CODE

5th EDITION EPY

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The photographic reproductions in this Manual
are by permission of
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 THE NEW
MORSE CODE
MANUAL

A R R A N G E D BY

A. W. ELEY

PUBLISHED AT
24 G R A N B Y STREET
LEICESTER

(Fifth Edition)
 RADIO WARFARE

S IGNALLING is the means whereby the Command issues its

orders t o the three fighting Services. The tremendous role that
Radio plays is of paramount importance and shows it is impossibleto
carry on any major military campaign either in the Army, Navy o r
A i r Force, without its use.

The Forces must develop radio co-ordination and use radio as it never
h u been known o r used before. so much so, that every single unit o r
brigade has instant radio communication with the general staff. That
co-ordination, between all units of the fighting forces, may incidentally
save thousands of lives.

Infantry fully equipped, will find it unnecessary t o expose itself t o t h e

enemy's fire o r attack, till the word is given by radio t o advance, and
perhaps the most important thing is t o know exactly when t o advance.
Mechanised units operating with tanks can drive back the enemy, and
when the infantry is told by radio t o advance, the losses will be astonish-
ingly low when compared with all rules of former warfare. when the
attacking army had a greater percentage of losses.

General Headquarters today are more interested in radio tactics than

ever before, because field. sea and air forces must all w o r k together as a
single unit; the unit could be so exact that field forces could not advance
even for ten yards, without the General Headquarters being fully aware
of it. This is also true of radio-equipped motor cycle advance guards,
who can always be in constant touch with their superiors.

During the Great W a r (1914-1918) many thousands of men were taken

from the British Telegraph Service ; these men had the knowledge of
the Morse Code because during the period mentioned, the Post Office
had in operation the Morse Code Telegraph System. Since the last
war, this system has been entirely replaced by the telephone and the
teleprinter. In the latter system, a girl types the message at one end
and it is received in type at the other. It is due t o these t w o new
systems that Morse operating is dead i n the Post Office service, con-
sequently the personnel is no longer available i n great numbers during
this war and the problem of training men quickly t o fulfil a necessary
need for Wireless Operators, is one only recently tackled by the
Authorities.
A p a r t f r o m Flag and Lamp Signals. Wireless is the only pioposition w h e n
it comes t o w o r k i n g w i t h armoured divisions t o provide intercom-
munication w i t h Headquarters. Tank units n o w have signal sections
o f the Royal Corps o f Signals attached t o them.

A t the moment, the need f o r men having a knowledge o f t h e Morse

Code is greater than the supply. The Command o f the H o m e Guard
has suddenly decided that each Company must have a certain number
o f men w h o have knowledge c f the Morse Code f o r signalling purposes.
Because of t h e n o w urgent need f o r training, I give t o code students
t h e explanation o f this m y system which has already proved such a
success i n t h e training of men f o r the THREE F I G H T I N G SERVICES
at the training centre at Leicester.

The rapid success of the men trained was due t o the revolutionary
method o f instruction. They learned quickly, because f r o m t h e
commencement they actually received and sent so that interest never
flagged and progress was inevitable, as the teaching used advanced t h e m
and the acquiring o f t h e essential knowledge became a fascinating process.
The course is designed w i t h this end i n view.

A sound w o r k i n g knowledge o f the Morse Code is essential and is t h e

first i t e m of study f o r a would-be operator. This great accomplishment
can be attained at home o r w i t h an organized code class-the object
of this Manual is t o help t o fulfil this. The speed required f o r both
sending and receiving varies according t o t h c Service standards. b u t
the student should aim t o send and receive 20 words per minute i n
straight language (5 letters constituting a word), 16 groups of 5 letter
code per minute o r 12 groups o f 5 figure cipher per minute.

Speed can be obtained by carefully following the lessons laid d o w n i n

this Manual coupled w i t h M A I N T A I N I N G C O N T I N U E D INTEREST.
b u t of importance besides learning the actual code characters themselves
.
is practice . . . . . . . PRACTICE . . . .

A N D M O R E PRACTICE

A. W. ELEY.
 A Lt-,:*S'% I N SIGNALS.
The training of the technical personnel of the R.A.F. is one of the biggest
jobs of the war-and here is a batch of new recruits taking lessons in
MORSE at one of t h e R.A.F.'s largest Stations.
 The High Road To The R.A.F.

The Air Training Corps for BOYScame into official existence on Saturday.
February 1st. Never before has the youth of our Country had so
great an opportunity t o respond t o the call in a spirit of adventure
and with proper sense of responsibility in being enthusiastic to undergo
the preliminary training provided for youths who will go at a later date
into the R.A.F. O u r planes are increasing rapidly in numbers
each week and the youth who wants t o fly has a better chance than
ever of being accepted because of the instruction given and experience
gained, together with the backing of the A i r Training Corps (which is
officially recognised by the A i r Ministry). The first Squadron of the old
A i r Defence Cadet Corps was inaugurated three years ago in the library
at Sir Lindsay Everard's home. From that meeting England's first A i r
Defence Cadet Corps Squadron was formed at Leicester. This has now
become No. 1 Founder (City of Leicester) Squadron A i r Training Corps.
The enthusiasm in the cause isspreading rapidly all over the Country-in
fourteen days from February 1st 75,000 Cadets have enrolled-and ere
this appears in print no doubt the number will have totalled 200.000,
which clearly shows that given the opportunity our boys are not wanting
in the spirit of service. The R.A.F. need have n3 fear that they cannot
have the pickof young men from thisTraining Corps because the training
will bring out and prove for certain that the young men they require will
have the right sort of spirit and they in return, while being trained.
will have impressed on their minds the picture of a Spitfire o r
a Lancaster waiting for them. The lessons sct o u t in this book werc
in use at this Training Centre at the beginning of the war, and because
such good results were obtained, I wish t o bring before Morse Code
Instructors of the many A i r Training Corps which are being farmed
all over the Country, a revolutionary method of instruction in the
Morse Code.
A . W. ELEY,
E x R.N.V.R. Wireless Telegraphy
Combined Services Wireless
Telegraphy Training Centre
Leicester
 Method of Morse Signals Training
where a Student's time is limited.
SYLLABUS A N D TIME-TABLE
It should be the object of a Teacher t o give 9 Lessons, of one
hour each lesson, for 9 weeks, t o teach the Morse Code Alphabet and
Figures, also simple Procedure Signs t o enable a Student t o pass o u t
at 4 words per minute buzzer receiving. Examination is taken during
the 10th week.
The examination i n sending is taken in the second Period at 6 words
per minute.
LESSON 1.
"Sound Language" is taught ; a sound represents a letter, not vice
versa. Difference between the sound of a d o t and dash- Signalling
rules w i t h key illustrations. H o w t o w r i t e down various Code Groups,
Cypher and Mixed Groups, e.g. :

-CODE - - - BRAOX
Y i o P B
NOT
NOT
BRAOX
Y I O P F
CYPHER - - 79 628 NOT 79620
MIXEDGROUPS M l i o NOT M 1 1 0
J e o Z NOT JOOZ
All Code Groups w r i t t e n down by students are t o be called back
phonetically, as used in Radio Telephony.
PROCEDURE SIGNS. (1) Commencing Sign VT
(2) Code, Cypher-Commencing sign
used, followed by BT.
(3) E r r o r Sign 8 dots.
(4) Ending Sign AT
(5) Mixed Groups-Commencing Sign
used, followed by BY
Lesson 1 in Manual TMO.
First Part Lesson 2 EISH.
Code Groups t o be w r i t t e n in letters as per above illustrations.

LESSON 2.
Revision of Lesson 1 and first part Lesson 2 i n Manual. Lesson 3. Com-
bination of Lessons 1 and first part 2.
PROCEDURE SIGNS. (6) Full Stop o r Plain Language AX.
(7) Comma l l I .
D r u m Beat No. 1 .T - Short talk ; see notes Lessons 1 t o 3.
Simple t w o and three letter English words t o be written in longhand,
using a full stop o r a comma after every word given. Speed up t o 8 t o
10 w.p.m.
Part of the class- instruction on the key -
Lesson 1 and first part Lesson 2 as above.
holding and working the
key correctly. (Useful in the case of home practice).
6
 L E S S O N 3.
Revision Lesson 3. Lesson 4 AUV.
Simple four-letter English words : see Lesson 2. W r i t i n g i n longhand.
Mental Morse. (Two and three-letter English words).
Remainder of the class-instruction on the key
t h e key correctly.
-
holding and working

L E S S O N 4.
Lesson 5 NDB.
Revision Lesson 4 A U V increasing speed t o 10 w.p.m. for Rhythm.
Second part of five-letter English words and six-letter English words,
using longhand.
Mental Morse. (Four-letter English words).
L E S S O N 5.
Lesson 6 WJP.
Revision Lesson 5 N D B increasing speed t o 8 w.p.m.
Longhand reminder of Lesson 2.
Mental Morse. (Five-letter English words).

L E S S O N 6.
Lesson 7 RLF. D r u m Beat No. 2 m R .
Revision Lesson 6 WJP increasing speed t o 7 w.p.m.
Longhand Lesson. Parts of Lesson 8.
PROCEDURE SIGNS. (8) Block Letters.
(9) Brackets.
(10) InvertedCom mas.

L E S S O N 7.
Lesson 9 KCG.
Revision Lesson 7 RLF increasing speed t o 6 w.p.m.

L E S S O N 8.
Lesson 10 QYXZ.
Revision Lesson 9 KCG increasing speed t o 6 w.p.m.
Longhand Lesson 11, also Plain Language simple messages.

L E S S O N 9.
Lessons 12 and 13 Figures.
Give practice o n Mixed Groups of 4.
For Example see page 27
Second period training consists of :
Tuition up t o 8 w.p.m.
Plain Language messages in longhand.
Mixed Groups.
Cypher Groups.
More Punctuation Signals, also Key Practice.
7
INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE

0 . .

0 . .

.- -..
m e -

m-*-

e m -

* * -
- w e e

FOR U S E OF. HOME GUARD

I
"." I 2 I is checked as A
@ -

e e - 2 is checked as U
3 3 0 0 0 - 3 is checked as V

4 mom*= 4 oooe- 4
5
is checked as 4
is checked as E
5 . a . @ e 5 o@oa@ 6 is checked as 6

6 -*.a* 6 -aaeo 7
8
is
is
checked
checked
as
as
B
D

7 --*e*
7 - 0 . 0 9 is checked as N

8 ---om 8 -am 0 is checked as T

9 ""* e.g. 8 5 is checked DE

0 ----- 1 9 -*
ABBREVIATED NUMERALS
O -
FOR CHECKING PURPOSES
96 is checked N6
When calling back any of the Code groups given in the Exercises
contained in this Manual the PHONETIC ALPHABET should
be used which i s employed in all the three fighting services
where Radio Telephony i s used. This i s necessary t o identify
any letter of the alphabet, and standard phonetic words are
shown as follows :-

Ack Johnnie S Sugar

Beer King T Toc
Charlie London U Uncle
Don Monkey V Vic
Edward Nuts W William
Freddie Orange X X-ray
George Pip Y Yorker
Harry Queen Z Zebra
Ink Robert Numeral 8.Zero

Example :-
TMO will be spoken Toc Monkey Orange
ElSH .. ,. ,, Edward Ink Sugar Harry
4-

---
P H O N E T I C ALPHABET
as used by Inter-Services
Able Jig S Sugar
Baker King T Tare
Charlie Love U Uncle
Dog Mike V Victor
Easy Nan W William
Fox Oboe X X-Ray
George Peter Y Yoke
How Queen Z Zebra
ltem Roger Numeral 8. Zero

Example :-
TMO will be spoken Tare Mike Oboe
EISH ,. ,, ,, Easy Item Sugar How
The student should first of all obtain an ordinary buzzer
together with a dry battery and a transmitting key.
Fig No. I gives a simple code practice circuit comprising all
these units. Fig. 2. shows a circuit. both schematic and
pictorial, by which phones can be used i n conjunction with a
buzzer. By connecting other phones and keys i n parallel it
is possible for several persons t o practice at the same time.
The .5 m.f. fixed condenser is inserted t o keep the key clicks
out of the phones.

BUZZER

DRY BATTERY
FIG. I

If the student wishes he can construct with little trouble o r

expense a valve oscillator containing a 3 electrode 4 pin valve
-the filament rated according t o voltage of battery used-a
valve holder, a low frequency transformer, a dry battery (see
filament rating above), transmitting key and a pair of phones,
(see Fig. 3 which gives a circuit hook-up that the majority of
students use-this is extremely satisfactory and economical).
Fig. 4 illustrates the same circuit pictorially.
The transmitting key can be set by means of the set-screws
until there is a gap of not more than lg" wide.
10
FIXED

I 1

I KEY

FIG. 2
 FIG. 3

TRANSKJRMER

BATTERY OF Vo, TAGE

4CCORDING TO VAL.€

REQUIRCMLNTS

12 FIG. 4
 FIG* 5.
27P FINGER

A
W

CORRECT POSITION OF HAND & FINGERS WHEN SENDING

FIG. 6.
A pleasing tone should be aimed at i n the case of the buzzer
set by adjusting the contact on the buzzer t o change i t s tone;
in the case of the oscillator the note obtained can be varied by
inserting a rheostat in the positive battery lead t o regulate
the valve current.
To send code, place the key far enough back on the table t o
allow the whole arm from the elbow t o rest comfortably on
the table-lift the wrist slightly above the table-hold the
knob of the key LIGHTLY, thumb on the left side, f i r s t finger
on the top of the front edge, second finger on the right side
positions as Fig. 6. Fig. 5 shows the top view of this. -The
third and little finger should be relaxed-make all motion
from the wrist-DO N O T GRIP THE KNOB OF THE KEY-
place both feet on the floor and s i t straight in your chair.
Keep the arm from the elbow and the body easy, never send
with stiff body, never send with stiff arm; it i s important that
the sending motion must come from the wrist. The left hand
should balance the body, the fingers resting on the side of
the key base.
First make a dot o r "dit." This is made as rapidly as you can
make it. N o w make a dash or "dah," this dash t o be 3 times
the length of a dot. The student should now make 3 dots and
judge the time taken ; this will give the length of a dash and
must always be made the same way whether transmitting at
five o r twenty-five words per minute.
Speed is determined by spacing between signals, between
words o r groups, never between parts of signals.
It i s wrong when sending code t o make short, medium and
long dashes ("dahs") o r slow, medium dots ("dits"), or to
take the hand off the key when transmitting.
Endeavour t o attain regularity of transmitting speed-never
send one word spaced at 15 words per minute (w.p.m.) and
then another word spaced at 10 w.p.m. o r 20 w.p.m. because
this puts a strain on the person who i s trying t o receive your
transmission.
14
Every would-be operator wishes to have a good reputation in
the wireless w o r l d as having a good sending 'fist.' therefore
remember, t h e man a t t h e o t h e r end o f t h e radio circuit forms
his opinion o f y o u r ability as an operator by t h e style o f your
sending, and is pleased t o listen t o t h e clean-cut sending o f a
good operator. You w i l l realise t h e meaning o f this statement
as you progress i n y o u r studies because it is most t i r i n g to
decipher "sloppy" sending o f letters and words scrambled
together.

The exercises given i n this Manual are arranged so t o develop

t h e students " t i m i n g sense " that he automatically spaces
all t h e signals correctly and as t h e student's speed gradually
increases he finds he w i l l be able t o send and read code w i t h o u t
conscious effort.

SlGNALLl N G RULES.

A DASH ( - ) is equal t o T h r e e D o t s (000).

The space between parts o f the same l e t t e r i s equal t o
O n e .Dot 0
0
. The space between t w o letters is equal t o
Three D o t s -000-
I T

The space between t w o words is equal t o Five D o t s :

(0. -ooooo.. 00.)

The space between t w o groups o f code o r cypher when a

separative sign is n o t required is equal t o 7 Dots o o o o o o o
 L E S S O N I.

Practise making all "dash" letters first-the Morse Coda

letters being :-

Dah
Dah Dah
Dah Dah Dah
T
M
0
-- --
-
Great care t o be taken i n the spacing between letters and
between groups.

Th ree-Letter Code Groups

TMT TOT OTM TOO OOM MTM OM0 OTT

OTO MMT MOM MOT MTM TTM OOT TMO
OMT MTO OMT TMM TTO MMO MOO TTO

Four-Letter Cede Groups

OMOT MOT0 OMTT TOMT OTMT MOTM

MTMT MTMO TOOM OTOM MTTM TMTM
TOTM MOT0 TOT0 OMTM TMTO MTOM
MOTT MOM0 OMTT TOM0 TOT0 TMOT

W r i t e u p a d r i l l exercise o f five-letter Code Groups. As you

w r i t e d o w n t h e letters, consider them as being composed o f
'DAHS,' (the nearest phonetic equivalents t o the sounds these
symbols have when heard f r o m y o u r buzzer o r oscillator)-
say them mentally t o yourself.
 L E S S O N 2.

This exercise is for sending and receiving letters composed of

all D o t letters.

Dit E
D'Dit I **
D' D' D i t S
D' D' D' D i t H

Three-Letter Code Groups

EHE EHS SHE SIH ESI HEH IS1 IHI

HIH SIS IEI ISE HSI ESE EIE SES
ISH SEI HSH EIS SIH SIE ESH HEE
EIH IEH SEI SIE HIS EIS HSE EEH

Four-Letter Code Groups

ISHE SHE1 HEHE HIHI HESE HISE
SEHS SHEE ISIS HIS1 ISES EHIE
HISH EIEI SEHS HISE ISES SEIS
HSEI ISIS EHIS ESHE HSIE ESHI
SIES EIEI SEHI HISH SHE1 SHIS
, . ,

Endeavour t o send each group of "Dot" letters w i t h rhythm,

i.e.-correct spacing between letters and between groups.
W r i t e up a drill exercise of five-letter Code Groups ; it i s
important t o say them mentally as mentioned i n Lesson I.
 LESS0 N 2 (Continued)
The following words have been selected for sending practice.
They contain odd combinations of letters. If you make a
mistake in any letter, make the error sign and send i t immed-
iately again until you can send the correct word without
hesitation.

TIE SEE TOM TEE TOT HOI THE

HIM HIS TOO MET HOE SET TIE
9
HEM SIT TOE HIT EMS HOT SHE
SIST SHOT SHOE SHEM SOH0 STEM
EMIT MOME SEEM MITE HOSE HISS
HOST SITE TIME MEMO MIST MOOS
HOOT HOME SOME TEST THIS SOOT
ITEM TOES MOOT TOSS THEM MEET
MOTH MOTE TOOT TOTS METE MOST
MOSS HOOT MISS MISE TOME SHOO
MOIST THEME MOTTO HOIST THOSE
THESE SHOOT SHOES SHEET THEME
SMOTE SMITE SOOTH TOTEM TOOTH
TITHE MITES METES MISTS MOOSE
MOTET SISOM SMITT STOOM MOOTS
SHOTS SMITH MEETS TEETH TESTS
TUEISM THEIST SIMOOM SOMITE
SOOTHE IbfbESH TIMIST MISSES
THESIS TMESIS SEETHE MISSES
IdEIOSIS MISSISH MOHSITE SOOTISH
SOMETIMES THESMOTEIETE TOTEMISM
 L E S S O N 3.

This lesson consists of the combination all-dot letters mixed

with all-dash letters. You should t r y t o send at least four
groups without an error or pause.

NOTE :-Make the error sign every time you make a mistake

EIMST IEMTS OMSIT TIHME SET01

EOEST MESTI EHOIM MSETH ITEMT
ISTOM OSMIE IHEMT OIMSH EMISI
TSEMO EMHIT HOHOI TEMOS IETSO
HOSMI EHOMI TESOI EOHSI ESOTI
IOSIE ISHOE IOSET IMOHE IMSOH
OSTEI SOMET IOHOH TIrn OrnST
ISIME HSMOI TMEHI EIMSO MOTIS
TMETI HTESH MIOEIE ITSEM TSEOE
IOSES EMHIT TISMO STMEM STMIS
OSMIE HOMIT ESOIE OHSIE SOTEH
SEMOE rnITH OHOIT EMOSI ETSOS
STOMO SMIEI HEMTO IMSHE IMISI
OESIM ESITE MOIHM ETIHM HITEM
IMSTI EMSTI TMSIE ISHES SITOS
ISTEM ITIME M3SEI EMIES SHEME

When the student can read and send the code groups he is by
now convinced that he can learn the code and as he is now
ready t o send and receive simple English words, this will
encourage him t o become " code-minded." .
 NOTES ON LESSONS 1-3.

The student by now will have noticed that he has learned

quickly the simple letters in lessons 1 , 2 and 3. The speed in
memorising the remaining letters of the alphabet may be
slower in comparison, and before we turn t o Lesson 4, he
must now make a decision t o stick to the learning of
Morse or "sound language" through thick and thin in going
all out t o learn it. He must bring all his powers into action-
making mental. pictures on the canvas of his mind of winning
through and finally, as a wireless operator, taking charge of a
wireless station either on land, sea o r in the air-dwelling on
this idea at odd moments, directing all his thoughts t o that
end along the channel of his desire-starting off with the idea
"I SHALL SUCCEED" and he will unconsciously bring it
about that he will succeed because he is doing what is
necessary t o achieve that result.

The practice of Auto-suggestion is of invaluable assistance.

In most, if not all studies, this mental process of storing-
up impressions i n the sub-con.scious mind i s employed with
distinct advantage. An easy, but none the less sound, way of
practising auto-suggestion for the purpose the student has i n
view, is the concentration of mental effort at times suitable t o
himself. One of these quiet times may be when he has gone
t o bed. Here with eyes closed and the attention rivetted on
the sole objective, he will dwell on any Morse code symbols
he must learn, repeating them mentally twelve to fifteen
times in an even flow. Thus the symbols are made, as it were,
t o speak, but in attaining this, the importance of rhythm must
never be forgotten, " Doh D'Doh Dit C." Here one will get the
sound and the meaning of the letter-the impression t o his
sub-conscious mind, which will take over the task and, when
called upon, perform it almost automatically ; this fact is based
on certain laws whlch are constantly functioning
 LESSON 4,

D' Dah A ''

D' D' Dah U '
D' D' D' Dah V '
Three-letter Code Groups :

AUV U W VAV A W WV!;+AAU VW WA VAU

AVV UVA AUA UAU VAU W A AUV WA UAV
UAU V W A W W A W A AUA U W VW A W

Four-Letter Code Groups :

AWV AUAU VAVA UWA WAV

UAUA UWV AUW UVAA VAW
AUAV UAAU UAUV AUVA AVAV
VAUV UAW AWA AUW UVAU
VAUA VWA AVAV WVA VAAV

Exercise Containing Letters E 1 5 H T M 0A U V

AUTVA EUTAH UTMOA UTAAT OUSET UATIV
IVEUT AISHV UIUES SAMET MEVIU TAVAU
MAUVA AIVIS UAUEV OVTUA VAUAS AWAV
UEATS UEAVS MIVAS SUAVS VITES AUOMI
SAUVS HEOAV VIVSU AVAUE IUISE VIVAU
MISAV OSTEA MAVIU OTESA HVTAU SEW1

Do not turn t o Lesson 5 until you can send and receive 9S0/,
correctly of the Exercise containing all letters listed above.
 LESSON 5.

Dah D i t N
Dah 0' Dit D
Dah D ' 0'Dit B
Three-Letter Code Groups :
NBD DBB BNB NBD BDB DBN
NND BDB DDN NDB BND DDN
NBB DNB DBB NBD NDB DM)
w
DBN NDN BND NBB BDN BBD
NDN NBN BBD BBN DNB NBD
- - ~ -

1
Four-Letter Code Groups :
NBNB NDND BNBN DDBN DBDB
DBDN DBDB NDBD DBNN BNBD
NDNB DNND DNDB NDBN NBNB
BNDB DNBD NBND BDND NBBD
DBNB BDNN NBDN BNDN DBND
Exercise Containing All Letters Learned.
INANE DABEN DIVON TNIBE ESIBN
VASBI TONID SmDV SEDON OBDSI
*
ENABD DBEB I ISHND OBIUD NTODN
ADIBD DANBU ANDEB MINAD BADIV
ONESD BIDEN EDMNA DASNB SNEBT %

ADTDS ADNIN HADNB SMDBA MIDOB

The student should endeavour t o send five groups of the
exercise without an error o r pause, paying great attention o r
taking great care that the spacing is correct between letters
and between groups.
 L E S S O N 6.

D' Dah Dah W mm

D* Dah Dah Dah " J' a
D' Dah Dah D i t P
-

Three-Letter Code Groups.

WPJ JPP PWP PJP W
WJ
JJW PWJ WJP WPP JWJ
JPJ WJP JWJ WJW JPW
PWJ PJW PPJ JWW WPW
Four-Letter Code Groups.
WPJP WJWJ PWPW JJPW JPWP
WJWP JWWJ JWJP WJPW WPWP
PWJP JWPJ WPWJ PJWJ WPPJ
JPWP PJWW WPJW PWJW JPWJ
PJPW WPWP WPJP JPPW PWWP
Exercise containing Letters Incorporated in Lessons I to 6
HEWSP MIWOJ SUEJT BADIJ NTOWJ
OBPSI WIDJE ESIBW J A BIP SMWJA
M I WAP OBIJ D SEJOP TWIEP DIJOP
SHEDJ ISHJW ANPEW EJMPD HAWNB
WISJP JEPAW WEPBJ BOSVl? WEPJT
JAS I B I WATE EWADP EJIDB ODBWS
The student should now go back and review the letters
EISHTMOAUV until he is able t o send all code groups smoothly
and without more than one error at 6 words per minute (5
letters constitutes one word). The correct formation of
letter characters and the correctness of spacing should be
the chief aim, not speed.
 L E S S O N 7.

D' Dah D i t R
D' Dah D' D i t
D' D' Dah Dit
L
F
'
-
Three-Letter Code Groups.
LRR FRL RFR RRF FLR FFL RLR
LLF RFF FRR LFL LRL LFL RRL
LRF FLF RLF RRL FLL FRF RRF

LRFR
-

Four-Letter Code Groups.

LLRF RFRF FLFL FLFR
I
FRFR LFLF LRLL FLLF LRFF
RFRL FLFF LFFL LFLR FRFF
RFLR LFRL FRFL RLFL FRRL
LRFR RLFF FRLF RLRF LRFL
-

Practice Exercise.
FAFHR DALIN RLFWE LEFWI DEWTW
TROLF FIFAL FRFIL SBRTW NRWTJ
SFOWH IRELT SBLWJ JBAFR BSJWU
JAMBR WIENH I JFWS RWJBF FRWJ L
REROH RASIB JOLIR TRILF ITEMF
LFRMB FLRRF JBRLF NRWFL RARLN
- - - -- -- - - -- --- - -

This practice Exercise is not an easy one. Whenever you fail

to copy a letter when receiving any message under
instruction, do not feel annoyed at this no matter how many
times it occurs but move your pencil over and go right ahead
and copy the next letter, as such will give you practice i n
missing," which is important.
 LESSON 8.

The following are provided as practice in sending simple

sentences covering all letters i n lessons I t o 7, i.e.:-

EISH TMO AUV NDB WJP R L F

Better adiamond with aflaw than a pebble without one. Ch.Pr.

When one turns over in bed, it is time t o t u r n out. Wellington.

Beware of the man who will not be bothered with details.

N o man is free who is not lord over himself. Goethe.

Wherever the t r u t h is injured, defend it. Emerson.

It is just as important t o be honest w i t h ourselves as honest

w i t h others.

O l d shoes are easiest. Pr.

The mind of a man is the man. Motto.

He that would reap well must sow well. Pr.

Men o f sense often learn from their enemies. Aristophaner.

25
 BUZZER TEST AT 4 WORDS PER MINUTE
Receiving Basis P/L - 100 Letters in 5 Minutes
-
Receiving and Sending Basis (Mixed Groups) 60 Letters and 2 0
Figures of 3 Letters and I Figure. Time 5 Minutes
BUZZER RECEIVING - - - PLAIN LANGUAGE
AZARINE PIGMENT WAS USED IN THE PAINT FOR
THE FLAT BOTTOMED XEBEC TO KILL THE VERY
VARIED AND GROTESQUE MARINE GROWTHS
M I X E D GROUPS
TlPM G8ZA U3Vi K9BS L 7LF
J2RN Q4CW A6HP iQXo B5Ai
ieXo Y3XG M4CL F9RU J6PW
GlNV L2HR G2AF Z7MG V3SU
D6NX R4LK 080i E5WC D9QB
i l i V V7FT Y8CK HZJ R V3JR
Q4SY SZAK XBio C6PD Y 9XD
P5 JW i lRM ZBoG XZHTJ F8QL
C4SV G7Zi K7SB QliP TZNG
A8 CD H4RE Z9KF J5XY L 3UM
210i WPAY R4VK U8XM 09iB
S3CT H2EG Dew E5FL P9JG
N6SU K3FX G7RV AlHD i0WY
MSZE L8oQ FBAo PlKi Z3QD
R2DH W4YS TPXJ U9VK N5io
H6FT M6EC K4RU S3M.J E9BX
LSWZ A7CF V8Li NlPG G9oP
RBKZ YlFC B 3 T Z ABDE R6XW
Q4PS i 5NH o ~ L F VlZG E8Ro
W3SK P6WJ M2VY Z4CM NPUQ
 LESSON 9.

Dah D' Dah

D a h D ' Dah Dit
Dah Dah D i t
K
C
G
-.-
m a -

m
a

Three-Letter Code Groups.

KGC CGG GKG GCG KKC CCK GCK
GKC KCG KGG CKC CGC CGK KCK
GGC KGK GGK CKG CGG KGG GGC
- - -

Four-Letter Code Groups.

GKKG CGKC KGGC KGKG GKGC
CGKG CCGK CGKK KGGK GCKG
GKCK CGGK KGCG KGKC KGCK
KGCG GCKK CKGC CKKC CGCG
KCKC GaGK CGKG GKCG KCKG
Practice Exercise.
TKCKG FLUFG GFKRG KUART CVKCL
CEGIK GURKE CRUFE LFURG LOGUK
FLKGC LOGOK GVGKU KURFK RFVUK
LKFGC GKLRF KUKUE CGKRU RVCLF
GVKLR KURI G GUGGK VOTSG KUOGK
KUACG GKWC KFCKL RGFKV GRTJKC
KLGCK CLGKF CFLGR KGIKC RVKCF

Particular attention should be paid t o the sending of the letter

"C" this letter can be sent t o sound as KE as NN o r TR-
practise sending this letter so that there is no confusing i t
with those combinations of letters.
 LESSON 10.

Dah Dah D' Dah Q - - O D

Dah D' Dah Dah Y ""

Dah D ' D ' Dah X ""

- a .
Dah Dah D' Dir

Three-Letter Code Groups.

&xz YXX XQZ QXY XYX YXZ

&&y XYQ YYQ YYZ XQX QYX
csx YQY YXY QYZ YQZ YXQ

Four Letter Code Groups.

Vyz QZYX QYQY XWQ YYXQ

YXQZ YQYZ YXYX QYXY YXZQ
XQXY &y&z YQQY YWZ WQX
XQYQ YQXY QXXY ZZYY YZXQ

Practice Exercise.

QOQOQ YOYOP QUCHT ZADNY SGYEH JAWYZ

XLFRX ZOXSH FETYQ HETOP FLUQX ZEXIZ
CRYQG YESTY XONIC ZUZPC GWJBZ PLAZR
PURXC XAXXA XINPS WAZIW ISYGL YILOX
DALQP J A Z IJ TOPIG XTZEX BJKRU QTYIX
WAXIU BUXIZ SHXYZ CEZIG FZRVQ GIRFL
TCMGQ QGFLX GVGZX QYTXZ YYPFF QLYTM
 LESSON 11
Exercise in Unusual and Difficult Words
ZINGIBERACEOUS ZOOPHYTULOGICAL
ZOROASTRIANISM TRISOCTAHEDRON
XYLOBALSAMUM TRIPINNATIFID
XANTHOCHROW S TINTINNABULATION
WITENAGEMOT THAUMATURGICAL
WHIZZINGLY TETRABRANCHIATE
TEREBINTHINE THALAMIFLORAL
SYNECPHONESIS SCHORLACEOUS
QUINQUEPARTITE QUADRIDIGITATE
PYROXYLIC PORPHYRITIC
POLYCOTYLEDONOUS PODOPHYLLIN
PLECTOGNATHOUS PERIPATETICISM
PmNNIBRANCHIATE ORNITHICHNITE
MONOCHLMDEOUS METEMPIRICISM
LEPIDODENDRON INFUNDIBULIFORM
INEFFICACIOUSNESS QUADRUPEDAL
IMPROWISATORI ICHTHYOPHAGOUS
PRESTIDIGITATOR GYRENCEPHALATE
ZYGODACTYLOUS ECHINODERMATA
XANTHIPPE ZIGZAGGED
VERTEBRATA UNWAFWWTABLENESS
MOLLUSCOID THEOPHILANTHROPISM
LONGITUDINAL MONOCOTYLEDONOUS
After all the letters in the alphabet have been memorised take
.a newspaper and go through the copy, saying t o yourself aloud
the phonetic combinations o f the code letter characters such
.as "dit" for a dot and "dah" for a dash holding the note
"dah" so that it lasts 3 times the length o f a "dit."
 L E S S O N 12.

D'Dah Dah Dah Dah

D' D' Dah Dah Dah
D' D' D' Dah Dah 3
I
2
''
--
'"

0'0'D' D' Dah 4 11

D' D' D' D' Dir 5

-

Practice Exercise Groups containing Numerals 1 2 3 4 5

21345 43125 43215 25134 35214
12435 34215 34125 52314 32541
. 14253 32451 31452 53241 24315
41523 34251 13542 35421 42135
45132 23514 15324 43152 14523
54312 32154 12534 41325 15432
53421 31245 21354 14235 51342
35241 32145 23145 42153 53124
32514 23415 32415 24513 35214
23514 24351 34251 25431 32541
32154 42531 43521 52341 23451
31245 45213 45312 53214 24315
13425 51432 54132 35124 42135
14352 15342 15243 31542 41253
41532 13524 51243 13452 14523
12345 45123 31254 52134 14325
13254 54213 31524 25314 41235
31524 52431 31452 23541 42315
35142 25341 13542 32451 24135
53412 25314 51234 34512 21453
 LESSON 13

- - -. .
DahD' D' D' Dit 6
Dah Dah D' D' Dit 7
Dah Dah Dah D' Dit 8
Dah Dah Dah Dah Dit
Dah Dah Dah Dah Dah 0
9
- '''
''''

Practice Exercise Groups containing Numerals 6 7 8 9 0

 LESSON 14

Practice Exercise containing All the Ten Numerals

125456 536142 462513 213465 451623

132546 563412 426153 124356 546132
315264 654321 241635 142536 564312
351624 645231 214365 415263 653421,
 LESSON I S
Practice Exercise containing Letters and Figures
WX9AD
KNH28 7HiA9 SDYP8 JVN3V
HGJ7o CZGY4 68LWP H J4AC
WBGMS QXY45 W2XLA HKV12
WP7H5 W3KAX W9XFB ZRGBZ
7S2KS WX49 5 SYB5H HCJC9
JMK4G MJGGB BZ99F 5QYZL
YBR3Z KNJ73 CoC22 P15ZH
XWF7L WEY44 PRA76 C92P7
AVK69 54ZYL YV6U3 HH25M
NOTE:- The figure "0" (Nought) is t o be signalled as
"T" when occurring i n the t e x t o f a figure cypher o r code
message o r for checking purposes. In all other cases, such as
Time o f origin, Time of receipt, originator's Reference Number
and Dates. procedure messages, etc., it is to'be signalled i n ful!.
To differentiate between the figures 0 and 1 and the letters
0 and I in cypher groups they are written thus :-
Figure 1-1 L e t t e r I-i
Figure 0- 8 L e t t e r 0- o

Cypher Exercise including Barred Letters B C P see Reference page 46)

B75JM 29~1F YU728 06G6N ZlE2N 3A4N5
AM654 7MU4E ND695 68A9K C734A A5962
AlL2G 3B4RA UN154 X8P69 MAF56 6AMAX
MDE~C XV~% LE796 69LH0 NFC~X9K5B6
XVN2K 5JB2E YZ538 ~ ~ F Q EJX27
v 67BBL
Ji%HF 76PRR 0K123 T99MM LiKlJ 9NERU
968ZN N35UU GZA9N 69BGH AHVL3 iN3B3
2UN4G G23RQ U3WQ3 1 2 E ~ 5 CYXWV 98ZXP
 CONVENTIONAL AND PUNCTUATION SIGNALS
SYMBOL REMARKS
PERIOD -
AAA.-.-.-
COMMA ,-GW--..-- OR Ill.* .* @ @

SEMICOLON ; CN - -*-.-a

-
lNTERROGATION? I M I *.--*.
HYPHENORDASH- DU
APOSTROPHE ' . WG--- --•
lNVERTEDCOMMAS6' "RR0-**I* -
BRACKETS ( )OR[] KK-*--*-
COLON
FRACTION BAR / % -..-.
-
U N D E R L I N E B L ~ S KLETTERs U K * *
I

ERROR - 8ESa.o.omao

NUMERAL SlGN F I * . - * @ *
NGVPES INrEND6L

II 11
-
F F . . ~ . e e - e FIGURES FINISHED.

"ALL AFTER" AA*-0-

'(ALL BEFORE*' A B .- USED IN
CONNECTION

"WORD OR GROUP AFTER'WA *--Om REPETITIONS

II BEFORE W-I3 *---m..

DOUBLE DASH BREAK SIGN b r -..e-AlsO~""""d
LONE BREAK
~sethirbrior
t,

DISTRESS CALL WS mixed groups

-.-.---.I
m
am*
ATTENT1 ON CALL P"CE0ES EVERY TRAlWlSSlOI

GENERAL ENQUIRY C Q 2-.-aLETTERS

-
WAIT '
-
ENDING SIGN AR @ - * - *
AS @ - a m * or Q
END OF MESSAGE VA a a a -
TRANSMISSION FlNlSHEQ
a I
.-
END OF EACH
MESSAGE

DECIMAL POINT, i.e. : 2.1 would be sent-2 point 1

 L E S S O N 16

T H E PER1 OD, Full Stop (.) AAA

W r i t t e n i n Message 0
-
PRACTICE I N SIGNS USED I N MORSE CODE

---a
Also used as a Break Signal immed-
iately preceding the text in a plain language (PL) written message.

Both the Period and Comma punctuation signs were revised i n

accordance w i t h the International Radio Regulations, Cairo 1938
Also used in procedure as a signal preceding the text, in a plain
language written message.

A l l greatness is b o r n o f ambition.
L e t t h e ambition be a noble and honourable one.
T i m e once past never returns.
The traveller began his journey i n t h e highest spirits and w i t h
the most delightful anticipations.
Joy is t o o brilliant a thing t o be confined w i t h i n one's o w n self.
L e t us bless and hallow o u r dwellings as t h e homes o f freedom.
The changes o f t h e year impart a colour and character t o o u r
thoughts and feelings.
Exercise and temperance strengthen t h e constitution.
Long experience made h i m sage.
Pursuit o f knowledge may be under great difficulties.
The Morse Code is a subject interesting alike t o t h e o l d and
t o t h e young.
Cheerfulness keeps u p a k i n d o f daylight i n t h e mind.
His w.as a soul replete w i t h every noble quality.
Talents w i t h o u t application are n o security f o r progress
i n learning.
The old Period sign(Madrid 1932Radio Communication Conference),
is used as a Comma by the Services. II I
 LESSON 17 : Services
i a* e* a *
COMMERCIAL CODE

THE COMMA (,) GW

-
-- -- i
i
i
R.A.F. Comma:-
Word spelt as
Comma.

Diligence, industry and proper improvement o f time, are

material duties o f the young.
He i s generous, just, charitable and humane.
Wisdom i s the associate o f justice. It assists her t o form
equal laws, t o pursue right measures, t o correct power, t o
protect weakness, and t o unite individuals in a common
interest and general welfare.
Assemble i n your parishes, villages and hamlets. Resolve,
petition, address.

I have roamed through the world, t o find hearts nowhere

warmer than those of England, soldiers nowhere braver,
patriots ncwhere purer, wives and mothers nowhere truer,
maidens nowhere lovelier, green valleys and bright rivers
nowhere greener o r brighter, and I will not be silent, when I
hear her patriotism o r her t r u t h questioned, w i t h as much
as a whisper of detraction.
This monument i s a plain shaft. It bears n o inscription
fronting the rising sun, from which the future antiquarian
shall wipe the dust. N o r does the rising sun cause tones of
music t o issue from i t s summit. But at the rising o f the sun,
and at the setting of the sun, in the blaze o f noon, and beneath
the milder effulgence o f lunar light, it speaks, it acts, t o the
f u l l comprehension o f every British mind, and the awakening
o f glowing enthusiasm in every British heart.
Birth, rank, wealth, learning, are advantages of slight value,
i f unaccompanied by personal worth.
 --
LESSON 18
THE N O T E O F INTERROGA1-ION, (?) IMI a.
- am
Also used as request for repetition of a transmission not understood.

M E T H O D O F A S K I N G FOR R E P E T I T I O N S :
RECEIVING STATION requires a repetition of A L L T H E
MESSAGE : IW K X 7 + (Interference Signal).
RECEIVING S T A T I O N requests A L L BEFORE T H E TEXT
O R SUBJECT MATTER : MI ABI + meaning before
first group or word.
RECEIVING STATION requests A L L AFTER 6 T H G R O U P
OR WORD : +
MI A A 6 instead of the number, t h e
group, or word, can be indicated.
RECEIVING S T A T I O N requests GROUPS O R W O R D S
BETWEEN 3-8and 11-16 MI~ ~ 3 t o 8 - 1 t1o 16 . +
P9FL :
-
RECEIVING STATION requests W O R D O R GROUP AFTER
IMI W A P9FL
RECEIVING STATION requests W O R D O R GROUP BEFORE
" OPERATIONS " : lm WB operations +
'R' STRENGTH of SIGNALS, or 'X' STRENGTH of INTERFERENCE
- SERVICES -
(1) Just Audible (2) Very Faint: unreadable
(3) Just Readable (4) Faint (5) Rather Faint
(6) Fair (7) G o o d (8) Strong
(9) Very Strong

COMMERCIAL SCALE used t o Express the STRENGTH of SIGNALS

(1) Hardly Perceptible ; unreadable
(2) W e a k ; readable n o w and t h e n
(3) Fairly Good ; readable, b u t w i t h difficulty
(4) Good ; readable (5) V e r y Good: perfectly readable
 LESSON 19

THE COLON ( : )
-
0s- - = 0.0

There is no mortal truly wise and restless at the same time:

wisdom is the repose o f the mind.

t a w and order are forgotten : violence is abroad : the golden

cords of society are loosed.

D o not flatter yourself w i t h the hope o f perfect happiness :

there is n o such thing in the world.

A bee among the flowers i n spring i s one of the most

cheerful objects that can be looked upon. Its life appears t o
be enjoyment : so busy and so pleased : yet it i s only a
specimen o f insect life, with which, by reason o f it being
half-domesticated, we happen t o be acquainted.

81ue wreaths o f smoke ascend through the trees, and betray

the half-hidden cottage : the eye contemplates well-thatched
ricks, and barns bursting w i t h plenty: the peasant laughs at
the approach of winter.
As we perceive the shadow t o have moved along the dial,
b u t did not perceive its moving : and it appears that the
grass has grown, though nobody ever saw it grow : so the
advance we make i n knowledge, as they consist o f such
minute steps. are perceivable only by the distance gone
over.

Such i s the dealing of all on earth : so flourishes and fades

majestic man.
 LESSON 20

THE APOSTROPHE (') ----

l l

I've seen the Moon gild the mountain's brow ; I've watched
the mist o'er the river stealing ; b u t ne'er did I feel i n my
breast, till now, so deep, so calm, and so holy a feeling ; 'tis
soft as the t h r i l l which memory throws athwart the soul in
the hour of repose.

INVERTED COMMAS ( ") a - -

0. l

Banished from Rome ? 4bwhat'sbanished," but set free from the ,

daily contact o f the things I loathe ? "Tried and convicted
traitorv-who says this ? W h o ' l l prove it, at his peril, on my
head ? "Banished ?"-I thank for't. It breaks my chain ! I
held some slack a!legiance till this hour--but now my sword's
my own.
Services do not use above but send words :-
.
QUOTE . . . . . UNQUOTE.

PARENTHESES OR BRACKETS ( ) kk - -- -
a a
My father and my Uncle Toby (clever soul) were sitting by the
s

fire w i t h Dr. Bray ; and Corporal T r i m (a brave and honest

fellow) was reading a letter t o them.
6

I know the banker I deal with, o r the physician I usually call i n

( "There is no need," cried Dr. SLOP (waking) "to call in any
physician in this case" ), t o be neither of them men of much
religion.
 THE SEMI-COLON (;) CX ---
LESSON 21

This monument will speak o f patriotism and courage ; o f civil

and religious liberty ; of free government ; o f the moral
improvement and elevation of mankind ; and of the immortab
memory of those who, with heroic devotion, have sacrificed
their lives for their country.
A white house peeps through the trees ; cattle stand cooling
i n the pool ; the casement o f the house is covered with
jessamine and honeysuckle ; the stately greenhousg exhales
the perfume of summer climates.
Condescend t o the weaknesses and infirmities o f your
b fellow creatures ; cover their frailties ; relieve their wants ;
rejoice i n their prosperity ; compassionate their distress ;
receive their friendship ; overlook their unkindness ; forgive
their malice ; be a servant of servants ; and condescend t o
do the lowest ofices o f mankind.
W h e n the fair moon, refulgent lamp o f night, o'er heaven's
clear azure spreads her sacred light ; when not a breath
disturbs the deep serene ; and not a cloud o'ercasts the
solemn scene ; around her throne the vivid planets roll,
and stars unnumbered gild the glowing pole ; o'er the dark
trees a yellower verdure shed, and tip with silver every
mountain head ; then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect
rise ; a flood o f glory bursts from all the skies ; the conscious
swains, rejoicing in the sight, eye the vault, and bless the
b useful light.
It i s not therefore, the use of the innocent amusements of
life which is dangerous, but the abuse of them ; it i s not
when they are occasionally, but when they are constantly
pursued, when the love of amusement degenerates i n t o a
passion ; and when, from being an occasional indulgence, it
becomes a habitual desire.
THE HYPHEN (-) D U
-

semi-circle
-
-
LESSON 22

- -
00

thunder-cloud
-
- all-wise
to-morrow well-founded plane-trees
snow-clad clay-cold storm-clouds
over-canopied evil-hardened ill-regarded
gray-green moss-stains fellow-creatu r e
high-gleaming noon-day home-fete
blue-trousered strained-faced window-gaze
kerosi ne-case t wo-by-fou r slow-moving
newly-opened half-cooked much-prized
self-denial lock-up tuning-fork
all-wave pipe-liner low-cost
fast-swim ming cat hode-ray fast-fl ying
oscillator-mixer motor-boat double-throw
so-called hard-to-find high-pitched
capacity-operated high-pitched world-wide
self-reliance plug-in heat-rays
full-wave road -fi nishing up-to-date
#infra-red dou ble-dou ble p hoto-elect ric
power-su pply resistance-coupled power-supply
electrical ly-operated feed-back single-ended
self-container short-circuit present-day
band-switching short-waves well-trained
noise-free oxide-rectifier ultra-highs
battery-operated ultra-highs fool-proof
band-spread ing anten nae-scope heavy-duty
low-im pedance two-toned dual-purpose
send-receive bui Id-it-you rself self-vi bration
3non-resonant w i re-wou nd non-inductive
high-eficiency high-frequency-characteristic
multi-grid selectivity-regeneration
plate-grid never-to-be-forgotten
all-purpose up-to-the-minute
- - -- - - - -
 LESSON 23
Exercise in using Punctuation Marks.
The duty o f man in the management o f his worldly affairs,
must let it clearly be seen that he pursues his worldly calling
from a principle o f duty, not from a sordid love o f gain. H e
must, therefore, not only L L provide things honest i n the sight
o f all men ; " not only avoid everything which is fraudulent
and unjust in his dealings with others ; not only openly protest
against those iniquitous practices which the custom o f trade t o o
frequently countenances and approves ;--but, also, he must
" let his moderation be known t o all men." He must not
push his gains with seeming eagerness, even t o the utmost
LAWFUL extent. H e must exercise forbearance. He must
sometimes even forego advantages, (which, in themselves, he
might innocently take), lest he should seem t o give any ground
for suspecting that his heart is secretly set upon these things.
H e must avoid everything which may look like moroseness
and gloom. H e must cultivate a cheerfulness o f spirit.
He must endeavour t o show, i n his whole deportment, con-
tentment and tranquillity. The spirit which i n man is required
t o show itself, can be acquired in the exercises o f humility, o f
meekness, of gentleness ; in a patient bearing o f injuries ; in
a uniform endeavour t o overcome evil with good; in self-denial;
i n universal kindness and courtesy; i n slowness t o wrath; in an
unwillingness t o hear o r t o speak evil o f others ; in a forward-
ness t o defend, t o advise, and t o assist them : by doing these
things he will be discharging i n a faithful, diligent way the
personal and particular duties of his station. As a member
o f society, he must be distinglrished by blameless and inoffen-
. sive conduct ; by simplicity and an ingenuousness of character ;
by uprightness and fidelity i n all his engagements.
As a neighbour, he must be kind. friendly and accommodating.
His discourse must be mild and instructive. He must labour
t o prevent quarrels, t o reconcile those who differ, t o comfort
the afflicted. I n short, he must be " ready for every good
w o r k ; " and all his dealings w i t h others must show the great
principles which dwell and w o r k in his heart.

43
 RADIO STATION-CALL SIGN PREFIXES OF THE WORLD
USED BY BROADCAST AND COMMERCIAL RADIO STATIONS

CAA-CEZ ... ... Chile HZA-HZZ ... Hedjaz

CFA-CKZ ... ... Canada I ... Italy & Colonies
CLA-CMZ ... ... Cuba J ... ... Japan
CNA-CNZ ... Morocco K ... ...U.S.A. & POSS.
COA-COZ ... ... Cuba LAA-LNZ ... Norway
CPA-CPZ ... ... Bolivia LOA-LWZ ... Argentina
CQA-CRZ Portuguese Col. LXA-LXZ ... Luxemburg .
CSA-CUZ ... Portugal LYA-LY Z ... Lithuania
CUA-CXZ ... Uruguay LZA-LZZ ... Bulgaria
CYA-CZZ ... ... Canada M ... ... Great Britain .
D ... ... ...Germany N ... ... United States
EAA-EHZ ... ... Spain OAA-OCZ ... ... Peru
EIA-EIZ ...Irish Free State OEA-OEZ ... ... Austria
ELA-ELZ ... ... Liberia OFA-OHZ ... ... Finland
EPA-EQZ ... Persia OKA-OKZ ... Czechoslovakia
ESA-ESZ ... Esthonia ONA-OTZ Belgium & Col.
ETA-ETZ ... Ethiopia OUA-OZZ ... Denmark
F ... ... France PAA-PIZ ... Netherlands
G ... United Kingdom PJA-PJZ ... Curacao
HAA-HAZ ... Hungary PKA-POZ ... Netherlands
HBA-H BZ ... Switzerland PPA-PYZ ... BraziI
HCA-HCZ ... Ecuador PZA-PZZ ... Surinam
HHA-HHZ ... Haiti R ... ... U.S.S.R.
HIA-HIZ ... Dominica SAA-SMZ ... Sweden
HJA-HKZ ... Colombia SOA-SRZ ... ... Poland
H PA-H PZ ... Panama STA-SU Z ... ... Egypt
HRA-H RZ ... Honduras SVA-SZZ ... ... Greece
HSA-HSZ . . . . . . Thailand TAA-TCZ ... ... Turkey
HVA-HVZ ... Vatican City TFA-TFZ ... ... Iceland
 RADIO STATION-CALL PREFIXES (Continued)
TGA-TGZ ... Guatemala YIA-YIZ ... ... lraq
TIA-TIZ ... Costa Rica YJA-YJZ ... New Hebrides
TKA-TZZ ... France & Col. YLA-YLZ ... ... Latvia
U ... ... ... U.S.S.A. YMA-YMZ ... Danzig
VAA-VGZ ... ... Canada YNA-YNZ ... Nicaragua
VHA-VMZ ... Australia YOA-YRZ ... Roumania
VOA-VOZ ... Newfoundland YSA-YSZ ... El Salvador
VPA-VSZ British Colonies YTA-YUZ ... Y ugo-Slavia
VTA-VWZ ... British lndies YVA-YWZ ... Venezuela
. VXA-VYZ ... ... Canada ZAA-ZAZ ... ... Albania
W ... ... United States ZBA-ZJZ British Colonies
XAA-XFZ ... ... Mexico ZKA-ZMZ ... New Zealand
XGA-XUZ ... ... ChinaZPA-ZPZ ... Paraguay
' XYA-XZZ ... British India ZSA-ZUZ ... South Africa
YAA-YAZ ... Afghanistan ZVA-ZZZ ... ... Brazll
YBA-YHZ Netherlands lndies

INTERNATIONAL CODE
FRACTION SEPARATION SIGNAL
USED BETWEEN T H E
- -
NUMBER A N D T H E FRACTION

Examples : 31 i s to be transmitted
SEPARATION PRACTION BAR
-.3 a . 1 . a - a4

...................
r

4 $ 4 is t o be transmitted
SEPARATION FRACTION BAR SEPARATION

Fraction Signals used by the 3 Forces are spelt out in full :

i.e. 214 would be t w o one and half o r 21 and one half.
 FOREIGN EXCEPTIONS TO THE
INTERNATIONAL CODE
L L

MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS
-
NEGATIVE SlGN N 0 *-- - -
PREPARATIVE SlGN 0 E
-
---
PANO--* 0 5 10

NOT BARRED, SENT AS THREE LETTZRS.

I.. -
0
.
- -..I.

AUTOMATIC ALARM SIGNAL(EHLS~'U?"E)--- -- L TC.

READINESS SlGN NW
-
COMMENCING SIGN VE aaa
- ---
SEPARATIVE SIGN I I a a a a T w ~ A ~
ll
a IHAVEAMESSAGEFOR
YOU
~ T

Go on K a -- -
FigurechecktofollowCK-a-a

THE POUNDSIGN (f)

-a-
Received correctly R a
ae 1.0 - a -
 I mportant
T o dispel any doubts as to the method of calculating the r a t e

of transmitting any signals i n the Morse Code on the basis of

words per minute, the following figures should be adopted.

(It has been found that the number of Morse units i t takes t o
send an ordinary message of 20 words averages about 930 units):

Q i s 13 Units i n Length E i s I U n i t i n Length

Q = 3 1 3 1 I 1 3 =I3 E = l
0 - I
pp - - - ---- -- - - ---- ---

When it it desired t o test any person's proficiency at a given

rate, the time allowed for sending the Test Message may be
arrived at by dividing 20 by the Rate Number. Thus, a Test
Message of 932 units at 6 words a minute, o r rate 6. should
take 3 minutes and 20 seconds.

Dots, Dashes and Spaces between them, should be made t o

bear the following ratio one t o another in the duration of
the time taken to send them :-

A D O T i s taken as a unit. A DASH i s equivalent t o 3 units.

The space o f time between any t w o elements o f a letter o r
sign is equal t o I unit, between t w o complete letters o r
signs is equal t o a dash o r 3 units, and between 2 words o r
groups is equal t o 5 units.
- -

U p t o ordinary limits, whatever may be the rate o f sending,

accuracy in signalling depends upon these rules being strictly
adhered to.
 BUZZER TESTS AT 6 WORDS PER MINUTE

Receiving Basis - P/L - 60 Letters in 2 minutes

Receiving and Sending Basis - (Mixed Groups) 36 Letters and
!I2 Figures in I2 Groups of 3 Letters and I Figure. Time Zminutes.

BUZZER RECEIVING - - - PLAIN LANGUAGE

TO THE JOY OF THE PILOT THE P L m LIKE A

FORKED TAIL BIRD OF THE XEMA GENUS QUICKLY
FLEW OVER THE AXIS CAPITAL I N AN AZURE
BLUE SKY.

.JAWFALLEN MITCHELL GRASPED AND MEMORIZED

QUICKLY THE IDEA OF THE FLYING ANTICS GIVEN
BY THE GULLS.
MIXED GROUPS

RZXM TGUZ WSAZ D9YK N8QP Z8AW C9EX

igL0 VSNC Q7TM TZLN oliH oOiQ TGHU
'Z7GA H7SQ DZYK P6MR G3BA Y3KN A8RL
F3WU 05wM R3UC ilJW D6RL VSLH C2NF
BGDN K9BY J8BN G8Zo F4iE E9DC DZZM
H8Ki XlDE ilQY S5HX WQTo W7YB iloV
0lPJ GZLR VBoP V3BA U9JX JliX K7FY
'T8oV F8AX G4I-E U7CE CZSY F4MR B5PW
Y4QC D4RB SliX F6QY K7VZ GGSV JeQS
H5SE P0iJ 06JP Z4FQ XSMB TZJP R4Uo
X8ZY G5WC L9FX Y9PJ QlYN U5WF P8KQ
A2NR LlHi H5io i0oo Z6HX Q9DE S3MX