper
106. Epinephelus bilobatus Twinspot grouper
107. Epinephelus bleekeri Duskytail grouper
108. Epinephelus bontoides Palemargin grouper
109. Epinephelus bruneus Longtooth grouper
110. Epinephelus caninus Dogtooth grouper
111. Epinephelus chabaudi Moustache grouper
112. Epinephelus chlorocephalus Tonga grouper
113. Epinephelus chlorostigma Brownspotted grouper
114. Epinephelus cifuentesi Olive grouper
115. Epinephelus clippertonensis
116. Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus Whitespotted grouper
117. Epinephelus coioides Orange-spotted grouper
118. Epinephelus corallicola Coral grouper
839
119. Epinephelus costae Goldblotch grouper
120. Epinephelus cyanopodus Speckled blue grouper
121. Epinephelus daemelii Saddletail grouper
122. Epinephelus darwinensis Darwin grouper
123. Epinephelus diacanthus Spinycheek grouper
124. Epinephelus drummondhayi Speckled hind
125. Epinephelus epistictus Dotted grouper
126. Epinephelus erythrurus Cloudy grouper
127. Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus Rock grouper
128. Epinephelus fasciatus Blacktip grouper
129. Epinephelus faveatus Barred-chest grouper
130. Epinephelus flavocaeruleus Blue-and-yellow grouper
131. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Brown-marbled grouper
132. Epinephelus gabriellae Multispotted grouper
133. Epinephelus goreensis Dungat grouper
134. Epinephelus guttatus Red hind
135. Epinephelus haifensis Haifa grouper
136. Epinephelus heniochus Bridled grouper
137. Epinephelus hexagonatus Starspotted grouper
138. Epinephelus howlandi Blacksaddle grouper
139. Epinephelus indistinctus Somali grouper
140. Epinephelus irroratus Marquesan grouper
141. Epinephelus itajara Goliath grouper
142. Epinephelus labriformis Starry grouper
143. Epinephelus lanceolatus Giant grouper
144. Epinephelus latifasciatus Striped grouper
145. Epinephelus lebretonianus Mystery grouper
146. Epinephelus longispinis Longspine grouper
147. Epinephelus macrospilos Snubnose grouper
148. Epinephelus maculatus Highfin grouper
149. Epinephelus magniscuttis Speckled grouper
150. Epinephelus malabaricus Malabar grouper
151. Epinephelus marginatus Dusky grouper
152. Epinephelus melanostigma One-blotch grouper
153. Epinephelus merra Honeycomb grouper
154. Epinephelus miliaris Netfin grouper
155. Epinephelus morio Red grouper
156. Epinephelus morrhua Comet grouper
157. Epinephelus multinotatus White-blotched grouper
158. Epinephelus ongus White-streaked grouper
159. Epinephelus perplexus Puzzling grouper
160. Epinephelus poecilonotus Dot-dash grouper
161. Epinephelus polylepis Smallscaled grouper
162. Epinephelus polyphekadion Camouflage grouper
163. Epinephelus polystigma White-dotted grouper
164. Epinephelus posteli Striped-fin grouper
165. Epinephelus quoyanus Longfin grouper
166. Epinephelus radiatus Oblique-banded grouper
167. Epinephelus retouti Red-tipped grouper
168. Epinephelus rivulatus Halfmoon grouper
169. Epinephelus sexfasciatus Sixbar grouper
170. Epinephelus socialis Surge grouper
171. Epinephelus spilotoceps Foursaddle grouper
172. Epinephelus stictus Black-dotted grouper
173. Epinephelus stoliczkae Epaulet grouper
840
174. Epinephelus striatus Nassau grouper
175. Epinephelus suborbitalis Seamount grouper
176. Epinephelus summana Summan grouper
177. Epinephelus tauvina Greasy grouper
178. Epinephelus timorensis Yellowspotted grouper
179. Epinephelus trimaculatus Threespot grouper
180. Epinephelus trophis Plump grouper
181. Epinephelus tuamotuensis Reticulate grouper
182. Epinephelus tukula Potato grouper
183. Epinephelus undulatostriatus Maori grouper
184. Epinephelus undulosus Wavy-lined grouper
185. Giganthias immaculatus
186. Gonioplectrus hispanus Spanish flag
187. Gracila albomarginata Masked grouper
188. Grammistes sexlineatus Goldenstriped soapfish
189. Grammistops ocellatus Ocellate soapfish
190. Hemanthias aureorubens Streamer bass
191. Hemanthias leptus Longtail bass
192. Hemanthias peruanus Splittail bass
193. Hemanthias signifer Damsel bass
194. Hemanthias vivanus Red barbier
195. Hemilutjanus macrophthalmos Grape-eye seabass
196. Holanthias caudalis
197. Holanthias fronticinctus St. Helena seaperch
198. Hypoplectrodes annulatus Blackbanded seaperch
199. Hypoplectrodes cardinalis Red seaperch
200. Hypoplectrodes huntii Redbanded perch
201. Hypoplectrodes jamesoni Jameson's seaperch
202. Hypoplectrodes maccullochi Half-banded seaperch
203. Hypoplectrodes nigroruber Black-banded sea perch
204. Hypoplectrodes semicinctum
205. Hypoplectrodes wilsoni Spotty seaperch
206. Hypoplectrus aberrans Yellowbelly hamlet
207. Hypoplectrus chlorurus Yellowtail hamlet
208. Hypoplectrus gemma Blue hamlet
209. Hypoplectrus gummigutta Golden hamlet
210. Hypoplectrus guttavarius Shy hamlet
211. Hypoplectrus indigo Indigo hamlet
212. Hypoplectrus nigricans Black hamlet
213. Hypoplectrus providencianus Masked Hamlet
214. Hypoplectrus puella Barred hamlet
215. Hypoplectrus unicolor Butter hamlet
216. Hyporthodus acanthistius Rooster hind
217. Hyporthodus ergastularius Sevenbar grouper
218. Hyporthodus exsul Tenspine grouper
219. Hyporthodus flavolimbatus Yellowedge grouper
220. Hyporthodus mystacinus Misty grouper
221. Hyporthodus nigritus Warsaw grouper
222. Hyporthodus niphobles Star-studded grouper
223. Hyporthodus niveatus Snowy grouper
224. Hyporthodus octofasciatus Eightbar grouper
225. Hyporthodus quernus Hawaiian grouper
226. Hyporthodus septemfasciatus Convict grouper
227. Jeboehlkia gladifer
228. Lepidoperca aurantia New Zealand orange perch
841
229. Lepidoperca brochata Fangtooth perch
230. Lepidoperca caesiopercula Greycheek basslet
231. Lepidoperca coatsii
232. Lepidoperca filamenta Western orange perch
233. Lepidoperca inornata
234. Lepidoperca magna Sharphead perch
235. Lepidoperca occidentalis Western sea perch
236. Lepidoperca pulchella Orange perch
237. Lepidoperca tasmanica Tasmanian perch
238. Liopropoma aberrans
239. Liopropoma africanum African basslet
240. Liopropoma aragai
241. Liopropoma aurora Yellowmargin basslet
242. Liopropoma carmabi Candy basslet
243. Liopropoma collettei
244. Liopropoma danae
245. Liopropoma dorsoluteum
246. Liopropoma erythraeum
247. Liopropoma eukrines Wrasse bass
248. Liopropoma fasciatum Wrasse ass bass
249. Liopropoma flavidum
250. Liopropoma incomptum
251. Liopropoma japonicum
252. Liopropoma latifasciatum Blackstripe basslet
253. Liopropoma lemniscatum
254. Liopropoma longilepis Scalyfin basslet
255. Liopropoma lunulatum
256. Liopropoma maculatum
257. Liopropoma mitratum Pinstriped basslet
258. Liopropoma mowbrayi Cave bass
259. Liopropoma multilineatum Manyline perch
260. Liopropoma pallidum Pallid basslet
261. Liopropoma rubre Peppermint bass
262. Liopropoma susumi Meteor perch
263. Liopropoma swalesi
264. Liopropoma tonstrinum Redstriped basslet
265. Luzonichthys earlei Earle's splitfin
266. Luzonichthys microlepis Slender splitfin
267. Luzonichthys taeniatus
268. Luzonichthys waitei Waite's splitfin
269. Luzonichthys whitleyi Whitley's splitfin
270. Luzonichthys williamsi
271. Meganthias carpenteri Yellowtop Jewelfish
272. Meganthias kingyo
273. Meganthias natalensis Gorgeous swallowtail
274. Mycteroperca acutirostris Comb grouper
275. Mycteroperca bonaci Black grouper
276. Mycteroperca cidi Venezuelan grouper
277. Mycteroperca fusca Island grouper
278. Mycteroperca interstitialis Yellowmouth grouper
279. Mycteroperca jordani Gulf grouper
280. Mycteroperca microlepis Gag
281. Mycteroperca olfax Sailfin grouper
282. Mycteroperca phenax Scamp
283. Mycteroperca prionura Sawtail grouper
842
284. Mycteroperca rosacea Leopard grouper
285. Mycteroperca rubra Mottled grouper
286. Mycteroperca tigris Tiger grouper
287. Mycteroperca venenosa Yellowfin grouper
288. Mycteroperca xenarcha Broomtail grouper
289. Nemanthias carberryi Threadfin anthias
290. Niphon spinosus Ara
291. Odontanthias borbonius Checked swallowtail
292. Odontanthias caudicinctus Blackblotch swallowtail
293. Odontanthias chrysostictus
294. Odontanthias dorsomaculatus
295. Odontanthias elizabethae
296. Odontanthias flagris
297. Odontanthias fuscipinnis Hawaiian deep anthias
298. Odontanthias grahami
299. Odontanthias katayamai
300. Odontanthias rhodopeplus
301. Odontanthias tapui
302. Odontanthias unimaculatus
303. Odontanthias wassi
304. Othos dentex Harlequin fish
305. Paralabrax albomaculatus Camotillo
306. Paralabrax auroguttatus Goldspotted sand bass
307. Paralabrax callaensis Southern rock bass
308. Paralabrax clathratus Kelp bass
309. Paralabrax dewegeri Vieja
310. Paralabrax humeralis Peruvian rock seabass
311. Paralabrax loro Parrot sand bass
312. Paralabrax maculatofasciatus Spotted sand bass
313. Paralabrax nebulifer Barred sand bass
314. Paralabrax semifasciatus
315. Paranthias colonus Pacific creole-fish
316. Paranthias furcifer Creole-fish
317. Parasphyraenops atrimanus Bank bass
318. Parasphyraenops incisus
319. Planctanthias longifilis
320. Plectranthias alleni Allen's perchlet
321. Plectranthias altipinnatus
322. Plectranthias anthioides
323. Plectranthias bauchotae
324. Plectranthias bilaticlavia
325. Plectranthias cirrhitoides
326. Plectranthias elaine
327. Plectranthias exsul
328. Plectranthias fijiensis
329. Plectranthias foresti
330. Plectranthias fourmanoiri Doublespot perchlet
321. Plectranthias gardineri
322. Plectranthias garrupellus Apricot bass
323. Plectranthias helenae
324. Plectranthias inermis
325. Plectranthias intermedius
326. Plectranthias japonicus Japanese perchlet
327. Plectranthias jothyi
328. Plectranthias kamii
843
329. Plectranthias kelloggi
330. Plectranthias klausewitzi
331. Plectranthias knappi
332. Plectranthias lasti Trawl perchlet
333. Plectranthias longimanus Longfin perchlet
334. Plectranthias maculicauda Spot-tail perchlet
335. Plectranthias maugei
336. Plectranthias megalepis
337. Plectranthias megalophthalmus Citron perchlet
338. Plectranthias morgansi Flagfin
339. Plectranthias nanus Bownband perchlet
340. Plectranthias nazcae Red splodge
341. Plectranthias pallidus Pale perchlet
342. Plectranthias parini
343. Plectranthias pelicieri
344. Plectranthias randalli
345. Plectranthias retrofasciatus
346. Plectranthias robertsi Filamentous perchlet
347. Plectranthias rubrifasciatus
348. Plectranthias sagamiensis
349. Plectranthias sheni
350. Plectranthias taylori
351. Plectranthias vexillarius
352. Plectranthias wheeleri Spotted perchlet
353. Plectranthias whiteheadi
354. Plectranthias winniensis Redblotch basslet
355. Plectranthias yamakawai
356. Plectropomus areolatus Squaretail coralgrouper
357. Plectropomus laevis Blacksaddled coralgrouper
358. Plectropomus leopardus Leopard coralgrouper
359. Plectropomus maculatus Spotted coralgrouper
360. Plectropomus oligacanthus Highfin coralgrouper
361. Plectropomus pessuliferus Roving coralgrouper
362. Plectropomus punctatus Marbled coralgrouper
363. Pogonoperca ocellata
364. Pogonoperca punctata
365. Pronotogrammus eos Bigeye bass
366. Pronotogrammus martinicensis Roughtongue bass
367. Pronotogrammus multifasciatus Threadfin bass
368. Pseudanthias albofasciatus
369. Pseudanthias aurulentus
370. Pseudanthias bartlettorum Bartlett's anthias
371. Pseudanthias bicolor Bicolor anthias
372. Pseudanthias bimaculatus Two-spot basslet
373. Pseudanthias calloura Aurora anthias
374. Pseudanthias carlsoni
375. Pseudanthias caudalis
376. Pseudanthias charleneae
377. Pseudanthias cichlops
378. Pseudanthias connelli Harlequin goldie
379. Pseudanthias conspicuus
380. Pseudanthias cooperi Red-bar anthias
381. Pseudanthias dispar Peach fairy basslet
382. Pseudanthias elongatus
383. Pseudanthias engelhardi Orangebar anthias
844
384. Pseudanthias evansi Yellowback anthias
385. Pseudanthias fasciatus One-stripe anthias
386. Pseudanthias flavicauda
387. Pseudanthias flavoguttatus
388. Pseudanthias fucinus
389. Pseudanthias georgei George's basslet
380. Pseudanthias heemstrai Orangehead anthias
381. Pseudanthias hiva
382. Pseudanthias huchtii Red-cheeked fairy basslet
383. Pseudanthias hutomoi
384. Pseudanthias hypselosoma Stocky anthias
385. Pseudanthias ignitus Flame anthias
386. Pseudanthias kashiwae Silver-streak goldie
387. Pseudanthias leucozonus
388. Pseudanthias lori Lori's anthias
389. Pseudanthias lunulatus Lunate goldie
390. Pseudanthias luzonensis Yellowlined anthias
391. Pseudanthias manadensis
392. Pseudanthias marcia Marcia's anthias
393. Pseudanthias mooreanus
394. Pseudanthias nobilis
395. Pseudanthias olivaceus
396. Pseudanthias parvirostris Sunset anthias
397. Pseudanthias pascalus Amethyst anthias
398. Pseudanthias pictilis Painted anthias
399. Pseudanthias pleurotaenia Square-spot fairy basslet
400. Pseudanthias privitera
401. Pseudanthias pulcherrimus Resplendent goldie
402. Pseudanthias randalli Randall's fairy basslet
403. Pseudanthias regalis
404. Pseudanthias rubrizonatus Red-belted anthias
405. Pseudanthias rubrolineatus
406. Pseudanthias sheni Shen's basslet
407. Pseudanthias smithvanizi Princess anthias
408. Pseudanthias squamipinnis Sea goldie
409. Pseudanthias taeniatus
410. Pseudanthias taira
411. Pseudanthias thompsoni Hawaiian anthias
412. Pseudanthias townsendi Townsend's anthias
413. Pseudanthias truncatus
414. Pseudanthias tuka Yellowstriped fairy basslet
415. Pseudanthias venator
416. Pseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensis
417. Pseudanthias ventralis ventralis Longfin anthias
418. Pseudanthias xanthomaculatus
419. Pseudogramma astigma Spotless podge
420. Pseudogramma australis
421. Pseudogramma axelrodi
422. Pseudogramma erythrea
423. Pseudogramma gregoryi Reef bass
424. Pseudogramma guineensis
425. Pseudogramma megamyctera
426. Pseudogramma pectoralis
427. Pseudogramma polyacantha Honeycomb podge
428. Pseudogramma thaumasia Pacific reef bass
845
429. Pseudogramma xanthum Yellow podge
430. Rabaulichthys altipinnis Sailfin anthias
431. Rabaulichthys stigmaticus Spotfin anthias
432. Rabaulichthys suzukii
433. Rainfordia opercularis Flathead perch
434. Rypticus bicolor Mottled soapfish
435. Rypticus bistrispinus Freckled soapfish
436. Rypticus bornoi Largespotted soapfish
437. Rypticus courtenayi Socorran soapfish
438. Rypticus maculatus Whitespotted soapfish
439. Rypticus nigripinnis Blackfin soapfish
440. Rypticus randalli
441. Rypticus saponaceus Greater soapfish
442. Rypticus subbifrenatus Spotted soapfish
443. Sacura boulengeri Boulenger's anthias
444. Sacura margaritacea
445. Sacura parva Little fairy basslet
446. Sacura speciosa
447. Saloptia powelli Golden grouper
448. Schultzea beta School bass
449. Selenanthias analis Pearl-spotted fairy basslet
450. Selenanthias barroi
451. Selenanthias myersi
452. Serraniculus pumilio Pygmy sea bass
453. Serranocirrhitus latus Hawkfish anthias
454. Serranus accraensis Ghanean comber
455. Serranus aequidens Deepwater serrano
456. Serranus africanus
457. Serranus annularis Orangeback bass
458. Serranus atricauda Blacktail comber
459. Serranus atrobranchus Blackear bass
460. Serranus auriga
461. Serranus baldwini Lantern bass
462. Serranus cabrilla Comber
463. Serranus chionaraia Snow bass
464. Serranus fasciatus
465. Serranus flaviventris Twinspot bass
466. Serranus hepatus Brown comber
467. Serranus heterurus
468. Serranus huascarii Flag serrano
469. Serranus luciopercanus Crosshatch bass
470. Serranus maytagi
471. Serranus notospilus Saddle bass
472. Serranus novemcinctus Barred rockcod
473. Serranus phoebe Tattler
474. Serranus psittacinus Barred serrano
475. Serranus sanctaehelenae St. Helena comber
476. Serranus scriba Painted comber
477. Serranus socorroensis Socorro serrano
478. Serranus stilbostigma
479. Serranus subligarius Belted sandfish
480. Serranus tabacarius Tobaccofish
481. Serranus tigrinus Harlequin bass
482. Serranus tortugarum Chalk bass
483. Suttonia lineata Freckleface podge
846
484. Suttonia suttoni
485. Tosana niwae Threadtail anthias
486. Tosanoides filamentosus
487. Tosanoides flavofasciatus
488. Trachypoma macracanthus Toadstool groper
489. Triso dermopterus Oval grouper
490. Variola albimarginata White-edged lyretail
491. Variola louti Yellow-edged lyretail
847
Family Siganidae
(Rabbitfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Indo-Pacific and eastern Mediterranean. Each pelvic fin with 3 soft rays
between an inner and an outer spine. Dorsal fin with 13 strong spines;
soft rays 10. Anal fin spines 7; soft rays 9. Poisonous spines. About 40
cm maximum length. Some species in schools; others among corals.
All species are diurnal herbivores that feed on benthic algae. Pelagic
spawners. Important foodfishes. Some of the colorful species are
popular in the aquarium trade.

1. Siganus argenteus Streamlined spinefoot
2. Siganus canaliculatus White-spotted spinefoot
3. Siganus corallinus Blue-spotted spinefoot
4. Siganus doliatus Barred spinefoot
5. Siganus fuscescens Mottled spinefoot
6. Siganus guttatus Goldlined spinefoot
7. Siganus javus Streaked spinefoot
8. Siganus labyrinthodes Labyrinth spinefoot
9. Siganus lineatus Golden-lined spinefoot
10. Siganus luridus Dusky spinefoot
11. Siganus magnificus Magnificent rabbitfish
12. Siganus niger Black foxface
13. Siganus puelloides Blackeye rabbitfish
14. Siganus puellus Masked spinefoot
15. Siganus punctatissimus Peppered spinefoot
16. Siganus punctatus Goldspotted spinefoot
17. Siganus randalli Variegated spinefoot
18. Siganus rivulatus Marbled spinefoot
19. Siganus spinus Little spinefoot
20. Siganus stellatus Brown-spotted spinefoot
21. Siganus sutor Shoemaker spinefoot
22. Siganus trispilos Threeblotched rabbitfish
23. Siganus unimaculatus Blotched foxface
24. Siganus uspi Bicolored foxface
25. Siganus vermiculatus Vermiculated spinefoot
26. Siganus virgatus Barhead spinefoot
27. Siganus vulpinus Foxface
28. Siganus woodlandi
848
Family Sillaginidae
(Smelt-whitings)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-west Pacific. Elongated fishes with a small, sharp

mouth. Two dorsal fins, the first with 10-13 slender spines; the second
with one leading spine and 16-27 soft rays. Long anal fin with 2
leading spines and 14-26 softrays. Silliganids are inshore species that
feed mainly on benthic or epibenthic organisms. They are esteemed
table fish and some are important in estuarine aquaculture. They
attain about 45 cm maximum length.

1. Sillaginodes punctatus Spotted sillago
2. Sillaginopsis panijus Flathead sillago
3. Sillago aeolus Oriental sillago
4. Sillago analis Golden-lined sillago
5. Sillago arabica Arabian sillago
6. Sillago argentifasciata Silver-banded sillago
7. Sillago asiatica Asian sillago
8. Sillago attenuata Slender sillago
9. Sillago bassensis Western school sillago
10. Sillago boutani Boutan's sillago
11. Sillago burrus Western trumpeter sillago
12. Sillago chondropus Clubfoot sillago
13. Sillago ciliata Sand sillago
14. Sillago flindersi Flinders' sillago
15. Sillago indica Indian sillago
16. Sillago ingenuua Bay sillago
17. Sillago intermedius Intermediate sillago
18. Sillago japonica Japanese sillago
19. Sillago lutea Mud sillago
20. Sillago macrolepis Large-scale sillago
21. Sillago maculata Trumpeter sillago
22. Sillago megacephalus Large-headed sillago
23. Sillago microps Small-eyed sillago
24. Sillago nierstraszi Rough sillago
25. Sillago parvisquamis Small-scale sillago
26. Sillago robusta Stout sillago
27. Sillago schomburgkii Yellowfin sillago
28. Sillago sihama Silver sillago
29. Sillago soringa Soringa sillago
30. Sillago vincenti Vincent's sillago
849
31. Sillago vittata Banded sillago
850
Family Sparidae
(Porgies)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; very rare in fresh- and brackish water. Distribution:
tropical and temperate Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Dorsal fin
usually having 10-13 spines; soft rays 10-15. Three spines in anal fin;
soft rays 8-14. Maxilla hidden by a sheath when mouth is closed.
Branchiostegal rays 6. Vertebrae 24 (10 + 14). To about 1.2 m
maximum length. Carnivores of hard-shelled benthic invertebrates.
Many species have been found to be hermaphroditic; some have male
and female gonads simultaneously; others change sex as they get
larger. Premier food and game fishes. Many species around southern
Africa. A few species have been implicated in cases of ciguatera.

1. Acanthopagrus akazakii
2. Acanthopagrus australis Surf bream
3. Acanthopagrus berda Goldsilk seabream
4. Acanthopagrus bifasciatus Twobar seabream
5. Acanthopagrus butcheri Southern black bream
6. Acanthopagrus chinshira
7. Acanthopagrus latus Yellowfin seabream
8. Acanthopagrus omanensis
9. Acanthopagrus palmaris North west black bream
10. Acanthopagrus randalli Middle East Black Seabream
11. Acanthopagrus schlegelii czerskii
12. Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii Blackhead seabream
13. Acanthopagrus sivicolus Okinawa seabream
14. Acanthopagrus taiwanensis
15. Archosargus pourtalesii Blackspot porgy
16. Archosargus probatocephalus Sheepshead
17. Archosargus rhomboidalis Western Atlantic seabream
18. Argyrops bleekeri Taiwan tai
19. Argyrops filamentosus Soldierbream
20. Argyrops megalommatus
21. Argyrops spinifer King soldier bream
22. Argyrozona argyrozona Carpenter seabream
23. Boops boops Bogue
24. Boops lineatus Striped boga
25. Boopsoidea inornata Fransmadam
26. Calamus arctifrons Grass porgy
27. Calamus bajonado Jolthead porgy
851
28. Calamus brachysomus Pacific porgy
29. Calamus calamus Saucereye porgy
30. Calamus campechanus Campeche porgy
31. Calamus cervigoni Spotfin porgy
32. Calamus leucosteus Whitebone porgy
33. Calamus mu Flathead porgy
34. Calamus nodosus Knobbed porgy
35. Calamus penna Sheepshead porgy
36. Calamus pennatula Pluma porgy
37. Calamus proridens Littlehead porgy
38. Calamus taurinus Galapagos porgy
39. Cheimerius matsubarai Hoshierenko
40. Cheimerius nufar Santer seabream
41. Chrysoblephus anglicus Englishman seabream
42. Chrysoblephus cristiceps Daggerhead seabream
43. Chrysoblephus gibbiceps Red stumpnose seabream
44. Chrysoblephus laticeps Roman seabream
45. Chrysoblephus lophus False red stumpnose
46. Chrysoblephus puniceus Slinger seabream
47. Crenidens crenidens Karanteen seabream
48. Cymatoceps nasutus Black musselcracker
49. Dentex abei
50. Dentex angolensis Angolan dentex
51. Dentex barnardi Barnard's dentex
52. Dentex canariensis Canary dentex
53. Dentex congoensis Congo dentex
54. Dentex dentex Common dentex
55. Dentex fourmanoiri
56. Dentex gibbosus Pink dentex
57. Dentex macrophthalmus Large-eye dentex
58. Dentex maroccanus Morocco dentex
59. Dentex spariformis
60. Diplodus annularis Annular seabream
61. Diplodus argenteus argenteus South American silver porgy
62. Diplodus argenteus caudimacula Silver porgy
63. Diplodus bellottii Senegal seabream
64. Diplodus bermudensis Bermuda porgy
65. Diplodus capensis Cape white seabream
66. Diplodus cervinus cervinus Zebra seabream
67. Diplodus cervinus hottentotus Zebra
68. Diplodus cervinus omanensis Oman porgy
69. Diplodus fasciatus Banded seabream
70. Diplodus holbrookii Spottail seabream
71. Diplodus noct Red Sea seabream
72. Diplodus prayensis Two-banded seabream
73. Diplodus puntazzo Sharpsnout seabream
74. Diplodus sargus ascensionis
75. Diplodus sargus cadenati Moroccan white seabream
76. Diplodus sargus helenae St. Helena white seabream
77. Diplodus sargus kotschyi One spot seabream
78. Diplodus sargus lineatus
79. Diplodus sargus sargus White seabream
80. Diplodus vulgaris Common two-banded seabream
81. Evynnis cardinalis Threadfin porgy
82. Evynnis japonica Crimson seabream
852
83. Evynnis tumifrons Yellowback seabream
84. Gymnocrotaphus curvidens Janbruin
85. Lagodon rhomboides Pinfish
86. Lithognathus aureti West coast seabream
87. Lithognathus lithognathus White steenbras
88. Lithognathus mormyrus Sand steenbras
89. Lithognathus olivieri Steenbras
90. Oblada melanura Saddled seabream
91. Pachymetopon aeneum Blue hottentot
92. Pachymetopon blochii Hottentot seabream
93. Pachymetopon grande Bronze seabream
94. Pagellus acarne Axillary seabream
95. Pagellus affinis Arabian pandora
96. Pagellus bellottii Red pandora
97. Pagellus bogaraveo Blackspot seabream
98. Pagellus erythrinus Common pandora
99. Pagellus natalensis Natal pandora
100. Pagrus africanus Southern common seabream
101. Pagrus auratus Silver seabream
102. Pagrus auriga Redbanded seabream
103. Pagrus caeruleostictus Bluespotted seabream
104. Pagrus major Red seabream
105. Pagrus pagrus Red porgy
106. Parargyrops edita
107. Petrus rupestris Red steenbras
108. Polyamblyodon germanum German seabream
109. Polyamblyodon gibbosum Knife-back seabream
110. Polysteganus baissaci Frenchman seabream
111. Polysteganus coeruleopunctatus Blueskin seabream
112. Polysteganus praeorbitalis Scotsman seabream
113. Polysteganus undulosus Seventyfour seabream
114. Porcostoma dentata Dane seabream
115. Pterogymnus laniarius Panga seabream
116. Rhabdosargus globiceps White stumpnose
117. Rhabdosargus haffara Haffara seabream
118. Rhabdosargus holubi Cape stumpnose
119. Rhabdosargus sarba Goldlined seabream
120. Rhabdosargus thorpei Bigeye stumpnose
121. Sarpa salpa Salema
122. Sparidentex hasta Sobaity seabream
123. Sparodon durbanensis Musselcracker seabream
124. Sparus aurata Gilthead seabream
125. Spondyliosoma cantharus Black seabream
126. Spondyliosoma emarginatum Steentjie seabream
127. Stenotomus caprinus Longspine porgy
128. Stenotomus chrysops Scup
129. Virididentex acromegalus Bulldog dentex
853
Family Sphyraenidae
(Barracudas)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Tropical and subtropical. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

Oceans. Elongated body. Large-mouthed with the lower jaw projecting
forward bearing strong fanglike teeth. Upper jaw non-protractile, an
adaptation to feeding on large prey. Well-developed lateral line. Gill
rakers vestigial. Position of pectoral fins relatively low. Dorsal fins far
apart. First dorsal fin with 5 spines; second dorsal with 1 spine and 9
soft rays. Vertebrae 24 (11+13). Usually to 1.8 m maximum length;
could grow longer. Voracious predators of other fishes. Attacks on
humans have been reported. Pelagic spawning in schools. Food and
game fishes, but large specimens may be ciguatoxic.

1. Sphyraena acutipinnis Sharpfin barracuda
2. Sphyraena afra Guinean barracuda
3. Sphyraena argentea Pacific barracuda
4. Sphyraena barracuda Great barracuda
5. Sphyraena borealis Northern sennet
6. Sphyraena chrysotaenia Yellowstripe barracuda
7. Sphyraena ensis Mexican barracuda
8. Sphyraena flavicauda Yellowtail barracuda
9. Sphyraena forsteri Bigeye barracuda
10. Sphyraena guachancho Guachanche barracuda
11. Sphyraena helleri Heller's barracuda
12. Sphyraena iburiensis
13. Sphyraena idiastes Pelican barracuda
14. Sphyraena japonica Japanese barracuda
15. Sphyraena jello Pickhandle barracuda
16. Sphyraena lucasana Lucas barracuda
17. Sphyraena novaehollandiae Australian barracuda
18. Sphyraena obtusata Obtuse barracuda
19. Sphyraena picudilla Southern sennet
20. Sphyraena pinguis Red barracuda
21. Sphyraena putnamae Sawtooth barracuda
22. Sphyraena qenie Blackfin barracuda
23. Sphyraena sphyraena European barracuda
24. Sphyraena tome
25. Sphyraena viridensis Yellowmouth barracuda
26. Sphyraena waitii
854
Family Stichaeidae
(Pricklebacks)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: mainly North Pacific; few in North Atlantic. Most species
with entirely spinous dorsal fin, others with at least some spines in
dorsal fin. Pelvics with the fin rays branched, if present. Ribs present.
Anal origin usually equidistant to snout and caudal fin origin or closer
to snout.

1. Acantholumpenus mackayi Pighead prickleback
2. Alectrias alectrolophus Stone cockscomb
3. Alectrias benjamini
4. Alectrias cirratus
5. Alectrias gallinus
6. Alectrias mutsuensis
7. Alectridium aurantiacum Lesser prickleback
8. Anisarchus macrops
9. Anisarchus medius Stout eelblenny
10. Anoplarchus insignis Slender cockscomb
11. Anoplarchus purpurescens High cockscomb
12. Askoldia variegata
13. Azygopterus corallinus
14. Bryozoichthys lysimus Nutcracker prickleback
15. Bryozoichthys marjorius Pearly prickleback
16. Cebidichthys violaceus Monkeyface prickleback
17. Chirolophis ascanii Yarrell's blenny
18. Chirolophis decoratus Decorated warbonnet
19. Chirolophis japonicus
20. Chirolophis nugator Mosshead warbonnet
21. Chirolophis saitone
22. Chirolophis snyderi Bearded warbonnet
23. Chirolophis tarsodes Matcheek warbonnet
24. Chirolophis wui
25. Dictyosoma burgeri
26. Dictyosoma rubrimaculatum
27. Ernogrammus hexagrammus
28. Ernogrammus walkeri Masked prickleback
29. Esselenichthys carli Threeline prickleback
30. Esselenichthys laurae Twoline prickleback
31. Eulophias owashii
32. Eulophias tanneri
33. Eumesogrammus praecisus Fourline snakeblenny
34. Gymnoclinus cristulatus Trident prickleback
855
35. Kasatkia memorabilis
36. Kasatkia seigeli Six-spot prickleback
37. Leptoclinus maculatus Daubed shanny
38. Leptostichaeus pumilus
39. Lumpenella longirostris Longsnout prickleback
40. Lumpenopsis clitella Saddled prickleback
41. Lumpenopsis hypochroma Y-prickleback
42. Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi
43. Lumpenopsis triocellata
44. Lumpenus fabricii Slender eelblenny
45. Lumpenus lampretaeformis Snakeblenny
46. Lumpenus sagitta Snake prickleback
47. Neolumpenus unocellatus
48. Neozoarces pulcher
49. Neozoarces steindachneri
50. Opisthocentrus ocellatus Ocellated blenny
51. Opisthocentrus tenuis
52. Opisthocentrus zonope
53. Pholidapus dybowskii
54. Phytichthys chirus Ribbon prickleback
55. Plagiogrammus hopkinsii Crisscross prickleback
56. Plectobranchus evides Bluebarred prickleback
57. Poroclinus rothrocki Whitebarred prickleback
58. Pseudalectrias tarasovi
59. Soldatovia polyactocephala
60. Stichaeopsis epallax
61. Stichaeopsis nana
62. Stichaeopsis nevelskoi
63. Stichaeus fuscus
64. Stichaeus grigorjewi
65. Stichaeus nozawae
66. Stichaeus ochriamkini
67. Stichaeus punctatus pulcherrimus
68. Stichaeus punctatus punctatus Arctic shanny
69. Ulvaria subbifurcata Radiated shanny
70. Xiphister atropurpureus Black prickleback
71. Xiphister mucosus Rock prickleback
72. Zoarchias glaber
73. Zoarchias hosoyai
74. Zoarchias macrocephalus
75. Zoarchias major
76. Zoarchias microstomus
77. Zoarchias neglectus
78. Zoarchias uchidai
79. Zoarchias veneficus
856
Family Stromateidae
(Butterfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Coastal. Distribution: North and south America, western Africa, and
Indo-Pacific. Usually very deep-bodied. Adults without pelvic fins but
pelvic girdle present. Continuous dorsal fin. Usually 2-6 spines in anal
fin; soft rays 30-50.

1. Pampus argenteus Silver pomfret
2. Pampus chinensis Chinese silver pomfret
3. Pampus cinereus
4. Pampus echinogaster
5. Pampus minor Southern lesser pomfret
6. Pampus punctatissimus
7. Peprilus burti Gulf butterfish
8. Peprilus medius Pacific harvestfish
9. Peprilus ovatus Shining butterfish
10. Peprilus paru American harvestfish
11. Peprilus simillimus Pacific pompano
12. Peprilus snyderi Salema butterfish
13. Peprilus triacanthus Atlantic butterfish
14. Stromateus brasiliensis Southwest Atlantic butterfish
15. Stromateus fiatola Blue butterfish
16. Stromateus stellatus Starry butterfish
857
Family Symphysanodontidae
(Slopefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Family of uncertain position, containing the genus Symphysanodon,

found in the western Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific.

1. Symphysanodon andersoni
2. Symphysanodon berryi Slope bass
3. Symphysanodon disii
4. Symphysanodon katayamai Yellowstripe slopefish
5. Symphysanodon maunaloae Longtailed slopefish
6. Symphysanodon mona Akarnax Slopefish
7. Symphysanodon octoactinus Insular bunquelovely
8. Symphysanodon parini Sala y Gómez Slopefish
9. Symphysanodon rhax Maldives Slopefish
10. Symphysanodon typus Insular shelf beauty
858
Family Terapontidae
(Grunters or tigerperches)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Coastal marine, brackish and freshwater in the Indo-West Pacific.

Several species restricted to freshwater. Body oblong and slightly
compressed. Operculum bearing 2 spines (lower spine longer). Dorsal
fin notched, the spinous part depressible into a basal scaly sheath;
spines 11-13; soft rays 9-11. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 7-10.
Pelvic fins insertion behind base of pectorals; one spine, 5 soft rays.
Caudal fin rounded, truncate or emarginate with 15 branched rays.
Lateral line uninterrupted, reaching on caudal fin. Jaws with villiform
or incisiform teeth; vomer and palatines toothless in most species.
Branchiostegal rays 6; gills 4, a slit behind the last. Vertebrae 25-27.
About 80 cm maximum length. Feed on fishes, insects, algae, and
sand-dwelling invertebrates. Also spelled Teraponidae, Theraponidae
or Therapontidae.

1. Amniataba affinis Tiger grunter
2. Amniataba caudavittata Yellowtail trumpeter
3. Amniataba percoides Barred grunter
4. Bidyanus bidyanus Silver perch
5. Bidyanus welchi Silver bream
6. Hannia greenwayi Greenway's grunter
7. Helotes qinglanensis
8. Hephaestus adamsoni Adamson's grunter
9. Hephaestus carbo Black grunter
10. Hephaestus epirrhinos Long-nose sooty grunter
11. Hephaestus fuliginosus Black bream
12. Hephaestus habbemai Mountain grunter
13. Hephaestus jenkinsi Western sooty grunter
14. Hephaestus komaensis
15. Hephaestus lineatus Lined grunter
16. Hephaestus obtusifrons
17. Hephaestus raymondi Raymond's grunter
18. Hephaestus roemeri Röemer's grunter
19. Hephaestus transmontanus Sepik grunter
20. Hephaestus trimaculatus Threespot grunter
21. Hephaestus tulliensis
22. Lagusia micracanthus
859
23. Leiopotherapon aheneus Fortescue grunter
24. Leiopotherapon macrolepis Large-scale grunter
25. Leiopotherapon plumbeus
26. Leiopotherapon unicolor Spangled perch
27. Mesopristes argenteus Silver grunter
28. Mesopristes cancellatus Tapiroid grunter
29. Mesopristes elongatus Plain terapon
30. Mesopristes iravi
31. Mesopristes kneri Orange-spotted therapon
32. Pelates octolineatus Western striped trumpeter
33. Pelates quadrilineatus Fourlined terapon
34. Pelates sexlineatus Six-lined trumpeter
35. Pelsartia humeralis Sea trumpeter
36. Pingalla gilberti Gilbert's grunter
37. Pingalla lorentzi Lorentz's grunter
38. Pingalla midgleyi Black-blotch grunter
39. Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus
40. Scortum barcoo Barcoo grunter
41. Scortum hillii Leathery grunter
42. Scortum neili Neil's grunter
43. Scortum parviceps Small-headed grunter
44. Syncomistes butleri Butler's grunter
45. Syncomistes kimberleyensis Kimberley grunter
46. Syncomistes rastellus Drysdale grunter
47. Syncomistes trigonicus Longnose grunter
48. Terapon jarbua Jarbua terapon
49. Terapon puta Small-scaled terapon
50. Terapon theraps Largescaled terapon
51. Variichthys jamoerensis Jamur Lake grunter
52. Variichthys lacustris Lake grunter
860
Family Tetragonuridae
(Squaretails)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical seas. Elongated body. Adults with
pelvic fins. Spinous dorsal fin with 10-20 short spines; soft dorsal fin
with 10-17 soft rays. A single spine in anal fin; soft rays 10-16. One
keel on each side of caudal peduncle. Scales in lateral series 73-114.
40-58 vertebrae. Thought to feed primarily on coelenterates and
ctenophores.

1. Tetragonurus atlanticus Bigeye squaretail
2. Tetragonurus cuvieri Smalleye squaretail
3. Tetragonurus pacificus Pacific squaretail
861
Family Toxotidae
(Archerfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Coastal marine, brackish, and freshwater. Distribution: India to the

Philippines, Australia and Polynesia. Compressed and deep-bodied;
maximum body depth 1.8-2.5 in standard length. Big-eyed. With 4-6
strong spines in dorsal fin; soft rays 11-14. Three spines in anal fin;
soft rays 15-18. Soft portion of dorsal fin much shorter than soft part
of anal fin. Mouth large and terminal, with the lower jaw jutted, and
very protractile. Scales on lateral line about 25-47. Branchiostegal rays
7. Vertebrae 24 (10+14). Shoots down insects by squirting water from
the mouth. Assumed to be nonguarders (RF). Popular freshwater
aquarium fish. Usually below 16 cm in length but may reach 40 cm
maximum length, as reported for T. chatareus.

1. Toxotes blythii
2. Toxotes chatareus Spotted archerfish
3. Toxotes jaculatrix Banded archerfish
4. Toxotes kimberleyensis Kimberley archerfish
5. Toxotes lorentzi Primitive archerfish
6. Toxotes microlepis Smallscale archerfish
7. Toxotes oligolepis Western archerfish
862
Family Trachinidae
(Weeverfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea (and off Chile?).
Elongate body. Second dorsal fin long. Pelvic fins before pectoral fins.
Anal fin long. Gill cover spine and spines of first dorsal fin bearing
venomous glands. Vertebrae 34-43. Burrowing in sand. To 45 cm
maximum size in Trachinus araneus.

1. Echiichthys vipera Lesser weever
2. Trachinus araneus Spotted weever
3. Trachinus armatus Guinean weever
4. Trachinus collignoni Sailfin weever
5. Trachinus cornutus
6. Trachinus draco Greater weever
7. Trachinus lineolatus Striped weever
8. Trachinus pellegrini Cape Verde weever
9. Trachinus radiatus Starry weever
863
Family Trichiuridae
(Cutlassfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Body extremely elongate and
strongly compressed. Maxilla hidden by preorbitals. Jaws usually with
fanglike teeth. Dorsal fin very long (extending over length of body);
the soft-rayed part usually longer than the spinous part and the parts
demarcated by a notch in some species. Caudal fin small, if present.
Pectoral fin inserted low on body. Pelvic fin, if present, reduced to 1
scalelike spine and a vestigial soft ray. With 58-192 vertebrae (34-53
+ 24-151).

1. Aphanopus arigato Pacific black scabbardfish
2. Aphanopus beckeri
3. Aphanopus capricornis
4. Aphanopus carbo Black scabbardfish
5. Aphanopus intermedius Intermediate scabbardfish
6. Aphanopus microphthalmus Smalleye scabbardfish
7. Aphanopus mikhailini Mikhailin's scabbardfish
8. Assurger anzac Razorback scabbardfish
9. Benthodesmus elongatus Elongate frostfish
10. Benthodesmus macrophthalmus Bigeye frostfish
11. Benthodesmus neglectus Neglected frostfish
12. Benthodesmus oligoradiatus Sparse-rayed frostfish
13. Benthodesmus pacificus North-Pacific frostfish
14. Benthodesmus papua Papuan frostfish
15. Benthodesmus simonyi Simony's frostfish
16. Benthodesmus suluensis Philippine frostfish
17. Benthodesmus tenuis Slender frostfish
18. Benthodesmus tuckeri Tucker's frostfish
19. Benthodesmus vityazi Vityaz' frostfish
20. Demissolinea novaeguineensis New Guinean hairtail
21. Eupleurogrammus glossodon Longtooth hairtail
22. Eupleurogrammus muticus Smallhead hairtail
23. Evoxymetopon macrophthalmus Bigeye scabbard fish
24. Evoxymetopon poeyi Poey's scabbardfish
25. Evoxymetopon taeniatus Channel scabbardfish
26. Lepidopus altifrons Crested scabbardfish
27. Lepidopus calcar Hawaiian ridge scabbardfish
28. Lepidopus caudatus Silver scabbardfish
29. Lepidopus dubius Doubtful scabbardfish
864
30. Lepidopus fitchi Pacific scabbardfish
31. Lepidopus manis Ghost scabbardfish
32. Lepturacanthus pantului Coromandel hairtail
33. Lepturacanthus roelandti
34. Lepturacanthus savala Savalai hairtail
35. Tentoriceps cristatus Crested hairtail
36. Trichiurus auriga Pearly hairtail
37. Trichiurus australis
38. Trichiurus brevis Chinese short-tailed hairtail
39. Trichiurus gangeticus Ganges hairtail
40. Trichiurus lepturus Largehead hairtail
41. Trichiurus margarites
42. Trichiurus nanhaiensis
43. Trichiurus nickolensis Australian short tailed hairtail
44. Trichiurus russelli Short-tailed hairtail
865
Family Trichodontidae
(Sandfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific. Body deep and strongly compressed. Mouth
large,upward-oriented, strongly oblique; lips with a fleshy fringe.
Preopercle with 5 prominent spines. Two dorsal fins, well separated,
the first with 8-16 spines and the second with 0-1 spine and 12-20 soft
rays. Anal fin comprises 0-1 spine and 28-32 soft rays. Caudal fin
large, forked or truncate. Pectoral fins large and fanlike, extending
practically to ventral midline, rays thickened; 21-27 rays. Pelvic fins
thoracic, with 1 spine and 5 rays. Nostrils tubular, one pair (posterior
pair absent). Scales absent. Lateral line canal well developed, situated
high on body and following dorsal contour to caudal fin. Teeth small,
sharp, in 2 or 3 rows on jaws and vomer; absent from palatines. Gill
membranes united nateriorly and free of the isthmus. Branchiostegal
rays 5 or 6. Gill rakers slender, fairly numerous (16-21). Swim bladder
absent. Vertebrae 44-52. Silvery, with dark brown mottling and bars
dorsolaterally. Attains 30 cm maximum length. Marinel; intertidal to
depth of about 400 m, typically shallower than 200 m, on soft bottoms
of flat relief. Not commercially fished; caught incidentally in trawl
fisheries for shrimp and flatfishes, and easily caught by hand along
sandy beaches where abundant. They are most active at night and are
attracted by lights at the surface. They rest during the day partially
buried in sand or mud with their eyes, mouth and dorsal fins showing.
Feeds on small invertebrates. Two monotypic genera: Arctoscopus and
Trichodon.

1. Arctoscopus japonicus Japanese sandfish
2. Trichodon trichodon Pacific sandfish
866
Family Trichonotidae
(Sanddivers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Lower jaw jutting forward. Dorsal fin
with the anterior rays often extended in males and used for display.
One spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Lateral line running along mid-
flanks. Trichonotus setiger (type species of Trichonotus) possesses a
distinct iris flap or lappet composed of several elongate strands
running over the lens. Deep V-shaped notch on posterior margin of
lateral line scales. Hover in groups in shallow water feeding on
zooplankton; dive into sand when alarmed. Nothing is known about
spawning, but assumed to be nonguarders (RF).

1. Trichonotus arabicus Arabian sand diver
2. Trichonotus cyclograptus
3. Trichonotus elegans Long-rayed sand-diver
4. Trichonotus filamentosus
5. Trichonotus halstead Gold-bar sand-diver
6. Trichonotus marleyi
7. Trichonotus nikii
8. Trichonotus setiger Spotted sand-diver
867
Family Tripterygiidae
(Threefin blennies)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly tropical and temperate. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific
Oceans. Dorsal fin tripartite, the first two segments spinous; the third
with at least 7 soft rays. Spines in anal fin 0-2, usually 1 or 2. Pelvic fin
jugular with a small spine. Branchiostegal rays 6 or 7. Nape without
cirri. Usually ctenoid scales, bearing radii anteriorly only. First gill arch
with a membranous attachment to operculum. One special feature
reported for the group is that the pterygiophore supporting first
segmented dorsal fin ray does not support a dorsal fin spine; three or
more other pterygiophores preceed said pterygiophore. About 25 cm
maximum length, mostly below 6 cm. Cryptic bottom dwellers that
feed on small invertebrates. Males attract females to nesting sites.

1. Acanthanectes hystrix
2. Acanthanectes rufus
3. Apopterygion alta Tasselled triplefin
4. Apopterygion oculus Ocellate triplefin
5. Axoclinus cocoensis Cocos triplefin
6. Axoclinus lucillae Panama triplefin
7. Axoclinus multicinctus Multibarred triplefin
8. Axoclinus nigricaudus Cortez triplefin
9. Axoclinus rubinoffi Rubinoff's triplefin
10. Bellapiscis lesleyae Mottled twister
11. Bellapiscis medius Twister
12. Blennodon dorsale Giant triplefin
13. Brachynectes fasciatus Southern barred triplefin
14. Ceratobregma acanthops Spotted spiny-eye triplefin
15. Ceratobregma helenae Helen's Triplefin
16. Ceratobregma striata Striped spiny-eye triplefin
17. Cremnochorites capensis Cape triplefin
18. Crocodilichthys gracilis Lizard triplefin
19. Cryptichthys jojettae Cryptic triplefin
20. Enneanectes altivelis Lofty triplefin
21. Enneanectes atrorus Blackedge triplefin
22. Enneanectes boehlkei Roughhead triplefin
23. Enneanectes carminalis Carmine triplefin
24. Enneanectes jordani Mimic triplefin
25. Enneanectes pectoralis Redeye triplefin
868
26. Enneanectes reticulatus Network triplefin
27. Enneanectes smithi
28. Enneapterygius abeli Yellow triplefin
29. Enneapterygius altipinnis Highfin triplefin
30. Enneapterygius atriceps Hawaiian blackhead triplefin
31. Enneapterygius atrogulare Blackthroat Triplefin
32. Enneapterygius bahasa
33. Enneapterygius bichrous Northern bicoloured triplefin
34. Enneapterygius cheni
35. Enneapterygius clarkae Barred triplefin
36. Enneapterygius clea Clea's triplefin
37. Enneapterygius destai
38. Enneapterygius elaine
39. Enneapterygius elegans Hourglass triplefin
40. Enneapterygius erythrosomus
41. Enneapterygius etheostomus
42. Enneapterygius fasciatus
43. Enneapterygius flavoccipitis Yellownape tripplefin
44. Enneapterygius fuscoventer Blackbelly triplefin
45. Enneapterygius genamaculatus
46. Enneapterygius gracilis Northern yellow-black triplefin
47. Enneapterygius gruschkai
48. Enneapterygius hemimelas Halfblack Triplefin
49. Enneapterygius hollemani Holleman's triplefin
50. Enneapterygius howensis Lord Howe Island triplefin
51. Enneapterygius kermadecensis Kermadec triplefin
52. Enneapterygius kosiensis
53. Enneapterygius larsonae Western Australian black-head triplefin
54. Enneapterygius melanospilus
55. Enneapterygius minutus
56. Enneapterygius mirabilis Miracle triplefin
57. Enneapterygius miyakensis Izu Islands triplefin
58. Enneapterygius namarrgon Lightning man triplefin
59. Enneapterygius nanus Pygmy triplefin
60. Enneapterygius nasimae Pakistan triplefin
61. Enneapterygius niger Black triplefin
62. Enneapterygius nigricauda Blacktail triplefin
63. Enneapterygius obscurus
64. Enneapterygius ornatus Henderson triplefin
65. Enneapterygius pallidoserialis Pale white-spotted triplefin
66. Enneapterygius paucifasciatus New Caledonian striped triplefin
67. Enneapterygius philippinus Minute triplefin
68. Enneapterygius pusillus Highcrest triplefin
69. Enneapterygius pyramis Pyramid triplefin
70. Enneapterygius randalli Rapa triplefin
71. Enneapterygius rhabdotus Umpire Triplefin
72. Enneapterygius rhothion Surf Triplefin
73. Enneapterygius rubicauda Redtail triplefin
74. Enneapterygius rufopileus Redcap Triplefin
75. Enneapterygius senoui
76. Enneapterygius shaoi
77. Enneapterygius sheni
78. Enneapterygius signicauda Flagtail triplefin
79. Enneapterygius similis Black-and-Red Triplefin
80. Enneapterygius triserialis White-spotted triplefin
869
81. Enneapterygius trisignatus
82. Enneapterygius tutuilae High-hat Triplefin
83. Enneapterygius unimaculatus Onespot triplefin
84. Enneapterygius ventermaculus Blotched triplefin
85. Enneapterygius vexillarius Blacksaddle triplefin
86. Enneapterygius williamsi William's triplefin
87. Enneapterygius ziegleri Ziegler's triplefin
88. Forsterygion bathytaton Chatham deep-water triplefin
89. Forsterygion flavonigrum Yellow-and-black triplefin
90. Forsterygion lapillum Common triplefin
91. Forsterygion malcolmi Mottled triplefin
92. Forsterygion profundum Deepwater triplefin
93. Forsterygion varium Striped triplefin
94. Gilloblennius abditus Obscure triplefin
95. Gilloblennius tripennis Thripenny
96. Grahamina capito Spotted robust triplefin
97. Grahamina gymnota Tasmanian robust triplefin
98. Grahamina nigripenne Estuarine triplefin
99. Helcogramma albimacula
100. Helcogramma alkamr
101. Helcogramma aquilum
102. Helcogramma billi
103. Helcogramma capidatum Hooded triplefin
104. Helcogramma cerasina
105. Helcogramma chica Little hooded triplefin
106. Helcogramma decurrens Black-throated triplefin
107. Helcogramma desa
108. Helcogramma ellioti
109. Helcogramma ememes
110. Helcogramma fuscipectoris Fourspot triplefin
111. Helcogramma fuscopinna Blackfin triplefin
112. Helcogramma gymnauchen Red-finned triplefin
113. Helcogramma habena
114. Helcogramma hudsoni Hudson's triplefin
115. Helcogramma inclinata Triangle triplefin
116. Helcogramma kranos Helmet triplefin
117. Helcogramma lacuna
118. Helcogramma larvata
119. Helcogramma maldivensis
120. Helcogramma microstigma
121. Helcogramma nesion
122. Helcogramma nigra
123. Helcogramma novaecaledoniae New Caledonian triplefin
124. Helcogramma obtusirostre Hotlips triplefin
125. Helcogramma randalli
126. Helcogramma rharhabe
127. Helcogramma rhinoceros Rhinocerus triplefin
128. Helcogramma rosea
129. Helcogramma serendip
130. Helcogramma solorensis Solor triplefin
131. Helcogramma springeri Springer's triplefin
132. Helcogramma steinitzi Red triplefin
133. Helcogramma striatum Tropical striped triplefin
134. Helcogramma trigloides
135. Helcogramma vulcana
870
136. Helcogrammoides antarcticus
137. Helcogrammoides chilensis
138. Helcogrammoides cunninghami Cunningham's triplefin
139. Karalepis stewarti Scaly-headed triplefin
140. Lepidoblennius haplodactylus Eastern jumping blenny
141. Lepidoblennius marmoratus Western jumping blenny
142. Lepidonectes bimaculata Twinspot triplefin
143. Lepidonectes clarkhubbsi Signal triplefin
144. Lepidonectes corallicola Galapagos triplefin blenny
145. Norfolkia brachylepis Tropical scaly-headed triplefin
146. Norfolkia leeuwin Leeuwin triplefin
147. Norfolkia squamiceps Scalyhead Triplefin
148. Norfolkia thomasi Thomas' triplefin
149. Notoclinops caerulepunctus Blue-dot triplefin
150. Notoclinops segmentatus Blue-eyed triplefin
151. Notoclinops yaldwyni Yaldwyn's triplefin
152. Notoclinus compressus Brown topknot
153. Notoclinus fenestratus New Zealand topknot
154. Obliquichthys maryannae Oblique-swimming triplefin
155. Ruanoho decemdigitatus Longfinned triplefin
156. Springerichthys bapturus Japanese blacktail triplefin
157. Springerichthys kulbickii Kulbicki's triplefin
158. Trianectes bucephalus Bullhead triplefin
159. Trinorfolkia clarkei Clarke's triplefin
160. Trinorfolkia cristata Crested triplefin
161. Trinorfolkia incisa Notched triplefin
162. Tripterygion delaisi Black-faced blenny
163. Tripterygion melanurus
164. Tripterygion tartessicum
165. Tripterygion tripteronotus
166. Ucla xenogrammus Largemouth triplefin
871
Family Uranoscopidae
(Stargazers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Scaleless or with small

smooth scales. Large cuboidal head. Mouth strongly oblique, with
fringed lips. Eyes dorsally located or nearly dorsal. Lateral line high.
Pelvic fins jugular and very close to each other. One spine in pelvic fin;
soft rays 5. Dorsal fin moderately long; many without spinous dorsal.
Anal fin moderately long. Some species use a small vermiform filament
originating from floor of mouth for attracting prey fish. Two large
poison spines, with double-grooves and a poison gland basally, located
behind opercle and above pectorals. Vertebrae 24-26. The genus
Astroscopus with internal nostrils for inhalation and electric organs.
Feed on benthic fishes and invertebrates. Reproduction unknown but
assumed to be nonguarders (RF).

1. Astroscopus guttatus Northern stargazer
2. Astroscopus sexspinosus Brazilian stargazer
3. Astroscopus y-graecum Southern stargazer
4. Astroscopus zephyreus Pacific stargazer
5. Genyagnus monopterygius Spotted stargazer
6. Gnathagnus armatus Armoured blenny
7. Gnathagnus cribratus
8. Gnathagnus egregius Freckled stargazer
9. Gnathagnus innotabilis Bulldog stargazer
10. Ichthyscopus barbatus Fringed stargazer
11. Ichthyscopus fasciatus Banded stargazer
12. Ichthyscopus insperatus Double-banded stargazer
13. Ichthyscopus lebeck Longnosed stargazer
14. Ichthyscopus malacopterus
15. Ichthyscopus nigripinnis
16. Ichthyscopus sannio Spotcheck stargazer
17. Ichthyscopus spinosus
18. Kathetostoma albigutta Lancer stargazer
19. Kathetostoma averruncus Smooth stargazer
20. Kathetostoma canaster
21. Kathetostoma cubana Spiny stargazer
22. Kathetostoma fluviatilis
23. Kathetostoma giganteum Giant stargazer
24. Kathetostoma laeve Common stargazer
872
25. Kathetostoma nigrofasciatum Deepwater stargazer
26. Pleuroscopus pseudodorsalis Scaly stargazer
27. Selenoscopus turbisquamatus
28. Uranoscopus affinis
29. Uranoscopus albesca Longspine stargazer
30. Uranoscopus archionema
31. Uranoscopus bauchotae
32. Uranoscopus bicinctus Marbled stargazer
33. Uranoscopus cadenati West African stargazer
34. Uranoscopus chinensis
35. Uranoscopus cognatus Two-spined yellow-tail stargazer
36. Uranoscopus crassiceps
37. Uranoscopus dahlakensis
38. Uranoscopus dollfusi Dollfus' stargazer
39. Uranoscopus filibarbis
40. Uranoscopus fuscomaculatus
41. Uranoscopus guttatus
42. Uranoscopus japonicus
43. Uranoscopus kaianus Kai stargazer
44. Uranoscopus marisrubri
45. Uranoscopus marmoratus
46. Uranoscopus oligolepis
47. Uranoscopus polli Whitespotted stargazer
48. Uranoscopus scaber Stargazer
49. Uranoscopus sulphureus Whitemargin stargazer
50. Uranoscopus tosae
51. Xenocephalus australiensis
52. Xenocephalus elongatus
873
Family Xenisthmidae
(Collared wrigglers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Indo-Pacific. Lower lip with a free ventral margin; six branchiostegal
rays.

1. Allomicrodesmus dorotheae Dorothea's wriggler
2. Kraemericus smithi
3. Paraxenisthmus cerberusi
4. Paraxenisthmus springeri
5. Rotuma lewisi
6. Tyson belos
7. Xenisthmus africanus Flathead wriggler
8. Xenisthmus balius
9. Xenisthmus chi Chi wriggler
10. Xenisthmus clarus Clear wriggler
11. Xenisthmus eirospilus Spotted wriggler
12. Xenisthmus polyzonatus Bullseye wriggler
13. Xenisthmus semicinctus Halfbelt wriggler
874
Family Xiphiidae
(Swordfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical waters. Premaxilla and nasal

bones extremely elongated, forming a pointed, depressed, sharp-
edged sword. Gill membranes not united to isthmus. Adults scaleless.
No pelvic fins and girdle. Adults lacking jaw teeth. One median keel on
each side of the caudal peduncle in adults. Vertebrae 26. Maximum
length 4.5 m. The morphological adaptations required for maintaining
high brain and retinal temperatures are discussed in Brock et al. 1993
Science 260:210-214. Of high commercial value.

1. Xiphias gladius Swordfish
875
Family Zanclidae
(Moorish idol)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Indo-pan-Pacific. Monotypic. Strongly compressed discoid body.

Tubular snout with a small mouth containing numerous elongate
bristle-like teeth. Dorsal spines elongated into a whip-like filament.
Common inhabitant of coral reefs. It has a long larval stage and settles
at a large size (> 6 cm SL), resulting in a widespread distribution.
Included by some authors in Acanthuridae from which it differs mainly
in lacking a peduncular spine. Pelagic spawner; larvae drift for a long
time before settlement, resulting in a wide distribution. Feed on mainly
on sponges, also benthic invertebrates. Difficult to maintain (feed) in
the aquarium.

1. Zanclus cornutus Moorish idol
876
Family Zaproridae
(Prowfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific. Body and head stout and compressed;
snout blunt; mouth terminal and large. Dorsal and anal fins high and
evenly contoured. Dorsal fin with 54-58 thin, flexible spines. Anal fin
with 3 or 4 thin spines and 24-30 soft rays. Caudal fin large and
rounded, peduncle short and deep. Pectoral fins large, with 20-25
rays. Pelvic fins and girdle absent. Soft rays of anal, caudal, and
pectoral fins branched two, three, or more times. One pair of nostrils
(posterior pair absent). Scales small, cycloid, present on body and
median fins. Pores of cephalic lateral line canals large and numerous:
suborbital 8, preopercular 7, mandibular 4. Trunk lateral line canal
absent, up to three incomplete lines of widely spaced superficial
neuromasts discernible in fresh specimens. Jaw teeth sharp, uniserial;
vomerine and palatine teeth absent. Gill membranes broadly united
and free from isthmus. Branchiostegal rays 6. Pyloric caeca numerous
(36-77). Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 61-64. Adults grayish blue to
green with white-, yellow-, or pale-blue-rimmed head pores; young
fish orange-brown with inconspicuous head pores. Attains total length
of 1 m or more. Adults occur near bottom to depth of 675 m or more,
juveniles and young adults often taken near surface over deep water.
Often found in association with jellyfishes, Juveniles take shelter under
the medusae and are often mistaken for medusafish, Icichthys
lockingtoni (Centrolophidae).

1. Zaprora silenus Prowfish
877
Family Zoarcidae
(Eelpouts)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic to Antarctic. Elongate body. Mouth inferior. Dorsal

and anal fins long and continuous with caudal fin. Pelvic fins absent or
small and jugular, when present (erectile pelvic fins beneath the eyes
in the genus Derepodichthys). With or without scales. Gill membranes
attached to isthmus. Vertebrae 58-150. The three species of Zoarces
are ovoviviparous; the other zoarcids are oviparous, some showning
parental care. Up to 1.1 m maximum length in Macrozoarces
americanus.

1. Aiakas kreffti
2. Aiakas zinorum
3. Andriashevia aptera
4. Austrolycus depressiceps
5. Austrolycus laticinctus
6. Bellingshausenia olasoi
7. Bilabria gigantea
8. Bilabria ornata
9. Bothrocara brunneum Twoline eelpout
10. Bothrocara elongatum
11. Bothrocara hollandi
12. Bothrocara molle Soft eelpout
13. Bothrocara nyx
14. Bothrocara pusillum Alaska eelpout
15. Bothrocara soldatovi
16. Bothrocara tanakae
17. Bothrocarina microcephala
18. Bothrocarina nigrocaudata
19. Crossostomus chilensis
20. Crossostomus fasciatus
21. Crossostomus sobrali
22. Dadyanos insignis
23. Davidijordania brachyrhyncha
24. Davidijordania jordaniana
25. Davidijordania lacertina
26. Davidijordania poecilimon
27. Davidijordania yabei
28. Derepodichthys alepidotus Cuskpout
29. Dieidolycus adocetus
878
30. Dieidolycus gosztonyii
31. Dieidolycus leptodermatus
32. Ericandersonia sagamia
33. Eucryphycus californicus Persimmon eelpout
34. Exechodontes daidaleus
35. Gosztonyia antarctica
36. Gymnelopsis brashnikovi
37. Gymnelopsis brevifenestrata
38. Gymnelopsis humilis
39. Gymnelopsis ocellata
40. Gymnelopsis ochotensis
41. Gymnelus andersoni
42. Gymnelus barsukovi Barsukov's pout
43. Gymnelus diporus
44. Gymnelus esipovi
45. Gymnelus gracilis
46. Gymnelus hemifasciatus Halfbarred pout
47. Gymnelus obscurus
48. Gymnelus pauciporus
49. Gymnelus platycephalus
50. Gymnelus popovi Aleutian pout
51. Gymnelus retrodorsalis Aurora unernak
52. Gymnelus soldatovi
53. Gymnelus taeniatus
54. Gymnelus viridis Fish doctor
55. Hadropareia middendorffii
56. Hadropareia semisquamata
57. Hadropogonichthys lindbergi
58. Iluocoetes elongatus
59. Iluocoetes fimbriatus
60. Japonolycodes abei
61. Krusensterniella maculata
62. Krusensterniella multispinosa
63. Krusensterniella notabilis
64. Krusensterniella pavlovskii
65. Letholycus magellanicus
66. Letholycus microphthalmus
67. Leucogrammolycus brychios White-line eelpout
68. Lycenchelys alba
69. Lycenchelys albeola
70. Lycenchelys albomaculata
71. Lycenchelys alta
72. Lycenchelys antarctica
73. Lycenchelys aratrirostris
74. Lycenchelys argentina
75. Lycenchelys aurantiaca
76. Lycenchelys bachmanni
77. Lycenchelys bellingshauseni
78. Lycenchelys bullisi
79. Lycenchelys callista
80. Lycenchelys camchatica
81. Lycenchelys chauliodus
82. Lycenchelys cicatrifer
83. Lycenchelys crotalinus Snakehead eelpout
84. Lycenchelys fedorovi
879
85. Lycenchelys folletti
86. Lycenchelys hadrogeneia
87. Lycenchelys hippopotamus
88. Lycenchelys hureaui
89. Lycenchelys imamurai
90. Lycenchelys incisa
91. Lycenchelys jordani Shortjaw eelpout
92. Lycenchelys kolthoffi Checkered wolf eel
93. Lycenchelys lonchoura
94. Lycenchelys maculata
95. Lycenchelys makushok
96. Lycenchelys maoriensis
97. Lycenchelys melanostomias
98. Lycenchelys micropora
99. Lycenchelys monstrosa
100. Lycenchelys muraena Moray wolf eel
101. Lycenchelys nanospinata
102. Lycenchelys nigripalatum
103. Lycenchelys novaezealandiae
104. Lycenchelys parini Parin's wolf eelpout
105. Lycenchelys paxillus Common wolf eel
106. Lycenchelys pearcyi
107. Lycenchelys pentactina
108. Lycenchelys pequenoi
109. Lycenchelys peruana
110. Lycenchelys platyrhina
111. Lycenchelys plicifera
112. Lycenchelys polyodon
113. Lycenchelys porifer
114. Lycenchelys rassi
115. Lycenchelys ratmanovi
116. Lycenchelys remissaria Shifted wolf eelpout
117. Lycenchelys rosea
118. Lycenchelys ryukyuensis
119. Lycenchelys sarsii Sar's wolf eel
120. Lycenchelys scaurus
121. Lycenchelys squamosa
122. Lycenchelys tohokuensis
123. Lycenchelys tristichodon
124. Lycenchelys uschakovi
125. Lycenchelys verrillii Wolf eelpout
126. Lycenchelys vitiazi
127. Lycenchelys volki
128. Lycenchelys wilkesi
129. Lycenchelys xanthoptera
130. Lycodapus antarcticus
131. Lycodapus australis
132. Lycodapus derjugini
133. Lycodapus dermatinus
134. Lycodapus endemoscotus Deepwater slipskin
135. Lycodapus fierasfer Blackmouth eelpout
136. Lycodapus leptus
137. Lycodapus mandibularis Pallid eelpout
138. Lycodapus microchir
139. Lycodapus pachysoma Stout slipskin
880
140. Lycodapus parviceps Smallhead eelpout
141. Lycodapus poecilus
142. Lycodapus psarostomatus Specklemouth eelpout
143. Lycodes adolfi Adolf's eelpout
144. Lycodes akuugun
145. Lycodes albolineatus Whitebar eelpout
146. Lycodes albonotatus
147. Lycodes bathybius
148. Lycodes beringi Bering eelpout
149. Lycodes brevipes Shortfin eelpout
150. Lycodes brunneofasciatus Tawnystripe eelpout
151. Lycodes caudimaculatus
152. Lycodes concolor Ebony eelpout
153. Lycodes cortezianus Bigfin eelpout
154. Lycodes diapterus Black eelpout
155. Lycodes esmarkii Greater eelpout
156. Lycodes eudipleurostictus Doubleline eelpout
157. Lycodes fasciatus Banded eelpout
158. Lycodes frigidus Glacial eelpout
159. Lycodes fulvus
160. Lycodes gracilis
161. Lycodes heinemanni
162. Lycodes hubbsi
163. Lycodes japonicus
164. Lycodes jenseni
165. Lycodes jugoricus Shulupaoluk
166. Lycodes lavalaei Newfoundland eelpout
167. Lycodes luetkenii Lütken's eelpout
168. Lycodes macrochir
169. Lycodes macrolepis
170. Lycodes marisalbi White sea eelpout
171. Lycodes matsubarai
172. Lycodes mcallisteri McAllister's eelpout
173. Lycodes microlepidotus
174. Lycodes microporus
175. Lycodes mucosus Saddled eelpout
176. Lycodes nakamurae
177. Lycodes nishimurai
178. Lycodes obscurus
179. Lycodes ocellatus
180. Lycodes paamiuti Paamiut eelpout
181. Lycodes pacificus Blackbelly eelpout
182. Lycodes palearis Wattled eelpout
183. Lycodes pallidus Pale eelpout
184. Lycodes paucilepidotus
185. Lycodes pectoralis
186. Lycodes polaris Canadian eelpout
187. Lycodes raridens Marbled eelpout
188. Lycodes reticulatus Arctic eelpout
189. Lycodes rossi Threespot eelpout
190. Lycodes sadoensis
191. Lycodes sagittarius Archer eelpout
192. Lycodes schmidti
193. Lycodes semenovi
194. Lycodes seminudus Longear eelpout
881
195. Lycodes sigmatoides
196. Lycodes soldatovi
197. Lycodes squamiventer Scalebelly eelpout
198. Lycodes tanakae
199. Lycodes teraoi
200. Lycodes terraenovae
201. Lycodes toyamensis
202. Lycodes turneri Polar eelpout
203. Lycodes uschakovi
204. Lycodes vahlii Vahl's eelpout
205. Lycodes yamatoi
206. Lycodes ygreknotatus
207. Lycodichthys antarcticus
208. Lycodichthys dearborni
209. Lycodonus flagellicauda
210. Lycodonus malvinensis
211. Lycodonus mirabilis Chevron scutepout
212. Lycodonus vermiformis
213. Lycogrammoides schmidti
214. Lyconema barbatum Bearded eelpout
215. Lycozoarces regani
216. Magadanichthys skopetsi
217. Maynea puncta
218. Melanostigma atlanticum Atlantic soft pout
219. Melanostigma bathium
220. Melanostigma gelatinosum Limp eelpout
221. Melanostigma inexpectatum
222. Melanostigma orientale
223. Melanostigma pammelas Midwater eelpout
224. Melanostigma vitiazi
225. Nalbantichthys elongatus
226. Notolycodes schmidti
227. Oidiphorus brevis
228. Oidiphorus mcallisteri
229. Opaeophacus acrogeneius
230. Ophthalmolycus amberensis
231. Ophthalmolycus andersoni
232. Ophthalmolycus bothriocephalus
233. Ophthalmolycus campbellensis
234. Ophthalmolycus chilensis
235. Ophthalmolycus conorhynchus
236. Ophthalmolycus macrops
237. Pachycara alepidotum
238. Pachycara andersoni Anderson's eelpout
239. Pachycara arabica Arabian eelpout
240. Pachycara brachycephalum
241. Pachycara bulbiceps Snubnose eelpout
242. Pachycara cousinsi
243. Pachycara crassiceps
244. Pachycara crossacanthum
245. Pachycara dolichaulus
246. Pachycara garricki
247. Pachycara goni
248. Pachycara gymninium
249. Pachycara lepinium
882
250. Pachycara mesoporum
251. Pachycara microcephalum
252. Pachycara nazca
253. Pachycara pammelas
254. Pachycara priedei
255. Pachycara rimae
256. Pachycara saldanhai
257. Pachycara shcherbachevi
258. Pachycara sulaki
259. Pachycara suspectum
260. Pachycara thermophilum
261. Phucocoetes latitans
262. Piedrabuenia ringueleti
263. Plesienchelys stehmanni
264. Pogonolycus elegans
265. Pogonolycus marinae
266. Puzanovia rubra
267. Puzanovia virgata
268. Pyrolycus manusanus
269. Pyrolycus moelleri
270. Seleniolycus laevifasciatus
271. Seleniolycus pectoralis
272. Seleniolycus robertsi
273. Taranetzella lyoderma Looseskin eelpout
274. Thermarces andersoni
275. Thermarces cerberus
276. Thermarces pelophilum
277. Zoarces americanus Ocean pout
278. Zoarces andriashevi
279. Zoarces elongatus
280. Zoarces fedorovi
281. Zoarces gillii
282. Zoarces viviparus Eelpout
883
ORDO PERCOPSIFORMES
(Trout-perches, Pirate perches and Cavef)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Premaxilla nonprotractile; ectopterygoid and palatine with teeth; pelvic

fins, if present, behind pectorals and with 3-8 soft rays; spines
(normally weak) usually present in dorsal fin; many species with
ctenoid scales; six branchiostegal rays; 16 branched caudal rays;
orbitosphenoid, basiphenoid, and suborbital shelf absent; vertebrae
28-35.
884
Family Amblyopsidae
(Cavefishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Freshwater; usually cave-dwellers. Distribution: southern and eastern

United States. Scales cycloid. Head naked. Eyes small to vestigial.
Dorsal fin spines 1-2 or absent; soft rays 7-12. Anal fin spines 1-2 or
absent; soft rays 7-11. Usually without pelvic fins; Amblyopsis spelaea
has small abdominal pelvic fins with 0-6 rays. Rows of sensory papillae
on the head, body, and tail. Vertebrae 27-35. About 9 cm maximum
length.

1. Amblyopsis rosae Ozark cavefish
2. Amblyopsis spelaea Northern cavefish
3. Chologaster cornuta Swampfish
4. Forbesichthys agassizii Spring cavefish
5. Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Alabama cavefish
6. Typhlichthys subterraneus Southern cavefish
885
Family Aphredoderidae
(Pirate perches)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: eastern United States. Scales ctenoid. Head scaly on

sides. Normal eyes. Dorsal fin spines 3 or 4; soft rays 10 or 11. Anal
fin spines 2 or 3; soft rays 5-7. Pelvic fin insertion subthoracic; pelvic
rays 7. Anus in juveniles immediately preceeding anal fin, moving
anteriorly with growth. That young individuals have less anal fin spines
(2) but more soft rays (8) while adults have 3 and 7, respectively,
seems to result from a transformation of the third soft ray into a spine.
About 13 cm maximum length.

1. Aphredoderus sayanus Pirate perch
886
Family Percopsidae
(Trout-perches)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: northern North America. Scales ctenoid and cycloid.

Naked head. Dorsal fin spines 1 or 2; soft rays 9-12. Anal fin spines 1
or 2; soft rays 6 or 7. Pelvic fin insertion subthoracic; pelvic rays 8.
Attains a maximum length of 20 cm.

1. Percopsis omiscomaycus Trout-perch
2. Percopsis transmontana Sand roller
887
ORDO PLEURONECTIFORMES
(Flatfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Adults not bilaterally symmetrical, with one eye migrating to the other
side of the cranium; dorsal and anal fins with long bases, dorsal fin
base overlapping at least the neurocranium except in Psettodes; body
highly compressed, somewhat rounded on eyed side and flat on blind
side; eyes can protrude above body surface allowing fish to see when
buried in the substrate; usually six or seven branchiostegal rays, rarely
eight; body cavity small; adults almost always without swim bladder;
scales cycloid, ctenoid, or tuberculate. About four species probably
occur in freshwater, while another 20 species that are normally marine
occasionally enter freshwater.
888
Family Achiridae
(American soles)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : The Achiridae are saltwater and freshwater flatfishes with the eyes on
the right side, body rounded or ovate in lateral view in most species,
including fins, and elongate in Achiropsis nattereri, Apionichthys
dumerili, and one undescribed species referred to Apionichthys. The
eyed-side lower lip has a conspicuous, variously fringed fleshy rim
which distinguish the species of this family from other sympatrical
flatfishes. The lower lip is internally strengthened by a cartilaginous
piece positioned laterally to dentary, the upper free half above the
dentary dorsal margin; this cartilaginous piece, which is visible only by
dissection or in cleared and stained preparations, is also present in
other flatfish families, but clearly less developed than in achirids. The
posterior nare forming a wide longitudinal slit above posterior end of
upper lip, and hidden by lower lip when mouth is closed, is also a
diagnostic external feature for achirids. A similar feature also appear in
Soleidae, but it is never covered by lower lip; soleids do not occur in
the Neotropics. The anterior nare is tubular as in some other flatfishes
families. Margin of preopercle evidenced by a narrow naked area,
particularly on its angle; this area is very narrow in adults and
concealed by scales in juveniles of Soleonasus. Teeth villiform,
organized in a patch and present on jaws only in the blind side, except
for Hypoclinemus mentalis, which possesses teeth on jaws of both
eyed and blind sides. Dorsal fin extends forward onto cranium up to
anterior end of upper jaw, which is often covered by a fringed dermal
flap projected from anterior end of this fin. In Achiropsis, Apionichthys,
Pnictes, and Soleonasus the anterior end of dorsal fin and its
corresponding supracranial area extend beyond and conceal anterior
margin of mouth. Eyed-side pelvic fin united to anal fin by membrane;
both pelvic fins enclosed in a single dermal envelope in Gymnachirus
and Soleonasus, also united to anal fin by membrane; pelvic fins
extend forward in Achiropsis, Apionichthys, Pnictes, and Soleonasus,
the first pelvic-fin ray inserted just below ventral end of mandibular
889
symphysis. Dorsal and anal fins free from caudal fin in most species,
or united to caudal fin by a narrow membrane in Achiropsis,
Apionichthys, and Pnictes. Pectoral fins often minute, present in one or
both sides, or absent. Lateral line frequently ornamented with dermal
processes or ramified tubes, particularly on head. Scales ctenoid, those
of head external margin larger than the others on body, and a little
turned to its center; scales are absent in Gymnachirus, except for
remains of lateral line tubes on head and body. Medium size achirid
species are 15 centimeters long, the largest species occurring in
freshwater. They are carnivores, eating fishes and benthic
invertebrates. Fully developed gonads were examined in specimens
2.5 centimeters SL, from a species which grow up to 12 centimeters.
Common names of these fishes are American Sole (English), Lenguado
(Spanish), Linguado (a general Portuguese word for
Pleuronectiformes). In several Brazilian regions they are also known as
Solha, Sôia, Sóia, Tapa or Aramaçá. Presently, nine genera and 28
species are recognized (Nelson, 1994). No recent revisional work is
available. Chabanaud (1928) published a review of achirids, but it is
not a comprehensive work. The achirid genera are presently being
reviewed by the author, and synonymization of some genera and
species will be proposed. Also, some species restricted to freshwater
and referred to Apionchthys, and marine species referred to Trinectes
and Achirus will be described. The assemblage that composes the
family Achiridae was traditionally treated as part of the Soleidae, in
subfamilial ranking. Jordan (1923) proposed familial ranking to that
assemblage. This view was subsequently supported by Chabanaud in
several papers (e.g. 1935, 1939), but not by Greenwood et al. (1966).
Recently, Chapleau and Keast (1984) proposed the monophyly of the
achirids based on five osteological cranial characters, but rejected the
traditional view of a monophyletic Soleidae (Soleinae + Achirinae),
previously supported by other authors. A cladistic study of intergeneric
relationships, also in progress by the present author, detected eight
new exclusive characters to support the monophyly proposed by
Chapleau and Keast (1984) for the achirids. Achirids are mainly shore
fishes restricted to both sides of Americas, including the subtropical,
southern portion of Neartic region, and all the Neotropics, except for
its extreme south. The genera Achiropsis, Apionichthys, Pnictes, and
Soleonasus are restricted to freshwater in northern South American
rivers, except for Apionichthys dumerili, which occurs in estuarine
890
areas of the Orinoco, Corantjin, Oiapoque, Amazonas and Grajaú
basins, also entering low lands freshwaters as do some other marine
achirid species, and in marine areas under the influence of those
rivers. Two species of Catathyridium are restricted to the Paraguay-
Paraná, and Uruguay systems, and one species (C. garmani) occurs in
estuarine and marine coastal areas of Southeastern Brazil, including
Lagoa dos Patos, and coastal areas of Northern Uruguay. Some marine
species of the genera Achirus and Trinectes occasionally enters
freshwaters.

1. Achirus achirus Drab sole
2. Achirus declivis Plainfin sole
3. Achirus klunzingeri Brown sole
4. Achirus lineatus Lined sole
5. Achirus mazatlanus Mazatlan sole
6. Achirus mucuri American sole
7. Achirus novoae
8. Achirus scutum Network sole
9. Achirus zebrinus
10. Apionichthys asphyxiatus
11. Apionichthys dumerili Longtail sole
12. Apionichthys finis
13. Apionichthys menezesi
14. Apionichthys nattereri
15. Apionichthys rosai
16. Apionichthys sauli
17. Apionichthys seripierriae
18. Catathyridium garmani
19. Catathyridium grandirivi
20. Catathyridium jenynsii
21. Catathyridium lorentzii
22. Gymnachirus melas North American naked sole
23. Gymnachirus nudus Naked sole
24. Gymnachirus texae Gulf of Mexico fringed sole
25. Hypoclinemus mentalis
26. Trinectes fimbriatus Fringed sole
27. Trinectes fluviatilis Freshwater sole
28. Trinectes fonsecensis Spottedfin sole
29. Trinectes inscriptus Scrawled sole
30. Trinectes maculatus Hogchoker
31. Trinectes microphthalmus
32. Trinectes opercularis Spottedcheek sole
33. Trinectes paulistanus Slipper sole
34. Trinectes xanthurus
891
Family Achiropsettidae
(Southern flounders)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters. Body greatly compressed; both

eyes on left side of head. Dorsal and anal fins separate from caudal
fin; no fin spines; pectoral fins rudimentary or absent; lateral line
straight and well developed on both sides. Small to medium-size
benthic fishes.

1. Achiropsetta slavae
2. Achiropsetta tricholepis
3. Mancopsetta maculata antarctica
4. Mancopsetta maculata maculata Antarctic armless flounder
5. Neoachiropsetta milfordi Finless flounder
6. Pseudomancopsetta andriashevi
892
Family Bothidae
(Lefteye flounders)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and temperate Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

oceans. Both eyes on left side in most species. Preopercle margin free
and distinct. No spines in fins. Dorsal fin origin above or anterior to
upper eye. Dorsal and anal fins separate from caudal fin.
Branchiostegal membranes united. Anus on blind side. Predators of
benthic invertebrates and fishes. Pelagic spawners. Egg yolk with a
single oil globule. Lefteye flounders are found in all tropical and
temperate seas, and several species are of commercial importance.

1. Arnoglossus andrewsi
2. Arnoglossus arabicus Arabian flounder
3. Arnoglossus armstrongi
4. Arnoglossus aspilos Spotless lefteye flounder
5. Arnoglossus bassensis Bass Strait flounder
6. Arnoglossus boops
7. Arnoglossus brunneus Brown lefteye flounder
8. Arnoglossus capensis Cape scaldfish
9. Arnoglossus dalgleishi East coast flounder
10. Arnoglossus debilis Weak lefteye flounder
11. Arnoglossus elongatus Long lefteye flounder
12. Arnoglossus fisoni Fison's lefteye flounder
13. Arnoglossus grohmanni
14. Arnoglossus imperialis Imperial scaldfish
15. Arnoglossus japonicus Japanese lefteye flounder
16. Arnoglossus kessleri Scaldback
17. Arnoglossus laterna Mediterranean scaldfish
18. Arnoglossus macrolophus Large-crested lefteye flounder
19. Arnoglossus marisrubri
20. Arnoglossus micrommatus
21. Arnoglossus muelleri Mueller's flounder
22. Arnoglossus multirastris
23. Arnoglossus nigrifrons
24. Arnoglossus oxyrhynchus Sharp-snout lefteye flounder
25. Arnoglossus polyspilus Many-spotted lefteye flounder
26. Arnoglossus rueppelii Rüppell's scaldback
27. Arnoglossus sayaensis
28. Arnoglossus scapha
29. Arnoglossus septemventralis
893
30. Arnoglossus tapeinosoma
31. Arnoglossus tenuis Dwarf lefteye flounder
32. Arnoglossus thori Thor's scaldfish
33. Arnoglossus waitei Waite's lefteye flounder
34. Arnoglossus yamanakai
35. Asterorhombus cocosensis Cocos Island flounder
36. Asterorhombus fijiensis Angler flatfish
37. Asterorhombus filifer
38. Asterorhombus intermedius Intermediate flounder
39. Bothus assimilis
40. Bothus constellatus Pacific eyed flounder
41. Bothus ellipticus
42. Bothus guibei Guinean flounder
43. Bothus leopardinus Pacific leopard flounder
44. Bothus lunatus Plate fish
45. Bothus maculiferus Mottled flounder
46. Bothus mancus Flowery flounder
47. Bothus mellissi St. Helena flounder
48. Bothus myriaster Indo-Pacific oval flounder
49. Bothus ocellatus Eyed flounder
50. Bothus pantherinus Leopard flounder
51. Bothus podas Wide-eyed flounder
52. Bothus robinsi Twospot flounder
53. Bothus swio
54. Bothus tricirrhitus
55. Chascanopsetta crumenalis
56. Chascanopsetta elski
57. Chascanopsetta kenyaensis
58. Chascanopsetta lugubris Pelican flounder
59. Chascanopsetta megagnatha
60. Chascanopsetta micrognatha
61. Chascanopsetta prognatha
62. Chascanopsetta prorigera
63. Crossorhombus azureus Blue flounder
64. Crossorhombus howensis Lord Howe Island flounder
65. Crossorhombus kanekonis
66. Crossorhombus kobensis Kobe flounder
67. Crossorhombus valderostratus Broadbrow flounder
68. Engyophrys sanctilaurentii Speckled-tail flounder
69. Engyophrys senta American spiny flounder
70. Engyprosopon annulatus
71. Engyprosopon arenicola
72. Engyprosopon bellonaensis Bellona flounder
73. Engyprosopon bleekeri Bleeker's flounder
74. Engyprosopon filimanus
75. Engyprosopon filipennis
76. Engyprosopon grandisquama Largescale flounder
77. Engyprosopon hawaiiensis
78. Engyprosopon hensleyi
79. Engyprosopon hureaui Hureau's flounder
80. Engyprosopon kushimotoensis
81. Engyprosopon latifrons
82. Engyprosopon longipelvis
83. Engyprosopon longipterum Long pectoral fin flounder
84. Engyprosopon macrolepis
894
85. Engyprosopon maldivensis Olive wide-eyed flounder
86. Engyprosopon marquisensis
87. Engyprosopon mogkii
88. Engyprosopon mozambiquensis
89. Engyprosopon multisquama
90. Engyprosopon natalensis Natal flounder
91. Engyprosopon obliquioculatum
92. Engyprosopon osculus
93. Engyprosopon raoulensis
94. Engyprosopon regani
95. Engyprosopon rostratum Long snout flounder
96. Engyprosopon sechellensis
97. Engyprosopon septempes Seven pelvic ray flounder
98. Engyprosopon vanuatuensis
99. Engyprosopon xenandrus
100. Engyprosopon xystrias
101. Grammatobothus krempfi Krempf's flounder
102. Grammatobothus pennatus Pennant flounder
103. Grammatobothus polyophthalmus Threespot flounder
104. Japonolaeops dentatus
105. Kamoharaia megastoma Wide-mouthed flounder
106. Laeops clarus Clear fin-base flounder
107. Laeops cypho
108. Laeops gracilis Philippine slender flounder
109. Laeops guentheri Günther's flounder
110. Laeops kitaharae
111. Laeops macrophthalmus
112. Laeops natalensis Khaki flounder
113. Laeops nigrescens
114. Laeops nigromaculatus Blackspotted flounder
115. Laeops parviceps Small headed flounder
116. Laeops pectoralis Longarm flounder
117. Laeops tungkongensis
118. Lophonectes gallus Crested flounder
119. Lophonectes mongonuiensis
120. Monolene antillarum Slim flounder
121. Monolene asaedai Asaedae flounder
122. Monolene atrimana
123. Monolene danae
124. Monolene dubiosa Acapulco flounder
125. Monolene helenensis
126. Monolene maculipinna Pacific deepwater flounder
127. Monolene megalepis
128. Monolene mertensi Merten's moonflounder
129. Monolene microstoma Smallmouth moonflounder
130. Monolene sessilicauda Deepwater flounder
131. Neolaeops microphthalmus Crosseyed flounder
132. Parabothus amaokai
133. Parabothus budkeri
134. Parabothus chlorospilus
135. Parabothus coarctatus
136. Parabothus filipes
137. Parabothus kiensis
138. Parabothus malhensis
139. Parabothus polylepis Manyscaled flounder
895
140. Parabothus taiwanensis
141. Perissias taeniopterus Striped-fin flounder
142. Psettina brevirictis
143. Psettina filimana
144. Psettina gigantea Rough-scaled flounder
145. Psettina hainanensis
146. Psettina iijimae
147. Psettina multisquamea
148. Psettina profunda
149. Psettina senta
150. Psettina tosana
151. Psettina variegata
152. Taeniopsetta ocellata Indo-Pacific ocellated flounder
153. Taeniopsetta radula
154. Tosarhombus brevis
155. Tosarhombus longimanus
156. Tosarhombus neocaledonicus
157. Tosarhombus nielseni
158. Tosarhombus octoculatus
159. Tosarhombus smithi
160. Trichopsetta caribbaea Caribbean flounder
161. Trichopsetta melasma
162. Trichopsetta orbisulcus
163. Trichopsetta ventralis Sash flounder
896
Family Citharidae
(Citharids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Japan to Australia. Eyes

on either side of the head. A single spine and five soft rays in pelvic
fins; pelvics equally developed and short based. Dorsal fin origin at
posterior nostril of blind side; pectoral fins well developed.
Branchiostegal membranes not united. Lateral line present on both
sides. Anus on eyed side. Vertebrae 10 + 24-25. The status of the
genera Citharus versus Eucitharus needs clarification.

1. Brachypleura novaezeelandiae Yellow-dabbled flounder
2. Citharoides axillaris
3. Citharoides macrolepidotus Branched ray flounder
4. Citharoides macrolepis Twospot largescale flounder
5. Citharoides orbitalis
6. Citharus linguatula Spotted flounder
7. Lepidoblepharon ophthalmolepis Scale-eyed flounder
897
Family Cynoglossidae
(Tonguefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical and subtropical areas. Both eyes on left side of
head; eyes very small with little interorbital space. Preopercle margin
covered with skin. Asymmetrical mouth. Caudal fin pointed and
confluent with dorsal and caudal fins. Right pelvic fin usually
undeveloped. No pectoral fins. Dorsal fin origin at or in front of fixed
(lower) eye. Vertebrae usually 9 or 10 + 33-66. To about 48 cm
maximum length, usually below 30 cm. Tongue fishes are found in
warm waters of all oceans (between 40° latitudes). Most species occur
in shallow water or estuaries; Symphurinae are in deep water of 300-
1,900 m; many species are commercially important. Five species are
known primarily from rivers.

1. Cynoglossus abbreviatus Three-lined tongue sole
2. Cynoglossus acaudatus Natal tongue-fish
3. Cynoglossus acutirostris Sharpnose tonguesole
4. Cynoglossus arel Largescale tonguesole
5. Cynoglossus attenuatus Fourline tonguesole
6. Cynoglossus bilineatus Fourlined tonguesole
7. Cynoglossus broadhursti Southern tongue sole
8. Cynoglossus browni Nigerian tonguesole
9. Cynoglossus cadenati Ghanian tonguesole
10. Cynoglossus canariensis Canary tonguesole
11. Cynoglossus capensis Sand tonguefish
12. Cynoglossus carpenteri Hooked tonguesole
13. Cynoglossus cynoglossus Bengal tongue sole
14. Cynoglossus dispar Roundhead toungesole
15. Cynoglossus dollfusi
16. Cynoglossus dubius Carrot tonguesole
17. Cynoglossus durbanensis Durban tonguesole
18. Cynoglossus feldmanni River tonguesole
19. Cynoglossus gilchristi Ripplefin tonguesole
20. Cynoglossus gracilis
21. Cynoglossus heterolepis Freshwater tongue sole
22. Cynoglossus interruptus Genko sole
23. Cynoglossus itinus
24. Cynoglossus joyneri Red tonguesole
25. Cynoglossus kapuasensis
898
26. Cynoglossus kopsii Shortheaded tonguesole
27. Cynoglossus lachneri Lachner's tonguesole
28. Cynoglossus lida Roughscale tonguesole
29. Cynoglossus lighti
30. Cynoglossus lineolatus
31. Cynoglossus lingua Long tongue sole
32. Cynoglossus maccullochi
33. Cynoglossus macrolepidotus
34. Cynoglossus macrophthalmus Big-eyed tongue-sole
35. Cynoglossus macrostomus Malabar tonguesole
36. Cynoglossus maculipinnis
37. Cynoglossus marleyi Threeline tonguesole
38. Cynoglossus melampetalus
39. Cynoglossus microlepis Smallscale tonguesole
40. Cynoglossus monodi Guinean tonguesole
41. Cynoglossus monopus
42. Cynoglossus nigropinnatus
43. Cynoglossus ochiaii
44. Cynoglossus ogilbyi
45. Cynoglossus oligolepis
46. Cynoglossus pottii
47. Cynoglossus puncticeps Speckled tonguesole
48. Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus
49. Cynoglossus robustus
50. Cynoglossus roulei
51. Cynoglossus sealarki
52. Cynoglossus semifasciatus Bengal tonguesole
53. Cynoglossus semilaevis Tongue sole
54. Cynoglossus senegalensis Senegalese tonguesole
55. Cynoglossus sibogae
56. Cynoglossus sinicus
57. Cynoglossus sinusarabici
58. Cynoglossus suyeni
59. Cynoglossus trigrammus
60. Cynoglossus trulla Macau sole
61. Cynoglossus waandersii
62. Cynoglossus zanzibarensis Zanzibar tonguesole
63. Paraplagusia bilineata Doublelined tonguesole
64. Paraplagusia blochii Bloch's tonguesole
65. Paraplagusia guttata
66. Paraplagusia japonica Black cow-tongue
67. Paraplagusia longirostris Long-snouted tongue sole
68. Paraplagusia sinerama Dusky tongue sole
69. Symphurus arawak Caribbean tonguefish
70. Symphurus atramentatus Inkspot tonguefish
71. Symphurus atricaudus California tonguefish
72. Symphurus australis
73. Symphurus bathyspilus
74. Symphurus billykrietei Kriete's tonguefish
75. Symphurus callopterus Chocolate tonguefish
76. Symphurus caribbeanus
77. Symphurus chabanaudi Chabanaud's tonguefish
78. Symphurus civitatium Offshore tonguefish
79. Symphurus diabolicus Devil's tonguefish
80. Symphurus diomedeanus Spottedfin tonguefish
899
81. Symphurus elongatus Elongate tonguefish
82. Symphurus fasciolaris Banded tongue-fish
83. Symphurus fuscus
84. Symphurus gilesii
85. Symphurus ginsburgi Ginsburg's tonguefish
86. Symphurus gorgonae Gorgonian tonguefish
87. Symphurus hondoensis
88. Symphurus insularis
89. Symphurus jenynsi Jenyn's tonguefish
90. Symphurus kyaropterygium
91. Symphurus leei Lee's tonguefish
92. Symphurus ligulatus Elongate tonguesole
93. Symphurus lubbocki
94. Symphurus luzonensis
95. Symphurus macrophthalmus
96. Symphurus maldivensis
97. Symphurus marginatus Margined tonguefish
98. Symphurus marmoratus
99. Symphurus megasomus Giant tonguefish
100. Symphurus melanurus Drab tonguefish
101. Symphurus melasmatotheca Blackstripe tonguefish
102. Symphurus microlepis Smallfin tonguefish
103. Symphurus microrhynchus
104. Symphurus minor Largescale tonguefish
105. Symphurus monostigmus
106. Symphurus multimaculatus Pepperdot Tonguefish
107. Symphurus nebulosus Freckled tonguefish
108. Symphurus nigrescens Tonguesole
109. Symphurus normani Norman's tonguesole
110. Symphurus novemfasciatus
111. Symphurus ocellaris Ringtail tonguefish
112. Symphurus ocellatus Double-spot tonguesole
113. Symphurus oculellus
114. Symphurus oligomerus Spotfin tonguefish
115. Symphurus ommaspilus Ocellated tonguefish
116. Symphurus orientalis
117. Symphurus parvus Pygmy tonguefish
118. Symphurus pelicanus Longtail tonguefish
119. Symphurus piger Deepwater tonguefish
120. Symphurus plagiusa Blackcheek tonguefish
121. Symphurus plagusia Duskycheek tonguefish
122. Symphurus prolatinaris Halfstriped tonguefish
123. Symphurus pusillus Northern tonguefish
124. Symphurus regani
125. Symphurus reticulatus
126. Symphurus rhytisma Patchtail tonguefish
127. Symphurus schultzi
128. Symphurus septemstriatus Sevenband tonguesole
129. Symphurus stigmosus Blotchfin tonguefish
130. Symphurus strictus Blackbelly tonguesole
131. Symphurus tessellatus
132. Symphurus thermophilus Western Pacific Tonguefish
133. Symphurus trewavasae Trewavas' tonguefish
134. Symphurus trifasciatus Threeband tonguesole
135. Symphurus undatus
900
136. Symphurus undecimplerus Dark cheek tongue
137. Symphurus urospilus Spottail tonguefish
138. Symphurus vanmelleae
139. Symphurus variegatus
140. Symphurus varius Mottled tonguefish
141. Symphurus williamsi William's tonguefish
142. Symphurus woodmasoni
901
Family Paralichthyidae
(Large-tooth flounders)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; marine, rarely in freshwater. Eyes
on the left side. No spines in pectoral and pelvic fins; pelvic fin bases
short and nearly symmetrical. Eggs with a single oil globule in the yolk.
Placement of Tephrinectes and Thysanopsetta into this family is only
provisional.

1. Ancylopsetta antillarum
2. Ancylopsetta cycloidea Cyclope flounder
3. Ancylopsetta dendritica Three-spot flounder
4. Ancylopsetta dilecta Three-eye flounder
5. Ancylopsetta kumperae Foureyed flounder
6. Ancylopsetta microctenus
7. Ancylopsetta ommata Gulf of Mexico ocellated flounder
8. Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus
9. Citharichthys abbotti Veracruz whiff
10. Citharichthys amblybregmatus
11. Citharichthys arctifrons Gulf Stream flounder
12. Citharichthys arenaceus Sand whiff
13. Citharichthys cornutus Horned whiff
14. Citharichthys dinoceros Spined whiff
15. Citharichthys fragilis Gulf sanddab
16. Citharichthys gilberti Bigmouth sanddab
17. Citharichthys gnathus
18. Citharichthys gordae Mimic sandab
19. Citharichthys gymnorhinus Anglefin whiff
20. Citharichthys macrops Spotted whiff
21. Citharichthys mariajorisae Five-rayed sanddab
22. Citharichthys minutus
23. Citharichthys platophrys Small sandab
24. Citharichthys sordidus Pacific sanddab
25. Citharichthys spilopterus Bay whiff
26. Citharichthys stampflii Smooth flounder
27. Citharichthys stigmaeus Speckled sanddab
28. Citharichthys surinamensis
29. Citharichthys uhleri Voodoo whiff
30. Citharichthys valdezi
31. Citharichthys xanthostigma Longfin sanddab
32. Cyclopsetta chittendeni Mexican flounder
33. Cyclopsetta decussata
34. Cyclopsetta fimbriata Spotfin flounder
902
35. Cyclopsetta panamensis God's flounder
36. Cyclopsetta querna Toothed flounder
37. Etropus ciadi
38. Etropus crossotus Fringed flounder
39. Etropus cyclosquamus Shelf flounder
40. Etropus delsmani delsmani
41. Etropus delsmani pacificus Delsman's flounder
42. Etropus ectenes Sole flounder
43. Etropus intermedius
44. Etropus longimanus
45. Etropus microstomus Smallmouth flounder
46. Etropus peruvianus Peruvian flounder
47. Etropus rimosus Gray flounder
48. Gastropsetta frontalis Shrimp flounder
49. Hippoglossina bollmani
50. Hippoglossina macrops Bigeye flounder
51. Hippoglossina montemaris
52. Hippoglossina mystacium
53. Hippoglossina oblonga American fourspot flounder
54. Hippoglossina stomata Bigmouth flounder
55. Hippoglossina tetrophthalma Fourspot flounder
56. Paralichthys adspersus Fine flounder
57. Paralichthys aestuarius Cortez flounder
58. Paralichthys albigutta Gulf flounder
59. Paralichthys brasiliensis Brazilian flounder
60. Paralichthys californicus California flounder
61. Paralichthys coeruleosticta
62. Paralichthys delfini
63. Paralichthys dentatus Summer flounder
64. Paralichthys fernandezianus
65. Paralichthys hilgendorfii
66. Paralichthys isosceles
67. Paralichthys lethostigma Southern flounder
68. Paralichthys microps
69. Paralichthys olivaceus Bastard halibut
70. Paralichthys orbignyanus
71. Paralichthys patagonicus Patagonian flounder
72. Paralichthys schmitti
73. Paralichthys squamilentus Broad flounder
74. Paralichthys triocellatus
75. Paralichthys tropicus Tropical flounder
76. Paralichthys woolmani Speckled flounder
77. Pseudorhombus annulatus Ringed flounder
78. Pseudorhombus argus Peacock flounder
79. Pseudorhombus arsius Largetooth flounder
80. Pseudorhombus binii
81. Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus Cinnamon flounder
82. Pseudorhombus ctenosquamis
83. Pseudorhombus diplospilus Four twin-spot flounder
84. Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus Ocellated flounder
85. Pseudorhombus elevatus Deep flounder
86. Pseudorhombus javanicus Javan flounder
87. Pseudorhombus jenynsii Small-toothed flounder
88. Pseudorhombus levisquamis
89. Pseudorhombus malayanus Malayan flounder
903
90. Pseudorhombus megalops
91. Pseudorhombus micrognathus
92. Pseudorhombus natalensis Natal flounders
93. Pseudorhombus neglectus
94. Pseudorhombus oculocirris
95. Pseudorhombus oligodon Roughscale flounder
96. Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus Fivespot flounder
97. Pseudorhombus polyspilos
98. Pseudorhombus quinquocellatus Five-eyed flounder
99. Pseudorhombus russellii
100. Pseudorhombus spinosus Spiny flounder
101. Pseudorhombus tenuirastrum
102. Pseudorhombus triocellatus Three spotted flounders
103. Syacium guineensis
104. Syacium gunteri Shoal flounder
105. Syacium latifrons Beach flounder
106. Syacium longidorsale Longfin flounder
107. Syacium maculiferum Clearspot flounder
108. Syacium micrurum Channel flounder
109. Syacium ovale Oval flounder
110. Syacium papillosum Dusky flounder
111. Tarphops elegans
112. Tarphops oligolepis
113. Tephrinectes sinensis
114. Thysanopsetta naresi
115. Xystreurys liolepis Fantail flounder
116. Xystreurys rasile
904
Family Pleuronectidae
(Righteye flounders)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; occasionally brackish; rare in freshwater. Distribution:

Arctic, Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Both eyes normally on the
right side. Preoperculum with a free margin. Fins without spines.
Dorsal fin extends on head. Swimbladder absent in adults. The
pigmented side is capable of remarable color changes in order to
match the bottom. Predators of benthic invertebrates and fishes.
Pelagic spawners. Eggs without oil globule in yolk. Benthic, from a few
to more than 1,000 m. Almost all species important to fisheries.
Cooper and Chapleau (1998) exclude the subfamilies Poecilopsettinae,
Rhombosoleinae, and Paralichthodinae.

1. Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Scale-eye plaice
2. Ammotretis brevipinnis Shortfin flounder
3. Ammotretis elongatus Elongate flounder
4. Ammotretis lituratus Tudor's flounder
5. Ammotretis macrolepis
6. Ammotretis rostratus Longsnout flounder
7. Atheresthes evermanni Kamchatka flounder
8. Atheresthes stomias Arrow-tooth flounder
9. Azygopus pinnifasciatus Banded-fin flounder
10. Cleisthenes herzensteini
11. Cleisthenes pinetorum Sôhachi
12. Clidoderma asperrimum Roughscale sole
13. Colistium guntheri
14. Colistium nudipinnis
15. Dexistes rikuzenius Rikuzen flounder
16. Embassichthys bathybius Deep-sea sole
17. Eopsetta grigorjewi Shotted halibut
18. Eopsetta jordani Petrale sole
19. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Witch flounder
20. Glyptocephalus stelleri Blackfin flounder
21. Glyptocephalus zachirus Rex sole
22. Hippoglossoides dubius Flathead flounder
23. Hippoglossoides elassodon Flathead sole
24. Hippoglossoides platessoides American plaice
25. Hippoglossoides robustus Bering flounder
26. Hippoglossus hippoglossus Atlantic halibut
27. Hippoglossus stenolepis Pacific halibut
905
28. Hypsopsetta guttulata Diamond turbot
29. Hypsopsetta macrocephala
30. Isopsetta isolepis Butter sole
31. Kareius bicoloratus Stone flounder
32. Lepidopsetta bilineata Rock sole
33. Lepidopsetta mochigarei Dusky sole
34. Lepidopsetta polyxystra Northern rock sole
35. Limanda aspera Yellowfin sole
36. Limanda ferruginea Yellowtail flounder
37. Limanda limanda Common dab
38. Limanda proboscidea Longhead dab
39. Limanda punctatissima
40. Limanda sakhalinensis Sakhalin sole
41. Liopsetta glacialis Arctic flounder
42. Liopsetta pinnifasciata Far Eastern smooth flounder
43. Liopsetta putnami American smooth flounder
44. Lyopsetta exilis Slender sole
45. Marleyella bicolorata Comb flounder
46. Marleyella maldivensis
47. Microstomus achne Slime flounder
48. Microstomus kitt Lemon sole
49. Microstomus pacificus Dover sole
50. Microstomus shuntovi
51. Nematops grandisquamus Large-scale righteye flounder
52. Nematops macrochirus Narrow-body righteye flounder
53. Nematops microstoma Small-mouth righteye flounder
54. Nematops nanosquama
55. Oncopterus darwinii Remo flounder
56. Paralichthodes algoensis Peppered flounder
57. Parophrys vetulus English sole
58. Pelotretis flavilatus Southern lemon sole
59. Peltorhamphus latus Speckled sole
60. Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae New Zealand sole
61. Peltorhamphus tenuis
62. Platichthys flesus European flounder
63. Platichthys stellatus Starry flounder
64. Pleuronectes platessa European plaice
65. Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Alaska plaice
66. Pleuronichthys coenosus C-O sole
67. Pleuronichthys cornutus Ridged-eye flounder
68. Pleuronichthys decurrens Curlfin sole
69. Pleuronichthys ocellatus Ocellated turbot
70. Pleuronichthys ritteri Spotted turbot
71. Pleuronichthys verticalis Hornyhead turbot
72. Poecilopsetta albomaculata
73. Poecilopsetta beanii Deepwater dab
74. Poecilopsetta colorata Coloured righteye flounder
75. Poecilopsetta dorsialta
76. Poecilopsetta hawaiiensis
77. Poecilopsetta inermis
78. Poecilopsetta macrocephala
79. Poecilopsetta megalepis Fowler's large-scale righteye flounder
80. Poecilopsetta multiradiata
81. Poecilopsetta natalensis African righteye flounder
82. Poecilopsetta normani
906
83. Poecilopsetta pectoralis
84. Poecilopsetta plinthus Tile-colored righteye flounder
85. Poecilopsetta praelonga Alcock's narrow-body righteye flounder
86. Poecilopsetta vaynei
87. Poecilopsetta zanzibarensis
88. Psammodiscus ocellatus Indonesian ocellated flounder
89. Psettichthys melanostictus Pacific sand sole
90. Pseudopleuronectes americanus Winter flounder
91. Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini Yellow striped flounder
92. Pseudopleuronectes obscurus
93. Pseudopleuronectes schrenki Cresthead flounder
94. Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae Marbled flounder
95. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Greenland halibut
96. Rhombosolea leporina Yellowbelly flounder
97. Rhombosolea plebeia Sand flounder
98. Rhombosolea retiaria Black flounder
99. Rhombosolea tapirina Greenback flounder
100. Tanakius kitaharae Willowy flounder
101. Taratretis derwentensis Derwent flounder
102. Verasper moseri Barfin flounder
103. Verasper variegatus Spotted halibut
907
Family Psettodidae
(Psettodids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : West Africa and Indo-West Pacific. Eyes on right or left side of head;
migrating eye on dorsal edge of head. Large mouth; vomer, palatine
and tongue with minute teeth. Distinct preopercular margin, not
hidden beneath skin. Dorsal fin origin well behind eyes, the anterior
rays spinous. Almost symmetrical pelvic fins with a weak spine and five
soft rays. Cycloid scale; lateral line developed on both sides of body.
Vertebra 10+14. Psettodids are considered the most primitive of the
flatfishes, as expressed, e.g., by few vertebrae and their habit of often
swimming in an upright position. Psettodes erumei reaches up to 64
cm.

1. Psettodes belcheri Spottail spiny turbot
2. Psettodes bennettii Spiny turbot
3. Psettodes erumei Indian halibut
908
Family Samaridae
(Crested flounders)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Marine, tropical and subtropical, primarily in

deep water. Origin of dorsal fin in front of eyes; lateral line well
developed or rudimentary; pelvic fins symmetrical; postcleithra absent.

1. Plagiopsetta glossa Tongue flatfish
2. Plagiopsetta gracilis
3. Plagiopsetta stigmosa
4. Samaris chesterfieldensis
5. Samaris costae
6. Samaris cristatus Cockatoo righteye flounder
7. Samaris macrolepis Large-scale crested righteye flounder
8. Samaris spinea
9. Samariscus asanoi
10. Samariscus corallinus Coralline-red flounder
11. Samariscus desoutterae
12. Samariscus filipectoralis
13. Samariscus huysmani Huysman's righteye flounder
14. Samariscus inornatus
15. Samariscus japonicus
16. Samariscus latus Deep-body righteye flounder
17. Samariscus longimanus Longfinned flounder
18. Samariscus luzonensis Luzon righteye flounder
19. Samariscus macrognathus Large-mouth righteye flounder
20. Samariscus maculatus Spotted righteye flounder
21. Samariscus multiradiatus
22. Samariscus nielseni Nielsen's righteye flounder
23. Samariscus sunieri Sunier's righteye flounder
24. Samariscus triocellatus Three-spot righteye flounder
25. Samariscus xenicus
909
Family Scophthalmidae
(Turbots)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : North Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean, Black seas. Eyes on left side;
mouth large and lower jaw prominent. Both pelvic fin bases elongate.
Egg with a single oil globule in the yolk. Maximum length about 1 m in
Psetta maxima.

1. Lepidorhombus boscii Four-spot megrim
2. Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis Megrim
3. Phrynorhombus norvegicus Norwegian topknot
4. Psetta maeotica
5. Psetta maxima Turbot
6. Scophthalmus aquosus Windowpane flounder
7. Scophthalmus rhombus Brill
8. Zeugopterus punctatus Topknot
9. Zeugopterus regius Eckström's topknot
910
Family Soleidae
(Soles)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Primarily Europe to Australia and Japan. Both eyes on the
right side of the head. Margin of preoperculum completely concealed
(covered by skin and scales). Dorsal fin origin above or before eyes;
pectoral fins present or absent; no fin spines. Dorsal and anal fins free
from caudal fin or united with caudal fin. Pelvics free from anal fin.
Soles are benthic, neritic fishes feeding on benthic invertebrates and
fishes. Pelagic spawners. Oviparous. Eggs are pelagic and non-
adhesive. Some species of considerable economic importance. The
taxonomy of this family needs revision.

1. Achiroides leucorhynchos
2. Achiroides melanorhynchus
3. Aesopia cornuta Unicorn sole
4. Aseraggodes albidus
5. Aseraggodes auroculus
6. Aseraggodes bahamondei
7. Aseraggodes beauforti
8. Aseraggodes borehami Boreham's sole
9. Aseraggodes brevirostris
10. Aseraggodes chapleaui
11. Aseraggodes cheni
12. Aseraggodes corymbus
13. Aseraggodes cyaneus
14. Aseraggodes cyclurus
15. Aseraggodes diringeri
16. Aseraggodes dubius
17. Aseraggodes filiger
18. Aseraggodes firmisquamis
19. Aseraggodes guttulatus
20. Aseraggodes haackeanus Southern sole
21. Aseraggodes heemstrai
22. Aseraggodes heraldi
23. Aseraggodes herrei Herre's sole
24. Aseraggodes holcomi
25. Aseraggodes jenny
26. Aseraggodes kaianus
27. Aseraggodes kimurai
28. Aseraggodes klunzingeri Tailed sole
911
29. Aseraggodes kobensis
30. Aseraggodes lateralis
31. Aseraggodes lenisquamis
32. Aseraggodes longipinnis
33. Aseraggodes macleayanus Narrowbanded sole
34. Aseraggodes magnoculus
35. Aseraggodes matsuurai
36. Aseraggodes melanostictus Mottled sole
37. Aseraggodes microlepidotus
38. Aseraggodes nigrocirratus
39. Aseraggodes normani
40. Aseraggodes ocellatus
41. Aseraggodes orientalis
42. Aseraggodes pelvicus
43. Aseraggodes persimilis Ocellated sole
44. Aseraggodes ramsaii
45. Aseraggodes satapoomini
46. Aseraggodes senoui
47. Aseraggodes sinusarabici
48. Aseraggodes steinitzi
49. Aseraggodes suzumotoi
50. Aseraggodes texturatus
51. Aseraggodes therese Therese's sole
52. Aseraggodes umbratilis
53. Aseraggodes whitakeri Whitaker's sole
54. Aseraggodes winterbottomi
55. Aseraggodes xenicus Dwarf sole
56. Aseraggodes zizette
57. Austroglossus microlepis West coast sole
58. Austroglossus pectoralis Mud sole
59. Bathysolea lactea
60. Bathysolea lagarderae
61. Bathysolea polli
62. Bathysolea profundicola Deepwater sole
63. Brachirus aenea
64. Brachirus annularis Annular sole
65. Brachirus aspilos
66. Brachirus dicholepis
67. Brachirus elongatus Mekong blind sole
68. Brachirus harmandi
69. Brachirus heterolepis
70. Brachirus macrolepis
71. Brachirus muelleri Tufted sole
72. Brachirus orientalis Oriental sole
73. Brachirus pan Pan sole
74. Brachirus panoides
75. Brachirus siamensis
76. Brachirus sorsogonensis One-eyed sole
77. Brachirus swinhonis
78. Buglossidium luteum Solenette
79. Dagetichthys lakdoensis
80. Dicologlossa cuneata Wedge sole
81. Dicologlossa hexophthalma Ocellated wedge sole
82. Heteromycteris capensis Cape sole
83. Heteromycteris hartzfeldii Hook-nosed sole
912
84. Heteromycteris japonicus Bamboo sole
85. Heteromycteris matsubarai
86. Heteromycteris oculus Eyed sole
87. Heteromycteris proboscideus True sole
88. Liachirus melanospilos
89. Liachirus whitleyi
90. Microchirus azevia
91. Microchirus boscanion Lusitanian sole
92. Microchirus frechkopi Frechkop's sole
93. Microchirus ocellatus Foureyed sole
94. Microchirus theophila Bastard sole
95. Microchirus variegatus Thickback sole
96. Microchirus wittei Banded sole
97. Monochirus hispidus Whiskered sole
98. Monochirus trichodactylus
99. Paradicula setifer
100. Pardachirus balius Piebald sole
101. Pardachirus hedleyi Southern peacock sole
102. Pardachirus marmoratus Finless sole
103. Pardachirus morrowi Persian carpet sole
104. Pardachirus pavoninus Peacock sole
105. Pardachirus poropterus Estuary sole
106. Pegusa cadenati Cadenat's sole
107. Pegusa impar Adriatic sole
108. Pegusa lascaris Sand sole
109. Pegusa triophthalma Cyclope sole
110. Phyllichthys punctatus Spotted sole
111. Phyllichthys sclerolepis
112. Phyllichthys sejunctus
113. Rendahlia jaubertensis
114. Rhinosolea microlepidota
115. Solea aegyptiaca Egyptian sole
116. Solea bleekeri Blackhand sole
117. Solea capensis
118. Solea elongata Elongate sole
119. Solea fulvomarginata
120. Solea heinii
121. Solea humilis
122. Solea ovata Ovate sole
123. Solea senegalensis Senegalese sole
124. Solea solea Common sole
125. Solea stanalandi Stanaland's sole
126. Soleichthys dori
127. Soleichthys heterorhinos
128. Soleichthys maculosus
129. Soleichthys microcephalus Small-head sole
130. Soleichthys oculofasciatus Banded-eye sole
131. Soleichthys serpenpellis Snakeskin sole
132. Soleichthys siammakuti
133. Soleichthys tubifer
134. Strabozebrias cancellatus Harrowed sole
135. Synaptura albomaculata Kaup's sole
136. Synaptura cadenati Guinean sole
137. Synaptura commersonnii Commerson's sole
138. Synaptura lusitanica lusitanica Portuguese sole
913
139. Synaptura lusitanica nigromaculata
140. Synaptura marginata White-margined sole
141. Synaptura megalepidoura
142. Synaptura nigra Black sole
143. Synaptura salinarum Saltpan sole
144. Synaptura selheimi Selheim's sole
145. Synaptura villosa Velvety sole
146. Synapturichthys kleinii Klein's sole
147. Typhlachirus caecus
148. Vanstraelenia chirophthalma African solenette
149. Zebrias altipinnis
150. Zebrias annandalei
151. Zebrias captivus Convict zebra sole
152. Zebrias craticula Wicker work sole
153. Zebrias crossolepis
154. Zebrias fasciatus
155. Zebrias japonica Wavyband sole
156. Zebrias keralensis
157. Zebrias lucapensis
158. Zebrias maculosus
159. Zebrias munroi
160. Zebrias penescalaris Duskybanded sole
161. Zebrias quagga Fringefin zebra sole
162. Zebrias regani South African zebra sole
163. Zebrias scalaris Many-band sole
164. Zebrias synapturoides Indian zebra sole
165. Zebrias zebra Zebra sole
166. Zebrias zebrinus
914
ORDO POLYMIXIIFORMES
(Beardfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Moderately elongate and compressed. A pair of barbels on hyoid.

Continuous dorsal fin; 4-6 spines, 26-38 soft rays. Anal fin 4 short
spines, 13-17 soft rays. Subabdominal pelvic fin; 1 spinelike ray, 6 soft
rays. Caudal fin 16 branched rays. Scales in lateral line about 33-38.
Banchiostegal 4 rays. Gillrakers 11-21. Supramaxillae 2. Epurals 3.
Subocular shelf, ortbitosphenoid, and basisphenoid present. Vertebrae
usually 29 or 30. Maximum length is 38 cm. Usually found in depths
between 180 and 640 m.
915
Family Polymixiidae
(Beardfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Western Pacific. Tropical and

subtropical. Moderately elongate and compressed. A pair of barbels on
hyoid. Continuous dorsal fin; 4-6 spines, 26-38 soft rays. Anal fin 4
short spines, 13-17 soft rays. Subabdominal pelvic fin; 1 spinelike ray,
6 soft rays. Caudal fin 16 branched rays. Scales in lateral line about
33-38. Banchiostegal 4 rays. Gillrakers 11-21. Supramaxillae 2. Epurals
3. Subocular shelf, ortbitosphenoid, and basisphenoid present.
Vertebrae usually 29 or 30. Maximum length attains 38 cm . Usually
found in depths between 180 and 640 m.

1. Polymixia berndti Pacific beardfish
2. Polymixia busakhini Busakhin's beardfish
3. Polymixia fusca
4. Polymixia japonica Silver eye
5. Polymixia longispina
6. Polymixia lowei Beardfish
7. Polymixia nobilis Stout beardfish
8. Polymixia salagomeziensis
9. Polymixia sazonovi
10. Polymixia yuri
916
ORDO POLYPTERIFORMES
(Bichirs)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Rhombic ganoid scales; spiracular, opening large but canal lost; dorsal
fin consisting of 5-18 finlets, each with a single spine to which is
attached one or more soft rays; pectoral fin rays supported by
numerous ossified radials which attach to a cartilaginous plate and two
rods, thence to the scapula and coracoid; a pair of gular plates, no
branchiostegals; maxilla firmly united to skull; intestine with spiral
valve; lungs partially used in respiration; vertebrae with ossified centra
and neural canal. Maximum length about 90 cm, most species less
than 30 cm.
917
Family Polypteridae
(Bichirs)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Confined to the freshwaters of Africa. Body elongated or anguilliform

covered with thick bonelike rhombic scales sheathed with ganoin.
Symmetric caudal fin; dorsal with one series of finlets formed by a
spinous ray supporting one small membrane. Pectorals with lobed base
covered with scales. Swim bladder bilobed, left lobe less developed
than right; located ventral to and attached to esophagus; serves as
accessory respiratory organ. With functional gills; young with branched
external gills which disappear in adults. Pelvics lacking in
Calamoichthys calabaricus; body elongate and with pelvics in
Polypterus. About 1.2 m maximum length but most species are below
30 cm. Nine of the ten species occur in the Zaire river basin.

1. Erpetoichthys calabaricus Reedfish
2. Polypterus ansorgii Guinean bichir
3. Polypterus bichir bichir Nile bichir
4. Polypterus bichir katangae
5. Polypterus bichir lapradei Bichir
6. Polypterus delhezi Barred bichir
7. Polypterus endlicheri congicus
8. Polypterus endlicheri endlicheri Saddled bichir
9. Polypterus mokelembembe
10. Polypterus ornatipinnis Ornate bichir
11. Polypterus palmas buettikoferi
12. Polypterus palmas palmas Shortfin bichir
13. Polypterus palmas polli
14. Polypterus retropinnis West African bichir
15. Polypterus senegalus meridionalis
16. Polypterus senegalus senegalus Gray bichir
17. Polypterus teugelsi
18. Polypterus weeksii Mottled bichir
918
Ordo Saccopharyngiformes
(Swallowers and Gulpers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Highly aberrant fishes, lacking symplectic bone, opercular bones,

branchiostegal rays, scales, pelvic fins, ribs, pyloric caeca, and swim
bladder; caudal fin absent or rudimentary; gill openings ventral; dorsal
and anal fins long; jaws and hyomandibular greatly elongate, attached
to neurocranium by only one condyle; leptocephalous larvae deep-
bodied with myomeres V-shaped and not W-shaped. Like
anguilliforms, they may spawn once and die.
919
Family Cyematidae
(Bobtail snipe eels)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Bathypelagic: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Relatively short body
and compressed. No lateral line pores. Eye small to vestigial. Maxillae
present. Gill arches very small. Caudal fin present, tip of tail blunt.

1. Cyema atrum Bobtail eel
2. Neocyema erythrosoma
920
Family Eurypharyngidae
(Gulpers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Gill openings small,
farther from snout tip than from anus. Gill arches 5. Visceral clefts 6.
Mouth extremely large. Jaws teeth minute. Minute pectoral fins.

1. Eurypharynx pelecanoides Pelican eel
921
Family Monognathidae
(Onejaws)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific. Lacking in upper jaw (maxilla and
premaxilla absent). No pectorals. Dorsal and anal fins lack bony
supports. Rostral fang with connected glands. Maximum length 15.9
cm. Most species taken below 2,000 m.

1. Monognathus ahlstromi Paddletail onejaw
2. Monognathus berteli
3. Monognathus bertini
4. Monognathus boehlkei
5. Monognathus bruuni
6. Monognathus herringi
7. Monognathus isaacsi
8. Monognathus jesperseni
9. Monognathus jesse
10. Monognathus nigeli
11. Monognathus ozawai
12. Monognathus rajui
13. Monognathus rosenblatti
14. Monognathus smithi
15. Monognathus taningi
922
Family Saccopharyngidae
(Swallowers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Gill openings nearer
to snout tip than to anus. Large mouth. Curved teeth in jaws. Well
developed pectoral fins.

1. Saccopharynx ampullaceus Gulper eel
2. Saccopharynx berteli
3. Saccopharynx harrisoni
4. Saccopharynx hjorti
5. Saccopharynx lavenbergi
6. Saccopharynx paucovertebratis
7. Saccopharynx ramosus
8. Saccopharynx schmidti Whiptail gulper
9. Saccopharynx thalassa
10. Saccopharynx trilobatus
923
ORDO SALMONIFORMES
(Salmons)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Deep posterior myodome with eye musculature passing through and
attaching to trunk muscles; adipose fin present; mesocoracoid
present; gill membranes extending far forward, free from isthmus;
pelvic axillary process present; last three vertebrae turned up; 11-210
pyloric caeca; 7-20 branchiostegal rays; vertebrae 50-75; tetraploid
karyotype; parr marks in young of most species. Maximum length up
to 1.5 m. This order has high value in sport and commercial fisheries.
924
Family Salmonidae
(Salmonids)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Northern Hemisphere, but widely introduced in cold

waters for sports and aquaculture. Many are anadromous, spending
part of their life at sea, but returning to freshwater where all species
spawn in a gravel bed in rivers or streams; most fish die after
spawning. Small cycloid scales. Gill membranes reaching far forward,
detached from isthmus. Axillary process on pelvics. Last three
vertebrae directed upward. No spines. Adipose fin present. Attains 1.5
m (maybe 2 m) maximum length. Highly valuable in sport and
commercial fisheries. There is disagreement about the status of some
species and genera.

1. Acantholingua ohridana
2. Brachymystax lenok Lenok
3. Brachymystax savinovi
4. Brachymystax tumensis
5. Coregonus albellus
6. Coregonus albula Vendace
7. Coregonus alpenae Longjaw cisco
8. Coregonus alpinus
9. Coregonus anaulorum
10. Coregonus arenicolus
11. Coregonus artedi Lake cisco
12. Coregonus atterensis
13. Coregonus autumnalis Arctic cisco
14. Coregonus baerii
15. Coregonus baicalensis
16. Coregonus baunti
17. Coregonus bavaricus
18. Coregonus bezola
19. Coregonus candidus
20. Coregonus chadary Khadary-whitefish
21. Coregonus clupeaformis Lake whitefish
22. Coregonus clupeoides Powan
23. Coregonus confusus
24. Coregonus danneri
25. Coregonus fatioi
26. Coregonus fera
27. Coregonus fontanae
925
28. Coregonus gutturosus
29. Coregonus heglingus
30. Coregonus hiemalis
31. Coregonus hoferi
32. Coregonus hoyi Bloater
33. Coregonus huntsmani Atlantic whitefish
34. Coregonus johannae Deepwater cisco
35. Coregonus kiletz
36. Coregonus kiyi Kiyi
37. Coregonus ladogae
38. Coregonus laurettae Bering cisco
39. Coregonus lavaretus European whitefish
40. Coregonus lucidus
41. Coregonus lucinensis
42. Coregonus lutokka
43. Coregonus macrophthalmus
44. Coregonus maraena Maraena whitefish
45. Coregonus maxillaris
46. Coregonus megalops Lacustrine fluvial whitefish
47. Coregonus migratorius
48. Coregonus muksun Muksun
49. Coregonus nasus Broad whitefish
50. Coregonus nelsonii Alaska whitefish
51. Coregonus nigripinnis Blackfin cisco
52. Coregonus nilssoni
53. Coregonus nobilis
54. Coregonus oxyrinchus Houting
55. Coregonus palaea
56. Coregonus pallasii
57. Coregonus peled Peled
58. Coregonus pennantii Gwyniad
59. Coregonus pidschian Humpback whitefish
60. Coregonus pollan Irish pollan
61. Coregonus pravdinellus
62. Coregonus reighardi Shortnose cisco
63. Coregonus renke
64. Coregonus restrictus
65. Coregonus sardinella Sardine cisco
66. Coregonus stigmaticus Schelly
67. Coregonus subautumnalis
68. Coregonus suidteri
69. Coregonus trybomi
70. Coregonus tugun lenensis Lena tugun
71. Coregonus tugun tugun Tugun
72. Coregonus ussuriensis Amur whitefish
73. Coregonus vandesius
74. Coregonus wartmanni
75. Coregonus widegreni Valaam whitefish
76. Coregonus zenithicus Shortjaw cisco
77. Coregonus zuerichensis
78. Coregonus zugensis
79. Hucho bleekeri
80. Hucho hucho Huchen
81. Hucho ishikawae
82. Hucho perryi Japanese huchen
926
83. Hucho taimen Taimen
84. Oncorhynchus aguabonita Golden trout
85. Oncorhynchus apache Apache trout
86. Oncorhynchus chrysogaster Mexican golden trout
87. Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii Cutthroat trout
88. Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus Colorado River cutthroat trout
89. Oncorhynchus gilae Gila trout
90. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Pink salmon
91. Oncorhynchus iwame Iwame trout
92. Oncorhynchus keta Chum salmon
93. Oncorhynchus kisutch Coho salmon
94. Oncorhynchus masou formosanus
95. Oncorhynchus masou macrostomus
96. Oncorhynchus masou masou Masu salmon
97. Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout
98. Oncorhynchus nerka Sockeye salmon
99. Oncorhynchus rhodurus
100. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Chinook salmon
101. Prosopium abyssicola Bear Lake whitefish
102. Prosopium coulterii Pygmy whitefish
103. Prosopium cylindraceum Round whitefish
104. Prosopium gemmifer Bonneville cisco
105. Prosopium spilonotus Bonneville whitefish
106. Prosopium williamsoni Mountain whitefish
107. Salmo akairos
108. Salmo aphelios
109. Salmo balcanicus
110. Salmo carpio
111. Salmo cettii
112. Salmo dentex
113. Salmo ezenami
114. Salmo farioides
115. Salmo ferox
116. Salmo fibreni
117. Salmo ischchan Sevan trout
118. Salmo labrax Black Sea salmon
119. Salmo letnica Ohrid trout
120. Salmo lumi
121. Salmo macedonicus
122. Salmo marmoratus
123. Salmo nigripinnis
124. Salmo obtusirostris Adriatic trout
125. Salmo pallaryi
126. Salmo pelagonicus
127. Salmo peristericus
128. Salmo platycephalus Flathead trout
129. Salmo rhodanensis
130. Salmo salar Atlantic salmon
131. Salmo schiefermuelleri
132. Salmo stomachicus
133. Salmo taleri
134. Salmo trutta aralensis Aral trout
135. Salmo trutta fario Brown trout
136. Salmo trutta lacustris
137. Salmo trutta macrostigma
927
138. Salmo trutta oxianus Amu-Darya trout
139. Salmo trutta trutta Sea trout
140. Salmo visovacensis
141. Salmo zrmanjaensis
142. Salvelinus agassizii Silver trout
143. Salvelinus albus White char
144. Salvelinus alpinus alpinus Arctic char
145. Salvelinus alpinus erythrinus Davatchan
146. Salvelinus anaktuvukensis Angayukaksurak char
147. Salvelinus andriashevi Chukot char
148. Salvelinus boganidae Boganida char
149. Salvelinus colii
150. Salvelinus confluentus Bull trout
151. Salvelinus curilus
152. Salvelinus czerskii Cherskii's char
153. Salvelinus drjagini Dryanin's char
154. Salvelinus elgyticus Small-mouth char
155. Salvelinus evasus
156. Salvelinus fimbriatus
157. Salvelinus fontinalis Brook trout
158. Salvelinus gracillimus
159. Salvelinus grayi
160. Salvelinus gritzenkoi
161. Salvelinus inframundus
162. Salvelinus jacuticus Yakutian char
163. Salvelinus japonicus
164. Salvelinus killinensis
165. Salvelinus krogiusae
166. Salvelinus kronocius
167. Salvelinus kuznetzovi
168. Salvelinus lepechini
169. Salvelinus leucomaenis imbrius
170. Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis Whitespotted char
171. Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius
172. Salvelinus levanidovi
173. Salvelinus lonsdalii
174. Salvelinus mallochi
175. Salvelinus malma krascheninnikova Southern Dolly Varden
176. Salvelinus malma malma Dolly varden
177. Salvelinus malma miyabei Miyabe charr
178. Salvelinus maxillaris
179. Salvelinus murta
180. Salvelinus namaycush Lake trout
181. Salvelinus neiva Neiva
182. Salvelinus neocomensis
183. Salvelinus obtusus
184. Salvelinus perisii
185. Salvelinus profundus
186. Salvelinus salvelinoinsularis
187. Salvelinus scharffi
188. Salvelinus schmidti
189. Salvelinus struanensis
190. Salvelinus taimyricus
191. Salvelinus taranetzi
192. Salvelinus thingvallensis
928
193. Salvelinus tolmachoffi Esei lake char
194. Salvelinus trevelyani
195. Salvelinus umbla
196. Salvelinus vasiljevae Sakhalinian char
197. Salvelinus willoughbii Char
198. Salvelinus youngeri
199. Salvethymus svetovidovi Long-finned charr
200. Stenodus leucichthys Sheefish
201. Thymallus arcticus arcticus Arctic grayling
202. Thymallus arcticus baicalensis Baikal black grayling
203. Thymallus brevipinnis
204. Thymallus brevirostris Mongolian grayling
205. Thymallus burejensis
206. Thymallus grubii flavomaculatus Yellow-spotted grayling
207. Thymallus grubii grubii Amur grayling
208. Thymallus mertensii
209. Thymallus nigrescens Kosogol grayling
210. Thymallus pallasii East Siberian grayling
211. Thymallus svetovidovi Upper Yenisei grayling
212. Thymallus thymallus Grayling
213. Thymallus tugarinae lower Amur grayling
214. Thymallus yaluensis
929
ORDO SCORPAENIFORMES
(Scorpionfishes and Flatheads)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Contains the "mail-cheeked" fishes, distinguished by the suborbital

stay, a posterior extension of the third infraorbital bone (counting the
lachrymal), which extends across the cheek to the preoperculum and
is usually firmly attached to that bone. Head and body tend to be
spiny or have bony plates; pectoral fin usually rounded, membranes
between lower rays often incised; caudal fin usually rounded
(occasionally truncate, rarely forked).
930
Family Abyssocottidae
(Deep-water sculpins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: primarily Lake Baikal, Siberia. Postcleithra reduced or

absent; dorsal fin with 3-10 spines and 10-21 soft rays; anal fin with
8-16 soft rays; pelvic fin with one spine and 2-4 soft rays; vertebrae
30-37. Generally occur below 170 m.

1. Abyssocottus elochini
2. Abyssocottus gibbosus
3. Abyssocottus korotneffi
4. Asprocottus abyssalis
5. Asprocottus herzensteini Herzenstein's rough sculpin
6. Asprocottus intermedius
7. Asprocottus korjakovi
8. Asprocottus minor
9. Asprocottus parmiferus
10. Asprocottus platycephalus
11. Asprocottus pulcher
12. Cottinella boulengeri Short-headed sculpin
13. Cyphocottus eurystomus
14. Cyphocottus megalops
15. Limnocottus bergianus
16. Limnocottus godlewskii
17. Limnocottus griseus
18. Limnocottus pallidus
19. Neocottus thermalis
20. Neocottus werestschagini
21. Procottus gotoi
22. Procottus gurwicii Dwarf sculpins
23. Procottus jeittelesii Red sculpin
24. Procottus major
931
Family Agonidae
(Poachers)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic, northern North Atlantic, North Pacific, and

southern South America. Usually elongate body, covered with bony
plates. Pelvic fins thoracic; spine 1, soft rays 2. Dorsal fins 1 or 2; first
dorsal fin, when present, spines 2-21; second dorsal fin soft rays 4-14
. Anal fin soft rays 4-28. Principal caudal fin rays 10-12. Branchiostegal
rays 5 or 6. Basihyal rudimentary or absent. Tubular bones 1 or
absent. Predorsal bone absent. Swimbladder absent. Vertebrae 34-47.
Maximum length about 30 cm. Subfamilies included: Hypsagoninae
(dragon poachers); Bathyagoninae (starsnouts); Bothragoninae
(rockheads); Anoplagoninae (alligatorfishes); Agoninae (sturgeon
poachers); Brachyopsinae (highmouth poachers).

1. Agonomalus jordani
2. Agonomalus mozinoi Kelp poacher
3. Agonomalus proboscidalis
4. Agonopsis asperoculis
5. Agonopsis chiloensis Snailfish
6. Agonopsis sterletus Southern spearnose poacher
7. Agonopsis vulsa Northern spearnose poacher
8. Agonus cataphractus Hooknose
9. Anoplagonus inermis Smooth alligatorfish
10. Anoplagonus occidentalis
11. Aspidophoroides bartoni Aleutian alligatorfish
12. Aspidophoroides monopterygius Alligatorfish
13. Bathyagonus alascanus Gray starsnout
14. Bathyagonus infraspinatus Spinycheek starsnout
15. Bathyagonus nigripinnis Blackfin poacher
16. Bathyagonus pentacanthus Bigeye poacher
17. Bothragonus occidentalis
18. Bothragonus swanii Rockhead
19. Brachyopsis segaliensis
20. Chesnonia verrucosa Warty poacher
21. Freemanichthys thompsoni
22. Hypsagonus corniger
23. Hypsagonus quadricornis Fourhorn poacher
24. Leptagonus decagonus Atlantic poacher
25. Occella dodecaedron Bering poacher
932
26. Occella iburia
27. Occella kasawae
28. Occella kuronumai
29. Odontopyxis trispinosa Pygmy poacher
30. Pallasina barbata Tubenose poacher
31. Percis japonica Dragon poacher
32. Percis matsuii
33. Podothecus accipenserinus Sturgeon poacher
34. Podothecus hamlini
35. Podothecus sachi
36. Podothecus sturioides
37. Podothecus veternus
38. Sarritor frenatus Sawback poacher
39. Sarritor knipowitschi
40. Sarritor leptorhynchus Longnose poacher
41. Stellerina xyosterna Pricklebreast poacher
42. Tilesina gibbosa
43. Ulcina olrikii Arctic alligatorfish
44. Xeneretmus latifrons Blacktip poacher
45. Xeneretmus leiops Smooth-eye poacher
46. Xeneretmus ritteri Stripefin poacher
47. Xeneretmus triacanthus Bluespotted poacher
933
Family Anoplopomatidae
(Sablefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific from Alaska to California and to Japan. Body
moderately elongate and compressed. Head lacking ridges, spines, or
cirri. Dorsal fins 2, the first with 12-30 spines and the second with 1 or
2 spines and 15-21 soft rays. Anal fin with 2 or 3 spines and 11-20 soft
rays, located opposite second dorsal fin. Spines in second dorsal and
anal fins small and embedded, difficult to discern. Pelvic fins thoracic,
with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Nostrils well-developed; 2 on each side.
Scales ctenoid, very small, covering body and head and extending
onto second dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral fins. One lateral line
canal, complete. Teeth small, even in size, and numerous; present on
jaws, palatines and vomer. Gill membranes united, attached to
isthmus. Branchiostegal rays 6 or 7. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae
45-66. About 183 cm maximum length. Marine, demersal as adults, in
fairly deep water. Juveniles typically found near the surface in
relatively shallow water. Feeds on crustaceans, cephalopods, worms
and other fishes. An important commercial species, in the fishery and
market more commonly called as blackcod than sablefish.

1. Anoplopoma fimbria Sablefish
2. Erilepis zonifer Skilfish
934
Family Apistidae
(Wasp scorpionfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Indo-west Pacific. One or three free lower pectoral rays
and a bilobed swim bladder.

1. Apistops caloundra Short-armed waspfish
2. Apistus carinatus Ocellated waspfish
3. Cheroscorpaena tridactyla Humpback waspfish
935
Family Aploactinidae
(Velvetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine x
Remark : Distribution: western Pacific and Indian Ocean, mostly in the

Indonesian and Australian regions. Coastal. Body usually velvety due
to modified, prickly scales. With knoblike spines on head. Unbranched
fin rays. Anal fin spines usually not distinct or lacking. Dorsal fin origin
above eye or almost so, except in the genera Adventor and
Peristrominous. First 3-5 dorsal fin spines usually appear segregated,
either elevated or largely without membrane connection with the rest
of the spinous dorsal. The first 3 or 4 spines form a separate fin in four
species. Pelvic fin 1 spine with less than 4 soft rays. Anterior isthmus
with fleshy extension in most species. No palatine teeth. No gill slit
behind the last arch. Vertebrae 24-33.

1. Acanthosphex leurynnis Wasp-spine velvetfish
2. Adventor elongatus Visitor
3. Aploactis aspera Dusky velvetfish
4. Aploactisoma milesii Southern velvetfish
5. Bathyaploactis curtisensis Port Curtis mossback
6. Bathyaploactis ornatissima Ornate velvetfish
7. Cocotropus altipinnis Highfin velvetfish
8. Cocotropus dermacanthus
9. Cocotropus echinatus
10. Cocotropus keramaensis
11. Cocotropus larvatus Ghost velvetfish
12. Cocotropus masudai
13. Cocotropus microps Patchwork velvetfish
14. Cocotropus monacanthus Roughskin scorpionfish
15. Cocotropus possi
16. Cocotropus richeri
17. Cocotropus roseomaculatus
18. Cocotropus roseus
19. Cocotropus steinitzi
20. Erisphex aniarus Dark-finned velvetfish
21. Erisphex philippinus
22. Erisphex pottii
23. Erisphex simplex
24. Kanekonia florida
25. Kanekonia pelta
936
26. Kanekonia queenslandica Deep velvetfish
27. Matsubarichthys inusitatus Rare velvetfish
28. Neoaploactis tridorsalis Threefin velvetfish
29. Paraploactis hongkongiensis
30. Paraploactis intonsa Bearded velvetfish
31. Paraploactis kagoshimensis
32. Paraploactis obbesi
33. Paraploactis pulvinus Pillow velvetfish
34. Paraploactis taprobanensis
35. Paraploactis trachyderma Mossback velvetfish
36. Peristrominous dolosus Deceitful velvetfish
37. Prosoproctus pataecus
38. Pseudopataecus taenianotus Longfin velvetfish
39. Ptarmus gallus
40. Ptarmus jubatus Crested scorpionfish
41. Sthenopus mollis
42. Xenaploactis anopta
43. Xenaploactis asperrima
44. Xenaploactis cautes Rough velvetfish
937
Family Bathylutichthyidae
(Antarctic sculpins)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic Ocean, known only from South Georgia Island.
Body naked; wide interorbital; one pair of long barbels on lower jaw at
corner of mouth; one dorsal fin, anterior portion submerged under
skin, with 13 spines and 28 soft rays; anal fin with 36 rays; pelvic fin
with 3 soft rays; all fins unbranched; no teeth on vomer and palatines;
seven branchiostegal rays; 49 vertebrae. One specimen known from
1650 m depth.

1. Bathylutichthys taranetzi
938
Family Bembridae
(Deepwater flatheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacifc from South Africa to Gulf of Aden, Japan,

Hawaii and the Nasca Ridge off Peru. Body elongated and cylindrical,
covered with ctenoid scales; head moderately to strongly depressed;
large mouth with fine teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. First dorsal
fin with 6-12 spines and second dorsal fin with 8-12 soft rays; pectoral
fin with 21-27 rays; pelvics with one spine and five soft rays, below
pectoral base. Vertebrae 26-27. Lateral line complete. No
swimbladder. Mostly small, red, benthic fishes occurring in deeper
water (150-650 m) than other flatheads.

1. Bembradium furici
2. Bembradium roseum
3. Bembras adenensis
4. Bembras japonica
5. Bembras longipinnis Longfin flathead
6. Bembras macrolepis Bigscale flathead
7. Bembras megacephala Greenspotted flathead
8. Brachybembras aschemeieri
939
Family Caracanthidae
(Orbicular velvetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indian and Pacific Oceans. Oval and strongly compressed
body; papilose. Small mouth; terminal. Dorsal fin single; notched, with
origin on nape. Spines in dorsal fin 6-8; soft rays 11-14. Extremely
small pelvic fins. Pelvic spine 1; soft rays usually 2. Pectoral fins with
12-15 rays. Anal fin spines 2; soft rays 11-14. Gill openings lateral.
Described as scaleless, but scales reportedly found below the dorsal fin
base, the dorsal surface of the head with minute scales bearing a
spine, and tubelike scales on the lateral line. Feed on small
invertebrates and wedge themselves tightly among coral branches.
Maximum length recorded 7 cm. Based on anatomical characters
(osteological and myological), Caracanthidae is synonymized with
Scorpaenidae.

1. Caracanthus maculatus Spotted coral croucher
2. Caracanthus madagascariensis Spotted croucher
3. Caracanthus typicus Hawaiian orbicular velvetfish
4. Caracanthus unipinna Pygmy coral croucher
940
Family Comephoridae
(Baikal oilfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Lake Baikal, Siberia. Naked; body glassy, appearing dull
and translucent in life. Very long pectoral fins. Pelvic fins lacking but
pelvic bones present. Postcleithra lacking. The lateral line system on
the head consists of large cavities linked by narrow bony bridges with
small external pores. Bones are porous to reduce weight. With 48-50
vertebrae. Live bearers (ovoviviparous). About 20 cm maximum
length. Usually high in fat content.

1. Comephorus baikalensis Big Baikal oilfish
2. Comephorus dybowskii Little Baikal oilfish
941
Family Congiopodidae
(Racehorses or Pigfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Southern Hemisphere. Scaleless; sometimes with granular

skin. Relatively long snout. A single nostril on each side. Very small gill
opening, located above pectoral base. Usually well developed lateral
line. Dorsal fins united (except in Zanclorhynchus); dorsal spines 8-21,
soft rays 8-14. Anal fin spines 1-3 or absent; 5-10 soft rays. Pectoral
fin with 8-12 rays. Vertebrae 28-39. Maximum length about 80 cm.
One species in South Africa reportedly molts like reptiles. Four Genera:
[Congiopodus (=Agriopus), Alerticthys, Perryena, and Zanclorhynchus;
the latter three monotypic. Species of this family tend to be benthic
and occur uo to 500 m.

1. Alertichthys blacki Alert pigfish
2. Congiopodus coriaceus Deepsea pigfish
3. Congiopodus kieneri
4. Congiopodus leucopaecilus Southern pigfish
5. Congiopodus peruvianus Horsefish
6. Congiopodus spinifer Spinenose horsefish
7. Congiopodus torvus Smooth horsefish
8. Perryena leucometopon Whitenose pigfish
9. Zanclorhynchus spinifer Antarctic horsefish
942
Family Cottidae
(Sculpins)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Northern Hemisphere and near New Zealand. Body often
appears naked, commonly bearing scales or prickles; eye usually large,
located high on the head. Lateral line one. One spine on pelvic fin and
2-5 soft rays. Anal fin lacking spines. No swim bladder in adults.
Reaches about 78 cm maximum length in Scorpaenichthys
marmoratus.

1. Alcichthys alcicornis
2. Alcichthys elongatus
3. Andriashevicottus megacephalus Andriyashev largeheaded sculpin
4. Antipodocottus elegans Dwarf sculpin
5. Antipodocottus galatheae Galathea sculpin
6. Antipodocottus megalops
7. Antipodocottus mesembrinus
8. Archistes biseriatus Scaled sculpin
9. Archistes plumarius Plumed sculpin
10. Argyrocottus zanderi
11. Artediellichthys nigripinnis Blackfin hookear sculpin
12. Artediellina antilope
13. Artedielloides auriculatus
14. Artediellus aporosus
15. Artediellus atlanticus Atlantic hookear sculpin
16. Artediellus camchaticus
17. Artediellus dydymovi
18. Artediellus fuscimentus
19. Artediellus gomojunovi
20. Artediellus ingens
21. Artediellus miacanthus
22. Artediellus minor
23. Artediellus neyelovi
24. Artediellus ochotensis
25. Artediellus pacificus Hookhorn sculpin
26. Artediellus scaber Hamecon
27. Artediellus schmidti
28. Artediellus uncinatus Arctic hookear sculpin
29. Artedius corallinus Coralline sculpin
30. Artedius fenestralis Padded sculpin
31. Artedius harringtoni Scalyhead sculpin
32. Artedius lateralis Smoothhead sculpin
943
33. Artedius notospilotus Bonehead sculpin
34. Ascelichthys rhodorus Rosylip sculpin
35. Astrocottus leprops
36. Astrocottus matsubarae
37. Astrocottus oyamai
38. Astrocottus regulus
39. Atopocottus tribranchius
40. Bero elegans
41. Bero zanclus
42. Bolinia euryptera
43. Chitonotus pugetensis Roughback sculpin
44. Clinocottus acuticeps Sharpnose sculpin
45. Clinocottus analis Woolly sculpin
46. Clinocottus embryum Calico sculpin
47. Clinocottus globiceps Mosshead sculpin
48. Clinocottus recalvus Bald sculpin
49. Cottiusculus gonez
50. Cottiusculus schmidti
51. Cottus aleuticus Coastrange sculpin
52. Cottus amblystomopsis Sakhalin sculpin
53. Cottus asper Prickly sculpin
54. Cottus asperrimus Rough sculpin
55. Cottus aturi
56. Cottus baileyi Black sculpin
57. Cottus bairdii Mottled sculpin
58. Cottus beldingii Paiute sculpin
59. Cottus bendirei
60. Cottus caeruleomentum Blue Ridge sculpin
61. Cottus carolinae Banded sculpin
62. Cottus chattahoochee
63. Cottus cognatus Slimy sculpin
64. Cottus confusus Shorthead sculpin
65. Cottus czerskii Cherskii's sculpin
66. Cottus duranii
67. Cottus dzungaricus
68. Cottus echinatus Utah Lake sculpin
69. Cottus extensus Bear Lake sculpin
70. Cottus girardi Potomac sculpin
71. Cottus gobio Bullhead
72. Cottus greenei Shoshone sculpin
73. Cottus gulosus Riffle sculpin
74. Cottus hangiongensis
75. Cottus hispaniolensis
76. Cottus hubbsi
77. Cottus hypselurus Ozark sculpin
78. Cottus immaculatus Knobfin sculpin
79. Cottus kanawhae
80. Cottus kazika Fourspine sculpin
81. Cottus klamathensis Marbled sculpin
82. Cottus koreanus
83. Cottus koshewnikowi
84. Cottus leiopomus Wood River sculpin
85. Cottus marginatus Margined sculpin
86. Cottus metae
87. Cottus microstomus
944
88. Cottus nasalis Tubenose sculpin
89. Cottus nozawae
90. Cottus paulus Pygmy sculpin
91. Cottus perifretum
92. Cottus perplexus Reticulate sculpin
93. Cottus petiti
94. Cottus pitensis Pit sculpin
95. Cottus poecilopus Alpine bullhead
96. Cottus pollux Japanese fluvial sculpin
97. Cottus princeps Klamath Lake sculpin
98. Cottus reinii
99. Cottus rhenanus
100. Cottus rhotheus Torrent sculpin
101. Cottus ricei Spoonhead sculpin
102. Cottus rondeleti
103. Cottus sabaudicus
104. Cottus scaturigo
105. Cottus sibiricus Siberian sculpin
106. Cottus spinulosus Turkestan sculpin
107. Cottus szanaga
108. Cottus tallapoosae
109. Cottus tenuis Slender sculpin
110. Cottus transsilvaniae
111. Cottus volki
112. Daruma sagamia
113. Enophrys bison Buffalo sculpin
114. Enophrys diceraus Antlered sculpin
115. Enophrys lucasi Leister sculpin
116. Enophrys taurina Bull sculpin
117. Furcina ishikawae Ishikawa's sculpin
118. Furcina osimae
119. Gymnocanthus detrisus
120. Gymnocanthus galeatus Armorhead sculpin
121. Gymnocanthus herzensteini
122. Gymnocanthus intermedius
123. Gymnocanthus pistilliger Threaded sculpin
124. Gymnocanthus tricuspis Arctic staghorn sculpin
125. Gymnocanthus vandesandei
126. Hemilepidotus gilberti Gilbert's Irish Lord
127. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus Red Irish lord
128. Hemilepidotus jordani Yellow Irish lord
129. Hemilepidotus papilio Butterfly sculpin
130. Hemilepidotus spinosus Brown Irish lord
131. Hemilepidotus zapus Longfin Irish lord
132. Icelinus borealis Northern sculpin
133. Icelinus burchami Dusky sculpin
134. Icelinus cavifrons Pit-head sculpin
135. Icelinus filamentosus Threadfin sculpin
136. Icelinus fimbriatus Fringed sculpin
137. Icelinus japonicus
138. Icelinus limbaughi Canyon sculpin
139. Icelinus oculatus Frogmouth sculpin
140. Icelinus pietschi
141. Icelinus quadriseriatus Yellowchin sculpin
142. Icelinus tenuis Spotfin sculpin
945
143. Icelus armatus
144. Icelus bicornis Twohorn sculpin
145. Icelus canaliculatus Blacknose sculpin
146. Icelus cataphractus
147. Icelus ecornis
148. Icelus euryops
149. Icelus gilberti
150. Icelus mandibularis
151. Icelus ochotensis
152. Icelus perminovi Scaly-belly sculpin
153. Icelus rastrinoides
154. Icelus sekii
155. Icelus spatula Spatulate sculpin
156. Icelus spiniger Thorny sculpin
157. Icelus stenosomus
158. Icelus toyamensis
159. Icelus uncinalis
160. Jordania zonope Longfin sculpin
161. Leiocottus hirundo Lavender sculpin
162. Lepidobero sinensis
163. Leptocottus armatus Pacific staghorn sculpin
164. Megalocottus platycephalus platycephalus Belligerent sculpin
165. Megalocottus platycephalus taeniopterus Southern flathead sculpin
166. Mesocottus haitej
167. Micrenophrys lilljeborgii Norway bullhead
168. Microcottus matuaensis
169. Microcottus sellaris Brightbelly sculpin
170. Myoxocephalus aenaeus Grubby
171. Myoxocephalus brandtii
172. Myoxocephalus incitus
173. Myoxocephalus jaok Plain sculpin
174. Myoxocephalus matsubarai
175. Myoxocephalus niger Warthead sculpin
176. Myoxocephalus ochotensis
177. Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus Longhorn sculpin
178. Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus Great sculpin
179. Myoxocephalus scorpioides Arctic sculpin
180. Myoxocephalus scorpius Shorthorn sculpin
181. Myoxocephalus sinensis
182. Myoxocephalus stelleri Steller's sculpin
183. Myoxocephalus thompsonii Deepwater sculpin
184. Myoxocephalus tuberculatus
185. Myoxocephalus verrucosus Warty sculpin
186. Myoxocephalus yesoensis
187. Ocynectes maschalis
188. Ocynectes modestus
189. Oligocottus latifrons
190. Oligocottus maculosus Tidepool sculpin
191. Oligocottus rimensis Saddleback sculpin
192. Oligocottus rubellio Rosy sculpin
193. Oligocottus snyderi Fluffy sculpin
194. Orthonopias triacis Snubnose sculpin
195. Paricelinus hopliticus Thornback sculpin
196. Phallocottus obtusus Spineless sculpin
197. Phasmatocottus ctenopterygius
946
198. Porocottus allisi
199. Porocottus camtschaticus
200. Porocottus coronatus
201. Porocottus japonicus
202. Porocottus leptosomus
203. Porocottus mednius Pored sculpin
204. Porocottus minutus
205. Porocottus quadrifilis
206. Porocottus tentaculatus
207. Pseudoblennius argenteus
208. Pseudoblennius cottoides
209. Pseudoblennius marmoratus
210. Pseudoblennius percoides Sunrise
211. Pseudoblennius totomius
212. Pseudoblennius zonostigma
213. Radulinopsis derjavini
214. Radulinopsis taranetzi
215. Radulinus asprellus Slim sculpin
216. Radulinus boleoides Darter sculpin
217. Radulinus taylori Spinynose sculpin
218. Radulinus vinculus Smoothgum sculpin
219. Rastrinus scutiger
220. Ricuzenius nudithorax
221. Ricuzenius pinetorum
222. Ruscarius creaseri Roughcheek sculpin
223. Ruscarius meanyi Puget Sound sculpin
224. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus Cabezon
225. Sigmistes caulias Kelp sculpin
226. Sigmistes smithi Arched sculpin
227. Stelgistrum beringianum
228. Stelgistrum concinnum Largeplate sculpin
229. Stelgistrum stejnegeri
230. Stlegicottus xenogrammus
231. Stlengis distoechus
232. Stlengis misakia
233. Stlengis osensis
234. Synchirus gilli Manacled sculpin
235. Taurocottus bergii
236. Taurulus bubalis Longspined bullhead
237. Thyriscus anoplus
238. Trachidermus fasciatus Roughskin sculpin
239. Trichocottus brashnikovi Hairhead sculpin
240. Triglops dorothy Dorothy's sculpin
241. Triglops forficatus Scissortail sculpin
242. Triglops jordani Jordan's sculpin
243. Triglops macellus Roughspine sculpin
244. Triglops metopias Alaskan sculpin
245. Triglops murrayi Moustache sculpin
246. Triglops nybelini Bigeye sculpin
247. Triglops pingelii Ribbed sculpin
248. Triglops scepticus Spectacled sculpin
249. Triglops xenostethus Scaly breasted sculpin
250. Triglopsis quadricornis Fourhorn sculpin
251. Vellitor centropomus
252. Vellitor minutus
947
253. Zesticelus bathybius
254. Zesticelus ochotensis
255. Zesticelus profundorum Flabby sculpin
948
Family Cottocomephoridae
(Bighead sculpins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Some species pelagic. Distribution: Russia, primarily Lake Baikal.

Postcleithra reduced or lacking. Attains about 18 cm maximum length.

1. Batrachocottus baicalensis Bighead sculpin
2. Batrachocottus multiradiatus
3. Batrachocottus nikolskii Fat sculpin
4. Batrachocottus talievi
5. Cottocomephorus alexandrae
6. Cottocomephorus grewingkii Baikal yellowfin
7. Cottocomephorus inermis Longfin Baikal sculpin
8. Leocottus kesslerii Kessler's sculpin
9. Paracottus knerii Stone sculpin
949
Family Cyclopteridae
(Lumpfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic, northern regions of the North Pacific and North
Atlantic. Most speciose in North Pacific. Sucking disk composed of
modified pelvic fin elements; short gill openings; no normal scales; and
no head spines. Vertebrae 23-29; globose or nearly globose body; 2
short dorsal fins; and a short anal fin. Most lumpfishes have spiny
tubercles on the head and body. The number, structure and
arrangement of the tubercles are important taxonomic characters. First
dorsal fin with 4-8 spines, second dorsal with 8-13 soft rays located
opposite an anal fin with 7-13 soft rays. Dorsal and anal fins not
confluent with caudal fin, a definite caudal peduncle present. Caudal
fin large and slightly rounded. Pectoral fins with 19-29 rays, extending
ventrally in front of the pelvic disk. Nostrils tubular, two pairs. Cephalic
lateral line canals well developed (occipital absent in some species);
pores of operculomandibular canals extended externally as barbel-like
tubes in some species. Trunk lateral line canal absent or short;
superficial neuromasts, papillate in some species, present. Small,
conical teeth on jaws arranged in a few rows or narrow bands. Gill
opening entirely above pectoral fin base, except extending a little
below upper corner of pectoral base in Cyclopterus. Branchiostegal
rays 6. Swim bladder absent. Maximum length 61 cm. Marine; most
species benthic on continental shelf and upper slope. A few species
are primarily pelagic in deeper waters. Some, maybe all, spawn in
shallow coastal waters, sometimes migrating hundreds of miles. After
spawning, males guards the eggs. Diet in benthic environment
includes polychaetes, crustaceans and mollusks. Pelagic diet comprises
slow-moving prey, mostly medusae and ctenophores. In what may be
partly a defensive reaction, they inflate their bodies by swallowing air
or water. Also known as lumpsuckers. Nelson 1994 recognizes
Liparidae as a separate family.
950
1. Aptocyclus ventricosus Smooth lumpsucker
2. Cyclopsis tentacularis
3. Cyclopteropsis bergi
4. Cyclopteropsis brashnikowi
5. Cyclopteropsis inarmatus Bumpy lumpsucker
6. Cyclopteropsis jordani Smooth lumpfish
7. Cyclopteropsis lindbergi
8. Cyclopteropsis mcalpini Arctic lumpsucker
9. Cyclopteropsis popovi
10. Cyclopterus lumpus Lumpfish
11. Eumicrotremus andriashevi Pimpled lumpsucker
12. Eumicrotremus asperrimus
13. Eumicrotremus barbatus
14. Eumicrotremus derjugini Leatherfin lumpsucker
15. Eumicrotremus eggvinii
16. Eumicrotremus fedorovi
17. Eumicrotremus gyrinops
18. Eumicrotremus orbis Pacific spiny lumpsucker
19. Eumicrotremus pacificus
20. Eumicrotremus phrynoides Toad lumpsucker
21. Eumicrotremus schmidti
22. Eumicrotremus soldatovi
23. Eumicrotremus spinosus Atlantic spiny lumpsucker
24. Eumicrotremus taranetzi
25. Eumicrotremus tartaricus
26. Eumicrotremus terraenovae
27. Lethotremus awae
28. Lethotremus muticus
951
Family Dactylopteridae
(Flying gurnards)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical Indo-Pacific and Atlantic. Benthic. Head large and
blunt, with the bones forming a helmet; with keels and a long
preopercle spine. Scales scute-like. Pectoral fins greatly enlarged, the
inner rays free; total 28-37 rays. Two isolated dorsal spines preceeding
the two dorsal fins. Thoracic pelvic fins; with 1 spine and 4 soft rays.
Lateral line absent. Vertebrae 22. Reaches about 50 cm maximum
length. Bears superficial resemblance to triglids; creates sounds by
stridulation using the hypomandibular bone. Exhibits a 'walking'
movement on the sea floor, accomplished by an alternate movement
of the pelvic fins. Feed on sand-dwelling invertebrates. Xenocephalus
armatus, the armored blenny from New Ireland, formerly placed in its
own family, may belong here.

1. Dactyloptena gilberti
2. Dactyloptena macracantha Spotwing flying gurnard
3. Dactyloptena orientalis Oriental flying gurnard
4. Dactyloptena papilio Butterfly flying-gurnard
5. Dactyloptena peterseni Starry flying gurnard
6. Dactyloptena tiltoni Plain helmet gurnard
7. Dactylopterus volitans Flying gurnard
952
Family Ereuniidae
(Deepwater bullhead sculpins)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Deep-water. Distribution: Japan. Pectoral fin with the lower four
pectoral rays free as in triglids. Spinous ctenoid scales on body.
Posterior part of orbit partly formed by prootic. The parasphenoid and
pterosphenoid set apart. Spines on preopercle simple, not antlerlike.
Branchiostegal rays 6. Postcleithra two; slender. Vertebrae 36-39 (13
+ 13-16). Two monotypic genera: Ereunias and Marukawichthys.

1. Ereunias grallator
2. Marukawichthys ambulator
3. Marukawichthys pacificus
953
Family Eschmeyeridae
(Cofishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Western Central Pacific.

1. Eschmeyer nexus
954
Family Gnathanacanthidae
(Red velvetfish)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Western and South Australia. Scales absent. Body smooth
or with tubercles or papillae. Pelvics with one spine and five soft rays;
two separate dorsal fins of about equal length, the first with seven
spines, the second with three spines and 10 or 11 soft rays; anal fin
with three spines and eight or nine soft rays; all fin rays unbranched.
Anterior isthmus with fleshy extension.

1. Gnathanacanthus goetzeei Red velvetfish
955
Family Hemitripteridae
(Sea ravens or sailfin sculpins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: northwestern Atlantic and North Pacific. Head and body
covered with minute 'prickles' (modified, platelike scales bearing a
single skin-covered spine). Frontoparietal ridgle knobby. Preopercular
spines 3 or 4, mostly blunt and skin-covered. Two dorsal fins, the first
with 6-19 spines, the second with 11-30 soft rays. Anal fin with 11-12
soft rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 3 soft rays. Lateral line canal
complete , opening through numerous pores (more than 35).
Vomerine and palatine teeth present. Gill membranes broadly attached
to the isthmus or forming a free fold across the isthmus.
Branchiostegal rays 6. Gill rakers in the form of low, spinous lates or
knobs. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 35-41. External genital papilla
presnt in males of some species. Bands and other pigmentation
present and consistent but colors varying in some species with habitat,
particularly in Hemitripterus. Maximum size about 73 cm. Marine,
primarily demersal; intertidal to depths of 420 m or more, most
species shallower than 200 m. Feeds mostly on small invertebrates.

1. Blepsias bilobus Crested sculpin
2. Blepsias cirrhosus Silverspotted sculpin
3. Hemitripterus americanus Sea raven
4. Hemitripterus bolini Bigmouth sculpin
5. Hemitripterus villosus
6. Nautichthys oculofasciatus Sailfin sculpin
7. Nautichthys pribilovius Eyeshade sculpin
8. Nautichthys robustus Shortmast sculpin
956
Family Hexagrammidae
(Greenlings)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Endemic to the North Pacific Ocean, primarily in subarctic

and temperate waters, with one species (Hexagrammos stelleri) also
occurring in the Arctic Ocean. No spines on the upper part of the head.
One or two fleshy cirri above each eye in most species. Body
moderately elongate and compressed. Single dorsal fin; usually
notched. Spines on dorsal fin 16-28; soft rays 11-30. Anal fin long
based, with up to 4 spines which in most species are rudimentary, and
12-28 soft rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. One pair of
nostrils. Anterior nostrils well developed. Posterior nostrils pore-like or
absent. Scales ctenoid, except cycloid in Ophiodon elongatus. One or
five lateral lines. Teeth typically small, present on jaws and vomer;
present also on palatines on some species. Gill membranes broadly
joined and free of the isthmus with gill openings not extending far
forward, or gill membranes joined to each other only anteriorly and
free of the isthmus with gill openings extending far forward.
Branchiostegal rays 6. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 36-62.
Coloration is highly variable in some species and frequently differs by
sex, size, geographic locality and local habitat. Reaches 1.52 m
maximum length (in Ophiodon elongatus). Marine; intertidal to depth
of 600 m or more, most species typically found shallower than 200 m
on the continental shelf. Demersal except for Atka mackerels,
Pleurogrammus, which as adults are pelagic. Diet includes various prey
such as crabs, amphipods, polychaetes, juvenile fishes and fish eggs.
Maximum length about 60 cm, most species reaching less. Zaniolepis
was recognized in its own family in Eschmeyer (1998). Subfamilies:
Hexagramminae (greenlings); Ophiodontinae (lingcods); Oxylebiinae
(painted greenlings); Pleurogramminae (Atka mackerels);
Zaniolepidinae (combfishes).

1. Hexagrammos agrammus
957
2. Hexagrammos decagrammus Kelp greenling
3. Hexagrammos lagocephalus Rock greenling
4. Hexagrammos octogrammus Masked greenling
5. Hexagrammos otakii
6. Hexagrammos stelleri Whitespotted greenling
7. Ophiodon elongatus Lingcod
8. Oxylebius pictus Painted greenling
9. Pleurogrammus azonus Okhotsk atka mackerel
10. Pleurogrammus monopterygius Atka mackerel
11. Zaniolepis frenata Shortspine combfish
12. Zaniolepis latipinnis Longspine combfish
958
Family Hoplichthyidae
(Ghost flatheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Elongate fishes with very broad and strongly
depressed head, bearing spines and ridges. Scaleless. Lateral row of
spiny scutes. Pectoral fin with 3 or 4 lower rays free. Pelvic fins widely
set apart. Spine on pelvic fins 1; soft rays 5. Anal fin without spines.
Total vertebrae 26 (8 + 18). Benthic from about 10-1,500 m.

1. Hoplichthys acanthopleurus
2. Hoplichthys citrinus Lemon ghost flathead
3. Hoplichthys fasciatus
4. Hoplichthys filamentosus Longray ghost flathead
5. Hoplichthys gilberti
6. Hoplichthys haswelli Armoured flathead
7. Hoplichthys langsdorfii
8. Hoplichthys ogilbyi Ogilby's ghost flathead
9. Hoplichthys pectoralis
10. Hoplichthys platophrys
11. Hoplichthys regani Ghost flathead
12. Monhoplichthys prosemion
959
Family Liparidae
(Snailfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Arctic to Antarctic, Atlantic, and Pacific. Body elongate,

scaleless (small prickles in some) and skin jellylike; dorsal fin (28-82
soft rays) and anal fin (24-76 soft rays) long, confluent, or nearly so,
with caudal fin; pelvic fin (disc) absent in species of Paraliparis and in
the monotypic Nectoliparis; nostrils single or paired (usually in Liparis);
vertebrae 38-86. Maximum length about 50 cm. Occur from tidepools
to depths of over 7,000 m.

1. Acantholiparis caecus
2. Acantholiparis opercularis Spiny snailfish
3. Allocareproctus jordani Cherry snailfish
4. Allocareproctus kallaion Combed snailfish
5. Allocareproctus tanix Peach snailfish
6. Allocareproctus unangas Goldeneye snailfish
7. Allocareproctus ungak Whiskered snailfish
8. Careproctus abbreviatus
9. Careproctus acaecus Appendageless snailfish
10. Careproctus acanthodes
11. Careproctus aciculipunctatus
12. Careproctus acifer
13. Careproctus aculeolatus Small-spine snailfish
14. Careproctus albescens
15. Careproctus ampliceps
16. Careproctus armatus
17. Careproctus atakamensis
18. Careproctus atrans Black snailfish
19. Careproctus attenuatus
20. Careproctus aureomarginatus Marginate snailfish
21. Careproctus bathycoetus
22. Careproctus batialis
23. Careproctus bowersianus
24. Careproctus cactiformis
25. Careproctus canus
26. Careproctus catherinae
27. Careproctus colletti Alaska snailfish
28. Careproctus comus Comic snailfish
29. Careproctus continentalis
30. Careproctus credispinulosus
31. Careproctus crozetensis
960
32. Careproctus curilanus
33. Careproctus cyclocephalus
34. Careproctus cypseluroides
35. Careproctus cypselurus
36. Careproctus derjugini Deryugin's tadpole
37. Careproctus discoveryae
38. Careproctus dubius
39. Careproctus ectenes
40. Careproctus eltaninae
41. Careproctus falklandicus
42. Careproctus faunus Mischievous snailfish
43. Careproctus fedorovi
44. Careproctus filamentosus
45. Careproctus furcellus
46. Careproctus georgianus
47. Careproctus gilberti Smalldisk snailfish
48. Careproctus guillemi
49. Careproctus herwigi
50. Careproctus homopterus
51. Careproctus hyaleius
52. Careproctus improvisus
53. Careproctus inflexidens
54. Careproctus kidoi Kido's snailfish
55. Careproctus knipowitschi Knipowitsch's tadpole
56. Careproctus lacmi
57. Careproctus leptorhinus
58. Careproctus longifilis
59. Careproctus longipectoralis
60. Careproctus longipinnis Longfin snailfish
61. Careproctus macranchus
62. Careproctus macrodiscus
63. Careproctus macrophthalmus Large-eyed tadpole
64. Careproctus maculosus
65. Careproctus magellanicus
66. Careproctus marginatus
67. Careproctus mederi
68. Careproctus melanuroides
69. Careproctus melanurus Blacktail snailfish
70. Careproctus merretti Merret's snailfish
71. Careproctus micropus
72. Careproctus microstomus
73. Careproctus minimus
74. Careproctus mollis
75. Careproctus nigricans
76. Careproctus novaezelandiae
77. Careproctus opisthotremus
78. Careproctus oregonensis Smallfin snailfish
79. Careproctus ostentum
80. Careproctus ovigerus Abyssal snailfish
81. Careproctus pallidus
82. Careproctus parini
83. Careproctus parvidiscus
84. Careproctus parviporatus
85. Careproctus patagonicus
86. Careproctus paxtoni Blunt-tooth snailfish
961
87. Careproctus phasma
88. Careproctus polarsterni
89. Careproctus profundicola
90. Careproctus pseudoprofundicola
91. Careproctus pycnosoma
92. Careproctus ranula Scotian snailfish
93. Careproctus rastrinoides
94. Careproctus rastrinus
95. Careproctus reinhardti Sea tadpole
96. Careproctus rhodomelas
97. Careproctus rimiventris
98. Careproctus roseofuscus Round snailfish
99. Careproctus rotundifrons
100. Careproctus sandwichensis
101. Careproctus scaphopterus
102. Careproctus scottae
103. Careproctus segaliensis
104. Careproctus seraphimae
105. Careproctus simus
106. Careproctus sinensis
107. Careproctus smirnovi
108. Careproctus solidus
109. Careproctus spectrum
110. Careproctus steini
111. Careproctus stigmatogenus
112. Careproctus tapirus Tapir tadpole
113. Careproctus telescopus Telescope tadpole
114. Careproctus trachysoma
115. Careproctus tricapitidens
116. Careproctus vladibeckeri
117. Careproctus zachirus
118. Careproctus zispi
119. Crystallias matsushimae
120. Crystallichthys cameliae
121. Crystallichthys cyclospilus Blotched snailfish
122. Crystallichthys mirabilis
123. Edentoliparis terraenovae
124. Eknomoliparis chirichignoae
125. Elassodiscus caudatus Blackbelly snailfish
126. Elassodiscus obscurus
127. Elassodiscus tremebundus
128. Eutelichthys leptochirus
129. Genioliparis ferox
130. Genioliparis kafanovi
131. Genioliparis lindbergi
132. Gyrinichthys minytremus
133. Liparis adiastolus
134. Liparis agassizii
135. Liparis alboventer
136. Liparis antarcticus
137. Liparis atlanticus Atlantic seasnail
138. Liparis bikunin
139. Liparis brashnikovi
140. Liparis bristolensis
141. Liparis burkei
962
142. Liparis callyodon Spotted snailfish
143. Liparis catharus
144. Liparis chefuensis
145. Liparis coheni Gulf snailfish
146. Liparis curilensis
147. Liparis cyclopus Ribbon snailfish
148. Liparis dennyi Marbled snailfish
149. Liparis dubius
150. Liparis dulkeiti
151. Liparis eos
152. Liparis fabricii Gelatinous snailfish
153. Liparis fishelsoni
154. Liparis florae Tidepool snailfish
155. Liparis frenatus
156. Liparis fucensis Slipskin snailfish
157. Liparis gibbus Variegated snailfish
158. Liparis grebnitzkii
159. Liparis greeni Lobefin snailfish
160. Liparis inquilinus Inquiline snailfish
161. Liparis kusnetzovi
162. Liparis kussakini
163. Liparis latifrons
164. Liparis liparis barbatus Sea-snail
165. Liparis liparis liparis Striped seasnail
166. Liparis maculatus
167. Liparis marmoratus
168. Liparis mednius
169. Liparis megacephalus
170. Liparis micraspidophorus
171. Liparis miostomus
172. Liparis montagui Montagus seasnail
173. Liparis mucosus Slimy snailfish
174. Liparis newmani
175. Liparis ochotensis
176. Liparis owstoni
177. Liparis petschiliensis
178. Liparis pravdini
179. Liparis pulchellus Showy snailfish
180. Liparis punctatus
181. Liparis punctulatus
182. Liparis rhodosoma
183. Liparis rotundirostris
184. Liparis rutteri Ringtail snailfish
185. Liparis schantarensis Shantar snailfish
186. Liparis schmidti
187. Liparis tanakae
188. Liparis tartaricus
189. Liparis tessellatus
190. Liparis tunicatiformis
191. Liparis tunicatus Kelp snailfish
192. Liparis zonatus
193. Lipariscus nanus Pygmy snailfish
194. Lopholiparis flerxi Hardhead snailfish
195. Menziesichthys bacescui
196. Nectoliparis pelagicus Tadpole snailfish
963
197. Notoliparis antonbruuni
198. Notoliparis kermadecensis
199. Notoliparis kurchatovi Kurchatov's notoliparis
200. Notoliparis macquariensis Macquarie notoliparid
201. Osteodiscus andriashevi
202. Osteodiscus cascadiae Bigtail snailfish
203. Palmoliparis beckeri Gloved snailfish
204. Paraliparis abyssorum
205. Paraliparis acutidens
206. Paraliparis adustus
207. Paraliparis albeolus
208. Paraliparis albescens
209. Paraliparis andriashevi
210. Paraliparis antarcticus
211. Paraliparis anthracinus Coalskin snailfish
212. Paraliparis aspersus
213. Paraliparis ater Sooty snailfish
214. Paraliparis atramentatus
215. Paraliparis atrolabiatus Darklip snailfish
216. Paraliparis attenuatus
217. Paraliparis auriculatus Smallcheek snailfish
218. Paraliparis australiensis Australian snailfish
219. Paraliparis australis
220. Paraliparis avellaneus Nutty snailfish
221. Paraliparis badius Dark brown snailfish
222. Paraliparis balgueriasi
223. Paraliparis bathybius Black seasnail
224. Paraliparis bipolaris
225. Paraliparis brunneocaudatus Browntail snailfish
226. Paraliparis brunneus Brown snailfish
227. Paraliparis bullacephalus Bubble-head snailfish
228. Paraliparis calidus Lowfin snailfish
229. Paraliparis carlbondi
230. Paraliparis cephalus Swellhead snailfish
231. Paraliparis cerasinus
232. Paraliparis challengeri
233. Paraliparis charcoti
234. Paraliparis copei copei Blacksnout seasnail
235. Paraliparis copei gibbericeps
236. Paraliparis copei kerguelensis
237. Paraliparis copei wilsoni
238. Paraliparis coracinus
239. Paraliparis costatus Black ribbed snailfish
240. Paraliparis csiroi Loweye snailfish
241. Paraliparis dactyloides
242. Paraliparis dactylosus Red snailfish
243. Paraliparis darwini
244. Paraliparis deani Prickly snailfish
245. Paraliparis debueni
246. Paraliparis delphis Dolphin snailfish
247. Paraliparis devriesi
248. Paraliparis dewitti Brown ribbed snailfish
249. Paraliparis diploprora
250. Paraliparis dipterus
251. Paraliparis duhameli
964
252. Paraliparis eastmani Thickskin snailfish
253. Paraliparis edwardsi
254. Paraliparis eltanini
255. Paraliparis entochloris
256. Paraliparis fimbriatus
257. Paraliparis fuscolingua
258. Paraliparis galapagosensis
259. Paraliparis garmani Pouty seasnail
260. Paraliparis gomoni Squarechin snailfish
261. Paraliparis gracilis
262. Paraliparis grandis
263. Paraliparis hobarti Palepore snailfish
264. Paraliparis holomelas
265. Paraliparis hubbsi
266. Paraliparis hureaui
267. Paraliparis hystrix
268. Paraliparis impariporus Unipore snailfish
269. Paraliparis incognita
270. Paraliparis infeliciter Badluck snailfish
271. Paraliparis kocki
272. Paraliparis kreffti
273. Paraliparis labiatus Biglip snailfish
274. Paraliparis lasti Rusty snailfish
275. Paraliparis latifrons Bigpored snailfish
276. Paraliparis leobergi
277. Paraliparis leucogaster
278. Paraliparis leucoglossus
279. Paraliparis liparinus
280. Paraliparis macrocephalus
281. Paraliparis mandibularis
282. Paraliparis mawsoni
283. Paraliparis megalopus
284. Paraliparis meganchus Slit branchial paraliparis
285. Paraliparis melanobranchus
286. Paraliparis membranaceus
287. Paraliparis mento
288. Paraliparis meridionalis
289. Paraliparis merodontus
290. Paraliparis mexicanus
291. Paraliparis molinai
292. Paraliparis monoporus
293. Paraliparis murieli
294. Paraliparis nassarum
295. Paraliparis neelovi
296. Paraliparis nigellus
297. Paraliparis obliquosus
298. Paraliparis obtusirostris Bluntsnout snailfish
299. Paraliparis operculosus
300. Paraliparis orcadensis
301. Paraliparis paucidens Toothless snailfish
302. Paraliparis pectoralis
303. Paraliparis piceus Tarred snailfish
304. Paraliparis plagiostomus Sharkmouth snailfish
305. Paraliparis porcus
306. Paraliparis retrodorsalis Shortfin snailfish
965
307. Paraliparis rosaceus Pink snailfish
308. Paraliparis rossi
309. Paraliparis skeliphrus
310. Paraliparis somovi
311. Paraliparis stehmanni
312. Paraliparis tasmaniensis Tasmanian snailfish
313. Paraliparis tetrapteryx
314. Paraliparis thalassobathyalis
315. Paraliparis tompkinsae
316. Paraliparis trilobodon
317. Paraliparis trunovi
318. Paraliparis ulochir Broadfin snailfish
319. Paraliparis vaillanti
320. Paraliparis valentinae
321. Paraliparis violaceus
322. Paraliparis wolffi
323. Polypera simushirae
324. Praematoliparis anarthractae
325. Prognatholiparis ptychomandibularis Wrinkle-jaw snailfish
326. Psednos andriashevi Andriashev's dwarf snailfish
327. Psednos anoderkes
328. Psednos balushkini Palemouth snailfish
329. Psednos barnardi Blackchin dwarf snailfish
330. Psednos carolinae
321. Psednos cathetostomus
322. Psednos christinae European dwarf snailfish
323. Psednos delawarei
324. Psednos dentatus
325. Psednos gelatinosus Gelatinous dwarf snailfish
326. Psednos griseus
327. Psednos groenlandicus Greenland dwarf snailfish
328. Psednos harteli Hartel's dwarf snailfish
329. Psednos islandicus
330. Psednos melanocephalus
331. Psednos mexicanus
332. Psednos microps Smalleye dwarf snailfish
333. Psednos micruroides Multipore dwarf snailfish
334. Psednos micrurus Barnard's dwarf snailfish
335. Psednos mirabilis Marvelous dwarf snailfish
336. Psednos nataliae Darkgill snailfish
337. Psednos pallidus
338. Psednos rossi
339. Psednos sargassicus Sargasso dwarf snailfish
340. Psednos spirohira
341. Psednos steini Stein's dwarf snailfish
342. Psednos whitleyi Bigcheek snailfish
343. Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis
344. Pseudoliparis belyaevi
345. Pseudonotoliparis rassi Rass' snailfish
346. Rhinoliparis attenuatus Slim snailfish
347. Rhinoliparis barbulifer Longnose snailfish
348. Rhodichthys regina Threadfin seasnail
349. Squaloliparis dentatus
350. Temnocora candida Bigeye snailfish
966
Family Neosebastidae
(Gurnard scorpionfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific.

1. Maxillicosta lopholepis Bigeye gurnard perch
2. Maxillicosta meridianus Southern gurnard perch
3. Maxillicosta raoulensis Red little gurnard perch
4. Maxillicosta reticulata
5. Maxillicosta scabriceps Little gurnard perch
6. Maxillicosta whitleyi Whitley's scorpionfish
7. Neosebastes bougainvillii Gulf gurnard perch
8. Neosebastes capricornis Capricorn gurnard perch
9. Neosebastes entaxis Orange-banded scorpionfish
10. Neosebastes incisipinnis Incised gurnard perch
11. Neosebastes johnsoni Johnson's gurnard perch
12. Neosebastes longirostris Long-snout gurnard perch
13. Neosebastes multisquamus Ogasawara gurnard perch
14. Neosebastes nigropunctatus Black-spotted gurnard perch
15. Neosebastes occidentalis Orangebanded gurnard perch
16. Neosebastes pandus Rough gurnard perch
17. Neosebastes scorpaenoides Ruddy gurnard perch
18. Neosebastes thetidis Thetis fish
967
Family Normanichthyidae
(Barehead scorpionfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: off Chile. Scales ctenoid. Head without armor. One spine
on pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Ribs lacking.

1. Normanichthys crockeri Mote sculpin
968
Family Parabembridae
(Sprat-like flatheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-west Pacific. Head depressed; pelvics below pectoral

base. Maximum size 24 cm SL.

1. Parabembras curtus
2. Parabembras robinsoni African deep-water flathead
969
Family Pataecidae
(Australian prowfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Australia. Scales absent. Body smooth or with tubercles or

papillae. No pelvic fins; very long continuous dorsal fin with 19-25
spines and 7-17 soft rays, extending from head to tail; anal fin with 5-
11 spines and 3-7 soft rays; pectoral fin with 8 rays; all fin rays
unbranched. Anterior isthmus with fleshy extension. Vertebrae 34 - 44.

1. Aetapcus maculatus Warty prowfish
2. Neopataecus waterhousii Whiskered prowfish
3. Pataecus fronto Red indianfish
970
Family Peristediidae
(Armored searobins or Armored gurnards)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Body entirely encased
in heavy spine-bearing plates; preorbitals each with a forward
projection; pectoral fin with lower two rays free and enlarged; barbels
on lower jaw. Found in deep water in the tropics of all oceans.

1. Gargariscus prionocephalus Jaggedhead gurnard
2. Heminodus japonicus
3. Heminodus philippinus
4. Paraheminodus kamoharai
5. Paraheminodus longirostralis Armored Searobin
6. Paraheminodus murrayi Murray's armoured gurnard
7. Peristedion altipinne
8. Peristedion amblygenys
9. Peristedion antillarum Longnose armoured searobin
10. Peristedion barbiger
11. Peristedion brevirostre Flathead searobin
12. Peristedion cataphractum African armoured searobin
13. Peristedion crustosum
14. Peristedion ecuadorense
15. Peristedion gracile Slender searobin
16. Peristedion greyae
17. Peristedion imberbe
18. Peristedion investigatoris
19. Peristedion liorhynchus Armoured gurnard
20. Peristedion longispatha
21. Peristedion miniatum Armored searobin
22. Peristedion moluccense Black-finned armoured-gurnard
23. Peristedion nierstraszi
24. Peristedion orientale
25. Peristedion paucibarbiger
26. Peristedion riversandersoni
27. Peristedion thompsoni Rimspine searobin
28. Peristedion truncatum Black armoured searobin
29. Peristedion unicuspis
30. Peristedion weberi
31. Satyrichthys adeni
32. Satyrichthys amiscus
33. Satyrichthys clavilapis
34. Satyrichthys engyceros
35. Satyrichthys hians
971
36. Satyrichthys isokawae
37. Satyrichthys laticephalus
38. Satyrichthys lingi Ling's armour gurnard
39. Satyrichthys longiceps
40. Satyrichthys magnus
41. Satyrichthys orientale
42. Satyrichthys piercei
43. Satyrichthys quadratorostratus
44. Satyrichthys rieffeli Spotted armoured-gurnard
45. Satyrichthys serrulatus
46. Satyrichthys welchi Robust armoured-gurnard
972
Family Platycephalidae
(Flatheads)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Moderately to strongly depressed head.

Pelvic fins behind pectoral base. Two dorsal fins: D1 6-9 spines with
the first spine short and barely connected with the remaining fins; D2
11-15 soft rays. Pectoral fin with 16-22 rays. Demersal, burrying in the
bottom. Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Occurring at
about 10-300 m. Maximum length about 1.1 m.

1. Ambiserrula jugosa Mud flathead
2. Cociella crocodilus Crocodile flathead
3. Cociella heemstrai
4. Cociella hutchinsi Brownmargin flathead
5. Cociella punctata Spotted flathead
6. Cociella somaliensis
7. Cymbacephalus beauforti Crocodile fish
8. Cymbacephalus bosschei Small-eyed flathead
9. Cymbacephalus nematophthalmus Fringe-eyed flathead
10. Cymbacephalus staigeri Northern rock flathead
11. Elates ransonnettii Dwarf flathead
12. Eurycephalus arenicola Broadhead flathead
13. Eurycephalus carbunculus Papillose flathead
14. Grammoplites knappi
15. Grammoplites scaber Rough flathead
16. Grammoplites suppositus Spotfin flathead
17. Inegocia guttata
18. Inegocia harrisii Harris's flathead
19. Inegocia japonica Japanese flathead
20. Inegocia ochiaii
21. Kumococius rodericensis Spiny flathead
22. Leviprora inops Longhead flathead
23. Onigocia bimaculata Two-spotted flathead
24. Onigocia grandisquama
25. Onigocia lacrimalis Smooth-snout flathead
26. Onigocia macrolepis Notched flathead
27. Onigocia oligolepis Large-scale flathead
28. Onigocia pedimacula Broadband flathead
29. Onigocia spinosa Midget flathead
30. Papilloculiceps longiceps Tentacled flathead
31. Platycephalus arenarius Northern sand flathead
32. Platycephalus aurimaculatus Toothy flathead
973
33. Platycephalus bassensis Sand flathead
34. Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus Blue-spotted flathead
35. Platycephalus chauliodous Bigtooth flathead
36. Platycephalus conatus Deep-water flathead
37. Platycephalus cultellatus
38. Platycephalus endrachtensis Bar-tailed flathead
39. Platycephalus fuscus Dusky flathead
40. Platycephalus indicus Bartail flathead
41. Platycephalus laevigatus Black flathead
42. Platycephalus longispinis Long-spined flathead
43. Platycephalus marmoratus Marbled flathead
44. Platycephalus micracanthus
45. Platycephalus orbitalis Western-Australian flathead
46. Platycephalus richardsoni Tiger flathead
47. Platycephalus speculator Yank flathead
48. Ratabulus diversidens Orange-freckled flathead
49. Ratabulus megacephalus
50. Rogadius asper Olive-tailed flathead
51. Rogadius mcgroutheri McGrouther’s flathead
52. Rogadius melanopterus Obscure flathead
53. Rogadius nigripinnis Blackfin flathead
54. Rogadius patriciae Black-banded flathead
55. Rogadius portuguesus South African thorny flathead
56. Rogadius pristiger Thorny flathead
57. Rogadius serratus Serrated flathead
58. Rogadius welanderi Welander's flathead
59. Solitas gruveli Guinea flathead
60. Sorsogona prionota Halfspined flathead
61. Sorsogona tuberculata Tuberculated flathead
62. Suggrundus cooperi
63. Suggrundus macracanthus Large-spined flathead
64. Suggrundus meerdervoortii
65. Sunagocia otaitensis Fringelip flathead
66. Sunagocia sainsburyi Sainsbury's flathead
67. Thysanophrys armata
68. Thysanophrys celebica Celebes flathead
69. Thysanophrys chiltonae Longsnout flathead
70. Thysanophrys cirronasa Tasselsnout flathead
71. Thysanophrys longirostris
72. Thysanophrys papillaris Smallknob flathead
974
Family Plectrogenidae
(Stinger flatheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Pacific. Body compressed; head usually with spines and
ridges; gill membranes free from isthmus; venom gland in dorsal, anal,
and pelvic spines.

1. Plectrogenium barsukovi
2. Plectrogenium nanum
975
Family Psychrolutidae
(Fatheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Naked or body with plates
bearing prickles. Interorbital space usually wider than exposed eye
diameter. Reduced lateral line with 20 or fewer pores. Pelvic fin 1
spine, 3 soft rays. Dorsal fins usually continuous, with the anterior
portion spinous and often partially hidden by skin. Seven
branchiostegal rays. Vomerine teeth present or absent. No palatine
teeth. Postorbitals 1 or 2 (usually ringlike, if two). A system of well-
developed bony arches (with or without spines) under skin on
cranium. Vertebrae 28-38. Maximum length about 65 cm. Depth range
of occurrence from inshore shallow water to about 2,800 m.

1. Ambophthalmos angustus Pale toadfish
2. Ambophthalmos eurystigmatephoros
3. Ambophthalmos magnicirrus
4. Cottunculus granulosus Fathead
5. Cottunculus gyrinoides
6. Cottunculus konstantinovi
7. Cottunculus microps Polar sculpin
8. Cottunculus nudus Bonyskull toadfish
9. Cottunculus sadko
10. Cottunculus spinosus
11. Cottunculus thomsonii Pallid sculpin
12. Cottunculus tubulosus
13. Dasycottus japonicus
14. Dasycottus setiger Spinyhead sculpin
15. Ebinania australiae
16. Ebinania brephocephala
17. Ebinania costaecanariae
18. Ebinania macquariensis Macquarie blobfish
19. Ebinania malacocephala
20. Ebinania vermiculata
21. Eurymen bassargini
22. Eurymen gyrinus Smoothcheek sculpin
23. Gilbertidia dolganovi
24. Gilbertidia ochotensis
25. Gilbertidia pustulosa
26. Malacocottus aleuticus Whitetail sculpin
27. Malacocottus gibber
976
28. Malacocottus kincaidi Blackfin sculpin
29. Malacocottus zonurus Darkfin sculpin
30. Neophrynichthys heterospilos
31. Neophrynichthys latus Dark toadfish
32. Psychrolutes inermis
33. Psychrolutes macrocephalus
34. Psychrolutes marcidus Blobfish
35. Psychrolutes marmoratus
36. Psychrolutes microporos
37. Psychrolutes occidentalis Western Australian sculpin
38. Psychrolutes paradoxus Tadpole sculpin
39. Psychrolutes phrictus Blob sculpin
40. Psychrolutes sigalutes Soft sculpin
41. Psychrolutes sio
42. Psychrolutes subspinosus
977
Family Rhamphocottidae
(Grunt sculpins)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: North Pacific, Japan through Alaska to southern

California. A very distinct sculpin with a long head and elongate snout.
Basioccopital-parasphenoid fossa present; pelvis highly modified with
an elongate subpelvic keel projecting forward and an anterodorsally
projecting suprapelvic keel; four infraorbitals (Ref. 7463). Body deep,
with a high dorsal profile, and moderately compressed; head and body
covered with small, multispined plates projecting through the skin as
'prickles'; one preopercular spine, strong and sharp; all fin rays
unbranched; first dorsal fin with 7-9 spines and second with 12-14 soft
rays; anal fin with 6-8 soft rays ; pelvic fins with 1 spine and 3 or 4
soft rays; lower pectoral fin rays long, thickened, and free of
membrane, used for crawling along the bottom and over rocks; trunk
lateral line canal present, incomplete (extending as far as posterior
third of seconf dorsal fin), with about 25 pores in short, elevated
tubes; palatine teeth absent; gill membranes broadly joined to the
isthmus; gill openings small, located above the base of the pectoral
fins; branchiostegal rays 6; swim bladder absent; vertebrae 24-28.
Maximum total length about 8.9 cm. Inhabits tide pools and shallow
coastal waters of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, while farther south
tending to occupy greater depths, to nearly 200 m, where the water is
cooler. Frequently observed taking shelter in empty shells, including
those of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilis, and discarded bottles and
cans. Diet comprises small crustaceans, fish larvae and zooplankton.

1. Rhamphocottus richardsonii Grunt sculpin
978
Family Scorpaenidae
(Scorpionfishes or Rockfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: all tropical and temperate seas. Marine. Rare in fresh
water. Body compressed; head usually with ridges and spines; gill
membranes free from isthmus. Scales, when present, usually ctenoid.
Usually 1 dorsal fin, often notched. Some lack swim bladder. Dorsal,
anal, and pelvic spines can bear venom gland. Fertilization mostly
internal. Eggs are laid in a gelatinous balloon in some species; larvae
are planktonic. The family contains the world's most venomous fishes,
many of them brightly colored. Most species live on or near the bottom
and feed on crustaceans or fishes. Most do well in aquariums, but
some require live foods. The current arrangement follows Eschmeyer
(1998) and includes the subfamilies Scorpaeninae, Sebastolobinae,
and Pteroinae.

1. Brachypterois serrulata Sawcheek scorpionfish
2. Dendrochirus barberi Hawaiian lionfish
3. Dendrochirus bellus
4. Dendrochirus biocellatus Twospot turkeyfish
5. Dendrochirus brachypterus Shortfin turkeyfish
6. Dendrochirus zebra Zebra turkeyfish
7. Ebosia bleekeri
8. Ebosia falcata
9. Hoplosebastes armatus
10. Idiastion hageyi
11. Idiastion kyphos
12. Idiastion pacificum
13. Iracundus signifer Decoy scorpionfish
14. Neomerinthe amplisquamiceps Orange scorpionfish
15. Neomerinthe bathyperimensis
16. Neomerinthe bauchotae
17. Neomerinthe beanorum
18. Neomerinthe folgori Folger's scorpionfish
19. Neomerinthe hemingwayi Spinycheek scorpionfish
20. Neomerinthe megalepis
21. Neomerinthe pallidimacula
22. Neomerinthe procurva Curvedspine scorpionfish
23. Neomerinthe rotunda
24. Neomerinthe rufescens
979
25. Neoscorpaena nielseni
26. Parapterois heterura Blackfoot firefish
27. Parascorpaena aurita Golden scorpionfish
28. Parascorpaena bandanensis
29. Parascorpaena maculipinnis
30. Parascorpaena mcadamsi McAdam's scorpionfish
31. Parascorpaena mossambica Mozambique scorpionfish
32. Parascorpaena picta Northern scorpionfish
33. Phenacoscorpius adenensis
34. Phenacoscorpius eschmeyeri
35. Phenacoscorpius longirostris Longsnout No-line Scorpionfish
36. Phenacoscorpius megalops Noline scorpionfish
37. Phenacoscorpius nebris Short-tube scorpionfish
38. Pogonoscorpius sechellensis
39. Pontinus accraensis Ghanean rockfish
40. Pontinus castor Longsnout scorpionfish
41. Pontinus clemensi Mottled scorpionfish
42. Pontinus corallinus
43. Pontinus furcirhinus Red scorpionfish
44. Pontinus helena
45. Pontinus hexanema
46. Pontinus kuhlii Offshore rockfish
47. Pontinus leda Speckled deepwater scorpionfish
48. Pontinus longispinis Longspine scorpionfish
49. Pontinus macrocephalus Large-headed scorpionfish
50. Pontinus nematophthalmus Spinythroat scorpionfish
51. Pontinus nigerimum Blacklash scorpionfish
52. Pontinus nigropunctatus St. Helena deepwater scorpionfish
53. Pontinus rathbuni Highfin scorpionfish
54. Pontinus rhodochrous
55. Pontinus sierra Speckled scorpionfish
56. Pontinus strigatus Stalkeye scorpionfish
57. Pontinus tentacularis
58. Pontinus vaughani Spotback scorpionfish
59. Pteroidichthys amboinensis
60. Pterois andover
61. Pterois antennata Broadbarred firefish
62. Pterois lunulata Luna lion fish
63. Pterois miles Devil firefish
64. Pterois mombasae Frillfin turkeyfish
65. Pterois radiata Radial firefish
66. Pterois russelii Plaintail turkeyfish
67. Pterois sphex Hawaiian turkeyfish
68. Pterois volitans Red lionfish
69. Pteropelor noronhai
70. Pteropterus brevipectoralis
71. Rhinopias aphanes Lacy scorpionfish
72. Rhinopias argoliba
73. Rhinopias cea
74. Rhinopias eschmeyeri Eschmeyer's scorpionfish
75. Rhinopias filamentosus
76. Rhinopias frondosa Weedy scorpionfish
77. Rhinopias godfreyi Godfrey's scorpionfish
78. Rhinopias xenops
79. Scorpaena afuerae Peruvian scorpionfish
980
80. Scorpaena agassizii Longfin scorpionfish
81. Scorpaena albifimbria Coral scorpionfish
82. Scorpaena angolensis Angola rockfish
83. Scorpaena annobonae
84. Scorpaena ascensionis
85. Scorpaena azorica
86. Scorpaena bergii Goosehead scorpionfish
87. Scorpaena brachyptera Shortfin scorpionfish
88. Scorpaena brasiliensis Barbfish
89. Scorpaena brevispina Japanese shortspined scorpionfish
90. Scorpaena bulacephala Bullhead scorpionfish
91. Scorpaena calcarata Smooth-head scorpionfish
92. Scorpaena canariensis
93. Scorpaena cardinalis Eastern red scorpionfish
94. Scorpaena cocosensis
95. Scorpaena colorata
96. Scorpaena cookii Cook's scorpionfish
97. Scorpaena dispar Hunchback scorpionfish
98. Scorpaena elachys Dwarf scorpionfish
99. Scorpaena elongata Slender rockfish
100. Scorpaena fernandeziana
101. Scorpaena gasta Ghostly scorpionfish
102. Scorpaena gibbifrons
103. Scorpaena grandicornis Plumed scorpionfish
104. Scorpaena grandisquamis Bigscale scorpionfish
105. Scorpaena grattanica
106. Scorpaena guttata California scorpionfish
107. Scorpaena hatizyoensis
108. Scorpaena hemilepidota
109. Scorpaena histrio Player scorpionfish
110. Scorpaena inermis Mushroom scorpionfish
111. Scorpaena isthmensis Smooth-cheek scorpionfish
112. Scorpaena izensis Izu scorpionfish
113. Scorpaena lacrimata
114. Scorpaena laevis Senegalese rockfish
115. Scorpaena loppei Cadenat's rockfish
116. Scorpaena maderensis Madeira rockfish
117. Scorpaena melasma
118. Scorpaena mellissii Melliss's scorpionfish
119. Scorpaena miostoma
120. Scorpaena moultoni
121. Scorpaena mystes
122. Scorpaena neglecta
123. Scorpaena normani Norman's rockfish
124. Scorpaena notata Small red scorpionfish
125. Scorpaena onaria Western scorpionfish
126. Scorpaena orgila
127. Scorpaena papillosa Red rock cod
128. Scorpaena pascuensis
129. Scorpaena pele
130. Scorpaena pepo Pumpkin scorpionfish
131. Scorpaena petricola
132. Scorpaena plumieri Pacific spotted scorpionfish
133. Scorpaena porcus Black scorpionfish
134. Scorpaena russula Reddish scorpionfish
981
135. Scorpaena scrofa Red scorpionfish
136. Scorpaena sonorae Sonora scorpionfish
137. Scorpaena stephanica Spotted-fin rockfish
138. Scorpaena sumptuosa Western red scorpionfish
139. Scorpaena thomsoni
140. Scorpaena tierrae
141. Scorpaena uncinata
142. Scorpaenodes africanus
143. Scorpaenodes albaiensis Longfingered scorpionfish
144. Scorpaenodes arenai Messina rockfish
145. Scorpaenodes caribbaeus Reef scorpionfish
146. Scorpaenodes corallinus
147. Scorpaenodes elongatus
148. Scorpaenodes englerti
149. Scorpaenodes guamensis Guam scorpionfish
150. Scorpaenodes hirsutus Hairy scorpionfish
151. Scorpaenodes immaculatus
152. Scorpaenodes insularis
153. Scorpaenodes investigatoris
154. Scorpaenodes kelloggi Kellogg's scorpionfish
155. Scorpaenodes littoralis Cheekspot scorpionfish
156. Scorpaenodes minor Minor scorpionfish
157. Scorpaenodes muciparus
158. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis Lowfin scorpionfish
159. Scorpaenodes quadrispinosus
160. Scorpaenodes scaber Pygmy scorpionfish
161. Scorpaenodes smithi Little scorpionfish
162. Scorpaenodes steenei Steene's scorpionfish
163. Scorpaenodes steinitzi
164. Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus Deepreef scorpionfish
165. Scorpaenodes tribulosus
166. Scorpaenodes varipinnis Blotchfin scorpionfish
167. Scorpaenodes xyris Rainbow scorpionfish
168. Scorpaenopsella armata
169. Scorpaenopsis altirostris
170. Scorpaenopsis barbata Bearded scorpionfish
171. Scorpaenopsis brevifrons Bigmouth scorpionfish
172. Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkin's scorpionfish
173. Scorpaenopsis cirrosa Weedy stingfish
174. Scorpaenopsis cotticeps Sculpin scorpionfish
175. Scorpaenopsis diabolus False stonefish
176. Scorpaenopsis eschmeyeri
177. Scorpaenopsis furneauxi Furneaux scorpionfish
178. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa Humpbacked scorpionfish
179. Scorpaenopsis gilchristi Gilchrist's scorpionfish
180. Scorpaenopsis insperatus Sydney scorpionfish
181. Scorpaenopsis lactomaculata Whiteblotched scorpionfish
182. Scorpaenopsis longispina
183. Scorpaenopsis macrochir Flasher scorpionfish
184. Scorpaenopsis neglecta Yellowfin scorpionfish
185. Scorpaenopsis obtusa Shortsnout scorpionfish
186. Scorpaenopsis orientalis
187. Scorpaenopsis oxycephala Tassled scorpionfish
188. Scorpaenopsis palmeri
189. Scorpaenopsis papuensis Papuan scorpionfish
982
190. Scorpaenopsis pluralis
191. Scorpaenopsis possi
192. Scorpaenopsis pusilla
193. Scorpaenopsis ramaraoi
194. Scorpaenopsis venosa Raggy scorpionfish
195. Scorpaenopsis vittapinna
196. Sebastapistes ballieui Spotfin scorpionfish
197. Sebastapistes bynoensis Byno scorpionfish
198. Sebastapistes coniorta Humpback nohu
199. Sebastapistes cyanostigma Yellowspotted scorpionfish
200. Sebastapistes fowleri Pigmy scorpionfish
201. Sebastapistes galactacma Galactacma scorpionfish
202. Sebastapistes mauritiana Spineblotch scorpionfish
203. Sebastapistes nuchalis
204. Sebastapistes strongia Barchin scorpionfish
205. Sebastapistes taeniophrys
206. Sebastapistes tinkhami Darkspotted scorpionfish
207. Taenianotus triacanthus Leaf scorpionfish
208. Thysanichthys crossotus
209. Thysanichthys evides
210. Ursinoscorpaenopsis kitai
983
Family Sebastidae
(Rockfishes, Rockcods and Thornyheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The livebearing

Sebastes with about 110 species occurs mainly in the North Pacific.
Body compressed; head usually with ridges and spines; gill
membranes free from isthmus. Venom gland in dorsal, anal, and pelvic
spines.

1. Adelosebastes latens
2. Helicolenus alporti
3. Helicolenus avius
4. Helicolenus barathri Bigeye sea perch
5. Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus Blackbelly rosefish
6. Helicolenus fedorovi
7. Helicolenus hilgendorfii
8. Helicolenus lahillei
9. Helicolenus lengerichi
10. Helicolenus mouchezi
11. Helicolenus percoides Red gurnard perch
12. Hozukius emblemarius
13. Hozukius guyotensis
14. Sebastes aleutianus Rougheye rockfish
15. Sebastes alutus Pacific ocean perch
16. Sebastes atrovirens Kelp rockfish
17. Sebastes auriculatus Brown rockfish
18. Sebastes aurora Aurora rockfish
19. Sebastes babcocki Redbanded rockfish
20. Sebastes baramenuke
21. Sebastes borealis Shortraker rockfish
22. Sebastes brevispinis Silvergray rockfish
23. Sebastes capensis Cape redfish
24. Sebastes carnatus Gopher rockfish
25. Sebastes caurinus Copper rockfish
26. Sebastes chlorostictus Greenspotted rockfish
27. Sebastes chrysomelas Black-and-yellow rockfish
28. Sebastes ciliatus Dusky rockfish
29. Sebastes constellatus Starry rockfish
30. Sebastes cortezi Cortez rockfish
31. Sebastes crameri Darkblotched rockfish
32. Sebastes dallii Calico rockfish
33. Sebastes diploproa Splitnose rockfish
34. Sebastes elongatus Greenstriped rockfish
984
35. Sebastes emphaeus Puget Sound rockfish
36. Sebastes ensifer Swordspine rockfish
37. Sebastes entomelas Widow rockfish
38. Sebastes eos Pink rockfish
39. Sebastes exsul Buccaneer rockfish
40. Sebastes fasciatus Acadian redfish
41. Sebastes flammeus
42. Sebastes flavidus Yellowtail rockfish
43. Sebastes gilli Bronzespotted rockfish
44. Sebastes glaucus Gray rockfish
45. Sebastes goodei Chilipepper rockfish
46. Sebastes helvomaculatus Rosethorn rockfish
47. Sebastes hopkinsi Squarespot rockfish
48. Sebastes hubbsi
49. Sebastes ijimae
50. Sebastes inermis
51. Sebastes iracundus
52. Sebastes itinus
53. Sebastes jordani Shortbelly rockfish
54. Sebastes joyneri
55. Sebastes kawaradae
56. Sebastes kiyomatsui
57. Sebastes koreanus
58. Sebastes lentiginosus Freckled rockfish
59. Sebastes levis Cowcod
60. Sebastes longispinis
61. Sebastes macdonaldi Mexican rockfish
62. Sebastes maliger Quillback rockfish
63. Sebastes marinus Golden redfish
64. Sebastes matsubarai
65. Sebastes melanops Black rockfish
66. Sebastes melanosema Semaphore rockfish
67. Sebastes melanostomus Blackgill rockfish
68. Sebastes mentella Beaked redfish
69. Sebastes miniatus Vermilion rockfish
70. Sebastes minor
71. Sebastes moseri Whitespeckled rockfish
72. Sebastes mystinus Blue rockfish
73. Sebastes nebulosus China rockfish
74. Sebastes nigrocinctus Tiger rockfish
75. Sebastes nivosus
76. Sebastes norvegicus
77. Sebastes notius
78. Sebastes oblongus
79. Sebastes oculatus Patagonian redfish
80. Sebastes ovalis Speckled rockfish
81. Sebastes owstoni
82. Sebastes pachycephalus chalcogrammus
83. Sebastes pachycephalus nigricans
84. Sebastes pachycephalus nudus
85. Sebastes pachycephalus pachycephalus
86. Sebastes paucispinis Bocaccio rockfish
87. Sebastes peduncularis
88. Sebastes phillipsi Chameleon rockfish
89. Sebastes pinniger Canary rockfish
985
90. Sebastes polyspinis Northern rockfish
91. Sebastes proriger Redstripe rockfish
92. Sebastes rastrelliger Grass rockfish
93. Sebastes reedi Yellowmouth rockfish
94. Sebastes rosaceus Rosy rockfish
95. Sebastes rosenblatti Greenblotched rockfish
96. Sebastes ruberrimus Yelloweye rockfish
97. Sebastes rubrivinctus Flag rockfish
98. Sebastes rufinanus Dwarf-red rockfish
99. Sebastes rufus Bank rockfish
100. Sebastes saxicola Stripetail rockfish
101. Sebastes schlegelii Korean rockfish
102. Sebastes scythropus
103. Sebastes semicinctus Halfbanded rockfish
104. Sebastes serranoides Olive rockfish
105. Sebastes serriceps Treefish
106. Sebastes simulator Pinkrose rockfish
107. Sebastes sinensis Blackmouth rockfish
108. Sebastes spinorbis
109. Sebastes steindachneri
110. Sebastes swifti
111. Sebastes taczanowskii
112. Sebastes thompsoni
113. Sebastes trivittatus
114. Sebastes umbrosus Honeycomb rockfish
115. Sebastes variabilis
116. Sebastes variegatus Harlequin rockfish
117. Sebastes varispinis
118. Sebastes ventricosus
119. Sebastes viviparus Norway redfish
120. Sebastes vulpes
121. Sebastes wakiyai
122. Sebastes wilsoni Pygmy rockfish
123. Sebastes zacentrus Sharpchin rockfish
124. Sebastes zonatus
125. Sebastiscus albofasciatus
126. Sebastiscus marmoratus False kelpfish
127. Sebastiscus tertius
128. Sebastolobus alascanus Shortspine thornyhead
129. Sebastolobus altivelis Longspine thornyhead
130. Sebastolobus macrochir Broadbanded thornyhead
131. Trachyscorpia carnomagula Deepsea Scorpionfish
132. Trachyscorpia cristulata cristulata Atlantic thornyhead
133. Trachyscorpia cristulata echinata Spiny scorpionfish
134. Trachyscorpia eschmeyeri Cape rockfish
135. Trachyscorpia longipedicula Stylish Scorpionfish
136. Trachyscorpia osheri
137. Trachyscorpia verai Ecuadorian Deep-sea Scorpionfish
986
Family Setarchidae
(Deep-sea bristly scorpionfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

1. Ectreposebastes imus Midwater scorpionfish
2. Ectreposebastes niger Pelagic scorpionfish
3. Lioscorpius longiceps Slender scorpionfish
4. Lioscorpius trifasciatus Tripleband scorpionfish
5. Setarches guentheri Channeled rockfish
6. Setarches longimanus Red deepwater scorpionfish
987
Family Synanceiidae
(Stonefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. No free pectoral rays; skin glands present,

appearing as 'warts' in most species; dorsal fin with 11-17 spines and
4-14 soft rays; anal fin with 2-4 spines and 4-14 soft rays; pelvic fin
with one spine and 3-5 soft rays; pectoral fin rays 11-10; vertebrae
23-30. Venom glands present near base of hypodermiclike dorsal fin
spines. The neurotoxin of these fishes is the most deadly of the fish
venoms and can be fatal to humans. Species camouflage as rocks.
Mainly marine, but some species are known from rivers. We include
here Nelson's (1994) Minoinae and Choridactylinae.

1. Choridactylus lineatus Lined stingfish
2. Choridactylus multibarbus Orangebanded stingfish
3. Choridactylus natalensis Threestick stingfish
4. Choridactylus striatus
5. Erosa daruma Daruma stinger
6. Erosa erosa Pitted stonefish
7. Inimicus brachyrhynchus
8. Inimicus caledonicus Chinese ghoul
9. Inimicus cuvieri
10. Inimicus didactylus Bearded ghoul
11. Inimicus filamentosus Two-stick stingfish
12. Inimicus gruzovi
13. Inimicus japonicus
14. Inimicus joubini
15. Inimicus sinensis Spotted ghoul
16. Inimicus smirnovi
17. Leptosynanceia asteroblepa
18. Minous andriashevi
19. Minous coccineus Onestick stingfish
20. Minous dempsterae Obliquebanded stingfish
21. Minous inermis Alcock's scorpionfish
22. Minous longimanus
23. Minous monodactylus Grey stingfish
24. Minous pictus Painted stinger
25. Minous pusillus Dwarf stingfish
26. Minous quincarinatus
27. Minous trachycephalus Striped stingfish
28. Minous usachevi
988
29. Minous versicolor Plumstriped stingfish
30. Pseudosynanceia melanostigma Blackfin stonefish
31. Synanceia alula
32. Synanceia horrida Estuarine stonefish
33. Synanceia nana Red Sea stonefish
34. Synanceia platyrhyncha
35. Synanceia verrucosa Stonefish
36. Trachicephalus uranoscopus Stargazing stonefish
989
Family Tetrarogidae
(Wasp fishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-west Pacific. Body compressed; head usually with

ridges and spines; usually two divergent opercular spines; gill
membrane free from isthmus. These fishes are extremely venemous.
Mainly marine, but Notesthes robusta of coastal eastern Australia is
primarily a freshwater fish. Bottom-dwelling predators of crustaceans
and fishes.

1. Ablabys binotatus Redskinfish
2. Ablabys macracanthus
3. Ablabys taenianotus Cockatoo waspfish
4. Centropogon australis Fortescue
5. Centropogon latifrons Pale fortescue
6. Centropogon marmoratus Marbled fortescue
7. Coccotropsis gymnoderma Smooth-skin scorpionfish
8. Cottapistus cottoides Marbled stingfish
9. Cottapistus scorpio
10. Glyptauchen panduratus Goblinfish
11. Gymnapistes marmoratus South Australian cobbler
12. Liocranium pleurostigma Western Blackspot Waspfish
13. Liocranium praepositum Blackspot waspfish
14. Neocentropogon aeglefinus Onespot waspfish
15. Neocentropogon affinis
16. Neocentropogon japonicus
17. Neocentropogon mesedai
18. Neocentropogon profundus
19. Neocentropogon trimaculatus Threespotted waspfish
20. Neovespicula depressifrons Leaf goblinfish
21. Notesthes robusta Bullrout
22. Ocosia apia Stoutspine waspfish
23. Ocosia fasciata
24. Ocosia possi
25. Ocosia ramaraoi
26. Ocosia spinosa
27. Ocosia vespa
28. Ocosia zaspilota Polka dot waspfish
29. Paracentropogon longispinis Wispy waspfish
30. Paracentropogon rubripinnis
31. Paracentropogon vespa Wasp roguefish
32. Paracentropogon zonatus
990
33. Pseudovespicula dracaena Draco waspfish
34. Richardsonichthys leucogaster Whiteface waspfish
35. Snyderina guentheri Günther's waspfish
36. Snyderina yamanokami
37. Tetraroge barbata Bearded roguefish
38. Tetraroge darnleyensis
39. Tetraroge niger
40. Vespicula bottae
41. Vespicula cypho
42. Vespicula trachinoides
43. Vespicula zollingeri
991
Family Triglidae
(Searobins)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: all temperate and tropical seas. Head bony and
casquelike. Pectoral fin with lower 2 or 3 rays enlarged for food
detection. Dorsal fins separate. Benthic. Good sound producers.
Attains 1 m maximum length.

1. Aspitrigla cuculus Red gurnard
2. Bellator brachychir Shortfin searobin
3. Bellator egretta Streamer searobin
4. Bellator farrago
5. Bellator gymnostethus Naked-belly searobin
6. Bellator loxias Barred searobin
7. Bellator militaris Horned searobin
8. Bellator ribeiroi
9. Bellator xenisma Splitnose searobin
10. Chelidonichthys capensis Cape gurnard
11. Chelidonichthys gabonensis Gabon gurnard
12. Chelidonichthys ischyrus
13. Chelidonichthys kumu Bluefin gurnard
14. Chelidonichthys lucerna Tub gurnard
15. Chelidonichthys obscurus Longfin gurnard
16. Chelidonichthys queketti Lesser gurnard
17. Chelidonichthys spinosus Spiny red gurnard
18. Eutrigla gurnardus Grey gurnard
19. Lepidotrigla abyssalis
20. Lepidotrigla alata
21. Lepidotrigla alcocki
22. Lepidotrigla annamarae
23. Lepidotrigla argus Long-finned gurnard
24. Lepidotrigla argyrosoma
25. Lepidotrigla bentuviai Twohorn gurnard
26. Lepidotrigla bispinosa Bullhorn gurnard
27. Lepidotrigla brachyoptera Scaly gurnard
28. Lepidotrigla cadmani Scalebreast gurnard
29. Lepidotrigla calodactyla Drab longfin gurnard
30. Lepidotrigla carolae Carol's gurnard
31. Lepidotrigla cavillone Large-scaled gurnard
32. Lepidotrigla deasoni
33. Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei Spiny gurnard
34. Lepidotrigla eydouxii
35. Lepidotrigla faurei Scalybreast gurnard
992
36. Lepidotrigla grandis Supreme gurnard
37. Lepidotrigla guentheri
38. Lepidotrigla hime
39. Lepidotrigla japonica
40. Lepidotrigla jimjoebob
41. Lepidotrigla kanagashira
42. Lepidotrigla kishinouyi
43. Lepidotrigla larsoni Swordtip gurnard
44. Lepidotrigla lepidojugulata
45. Lepidotrigla longifaciata
46. Lepidotrigla longimana
47. Lepidotrigla longipinnis
48. Lepidotrigla macrobrachia
49. Lepidotrigla marisinensis
50. Lepidotrigla microptera
51. Lepidotrigla modesta Grooved gurnard
52. Lepidotrigla mulhalli Rough-snouted gurnard
53. Lepidotrigla multispinosa Indian Ocean spiny gurnard
54. Lepidotrigla musorstom
55. Lepidotrigla nana
56. Lepidotrigla oglina
57. Lepidotrigla omanensis Oman gurnard
58. Lepidotrigla papilio Australian spiny gurnard
59. Lepidotrigla pectoralis
60. Lepidotrigla pleuracanthica Eastern spiny gurnard
61. Lepidotrigla punctipectoralis Finspot gurnard
62. Lepidotrigla robinsi
63. Lepidotrigla russelli Smooth gurnard
64. Lepidotrigla sayademalha
65. Lepidotrigla sereti
66. Lepidotrigla spiloptera Spotwing gurnard
67. Lepidotrigla spinosa Shortfin gurnard
68. Lepidotrigla umbrosa Blackspot gurnard
69. Lepidotrigla vanessa Butterfly gurnard
70. Lepidotrigla vaubani
71. Lepidotrigla venusta
72. Prionotus alatus Spiny searobin
73. Prionotus albirostris Whitesnout searobin
74. Prionotus beanii Bean's searobin
75. Prionotus birostratus Two-beaked searobin
76. Prionotus carolinus Northern searobin
77. Prionotus evolans Striped searobin
78. Prionotus horrens Bristly searobin
79. Prionotus longispinosus Bigeye searobin
80. Prionotus martis Gulf of Mexico barred searobin
81. Prionotus miles Galapagos gurnard
82. Prionotus murielae
83. Prionotus nudigula Red searobin
84. Prionotus ophryas Bandtail searobin
85. Prionotus paralatus Mexican searobin
86. Prionotus punctatus Bluewing searobin
87. Prionotus roseus Bluespotted searobin
88. Prionotus rubio Blackwing searobin
89. Prionotus ruscarius Common searobin
90. Prionotus scitulus Leopard searobin
993
91. Prionotus stearnsi Shortwing searobin
92. Prionotus stephanophrys Lumptail searobin
93. Prionotus teaguei Long-ray searobin
94. Prionotus tribulus Bighead searobin
95. Pterygotrigla acanthomoplate
96. Pterygotrigla amaokai
97. Pterygotrigla andertoni Painted latchet
98. Pterygotrigla arabica
99. Pterygotrigla draiggoch
100. Pterygotrigla elicryste
101. Pterygotrigla guezei Mauritius gurnard
102. Pterygotrigla hafizi
103. Pterygotrigla hemisticta Blackspotted gurnard
104. Pterygotrigla hoplites Swordspine gurnard
105. Pterygotrigla leptacanthus Black-finned gurnard
106. Pterygotrigla macrolepidota
107. Pterygotrigla macrorhynchus Longnose gurnard
108. Pterygotrigla megalops
109. Pterygotrigla multiocellata Antrorse spined gurnard
110. Pterygotrigla multipunctata
111. Pterygotrigla pauli Yellow spotted gurnard
112. Pterygotrigla picta Spotted gurnard
113. Pterygotrigla polyommata Latchet
114. Pterygotrigla robertsi
115. Pterygotrigla ryukyuensis Ryukyu gurnard
116. Pterygotrigla soela
117. Pterygotrigla spirai
118. Pterygotrigla tagala
119. Pterygotrigla urashimai
120. Trigla lyra Piper gurnard
121. Trigloporus lastoviza Streaked gurnard
994
ORDO SILURIFORMES
(Catfish)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Symplectic, subopercular, basihyal, and intermuscular bones absent;

parietals probably present but fused to supraoccipital; mesopterygoid
very reduced; preopercle and interopercle relatively small;
posttemporal probably fused to supracleithrum but thought by some to
be present as a separate element in many families; vomer usually
toothed (as is the pterygoid and palatine); dorsal- and anal fin
pterygiophores lacking middle radial ossification (as is also true for
gymnotiforms), distal radial also absent in silurids; adipose fin usually
present; spinelike (=spinous) rays often present at the front of the
dorsal and pectoral fins (referred to as spines in family descriptions)
(the dorsal fin of most catfishes technically has two spines - the first
being very short and forming a locking mechanism for the second
spine, which is usually the only one referred to in the family
descriptions); body either naked or covered with bony plates; normally
up to four pairs of barbels on head, one nasal, one maxillary, and two
on chin (i.e., on the lower jaw or mandible), the nasal and chin barbels
may be variously absent; maxilla toothless and rudimentary (except in
Diplomystidae and the extinct Hypsidoridae), supporting a barbel;
principal caudal fin rays 18 or fewer (most with 17); caudal skeleton
varying between having six separate hypural plates to complete fusion
of caudal elements; eyes usually small (barbels are important in
detecting food); air-breathing organs in Clariidae and
Heteropneustidae. In contrast to other teleosts, where the urohyal
forms as an unpaired ossification of the tendon of the sternohyoideus
muscle, which is equivalent to "parurohyal" in siluriforms.
995
Family Akysidae
(Stream catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southeastern Asia. Dorsal fin with a short base and with 1
leading spine; usually five soft rays; usually with adipose fin. One
strong pectoral spine, usually serrated. Relatively narrow gill openings.
Longitudinal row of tubercles usually along body. Four pairs of barbels.

1. Acrochordonichthys chamaeleon
2. Acrochordonichthys falcifer
3. Acrochordonichthys guttatus
4. Acrochordonichthys gyrinus Falcate chameleon catfish
5. Acrochordonichthys ischnosoma
6. Acrochordonichthys mahakamensis
7. Acrochordonichthys pachyderma
8. Acrochordonichthys rugosus
9. Acrochordonichthys septentrionalis Maeklong chameleon catfish
10. Acrochordonichthys strigosus
11. Akysis brachybarbatus
12. Akysis clavulus
13. Akysis clinatus
14. Akysis ephippifer
15. Akysis fontaneus
16. Akysis fuliginatus
17. Akysis galeatus
18. Akysis hendricksoni
19. Akysis heterurus
20. Akysis longifilis
21. Akysis maculipinnis
22. Akysis manipurensis
23. Akysis microps
24. Akysis pictus Burmese stream catfish
25. Akysis portellus
26. Akysis prashadi Indawgyi stream catfish
27. Akysis pulvinatus
28. Akysis recavus
29. Akysis scorteus
30. Akysis subtilis
31. Akysis variegatus
32. Akysis varius
33. Akysis vespa
34. Akysis vespertinus
35. Breitensteinia cessator
996
36. Breitensteinia hypselurus
37. Breitensteinia insignis
38. Parakysis anomalopteryx
39. Parakysis grandis
40. Parakysis hystriculus
41. Parakysis longirostris
42. Parakysis notialis
43. Parakysis verrucosus
44. Pseudobagarius alfredi
45. Pseudobagarius baramensis
46. Pseudobagarius filifer
47. Pseudobagarius fuscus
48. Pseudobagarius hardmani
49. Pseudobagarius inermis
50. Pseudobagarius leucorhynchus
51. Pseudobagarius macronemus
52. Pseudobagarius meridionalis
53. Pseudobagarius nitidus
54. Pseudobagarius pseudobagarius
55. Pseudobagarius similis
56. Pseudobagarius sinensis
997
Family Amblycipitidae
(Torrent catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southern Asia, Pakistan to southern Japan and Malaysia.

Dorsal fin covered by thick skin. Adipose fin present, confluent with
caudal fin in some species. Anal fin with only 9-18 rays. Barbels 4
pairs. Lateral line incomplete. Occurs in swift streams.

1. Amblyceps apangi
2. Amblyceps arunchalensis
3. Amblyceps caecutiens
4. Amblyceps carinatum
5. Amblyceps foratum
6. Amblyceps laticeps
7. Amblyceps macropterus
8. Amblyceps mangois Indian torrent catfish
9. Amblyceps mucronatum
10. Amblyceps murraystuarti
11. Amblyceps platycephalus
12. Amblyceps protentum
13. Amblyceps serratum
14. Amblyceps tenuispinis
15. Amblyceps torrentis
16. Amblyceps tuberculatum
17. Amblyceps variegatum
18. Liobagrus aequilabris
19. Liobagrus andersoni
20. Liobagrus anguillicauda
21. Liobagrus formosanus
22. Liobagrus kingi
23. Liobagrus marginatoides
24. Liobagrus marginatus
25. Liobagrus mediadiposalis
26. Liobagrus nantoensis
27. Liobagrus nigricauda
28. Liobagrus obesus Bull-head torrent catfish
29. Liobagrus reinii
30. Liobagrus styani
31. Xiurenbagrus gigas
32. Xiurenbagrus xiurenensis
998
Family Amphiliidae
(Loach catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa. Barbels 3 pairs. Short dorsal and anal fin bases. No
spine in dorsal fin; dorsal spine feeble in Trachyglanis. Most species
lacking pectoral spine. Occasionally a short spine in adipose fin. No
pterygoid and posttemporal. Usually restricted to high altitude
streams. Attains 18 cm maximum length; most species below 12 cm.

1. Amphilius atesuensis
2. Amphilius brevis
3. Amphilius caudosignatus
4. Amphilius chalei
5. Amphilius cryptobullatus
6. Amphilius dimonikensis
7. Amphilius jacksonii Marbled mountain catfish
8. Amphilius kakrimensis
9. Amphilius kivuensis
10. Amphilius korupi
11. Amphilius lamani
12. Amphilius lampei
13. Amphilius laticaudatus Broadtail mountain catfish
14. Amphilius lentiginosus
15. Amphilius longirostris
16. Amphilius maesii
17. Amphilius mamonekenensis
18. Amphilius natalensis Natal mountain catfish
19. Amphilius opisthophthalmus
20. Amphilius platychir Mountain barbel
21. Amphilius pulcher
22. Amphilius rheophilus
23. Amphilius uranoscopus Stargazer mountain catfish
24. Amphilius zairensis
25. Andersonia leptura
26. Belonoglanis brieni
27. Belonoglanis tenuis
28. Dolichamphilius brieni
29. Dolichamphilius longiceps
30. Doumea alula
31. Doumea angolensis
32. Doumea chappuisi
33. Doumea gracila
34. Doumea sanaga
999
35. Doumea thysi
36. Doumea typica
37. Leptoglanis bouilloni
38. Leptoglanis xenognathus
39. Paramphilius baudoni
40. Paramphilius firestonei
41. Paramphilius teugelsi
42. Paramphilius trichomycteroides
43. Phractura ansorgii African whiptailed catfish
44. Phractura bovei
45. Phractura brevicauda
46. Phractura clauseni
47. Phractura fasciata
48. Phractura gladysae
49. Phractura intermedia
50. Phractura lindica
51. Phractura longicauda
52. Phractura macrura
53. Phractura scaphyrhynchura
54. Phractura stiassny
55. Phractura tenuicauda
56. Psammphiletria delicata
57. Psammphiletria nasuta
58. Tetracamphilius angustifrons
59. Tetracamphilius clandestinus
60. Tetracamphilius notatus
61. Tetracamphilius pectinatus
62. Trachyglanis ineac
63. Trachyglanis intermedius
64. Trachyglanis minutus
65. Trachyglanis sanghensis
66. Zaireichthys brevis
67. Zaireichthys camerunensis
68. Zaireichthys compactus
69. Zaireichthys dorae Chobe sand catlet
70. Zaireichthys flavomaculatus
71. Zaireichthys heterurus
72. Zaireichthys mandevillei
73. Zaireichthys rotundiceps Spotted sand catlet
74. Zaireichthys wamiensis
75. Zaireichthys zonatus
1000
Family Anchariidae
(Vaonas)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Glaw & Vences, 1994: 380. Type genus: Ancharius Steindachner,
1880. No named fossil taxa.

1. Ancharius fuscus
2. Ancharius griseus
3. Gogo arcuatus
4. Gogo atratus
5. Gogo brevibarbis
6. Gogo ornatus
1001
Family Ariidae
(Sea catfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine; occasionally freshwater. Distribution: tropical and

subtropical waters. Forked caudal fin. Adipose fin present. Barbels
usually 3 pairs, rarely 2 pairs. Nasal barbels absent. Bony plates
present on head and near dorsal fin. A leading spine in both pectoral
and dorsal fins. Many species enter freshwater and some are restricted
to freshwater. Normally the male carries the relatively large eggs in its
mouth until hatching.

1. Amissidens hainesi Ridged catfish
2. Amphiarius phrygiatus Kukwari sea catfish
3. Amphiarius rugispinis Softhead sea catfish
4. Ariopsis bonillai New Granada sea catfish
5. Ariopsis felis Hardhead sea catfish
6. Arius acutirostris
7. Arius africanus African sea catfish
8. Arius arenarius Sand catfish
9. Arius arius Threadfin sea catfish
10. Arius brunellii
11. Arius cous
12. Arius dispar Fleshysnout catfish
13. Arius festinus
14. Arius gagora Gagora catfish
15. Arius gagorides
16. Arius gigas Giant sea catfish
17. Arius heudelotii Smoothmouth sea catfish
18. Arius intermedius
19. Arius jella Blackfin sea catfish
20. Arius latiscutatus Rough-head sea catfish
21. Arius leptonotacanthus
22. Arius macracanthus
23. Arius macrorhynchus Sharp-nosed catfish
24. Arius maculatus Spotted catfish
25. Arius madagascariensis Madagascar sea catfish
26. Arius malabaricus
27. Arius manillensis
28. Arius microcephalus Squirrelheaded catfish
29. Arius nudidens
30. Arius oetik
31. Arius parkii Guinean sea catfish
1002
32. Arius satparanus
33. Arius subrostratus Shovelnose sea catfish
34. Arius sumatranus Goat catfish
35. Arius uncinatus
36. Arius venosus Veined catfish
37. Aspistor hardenbergi
38. Aspistor luniscutis
39. Aspistor parkeri Gillbacker sea catfish
40. Aspistor quadriscutis Bressou sea catfish
41. Bagre bagre Coco sea catfish
42. Bagre marinus Gafftopsail sea catfish
43. Bagre panamensis Chilhuil sea catfish
44. Bagre pinnimaculatus Red sea catfish
45. Batrachocephalus mino Beardless sea catfish
46. Brustiarius nox Comb-gilled catfish
47. Brustiarius solidus Hard-palate catfish
48. Cathorops agassizii
49. Cathorops aguadulce Estuarine sea catfish
50. Cathorops arenatus
51. Cathorops belizensis
52. Cathorops dasycephalus Big-bellied sea catfish
53. Cathorops fuerthii Congo sea catfish
54. Cathorops higuchii
55. Cathorops hypophthalmus Gloomy sea catfish
56. Cathorops kailolae
57. Cathorops laticeps
58. Cathorops manglarensis
59. Cathorops mapale
60. Cathorops melanopus Dark sea catfish
61. Cathorops multiradiatus Box sea catfish
62. Cathorops nuchalis
63. Cathorops puncticulatus
64. Cathorops spixii Madamango sea catfish
65. Cathorops steindachneri Steindachner's sea catfish
66. Cathorops tuyra Besudo sea catfish
67. Cathorops variolosus
68. Cephalocassis borneensis
69. Cephalocassis jatia River catfish
70. Cephalocassis manillensis
71. Cephalocassis melanochir
72. Cinetodus carinatus Comb-spined catfish
73. Cinetodus conorhynchus Lorentz catfish
74. Cinetodus crassilabris Thick-lipped catfish
75. Cinetodus froggatti Smallmouthed salmon catfish
76. Cochlefelis burmanica
77. Cochlefelis danielsi Daniel's catfish
78. Cochlefelis insidiator Flat catfish
79. Cochlefelis spatula Duckbilled catfish
80. Cryptarius daugueti
81. Cryptarius truncatus
82. Galeichthys ater Black seacatfish
83. Galeichthys feliceps White barbel
84. Galeichthys peruvianus Peruvian sea catfish
85. Genidens barbus White sea catfish
86. Genidens genidens Guri sea catfish
1003
87. Genidens machadoi
88. Genidens planifrons
89. Hemiarius dioctes Warrior catfish
90. Hemiarius harmandi
91. Hemiarius sona Sona sea catfish
92. Hemiarius stormii Armoured sea catfish
93. Hemiarius verrucosus
94. Hemipimelodus macrocephalus
95. Hexanematichthys henni
96. Hexanematichthys sagor Sagor catfish
97. Ketengus typus Bigmouth sea catfish
98. Nedystoma dayi Day's catfish
99. Nedystoma novaeguineae Spoon-snouted catfish
100. Nemapteryx armiger Threadfin catfish
101. Nemapteryx augusta Short barbelled catfish
102. Nemapteryx bleekeri Bleeker's catfish
103. Nemapteryx caelata Engraved catfish
104. Nemapteryx macronotacantha
105. Nemapteryx nenga
106. Neoarius berneyi Highfin catfish
107. Neoarius coatesi Coates' catfish
108. Neoarius graeffei Blue salmon catfish
109. Neoarius latirostris Broad-snouted catfish
110. Neoarius leptaspis Salmon catfish
111. Neoarius midgleyi Silver cobbler
112. Neoarius pectoralis Sawspine catfish
113. Neoarius taylori Taylor's catfish
114. Neoarius utarus Northern rivers catfish
115. Neoarius velutinus Papillate catfish
116. Netuma bilineata Bronze catfish
117. Netuma proxima Arafura catfish
118. Netuma thalassina Giant catfish
119. Notarius armbrusteri
120. Notarius biffi
121. Notarius cookei
122. Notarius grandicassis Thomas sea catfish
123. Notarius insculptus
124. Notarius kessleri Sculptured sea catfish
125. Notarius lentiginosus Freckled sea catfish
126. Notarius neogranatensis
127. Notarius osculus Chomba sea catfish
128. Notarius planiceps Flathead sea catfish
129. Osteogeneiosus militaris Soldier catfish
130. Plicofollis argyropleuron Longsnouted catfish
131. Plicofollis dussumieri Blacktip sea catfish
132. Plicofollis magatensis
133. Plicofollis nella Smooth-headed catfish
134. Plicofollis platystomus Flatmouth sea catfish
135. Plicofollis polystaphylodon Mozambique sea catfish
136. Plicofollis tenuispinis Thinspine sea catfish
137. Plicofollis tonggol Roughback sea catfish
138. Potamarius grandoculis
139. Potamarius izabalensis
140. Potamarius nelsoni Lacandon sea catfish
141. Potamarius usumacintae
1004
142. Sciades assimilis Mayan sea catfish
143. Sciades couma Couma sea catfish
144. Sciades dowii Brown sea catfish
145. Sciades emphysetus
146. Sciades guatemalensis Blue sea catfish
147. Sciades herzbergii Pemecou sea catfish
148. Sciades hymenorrhinos Flapnose sea catfish
149. Sciades mastersi Master's catfish
150. Sciades passany Passany sea catfish
151. Sciades paucus
152. Sciades platypogon Cominate sea catfish
153. Sciades proops Crucifix sea catfish
154. Sciades seemanni Tete sea catfish
155. Sciades troschelii Chili sea catfish
1005
Family Aspredinidae
(Banjo catfishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Banjo catfishes are found in freshwater; occasionally brackish waters

of tropical South America. Anterior part of body depressed. Body
naked except for large tubercles. Adipose fin absent. Body depressed
anteriorly; opercular aperture reduced to a slit; dorsal spine-locking
mechanism absent in most species. About 42 cm maximum length
attained in Aspredo aspredo; most below 15 cm. Members of
Aspredininae live in coastal brackish waters.

1. Acanthobunocephalus nicoi
2. Amaralia hypsiura
3. Aspredinichthys filamentosus Sevenbarbed banjo
4. Aspredinichthys tibicen Tenbarbed banjo
5. Aspredo aspredo Banjo
6. Bunocephalus aleuropsis
7. Bunocephalus amaurus Camouflaged catfish
8. Bunocephalus chamaizelus
9. Bunocephalus colombianus
10. Bunocephalus coracoideus Guitarrita
11. Bunocephalus doriae
12. Bunocephalus knerii Ecuador banjo catfish
13. Bunocephalus larai
14. Bunocephalus verrucosus Gnarled catfish
15. Dupouyichthys sapito
16. Ernstichthys anduzei
17. Ernstichthys intonsus
18. Ernstichthys megistus
19. Hoplomyzon atrizona
20. Hoplomyzon papillatus
21. Hoplomyzon sexpapilostoma
22. Micromyzon akamai
23. Platystacus cotylephorus Banded banjo
24. Pseudobunocephalus amazonicus
25. Pseudobunocephalus bifidus
26. Pseudobunocephalus iheringii
27. Pseudobunocephalus lundbergi
28. Pseudobunocephalus quadriradiatus
29. Pseudobunocephalus rugosus
30. Pterobunocephalus depressus
31. Pterobunocephalus dolichurus
1006
32. Xyliphius anachoretes
33. Xyliphius barbatus
34. Xyliphius kryptos
35. Xyliphius lepturus
36. Xyliphius lombarderoi
37. Xyliphius magdalenae
38. Xyliphius melanopterus
1007
Family Astroblepidae
(Naked sucker-mouth catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Naked sucker-mouth catfishes are distributed in South America

(Andean region) and Panama. Naked body. Mouth disc present;
maxillary and nasal barbals present. With or without adipose fin.
Dorsal spine without a locking mechanism; 6-7 dorsal soft rays.
Intestine relatively short. Total vertebrae 34 (17 + 17). Some species
live in torrental mountain streams and climb the faces of waterfalls.

1. Astroblepus boulengeri
2. Astroblepus brachycephalus
3. Astroblepus caquetae
4. Astroblepus chapmani
5. Astroblepus chimborazoi
6. Astroblepus chotae
7. Astroblepus cirratus
8. Astroblepus cyclopus
9. Astroblepus eigenmanni
10. Astroblepus festae
11. Astroblepus fissidens
12. Astroblepus formosus
13. Astroblepus frenatus
14. Astroblepus grixalvii
15. Astroblepus guentheri
16. Astroblepus heterodon
17. Astroblepus homodon
18. Astroblepus jurubidae
19. Astroblepus labialis
20. Astroblepus latidens
21. Astroblepus longiceps
22. Astroblepus longifilis
23. Astroblepus mancoi
24. Astroblepus mariae
25. Astroblepus marmoratus
26. Astroblepus micrescens
27. Astroblepus mindoensis
28. Astroblepus nicefori
29. Astroblepus orientalis
30. Astroblepus peruanus
31. Astroblepus phelpsi
1008
32. Astroblepus pholeter
33. Astroblepus pirrensis
34. Astroblepus praeliorum
35. Astroblepus prenadillus
36. Astroblepus regani
37. Astroblepus rengifoi
38. Astroblepus retropinnus
39. Astroblepus riberae
40. Astroblepus rosei
41. Astroblepus sabalo
42. Astroblepus santanderensis
43. Astroblepus simonsii
44. Astroblepus stuebeli
45. Astroblepus supramollis
46. Astroblepus taczanowskii
47. Astroblepus theresiae
48. Astroblepus trifasciatus
49. Astroblepus ubidiai
50. Astroblepus unifasciatus
51. Astroblepus vaillanti
52. Astroblepus vanceae
53. Astroblepus ventralis
54. Astroblepus whymperi
1009
Family Auchenipteridae
(Driftwood catfishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Driftwood catfishes are known to occur in rivers from Panama to

Argentina. Naked body. Three pairs of barbels in all but one species,
the maxillary pair being the longest. Pectoral and dorsal fins with a
strong spine. With or without adipose fin. Pseudauchenipterus nodosus
enters brackish waters. Includes Ageneiosidae, bottlenose or
barbelless catfishes, 2 genera and 12 species, since Ferraris (1988;
unpublished PhD Thesis).

1. Ageneiosus atronasus
2. Ageneiosus brevis
3. Ageneiosus inermis Manduba
4. Ageneiosus magoi
5. Ageneiosus marmoratus Bottlenose catfish
6. Ageneiosus militaris
7. Ageneiosus pardalis
8. Ageneiosus piperatus
9. Ageneiosus polystictus
10. Ageneiosus ucayalensis
11. Ageneiosus uranophthalmus
12. Ageneiosus vittatus
13. Asterophysus batrachus
14. Auchenipterichthys coracoideus
15. Auchenipterichthys longimanus
16. Auchenipterichthys punctatus
17. Auchenipterichthys thoracatus
18. Auchenipterus ambyiacus
19. Auchenipterus brachyurus
20. Auchenipterus brevior
21. Auchenipterus britskii
22. Auchenipterus demerarae
23. Auchenipterus dentatus
24. Auchenipterus fordicei
25. Auchenipterus menezesi
26. Auchenipterus nigripinnis
27. Auchenipterus nuchalis
28. Auchenipterus osteomystax
29. Centromochlus altae
30. Centromochlus concolor
31. Centromochlus existimatus
1010
32. Centromochlus heckelii
33. Centromochlus macracanthus
34. Centromochlus megalops
35. Centromochlus perugiae
36. Centromochlus punctatus
37. Centromochlus reticulatus
38. Centromochlus romani
39. Centromochlus schultzi
40. Entomocorus benjamini
41. Entomocorus gameroi
42. Entomocorus melaphareus
43. Entomocorus radiosus
44. Epapterus blohmi
45. Epapterus dispilurus
46. Gelanoglanis nanonocticolus
47. Gelanoglanis stroudi
48. Gelanoglanis travieso
49. Glanidium albescens
50. Glanidium bockmanni
51. Glanidium catharinensis
52. Glanidium cesarpintoi
53. Glanidium leopardum
54. Glanidium melanopterum
55. Glanidium ribeiroi
56. Liosomadoras morrowi
57. Liosomadoras oncinus Jaguar catfish
58. Pseudauchenipterus affinis
59. Pseudauchenipterus flavescens
60. Pseudauchenipterus jequitinhonhae
61. Pseudauchenipterus nodosus Cocosoda catfish
62. Pseudepapterus cucuhyensis
63. Pseudepapterus gracilis
64. Pseudepapterus hasemani
65. Pseudotatia parva
66. Tatia aulopygia
67. Tatia boemia
68. Tatia brunnea
69. Tatia caxiuanensis
70. Tatia dunni
71. Tatia galaxias
72. Tatia gyrina
73. Tatia intermedia
74. Tatia jaracatia
75. Tatia meesi
76. Tatia musaica
77. Tatia neivai
78. Tatia nigra
79. Tatia simplex
80. Tatia strigata
81. Tetranematichthys barthemi
82. Tetranematichthys quadrifilis
83. Tetranematichthys wallacei
84. Tocantinsia piresi
85. Trachelyichthys decaradiatus
86. Trachelyichthys exilis
1011
87. Trachelyopterichthys anduzei
88. Trachelyopterichthys taeniatus Striped woodcat
89. Trachelyopterus albicrux
90. Trachelyopterus amblops
91. Trachelyopterus analis
92. Trachelyopterus brevibarbis
93. Trachelyopterus ceratophysus
94. Trachelyopterus coriaceus
95. Trachelyopterus fisheri Driftwood catfish
96. Trachelyopterus galeatus
97. Trachelyopterus insignis
98. Trachelyopterus isacanthus
99. Trachelyopterus lacustris
100. Trachelyopterus leopardinus
101. Trachelyopterus lucenai
102. Trachelyopterus peloichthys
103. Trachelyopterus striatulus Singing catfish
104. Trachelyopterus teaguei
105. Trachycorystes cratensis
106. Trachycorystes obscurus
107. Trachycorystes porosus
108. Trachycorystes trachycorystes Black catfish
1012
Family Austroglanididae
(Austroglanids)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Southern Africa. Three pairs of barbels (nasal pair absent); strong
dorsal and pectoral spines; adipose fin small. The genus Austroglanis
was formely placed in Bagridae.

1. Austroglanis barnardi Barnard's rock-catfish
2. Austroglanis gilli Clanwilliam catfish
3. Austroglanis sclateri Rock-catfish
1013
Family Bagridae
(Bagrid catfishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa and Asia (to Japan and Borneo). A spine before
dorsal fin. Dorsal soft rays usually 6 or 7 (rarely 8-20). Adipose fin with
high interspecific variability in size. Serrated pectoral spine. Scaleless.
Barbels usually four pairs; well-developed. Some valued as food fish;
others as aquarium fish. Maximum length of about 2 m attained in
Chrysichthys grandis of Lake Tanganyika. Family Claroteidae (Berra
2001) was carved out of the traditional Bagridae to reflect a
monophyletic group of African catfishes. Two subfamilies are
recognized, Claroteinae and Auchenoglanidinae, which together
contain more than 90 species in 13 genera. Distribution includes the
Nile River basin and most of west and central Africa south to the
Tropic of Capricorn, including the east African lakes. Includes
Auchenoglanis, Chrysichthys, Leptoglanis, and Parauchenoglanis.
Another family taken from Bagridae is Austroglanididae to
accommodate the southern African genus Austroglanis and its three
species.

1. Bagrichthys hypselopterus Blacklancer catfish
2. Bagrichthys macracanthus Black lancer catfish
3. Bagrichthys macropterus False black lancer
4. Bagrichthys majusculus
5. Bagrichthys micranodus
6. Bagrichthys obscurus
7. Bagrichthys vaillantii
8. Bagroides hirsutus
9. Bagroides melapterus
10. Bagrus bajad Bayad
11. Bagrus caeruleus
12. Bagrus degeni
13. Bagrus docmak Semutundu
14. Bagrus filamentosus
15. Bagrus lubosicus
16. Bagrus meridionalis Kampoyo
17. Bagrus orientalis
18. Bagrus ubangensis
1014
19. Bagrus urostigma Somalia catfish
20. Batasio affinis
21. Batasio batasio
22. Batasio dayi
23. Batasio elongatus
24. Batasio fasciolatus
25. Batasio feruminatus
26. Batasio havmolleri
27. Batasio macronotus
28. Batasio merianiensis
29. Batasio niger
30. Batasio pakistanicus
31. Batasio procerus
32. Batasio sharavatiensis
33. Batasio spilurus
34. Batasio tengana
35. Batasio tigrinus
36. Batasio travancoria
37. Chandramara chandramara
38. Coreobagrus brevicorpus Korean stumpy bullhead
39. Coreobagrus ichikawai Neko-gigi
40. Hemibagrus amemiyai
41. Hemibagrus baramensis
42. Hemibagrus bongan
43. Hemibagrus caveatus
44. Hemibagrus centralus
45. Hemibagrus chrysops
46. Hemibagrus filamentus
47. Hemibagrus fortis
48. Hemibagrus furcatus
49. Hemibagrus gracilis
50. Hemibagrus guttatus
51. Hemibagrus hainanensis
52. Hemibagrus hoevenii
53. Hemibagrus hongus
54. Hemibagrus imbrifer
55. Hemibagrus johorensis
56. Hemibagrus macropterus
57. Hemibagrus maydelli
58. Hemibagrus menoda Menoda catfish
59. Hemibagrus microphthalmus
60. Hemibagrus nemurus Asian redtail catfish
61. Hemibagrus olyroides
62. Hemibagrus peguensis
63. Hemibagrus planiceps
64. Hemibagrus pluriradiatus
65. Hemibagrus punctatus
66. Hemibagrus sabanus
67. Hemibagrus spilopterus
68. Hemibagrus variegatus
69. Hemibagrus velox
70. Hemibagrus vietnamicus
71. Hemibagrus wyckii
72. Hemibagrus wyckioides
73. Hemileiocassis panjang
1015
74. Horabagrus brachysoma Günther's catfish
75. Horabagrus nigricollaris
76. Hyalobagrus flavus
77. Hyalobagrus leiacanthus
78. Hyalobagrus ornatus
79. Leiocassis aculeatus
80. Leiocassis collinus
81. Leiocassis crassilabris
82. Leiocassis doriae
83. Leiocassis herzensteini Herzenstein's catfish
84. Leiocassis hosii
85. Leiocassis longibarbus
86. Leiocassis longirostris Chinese longsnout catfish
87. Leiocassis macropterus
88. Leiocassis micropogon
89. Leiocassis poecilopterus
90. Leiocassis saravacensis
91. Leiocassis tenebricus
92. Leiocassis tenuifurcatus
93. Mystus abbreviatus
94. Mystus alasensis
95. Mystus albolineatus
96. Mystus ankutta
97. Mystus armatus Kerala mystus
98. Mystus armiger
99. Mystus atrifasciatus
100. Mystus bimaculatus
101. Mystus bleekeri Day's mystus
102. Mystus bocourti
103. Mystus canarensis
104. Mystus castaneus
105. Mystus cavasius Gangetic mystus
106. Mystus chinensis
107. Mystus cineraceus
108. Mystus elongatus
109. Mystus falcarius
110. Mystus gulio Long whiskers catfish
111. Mystus horai Indus catfish
112. Mystus impluviatus
113. Mystus keletius
114. Mystus leucophasis
115. Mystus malabaricus
116. Mystus micracanthus Twospot catfish
117. Mystus montanus
118. Mystus multiradiatus
119. Mystus mysticetus
120. Mystus nigriceps
121. Mystus oculatus
122. Mystus pelusius
123. Mystus pulcher
124. Mystus punctifer
125. Mystus rhegma
126. Mystus rufescens
127. Mystus seengtee
128. Mystus singaringan
1016
129. Mystus tengara
130. Mystus vittatus Striped dwarf catfish
131. Mystus wolffii
132. Nanobagrus armatus
133. Nanobagrus immaculatus
134. Nanobagrus nebulosus
135. Nanobagrus stellatus
136. Nanobagrus torquatus
137. Pelteobagrus argentivittatus
138. Pelteobagrus brashnikowi Brazhnikov's catfish
139. Pelteobagrus eupogon
140. Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Yellow catfish
141. Pelteobagrus intermedius
142. Pelteobagrus microps
143. Pelteobagrus nudiceps
144. Pelteobagrus ussuriensis Ussuri catfish
145. Pelteobagrus vachellii
146. Pseudobagrus adiposalis
147. Pseudobagrus albomarginatus
148. Pseudobagrus analis
149. Pseudobagrus aurantiacus
150. Pseudobagrus brachyrhabdion
151. Pseudobagrus brevianalis
152. Pseudobagrus brevicaudatus
153. Pseudobagrus emarginatus
154. Pseudobagrus eupogoides
155. Pseudobagrus fui
156. Pseudobagrus gracilis
157. Pseudobagrus henryi
158. Pseudobagrus hoi
159. Pseudobagrus hwanghoensis
160. Pseudobagrus kaifenensis
161. Pseudobagrus koreanus
162. Pseudobagrus kyphus
163. Pseudobagrus medianalis
164. Pseudobagrus mica Dwarf catfish
165. Pseudobagrus nitidus
166. Pseudobagrus nubilosus
167. Pseudobagrus omeihensis
168. Pseudobagrus ondon
169. Pseudobagrus pratti
170. Pseudobagrus ransonnettii
171. Pseudobagrus rendahli
172. Pseudobagrus sinyanensis
173. Pseudobagrus taeniatus
174. Pseudobagrus taiwanensis
175. Pseudobagrus tenuis
176. Pseudobagrus tokiensis
177. Pseudobagrus trilineatus
178. Pseudobagrus truncatus
179. Pseudobagrus virgatus
180. Pseudobagrus wangi
181. Pseudobagrus wittenburgii
182. Pseudomystus bomboides
183. Pseudomystus breviceps
1017
184. Pseudomystus carnosus
185. Pseudomystus flavipinnis
186. Pseudomystus fumosus
187. Pseudomystus funebris
188. Pseudomystus fuscus
189. Pseudomystus heokhuii
190. Pseudomystus inornatus
191. Pseudomystus leiacanthus
192. Pseudomystus mahakamensis
193. Pseudomystus moeschii
194. Pseudomystus myersi
195. Pseudomystus robustus
196. Pseudomystus rugosus
197. Pseudomystus siamensis Asian bumblebee catfish
198. Pseudomystus sobrinus
199. Pseudomystus stenogrammus
200. Pseudomystus stenomus
201. Pseudomystus vaillanti
202. Rama rama
203. Rita chrysea
204. Rita gogra
205. Rita kuturnee
206. Rita macracanthus
207. Rita rita Rita
208. Rita sacerdotum Salween rita
209. Sperata acicularis
210. Sperata aor Long-whiskered catfish
211. Sperata aorella
212. Sperata seenghala Giant river-catfish
213. Tachysurus sinensis
214. Tachysurus spilotus
1018
Family Callichthyidae
(Callichthyid armored catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Species of the family occurs in South America and Panama. Body with
two rows of overlapping bony plates on each side. Swim bladder
contained in bony case. Mouth small and ventral; one or two pairs of
well-developed barbels present; dorsal and pectoral fins with strong
spine; adipose fin with spine at anterior border. Air in vascular hindgut
enables some species to travel short distances on land.

1. Aspidoras albater False macropterus
2. Aspidoras belenos
3. Aspidoras brunneus
4. Aspidoras carvalhoi
5. Aspidoras depinnai
6. Aspidoras eurycephalus
7. Aspidoras fuscoguttatus
8. Aspidoras lakoi
9. Aspidoras maculosus
10. Aspidoras menezesi
11. Aspidoras microgalaeus
12. Aspidoras pauciradiatus Sixray corydoras
13. Aspidoras poecilus
14. Aspidoras psammatides
15. Aspidoras raimundi
16. Aspidoras rochai
17. Aspidoras spilotus
18. Aspidoras taurus
19. Aspidoras velites
20. Aspidoras virgulatus
21. Brochis britskii Britski's catfish
22. Brochis multiradiatus Hognosed brochis
23. Brochis splendens Emerald catfish
24. Callichthys callichthys Cascarudo
25. Callichthys fabricioi
26. Callichthys oibaensis
27. Callichthys serralabium
28. Corydoras acrensis Acre corydoras
29. Corydoras acutus Blacktop corydoras
30. Corydoras adolfoi Adolf's catfish
31. Corydoras aeneus Bronze corydoras
32. Corydoras agassizii
1019
33. Corydoras albolineatus
34. Corydoras amandajanea
35. Corydoras amapaensis Amapa corydoras
36. Corydoras ambiacus Spotted corydoras
37. Corydoras amphibelus
38. Corydoras approuaguensis
39. Corydoras araguaiaensis
40. Corydoras arcuatus Skunk corydoras
41. Corydoras areio
42. Corydoras armatus
43. Corydoras atropersonatus
44. Corydoras aurofrenatus
45. Corydoras axelrodi Pink corydoras
46. Corydoras baderi
47. Corydoras bicolor
48. Corydoras bifasciatus Twostripe corydoras
49. Corydoras bilineatus
50. Corydoras blochi Spotback corydoras
51. Corydoras boehlkei
52. Corydoras boesemani
53. Corydoras bondi Blackstripe corydoras
54. Corydoras breei
55. Corydoras brevirostris
56. Corydoras burgessi
57. Corydoras carlae
58. Corydoras caudimaculatus Tailspot corydoras
59. Corydoras cervinus
60. Corydoras cochui Barredtail corydoras
61. Corydoras concolor
62. Corydoras condiscipulus
63. Corydoras copei
64. Corydoras coppenamensis
65. Corydoras coriatae
66. Corydoras crimmeni
67. Corydoras cruziensis
68. Corydoras crypticus
69. Corydoras davidsandsi
70. Corydoras delphax False blochi catfish
71. Corydoras difluviatilis
72. Corydoras diphyes
73. Corydoras duplicareus
74. Corydoras ehrhardti
75. Corydoras elegans Elegant corydoras
76. Corydoras ellisae
77. Corydoras ephippifer Saddle corydoras
78. Corydoras eques
79. Corydoras esperanzae
80. Corydoras evelynae
81. Corydoras filamentosus
82. Corydoras flaveolus
83. Corydoras fowleri
84. Corydoras garbei
85. Corydoras geoffroy
86. Corydoras geryi
87. Corydoras gomezi
1020
88. Corydoras gossei Palespotted corydoras
89. Corydoras gracilis
90. Corydoras griseus Gray corydoras
91. Corydoras guapore Guapore corydoras
92. Corydoras guianensis
93. Corydoras habrosus Salt and Pepper catfish
94. Corydoras haraldschultzi Mosaic corydoras
95. Corydoras hastatus Dwarf corydoras
96. Corydoras heteromorphus
97. Corydoras imitator
98. Corydoras incolicana
99. Corydoras isbrueckeri
100. Corydoras julii Leopard corydoras
101. Corydoras kanei
102. Corydoras lacerdai
103. Corydoras lamberti
104. Corydoras latus
105. Corydoras leopardus
106. Corydoras leucomelas False spotted catfish
107. Corydoras longipinnis
108. Corydoras loretoensis
109. Corydoras loxozonus
110. Corydoras maculifer Dotted corydoras
111. Corydoras mamore
112. Corydoras melanistius Bluespotted corydoras
113. Corydoras melanotaenia Green gold catfish
114. Corydoras melini Bandit corydoras
115. Corydoras metae Masked corydoras
116. Corydoras micracanthus
117. Corydoras multimaculatus
118. Corydoras nanus
119. Corydoras napoensis
120. Corydoras narcissus
121. Corydoras nattereri Blue corydoras
122. Corydoras negro
123. Corydoras nijsseni
124. Corydoras noelkempffi
125. Corydoras oiapoquensis
126. Corydoras ornatus
127. Corydoras orphnopterus
128. Corydoras ortegai
129. Corydoras osteocarus
130. Corydoras ourastigma
131. Corydoras oxyrhynchus
132. Corydoras paleatus Peppered corydoras
133. Corydoras panda Panda corydoras
134. Corydoras pantanalensis
135. Corydoras paragua
136. Corydoras parallelus
137. Corydoras pastazensis Pastaza corydoras
138. Corydoras paucerna
139. Corydoras pinheiroi
140. Corydoras polystictus
141. Corydoras potaroensis
142. Corydoras pulcher Pretty corydoras
1021
143. Corydoras punctatus Spotfin corydoras
144. Corydoras pygmaeus Pygmy corydoras
145. Corydoras rabauti Rust corydoras
146. Corydoras reticulatus Reticulated corydoras
147. Corydoras reynoldsi
148. Corydoras robineae Bannertail catfish
149. Corydoras robustus
150. Corydoras sanchesi
151. Corydoras saramaccensis
152. Corydoras sarareensis
153. Corydoras schwartzi Schwartz's catfish
154. Corydoras semiaquilus
155. Corydoras septentrionalis
156. Corydoras serratus
157. Corydoras seussi
158. Corydoras similis
159. Corydoras simulatus
160. Corydoras sipaliwini
161. Corydoras sodalis False network catfish
162. Corydoras solox
163. Corydoras spectabilis
164. Corydoras spilurus Pinkthroat corydoras
165. Corydoras steindachneri Paraná corydoras
166. Corydoras stenocephalus
167. Corydoras sterbai
168. Corydoras surinamensis
169. Corydoras sychri Sychr's catfish
170. Corydoras treitlii Longsnout corydoras
171. Corydoras trilineatus Threestripe corydoras
172. Corydoras tukano
173. Corydoras undulatus
174. Corydoras virginiae
175. Corydoras vittatus
176. Corydoras weitzmani Twosaddle corydoras
177. Corydoras xinguensis Xingu corydoras
178. Corydoras zygatus Black band catfish
179. Dianema longibarbis Porthole catfish
180. Dianema urostriatum Flagtail catfish
181. Hoplosternum littorale Atipa
182. Hoplosternum magdalenae Striped hoplo
183. Hoplosternum punctatum
184. Lepthoplosternum altamazonicum
185. Lepthoplosternum beni
186. Lepthoplosternum pectorale
187. Lepthoplosternum stellatum
188. Lepthoplosternum tordilho
189. Lepthoplosternum ucamara
190. Megalechis picta Spotted hoplo
191. Megalechis thoracata
192. Scleromystax barbatus Banded corydoras
193. Scleromystax macropterus Sailfin corydoras
194. Scleromystax prionotos
195. Scleromystax salmacis
1022
Family Cetopsidae
(Whale catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Whale like catfishes occur in South America. Body naked. Barbels 3
pairs; nasal barbels absent. Adipose fin absent. Swim bladder extemely
small, contained in a bony capsule. Includes now the Helogeneidae
(Marbled catfishes).

1. Cetopsidium ferreirai
2. Cetopsidium minutum
3. Cetopsidium morenoi
4. Cetopsidium orientale
5. Cetopsidium pemon
6. Cetopsidium roae
7. Cetopsidium soniae
8. Cetopsis amphiloxa
9. Cetopsis arcana
10. Cetopsis baudoensis
11. Cetopsis caiapo
12. Cetopsis candiru
13. Cetopsis coecutiens
14. Cetopsis fimbriata
15. Cetopsis gobioides
16. Cetopsis jurubidae
17. Cetopsis montana
18. Cetopsis motatanensis
19. Cetopsis oliveirai
20. Cetopsis orinoco
21. Cetopsis othonops
22. Cetopsis parma
23. Cetopsis pearsoni
24. Cetopsis plumbea
25. Cetopsis sandrae
26. Cetopsis sarcodes
27. Cetopsis starnesi
28. Cetopsis umbrosa
29. Denticetopsis epa
30. Denticetopsis iwokrama
31. Denticetopsis macilenta
32. Denticetopsis praecox
33. Denticetopsis royeroi
34. Denticetopsis sauli
35. Denticetopsis seducta
1023
36. Helogenes castaneus
37. Helogenes gouldingi
38. Helogenes marmoratus
39. Helogenes uruyensis
40. Paracetopsis atahualpa
41. Paracetopsis bleekeri
42. Paracetopsis esmeraldas
1024
Family Chacidae
(Squarehead or angler catfish)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: India to Borneo (the 2 species occupying disjunct

ranges). Head broad and depressed. Hind part of body compressed.
Mouth large and terminal. Eyes reduced. One short leading spine in
dorsal fin: soft rays 4. Anal fin soft rays 8-10. Pectoral fin having 1
serrated spine; soft rays 4 or 5. Large pelvic fins; fin rays 6. Adipose
fin continuous with caudal fin. Branchiostegal rays 6-8. Total vertebrae
31-35; abdominals 14-16. About 24 cm maximum length. Maxillary
barbels sometimes used to lure prey.

1. Chaca bankanensis Angler catfish
2. Chaca burmensis
3. Chaca chaca Squarehead catfish
1025
Family Clariidae
(Airbreathing catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa, Syria and southern and western Asia (Philippines
to Java). Dorsal fin extending over much of body length. Dorsal fin
rays usually over 30 without a leading spine. Dorsal fin discontinuous
or united to caudal fin. Rounded caudal fin. Wide gill openings. Barbels
4 pairs. Airbreathing is accomplished with a labyrinthic organ arising
from the gill arches ('labyrinth catfishes'). Some species are capable of
travelling over short distances on land ('walking catfishes'). Some are
burrowers with small eyes and the pectoral and pelvic fins small or
lacking.

1. Bathyclarias atribranchus
2. Bathyclarias euryodon
3. Bathyclarias filicibarbis
4. Bathyclarias foveolatus
5. Bathyclarias gigas
6. Bathyclarias ilesi
7. Bathyclarias jacksoni
8. Bathyclarias longibarbis
9. Bathyclarias nyasensis
10. Bathyclarias rotundifrons
11. Bathyclarias worthingtoni
12. Channallabes alvarezi
13. Channallabes apus Eel catfish
14. Channallabes longicaudatus
15. Channallabes ogooensis
16. Channallabes sanghaensis
17. Channallabes teugelsi
18. Clariallabes attemsi
19. Clariallabes brevibarbis
20. Clariallabes centralis
21. Clariallabes heterocephalus
22. Clariallabes laticeps
23. Clariallabes longicauda
24. Clariallabes manyangae
25. Clariallabes melas
26. Clariallabes mutsindoziensis
27. Clariallabes petricola Victoria snake catfish
28. Clariallabes pietschmanni
1026
29. Clariallabes platyprosopos Broadhead catfish
30. Clariallabes simeonsi
31. Clariallabes teugelsi
32. Clariallabes uelensis
33. Clariallabes variabilis
34. Clarias abbreviatus
35. Clarias agboyiensis
36. Clarias albopunctatus
37. Clarias alluaudi Alluaud's catfish
38. Clarias anfractus
39. Clarias angolensis
40. Clarias anguillaris Mudfish
41. Clarias batrachus Philippine catfish
42. Clarias batu
43. Clarias brachysoma
44. Clarias buettikoferi
45. Clarias buthupogon
46. Clarias camerunensis
47. Clarias cataractus
48. Clarias cavernicola Cave catfish
49. Clarias dayi
50. Clarias dhonti
51. Clarias dumerilii
52. Clarias dussumieri
53. Clarias ebriensis
54. Clarias engelseni
55. Clarias fuscus Hong Kong catfish
56. Clarias gabonensis
57. Clarias gariepinus North African catfish
58. Clarias hilli
59. Clarias insolitus
60. Clarias intermedius
61. Clarias jaensis
62. Clarias kapuasensis
63. Clarias laeviceps dialonensis
64. Clarias laeviceps laeviceps Catfish
65. Clarias lamottei
66. Clarias leiacanthus
67. Clarias liocephalus Smoothhead catfish
68. Clarias longior
69. Clarias maclareni
70. Clarias macrocephalus Bighead catfish
71. Clarias macromystax
72. Clarias meladerma Blackskin catfish
73. Clarias microstomus
74. Clarias nebulosus
75. Clarias ngamensis Blunt-toothed African catfish
76. Clarias nieuhofii
77. Clarias nigricans
78. Clarias nigromarmoratus
79. Clarias olivaceus
80. Clarias pachynema
81. Clarias planiceps
82. Clarias platycephalus
83. Clarias pseudoleiacanthus
1027
84. Clarias pseudonieuhofii
85. Clarias salae
86. Clarias stappersii Blotched catfish
87. Clarias submarginatus
88. Clarias sulcatus
89. Clarias teijsmanni
90. Clarias theodorae Snake catfish
91. Clarias werneri Werner's catfish
92. Dinotopterus cunningtoni
93. Dolichallabes microphthalmus
94. Encheloclarias baculum
95. Encheloclarias curtisoma
96. Encheloclarias kelioides
97. Encheloclarias prolatus
98. Encheloclarias tapeinopterus
99. Encheloclarias velatus
100. Gymnallabes nops
101. Gymnallabes typus
102. Heterobranchus bidorsalis African catfish
103. Heterobranchus boulengeri
104. Heterobranchus isopterus
105. Heterobranchus longifilis Sampa
106. Horaglanis alikunhii
107. Horaglanis krishnai Indian blind catfish
108. Platyallabes tihoni
109. Platyclarias machadoi
110. Tanganikallabes mortiauxi
111. Uegitglanis zammaranoi
112. Xenoclarias eupogon Lake Victoria deepwater catfish
1028
Family Claroteidae
(Claroteid catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: African Siluriformes family. Short description: Body

moderately elongated. 4 pairs of barbels. Dorsal and pectoral fins with
strong spines. Adipose fin present. Taxonomy: Separated from
Bagridae (Mo, 1991), and not including Auchenoglanididae (de Pinna,
1998).

1. Amarginops platus
2. Anaspidoglanis akiri
3. Anaspidoglanis boutchangai
4. Anaspidoglanis macrostomus Flatnose catfish
5. Auchenoglanis biscutatus
6. Auchenoglanis occidentalis Bubu
7. Bathybagrus grandis Kukumai
8. Bathybagrus graueri
9. Bathybagrus platycephalus
10. Bathybagrus sianenna
11. Bathybagrus stappersii
12. Bathybagrus tetranema
13. Chrysichthys acsiorum
14. Chrysichthys aluuensis
15. Chrysichthys ansorgii
16. Chrysichthys auratus
17. Chrysichthys bocagii
18. Chrysichthys brachynema Kibonde
19. Chrysichthys brevibarbis
20. Chrysichthys cranchii Kokuni
21. Chrysichthys dageti
22. Chrysichthys delhezi
23. Chrysichthys dendrophorus
24. Chrysichthys depressus
25. Chrysichthys duttoni
26. Chrysichthys habereri
27. Chrysichthys helicophagus
28. Chrysichthys hildae Hilda's grunter
29. Chrysichthys johnelsi
30. Chrysichthys laticeps
31. Chrysichthys levequei
32. Chrysichthys longibarbis
33. Chrysichthys longidorsalis
34. Chrysichthys longipinnis Aluminum catfish
1029
35. Chrysichthys mabusi
36. Chrysichthys macropterus
37. Chrysichthys maurus
38. Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus Bagrid catfish
39. Chrysichthys nyongensis
40. Chrysichthys ogooensis
41. Chrysichthys okae
42. Chrysichthys ornatus Ornate bagrid
43. Chrysichthys persimilis
44. Chrysichthys polli
45. Chrysichthys praecox
46. Chrysichthys punctatus
47. Chrysichthys rueppelli
48. Chrysichthys sharpii Shovelnose catfish
49. Chrysichthys teugelsi
50. Chrysichthys thonneri
51. Chrysichthys thysi
52. Chrysichthys turkana
53. Chrysichthys uniformis
54. Chrysichthys wagenaari
55. Chrysichthys walkeri
56. Clarotes bidorsalis
57. Clarotes laticeps Widehead catfish
58. Gephyroglanis congicus
59. Gephyroglanis gymnorhynchus
60. Gephyroglanis habereri
61. Lophiobagrus aquilus
62. Lophiobagrus asperispinis
63. Lophiobagrus brevispinis
64. Lophiobagrus cyclurus African bullhead
65. Notoglanidium maculatum
66. Notoglanidium pallidum
67. Notoglanidium thomasi
68. Notoglanidium walkeri
69. Parauchenoglanis ahli
70. Parauchenoglanis altipinnis
71. Parauchenoglanis balayi
72. Parauchenoglanis buettikoferi
73. Parauchenoglanis longiceps
74. Parauchenoglanis monkei Dotted catfish
75. Parauchenoglanis ngamensis Zambezi grunter
76. Parauchenoglanis pantherinus
77. Parauchenoglanis punctatus
78. Pardiglanis tarabinii Somalian giant catfish
79. Phyllonemus brichardi
80. Phyllonemus filinemus
81. Phyllonemus typus Spatula-barbeled catfish
82. Platyglanis depierrei
1030
Family Cranoglanididae
(Armorhead catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Asia. Short dorsal fin. Dorsal spine 1; branched rays 6
(rarely 5). Anal fin rays 35-41. Pectoral spine 1. Deeply forked caudal
fin. Scaleless. Top of head with rough bony plates. Barbels 4 pairs.
Resembles Pseudobagrus.

1. Cranoglanis bouderius
2. Cranoglanis henrici
3. Cranoglanis multiradiatus
1031
Family Diplomystidae
(Velvet catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : These catfishes occur in southern South America, Chile and Argentina.
Maxilla well developed. Teeth on maxilla. Lagenar otolith equal in size
to or larger than the utricular otolith. Barbels present on maxilla.
Dorsal fin with spine and 6-7 soft rays; anal fin with 9-12 principal
rays; adipose fin present; pectoral fins with spine; caudal fin with 18
principal rays. Maximum length 28 cm.

1. Diplomystes camposensis
2. Diplomystes chilensis Tollo
3. Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis
4. Olivaichthys cuyanus
5. Olivaichthys mesembrinus
6. Olivaichthys viedmensis Otuno
1032
Family Doradidae
(Thorny catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Thorny catfishes are found in South America (primarily Brazil, Peru and
the Guianas). A row of lateral bony plates along body (except in
Liosomadoras morrowi). Dorsal fin with spine and 4-6 soft rays.
Barbels 3 pairs; nasal barbels absent. Usually with adipose fin.
Sometimes called 'talking catfishes' because of their sound production,
made either by movements of the pectoral spine or by vibrating the
swim bladder. Maximum length about 80 cm.

1. Acanthodoras cataphractus Spiny catfish
2. Acanthodoras depressus
3. Acanthodoras spinosissimus Talking catfish
4. Agamyxis albomaculatus Spiny cat-fish
5. Agamyxis pectinifrons Whitebarred catfish
6. Amblydoras affinis
7. Amblydoras bolivarensis
8. Amblydoras gonzalezi
9. Amblydoras hancockii Blue-eye catfish
10. Amblydoras monitor
11. Amblydoras nauticus
12. Anadoras grypus
13. Anadoras insculptus
14. Anadoras regani
15. Anadoras weddellii
16. Anduzedoras oxyrhynchus
17. Astrodoras asterifrons
18. Centrochir crocodili
19. Centrodoras brachiatus
20. Centrodoras hasemani
21. Doraops zuloagai
22. Doras carinatus
23. Doras eigenmanni
24. Doras fimbriatus
25. Doras higuchii
26. Doras micropoeus
27. Doras phlyzakion
28. Doras punctatus
29. Doras zuanoni
30. Franciscodoras marmoratus
31. Hassar affinis
1033
32. Hassar orestis
33. Hassar wilderi
34. Hemidoras morrisi
35. Hemidoras stenopeltis
36. Hypodoras forficulatus
37. Kalyptodoras bahiensis
38. Leptodoras acipenserinus
39. Leptodoras cataniai
40. Leptodoras copei
41. Leptodoras hasemani
42. Leptodoras juruensis
43. Leptodoras linnelli
44. Leptodoras myersi
45. Leptodoras nelsoni
46. Leptodoras oyakawai
47. Leptodoras praelongus
48. Leptodoras rogersae
49. Lithodoras dorsalis Rock-bacu
50. Megalodoras guayoensis
51. Megalodoras laevigatulus
52. Megalodoras uranoscopus
53. Merodoras nheco
54. Nemadoras elongatus
55. Nemadoras hemipeltis
56. Nemadoras humeralis
57. Nemadoras leporhinus
58. Nemadoras trimaculatus
59. Opsodoras boulengeri
60. Opsodoras morei
61. Opsodoras stuebelii
62. Opsodoras ternetzi
63. Orinocodoras eigenmanni
64. Oxydoras kneri
65. Oxydoras niger Ripsaw catfish
66. Oxydoras sifontesi
67. Physopyxis ananas
68. Physopyxis cristata
69. Physopyxis lyra
70. Platydoras armatulus Southern striped raphael
71. Platydoras brachylecis
72. Platydoras costatus Raphael catfish
73. Pterodoras granulosus Granulated catfish
74. Pterodoras rivasi
75. Rhinodoras armbrusteri
76. Rhinodoras boehlkei
77. Rhinodoras dorbignyi
78. Rhinodoras gallagheri
79. Rhinodoras thomersoni
80. Rhynchodoras castilloi
81. Rhynchodoras woodsi
82. Rhynchodoras xingui
83. Scorpiodoras heckelii
84. Trachydoras brevis
85. Trachydoras microstomus
86. Trachydoras nattereri
1034
87. Trachydoras paraguayensis
88. Trachydoras steindachneri
89. Wertheimeria maculata
1035
Family Erethistidae
(South Asian river catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southern Asia, from Turkey and Syria to South China and
Borneo, primarely in Oriental region. Four pairs of barbels. Adipose fin
usually large. Includes genera: Conta, Erethistes, Erethistoides,
Laguvia, and Pseudolaguvia. Needs checking of text and better
reference.

1. Ayarnangra estuarius
2. Caelatoglanis zonatus
3. Conta conta Conta catfish
4. Conta pectinata
5. Erethistes hara
6. Erethistes horai
7. Erethistes jerdoni
8. Erethistes maesotensis
9. Erethistes pusillus
10. Erethistes serratus
11. Erethistoides ascita
12. Erethistoides cavatura
13. Erethistoides infuscatus
14. Erethistoides montana
15. Erethistoides pipri
16. Erethistoides senkhiensis
17. Erethistoides sicula
18. Hara koladynensis
19. Hara longissima
20. Hara mesembrina
21. Hara minuscula
22. Hara spinulus
23. Pseudolaguvia ferruginea
24. Pseudolaguvia ferula
25. Pseudolaguvia flavida
26. Pseudolaguvia foveolata
27. Pseudolaguvia inornata
28. Pseudolaguvia kapuri
29. Pseudolaguvia muricata
30. Pseudolaguvia ribeiroi Painted catfish
31. Pseudolaguvia shawi
32. Pseudolaguvia tenebricosa
33. Pseudolaguvia tuberculata
1036
Family Heptapteridae
(Three-barbeled catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark :Distribution: South America.

1. Acentronichthys leptos
2. Brachyglanis frenatus
3. Brachyglanis magoi
4. Brachyglanis melas
5. Brachyglanis microphthalmus
6. Brachyglanis nocturnus
7. Brachyglanis phalacra
8. Brachyrhamdia heteropleura
9. Brachyrhamdia imitator
10. Brachyrhamdia marthae
11. Brachyrhamdia meesi
12. Brachyrhamdia rambarrani
13. Cetopsorhamdia boquillae
14. Cetopsorhamdia filamentosa
15. Cetopsorhamdia iheringi
16. Cetopsorhamdia insidiosa
17. Cetopsorhamdia molinae
18. Cetopsorhamdia nasus
19. Cetopsorhamdia orinoco
20. Cetopsorhamdia phantasia
21. Cetopsorhamdia picklei
22. Chasmocranus brachynemus
23. Chasmocranus brevior
24. Chasmocranus chimantanus
25. Chasmocranus longior
26. Chasmocranus lopezi
27. Chasmocranus peruanus
28. Chasmocranus quadrizonatus
29. Chasmocranus rosae
30. Chasmocranus surinamensis
31. Chasmocranus truncatorostris
32. Gladioglanis anacanthus
33. Gladioglanis conquistador
34. Gladioglanis machadoi
35. Goeldiella eques
36. Heptapterus bleekeri
37. Heptapterus fissipinnis
38. Heptapterus multiradiatus
39. Heptapterus mustelinus
40. Heptapterus ornaticeps
1037
41. Heptapterus stewarti
42. Heptapterus sympterygium
43. Heptapterus tapanahoniensis
44. Heptapterus tenuis
45. Horiomyzon retropinnatus
46. Imparales panamensis
47. Imparfinis borodini
48. Imparfinis cochabambae
49. Imparfinis guttatus
50. Imparfinis hasemani
51. Imparfinis hollandi
52. Imparfinis lineatus
53. Imparfinis longicaudus
54. Imparfinis microps
55. Imparfinis minutus
56. Imparfinis mirini
57. Imparfinis mishky
58. Imparfinis nemacheir
59. Imparfinis pijpersi
60. Imparfinis piperatus
61. Imparfinis pristos
62. Imparfinis pseudonemacheir
63. Imparfinis schubarti
64. Imparfinis spurrellii
65. Imparfinis stictonotus
66. Leptorhamdia essequibensis
67. Leptorhamdia marmorata
68. Leptorhamdia schultzi
69. Mastiglanis asopos
70. Myoglanis aspredinoides
71. Myoglanis koepckei
72. Myoglanis potaroensis
73. Nannoglanis fasciatus
74. Nemuroglanis lanceolatus
75. Nemuroglanis mariai
76. Nemuroglanis pauciradiatus
77. Pariolius armillatus
78. Phenacorhamdia anisura
79. Phenacorhamdia boliviana
80. Phenacorhamdia hoehnei
81. Phenacorhamdia macarenensis
82. Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata
83. Phenacorhamdia provenzanoi
84. Phenacorhamdia somnians
85. Phenacorhamdia taphorni
86. Phenacorhamdia tenebrosa
87. Phenacorhamdia unifasciata
88. Phreatobius cisternarum
89. Phreatobius dracunculus
90. Phreatobius sanguijuela
91. Pimelodella altipinnis
92. Pimelodella australis
93. Pimelodella avanhandavae
94. Pimelodella boliviana
95. Pimelodella boschmai
1038
96. Pimelodella brasiliensis
97. Pimelodella breviceps
98. Pimelodella buckleyi
99. Pimelodella chagresi
100. Pimelodella chaparae
101. Pimelodella conquetaensis
102. Pimelodella cristata
103. Pimelodella cruxenti
104. Pimelodella cyanostigma
105. Pimelodella dorseyi
106. Pimelodella eigenmanni
107. Pimelodella eigenmanniorum
108. Pimelodella elongata
109. Pimelodella enochi
110. Pimelodella eutaenia
111. Pimelodella figueroai
112. Pimelodella geryi
113. Pimelodella gracilis Graceful pimelodella
114. Pimelodella griffini
115. Pimelodella grisea
116. Pimelodella harttii
117. Pimelodella hartwelli
118. Pimelodella hasemani
119. Pimelodella howesi
120. Pimelodella itapicuruensis
121. Pimelodella kronei
122. Pimelodella lateristriga
123. Pimelodella laticeps
124. Pimelodella laurenti
125. Pimelodella linami
126. Pimelodella macrocephala
127. Pimelodella macturki
128. Pimelodella martinezi
129. Pimelodella meeki
130. Pimelodella megalops
131. Pimelodella megalura
132. Pimelodella metae
133. Pimelodella modestus
134. Pimelodella montana
135. Pimelodella mucosa
136. Pimelodella nigrofasciata
137. Pimelodella notomelas
138. Pimelodella odynea
139. Pimelodella ophthalmica
140. Pimelodella pallida
141. Pimelodella pappenheimi
142. Pimelodella parnahybae
143. Pimelodella parva
144. Pimelodella pectinifer
145. Pimelodella peruana
146. Pimelodella peruensis
147. Pimelodella procera
148. Pimelodella rendahli
149. Pimelodella reyesi
150. Pimelodella roccae
1039
151. Pimelodella rudolphi
152. Pimelodella serrata
153. Pimelodella spelaea
154. Pimelodella steindachneri
155. Pimelodella taeniophora
156. Pimelodella taenioptera
157. Pimelodella tapatapae
158. Pimelodella transitoria
159. Pimelodella vittata
160. Pimelodella wesselii
161. Pimelodella witmeri
162. Pimelodella yuncensis
163. Rhamdella aymarae
164. Rhamdella cainguae
165. Rhamdella eriarcha
166. Rhamdella exsudans
167. Rhamdella gilli
168. Rhamdella ignobilis
169. Rhamdella jenynsii
170. Rhamdella leptosoma
171. Rhamdella longipinnis
172. Rhamdella longiuscula
173. Rhamdella montana
174. Rhamdella papariae
175. Rhamdella robinsoni
176. Rhamdella rusbyi
177. Rhamdella wolfi
178. Rhamdia argentina
179. Rhamdia enfurnada
180. Rhamdia foina
181. Rhamdia guasarensis
182. Rhamdia humilis
183. Rhamdia itacaiunas
184. Rhamdia jequitinhonha
185. Rhamdia laluchensis
186. Rhamdia laticauda Filespine chulín
187. Rhamdia laukidi
188. Rhamdia macuspanensis Olmec blind catfish
189. Rhamdia muelleri
190. Rhamdia nicaraguensis
191. Rhamdia parryi Tonala catfish
192. Rhamdia poeyi
193. Rhamdia quelen South American catfish
194. Rhamdia reddelli Blindwhiskered catfish
195. Rhamdia schomburgkii
196. Rhamdia velifer
197. Rhamdia xetequepeque
198. Rhamdia zongolicensis
199. Rhamdioglanis frenatus
200. Rhamdioglanis transfasciatus
201. Rhamdiopsis microcephala
202. Rhamdiopsis moreirai
203. Taunayia bifasciata
1040
Family Heteropneustidae
(Airsac catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Pakistan to Thailand. Elongate and compressed body.

Head strongly depressed. Barbels 4 pairs. A long air sac that serves as
a lung extends backwards from gill chamber. Short dorsal fin with no
leading spine. No adipose fin or present as a low ridge. Pectoral spines
with associated poison gland dangerous to humans.

1. Heteropneustes fossilis Stinging catfish
2. Heteropneustes kemratensis
3. Heteropneustes longipectoralis
4. Heteropneustes microps
1041
Family Ictaluridae
(North American freshwater catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: North America from southern Canada to Guatemala. Head

with eight barbels: 2 nasal, 2 maxillary and 4 chin. Scaleless. A spine
on anterior edge of dorsal (except in Pritella) and pectoral fins. Dorsal
soft rays usually 6. No palatine teeth. About 1.6 m maximum length
attained in Ictalurus furcatus and Pylodictis olivaris. Three unrelated
eyeless species are known from deep wells.

1. Ameiurus brunneus Snail bullhead
2. Ameiurus catus White catfish
3. Ameiurus melas Black bullhead
4. Ameiurus natalis Yellow bullhead
5. Ameiurus nebulosus Brown bullhead
6. Ameiurus platycephalus Flat bullhead
7. Ameiurus serracanthus Spotted bullhead
8. Ictalurus australis Panuco catfish
9. Ictalurus balsanus Balsas catfish
10. Ictalurus dugesii Lerma catfish
11. Ictalurus furcatus Blue catfish
12. Ictalurus lupus Headwater catfish
13. Ictalurus mexicanus Rio Verde catfish
14. Ictalurus ochoterenai Chapala catfish
15. Ictalurus pricei Yaqui catfish
16. Ictalurus punctatus Channel catfish
17. Noturus albater Ozark madtom
18. Noturus baileyi Smoky madtom
19. Noturus crypticus Chucky madtom
20. Noturus elegans Elegant madtom
21. Noturus eleutherus Mountain madtom
22. Noturus exilis Slender madtom
23. Noturus fasciatus Saddled madtom
24. Noturus flavater Checkered madtom
25. Noturus flavipinnis Yellowfin madtom
26. Noturus flavus Stonecat
27. Noturus funebris Black madtom
28. Noturus furiosus Carolina madtom
29. Noturus gilberti Orangefin madtom
30. Noturus gladiator Piebald madtom
31. Noturus gyrinus Tadpole madtom
32. Noturus hildebrandi hildebrandi Least madtom
1042
33. Noturus hildebrandi lautus
34. Noturus insignis Margined madtom
35. Noturus lachneri Ouachita madtom
36. Noturus leptacanthus Speckled madtom
37. Noturus maydeni Black River madtom
38. Noturus miurus Brindled madtom
39. Noturus munitus Frecklebelly madtom
40. Noturus nocturnus Freckled madtom
41. Noturus phaeus Brown madtom
42. Noturus placidus Neosho madtom
43. Noturus stanauli Pygmy madtom
44. Noturus stigmosus Northern madtom
45. Noturus taylori Caddo madtom
46. Noturus trautmani Scioto madtom
47. Prietella lundbergi Phantom blindcat
48. Prietella phreatophila Mexican blindcat
49. Pylodictis olivaris Flathead catfish
50. Satan eurystomus Widemouth blindcat
51. Trogloglanis pattersoni Toothless blindcat
1043
Family Lacantuniidae
(Chiapas catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : North America, Mexico. Inhabits deep river channels and pools with
rocks and strong eddy currents; sometimes taken in stream mouths.

1. Lacantunia enigmatica Chiapas catfish
1044
Family Loricariidae
(Armored catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Armored catfishes are found in Costa Rica, Panama and South
America. Bony plates on body (rarely absent). Mouth inferior with or
without conspicuous barbels. Papillae on ventral lip. Adipose fin absent
or, when present, with a spine at anterior border. Intestine relatively
long. Vertebrae 23-38. Species occur in swift-flowing streams from
lowlands up to 3,000 m. Popular aquarium fish as 'Plecostomus'. 7
subfamilies: - Loricariinae - Ancistrinae - Delturinae - Hypostominae -
Hypotopomatinae - Lithogeneinae - Neoplecostominae

1. Acanthicus adonis
2. Acanthicus hystrix
3. Acestridium colombiense
4. Acestridium dichromum
5. Acestridium discus
6. Acestridium gymnogaster
7. Acestridium martini
8. Acestridium scutatum
9. Acestridium triplax
10. Ancistrus abilhoai
11. Ancistrus agostinhoi
12. Ancistrus aguaboensis
13. Ancistrus bodenhameri
14. Ancistrus bolivianus
15. Ancistrus brevifilis
16. Ancistrus brevipinnis
17. Ancistrus bufonius
18. Ancistrus caucanus
19. Ancistrus centrolepis
20. Ancistrus chagresi
21. Ancistrus cirrhosus Jumbie teta
22. Ancistrus claro
23. Ancistrus clementinae
24. Ancistrus cryptophthalmus
25. Ancistrus cuiabae
26. Ancistrus damasceni
27. Ancistrus dolichopterus Bushymouth catfish
28. Ancistrus dubius
29. Ancistrus erinaceus
1045
30. Ancistrus eustictus
31. Ancistrus falconensis
32. Ancistrus formoso
33. Ancistrus fulvus
34. Ancistrus galani
35. Ancistrus gymnorhynchus
36. Ancistrus heterorhynchus
37. Ancistrus hoplogenys
38. Ancistrus jataiensis
39. Ancistrus jelskii
40. Ancistrus latifrons
41. Ancistrus leucostictus
42. Ancistrus lineolatus
43. Ancistrus lithurgicus
44. Ancistrus macrophthalmus
45. Ancistrus maculatus
46. Ancistrus malacops
47. Ancistrus maracasae
48. Ancistrus martini
49. Ancistrus mattogrossensis
50. Ancistrus megalostomus
51. Ancistrus minutus
52. Ancistrus montanus
53. Ancistrus mullerae
54. Ancistrus multispinis
55. Ancistrus nudiceps
56. Ancistrus occidentalis
57. Ancistrus occloi
58. Ancistrus parecis
59. Ancistrus pirareta
60. Ancistrus piriformis
61. Ancistrus ranunculus
62. Ancistrus reisi
63. Ancistrus salgadae
64. Ancistrus spinosus
65. Ancistrus stigmaticus
66. Ancistrus tamboensis
67. Ancistrus taunayi
68. Ancistrus temminckii
69. Ancistrus tombador
70. Ancistrus trinitatis
71. Ancistrus triradiatus
72. Ancistrus variolus
73. Ancistrus verecundus
74. Aphanotorulus ammophilus
75. Aphanotorulus unicolor
76. Apistoloricaria condei
77. Apistoloricaria laani
78. Apistoloricaria listrorhinos
79. Apistoloricaria ommation
80. Aposturisoma myriodon
81. Baryancistrus beggini Blue panaque
82. Baryancistrus demantoides
83. Baryancistrus longipinnis
84. Baryancistrus niveatus
1046
85. Brochiloricaria chauliodon
86. Brochiloricaria macrodon
87. Chaetostoma aburrensis
88. Chaetostoma aequinoctiale
89. Chaetostoma alternifasciatum
90. Chaetostoma anale
91. Chaetostoma anomalum
92. Chaetostoma branickii
93. Chaetostoma breve
94. Chaetostoma brevilabiatum
95. Chaetostoma changae
96. Chaetostoma daidalmatos
97. Chaetostoma dermorhynchum
98. Chaetostoma dorsale
99. Chaetostoma dupouii
100. Chaetostoma fischeri
101. Chaetostoma greeni
102. Chaetostoma guairense
103. Chaetostoma jegui
104. Chaetostoma lepturum
105. Chaetostoma leucomelas
106. Chaetostoma lineopunctatum
107. Chaetostoma loborhynchos
108. Chaetostoma machiquense
109. Chaetostoma marcapatae
110. Chaetostoma marginatum
111. Chaetostoma marmorescens
112. Chaetostoma microps
113. Chaetostoma milesi
114. Chaetostoma mollinasum
115. Chaetostoma niveum
116. Chaetostoma nudirostre
117. Chaetostoma palmeri
118. Chaetostoma patiae
119. Chaetostoma paucispinis
120. Chaetostoma pearsei
121. Chaetostoma sericeum
122. Chaetostoma sovichthys
123. Chaetostoma stannii
124. Chaetostoma stroumpoulos
125. Chaetostoma tachiraense
126. Chaetostoma taczanowskii
127. Chaetostoma thomsoni
128. Chaetostoma vagum
129. Chaetostoma vasquezi
130. Chaetostoma venezuelae
131. Chaetostoma yurubiense
132. Cordylancistrus daguae
133. Cordylancistrus nephelion
134. Cordylancistrus perijae
135. Cordylancistrus platycephalus
136. Cordylancistrus platyrhynchus
137. Cordylancistrus torbesensis
138. Corumbataia britskii
139. Corumbataia cuestae
1047
140. Corumbataia tocantinensis
141. Corumbataia veadeiros
142. Corymbophanes andersoni
143. Corymbophanes kaiei
144. Crossoloricaria bahuaja
145. Crossoloricaria cephalaspis
146. Crossoloricaria rhami
147. Crossoloricaria variegata
148. Crossoloricaria venezuelae
149. Cteniloricaria fowleri
150. Cteniloricaria maculata
151. Cteniloricaria platystoma
152. Dasyloricaria capetensis
153. Dasyloricaria filamentosa
154. Dasyloricaria latiura
155. Dasyloricaria seminuda
156. Dasyloricaria tuyrensis
157. Dekeyseria amazonica
158. Dekeyseria brachyura
159. Dekeyseria niveata
160. Dekeyseria picta
161. Dekeyseria pulchra
162. Dekeyseria scaphirhyncha
163. Delturus angulicauda
164. Delturus brevis
165. Delturus carinotus
166. Delturus parahybae
167. Dentectus barbarmatus
168. Dolichancistrus atratoensis
169. Dolichancistrus carnegiei
170. Dolichancistrus cobrensis
171. Dolichancistrus fuesslii
172. Dolichancistrus pediculatus
173. Dolichancistrus setosus
174. Epactionotus bilineatus
175. Epactionotus gracilis
176. Epactionotus itaimbezinho
177. Epactionotus yasi
178. Eurycheilichthys limulus
179. Eurycheilichthys pantherinus
180. Exastilithoxus fimbriatus
181. Exastilithoxus hoedemani
182. Farlowella acus Whiptail catfish
183. Farlowella altocorpus
184. Farlowella amazonum
185. Farlowella colombiensis
186. Farlowella curtirostra
187. Farlowella gracilis
188. Farlowella hahni
189. Farlowella hasemani
190. Farlowella henriquei
191. Farlowella isbruckeri
192. Farlowella jauruensis
193. Farlowella knerii
194. Farlowella mariaelenae
1048
195. Farlowella martini
196. Farlowella nattereri
197. Farlowella odontotumulus
198. Farlowella oxyrryncha
199. Farlowella paraguayensis
200. Farlowella platorynchus
201. Farlowella reticulata
202. Farlowella rugosa
203. Farlowella schreitmuelleri
204. Farlowella smithi
205. Farlowella taphorni
206. Farlowella venezuelensis
207. Farlowella vittata
208. Furcodontichthys novaesi
209. Glyptoperichthys xinguensis
210. Gymnotocinclus anosteos
211. Harttia carvalhoi
212. Harttia depressa
213. Harttia dissidens
214. Harttia duriventris
215. Harttia garavelloi
216. Harttia gracilis
217. Harttia guianensis
218. Harttia kronei
219. Harttia leiopleura
220. Harttia longipinna
221. Harttia loricariformis
222. Harttia merevari
223. Harttia novalimensis
224. Harttia punctata
225. Harttia rhombocephala
226. Harttia surinamensis
227. Harttia torrenticola
228. Harttia trombetensis
229. Harttia uatumensis
230. Harttiella crassicauda
231. Hemiancistrus annectens
232. Hemiancistrus aspidolepis
233. Hemiancistrus cerrado
234. Hemiancistrus chlorostictus
235. Hemiancistrus fugleri
236. Hemiancistrus fuliginosus
237. Hemiancistrus guahiborum
238. Hemiancistrus hammarlundi
239. Hemiancistrus holostictus
240. Hemiancistrus landoni
241. Hemiancistrus macrops
242. Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis
243. Hemiancistrus medians
244. Hemiancistrus megacephalus
245. Hemiancistrus megalopteryx
246. Hemiancistrus meizospilos
247. Hemiancistrus micrommatos
248. Hemiancistrus pankimpuju
249. Hemiancistrus punctulatus
1049
250. Hemiancistrus spilomma
251. Hemiancistrus spinosissimus
252. Hemiancistrus subviridis
253. Hemiancistrus votouro
254. Hemiancistrus wilsoni
255. Hemiloricaria aurata
256. Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus
257. Hemipsilichthys gobio
258. Hemipsilichthys nimius
259. Hemipsilichthys papillatus
260. Hisonotus aky
261. Hisonotus armatus
262. Hisonotus charrua
263. Hisonotus chromodontus
264. Hisonotus depressicauda
265. Hisonotus depressinotus
266. Hisonotus francirochai
267. Hisonotus hungy
268. Hisonotus insperatus
269. Hisonotus iota
270. Hisonotus laevior
271. Hisonotus leptochilus
272. Hisonotus leucofrenatus
273. Hisonotus leucophrys
274. Hisonotus luteofrenatus
275. Hisonotus maculipinnis
276. Hisonotus megaloplax
277. Hisonotus montanus
278. Hisonotus nigricauda
279. Hisonotus notatus
280. Hisonotus paulinus
281. Hisonotus ringueleti
282. Hisonotus taimensis
283. Hopliancistrus tricornis
284. Hypancistrus contradens
285. Hypancistrus debilittera
286. Hypancistrus furunculus
287. Hypancistrus inspector
288. Hypancistrus lunaorum
289. Hypancistrus zebra
290. Hypoptopoma bilobatum
291. Hypoptopoma guentheri
292. Hypoptopoma guianense
293. Hypoptopoma gulare
294. Hypoptopoma inexspectatum
295. Hypoptopoma joberti
296. Hypoptopoma psilogaster
297. Hypoptopoma steindachneri
298. Hypoptopoma thoracatum
299. Hypostomus affinis
300. Hypostomus agna
301. Hypostomus alatus
302. Hypostomus albopunctatus
303. Hypostomus ancistroides
304. Hypostomus angipinnatus
1050
305. Hypostomus argus
306. Hypostomus asperatus
307. Hypostomus aspilogaster
308. Hypostomus atropinnis
309. Hypostomus auroguttatus
310. Hypostomus bolivianus
311. Hypostomus borellii
312. Hypostomus boulengeri
313. Hypostomus brevicauda
314. Hypostomus brevis
315. Hypostomus carinatus
316. Hypostomus carvalhoi
317. Hypostomus chrysostiktos
318. Hypostomus cochliodon
319. Hypostomus commersoni
320. Hypostomus coppenamensis
321. Hypostomus corantijni
322. Hypostomus cordovae
323. Hypostomus crassicauda
324. Hypostomus denticulatus
325. Hypostomus derbyi
326. Hypostomus dlouhyi
327. Hypostomus eptingi
328. Hypostomus ericae
329. Hypostomus ericius
330. Hypostomus faveolus
321. Hypostomus fluviatilis
322. Hypostomus fonchii
323. Hypostomus francisci
324. Hypostomus garmani
325. Hypostomus goyazensis
326. Hypostomus gymnorhynchus
327. Hypostomus hemicochliodon
328. Hypostomus hemiurus
329. Hypostomus heraldoi
330. Hypostomus hermanni
331. Hypostomus hondae
332. Hypostomus hoplonites
333. Hypostomus iheringii
334. Hypostomus interruptus
335. Hypostomus isbrueckeri
336. Hypostomus itacua
337. Hypostomus jaguribensis
338. Hypostomus johnii
339. Hypostomus kopeyaka
340. Hypostomus laplatae
341. Hypostomus latifrons
342. Hypostomus latirostris
343. Hypostomus levis
344. Hypostomus lexi
345. Hypostomus lima
346. Hypostomus longiradiatus
347. Hypostomus luteomaculatus
348. Hypostomus luteus
349. Hypostomus macrophthalmus
1051
350. Hypostomus macrops
351. Hypostomus macushi
352. Hypostomus margaritifer
353. Hypostomus meleagris
354. Hypostomus micromaculatus
355. Hypostomus microstomus
356. Hypostomus multidens
357. Hypostomus mutucae
358. Hypostomus myersi
359. Hypostomus nematopterus
360. Hypostomus niceforoi
361. Hypostomus nickeriensis
362. Hypostomus niger
363. Hypostomus nigromaculatus
364. Hypostomus nudiventris
365. Hypostomus obtusirostris
366. Hypostomus occidentalis
367. Hypostomus oculeus
368. Hypostomus pagei
369. Hypostomus panamensis
370. Hypostomus pantherinus
371. Hypostomus papariae
372. Hypostomus paranensis
373. Hypostomus paucimaculatus
374. Hypostomus paucipunctatus
375. Hypostomus paulinus
376. Hypostomus piratatu
377. Hypostomus plecostomoides
378. Hypostomus plecostomus Suckermouth catfish
379. Hypostomus pseudohemiurus
380. Hypostomus punctatus
381. Hypostomus pusarum
382. Hypostomus pyrineusi
383. Hypostomus regani
384. Hypostomus rhantos
385. Hypostomus robinii Teta
386. Hypostomus rondoni
387. Hypostomus roseopunctatus
388. Hypostomus saramaccensis
389. Hypostomus scabriceps
380. Hypostomus scaphyceps
381. Hypostomus sculpodon
382. Hypostomus seminudus
383. Hypostomus simios
384. Hypostomus sipaliwinii
385. Hypostomus soniae
386. Hypostomus strigaticeps
387. Hypostomus subcarinatus
388. Hypostomus surinamensis
389. Hypostomus tapanahoniensis
390. Hypostomus taphorni
391. Hypostomus tapijara
392. Hypostomus ternetzi
393. Hypostomus tietensis
394. Hypostomus topavae
1052
395. Hypostomus unae
396. Hypostomus uruguayensis
397. Hypostomus vaillanti
398. Hypostomus variipictus
399. Hypostomus varimaculosus
400. Hypostomus variostictus
401. Hypostomus ventromaculatus
402. Hypostomus vermicularis
403. Hypostomus verres
404. Hypostomus waiampi
405. Hypostomus watwata Armored catfish
406. Hypostomus weberi
407. Hypostomus winzi
408. Hypostomus wuchereri
409. Isbrueckerichthys alipionis
410. Isbrueckerichthys calvus
411. Isbrueckerichthys duseni
412. Isbrueckerichthys epakmos
413. Isbrueckerichthys saxicola
414. Isorineloricaria spinosissima Zucchini catfish
415. Ixinandria montebelloi
416. Ixinandria steinbachi
417. Kronichthys heylandi
418. Kronichthys lacerta
419. Kronichthys subteres
420. Lamontichthys avacanoeiro
421. Lamontichthys filamentosus
422. Lamontichthys llanero
423. Lamontichthys maracaibero
424. Lamontichthys parakana
425. Lamontichthys stibaros
426. Lampiella gibbosa
427. Lasiancistrus caquetae
428. Lasiancistrus castelnaui
429. Lasiancistrus caucanus
430. Lasiancistrus guacharote
431. Lasiancistrus guapore
432. Lasiancistrus heteracanthus
433. Lasiancistrus multispinis Bristlemouth catfish
434. Lasiancistrus nationi
435. Lasiancistrus saetiger
436. Lasiancistrus schomburgkii
437. Lasiancistrus scolymus
438. Lasiancistrus tentaculatus
439. Leporacanthicus galaxias
440. Leporacanthicus heterodon
441. Leporacanthicus joselimai
442. Leporacanthicus triactis
443. Leptoancistrus canensis
444. Leptoancistrus cordobensis
445. Limatulichthys griseus
446. Lipopterichthys carrioni
447. Lithogenes valencia
448. Lithogenes villosus
449. Lithogenes wahari
1053
450. Lithoxus boujardi
451. Lithoxus bovallii
452. Lithoxus jantjae
453. Lithoxus lithoides
454. Lithoxus pallidimaculatus
455. Lithoxus planquettei
456. Lithoxus stocki
457. Lithoxus surinamensis
458. Loricaria apeltogaster
459. Loricaria cataphracta
460. Loricaria clavipinna
461. Loricaria holmbergi
462. Loricaria lata
463. Loricaria lentiginosa
464. Loricaria lundbergi
465. Loricaria nickeriensis
466. Loricaria parnahybae
467. Loricaria piracicabae
468. Loricaria pumila
469. Loricaria simillima
470. Loricaria spinulifera
471. Loricaria tucumanensis
472. Loricariichthys acutus
473. Loricariichthys anus
474. Loricariichthys brunneus
475. Loricariichthys cashibo
476. Loricariichthys castaneus
477. Loricariichthys chanjoo
478. Loricariichthys derbyi
479. Loricariichthys edentatus
480. Loricariichthys hauxwelli
481. Loricariichthys labialis
482. Loricariichthys maculatus
483. Loricariichthys melanocheilus
484. Loricariichthys microdon
485. Loricariichthys nudirostris
486. Loricariichthys platymetopon
487. Loricariichthys rostratus
488. Loricariichthys stuebelii
489. Loricariichthys ucayalensis
490. Macrotocinclus affinis Golden otocinclus
491. Megalancistrus barrae
492. Megalancistrus parananus
493. Metaloricaria nijsseni
494. Metaloricaria paucidens
495. Microlepidogaster bourguyi
496. Microlepidogaster perforatus
497. Nannoptopoma spectabile
498. Nannoptopoma sternoptychum
499. Neblinichthys pilosus
500. Neblinichthys roraima
501. Neblinichthys yaravi
502. Neoplecostomus corumba
503. Neoplecostomus espiritosantensis
504. Neoplecostomus franciscoensis
1054
505. Neoplecostomus granosus
506. Neoplecostomus microps
507. Neoplecostomus paranensis
508. Neoplecostomus ribeirensis
509. Neoplecostomus selenae
510. Neoplecostomus variipictus
511. Neoplecostomus yapo
512. Niobichthys ferrarisi
513. Oligancistrus punctatissimus
514. Otocinclus batmani
515. Otocinclus bororo
516. Otocinclus caxarari
517. Otocinclus cocama
518. Otocinclus flexilis
519. Otocinclus hasemani
520. Otocinclus hoppei
521. Otocinclus huaorani
522. Otocinclus macrospilus
523. Otocinclus mariae
524. Otocinclus mimulus
525. Otocinclus mura
526. Otocinclus tapirape
527. Otocinclus vestitus
528. Otocinclus vittatus
529. Otocinclus xakriaba
530. Otothyris juquiae
531. Otothyris lophophanes
532. Otothyris rostrata
533. Otothyris travassosi
534. Otothyropsis marapoama
535. Oxyropsis acutirostra
536. Oxyropsis carinata
537. Oxyropsis wrightiana
538. Panaqolus albomaculatus
539. Panaqolus changae
540. Panaqolus dentex
541. Panaqolus gnomus Dwarf panaque
542. Panaqolus maccus Clown panaque
543. Panaqolus nocturnus Dusky panaque
544. Panaqolus purusiensis
545. Panaque bathyphilus
546. Panaque cochliodon
547. Panaque nigrolineatus Royal panaque
548. Panaque suttonorum Blue-eye panaque
549. Paraloricaria agastor
550. Paraloricaria commersonoides
551. Paraloricaria vetula
552. Parancistrus aurantiacus
553. Parancistrus nudiventris
554. Pareiorhaphis azygolechis
555. Pareiorhaphis bahianus
556. Pareiorhaphis cameroni
557. Pareiorhaphis cerosus
558. Pareiorhaphis eurycephalus
559. Pareiorhaphis garbei
1055
560. Pareiorhaphis hypselurus
561. Pareiorhaphis hystrix
562. Pareiorhaphis mutuca
563. Pareiorhaphis nasuta
564. Pareiorhaphis nudulus
565. Pareiorhaphis parmula
566. Pareiorhaphis regani
567. Pareiorhaphis splendens
568. Pareiorhaphis steindachneri
569. Pareiorhaphis stephanus
570. Pareiorhaphis stomias
571. Pareiorhaphis vestigipinnis
572. Pareiorhina brachyrhyncha
573. Pareiorhina carrancas
574. Pareiorhina rudolphi
575. Parotocinclus amazonensis
576. Parotocinclus arandai
577. Parotocinclus aripuanensis
578. Parotocinclus bahiensis
579. Parotocinclus bidentatus
580. Parotocinclus britskii
581. Parotocinclus cearensis
582. Parotocinclus cesarpintoi
583. Parotocinclus collinsae
584. Parotocinclus cristatus
585. Parotocinclus doceanus
586. Parotocinclus eppleyi
587. Parotocinclus haroldoi
588. Parotocinclus jimi
589. Parotocinclus jumbo
590. Parotocinclus longirostris
591. Parotocinclus maculicauda
592. Parotocinclus minutus
593. Parotocinclus muriaensis
594. Parotocinclus planicauda
595. Parotocinclus polyochrus
596. Parotocinclus prata
597. Parotocinclus spilosoma
598. Parotocinclus spilurus
599. Peckoltia arenaria
600. Peckoltia bachi
601. Peckoltia braueri
602. Peckoltia brevis
603. Peckoltia caenosa
604. Peckoltia cavatica
605. Peckoltia filicaudata
606. Peckoltia furcata
607. Peckoltia kuhlmanni
608. Peckoltia lineola
609. Peckoltia oligospila
610. Peckoltia sabaji
611. Peckoltia snethlageae
612. Peckoltia ucayalensis
613. Peckoltia vermiculata
614. Peckoltia vittata
1056
615. Planiloricaria cryptodon
616. Pogonopoma obscurum
617. Pogonopoma parahybae
618. Pogonopoma wertheimeri
619. Proloricaria prolixa
620. Pseudacanthicus fordii
621. Pseudacanthicus histrix
622. Pseudacanthicus leopardus
623. Pseudacanthicus serratus
624. Pseudacanthicus spinosus
625. Pseudancistrus barbatus Bearded catfish
626. Pseudancistrus brevispinis
627. Pseudancistrus coquenani
628. Pseudancistrus corantijniensis
629. Pseudancistrus depressus
630. Pseudancistrus genisetiger
631. Pseudancistrus guentheri
632. Pseudancistrus kwinti
633. Pseudancistrus longispinis
634. Pseudancistrus niger
635. Pseudancistrus nigrescens
636. Pseudancistrus orinoco
637. Pseudancistrus papariae
638. Pseudancistrus pectegenitor
639. Pseudancistrus reus
640. Pseudancistrus sidereus
641. Pseudancistrus yekuana
642. Pseudohemiodon amazonum
643. Pseudohemiodon apithanos
644. Pseudohemiodon devincenzii
645. Pseudohemiodon lamina
646. Pseudohemiodon laticeps
647. Pseudohemiodon platycephalus
648. Pseudohemiodon thorectes
649. Pseudolithoxus anthrax
650. Pseudolithoxus dumus
651. Pseudolithoxus nicoi
652. Pseudolithoxus tigris
653. Pseudoloricaria laeviuscula
654. Pseudorinelepis genibarbis
655. Pseudotocinclus juquiae
656. Pseudotocinclus parahybae
657. Pseudotocinclus tietensis
658. Pseudotothyris janeirensis
659. Pseudotothyris obtusa
660. Pterosturisoma microps
661. Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Snow pleco
662. Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus Vermiculated sailfin catfish
663. Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus
664. Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps Leopard pleco
665. Pterygoplichthys joselimaianus
666. Pterygoplichthys lituratus
667. Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus Orinoco sailfin catfish
668. Pterygoplichthys pardalis Amazon sailfin catfish
669. Pterygoplichthys parnaibae
1057
670. Pterygoplichthys punctatus Corroncho
671. Pterygoplichthys scrophus
672. Pterygoplichthys undecimalis
673. Pterygoplichthys weberi
674. Pterygoplichthys zuliaensis
675. Pyxiloricaria menezesi
676. Reganella depressa
677. Rhadinoloricaria macromystax
678. Rhinelepis aspera
679. Rhinelepis strigosa
680. Ricola macrops
681. Rineloricaria aequalicuspis
682. Rineloricaria altipinnis
683. Rineloricaria anhaguapitan
684. Rineloricaria anitae
685. Rineloricaria baliola
686. Rineloricaria beni
687. Rineloricaria cacerensis
688. Rineloricaria cadeae
689. Rineloricaria capitonia
690. Rineloricaria caracasensis
691. Rineloricaria castroi
692. Rineloricaria catamarcensis
693. Rineloricaria cubataonis
694. Rineloricaria daraha
695. Rineloricaria eigenmanni
696. Rineloricaria fallax
697. Rineloricaria felipponei
698. Rineloricaria formosa
699. Rineloricaria hasemani
700. Rineloricaria henselii
701. Rineloricaria heteroptera
702. Rineloricaria hoehnei
703. Rineloricaria isaaci
704. Rineloricaria jaraguensis
705. Rineloricaria jubata
706. Rineloricaria konopickyi
707. Rineloricaria kronei
708. Rineloricaria lanceolata Chocolate-colored catfish
709. Rineloricaria langei
710. Rineloricaria latirostris
711. Rineloricaria lima
712. Rineloricaria longicauda
713. Rineloricaria maacki
714. Rineloricaria magdalenae
715. Rineloricaria malabarbai
716. Rineloricaria maquinensis
717. Rineloricaria melini
718. Rineloricaria microlepidogaster
719. Rineloricaria microlepidota
720. Rineloricaria misionera
721. Rineloricaria morrowi
722. Rineloricaria nigricauda
723. Rineloricaria osvaldoi
724. Rineloricaria pareiacantha
1058
725. Rineloricaria parva
726. Rineloricaria pentamaculata
727. Rineloricaria phoxocephala
728. Rineloricaria platyura
729. Rineloricaria quadrensis
730. Rineloricaria reisi
731. Rineloricaria rupestris
732. Rineloricaria sanga
733. Rineloricaria setepovos
734. Rineloricaria sneiderni
735. Rineloricaria steindachneri
736. Rineloricaria stellata
737. Rineloricaria stewarti
738. Rineloricaria strigilata
739. Rineloricaria teffeana
740. Rineloricaria thrissoceps
741. Rineloricaria tropeira
742. Rineloricaria uracantha
743. Rineloricaria wolfei
744. Rineloricaria zaina
745. Schizolecis guntheri
746. Scobinancistrus aureatus
747. Scobinancistrus pariolispos
748. Spatuloricaria atratoensis
749. Spatuloricaria caquetae
750. Spatuloricaria curvispina
751. Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys
752. Spatuloricaria evansii
753. Spatuloricaria fimbriata
754. Spatuloricaria gymnogaster
755. Spatuloricaria lagoichthys
756. Spatuloricaria nudiventris
757. Spatuloricaria phelpsi
758. Spatuloricaria puganensis
759. Spectracanthicus murinus
760. Squaliforma annae
761. Squaliforma biseriata
762. Squaliforma emarginata
763. Squaliforma gomesi
764. Squaliforma horrida
765. Squaliforma phrixosoma
766. Squaliforma scopularia
767. Squaliforma squalina
768. Squaliforma tenuicauda
769. Squaliforma tenuis
770. Squaliforma villarsi
771. Squaliforma virescens
772. Sturisoma aureum
773. Sturisoma barbatum
774. Sturisoma brevirostre
775. Sturisoma dariense
776. Sturisoma festivum
777. Sturisoma frenatum
778. Sturisoma guentheri
779. Sturisoma kneri
1059
780. Sturisoma lyra
781. Sturisoma monopelte
782. Sturisoma nigrirostrum
783. Sturisoma panamense
784. Sturisoma robustum
785. Sturisoma rostratum
786. Sturisoma tenuirostre
787. Sturisomatichthys caquetae
788. Sturisomatichthys citurensis
789. Sturisomatichthys leightoni
790. Sturisomatichthys tamanae
1060
Family Malapteruridae
(Electric catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: tropical Africa and Nile. Dorsal fin absent. Adipose fin
close to caudal fin. Generate strong electrical currents.

1. Malapterurus barbatus
2. Malapterurus beninensis
3. Malapterurus cavalliensis
4. Malapterurus electricus Electric catfish
5. Malapterurus gossei
6. Malapterurus leonensis
7. Malapterurus melanochir
8. Malapterurus microstoma Smallmouth electric catfish
9. Malapterurus minjiriya
10. Malapterurus monsembeensis
11. Malapterurus murrayi
12. Malapterurus occidentalis
13. Malapterurus oguensis
14. Malapterurus polli
15. Malapterurus punctatus
16. Malapterurus shirensis
17. Malapterurus stiassnyae
18. Malapterurus tanganyikaensis
19. Malapterurus tanoensis
20. Malapterurus teugelsi
21. Malapterurus thysi
22. Malapterurus zambezensis
23. Paradoxoglanis caudivittatus
24. Paradoxoglanis cryptus
25. Paradoxoglanis parvus
1061
Family Mochokidae
(Squeakers or Upside-down catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa. Adipose fin usually very large; anal fin with fewer
than 10 rays; dorsal and pectoral fin spines usually strong and with
locking mechanism; three pairs of barbels, nasal barbels absent and
mandibular barbels may have numerous branches; some with lips and
part of barbels modified into an oral sucker (Atopochilus, Chiloglanis,
and Euchilichthys); the two species of Mochokus of the Nile system
have a rayed adipose fin. Maximum length 72 cm.

1. Acanthocleithron chapini
2. Atopochilus chabanaudi
3. Atopochilus christyi
4. Atopochilus macrocephalus
5. Atopochilus mandevillei
6. Atopochilus pachychilus
7. Atopochilus savorgnani
8. Atopochilus vogti
9. Atopodontus adriaensi
10. Chiloglanis angolensis
11. Chiloglanis anoterus Pennant-tailed suckermouth
12. Chiloglanis asymetricaudalis
13. Chiloglanis batesii
14. Chiloglanis benuensis
15. Chiloglanis bifurcus Incomati suckermouth
16. Chiloglanis brevibarbis Short barbelled suckermouth
17. Chiloglanis cameronensis
18. Chiloglanis carnosus
19. Chiloglanis congicus
20. Chiloglanis deckenii Pangani suckermouth
21. Chiloglanis disneyi
22. Chiloglanis elisabethianus
23. Chiloglanis emarginatus Phongolo suckermouth
24. Chiloglanis fasciatus Okavango suckermouth
25. Chiloglanis harbinger
26. Chiloglanis kalambo Kalambo suckermouth
27. Chiloglanis lamottei
28. Chiloglanis lufirae
29. Chiloglanis lukugae
30. Chiloglanis macropterus
31. Chiloglanis marlieri
1062
32. Chiloglanis mbozi Mbozi suckermouth
33. Chiloglanis microps
34. Chiloglanis modjensis
35. Chiloglanis neumanni Neumann's suckermouth
36. Chiloglanis niger
37. Chiloglanis niloticus
38. Chiloglanis normani
39. Chiloglanis occidentalis
40. Chiloglanis paratus Sawfin suckermouth
41. Chiloglanis pojeri
42. Chiloglanis polyodon
43. Chiloglanis polypogon
44. Chiloglanis pretoriae Shortspine suckermouth
45. Chiloglanis productus
46. Chiloglanis reticulatus
47. Chiloglanis rukwaensis Lake Rukwa suckermouth
48. Chiloglanis ruziziensis
49. Chiloglanis sanagaensis
50. Chiloglanis sardinhai
51. Chiloglanis somereni Someren's suckermouth
52. Chiloglanis swierstrai Lowveld suckermouth
53. Chiloglanis trilobatus Three-lobed suckermouth
54. Chiloglanis voltae
55. Euchilichthys astatodon
56. Euchilichthys boulengeri
57. Euchilichthys dybowskii
58. Euchilichthys guentheri
59. Euchilichthys royauxi
60. Microsynodontis armata
61. Microsynodontis batesii
62. Microsynodontis emarginata
63. Microsynodontis hirsuta
64. Microsynodontis laevigata
65. Microsynodontis lamberti
66. Microsynodontis nannoculus
67. Microsynodontis nasuta
68. Microsynodontis notata
69. Microsynodontis polli
70. Microsynodontis vigilis
71. Mochokiella paynei
72. Mochokus brevis
73. Mochokus niloticus
74. Synodontis acanthomias
75. Synodontis acanthoperca
76. Synodontis afrofischeri Fischer's Victoria squeaker
77. Synodontis alberti Bigeye squeaker
78. Synodontis albolineata
79. Synodontis angelica Angel squeaker
80. Synodontis annectens
81. Synodontis ansorgii
82. Synodontis arnoulti
83. Synodontis aterrima
84. Synodontis bastiani
85. Synodontis batensoda Upsidedown catfish
86. Synodontis batesii
1063
87. Synodontis brichardi
88. Synodontis budgetti
89. Synodontis camelopardalis
90. Synodontis caudalis
91. Synodontis caudovittata
92. Synodontis centralis
93. Synodontis clarias Mandi
94. Synodontis comoensis
95. Synodontis congica
96. Synodontis contracta Bugeye squeaker
97. Synodontis courteti
98. Synodontis cuangoana
99. Synodontis decora Clown squeaker
100. Synodontis dekimpei
101. Synodontis depauwi
102. Synodontis dhonti
103. Synodontis dorsomaculata
104. Synodontis euptera Featherfin squeaker
105. Synodontis filamentosa
106. Synodontis flavitaeniata Orangestriped squeaker
107. Synodontis frontosa
108. Synodontis fuelleborni Fuelleborn's squeaker
109. Synodontis gambiensis
110. Synodontis geledensis Geledi squeaker
111. Synodontis gobroni
112. Synodontis grandiops
113. Synodontis granulosa
114. Synodontis greshoffi
115. Synodontis guttata
116. Synodontis haugi
117. Synodontis ilebrevis
118. Synodontis irsacae
119. Synodontis iturii
120. Synodontis katangae
121. Synodontis khartoumensis
122. Synodontis koensis
123. Synodontis kogonensis
124. Synodontis laessoei
125. Synodontis leoparda
126. Synodontis leopardina Leopard squeaker
127. Synodontis levequei
128. Synodontis longirostris
129. Synodontis longispinis
130. Synodontis lucipinnis
131. Synodontis lufirae
132. Synodontis macrophthalma
133. Synodontis macrops
134. Synodontis macropunctata
135. Synodontis macrostigma Largespot squeaker
136. Synodontis macrostoma Largemouth squeaker
137. Synodontis manni Feather-barbelled squeaker
138. Synodontis marmorata
139. Synodontis matthesi
140. Synodontis melanoptera
141. Synodontis membranacea
1064
142. Synodontis multimaculata
143. Synodontis multipunctata
144. Synodontis nebulosa Cloudy squeaker
145. Synodontis ngouniensis
146. Synodontis nigrita
147. Synodontis nigriventris Blotched upsidedown catfish
148. Synodontis nigromaculata Blackspotted squeaker
149. Synodontis njassae Malawi squeaker
150. Synodontis notata Onespot squeaker
151. Synodontis nummifer
152. Synodontis obesus
153. Synodontis ocellifer
154. Synodontis omias
155. Synodontis orientalis
156. Synodontis ornatipinnis
157. Synodontis ornatissima
158. Synodontis ouemeensis
159. Synodontis pardalis
160. Synodontis petricola Cuckoo Catfish
161. Synodontis pleurops Congo squeaker
162. Synodontis polli
163. Synodontis polyodon
164. Synodontis polystigma
165. Synodontis pulcher
166. Synodontis punctifer
167. Synodontis punctulata
168. Synodontis punu
169. Synodontis rebeli
170. Synodontis resupinata
171. Synodontis ricardoae Ricardo's squeaker
172. Synodontis robbianus
173. Synodontis robertsi
174. Synodontis ruandae
175. Synodontis rufigiensis
176. Synodontis rukwaensis Lake Rukwa squeaker
177. Synodontis schall Wahrindi
178. Synodontis schoutedeni
179. Synodontis serpentis Tana squeaker
180. Synodontis serrata
181. Synodontis smiti
182. Synodontis soloni
183. Synodontis sorex
184. Synodontis steindachneri
185. Synodontis tanganyicae
186. Synodontis tessmanni
187. Synodontis thamalakanensis
188. Synodontis thysi
189. Synodontis tourei
190. Synodontis unicolor
191. Synodontis vaillanti
192. Synodontis vanderwaali
193. Synodontis velifer
194. Synodontis vermiculata
195. Synodontis victoriae Lake Victoria squeaker
196. Synodontis violacea
1065
197. Synodontis voltae
198. Synodontis waterloti
199. Synodontis woleuensis
200. Synodontis woosnami Upper Zambezi squeaker
201. Synodontis xiphias
202. Synodontis zambezensis Plain squeaker
203. Synodontis zanzibarica Eastcoast squeaker
1066
Family Nematogenyidae
(Mountain catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark :-

1. Nematogenys inermis
1067
Family Olyridae
(Longtail catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: India and Burma. Body scaleless and elongate. Barbels 4
pairs. Eyes small and underneath skin. Dorsal fin with 7 or 8 soft rays;
no dorsal spine. Anal fin rays 16-23. Low adipose fin. Caudal fin long
and pointed or forked. With 48-53 vertebrae.

1. Olyra burmanica Longtail catfish
2. Olyra collettii
3. Olyra horae
4. Olyra kempi
5. Olyra longicaudata
1068
Family Pangasiidae
(Shark catfishes)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southern Asia (Pakistan to Borneo). Barbels usually two

pairs: 1 pair of chin barbels. No nasal barbels. Compressed body. With
small adipose fin, separate from caudal fin. Dorsal fin close to head
region; 1 or 2 spines, 5-7 soft rays. Anal fin 26-46 rays. Vertebrae 39-
52. Maximum length about 3 m . Maximum weight 300 kg (Pangasius
gigas).

1. Helicophagus leptorhynchus
2. Helicophagus typus
3. Helicophagus waandersii
4. Pangasianodon gigas Mekong giant catfish
5. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Striped catfish
6. Pangasius bedado
7. Pangasius bocourti
8. Pangasius conchophilus
9. Pangasius djambal
10. Pangasius elongatus
11. Pangasius humeralis
12. Pangasius kinabatanganensis
13. Pangasius krempfi
14. Pangasius kunyit
15. Pangasius larnaudii Spot pangasius
16. Pangasius lithostoma
17. Pangasius macronema
18. Pangasius mahakamensis
19. Pangasius mekongensis
20. Pangasius myanmar
21. Pangasius nasutus
22. Pangasius nieuwenhuisii
23. Pangasius pangasius Pangas catfish
24. Pangasius polyuranodon
25. Pangasius rheophilus
26. Pangasius sabahensis
27. Pangasius sanitwongsei Giant pangasius
28. Pangasius tubbi
29. Pseudolais micronemus Shortbarbel pangasius
30. Pseudolais pleurotaenia
1069
Family Parakysidae
(Parakysid catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Not used in FishBase, FoW and CoF anymore. Used in ITIS (March
2008). Included in the Akysidae as a subfamily with 3 genera. Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Sarawak, and Kapuas River of western Borneo.
Dorsal fin with stout spine and 4 soft rays; pectorals with a nonserrate
spine; anal fin with 8-13 soft rays. Four pairs of barbles; minute eyes;
no gill rakers. No lateral line pores; 16-19 + 11-14 = 30-32 vertebrae.
1070
Family Pimelodidae
(Long-whiskered catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Since FoW3 (Nelson, 1994), Pimelodidae includes the monotypic

Hypophthalmidae (Loweye catfishes), Hypophthalmus with 4 spp. (de
Pinna, 1998: Ref. 33205), and excludes the Heptapteridae and
Pseudopimelodidae, as well as Conorhynchos conirostris now incertae
sedis (Lundberg & Littmann, 2003). The following information must be
updated. Long-whiskered catfishes are known from Central and South
America (north to southernmost Mexico). Naked body. Adipose fin
present, sometimes small. Barbels 3 pairs. Spines of pectoral and
dorsal fins may be present or absent. Maximum length about 3 m
(Brachyplatystoma filamentosum). Some pelagic and probably filter
feeders (Hypophthalmus spp.).

1. Aguarunichthys inpai
2. Aguarunichthys tocantinsensis
3. Aguarunichthys torosus
4. Bagropsis reinhardti
5. Bergiaria platana
6. Bergiaria westermanni
7. Brachyplatystoma capapretum
8. Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Kumakuma
9. Brachyplatystoma juruense Zebra catfish
10. Brachyplatystoma platynemum Slobbering catfish
11. Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii
12. Brachyplatystoma tigrinum Tigerstriped catfish
13. Brachyplatystoma vaillantii Laulao catfish
14. Calophysus macropterus Zamurito
15. Cheirocerus abuelo
16. Cheirocerus eques
17. Cheirocerus goeldii
18. Conorhynchos conirostris
19. Duopalatinus emarginatus
20. Duopalatinus peruanus
21. Exallodontus aguanai
22. Hemisorubim platyrhynchos Porthole shovelnose catfish
23. Hypophthalmus edentatus Highwaterman catfish
24. Hypophthalmus fimbriatus
25. Hypophthalmus marginatus
1071
26. Hypophthalmus oremaculatus
27. Iheringichthys labrosus
28. Iheringichthys megalops
29. Leiarius arekaima
30. Leiarius longibarbis
31. Leiarius marmoratus
32. Leiarius pictus
33. Luciopimelodus pati Pati
34. Megalonema amaxanthum
35. Megalonema argentinum
36. Megalonema orixanthum
37. Megalonema pauciradiatum
38. Megalonema platanum
39. Megalonema platycephalum
40. Megalonema psammium
41. Megalonema xanthum
42. Parapimelodus nigribarbis
43. Parapimelodus valenciennis
44. Perrunichthys perruno Leopard catfish
45. Phractocephalus hemioliopterus Redtail catfish
46. Pimelodina flavipinnis
47. Pimelodus absconditus
48. Pimelodus albicans
49. Pimelodus albofasciatus
50. Pimelodus altissimus
51. Pimelodus argenteus
52. Pimelodus atrobrunneus
53. Pimelodus blochii Bloch's catfish
54. Pimelodus brevis
55. Pimelodus britskii
56. Pimelodus coprophagus
57. Pimelodus fur
58. Pimelodus garciabarrigai
59. Pimelodus grosskopfii Capaz
60. Pimelodus halisodous
61. Pimelodus heraldoi
62. Pimelodus jivaro
63. Pimelodus joannis
64. Pimelodus luciae
65. Pimelodus maculatus
66. Pimelodus microstoma
67. Pimelodus mysteriosus
68. Pimelodus navarroi
69. Pimelodus ornatus
70. Pimelodus ortmanni
71. Pimelodus pantaneiro
72. Pimelodus paranaensis
73. Pimelodus parvus
74. Pimelodus pictus Pictus cat
75. Pimelodus pintado
76. Pimelodus platicirris
77. Pimelodus pohli
78. Pimelodus punctatus
79. Pimelodus stewarti
80. Pimelodus tetramerus
1072
81. Pinirampus pirinampu Flatwhiskered catfish
82. Platynematichthys notatus Coroatá
83. Platysilurus malarmo
84. Platysilurus mucosus
85. Platysilurus olallae
86. Platystomatichthys sturio
87. Propimelodus araguayae
88. Propimelodus caesius
89. Propimelodus eigenmanni
90. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans Spotted sorubim
91. Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum Barred sorubim
92. Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum
93. Pseudoplatystoma metaense
94. Pseudoplatystoma orinocoense
95. Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum Tiger sorubim
96. Sorubim cuspicaudus Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish
97. Sorubim elongatus Slender shovelnose catfish
98. Sorubim lima Duckbill catfish
99. Sorubim maniradii
100. Sorubim trigonocephalus Arrowhead shovelnose
101. Sorubimichthys planiceps Firewood catfish
102. Steindachneridion amblyurum
103. Steindachneridion doceanum
104. Steindachneridion melanodermatum
105. Steindachneridion parahybae
106. Steindachneridion punctatum
107. Steindachneridion scriptum
108. Zungaro jahu
109. Zungaro zungaro Gilded catfish
110. Zungaropsis multimaculatus
1073
Family Plotosidae
(Eeltail catfishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific (Japan to Australia and Fiji). Eel-like

body. Pointed or bluntly-rounded tail. Barbels usually 4 pairs. Adipose
fin absent. Caudodorsal fin rays may be far advanced along dorsal.
Lower procurrent caudal rays confluent with long anal fin.
Branchiostegal 7-14 rays. Some can cause painful injury. Most are
freshwater species = ISSCAAP 13; few are marine = ISSCAAP 39.
They are bottom feeders and use the barbels around their mouth to
detect food.

1. Anodontiglanis dahli Toothless catfish
2. Cnidoglanis macrocephalus Cobbler
3. Euristhmus lepturus Long-tailed catfish
4. Euristhmus microceps Smallhead catfish
5. Euristhmus microphthalmus
6. Euristhmus nudiceps Naked-headed catfish
7. Euristhmus sandrae
8. Neosiluroides cooperensis Cooper creek catfish
9. Neosilurus ater Narrowfront tandan
10. Neosilurus brevidorsalis Shortfin tandan
11. Neosilurus coatesi
12. Neosilurus equinus Southern tandan
13. Neosilurus gjellerupi Northern tandan
14. Neosilurus gloveri Dalhousie catfish
15. Neosilurus hyrtlii Glencoe tandan
16. Neosilurus idenburgi Idenburg tandan
17. Neosilurus mollespiculum Soft-spined catfish
18. Neosilurus novaeguineae New Guinea tandan
19. Neosilurus pseudospinosus False-spined catfish
20. Oloplotosus luteus Pale yellow tandan
21. Oloplotosus mariae Maria's tandan
22. Oloplotosus torobo Kutubu tandan
23. Paraplotosus albilabris Whitelipped eel catfish
24. Paraplotosus butleri
25. Paraplotosus muelleri Kimberley catfish
26. Plotosus abbreviatus
27. Plotosus brevibarbus
28. Plotosus canius Gray eel-catfish
29. Plotosus fisadoha
1074
30. Plotosus japonicus
31. Plotosus limbatus Darkfin eel catfish
32. Plotosus lineatus Striped eel catfish
33. Plotosus nhatrangensis
34. Plotosus nkunga Stinging eel catfish
35. Plotosus papuensis Papuan eel-catfish
36. Porochilus argenteus Silver tandan
37. Porochilus meraukensis Merauke tandan
38. Porochilus obbesi Obbes' catfish
39. Porochilus rendahli Rendahl's catfish
40. Tandanus bostocki Freshwater cobbler
41. Tandanus tandanus Tandan catfish
1075
Family Pseudopimelodidae
(Bumblebee catfishes, Dwarf marbled catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: South America. Wide mouth, small eyes without free
orbital margin and short barbels. Some genus with beautiful pattern of
coloration with wide dark brown blotches in the trunk. Reaches up to
40 cm.

1. Batrochoglanis acanthochiroides
2. Batrochoglanis melanurus
3. Batrochoglanis raninus
4. Batrochoglanis transmontanus
5. Batrochoglanis villosus
6. Cephalosilurus albomarginatus
7. Cephalosilurus apurensis
8. Cephalosilurus fowleri
9. Cephalosilurus nigricaudus
10. Cruciglanis pacifici
11. Lophiosilurus alexandri
12. Microglanis ater
13. Microglanis carlae
14. Microglanis cibelae
15. Microglanis cottoides
16. Microglanis eurystoma
17. Microglanis garavelloi
18. Microglanis iheringi
19. Microglanis leptostriatus
20. Microglanis malabarbai
21. Microglanis nigripinnis
22. Microglanis parahybae
23. Microglanis pataxo
24. Microglanis pellopterygius
25. Microglanis poecilus Dwarf marbled catfish
26. Microglanis secundus
27. Microglanis variegatus
28. Microglanis zonatus
29. Pseudopimelodus bufonius
30. Pseudopimelodus charus
31. Pseudopimelodus mangurus
32. Pseudopimelodus pulcher
33. Pseudopimelodus schultzi
1076
Family Schilbeidae
(Schilbid catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa and southern Asia. Dorsal fin with short base and 1
spine, when present. Usually with adipose fin. Anal fin base very long,
separate from caudal fin; with 24-90 rays. Barbels usually 4 pairs.
Pelvic fin occasionally absent in species of some genera. Distinct
pairing. Oviparous, eggs are unguarded.

1. Ailia coila Gangetic ailia
2. Ailiichthys punctata Jamuna ailia
3. Clupisoma bastari
4. Clupisoma garua Garua Bachcha
5. Clupisoma longianalis
6. Clupisoma montana
7. Clupisoma naziri
8. Clupisoma nujiangense
9. Clupisoma prateri
10. Clupisoma roosae
11. Clupisoma sinense
12. Eutropiichthys britzi
13. Eutropiichthys burmannicus
14. Eutropiichthys goongwaree
15. Eutropiichthys murius
16. Eutropiichthys salweenensis
17. Eutropiichthys vacha
18. Irvineia orientalis
19. Irvineia voltae
20. Laides hexanema
21. Laides longibarbis
22. Neotropius acutirostris
23. Neotropius atherinoides Indian potasi
24. Neotropius khavalchor Khavalchor catfish
25. Neotropius mitchelli
26. Parailia congica
27. Parailia occidentalis
28. Parailia pellucida Glass schilbid
29. Parailia somalensis Somalia glass catfish
30. Parailia spiniserrata
31. Pareutropius buffei
32. Pareutropius debauwi African glass catfish
33. Pareutropius longifilis
34. Pareutropius mandevillei
1077
35. Platytropius siamensis
36. Proeutropiichthys taakree macropthalmos
37. Proeutropiichthys taakree taakree
38. Pseudeutropius brachypopterus
39. Pseudeutropius buchanani
40. Pseudeutropius moolenburghae
41. Schilbe angolensis
42. Schilbe banguelensis Golden barbel
43. Schilbe bocagii
44. Schilbe brevianalis
45. Schilbe congensis
46. Schilbe djeremi
47. Schilbe durinii
48. Schilbe grenfelli
49. Schilbe intermedius Silver catfish
50. Schilbe laticeps
51. Schilbe mandibularis
52. Schilbe marmoratus Shoulderspot catfish
53. Schilbe micropogon
54. Schilbe moebiusii
55. Schilbe multitaeniatus
56. Schilbe mystus African butter catfish
57. Schilbe nyongensis
58. Schilbe tumbanus
59. Schilbe uranoscopus
60. Schilbe yangambianus Yangambi butterbarbel
61. Schilbe zairensis
62. Silonia childreni
63. Silonia silondia Silond catfish
64. Siluranodon auritus
1078
Family Scoloplacidae
(Spiny dwarf catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : South America (Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil). Two bilateral series of
odontode-bearing plates; one midventral series of plates; numerous
curved odontodes on rostral plate as well as on many other parts of
the body. Dorsal fin with stout smouth spine and 3-5 soft rays; anal fin
with 5-6 soft rays. Maximum length about 2 cm. Formerly recognized
as subfamily of Loricariidae.

1. Scoloplax baskini
2. Scoloplax dicra
3. Scoloplax distolothrix
4. Scoloplax dolicholophia
5. Scoloplax empousa Pantanal dwarf catfish
1079
Family Siluridae
(Sheatfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Europe and Asia. Dorsal fin rays usually less than 7, when
present. No spine before dorsal fin. No adipose fin. Pelvic fins small or
absent. Anal fin base very long with 41-110 rays. Nasal barbel absent,
one or two pairs of barbels on lower jaw, and maxillary barbels usually
elongate. Maximum length of 5 m reached in Silurus glanis, with 330
kg. This European species may enter brackish waters.

1. Belodontichthys dinema
2. Belodontichthys truncatus
3. Ceratoglanis pachynema Club-barbel sheatfish
4. Ceratoglanis scleronema
5. Hemisilurus heterorhynchus
6. Hemisilurus mekongensis
7. Hemisilurus moolenburghi
8. Kryptopterus baramensis
9. Kryptopterus bicirrhis Glass catfish
10. Kryptopterus cheveyi
11. Kryptopterus cryptopterus
12. Kryptopterus dissitus Indochinese sheatfish
13. Kryptopterus geminus
14. Kryptopterus hesperius Maeklong sheatfish
15. Kryptopterus lais
16. Kryptopterus limpok Long-barbel sheatfish
17. Kryptopterus lumholtzi
18. Kryptopterus macrocephalus Striped glass catfish
19. Kryptopterus minor Ghost Catfish
20. Kryptopterus mononema
21. Kryptopterus palembangensis
22. Kryptopterus paraschilbeides
23. Kryptopterus piperatus
24. Kryptopterus sabanus
25. Kryptopterus schilbeides
26. Micronema hexapterus
27. Micronema moorei
28. Micronema platypogon
29. Ompok bimaculatus Butter catfish
30. Ompok binotatus
31. Ompok borneensis
32. Ompok brevirictus
1080
33. Ompok canio
34. Ompok eugeneiatus Malay glass catfish
35. Ompok fumidus
36. Ompok goae
37. Ompok hypophthalmus
38. Ompok javanensis
39. Ompok jaynei
40. Ompok leiacanthus
41. Ompok malabaricus Goan catfish
42. Ompok miostoma
43. Ompok pabda Pabdah catfish
44. Ompok pabo Pabo catfish
45. Ompok pinnatus Long-fin glass catfish
46. Ompok platyrhynchus
47. Ompok pluriradiatus
48. Ompok rhadinurus
49. Ompok sindensis
50. Ompok supernus
51. Ompok urbaini
52. Ompok weberi
53. Phalacronotus apogon
54. Phalacronotus bleekeri
55. Phalacronotus micronemus
56. Phalacronotus parvanalis
57. Pinniwallago kanpurensis
58. Pterocryptis afghana
59. Pterocryptis anomala
60. Pterocryptis barakensis
61. Pterocryptis berdmorei
62. Pterocryptis bokorensis
63. Pterocryptis buccata Cave sheatfish
64. Pterocryptis burmanensis
65. Pterocryptis cochinchinensis
66. Pterocryptis crenula
67. Pterocryptis cucphuongensis
68. Pterocryptis furnessi
69. Pterocryptis gangelica
70. Pterocryptis indicus
71. Pterocryptis inusitata
72. Pterocryptis taytayensis
73. Pterocryptis torrentis
74. Pterocryptis verecunda
75. Pterocryptis wynaadensis
76. Silurichthys citatus
77. Silurichthys gibbiceps
78. Silurichthys hasseltii
79. Silurichthys indragiriensis
80. Silurichthys marmoratus
81. Silurichthys phaiosoma
82. Silurichthys sanguineus
83. Silurichthys schneideri
84. Silurus aristotelis
85. Silurus asotus Amur catfish
86. Silurus biwaensis Eurasian catfish
87. Silurus chantrei
1081
88. Silurus duanensis
89. Silurus glanis Wels catfish
90. Silurus grahami
91. Silurus lanzhouensis
92. Silurus lithophilus
93. Silurus mento
94. Silurus meridionalis
95. Silurus microdorsalis
96. Silurus morehensis
97. Silurus palavanensis
98. Silurus soldatovi Soldatov's catfish
99. Silurus triostegus
100. Wallago attu Wallago
101. Wallago hexanema
102. Wallago leerii
103. Wallago maculatus
104. Wallago micropogon
1082
Family Sisoridae
(Sisorid catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: southern Asia, from Turkey and Syria to South China and
Borneo, primarely in Oriental region. Four pairs of barbels (except
Sisor). Adipose fin usually large; reduced to a small spine in Sisor.
Some with the adipose fin united to caudal fin. Dorsal fin with or
without spine; the base short. With or without an adhesive apparatus
in the thoracic region. Reaches 2 m maximum length in one species.
Mostly small forms inhabit mountain rapids.

1. Bagarius bagarius Goonch
2. Bagarius rutilus
3. Bagarius suchus Crocodile catfish
4. Bagarius yarrelli
5. Euchiloglanis davidi
6. Exostoma barakensis
7. Exostoma berdmorei
8. Exostoma labiatum Burmese bat catfish
9. Exostoma stuarti
10. Exostoma vinciguerrae
11. Gagata cenia
12. Gagata dolichonema
13. Gagata gagata
14. Gagata gasawyuh
15. Gagata itchkeea
16. Gagata melanopterus
17. Gagata pakistanica
18. Gagata sexualis
19. Gagata youssoufi
20. Glaridoglanis andersonii
21. Glyptosternon akhtari
22. Glyptosternon maculatum
23. Glyptosternon malaisei
24. Glyptosternon reticulatum Turkestan catfish
25. Glyptothorax alaknandi
26. Glyptothorax annandalei
27. Glyptothorax armeniacus Armenian mountain cat
28. Glyptothorax botius
29. Glyptothorax brevipinnis
30. Glyptothorax buchanani
31. Glyptothorax burmanicus
1083
32. Glyptothorax callopterus
33. Glyptothorax cavia
34. Glyptothorax chindwinica
35. Glyptothorax conirostris
36. Glyptothorax coracinus Western Pacific Tonguefish
37. Glyptothorax cous
38. Glyptothorax davissinghi
39. Glyptothorax deqinensis
40. Glyptothorax dorsalis
41. Glyptothorax exodon
42. Glyptothorax filicatus
43. Glyptothorax fokiensis
44. Glyptothorax fuscus
45. Glyptothorax garhwali
46. Glyptothorax gracilis
47. Glyptothorax granulus
48. Glyptothorax honghensis
49. Glyptothorax housei
50. Glyptothorax indicus
51. Glyptothorax interspinalus
52. Glyptothorax jalalensis
53. Glyptothorax kashmirensis
54. Glyptothorax ketambe
55. Glyptothorax kudremukhensis
56. Glyptothorax kurdistanicus
57. Glyptothorax lampris
58. Glyptothorax laosensis
59. Glyptothorax lonah
60. Glyptothorax longicauda
61. Glyptothorax longjiangensis
62. Glyptothorax macromaculatus
63. Glyptothorax madraspatanum
64. Glyptothorax major
65. Glyptothorax manipurensis
66. Glyptothorax minimaculatus
67. Glyptothorax minutus
68. Glyptothorax naziri
69. Glyptothorax nelsoni
70. Glyptothorax ngapang
71. Glyptothorax nieuwenhuisi
72. Glyptothorax obliquimaculatus
73. Glyptothorax obscurus
74. Glyptothorax pallozonus
75. Glyptothorax panda
76. Glyptothorax pectinopterus River cat
77. Glyptothorax platypogon
78. Glyptothorax platypogonides
79. Glyptothorax plectilis
80. Glyptothorax poonaensis
81. Glyptothorax prashadi
82. Glyptothorax punjabensis
83. Glyptothorax quadriocellatus
84. Glyptothorax rugimentum
85. Glyptothorax saisii
86. Glyptothorax schmidti
1084
87. Glyptothorax siamensis
88. Glyptothorax silviae
89. Glyptothorax sinensis
90. Glyptothorax steindachneri
91. Glyptothorax stocki
92. Glyptothorax stolickae
93. Glyptothorax strabonis
94. Glyptothorax striatus
95. Glyptothorax sufii
96. Glyptothorax sykesi
97. Glyptothorax telchitta
98. Glyptothorax tiong
99. Glyptothorax trewavasae
100. Glyptothorax trilineatus Three-lined catfish
101. Glyptothorax ventrolineatus
102. Glyptothorax zanaensis
103. Glyptothorax zhujiangensis
104. Gogangra laevis
105. Gogangra viridescens
106. Myersglanis blythii Stone cat
107. Myersglanis jayarami
108. Nangra assamensis
109. Nangra bucculenta
110. Nangra carcharhinoides
111. Nangra nangra
112. Nangra ornata
113. Nangra robusta
114. Oreoglanis colurus
115. Oreoglanis delacouri
116. Oreoglanis frenatus
117. Oreoglanis heteropogon
118. Oreoglanis hypsiurus
119. Oreoglanis immaculatus
120. Oreoglanis infulatus
121. Oreoglanis insignis
122. Oreoglanis jingdongensis
123. Oreoglanis laciniosus
124. Oreoglanis lepturus
125. Oreoglanis macronemus
126. Oreoglanis macropterus
127. Oreoglanis nakasathiani
128. Oreoglanis setiger
129. Oreoglanis siamensis Siamese bat catfish
130. Oreoglanis sudarai
131. Oreoglanis suraswadii
132. Oreoglanis tenuicauda
133. Oreoglanis vicinus
134. Parachiloglanis hodgarti Torrent catfish
135. Pareuchiloglanis abbreviatus
136. Pareuchiloglanis anteanalis
137. Pareuchiloglanis feae
138. Pareuchiloglanis gongshanensis
139. Pareuchiloglanis gracilicaudata
140. Pareuchiloglanis kamengensis
141. Pareuchiloglanis longicauda
1085
142. Pareuchiloglanis macropterus
143. Pareuchiloglanis macrotrema
144. Pareuchiloglanis myzostoma
145. Pareuchiloglanis nebulifer
146. Pareuchiloglanis poilanei
147. Pareuchiloglanis prolixdorsalis
148. Pareuchiloglanis rhabdurus
149. Pareuchiloglanis robustus
150. Pareuchiloglanis sichuanensis
151. Pareuchiloglanis sinensis
152. Pareuchiloglanis songdaensis
153. Pareuchiloglanis songmaensis
154. Pareuchiloglanis tianquanensis
155. Pseudecheneis brachyurus
156. Pseudecheneis crassicauda
157. Pseudecheneis eddsi
158. Pseudecheneis gracilis
159. Pseudecheneis immaculata
160. Pseudecheneis longipectoralis
161. Pseudecheneis maurus
162. Pseudecheneis paucipunctata
163. Pseudecheneis paviei
164. Pseudecheneis serracula
165. Pseudecheneis sirenica
166. Pseudecheneis stenura
167. Pseudecheneis sulcata Sucker throat catfish
168. Pseudecheneis sulcatoides
169. Pseudecheneis suppaetula
170. Pseudecheneis sympelvica
171. Pseudecheneis tchangi
172. Pseudecheneis ukhrulensis
173. Pseudexostoma brachysoma
174. Pseudexostoma longipterus
175. Pseudexostoma yunnanense
176. Sisor barakensis
177. Sisor chennuah
178. Sisor rabdophorus
179. Sisor rheophilus
180. Sisor torosus
1086
Family Trichomycteridae
(Pencil or Parasitic catfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama and South America. Naked and
elongate body. Usually 2 pairs of barbels on maxilla, lacking on chin.
Adipose fin absent. Opercle often with spines. Pelvic fins have been
lost in at least 3 lineages - Eremophilus, Miuroglanis, and
Glanapteryginae. A number of genera are parasitic, attacking gill tissue
of larger fishes. Vandellia is known to enter the urethra of humans,
causing serious harm. The family is prohibited from importation into
parts of the USA.

1. Acanthopoma annectens
2. Ammoglanis amapaensis
3. Ammoglanis diaphanus
4. Ammoglanis pulex
5. Apomatoceros alleni
6. Bullockia maldonadoi
7. Copionodon lianae
8. Copionodon orthiocarinatus
9. Copionodon pecten
10. Eremophilus mutisii
11. Glanapteryx anguilla
12. Glanapteryx niobium
13. Glaphyropoma rodriguesi
14. Glaphyropoma spinosum
15. Haemomaster venezuelae
16. Hatcheria macraei
17. Henonemus intermedius
18. Henonemus macrops
19. Henonemus punctatus
20. Henonemus taxistigmus
21. Henonemus triacanthopomus
22. Homodiaetus anisitsi
23. Homodiaetus banguela
24. Homodiaetus graciosa
25. Homodiaetus passarellii
26. Ituglanis amazonicus
27. Ituglanis bambui
28. Ituglanis cahyensis
29. Ituglanis eichorniarum
1087
30. Ituglanis epikarsticus
31. Ituglanis gracilior
32. Ituglanis guayaberensis
33. Ituglanis herberti
34. Ituglanis laticeps
35. Ituglanis macunaima
36. Ituglanis mambai
37. Ituglanis metae
38. Ituglanis nebulosus
39. Ituglanis paraguassuensis
40. Ituglanis parahybae
41. Ituglanis parkoi
42. Ituglanis passensis
43. Ituglanis proops
44. Ituglanis ramiroi
45. Listrura boticario
46. Listrura camposi
47. Listrura nematopteryx
48. Listrura picinguabae
49. Listrura tetraradiata
50. Malacoglanis gelatinosus
51. Megalocentor echthrus
52. Microcambeva barbata
53. Microcambeva ribeirae
54. Miuroglanis platycephalus
55. Ochmacanthus alternus
56. Ochmacanthus batrachostomus
57. Ochmacanthus flabelliferus
58. Ochmacanthus orinoco
59. Ochmacanthus reinhardtii
60. Paracanthopoma parva
61. Parastegophilus maculatus
62. Parastegophilus paulensis
63. Paravandellia oxyptera Pantanal parasitic catfish
64. Paravandellia phaneronema
65. Pareiodon microps
66. Plectrochilus diabolicus
67. Plectrochilus machadoi
68. Plectrochilus wieneri
69. Pseudostegophilus haemomyzon
70. Pseudostegophilus nemurus
71. Pygidianops cuao
72. Pygidianops eigenmanni
73. Pygidianops magoi
74. Rhizosomichthys totae
75. Sarcoglanis simplex
76. Schultzichthys bondi
77. Schultzichthys gracilis
78. Scleronema angustirostre
79. Scleronema minutum
80. Scleronema operculatum
81. Silvinichthys bortayro
82. Silvinichthys mendozensis
83. Stauroglanis gouldingi Ghost candiru
84. Stegophilus insidiosus
1088
85. Stegophilus panzeri
86. Stegophilus septentrionalis
87. Stenolicmus sarmientoi
88. Trichogenes longipinnis Long-finned cambeva
89. Trichomycterus aguarague
90. Trichomycterus albinotatus
91. Trichomycterus alternatus
92. Trichomycterus alterus
93. Trichomycterus areolatus
94. Trichomycterus arleoi
95. Trichomycterus auroguttatus
96. Trichomycterus bahianus
97. Trichomycterus banneaui
98. Trichomycterus barbouri
99. Trichomycterus belensis
100. Trichomycterus bogotensis
101. Trichomycterus bomboizanus
102. Trichomycterus borellii
103. Trichomycterus boylei
104. Trichomycterus brasiliensis
105. Trichomycterus brunoi
106. Trichomycterus cachiraensis
107. Trichomycterus caipora
108. Trichomycterus caliensis
109. Trichomycterus candidus
110. Trichomycterus castroi
111. Trichomycterus catamarcensis
112. Trichomycterus caudofasciatus
113. Trichomycterus celsae
114. Trichomycterus chaberti
115. Trichomycterus chapmani
116. Trichomycterus chiltoni
117. Trichomycterus chungaraensis
118. Trichomycterus claudiae
119. Trichomycterus concolor
120. Trichomycterus conradi
121. Trichomycterus corduvensis
122. Trichomycterus crassicaudatus
123. Trichomycterus cubataonis
124. Trichomycterus davisi
125. Trichomycterus diabolus
126. Trichomycterus dispar
127. Trichomycterus dorsostriatum
128. Trichomycterus duellmani
129. Trichomycterus emanueli
130. Trichomycterus fassli
131. Trichomycterus florense
132. Trichomycterus fuliginosus
133. Trichomycterus gabrieli
134. Trichomycterus giganteus
135. Trichomycterus goeldii
136. Trichomycterus gorgona
137. Trichomycterus guaraquessaba
138. Trichomycterus guianense
139. Trichomycterus hasemani
1089
140. Trichomycterus heterodontus
141. Trichomycterus hualco
142. Trichomycterus igobi
143. Trichomycterus iheringi
144. Trichomycterus immaculatus
145. Trichomycterus itacambirussu
146. Trichomycterus itacarambiensis
147. Trichomycterus itatiayae
148. Trichomycterus jacupiranga
149. Trichomycterus jequitinhonhae
150. Trichomycterus johnsoni
151. Trichomycterus knerii
152. Trichomycterus landinga
153. Trichomycterus latidens
154. Trichomycterus latistriatus
155. Trichomycterus laucaensis
156. Trichomycterus lewi
157. Trichomycterus longibarbatus
158. Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus
159. Trichomycterus maracaiboensis
160. Trichomycterus maracaya Margay pencil catfish
161. Trichomycterus mariamole
162. Trichomycterus mboycy
163. Trichomycterus megantoni
164. Trichomycterus meridae
165. Trichomycterus migrans
166. Trichomycterus mimonha
167. Trichomycterus mirissumba
168. Trichomycterus mondolfi
169. Trichomycterus motatanensis
170. Trichomycterus naipi
171. Trichomycterus nigricans
172. Trichomycterus nigroauratus
173. Trichomycterus nigromaculatus
174. Trichomycterus novalimensis
175. Trichomycterus pantherinus
176. Trichomycterus paolence
177. Trichomycterus papilliferus
178. Trichomycterus paquequerense
179. Trichomycterus pauciradiatus
180. Trichomycterus piurae
181. Trichomycterus plumbeus
182. Trichomycterus potschi
183. Trichomycterus pradensis
184. Trichomycterus pseudosilvinichthys
185. Trichomycterus punctatissimus
186. Trichomycterus punctulatus
187. Trichomycterus ramosus
188. Trichomycterus regani
189. Trichomycterus reinhardti
190. Trichomycterus retropinnis
191. Trichomycterus riojanus
192. Trichomycterus rivulatus
193. Trichomycterus roigi
194. Trichomycterus romeroi
1090
195. Trichomycterus rubiginosus
196. Trichomycterus sandovali
197. Trichomycterus santaeritae
198. Trichomycterus santanderensis
199. Trichomycterus septentrionale
200. Trichomycterus spegazzinii
201. Trichomycterus spelaeus
202. Trichomycterus spilosoma
203. Trichomycterus stawiarski
204. Trichomycterus stellatus
205. Trichomycterus straminius
206. Trichomycterus striatus
207. Trichomycterus taczanowskii
208. Trichomycterus taenia
209. Trichomycterus taeniops
210. Trichomycterus taroba
211. Trichomycterus tenuis
212. Trichomycterus therma
213. Trichomycterus tiraquae
214. Trichomycterus transandianus
215. Trichomycterus travassosi
216. Trichomycterus trefauti
217. Trichomycterus triguttatus
218. Trichomycterus tupinamba
219. Trichomycterus uisae Trepador
220. Trichomycterus unicolor
221. Trichomycterus variegatus
222. Trichomycterus venulosus
223. Trichomycterus vermiculatus
224. Trichomycterus vittatus
225. Trichomycterus weyrauchi
226. Trichomycterus yuska
227. Trichomycterus zonatus
228. Tridens melanops
229. Tridensimilis brevis
230. Tridensimilis venezuelae
231. Tridentopsis cahuali
232. Tridentopsis pearsoni
233. Tridentopsis tocantinsi
234. Typhlobelus guacamaya
235. Typhlobelus lundbergi
236. Typhlobelus macromycterus
237. Typhlobelus ternetzi
238. Vandellia balzanii
239. Vandellia beccarii
240. Vandellia cirrhosa Candiru
241. Vandellia sanguinea
1091
ORDO STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES
(Pricklefishes, Bigscales and Gibberfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Body usually roundish; palate toothless; skull bones, in general,

exceptionally thin; orbitosphenoid absent (except in Hispidoberyx;
subocular shelf absent; supramaxilla absent or reduced.
1092
Family Gibberichthyidae
(Gibberfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical western Atlantic, western Indian, and western

and southwestern Pacific Oceans. Pelvic fin insertion subabdominal. A
single spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 5 or 6. A series of 5-8 and 4 or 5
partly isolated short spines preceding soft dorsal and anal fins
respectively. Dorsal and anal soft rays 7-9. Scales cycloid. Lateral line
scales about 28-34. Flanks with vertical rows of papillae over the
vertical lateral line tubes. Swim bladder partially filled with fat.
Vertebrae 28-31. About 12 cm maximum length. Adults occur mainly
between 400 and 1000 m; prejuveniles above 50 m.

1. Gibberichthys latifrons
2. Gibberichthys pumilus Gibberfish
1093
Family Hispidoberycidae
(Spiny-scale pricklefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Northeastern Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Spinulose scales;
operculum with a long, stout spine; palatine and vomerine teeth
present. Dorsal fin with 4-5 spinesand 10 soft rays; anal fin with 3
spines and 9 soft rays. Lateral line scales 32-34; vertebrae 34. A new
monotypic family based on the deepsea fish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus
Kotylar, 1981, from the South China Sea (Yang et al., 1988).

1. Hispidoberyx ambagiosus
1094
Family Melamphaidae
(Bigscale fishes or ridgeheads)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: most oceans but not in the Arctic and Mediterranean.
Bathypelagic. Dorsal fin with 1-3 weak spines. Pelvic fin insertion
thoracic or subthoracic; with 1 spine, 6-8 soft rays. Caudal fin 3-4
procurrent spines. Cycloid scales often large and deciduous. Lateral
line absent, or limited to one or two pored scales. Vertebrae 24-31.

1. Melamphaes acanthomus Slender bigscale
2. Melamphaes danae Bigscale
3. Melamphaes ebelingi
4. Melamphaes eulepis
5. Melamphaes hubbsi
6. Melamphaes indicus
7. Melamphaes janae
8. Melamphaes laeviceps
9. Melamphaes leprus
10. Melamphaes longivelis Eyebrow bigscale
11. Melamphaes lugubris Highsnout melamphid
12. Melamphaes macrocephalus
13. Melamphaes microps
14. Melamphaes parini
15. Melamphaes parvus Little bigscale
16. Melamphaes polylepis
17. Melamphaes pumilus
18. Melamphaes simus Ridgehead
19. Melamphaes spinifer
20. Melamphaes suborbitalis Shoulderspine bigscale
21. Melamphaes typhlops
22. Poromitra agafonovae
23. Poromitra atlantica
24. Poromitra capito
25. Poromitra coronata
26. Poromitra crassa
27. Poromitra crassiceps Crested bigscale
28. Poromitra cristiceps
29. Poromitra curilensis
30. Poromitra decipiens
31. Poromitra frontosa
32. Poromitra gibbsi
33. Poromitra glochidiata
34. Poromitra indooceanica
1095
35. Poromitra jucunda
36. Poromitra kukuevi
37. Poromitra megalops
38. Poromitra nigriceps
39. Poromitra nigrofulva
40. Poromitra oscitans Yawning
41. Poromitra rugosa
42. Poromitra unicornis
43. Scopeloberyx bannikovi
44. Scopeloberyx malayanus
45. Scopeloberyx maxillaris
46. Scopeloberyx microlepis Southern bigscale
47. Scopeloberyx opisthopterus
48. Scopeloberyx pequenoi
49. Scopeloberyx robustus Longjaw bigscale
50. Scopeloberyx rossicus
51. Scopeloberyx rubriventer
52. Scopelogadus beanii Bean's bigscale
53. Scopelogadus mizolepis bispinosus Twospine bigscale
54. Scopelogadus mizolepis mizolepis Ragged bigscale
55. Scopelogadus unispinis
56. Sio nordenskjoldii Nordenskjold's bigscale
1096
Family Stephanoberycidae
(Pricklefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian (off South Africa) and Pacific. Tropical and
subtropical western parts. Spines weak, if present, confined to dorsal
and anal fins; each fin with about 10-14 soft rays. Pelvic fin insertion
abdominal or subabdominal; spine absent, 5 soft rays. 8-11 procurrent
spines preceding the principal caudal fin rays dorsally and ventrally.
Smooth or spiny scales. Faint lateral line. Vertebrae 30-33.

1. Abyssoberyx levisquamosus
2. Acanthochaenus luetkenii Pricklefish
3. Malacosarcus macrostoma
4. Stephanoberyx monae
1097
ORDO STOMIIFORMES
(Lightfishes and Dragonfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Luminescent organs (photophores) present; chin barbel present in

some; premaxilla and maxilla in gape of mouth - both have teeth;
mouth extending past eye in most; scales, if present, cycloid and
easily lost; pectoral, dorsal, or adipose fins absent in some; ventral
adipose fin present in some; pelvic fin rays 4-9; branchiostegal rays 5-
24. Color in most is dark brown or black; some are silvery (primarily
some Gonostomatoidei). Most tropical to temperate; many are deep-
sea.
1098
Family Gonostomatidae
(Bristlemouths)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Elongate body; never
extremely compressed. With or without adipose fins. Anal fin rays 16-
68. Branchiostegal rays 12-16; 4-6 on epihyal (= posterior ceratohyal).
Branchiostegal photophores 8-16. Photophores present on isthmus.
Cyclothone, with 12 species, occurs in virtually all seas including the
Antarctic and has, along with Vinciguerria, the greatest abundance of
individuals of any vertebrate genus in the world.

1. Bonapartia pedaliota Longray fangjaw
2. Cyclothone acclinidens Benttooth bristlemouth
3. Cyclothone alba Bristlemouth
4. Cyclothone atraria Deep-water bristlemouth
5. Cyclothone braueri Garrick
6. Cyclothone kobayashii Kobayashi's bristlemouth
7. Cyclothone livida
8. Cyclothone microdon Veiled anglemouth
9. Cyclothone obscura Hidden bristlemouth
10. Cyclothone pacifica Yellow bristlemouth
11. Cyclothone pallida Tan bristlemouth
12. Cyclothone parapallida Shadow bristlemouth
13. Cyclothone pseudopallida Slender bristlemouth
14. Cyclothone pygmaea
15. Cyclothone signata Showy bristlemouth
16. Diplophos australis
17. Diplophos orientalis
18. Diplophos pacificus
19. Diplophos rebainsi Rebains' portholefish
20. Diplophos taenia Pacific portholefish
21. Gonostoma atlanticum Atlantic fangjaw
22. Gonostoma denudatum
23. Gonostoma elongatum Elongated bristlemouth fish
24. Gonostoma longipinnis
25. Manducus greyae
26. Manducus maderensis
27. Margrethia obtusirostra Bighead portholefish
28. Margrethia valentinae
29. Sigmops bathyphilus Spark anglemouth
30. Sigmops ebelingi Ebeling's fangjaw
31. Sigmops gracilis Slender fangjaw
1099
32. Triplophos hemingi
1100
Family Phosichthyidae
(Lightfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. General body shape like
those of gonostomatids. Photopores with lumen and a duct. Well
developed gillrakers. Supramaxillaries usually two. Adipose fin present
in all but Yarella. Dorsal fin 10-16 rays. Anal fin rays 11-22.
Branchiostegal rays 11-22; 4-7 on epihyal. Lower jaw barbel absent.
Probably a paraphyletic. Spelled as Photichthyidae in Nelson 1994.

1. Ichthyococcus australis Southern lightfish
2. Ichthyococcus elongatus Slim lightfish
3. Ichthyococcus intermedius Intermediate lightfish
4. Ichthyococcus irregularis Bulldog lightfish
5. Ichthyococcus ovatus Lightfish
6. Ichthyococcus parini
7. Ichthyococcus polli
8. Phosichthys argenteus Silver lightfish
9. Pollichthys mauli Stareye lightfish
10. Polymetme andriashevi
11. Polymetme corythaeola Rendezvous fish
12. Polymetme elongata
13. Polymetme illustris Brilliant lightfish
14. Polymetme surugaensis Suruga lightfish
15. Polymetme thaeocoryla
16. Vinciguerria attenuata Slender lightfish
17. Vinciguerria lucetia Panama lightfish
18. Vinciguerria mabahiss
19. Vinciguerria nimbaria Oceanic lightfish
20. Vinciguerria poweriae Power's deep-water bristle-mouth fish
21. Woodsia meyerwaardeni Austral lightfish
22. Woodsia nonsuchae Bigeye lightfish
23. Yarrella argenteola
24. Yarrella blackfordi
1101
Family Sternoptychidae
(Marine hatchetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Branchiostegal rays

10, except Sternoptyx with 6; 3 on epihyal. Branchiostegal
photophores 3-7 (mode 6). Branchiostegal pseudobranch present.

1. Araiophos eastropas
2. Argyripnus atlanticus
3. Argyripnus brocki Brock's bristle-mouth fish
4. Argyripnus electronus
5. Argyripnus ephippiatus Gilbert & Cramer's bristle-mouth fish
6. Argyripnus iridescens Brilliant pearlside
7. Argyripnus pharos
8. Argyropelecus aculeatus Lovely hatchetfish
9. Argyropelecus affinis Pacific hatchet fish
10. Argyropelecus gigas Hatchetfish
11. Argyropelecus hemigymnus Half-naked hatchetfish
12. Argyropelecus lychnus Tropical hatchetfish
13. Argyropelecus olfersii
14. Argyropelecus sladeni Sladen's hatchet fish
15. Danaphos oculatus Bottlelights
16. Maurolicus amethystinopunctatus
17. Maurolicus australis Pennant pearlside
18. Maurolicus breviculus
19. Maurolicus imperatorius Emperor seamount lightfish
20. Maurolicus inventionis
21. Maurolicus japonicus North Pacific lightfish
22. Maurolicus javanicus Javan pearlside
23. Maurolicus kornilovorum
24. Maurolicus mucronatus
25. Maurolicus muelleri Silvery lightfish
26. Maurolicus parvipinnis
27. Maurolicus rudjakovi
28. Maurolicus stehmanni
29. Maurolicus walvisensis
30. Maurolicus weitzmani Atlantic pearlside
31. Polyipnus aquavitus Aquavit hatchetfish
32. Polyipnus asper
33. Polyipnus asteroides
34. Polyipnus bruuni
35. Polyipnus clarus Slope hatchetfish
36. Polyipnus danae
37. Polyipnus elongatus
1102
38. Polyipnus fraseri
39. Polyipnus indicus
40. Polyipnus inermis
41. Polyipnus kiwiensis Kiwi hatchetfish
42. Polyipnus laternatus
43. Polyipnus latirastrus Combside hatchetfish
44. Polyipnus limatulus
45. Polyipnus matsubarai
46. Polyipnus meteori
47. Polyipnus nuttingi Nutting's hatchet fish
48. Polyipnus oluolus
49. Polyipnus omphus
50. Polyipnus ovatus
51. Polyipnus parini
52. Polyipnus paxtoni Paxton's hatchetfish
53. Polyipnus polli
54. Polyipnus ruggeri Rugby hatchetfish
55. Polyipnus soelae Soela hatchetfish
56. Polyipnus spinifer
57. Polyipnus spinosus Spiny hatchetfish
58. Polyipnus stereope
59. Polyipnus surugaensis
60. Polyipnus tridentifer Three-spined hatchetfish
61. Polyipnus triphanos Threelight hatchetfish
62. Polyipnus unispinus
63. Sonoda megalophthalma
64. Sonoda paucilampa
65. Sternoptyx diaphana Diaphanous hatchet fish
66. Sternoptyx obscura
67. Sternoptyx pseudobscura Highlight hatchetfish
68. Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana False oblique hatchetfish
69. Thorophos euryops
70. Thorophos nexilis
71. Valenciennellus carlsbergi
72. Valenciennellus tripunctulatus Constellationfish
1103
Family Stomiidae
(Barbeled dragonfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. No true gill rakers in
adults; one infraorbital bone; one or no supramaxillaries;
mesopterygoid reduced in size or absent; photophores without ducts
or lumen; mental barbel in most, associated with hyoid apparatus;
pectoral fin rays absent in Tactostoma, Idiacanthus, and Photostomias;
most are darkish in color.

1. Aristostomias grimaldii
2. Aristostomias lunifer
3. Aristostomias polydactylus
4. Aristostomias scintillans Shiny loosejaw
5. Aristostomias tittmanni Loosejaw
6. Aristostomias xenostoma
7. Astronesthes atlanticus
8. Astronesthes bilobatus Twinlobe snaggletooth
9. Astronesthes boulengeri Boulenger's snaggletooth
10. Astronesthes caulophorus
11. Astronesthes chrysophekadion
12. Astronesthes cyaneus
13. Astronesthes cyclophotus
14. Astronesthes decoratus
15. Astronesthes dupliglandis
16. Astronesthes exsul Exile snaggletooth
17. Astronesthes fedorovi
18. Astronesthes formosana
19. Astronesthes galapagensis
20. Astronesthes gemmifer
21. Astronesthes gibbsi
22. Astronesthes gudrunae
23. Astronesthes haplophos
24. Astronesthes ijimai Ijima's snaggletooth
25. Astronesthes illuminatus
26. Astronesthes indicus Black snaggletooth
27. Astronesthes indopacificus Indo-Pacific snaggletooth
28. Astronesthes karsteni
29. Astronesthes kreffti Krefft's snaggletooth
30. Astronesthes lamellosus
31. Astronesthes lampara
32. Astronesthes leucopogon
1104
33. Astronesthes longiceps
34. Astronesthes lucibucca
35. Astronesthes lucifer Pacific astronesthid fish
36. Astronesthes luetkeni
37. Astronesthes lupina Little wolf
38. Astronesthes macropogon
39. Astronesthes martensii
40. Astronesthes micropogon
41. Astronesthes neopogon
42. Astronesthes niger
43. Astronesthes nigroides
44. Astronesthes oligoa
45. Astronesthes psychrolutes Temperate snaggletooth
46. Astronesthes quasiindicus
47. Astronesthes richardsoni Richardson's snaggletooth
48. Astronesthes similus
49. Astronesthes spatulifer
50. Astronesthes splendida Splendid snaggletooth
51. Astronesthes tanibe
52. Astronesthes tatyanae
53. Astronesthes tchuvasovi
54. Astronesthes trifibulatus Triplethread snaggletooth
55. Astronesthes zetgibbsi
56. Astronesthes zharovi
57. Bathophilus abarbatus Barbless dragonfish
58. Bathophilus altipinnis
59. Bathophilus ater Winged dragonfish
60. Bathophilus brevis
61. Bathophilus digitatus
62. Bathophilus filifer Sparing
63. Bathophilus flemingi Highfin dragonfish
64. Bathophilus indicus
65. Bathophilus irregularis
66. Bathophilus kingi
67. Bathophilus longipinnis
68. Bathophilus nigerrimus Scaleless dragonfish
69. Bathophilus pawneei Pawnee dragonfish
70. Bathophilus proximus
71. Bathophilus schizochirus
72. Bathophilus vaillanti
73. Borostomias abyssorum
74. Borostomias antarcticus Snaggletooth
75. Borostomias elucens
76. Borostomias mononema Sickle snaggletooth
77. Borostomias pacificus
78. Borostomias panamensis Panama snaggletooth
79. Chauliodus barbatus
80. Chauliodus danae Dana viperfish
81. Chauliodus dentatus
82. Chauliodus macouni Pacific viperfish
83. Chauliodus minimus
84. Chauliodus pammelas
85. Chauliodus schmidti
86. Chauliodus sloani Sloane's viperfish
87. Chauliodus vasnetzovi
1105
88. Chirostomias pliopterus
89. Echiostoma barbatum Threadfin dragonfish
90. Eupogonesthes xenicus Exotic snaggletooth
91. Eustomias achirus Proud dragonfish
92. Eustomias acinosus
93. Eustomias aequatorialis
94. Eustomias albibulbus
95. Eustomias appositus
96. Eustomias arborifer
97. Eustomias australensis Australian dragonfish
98. Eustomias austratlanticus
99. Eustomias bertelseni
100. Eustomias bibulboides
101. Eustomias bibulbosus
102. Eustomias bifilis Twinthread dragonfish
103. Eustomias bigelowi
104. Eustomias bimargaritatus
105. Eustomias bimargaritoides
106. Eustomias binghami
107. Eustomias bituberatus
108. Eustomias bituberoides
109. Eustomias borealis
110. Eustomias braueri
111. Eustomias brevibarbatus
112. Eustomias bulbiramis
113. Eustomias bulbornatus Grapevine dragonfish
114. Eustomias cancriensis
115. Eustomias cirritus
116. Eustomias contiguus
117. Eustomias crossotus
118. Eustomias crucis
119. Eustomias cryptobulbus Hiddenbulb dragonfish
120. Eustomias curtatus
121. Eustomias curtifilis
122. Eustomias danae
123. Eustomias decoratus
124. Eustomias dendriticus
125. Eustomias deofamiliaris
126. Eustomias digitatus
127. Eustomias dinema
128. Eustomias dispar
129. Eustomias dubius
130. Eustomias elongatus
131. Eustomias enbarbatus Barbate dragonfish
132. Eustomias filifer
133. Eustomias fissibarbis
134. Eustomias flagellifer
135. Eustomias furcifer
136. Eustomias gibbsi
137. Eustomias grandibulbus
138. Eustomias hulleyi
139. Eustomias hypopsilus
140. Eustomias ignotus
141. Eustomias inconstans
142. Eustomias insularum
1106
143. Eustomias intermedius
144. Eustomias interruptus
145. Eustomias ioani
146. Eustomias jimcraddocki
147. Eustomias kreffti
148. Eustomias lanceolatus
149. Eustomias leptobolus
150. Eustomias lipochirus
151. Eustomias longibarba
152. Eustomias longiramis
153. Eustomias macronema Bigbarb dragonfish
154. Eustomias macrophthalmus
155. Eustomias macrurus Yellowstem dragonfish
156. Eustomias magnificus
157. Eustomias medusa
158. Eustomias melanonema
159. Eustomias melanostigma
160. Eustomias melanostigmoides
161. Eustomias mesostenus
162. Eustomias metamelas
163. Eustomias micraster
164. Eustomias micropterygius
165. Eustomias minimus
166. Eustomias monoclonoides
167. Eustomias monoclonus
168. Eustomias monodactylus
169. Eustomias multifilis Multi-thread dragonfish
170. Eustomias obscurus
171. Eustomias orientalis
172. Eustomias pacificus
173. Eustomias parini Parin's dragonfish
174. Eustomias parri
175. Eustomias patulus
176. Eustomias paucifilis
177. Eustomias paxtoni
178. Eustomias perplexus
179. Eustomias pinnatus
180. Eustomias polyaster
181. Eustomias posti
182. Eustomias precarius
183. Eustomias problematicus
184. Eustomias pyrifer
185. Eustomias quadrifilis
186. Eustomias radicifilis
187. Eustomias satterleei Twinray dragonfish
188. Eustomias schiffi
189. Eustomias schmidti Schmidt's dragonfish
190. Eustomias silvescens
191. Eustomias similis
192. Eustomias simplex
193. Eustomias spherulifer
194. Eustomias suluensis
195. Eustomias tenisoni
196. Eustomias tetranema
197. Eustomias teuthidopsis
1107
198. Eustomias tomentosis
199. Eustomias trewavasae Deepsea dragonfish
200. Eustomias triramis
201. Eustomias uniramis
202. Eustomias variabilis
203. Eustomias vitiazi Vitiaz dragonfish
204. Eustomias vulgaris Common dragonfish
205. Eustomias woollardi
206. Eustomias xenobolus
207. Flagellostomias boureei Longbarb dragonfish
208. Grammatostomias circularis
209. Grammatostomias dentatus
210. Grammatostomias flagellibarba
211. Heterophotus ophistoma Wingfin snaggletooth
212. Idiacanthus antrostomus Pacific blackdragon
213. Idiacanthus atlanticus Black dragonfish
214. Idiacanthus fasciola Ribbon sawtail fish
215. Leptostomias analis
216. Leptostomias bermudensis
217. Leptostomias bilobatus
218. Leptostomias gladiator
219. Leptostomias gracilis
220. Leptostomias haplocaulus
221. Leptostomias leptobolus
222. Leptostomias longibarba
223. Leptostomias macronema Long-threaded dragon fish
224. Leptostomias macropogon
225. Leptostomias multifilis
226. Leptostomias robustus
227. Malacosteus australis Southern stoplight loosejaw
228. Malacosteus niger Stoplight loosejaw
229. Melanostomias bartonbeani Scaleless black dragonfish
230. Melanostomias biseriatus
231. Melanostomias globulifer Brightchin dragonfish
232. Melanostomias macrophotus
233. Melanostomias margaritifer
234. Melanostomias melanopogon
235. Melanostomias melanops
236. Melanostomias niger Fangtooth dragonfish
237. Melanostomias nigroaxialis
238. Melanostomias paucilaternatus Spothead dragonfish
239. Melanostomias pauciradius Three-ray dragonfish
240. Melanostomias pollicifer
241. Melanostomias stewarti
242. Melanostomias tentaculatus Tentacle dragonfish
243. Melanostomias valdiviae Valdivia black dragon fish
244. Melanostomias vierecki
245. Neonesthes capensis Cape snaggletooth
246. Neonesthes microcephalus Smallhead snaggletooth
247. Odontostomias masticopogon
248. Odontostomias micropogon
249. Opostomias micripnus Obese dragonfish
250. Opostomias mitsuii Pitgum lanternfish
251. Pachystomias microdon Smalltooth dragonfish
252. Photonectes achirus
1108
253. Photonectes albipennis Whitepen dragonfish
254. Photonectes braueri Brauer's dragonfish
255. Photonectes caerulescens Bulbless dragonfish
256. Photonectes dinema
257. Photonectes gracilis Graceful dragonfish
258. Photonectes leucospilus
259. Photonectes margarita
260. Photonectes mirabilis Blueband dragonfish
261. Photonectes munificus
262. Photonectes parvimanus Fleshyfin dragonfish
263. Photonectes phyllopogon
264. Photostomias atrox
265. Photostomias goodyeari
266. Photostomias guernei
267. Photostomias liemi
268. Photostomias lucingens
269. Photostomias tantillux
270. Rhadinesthes decimus Slender snaggletooth
271. Stomias affinis Günther's boafish
272. Stomias atriventer Black-belly dragonfish
273. Stomias boa boa Boa dragonfish
274. Stomias boa colubrinus
275. Stomias boa ferox
276. Stomias brevibarbatus
277. Stomias danae
278. Stomias gracilis
279. Stomias lampropeltis
280. Stomias longibarbatus Longbarb scaly dragonfish
281. Stomias nebulosus Alcock's boafish
282. Tactostoma macropus Longfin dragonfish
283. Thysanactis dentex Broomfin dragonfish
284. Trigonolampa miriceps Threelight dragonfish
1109
ORDO SYNBRANCHIFORMES
(Spiny eels)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Body elongate; pelvic fins absent; gill openings confined to lower half
of body; ectopterygoid enlarged; mesopterygoid reduced or absent;
premaxillary nonprotrusible and without ascending process. All species
except three occur in freshwater.
1110
Family Chaudhuriidae
(Spineless eels)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: northeastern India, through Thailand to Korea (including

parts of Malaysia and Borneo). No dorsal or anal fin spines. Rostral
appendage lacking. Body scaleless. About 8 cm maximum length.

1. Bihunichthys monopteroides
2. Chaudhuria caudata Burmese spineless eel
3. Chaudhuria fusipinnis
4. Chendol keelini
5. Chendol lubricus
6. Garo khajuriai Garo spineless eel
7. Nagaichthys filipes
8. Pillaia indica Hillstream spineless eel
9. Pillaia kachinica
1111
Family Mastacembelidae
(Spiny eels)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Primarily tropical; subtropical. Distribution: Africa, through Syria to

Malay Archipelago and China. Usually 9-42 isolated spines preceeding
dorsal fin of 52-131 soft rays. Usually 2 or 3 spines in anal fin; soft
rays 30-130. Rostral appendage fleshy. Scales small. Basisphenoid
lacking. About 66-110 vertebrae. To 0.9 m maximum length. Habitat
varied. Some species burrow occasionally. Regarded excellent food fish
in some places.

1. Macrognathus aculeatus Lesser spiny eel
2. Macrognathus aral One-stripe spinyeel
3. Macrognathus caudiocellatus
4. Macrognathus circumcinctus
5. Macrognathus dorsiocellatus
6. Macrognathus guentheri Malabar spinyeel
7. Macrognathus keithi
8. Macrognathus lineatomaculatus
9. Macrognathus maculatus Frecklefin eel
10. Macrognathus malabaricus
11. Macrognathus meklongensis
12. Macrognathus morehensis
13. Macrognathus obscurus
14. Macrognathus pancalus Barred spiny eel
15. Macrognathus pavo
16. Macrognathus semiocellatus
17. Macrognathus siamensis Peacock eel
18. Macrognathus taeniagaster
19. Macrognathus tapirus
20. Macrognathus zebrinus Zebra spiny eel
21. Mastacembelus alboguttatus
22. Mastacembelus albomaculatus
23. Mastacembelus ansorgii
24. Mastacembelus armatus Zig-zag eel
25. Mastacembelus aviceps
26. Mastacembelus batesii
27. Mastacembelus brachyrhinus
28. Mastacembelus brevicauda
29. Mastacembelus brichardi Blind spiny eel
30. Mastacembelus catchpolei
31. Mastacembelus congicus
1112
32. Mastacembelus crassus
33. Mastacembelus cryptacanthus
34. Mastacembelus cunningtoni
35. Mastacembelus dayi
36. Mastacembelus decorsei
37. Mastacembelus ellipsifer
38. Mastacembelus erythrotaenia Fire eel
39. Mastacembelus favus Tire track eel
40. Mastacembelus flavidus
41. Mastacembelus frenatus Longtail spiny eel
42. Mastacembelus goro
43. Mastacembelus greshoffi
44. Mastacembelus kakrimensis
45. Mastacembelus latens
46. Mastacembelus liberiensis
47. Mastacembelus loennbergii
48. Mastacembelus marchei
49. Mastacembelus marmoratus
50. Mastacembelus mastacembelus
51. Mastacembelus micropectus
52. Mastacembelus moeruensis
53. Mastacembelus moorii
54. Mastacembelus niger
55. Mastacembelus nigromarginatus
56. Mastacembelus notophthalmus
57. Mastacembelus oatesii
58. Mastacembelus ophidium
59. Mastacembelus pantherinus
60. Mastacembelus paucispinis
61. Mastacembelus plagiostomus
62. Mastacembelus platysoma
63. Mastacembelus polli
64. Mastacembelus praensis
65. Mastacembelus robertsi
66. Mastacembelus sanagali
67. Mastacembelus sclateri
68. Mastacembelus seiteri
69. Mastacembelus sexdecimspinus
70. Mastacembelus shiloangoensis
71. Mastacembelus shiranus Malawi spinyeel
72. Mastacembelus signatus
73. Mastacembelus stappersii
74. Mastacembelus taiaensis
75. Mastacembelus tanganicae
76. Mastacembelus tinwini
77. Mastacembelus traversi
78. Mastacembelus trispinosus
79. Mastacembelus ubangensis
80. Mastacembelus unicolor
81. Mastacembelus vanderwaali Ocellated spiny eel
82. Mastacembelus zebratus
83. Sinobdella sinensis
1113
Family Synbranchidae
(Swamp-eels)
Brackish √
Marine X
Remark : Freshwater; occasionally in brackish water; tropical and subtropical.

Distribution: Asia, Indo-Australian Archipelago, West Africa (Liberia),
Mexico, Central and South America. Eellike fishes. No pectoral and
pelvic fins; rudimentary dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin small or
rudimentary, or lacking altogether. Small eyes. Gill membranes fused;
gill opening a small slit or pore. Four to six branchiostegal rays. No
swim bladder. No ribs. With 98-188 vertebrae (abdominal: 51-135).
Mostly air breathers. Many are burrowers, some cave dwellers. To over
70 cm maximum length in Ophisternon aenigmaticum.

1. Macrotrema caligans
2. Monopterus albus Asian swamp eel
3. Monopterus boueti Liberian swamp eel
4. Monopterus cuchia Cuchia
5. Monopterus desilvai
6. Monopterus digressus
7. Monopterus eapeni
8. Monopterus fossorius Malabar swampeel
9. Monopterus hodgarti Indian spaghetti-eel
10. Monopterus indicus Bombay swampeel
11. Monopterus roseni
12. Ophisternon aenigmaticum Obscure swamp eel
13. Ophisternon afrum Guinea swamp eel
14. Ophisternon bengalense Bengal eel
15. Ophisternon candidum Blind cave eel
16. Ophisternon gutturale Australian swamp eel
17. Ophisternon infernale Blind swamp eel
18. Synbranchus lampreia
19. Synbranchus madeirae
20. Synbranchus marmoratus Marbled swamp eel
1114
ORDO SYNGNATHIFORMES
(Pipefishes and Seahorses)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Body elongate and encased in a series of bony rings; mouth small, at
end of tube-shaped snout (except in the "finless" pipefish
Bulbonaricus, whose adults lack even a short tubiform snout); pelvic
fins, when present, abdominal; upper jaw not protractile; lachrymal
usually present, other circumorbital bones usually absent; ribs absent;
anterior 3-6 vertebrae elongate; aglomerular kidney in at least some.
1115
Family Aulostomidae
(Trumpetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. Compressed and

elongate body; scaly. Lower jaw with fleshy barbel at the tip. A series
of 8-12 isolated dorsal spines preceeding a soft dorsal fin having 23-28
rays. Anal fin with 25-28 fin rays. Anus and pelvics far apart. Rounded
caudal fin. Well developed lateral line. Abdominal vertebrae with 2
equal lateral extensions. Body musculature supported by bony struts
that appear interwoven. Total vertebrae 59-64: abdominal 24-26 and
caudal 35-38. Usually occuring on reefs alongside larger herbivorous
fish or in a head-down vertical orientation, as ambush hunter of small
fishes and crustaceans. Recorded maximum length 80 cm.

1. Aulostomus chinensis Chinese trumpetfish
2. Aulostomus maculatus Trumpetfish
3. Aulostomus strigosus Atlantic cornetfish
1116
Family Centriscidae
(Snipefishes and Shrimpfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Body extremely compressed, razorlike body

with a sharp entral edge. Thin bony plates which are expansions of the
vertebral column almost entirely cover the body. First dorsal spine long
and sharp, located at the extreme end of the body; 2 shorter spines
follow it. Dorsal and caudal soft fins are displaced ventrally. Lateral
line absent. No teeth. Swims in vertical position with the snout
downwards; feeds on small zooplankton. Maximum length up to 15
cm.

1. Aeoliscus punctulatus Speckled shrimpfish
2. Aeoliscus strigatus Razorfish
3. Centriscops humerosus Banded yellowfish
4. Centriscus cristatus Smooth razorfish
5. Centriscus scutatus Grooved razor-fish
6. Macroramphosus gracilis Slender snipefish
7. Macroramphosus scolopax Longspine snipefish
8. Notopogon armatus
9. Notopogon endeavouri
10. Notopogon fernandezianus Orange bellowfish
11. Notopogon lilliei Crested bellowfish
12. Notopogon macrosolen Longsnout bellowfish
13. Notopogon xenosoma Longspine bellowfish
1117
Family Fistulariidae
(Cornetfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine; tropical and subtropical. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and

Pacific Oceans. Body extremely elongate and slightly depressed. Snout
prolonged and tubular, without barbles. Scaleless or with tiny prickles
and rows of scutes. Dorsal or anal spines absent. Dorsal soft rays 13-
20. Anal soft rays 13-20. Forked caudal fin. Caudal filament formed by
2 center rays. Anus close to pelvic fins. Well developed lateral line;
anterior portion arched to almost mid-dorsal and extending onto
caudal filament. Abdominal vertebrae with two lateral extensions,
becoming reduced posteriorly. Vertebrae 76-87. Maximum length
recorded 1.8 m. Feed on small fishes and crustaceans in open water or
among coral reefs.

1. Fistularia commersonii Bluespotted cornetfish
2. Fistularia corneta Pacific cornetfish
3. Fistularia petimba Red cornetfish
4. Fistularia tabacaria Cornetfish
1118
Family Solenostomidae
(Ghost pipefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Tropical. Short and compressed body

with large stellate bony plates. First dorsal fin with 5 long weak spines;
the second dorsal mounted on a base having 17-22 soft rays.
Relatively large pelvic fins opposite first dorsal fin, with 1 spine and 6
soft rays. Gill openings moderately large. Lacking circumorbital bones.
Vertebrae 32-34. Females with the pelvics forming a brood pouch for
incubating eggs. Feed on tiny benthic invertebrates and zooplankton.
Maximum length to 16 cm.

1. Solenostomus armatus Armored pipefish
2. Solenostomus cyanopterus Ghost pipefish
3. Solenostomus halimeda Halimeda ghostpipefish
4. Solenostomus leptosoma Delicate ghostpipefish
5. Solenostomus paradoxus Harlequin ghost pipefish
1119
Family Syngnathidae
(Pipefishes and Seahorses)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Mostly marine. Some in brackish and fresh water. Distribution:

Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans (mostly in warm temperate to
tropical). A series of bony rings encloses elongate body. Dorsal fin
single; soft rays usually 15-60. Very small anal fin. Anal rays usually 2-
6. Pectoral fin rays usually 10-23. Adults of some species may lack
dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins. Pelvic fins lacking. Some without caudal
fin. Caudal peduncle may be prehensile. Very small gill openings.
Branchiostegal rays 1-3. Basisphenoid and supracleithrum lacking.
Kidney unpaired (right side) and lacking glomerulus. About 60 cm
maximum length. Some very colorful. Usually limited to shallow water.
Feed on minute invertebrates sucked into a tubular snout. Males have
a brood pouch in which the eggs are laid and where they are fertilized
and incubated. A revision of the seahorses is underway.

1. Acentronura australe Southern little pipehorse
2. Acentronura dendritica Pipehorse
3. Acentronura gracilissima Bastard seahorse
4. Acentronura tentaculata Shortpouch pygmy pipehorse
5. Anarchopterus criniger Fringed pipefish
6. Anarchopterus tectus Insular pipefish
7. Apterygocampus epinnulatus
8. Bhanotia fasciolata
9. Bhanotia nuda Naked pipefish
10. Bhanotia pauciradiata Few-rayed pipefish
11. Bryx analicarens Pink pipefish
12. Bryx dunckeri Pugnose pipefish
13. Bryx heraldi
14. Bryx randalli
15. Bryx veleronis
16. Bulbonaricus brauni Pugheaded pipefish
17. Bulbonaricus brucei
18. Bulbonaricus davaoensis Davao pughead pipefish
19. Campichthys galei Gale's pipefish
20. Campichthys nanus
21. Campichthys tricarinatus Three-keel pipefish
22. Campichthys tryoni Tryon's pipefish
1120
23. Choeroichthys brachysoma Short-bodied pipefish
24. Choeroichthys cinctus Barred shortbody pipefish
25. Choeroichthys latispinosus Muiron pipefish
26. Choeroichthys sculptus Sculptured pipefish
27. Choeroichthys smithi
28. Choeroichthys suillus Pig-snouted pipefish
29. Corythoichthys amplexus Brown-banded pipefish
30. Corythoichthys benedetto
31. Corythoichthys flavofasciatus Network pipefish
32. Corythoichthys haematopterus Messmate pipefish
33. Corythoichthys insularis
34. Corythoichthys intestinalis Scribbled pipefish
35. Corythoichthys nigripectus Black-breasted pipefish
36. Corythoichthys ocellatus Ocellated pipefish
37. Corythoichthys paxtoni Paxton's pipefish
38. Corythoichthys polynotatus Many-spotted pipefish
39. Corythoichthys schultzi Schultz's pipefish
40. Cosmocampus albirostris Whitenose pipefish
41. Cosmocampus arctus arctus Snubnose pipefish
42. Cosmocampus arctus coccineus
43. Cosmocampus balli Ball's pipe fish
44. Cosmocampus banneri Roughridge pipefish
45. Cosmocampus brachycephalus Crested pipefish
46. Cosmocampus darrosanus D'Arros pipefish
47. Cosmocampus elucens Shortfin pipefish
48. Cosmocampus hildebrandi Dwarf pipefish
49. Cosmocampus howensis Lord Howe pipefish
50. Cosmocampus investigatoris
51. Cosmocampus maxweberi Maxweber's pipefish
52. Cosmocampus profundus Deepwater pipefish
53. Cosmocampus retropinnis
54. Doryichthys boaja
55. Doryichthys contiguus
56. Doryichthys deokhatoides
57. Doryichthys heterosoma
58. Doryichthys martensii
59. Doryrhamphus aurolineatus
60. Doryrhamphus baldwini Redstripe pipefish
61. Doryrhamphus bicarinatus Narrowstripe pipefish
62. Doryrhamphus chapmani Glowtail pipefish
63. Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus Ringed pipefish
64. Doryrhamphus excisus abbreviatus
65. Doryrhamphus excisus excisus Bluestripe pipefish
66. Doryrhamphus excisus paulus
67. Doryrhamphus janssi Janss' pipefish
68. Doryrhamphus japonicus
69. Doryrhamphus multiannulatus Many-banded pipefish
70. Doryrhamphus negrosensis malus Masthead Island pipefish
71. Doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis Negros pipefish
72. Doryrhamphus pessuliferus Yellowbanded pipefish
73. Dunckerocampus boylei Broad-banded Pipefish
74. Dunckerocampus naia
75. Enneacampus ansorgii
76. Enneacampus kaupi
77. Entelurus aequoreus Snake pipefish
1121
78. Festucalex cinctus Girdled pipefish
79. Festucalex erythraeus
80. Festucalex gibbsi Gibbs' pipefish
81. Festucalex kulbickii Kulbicki’s pipefish
82. Festucalex prolixus
83. Festucalex scalaris Ladder pipefish
84. Festucalex wassi Wass’ pipefish
85. Filicampus tigris Tiger pipefish
86. Halicampus boothae Booth;s pipefish
87. Halicampus brocki Brock's pipefish
88. Halicampus dunckeri Duncker's pipefish
89. Halicampus edmondsoni Edmondson's pipefish
90. Halicampus grayi Gray's pipefish
91. Halicampus macrorhynchus Ornate pipefish
92. Halicampus marquesensis
93. Halicampus mataafae Samoan pipefish
94. Halicampus nitidus Glittering pipefish
95. Halicampus punctatus Starry pipefish
96. Halicampus spinirostris Spinysnout pipefish
97. Halicampus zavorensis Zavora pipefish
98. Haliichthys taeniophorus Ribboned pipefish
99. Heraldia nocturna Upside-down pipefish
100. Hippichthys cyanospilos Blue-spotted pipefish
101. Hippichthys heptagonus Belly pipefish
102. Hippichthys parvicarinatus Short-keel pipefish
103. Hippichthys penicillus Beady pipefish
104. Hippichthys spicifer Bellybarred pipefish
105. Hippocampus abdominalis Big-belly seahorse
106. Hippocampus alatus Winged seahorse
107. Hippocampus algiricus West African seahorse
108. Hippocampus angustus Narrow-bellied seahorse
109. Hippocampus barbouri Barbour's seahorse
110. Hippocampus bargibanti Pygmy seahorse
111. Hippocampus biocellatus False-eyed seahorse
112. Hippocampus borboniensis Réunion seahorse
113. Hippocampus breviceps Short-head seahorse
114. Hippocampus camelopardalis Giraffe seahorse
115. Hippocampus capensis Knysna seahorse
116. Hippocampus colemani
117. Hippocampus comes Tiger tail seahorse
118. Hippocampus coronatus
119. Hippocampus curvicuspis New Caledonian thorny seahorse
120. Hippocampus debelius Softcoral seahorse
121. Hippocampus denise Denise's pygmy seahorse
122. Hippocampus erectus Lined seahorse
123. Hippocampus fisheri Fisher's seahorse
124. Hippocampus fuscus Sea pony
125. Hippocampus grandiceps Big-head seahorse
126. Hippocampus guttulatus Long-snouted seahorse
127. Hippocampus hendriki Eastern spiny seahorse
128. Hippocampus hippocampus Short snouted seahorse
129. Hippocampus histrix Thorny seahorse
130. Hippocampus ingens Pacific seahorse
131. Hippocampus jayakari Jayakar's seahorse
132. Hippocampus jugumus Collared seahorse
1122
133. Hippocampus kelloggi Great seahorse
134. Hippocampus kuda Spotted seahorse
135. Hippocampus lichtensteinii Lichtenstein's Seahorse
136. Hippocampus minotaur Bullneck seahorse
137. Hippocampus mohnikei Japanese seahorse
138. Hippocampus montebelloensis Monte Bello seahorse
139. Hippocampus multispinus Northern spiny seahorse
140. Hippocampus patagonicus
141. Hippocampus pontohi
142. Hippocampus procerus High-crown seahorse
143. Hippocampus pusillus Pygmy thorny seahorse
144. Hippocampus queenslandicus Queensland seahorse
145. Hippocampus reidi Longsnout seahorse
146. Hippocampus satomiae
147. Hippocampus semispinosus Half-spined seahorse
148. Hippocampus severnsi
149. Hippocampus sindonis Dhiho's seahorse
150. Hippocampus spinosissimus Hedgehog seahorse
151. Hippocampus subelongatus West Australian seahorse
152. Hippocampus trimaculatus Longnose seahorse
153. Hippocampus tyro
154. Hippocampus waleananus Walea pygmy seahorse
155. Hippocampus whitei White's seahorse
156. Hippocampus zebra Zebra seahorse
157. Hippocampus zosterae Dwarf seahorse
158. Histiogamphelus briggsii Briggs' pipefish
159. Histiogamphelus cristatus Macleay's crested pipefish
160. Hypselognathus horridus Prickly pipefish
161. Hypselognathus rostratus Knife-snouted pipefish
162. Ichthyocampus bikiniensis
163. Ichthyocampus carce
164. Idiotropiscis larsonae Helen's pygmy pipehorse
165. Idiotropiscis lumnitzeri Sydney's pygmy pipehorse
166. Kaupus costatus Deepbody pipefish
167. Kimblaeus bassensis Trawl pipefish
168. Kyonemichthys rumengani
169. Leptoichthys fistularius Brush-tailed pipefish
170. Leptonotus blainvilleanus Deep-bodied pipefish
171. Leptonotus elevatus Pipefish
172. Leptonotus norae Longsnout pipefish
173. Lissocampus bannwarthi
174. Lissocampus caudalis Smooth pipefish
175. Lissocampus fatiloquus Prophet's pipefish
176. Lissocampus filum Shortsnout pipefish
177. Lissocampus runa Javelin pipefish
178. Maroubra perserrata Sawtooth pipefish
179. Maroubra yasudai Orange pipefish
180. Micrognathus andersonii Shortnose pipefish
181. Micrognathus brevicorpus
182. Micrognathus brevirostris brevirostris Thorntail pipefish
183. Micrognathus brevirostris pygmaeus Thorntailed pipefish
184. Micrognathus crinitus Banded pipefish
185. Micrognathus erugatus
186. Micrognathus micronotopterus Tidepool pipefish
187. Micrognathus natans Offshore pipefish
1123
188. Microphis argulus Flat-nosed pipepfish
189. Microphis brachyurus aculeatus
190. Microphis brachyurus brachyurus Short-tailed pipefish
191. Microphis brachyurus lineatus Opossum pipefish
192. Microphis brachyurus millepunctatus Shorttail pipefish
193. Microphis brevidorsalis Stream pipefish
194. Microphis caudocarinatus Slender pipefish
195. Microphis cruentus Dumbéa river pipefish
196. Microphis cuncalus Crocodile-tooth pipefish
197. Microphis deocata Deocata pipefish
198. Microphis dunckeri
199. Microphis fluviatilis Freshwater pipefish
200. Microphis insularis Andaman pipefish
201. Microphis jagorii
202. Microphis leiaspis Barhead pipefish
203. Microphis manadensis Menado pipefish
204. Microphis mento
205. Microphis ocellatus
206. Microphis pleurostictus
207. Microphis retzii Ragged-tail pipefish
208. Microphis spinachioides Spinach pipefish
209. Minyichthys brachyrhinus
210. Minyichthys inusitatus
211. Minyichthys myersi Myer's pipefish
212. Minyichthys sentus
213. Mitotichthys meraculus Western crested pipefish
214. Mitotichthys mollisoni Mollison's pipefish
215. Mitotichthys semistriatus Half-banded pipefish
216. Mitotichthys tuckeri Tucker's pipefish
217. Nannocampus elegans Elegant pipefish
218. Nannocampus lindemanensis Painted pipefish
219. Nannocampus pictus Reef pipefish
220. Nannocampus subosseus Bony-headed pipefish
221. Nannocampus weberi
222. Nerophis lumbriciformis Worm pipefish
223. Nerophis maculatus
224. Nerophis ophidion Straightnose pipefish
225. Notiocampus ruber Red pipefish
226. Penetopteryx nanus Lost pipefish
227. Penetopteryx taeniocephalus
228. Phoxocampus belcheri Rock pipefish
229. Phoxocampus diacanthus Spined pipefish
230. Phoxocampus tetrophthalmus
231. Phycodurus eques Leafy seadragon
232. Phyllopteryx taeniolatus Common seadragon
233. Pseudophallus elcapitanensis
234. Pseudophallus mindii
235. Pseudophallus starksii
236. Pugnaso curtirostris Pug-nosed pipefish
237. Siokunichthys bentuviai
238. Siokunichthys breviceps Softcoral pipefish
239. Siokunichthys herrei Herre’s pipefish
240. Siokunichthys nigrolineatus
241. Siokunichthys southwelli Southwell's pipefish
242. Siokunichthys striatus New Caledonian soft-coral pipefish
1124
243. Solegnathus dunckeri Dunker's pipehorse
244. Solegnathus hardwickii Hardwicke's pipefish
245. Solegnathus lettiensis Günther's pipehorse
246. Solegnathus robustus Robust pipehorse
247. Solegnathus spinosissimus Spiny pipehorse
248. Stigmatopora argus Spotted pipefish
249. Stigmatopora macropterygia Long-snouted pipefish
250. Stigmatopora narinosa Southern Gulf pipefish
251. Stigmatopora nigra Wide-bodied pipefish
252. Stipecampus cristatus Ring-backed pipefish
253. Syngnathoides biaculeatus Alligator pipefish
254. Syngnathus abaster Black-striped pipefish
255. Syngnathus acus Greater pipefish
256. Syngnathus affinis Texas pipefish
257. Syngnathus auliscus Barred pipefish
258. Syngnathus californiensis Kelp pipefish
259. Syngnathus caribbaeus Caribbean pipefish
260. Syngnathus carinatus
261. Syngnathus dawsoni
262. Syngnathus euchrous Chocolate pipefish
263. Syngnathus exilis Barcheek pipefish
264. Syngnathus floridae Dusky pipefish
265. Syngnathus folletti
266. Syngnathus fuscus Northern pipefish
267. Syngnathus insulae
268. Syngnathus leptorhynchus Bay pipefish
269. Syngnathus louisianae Chain pipefish
270. Syngnathus macrobrachium
271. Syngnathus macrophthalmus
272. Syngnathus makaxi
273. Syngnathus pelagicus Sargassum pipefish
274. Syngnathus phlegon
275. Syngnathus rostellatus Nilsson's pipefish
276. Syngnathus safina
277. Syngnathus schlegeli Seaweed pipefish
278. Syngnathus schmidti
279. Syngnathus scovelli Gulf pipefish
280. Syngnathus springeri Bull pipefish
281. Syngnathus taenionotus
282. Syngnathus tenuirostris Narrow-snouted pipefish
283. Syngnathus typhle Broadnosed pipefish
284. Syngnathus variegatus
285. Syngnathus watermeyeri River pipefish
286. Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus Double-ended pipefish
287. Trachyrhamphus longirostris Straightstick pipefish
288. Trachyrhamphus serratus
289. Urocampus carinirostris Hairy pipefish
290. Urocampus nanus Barbed pipefish
291. Vanacampus margaritifer Mother-of-pearl pipefish
292. Vanacampus phillipi Port Phillip pipefish
293. Vanacampus poecilolaemus
294. Vanacampus vercoi Verco's pipefish
1125
ORDO TETRAODONTIFORMES
(Puffers and Filefishes)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : No parietals, nasals, or infraorbitals, and usually no lower ribs;

posttemporal, if present, simple and fused with pterotic of skull;
hyomandibular and palatine firmly attached with premaxilla; scales
usually modified as spines, shields, or plates; lateral line present or
absent, sometimes multiple; swim bladder present except in molids;
16-30 vertebrae.
1126
Family Aracanidae
(Deepwater boxfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Family (Fraser-Brunner, 1941) resurrected from Ostraciidae:

Aracaninae (Tyler, 1980). Information to be completed.

1. Anoplocapros amygdaloides Western smooth boxfish
2. Anoplocapros inermis Eastern smooth boxfish
3. Anoplocapros lenticularis White-barred boxfish
4. Anoplocapros robustus Chubby basketfish
5. Aracana aurita Striped cowfish
6. Aracana ornata Ornate cowfish
7. Caprichthys gymnura Rigid boxfish
8. Capropygia unistriata Black-banded pigmy boxfish
9. Kentrocapros aculeatus
10. Kentrocapros eco
11. Kentrocapros flavofasciatus
12. Kentrocapros rosapinto Basketfish
13. Polyplacapros tyleri
1127
Family Balistidae
(Triggerfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Usually compressed

body. Pelvic fins fused to one spine. First dorsal spine with locking
mechanism. With 12 principal rays in caudal fin. 18 vertebrae. Upper
jaw non-protrusible. Upper jaw usually with four teeth in outer and
three in the inner series on each premaxillary. Capable of rotating
eyeballs independently. Triggerfish normally swim by undulating their
second dorsal and anal fins, but will use their tail for rapid bursts. Most
triggerfishes are solitary diurnal carnivores, feeding on a wide variety
of invertebrates including hard-shelled mollusks and echinoderms;
some also feed on algae or zooplankton. They lay demersal eggs in a
nest which is aggressively guarded by the female, less often by the
male. Popular and hardy in aquaria, but often aggressive.

1. Abalistes filamentosus
2. Abalistes stellaris Starry triggerfish
3. Abalistes stellatus
4. Balistapus undulatus Orange-lined triggerfish
5. Balistes capriscus Grey triggerfish
6. Balistes ellioti
7. Balistes polylepis Finescale triggerfish
8. Balistes punctatus Bluespotted triggerfish
9. Balistes rotundatus
10. Balistes vetula Queen triggerfish
11. Balistes willughbeii
12. Balistoides conspicillum Clown triggerfish
13. Balistoides viridescens Titan triggerfish
14. Canthidermis macrolepis Largescale triggerfish
15. Canthidermis maculata Ocean triggerfish
16. Canthidermis sufflamen
17. Melichthys indicus Indian triggerfish
18. Melichthys niger Black triggerfish
19. Melichthys vidua Pinktail triggerfish
20. Odonus niger Red-toothed triggerfish
21. Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Yellowmargin triggerfish
22. Pseudobalistes fuscus Yellow-spotted triggerfish
23. Pseudobalistes naufragium Stone triggerfish
24. Rhinecanthus abyssus
1128
25. Rhinecanthus aculeatus White-banded triggerfish
26. Rhinecanthus assasi Picasso triggerfish
27. Rhinecanthus cinereus
28. Rhinecanthus lunula Halfmoon picassofish
29. Rhinecanthus rectangulus Wedge-tail triggerfish
30. Rhinecanthus verrucosus Blackbelly triggerfish
31. Sufflamen albicaudatum Bluethroat triggerfish
32. Sufflamen bursa Boomerang triggerfish
33. Sufflamen chrysopterum Halfmoon triggerfish
34. Sufflamen fraenatum Masked triggerfish
35. Sufflamen verres Orangeside triggerfish
36. Xanthichthys auromarginatus Gilded triggerfish
37. Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Outrigger triggerfish
38. Xanthichthys lima
39. Xanthichthys lineopunctatus Striped triggerfish
40. Xanthichthys mento Redtail triggerfish
41. Xanthichthys ringens Sargassum triggerfish
42. Xenobalistes tumidipectoris
1129
Family Diodontidae
(Porcupinefishes or Burrfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Well-developed sharp

spines covering body. Body inflatable, and in some species the spines
erect only when the body is inflated. Jaws with 2 fused teeth
(parrotlike). Opposite premaxillaries and dentaries entirely united at
midline. Adults found inshore; the young pelagic. Feed primarily on
hard-shelled invertebrates crushed by the beak. Eggs are pelagic.

1. Allomycterus pilatus Deep-water burrfish
2. Allomycterus whiteleyi
3. Chilomycterus affinis Pacific burrfish
4. Chilomycterus antennatus Bridled burrfish
5. Chilomycterus antillarum Web burrfish
6. Chilomycterus atringa Spotted burrfish
7. Chilomycterus geometricus
8. Chilomycterus reticulatus Spotfin burrfish
9. Chilomycterus schoepfii Striped burrfish
10. Chilomycterus spinosus mauretanicus Guinean burrfish
11. Chilomycterus spinosus spinosus
12. Cyclichthys hardenbergi Hardenburg's burrfish
13. Cyclichthys orbicularis Birdbeak burrfish
14. Cyclichthys spilostylus Spotbase burrfish
15. Dicotylichthys punctulatus Three-barred porcupinefish
16. Diodon eydouxii Pelagic porcupinefish
17. Diodon holocanthus Longspined porcupinefish
18. Diodon hystrix Spot-fin porcupinefish
19. Diodon liturosus Black-blotched porcupinefish
20. Diodon nicthemerus Slender-spined porcupine fish
21. Lophodiodon calori Four-bar porcupinefish
22. Tragulichthys jaculiferus Longspine burrfish
1130
Family Molidae
(Molas or Ocean Sunfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: worldwide in tropical to temperate seas. Mouth tiny; teeth

united and beaklike. Jaws with 2 fused teeth. Each side of head with 2
tiny nostrils. Dorsal and anal fins lacking spines, but provides the
power for locomotion. Caudal peduncle absent. Caudal fin, when
present, a pseudocaudal fin being formed by posteriorly migrated
dorsal and anal fin rays. No lateral line. No swim bladder. Vertebrae
16-18. Pelvic fins absent. Skin leathery and thick. Gill openings small,
in front of pectoral fins. Gray above, silvery gray-brown on sides, paler
or dusky below. Two species grow to about 3 m in length, largest to
1,500 kg. Fecundity can register an estimated 300,000,000 eggs in
Mola mola. Young are spiny and differ markedly from adults. Slow-
swimming, epipelagic plankton feeders; some prey on jellyfishes but
also feed on algae, crustaceans and fishes.

1. Masturus lanceolatus Sharptail mola
2. Mola mola Ocean sunfish
3. Mola ramsayi Southern sunfish
4. Ranzania laevis Slender sunfish
1131
Family Monacanthidae
(Filefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Usually two dorsal spines; the
second is usually much smaller and it may be absent. Upper jaw
usually with three teeth in outer and two in the inner series on each
premaxillary, developed for nibbling; 19-31 vertebrae. Alutera scripta
reaches 1 m maximum length. Most species feed on a wide variety of
benthic invertebrates, but some specialize on corals or zooplankton.
Filefishes lay demersal eggs in a site prepared and guarded by the
male or both parents. Some of the subtropical species release eggs in
open water.

1. Acanthaluteres brownii Spiny-tailed leatherjacket
2. Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus Bridled leatherjacket
3. Acanthaluteres vittiger Toothbrush leatherjacket
4. Acreichthys hajam
5. Acreichthys radiatus Radial leatherjacket
6. Acreichthys tomentosus Bristle-tail file-fish
7. Aluterus heudelotii Dotterel filefish
8. Aluterus maculosus
9. Aluterus monoceros Unicorn leatherjacket filefish
10. Aluterus schoepfii Orange filefish
11. Aluterus scriptus Scribbled leatherjacket filefish
12. Amanses scopas Broom filefish
13. Anacanthus barbatus Bearded leatherjacket
14. Brachaluteres jacksonianus Pigmy leatherjacket
15. Brachaluteres taylori Taylor's inflator filefish
16. Brachaluteres ulvarum Japanese inflator filefish
17. Cantherhines dumerilii Whitespotted filefish
18. Cantherhines fronticinctus Spectacled filefish
19. Cantherhines longicaudus
20. Cantherhines macrocerus American whitespotted filefish
21. Cantherhines melanoides
22. Cantherhines multilineatus
23. Cantherhines pardalis Honeycomb filefish
24. Cantherhines pullus Orangespotted filefish
25. Cantherhines rapanui
26. Cantherhines sandwichiensis Sandwich isle file
27. Cantherhines tiki
28. Cantherhines verecundus Shy filefish
1132
29. Cantheschenia grandisquamis Large-scaled leatherjacket
30. Cantheschenia longipinnis
31. Chaetodermis penicilligerus Prickly leatherjacket
32. Colurodontis paxmani
33. Enigmacanthus filamentosus
34. Eubalichthys bucephalus Black reef leatherjacket
35. Eubalichthys caeruleoguttatus Blue-spotted leatherjacket
36. Eubalichthys cyanoura Bluetail leatherjacket
37. Eubalichthys gunnii Gunn's leatherjacket
38. Eubalichthys mosaicus Mosaic leatherjacket
39. Eubalichthys quadrispinis Four-spined leatherjacket
40. Lalmohania velutina
41. Meuschenia australis Southern leatherjacket
42. Meuschenia flavolineata Yellow-striped leatherjacket
43. Meuschenia freycineti Six-spined leatherjacket
44. Meuschenia galii Blue-lined leatherjacket
45. Meuschenia hippocrepis Horse-shoe leatherjacket
46. Meuschenia scaber Velvet leatherjacket
47. Meuschenia trachylepis
48. Meuschenia venusta Stars and stripes leatherjacket
49. Monacanthus chinensis Fan-bellied leatherjacket
50. Monacanthus ciliatus Fringed filefish
51. Monacanthus tuckeri Slender filefish
52. Nelusetta ayraud Chinaman-leatherjacket
53. Oxymonacanthus halli Red Sea longnose filefish
54. Oxymonacanthus longirostris Harlequin filefish
55. Paraluteres arqat
56. Paraluteres prionurus False puffer
57. Paramonacanthus arabicus Gulf filefish
58. Paramonacanthus choirocephalus Pig faced leather jacket
59. Paramonacanthus cryptodon
60. Paramonacanthus curtorhynchos
61. Paramonacanthus filicauda Threadfin leatherjacket
62. Paramonacanthus frenatus Wedgetail filefish
63. Paramonacanthus japonicus Hairfinned leatherjacket
64. Paramonacanthus lowei
65. Paramonacanthus matsuurai
66. Paramonacanthus nematophorus
67. Paramonacanthus nipponensis Japanese leatherjacket
68. Paramonacanthus oblongus Hair-finned filefish
69. Paramonacanthus otisensis Dusky leatherjacket
70. Paramonacanthus pusillus
71. Paramonacanthus sulcatus
72. Paramonacanthus tricuspis
73. Pervagor alternans Yelloweye filefish
74. Pervagor aspricaudus Orangetail filefish
75. Pervagor janthinosoma Blackbar filefish
76. Pervagor marginalis
77. Pervagor melanocephalus Redtail filefish
78. Pervagor nigrolineatus Blacklined filefish
79. Pervagor randalli
80. Pervagor spilosoma Fantail filefish
81. Pseudalutarius nasicornis Rhinoceros leatherjacket
82. Pseudomonacanthus elongatus Fourband leatherjacket
83. Pseudomonacanthus macrurus Strap-weed file-fish
1133
84. Pseudomonacanthus peroni Pot-bellied leatherjacket
85. Rudarius ercodes Whitespotted pygmy filefish
86. Rudarius excelsus Diamond leatherjacket
87. Rudarius minutus Minute leatherjacket
88. Scobinichthys granulatus Rough leatherjackets
89. Stephanolepis auratus Porky
90. Stephanolepis cirrhifer Threadsail filefish
91. Stephanolepis diaspros Reticulated leatherjacket
92. Stephanolepis hispidus Planehead filefish
93. Stephanolepis setifer Pygmy filefish
94. Thamnaconus analis
95. Thamnaconus arenaceus Sandy filefish
96. Thamnaconus degeni Degen's leatherjacket
97. Thamnaconus fajardoi Spotted filefish
98. Thamnaconus fijiensis
99. Thamnaconus hypargyreus Lesser-spotted leatherjacket
100. Thamnaconus melanoproctes Blackvent filefish
101. Thamnaconus modestoides Modest filefish
102. Thamnaconus modestus
103. Thamnaconus paschalis
104. Thamnaconus septentrionalis
105. Thamnaconus striatus Many-lined leatherjacket
106. Thamnaconus tessellatus
1134
Family Ostraciidae
(Boxfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Since Nelson (1994), the subfamily Aracaninae (6 genera, 13 species)

has been removed from the Ostraciidae and ressurected to family
level. The following information concerns the Ostraciidae s.l. and must
be updated. Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. A bony
carapace enclosing body. Pelvic skeleton absent. Spinous dorsal
lacking. Dorsal fin rays 9-13. Anal fin rays 9-13. Non-protrusible upper
jaw. Vertebrae usually 18. Some species of trunkfishes secrete
ostracitoxin, poisonous to other fishes and, to some extent, even to
trunkfishes. Feed on small sessile invertebrates and on algae. They are
territorial and haremic, spawning pelagic eggs at dusk. Not
recommended for aquaria. Other common names in use are cowfishes
and trunkfishes. About 60 cm maximum length.

1. Acanthostracion guineensis
2. Acanthostracion notacanthus Island cowfish
3. Acanthostracion polygonius Honeycomb cowfish
4. Acanthostracion quadricornis Scrawled cowfish
5. Lactophrys bicaudalis Spotted trunkfish
6. Lactophrys trigonus Buffalo trunkfish
7. Lactophrys triqueter Smooth trunkfish
8. Lactoria cornuta Longhorn cowfish
9. Lactoria diaphana Roundbelly cowfish
10. Lactoria fornasini Thornback cowfish
11. Lactoria paschae
12. Ostracion cubicus Yellow boxfish
13. Ostracion cyanurus Bluetail trunkfish
14. Ostracion immaculatus
15. Ostracion meleagris Whitespotted boxfish
16. Ostracion nasus Shortnose boxfish
17. Ostracion rhinorhynchos Horn-nosed boxfish
18. Ostracion solorensis Reticulate boxfish
19. Ostracion trachys Roughskin trunkfish
20. Ostracion whitleyi Whitley's box
21. Paracanthostracion lindsayi
22. Tetrosomus concatenatus Triangular boxfish
23. Tetrosomus gibbosus Humpback turretfish
24. Tetrosomus reipublicae Smallspine turretfish
1135
25. Tetrosomus stellifer
1136
Family Tetraodontidae
(Puffers)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : Chiefly marine. Many going into and inhabiting brackish and
freshwater. Distribution: tropical and subtropical areas of Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific. Naked or with short prickles in belly. Jaw teeth
fused but separated by a median suture in each jaw, giving rise to 4
fused teeth. Opposite dentaries and premaxillaries separate at midline.
Usually 7-18 dorsal soft rays. Anal soft rays usually 7-18. Ribs and
epipleurals lacking. Moderately forked to rounded caudal fin. Principal
caudal fin rays 10; procurrent rays lacking. Capable of greatly inflating
themselves with water. Attains 90 cm maximum length. Some puffers
contain tetraodotoxin, especially in the viscera; in the gonads of some
during spawning season. European Community legislation prohibits
trading with puffer fish products. Some species seem to comsume
about everything, whereas others have preferences for certain
invertebrates or algae. Demersal eggs are laid in a nest and
presumably defended.

1. Amblyrhynchotes honckenii Evileye blaasop
2. Amblyrhynchotes rufopunctatus
3. Arothron caeruleopunctatus Blue-spotted puffer
4. Arothron carduus
5. Arothron diadematus Masked puffer
6. Arothron firmamentum Starry toado
7. Arothron gillbanksii
8. Arothron hispidus White-spotted puffer
9. Arothron immaculatus Immaculate puffer
10. Arothron inconditus Bellystriped blaasop
11. Arothron leopardus Banded leopardblowfish
12. Arothron manilensis Narrow-lined puffer
13. Arothron mappa Map puffer
14. Arothron meleagris Guineafowl puffer
15. Arothron nigropunctatus Blackspotted puffer
16. Arothron reticularis Reticulated pufferfish
17. Arothron stellatus Stellate puffer
18. Auriglobus amabilis
19. Auriglobus modestus
1137
20. Auriglobus nefastus Greenbottle pufferfish
21. Auriglobus remotus
22. Canthigaster amboinensis Spider-eye puffer
23. Canthigaster axiologus
24. Canthigaster bennetti Bennett's sharpnose puffer
25. Canthigaster callisterna Clown toado
26. Canthigaster capistrata Macaronesian sharpnose-puffer
27. Canthigaster compressa Compressed toby
28. Canthigaster coronata Crowned puffer
29. Canthigaster cyanetron
30. Canthigaster cyanospilota
31. Canthigaster epilampra Lantern toby
32. Canthigaster figueiredoi Southern Atlantic sharpnose-puffer
33. Canthigaster flavoreticulata
34. Canthigaster inframacula
35. Canthigaster investigatoris
36. Canthigaster jactator Hawaiian whitespotted toby
37. Canthigaster jamestyleri Goldface toby
38. Canthigaster janthinoptera Honeycomb toby
39. Canthigaster leoparda Leopard sharpnose puffer
40. Canthigaster margaritata
41. Canthigaster marquesensis
42. Canthigaster natalensis Natal toby
43. Canthigaster ocellicincta Shy toby
44. Canthigaster papua Papuan toby
45. Canthigaster punctata
46. Canthigaster punctatissima Spotted sharpnosed puffer
47. Canthigaster pygmaea Pygmy toby
48. Canthigaster rapaensis
49. Canthigaster rivulata Brown-lined puffer
50. Canthigaster rostrata Caribbean sharpnose-puffer
51. Canthigaster sanctaehelenae St. Helena Sharpnose Pufferfish
52. Canthigaster smithae Bicolored toby
53. Canthigaster solandri Spotted sharpnose
54. Canthigaster supramacula West African sharpnose-puffer
55. Canthigaster tyleri Tyler's toby
56. Canthigaster valentini Valentin's sharpnose puffer
57. Carinotetraodon borneensis
58. Carinotetraodon imitator
59. Carinotetraodon irrubesco
60. Carinotetraodon lorteti Redeye puffer
61. Carinotetraodon salivator
62. Carinotetraodon travancoricus Malabar pufferfish
63. Chelonodon laticeps Bluespotted blaasop
64. Chelonodon patoca Milkspotted puffer
65. Chelonodon pleurospilus Blaasop beauty
66. Chonerhinos silus
67. Colomesus asellus Amazon puffer
68. Colomesus psittacus Banded puffer
69. Contusus brevicaudus
70. Contusus richei Prickly toadfish
71. Ephippion guttifer Prickly puffer
72. Feroxodon multistriatus Manystriped blowfish
73. Fugu orbimaculatus
74. Guentheridia formosa Spotted puffer
1138
75. Javichthys kailolae
76. Lagocephalus gloveri
77. Lagocephalus guentheri Diamondback puffer
78. Lagocephalus inermis Smooth blaasop
79. Lagocephalus laevigatus Smooth puffer
80. Lagocephalus lagocephalus lagocephalus Oceanic puffer
81. Lagocephalus lagocephalus oceanicus
82. Lagocephalus lunaris Lunartail puffer
83. Lagocephalus sceleratus Silver-cheeked toadfish
84. Lagocephalus spadiceus Half-smooth golden pufferfish
85. Lagocephalus suezensis
86. Lagocephalus wheeleri
87. Liosaccus aerobaticus
88. Marilyna darwinii
89. Marilyna meraukensis Merauke toadfish
90. Marilyna pleurosticta
91. Monotretus turgidus
92. Omegophora armilla Ringed toadfish
93. Omegophora cyanopunctata
94. Pelagocephalus marki Rippled blaasop
95. Polyspina piosae
96. Reicheltia halsteadi Halstead's toadfish
97. Sphoeroides andersonianus
98. Sphoeroides angusticeps Narrow-headed puffer
99. Sphoeroides annulatus Bullseye puffer
100. Sphoeroides cheesemanii
101. Sphoeroides dorsalis Marbled puffer
102. Sphoeroides georgemilleri
103. Sphoeroides greeleyi Green puffer
104. Sphoeroides kendalli Slick puffer
105. Sphoeroides lispus Naked puffer
106. Sphoeroides lobatus Longnose puffer
107. Sphoeroides maculatus Northern puffer
108. Sphoeroides marmoratus Guinean puffer
109. Sphoeroides nephelus Southern puffer
110. Sphoeroides nitidus
111. Sphoeroides pachygaster Blunthead puffer
112. Sphoeroides parvus Least puffer
113. Sphoeroides rosenblatti
114. Sphoeroides sechurae Peruvian puffer
115. Sphoeroides spengleri Bandtail puffer
116. Sphoeroides testudineus Checkered puffer
117. Sphoeroides trichocephalus Pygmy puffer
118. Sphoeroides tyleri Bearded puffer
119. Sphoeroides yergeri Speckled puffer
120. Takifugu alboplumbeus
121. Takifugu bimaculatus
122. Takifugu chinensis
123. Takifugu chrysops
124. Takifugu coronoidus
125. Takifugu exascurus
126. Takifugu flavidus
127. Takifugu niphobles
128. Takifugu oblongus Lattice blaasop
129. Takifugu obscurus
1139
130. Takifugu ocellatus
131. Takifugu pardalis
132. Takifugu plagiocellatus
133. Takifugu poecilonotus
134. Takifugu porphyreus
135. Takifugu pseudommus
136. Takifugu radiatus
137. Takifugu reticularis
138. Takifugu rubripes Japanese pufferfish
139. Takifugu snyderi
140. Takifugu stictonotus
141. Takifugu variomaculatus
142. Takifugu vermicularis Purple puffer
143. Takifugu xanthopterus
144. Tetractenos glaber Smooth toadfish
145. Tetractenos hamiltoni
146. Tetraodon abei
147. Tetraodon baileyi Hairy puffer
148. Tetraodon barbatus
149. Tetraodon biocellatus Eyespot pufferfish
150. Tetraodon cambodgiensis
151. Tetraodon cochinchinensis
152. Tetraodon cutcutia Ocellated pufferfish
153. Tetraodon duboisi
154. Tetraodon erythrotaenia Red-striped toadfish
155. Tetraodon fluviatilis Green pufferfish
156. Tetraodon implutus
157. Tetraodon kretamensis
158. Tetraodon leiurus
159. Tetraodon lineatus Globe fish
160. Tetraodon mbu Fresh water puffer fish
161. Tetraodon miurus
162. Tetraodon nigroviridis Spotted green pufferfish
163. Tetraodon palembangensis
164. Tetraodon pustulatus
165. Tetraodon sabahensis
166. Tetraodon schoutedeni
167. Tetraodon suvattii
168. Tetraodon waandersii
169. Torquigener altipinnis
170. Torquigener andersonae Anderson's toadfish
171. Torquigener balteus Slender blaasop
172. Torquigener brevipinnis
173. Torquigener flavimaculosus
174. Torquigener florealis
175. Torquigener gloerfelti
176. Torquigener hicksi Hick's toadfish
177. Torquigener hypselogeneion Orange-spotted toadfish
178. Torquigener pallimaculatus
179. Torquigener parcuspinus Yellow-eyed toadfish
180. Torquigener paxtoni
181. Torquigener perlevis Spineless toadfish
182. Torquigener pleurogramma Weeping toado
183. Torquigener randalli Randall's puffer
184. Torquigener squamicauda Brush-tail toadfish
1140
185. Torquigener tuberculiferus
186. Torquigener vicinus
187. Torquigener whitleyi Whitley's toadfish
188. Tylerius spinosissimus Spiny blaasop
189. Xenopterus naritus
1141
Family Triacanthidae
(Triplespines)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Benthic, in shallow waters. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Deeply forked

caudal fin. Rays in dorsal fin 20-26. Anal fin with 13-22 rays. About 28
cm maximum length.

1. Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer Long-spined tripodfish
2. Triacanthus biaculeatus Short-nosed tripodfish
3. Triacanthus nieuhofii Silver tripodfish
4. Tripodichthys angustifrons Black-flag tripodfish
5. Tripodichthys blochii Long-tail tripodfish
6. Tripodichthys oxycephalus Short-tail tripodfish
7. Trixiphichthys weberi Blacktip tripodfish
1142
Family Triacanthodidae
(Spikefishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. Tropical and

subtropical. Deepwater benthic. Rounded to truncate caudal fin. Rays
in dorsal fin 12-18. Anal fin with 11-16 rays.

1. Atrophacanthus japonicus
2. Bathyphylax bombifrons
3. Bathyphylax omen
4. Bathyphylax pruvosti
5. Halimochirurgus alcocki
6. Halimochirurgus centriscoides Longsnout spikefish
7. Hollardia goslinei Hawaiian spikefish
8. Hollardia hollardi Reticulate spikefish
9. Hollardia meadi Spotted spikefish
10. Johnsonina eriomma
11. Macrorhamphosodes platycheilus Trumpetsnout spikefish
12. Macrorhamphosodes uradoi Trumpetsnout
13. Mephisto fraserbrunneri
14. Parahollardia lineata Jambeau
15. Parahollardia schmidti
16. Paratriacanthodes abei
17. Paratriacanthodes herrei
18. Paratriacanthodes retrospinis Sawspine spikefish
19. Triacanthodes anomalus
20. Triacanthodes ethiops Shortsnout spikefish
21. Triacanthodes indicus
22. Triacanthodes intermedius
23. Tydemania navigatoris Fleshy-lipped spikefish
1143
Family Triodontidae
(Three-toothed puffer)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Jaws bearing 3 fused teeth. A median

suture in upper jaw. Pelvis present. Anal fin rays usually 11. Dorsal fin
rays usually 11. Some specimens reportedly with a spiny dorsal of 1 or
2 rays. Ribs and epipleurals present. Caudal fin deeply forked. Principal
caudal fin rays 12; procurrent rays numerous. About 48 cm maximum
length.

1. Triodon macropterus Threetooth puffer
1144
ORDO ZEIFORMES
(Dories)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Pelvic fin with or without a spine and 5-10 soft rays; caudal fin usually
with 11 branched rays (13 in grammicolepidids); dorsal fin spines 5-
10; anal fin spines 0-4; soft rays of dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins not
branched; body usually thin and deep; jaws usually greatly distensible;
no orbitosphenoid; simple posttemporal fused to skull; swim bladder
present; branchiostegal rays 5-8; vertebrae 21-46. Caproids have the
lowest number of vertebrae and grammicolepidids the highest. All
species are marine, most are deep sea.
1145
Family Cyttidae
(Lookdown dories)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine. Distributed from southeast Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific

(e.g., from South Africa to off Australia and New Zealand). No large
buckler scales present along bases of dorsal and anal fins or along
ventral midline; dorsal fin with 8-10 spines and 28-36 soft rays.

1. Cyttus australis Silver dory
2. Cyttus novaezealandiae New Zealand dory
3. Cyttus traversi King dory
1146
Family Grammicolepididae
(Grammicolepidids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: disjunct areas over Atlantic and Pacific. Dorsal fin 5-7
spines, 27-34 soft rays. Anal fin 2 spines, 27-35 soft rays. Dorsal and
anal fin bases flanked with a row of spines along each side. Pelvic fin 1
spine, 6 soft rays. Caudal fin branched rays 13; branched. Vertebrae
37-46. Scales elongated vertically, covering body and most of head.
Mouth ver small; maxilla ridged, bound to ascending process of
premaxilla, loosely connected to palatines. Jaws with 1 or 2 rows of
minute slender teeth, none on vomer or palatines. Gills 3.5, no slit
behind last hemibranch; branchiostegal rays 7, the membranes joined
to isthmus. In young individuals, first anal spine is greatly prolonged,
reaching to or well beyond caudal fin, and the second dorsal spine is
usually longer than the head; these prolonged fin rays become greatly
shortened in adults. Tinselfishes occur at depths of 100 - 800.

1. Grammicolepis brachiusculus Thorny tinselfish
2. Macrurocyttus acanthopodus Dwarf dory
3. Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi Spotted tinselfish
1147
Family Oreosomatidae
(Oreos)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Antarctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific (reported primarily

off South Africa and southern Australia). Very deep-bodied and
compressed. Mouth superior; protractile. Small cycloid or ctenoid
scales. Body of young bear conical scutes in some parts. A single spine
on pelvic fin; soft rays 5-7. Spines in dorsal fin 5-8; soft rays 29-35.
Anal fin spines 2-4; soft rays 28-33.

1. Allocyttus folletti Oxeye oreo
2. Allocyttus guineensis
3. Allocyttus niger Black oreo
4. Allocyttus verrucosus Warty dory
5. Neocyttus acanthorhynchus
6. Neocyttus helgae False boarfish
7. Neocyttus psilorhynchus Rough oreodory
8. Neocyttus rhomboidalis Spiky oreo
9. Oreosoma atlanticum Ox-eyed oreo
10. Pseudocyttus maculatus Smooth oreo dory
1148
Family Parazenidae
(Parazen)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Japan and Cuba. Compressed and elongate body.

Premaxillaries highly protrusible. Lateral lines 2; fused behind soft
dorsal fin. Spinous dorsal fin with 8 rays. Second dorsal fin with 26-30
soft rays. A single spine in anal fin; soft rays 31. Pectoral fin rays 15 or
16. Pelvic fin insertion thoracic. A single unbranched pelvic fin ray 1; 6
branched rays. Caudal fin with 11 principal rays. Slightly ctenoid
scales. Gills 3.5. Vertebrae 34.

1. Cyttopsis cypho Little dory
2. Cyttopsis rosea Rosy dory
3. Parazen pacificus Parazen
4. Stethopristes eos
1149
Family Zeidae
(Dories)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. Dorsal and anal fin rays bear
small spines or bucklers at the base. Abdomen with 8 or 9 spinous
plates. A large round black spot encircled by a yellow ring, centrally
located on the body in some species. Dorsal fins 2; D1 7-10 spines, D2
22-37 soft rays. Adults with long filaments trailing from the dorsal
spines. Anal fin 1-4 spines, 20-39 soft rays. Pelvic fin spineless, 6-10
soft rays. Scales small and rudimentary, if present. Opercular bones
without spines or serrae. Vertebrae 29-34. Capromimus and
Cyttomimus genera under Family Zeniontidae according to Heemstra,
pers. comm. Cyttusunder Family Cyttidae according to Bruce O'Toole,
pers. comm.

1. Zenopsis conchifer Silvery John dory
2. Zenopsis nebulosa Mirror dory
3. Zenopsis oblonga
4. Zenopsis stabilispinosa
5. Zeus capensis Cape dory
6. Zeus faber John dory
1150
Family Zenionidae
(Zeniontids)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: primarily off southern Africa and tropical western Pacific.
Pelvic fin with a single spine which is long, very much serrated and
strong, preceeding the soft rays. Lateral line single. Anal fin spines,
when present, 1 or 2; weak. Formerly known as Macrurocyttidae. Body
elongate, depth subequal to head length, about 2.5 in SL. Upper jaw
extremely protusible, its length subequal to eye diameter; jaws with
minute teeth. Vertebrae 25 - 27; branchiostegal rays 7 or 8. Occurs in
fairly deep waters, 300-600 meters. Family spelled as Zeniontidae by
authors. Greek, makros = great + Greek, kyttaros, kytos = a convex
cavity

1. Capromimus abbreviatus Capro dory
2. Cyttomimus affinis False dory
3. Cyttomimus stelgis
4. Zenion hololepis
5. Zenion japonicum Japanese dory
6. Zenion leptolepis Elongate dory
7. Zenion longipinnis
1151
CLASS SARCOPTERYGII
(Lobe-finned fish)
1152
ORDO CERATODONTIFORMES
(Australian lungfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Pectoral and pelvic fins flipperlike; scales large; air bladder (lung)
unpaired; larvae without external gills; adults do not estivate.
1153
Family Ceratodontidae
(Australian lungfish)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Queensland, Australia. The family is restricted to Australia

and once contained 7 species, but all except one are now extinct.
Fossil records from northern New South Wales reveal that the genus
Neoceratodus has remained virtually unchanged for over 100 million
years and is therefore one of the oldest among living vertebrate
genera. The surviving species is now confined to a small section of
southern Queensland. It differs from South American and African
lungfishes in the paddle-like shape of the pectoral and pelvic fins, in
having only a single instead of a double swim bladder, and in lacking
the ability to aestivate (survive with reduced metabolism in mucous
cover) during dry spells.

1. Neoceratodus forsteri Australian lungfish
1154
ORDO COELACANTHIFORMES
(Coelacanths)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Two dorsal fins, each with a single proximal skeletal element; first
dorsal fin sail-like, the membrane supported by bony spines or
segmented fin-rays; second dorsal fin, anal fin and the paired
(pectoral and pelvic) fins with a muscular basal lobe projecting from
the body and containing several cartilaginous or bony skeletal
elements. Notochord a well-developed, thick-walled tube filled with
fluid in adult (In most other fishes, the notochord is replaced in the
developing embryo by bony vertebral centra). Contrary to
"conventional wisdom" the name "coelacanth" (meaning "hollow
spine") is not derived from the hollow notochord which serves as a
spinal column for these fishes. The term was originally published as a
generic name for the fossil coelacanths because of the hollow,
elongated, posterior neural and haemal spines that articulate with the
caudal fin rays.
1155
Family Latimeriidae
(Gombessa)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar and Comoros

archipelago. Recently a second species has been discovered in
Indonesia. Body robust, covered with large, imbricate bony scales; the
exposed part of each scale armoured with hard tooth-like tubercles.
Second dorsal, anal and paired fins lobate, projecting from body on a
muscular peduncle containing a series of cartilaginous skeletal
elements; caudal fin broadly rounded, with a small, projecting
midlateral lobe with the rays articulating directly to the end of the
notochord; first dorsal fin folding like a fan, the membrane supported
by 8 spinulose bony rays; fin rays unbranched; caudal fin rays
spinulose. Skeleton mostly cartilaginous; vertebrae rudimentary, the
spinal cord supported by a large, hollow, thick-walled notochord (the
embryonic precursor of vertebral centra in most fishes and other
vertebrates) which is filled with fluid; neural and haemal spines
ossified (bony) and attached directly to notochord. Ribs absent.
Swimbladder well developed, extending the length of abdominal
cavity, and filled with fat. Ovoviviparous livebearers which produce 19-
59 eggs and about 5 young. Eggs can attain a diameter of 9 cm. In
the oviduct the young can reach about 33 cm total length. Adults with
maximum length of 1.8 m. Coelacanths live on steep steep rocky
shores, sheltering in caves during the day (often in groups) and
foraging singly over open substrates at night. Preferred depth 180-220
m, temperature 16-23 C°. They are long-lived, slow-growing,
epibenthic drift-predators of fish and squid. Their main enemies are
likely to be large sharks. An inventory of all known specimens lists
over 170 specimens that have been caught off the Comoros since
1952 (Bruton & Coutouvidis, 1991).

1. Latimeria chalumnae Coelacanth
2. Latimeria menadoensis
1156
ORDO LEPIDOSIRENIFORMES
(South American and African lungfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Pectoral and pelvic fins filamentous, without rays; scales small; air
bladder (lungs) paired; larvae with external gills; adults estivate in dry
season.
1157
Family Lepidosirenidae
(Aestivating lungfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Aestivating lungfishes are found in South America, Brazil and

Paraguay. In slow-moving fresh waters and swamps. Five gill arches
and 4 gill clefts. Very elongated body. String-like pectorals. With the
ability to survive dry spells by aestivation (a state of reduced
metabolism) burrowed in a mud hole and enveloped in a mucous
cocoon. One species, Lepidosiren paradoxa.

1. Lepidosiren paradoxa South American lungfish
1158
Family Protopteridae
(African lungfishes)
Brackish X
Marine X
Remark : Distribution: Africa. Six gill arches and five gill clefts; body moderately
elongate. With the ability to survive dry spells by aestivation (a state
of reduced metabolism) burrowed in a mud hole and enveloped in a
mucous cocoon. Maximum length about 180 cm. Often in show
aquariums.

1. Protopterus aethiopicus aethiopicus Marbled lungfish
2. Protopterus aethiopicus congicus
3. Protopterus aethiopicus mesmaekersi
4. Protopterus amphibius Gilled lungfish
5. Protopterus annectens annectens West African lungfish
6. Protopterus annectens brieni Southern lungfish
7. Protopterus dolloi Slender lungfish
1159
CLASS HOLOCEPHALI
(Chimaeras)
1160
ORDO CHIMAERIFORMES
(Chimaeras)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Dentition consisting of a few large permanent grinding tooth plates;

palatoquadrate fused to neurocranium. Two dorsal fins, the first
erectile, with short base, and preceded by an erectile spine, the
second nonerectile, low, and with a long base; mouth inferior. Internal
fertilization; eggs encased in a brown horny capsule. Water for
breathing is chiefly taken in through the nostrils. Maximum length
about 1.5 m.
1161
Family Callorhinchidae
(Plownose chimaeras)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Southern Hemisphere (e.g. off southern South America,

New Zealand, southern Australia, southern Africa). Elongate and
flexible snout bearing a hooklike structure. Heterocercal tail. A single
genus, Callorhinchus (wrongly spelled Callorhynchus by authors).

1. Callorhinchus callorynchus Plownose chimaera
2. Callorhinchus capensis Cape elephantfish
3. Callorhinchus milii Ghost shark
1162
Family Chimaeridae
(Shortnose chimaeras or Ratfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans in temperate to tropical waters,

mostly below 200 m. Short and rounded snout. First dorsal fin erectile,
with a strong spine; second dorsal fin long and low. Diphycercal tail,
i.e. vertebral colum runs straight to the tip, dividing the caudal fin
symmetrically. Anal fin confluent with caudal fin in Hydrolagus;
separate in Chimaera. Feed on small fishes and bottom invertebrates.
Males with head clasper. Oviparous; large tadpole-shaped egg
capsules are deposited on substrate. Dorsal spine with associated
poison gland, the venom of which hurts humans.

1. Chimaera argiloba Whitefin chimarea
2. Chimaera cubana Chimaera
3. Chimaera fulva Southern chimaera
4. Chimaera jordani
5. Chimaera lignaria Carpenter's chimaera
6. Chimaera macrospina Longspine chimaera
7. Chimaera monstrosa Rabbit fish
8. Chimaera obscura Shortspine chimaera
9. Chimaera owstoni
10. Chimaera panthera
11. Chimaera phantasma Silver chimaera
12. Hydrolagus affinis Smalleyed rabbitfish
13. Hydrolagus africanus African chimaera
14. Hydrolagus alberti
15. Hydrolagus alphus
16. Hydrolagus barbouri
17. Hydrolagus bemisi
18. Hydrolagus colliei Spotted ratfish
19. Hydrolagus deani Philippine chimaera
20. Hydrolagus eidolon
21. Hydrolagus homonycteris Black ghostshark
22. Hydrolagus lemures Blackfin ghostshark
23. Hydrolagus lusitanicus
24. Hydrolagus macrophthalmus
25. Hydrolagus marmoratus
26. Hydrolagus matallanasi Striped rabbitfish
27. Hydrolagus mccoskeri Galapagos Ghost Shark
28. Hydrolagus melanophasma Eastern Pacific Black Ghostshark
1163
29. Hydrolagus mirabilis Large-eyed rabbitfish
30. Hydrolagus mitsukurii Spookfish
31. Hydrolagus novaezealandiae Dark ghost shark
32. Hydrolagus ogilbyi
33. Hydrolagus pallidus
34. Hydrolagus purpurescens Purple chimaera
35. Hydrolagus trolli Pointy-nosed blue chimaera
36. Hydrolagus waitei
1164
Family Rhinochimaeridae
(Longnose chimaeras)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Found at scattered localities worldwide in temperate and tropical seas,

in 200 to more than 2,000 m depth. Long and pointed snout, lacking a
hooklike process. First dorsal fin erectile, with a strong, mildly toxic
spine; second dorsal fin long, low and not falcate. Diphycercal tail, i.e.,
the vertebral column is extending to the tip and divides the caudal fin
symmetrically; caudal fin may be confluent with or separate from anal
fin. Oviparous: egg-cases spindle-shaped, with broad filamentous
horizontal flanges.

1. Harriotta haeckeli Smallspine spookfish
2. Harriotta raleighana Pacific longnose chimaera
3. Neoharriotta carri
4. Neoharriotta pinnata Sicklefin chimaera
5. Neoharriotta pumila
6. Rhinochimaera africana
7. Rhinochimaera atlantica Straightnose rabbitfish
8. Rhinochimaera pacifica Pacific spookfish
1165
CLASS MYXINI
(Hagfishes)
1166
ORDO MYXINIFORMES
(Hagfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : One semicrircular canal; single olfactory capsule with few folds in
sensory epithelium, and olfactory nerves with separate bundles; no
bone; eye musculature absent; 1-16 pairs of external gill openings;
adenohypophysis with undifferentiated cellular elements, not divided
into distinct regions; body naked and eel-like; no paired fins; no trace
of lateral line system in adults, neuromasts absent.
1167
Family Myxinidae
(Hagfishes)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Marine, temperate zones of the world, all oceans except the Red Sea,
Arctic, and Southern oceans; only deep water in tropical areas. The
few available studies indicate that hagfishes do not migrate beyond
100 km (Bo Fernholm, pers. comm., 2004). Jaws absent, no bones.
Body naked, eel-like. 1-16 pairs of external gill openings. No paired
fins, no dorsal fin. Part of caudal fin extends onto dorsal and ventral
surfaces. Degenerate eyes. Laterally biting mouth bearing barbels.
Teeth only on tongue plus one on 'palate'. Mucous pores in 2
ventrolateral lines, each line with about 70-200 glands containing
mucous cells and thread cells. Ovaries and testes in same individual
but functionally non-hermaphroditic. Up to 30 large yolky eggs. No
larval phase and thus no metamorphosis. Important predators (often
scavengers) on invertebrates and others, e.g., netted fishes and
discard. One of the most abundant groups of demersal fishes in many
areas. Prey item for marine mammals and large predatory
invertebrates. Only vertebrates with body fluids iso-osmotic with
seawater. About 100 cm max length. Used as food in Japan and South
Korea. Their hides are processed into 'eel skin' in Korea. myx- (gr.) =
slime.

1. Eptatretus ancon
2. Eptatretus atami Brown hagfish
3. Eptatretus bischoffii
4. Eptatretus burgeri Inshore hagfish
5. Eptatretus caribbeaus
6. Eptatretus carlhubbsi Giant hagfish
7. Eptatretus cheni
8. Eptatretus chinensis
9. Eptatretus cirrhatus Broadgilled hagfish
10. Eptatretus deani Black hagfish
11. Eptatretus eos
12. Eptatretus fernholmi
13. Eptatretus fritzi Guadalupe hagfish
14. Eptatretus goliath Goliath hagfish
1168
15. Eptatretus grouseri
16. Eptatretus hexatrema Sixgill hagfish
17. Eptatretus indrambaryai
18. Eptatretus lakeside
19. Eptatretus laurahubbsae
20. Eptatretus longipinnis
21. Eptatretus lopheliae
22. Eptatretus mcconnaugheyi Shorthead hagfish
23. Eptatretus mccoskeri
24. Eptatretus mendozai
25. Eptatretus menezesi
26. Eptatretus minor
27. Eptatretus moki
28. Eptatretus multidens
29. Eptatretus nanii
30. Eptatretus nelsoni
31. Eptatretus octatrema Eightgill hagfish
32. Eptatretus okinoseanus
33. Eptatretus polytrema Fourteen-gill hagfish
34. Eptatretus profundus Fivegill hagfish
35. Eptatretus sheni
36. Eptatretus sinus Cortez hagfish
37. Eptatretus springeri Gulf hagfish
38. Eptatretus stoutii Pacific hagfish
39. Eptatretus strahani
40. Eptatretus strickrotti Strickrott's hagfish
41. Eptatretus taiwanae
42. Eptatretus walkeri
43. Eptatretus wayuu
44. Eptatretus wisneri
45. Eptatretus yangi
46. Myxine affinis Patagonian hagfish
47. Myxine australis
48. Myxine capensis Cape hagfish
49. Myxine circifrons Whiteface hagfish
50. Myxine debueni
51. Myxine dorsum
52. Myxine fernholmi
53. Myxine formosana
54. Myxine garmani
55. Myxine glutinosa Hagfish
56. Myxine hubbsi
57. Myxine hubbsoides
58. Myxine ios White-headed hagfish
59. Myxine jespersenae Jespersen's hagfish
60. Myxine knappi
61. Myxine kuoi
62. Myxine limosa
63. Myxine mccoskeri
64. Myxine mcmillanae
65. Myxine paucidens
66. Myxine pequenoi
67. Myxine robinsorum
68. Myxine sotoi
69. Nemamyxine elongata
1169
70. Nemamyxine kreffti
71. Neomyxine biniplicata
72. Notomyxine tridentiger
73. Paramyxine fernholmi
74. Paramyxine wisneri
1170
CLASS CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
(Lampreys)
1171
ORDO PETROMYZONTIFORMES
(Lampreys)
Brackish √
Marine √
Remark : No bone; seven pairs of external lateral gill openings; eyes lateral
(except in Mordacia; tail isocercal in adults, hypocercal in ammocoete
larvae; body naked, eel-like; no paired fins.
1172
Family Petromyzontidae
(Lampreys)
Brackish X
Marine √
Remark : Distribution: Mainly temperate zones of the world. Marine species

anadromous. Parasitic or non-parasitic, the latter restricted to
freshwater. Land-locked, lake populations or species are common in
the northern hemisphere, which also commonly appear as species
pairs, with one species parasitic, and the other non-parasitic. Jawless
vertebrates with cartilaginous skeleton and notochord. Eel-like in
shape; scales and paired fins absent; 1-2 dorsal fins; adults with well
developed eyes; pouch-like gills not supported by gill arches; corneous
teeth on the circular oral disk and the tongue; dorsal and ventral nerve
roots separated; nasohypophyseal sac has an external opening only;
intestinal tract with spiral valve and cilia; members of Petromyzontinae
have the highest number of chromosomes (164-174) among
vertebrates; larvae max 10 cm, adults max 120 cm. The larval stage is
filter feeding, whereas the adult uses the sucker shaped mouth to
attach to other fishes and feeds off the wound (feed on a variety of
bony fishes, right whale Eubalaena glacialis, sharks like Cetorhinus
maximus, Prionace glauca, Carcharhinus plumbeus, C. obscurus,
Somniosus microcephalus Ref. 58185). Sexes separate; eggs
numerous (thousands), small and not yolky, buried in spawning redds
excavated in clean, hard bottoms (litophilous broodhiders). Non-
parasitic species breed immediately after metamorphosis. Parents die
after spawning. The larval (ammocoetes) stage lives for several years
in freshwater before undergoing a radical metamorphosis and then as
a rule returns to the sea. Lampreys (together with hagfishes) are the
most primitive extant vertebrates. Definite fossil records date back to
the upper Carboniferous, about 280 million years ago (Ref. 12268).
Ammocoetes and adults are used as bait in some areas. A number of
species are used as food. The taxonomic level of the southern
hemisphere lampreys is still debated.
1173
1. Caspiomyzon hellenicus Greek brook lamprey
2. Caspiomyzon wagneri Caspian lamprey
3. Eudontomyzon danfordi Carpathian lamprey
4. Eudontomyzon graecus
5. Eudontomyzon lanceolata Turkish brook lamprey
6. Eudontomyzon mariae Ukrainian brook lamprey
7. Eudontomyzon stankokaramani Drin brook lamprey
8. Eudontomyzon vladykovi Danubian brook lamprey
9. Geotria australis Pouched lamprey
10. Ichthyomyzon bdellium Ohio lamprey
11. Ichthyomyzon castaneus Chestnut lamprey
12. Ichthyomyzon fossor Northern brook lamprey
13. Ichthyomyzon gagei Southern brook lamprey
14. Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Mountain brook lamprey
15. Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Silver lamprey
16. Lampetra aepyptera Least brook lamprey
17. Lampetra alaskensis Alaskan brook lamprey
18. Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey
19. Lampetra ayresii
20. Lampetra fluviatilis River lamprey
21. Lampetra folletti Modoc Brook lamprey
22. Lampetra geminis Mexican brook lamprey
23. Lampetra hubbsi Kern brook lamprey
24. Lampetra lamottenii Brook lamprey
25. Lampetra lethophaga Pit-Klamath brook lamprey
26. Lampetra macrostoma Vancouver lamprey
27. Lampetra minima Miller Lake lamprey
28. Lampetra morii Korean lamprey
29. Lampetra planeri European brook lamprey
30. Lampetra richardsoni Western brook lamprey
31. Lampetra similis Klamath river lamprey
32. Lampetra spadicea Mexican lamprey
33. Lampetra tridentata Pacific lamprey
34. Lampetra zanandreai Po brook lamprey
35. Lethenteron camtschaticum Arctic lamprey
36. Lethenteron kessleri Siberian brook lamprey
37. Lethenteron matsubarai
38. Lethenteron ninae
39. Lethenteron reissneri Far Eastern brook lamprey
40. Mordacia lapicida Chilean lamprey
41. Mordacia mordax Australian lamprey
42. Mordacia praecox Non-parasitic lamprey
43. Petromyzon marinus Sea lamprey
Sumber : www.fishbase.org (Diunduh 1 Mei 2010-15 Juni 2010)
1174

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JENIS-JENIS IKAN

Harun Al Rasyid Harahap, S.Pi

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Small (< 1.2 m) deepwater sharks (50-713 m) with a disjunct

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Big deep-water bottom-dwelling shark of the continental and insular

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: temperate and tropical seas. Usually elongated, catlike

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Marine, coastal; occasionally in brackish water. Distribution: global

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Small to moderate-sized sharks with horizontally oval eyes, nictitating

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Small to moderate-sized sharks with horizontally oval eyes, nictitating

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: scattered in eastern and western (French Guiana)

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, cool temperate to

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: scattered localities, coastal to oceanic, subtropical to

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Body depressed, head very broad and

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Temperate and tropical, continental waters of the western Pacific.

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: tropical waters. Often near the surface, sometimes in

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : A terminal filament of varying length arising from a small, bluntly

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indic and Pacific Oceans. Marine, rarely in

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: off South Africa. Snout translucent, depressed, produced

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Indo-Pacific: off Mozambique, Hawaiian Islands, and possibly southern

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Neotropical freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans mostly in tropical

No Spesies Nama Inggris

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Tropical to warm temperate in continanental shelves of

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean, in warm temperate to

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: Antarctic to Arctic, Northern and Southern Hemisperes,

No Spesies Nama Inggris

Remark : Distribution: wide-ranging, deepwater sharks in cold-temperate to