The tUCN Species Survival Commission

1996 lUCN Red List of

Threatened
Animals
Compiled and Edited by
Jonathan Baillie and
Brian Groombridge

The Worid Conseivation Union

 9

© 1996 International Union for Conservation ot Nature and Natural Resources

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or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Citation: lUCN 1996. 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

ISBN 2-8317-0335-2

Co-published by lUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge U.K., and Conservation International,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Available from: lUGN Publications Services Unit, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CBS ODL, United Kingdom.
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publications can be obtained from the same address.

Camera-ready copy of the introductory text by the Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois 60513, U.S.A.
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Cover photo: Radiated tortoise, Geochelone radiata (Jolin L. Behler).

 The lUCN Species Survival Commission

1996 lUCN Red List of

Threatened
Animals
Compiled and Edited by
Jonathan Baillie and Brian Groombridge

with the assistance of

Mariano Gimenez Dixon, Angela Barden,
Neil Cox, Belinda Gray, Simon Stuart,

Martin Sneary, Timothy Johnson, Julie Reay,

Elizabeth McCance, and Georgina Mace

in association with experts in the

lUCN Species Survival Commission,
World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
and BirdLife International

Guest Essays hy
Ulf Gardenfors
Alison Stattersfield

Foreword by
George Rabb

lUCN
The Worid Conservation Union
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species Survival Commission
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Conservation international

WORLD CONSERVATION
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MONITORING CENTRE Sidiamu of Oman Chicago Zoological Socii;ly

WWF BirdLife
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English
NATURE
 )

Contributions to the lUCN/Species Survival Commission

and the 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals

The Species Survival Commission gratefully recognizes The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) makes a sig-
its extensive network of volunteers who make production nificant annual contribution to the SSC Conservation
of the lUCN Red List possible. Those individuals who Communications Fund, in addition to grants for in situ
have contributed time and expertise are listed in the conservation coordinated by the SSC. NWF is the largest
Acknowledgements. SSC also wishes to acknowledge non-governmental, non-profit conservation education
those donors whose major financial contributions support and advocacy organization in the United States. NWF's
a wide variety of SSC activities, as well as development emphasis is on helping individuals and organizations of
and publication of the lUCN Red List. all cultures, in the United States and abroad, to conserve
wildlife and other natural resources and to protect the
The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott earth's environment to assure a peaceful, equitable, and
lUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports sustainable future.
Action Plan development and implementation; to date,
more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan, has
Specialist Groups. As a result, the Action Plan Program awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade
has progressed at an accelerated level and the network Program and Conservation Communications Program.
has grown and matured significantly. The SSC is grate- This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable
ful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well
support for species conservation worldwide. as to the larger global conservation community. Among
other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters
The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) provides signif- concerning the designation and management of nature
icant in-kind and cash support to the SSC, including reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, con-
grants for special projects, editorial and design services, servation of natural landscapes, coordination of law
staff secondments, and related support services. The enforcement efforts, as well as promotion of conserva-
President of CZS and Director of Brookfield Zoo, tion education, research, and international cooperation.
George B. Rabb, serves as the volunteer Chair of the
SSC. The mission of CZS is to help people develop a The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) provides
sustainable and harmonious relationship with nature. significant annual operating support to the SSC. WWF's
The Zoo carries out its mission by informing and inspir- contribution supports the SSC"s minimal infrastructure
ing 2,000,000 annual visitors, serving as a refuge for and helps ensure that the voluntary network and
species threatened with extinction, developing scientific Publications Program are adequately supported. WWF
approaches to manage species successfully in zoos and aims to conserve nature and ecological processes by: ( I

the wild, and working with other zoos, agencies, and preserving genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; (2)
protected areas around the world to conserve habitats ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is
and wildlife. sustainable both now and in the longer term; and (3) pro-
moting actions to reduce pollution and the wasteful
exploitation and consumption of resources and energy.
WWF is one of the world's largest independent conser-
vation organizations, with a network of National Organi-
zations and Associates around the world and more than
5.2 million regular supporters. WWF continues to be
known as World Wildlife Fund in Canada and in the
United States of America.

Intro 2
The following organizations also played an important BirdLife International compiles and maintains the bird
role in relation to the lUCN Red List: component of the lUCN Red List. BirdLife is a world-
wide partnership of conservation organizations that seeks
Publication of the 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened to conserve all wild bird species and their habitats.
Animals was made possible by lUCN/SSC's co-publish- Through this. BirdLife helps protect the world's biolog-
ing partner Conservation International (CI). CI secured ical diversity and supports the sustainable use by humans
funds for the Red List production, including a generous of the world's natural resources. BirdLife is a national
grant from the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation force in 58 countries around the world and represented in
(US) and supported publication and distribution of the a further 26 nations.
publication.CI helps people improve their standard of
living while conserving their valuable natural resources. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) supplied data for
CI develops and promotes models to conserve ecological many of the North American species included in the
"hotspots," threatened rain forests, and other ecosystems lUCN Red List. TNC is an international non-govern-
in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. To ensure lasting mental organization whose mission is to preserve
solutions to conservation challenges, these models inte- the plants, animals, and ecological communities that
grate economic, cultural, and ecological factors, and are represent the diversity of life on Earth. With more than
designed to strengthen local capacity for conservation. 800,000 members, the Conservancy owns and manages
over 1,600 preserves, the largest private system of nature
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre sanctuaries in the world. Internationally, the Conserv-
(WCMC) is SSC's data management partner, and man- ancy works to support in-country organizations and
ages the database from which the lUCN Red List is gen- agencies that share its focus on the protection of biologi-
erated, and has provided much of the information for cal diversity. The Conservancy has also helped estab-
this edition. WCMC, based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint- lish a network of Natural Heritage Programs and
venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Data Centers, based in state and national
Consenation Strategy, and its successor. Caring for the agencies and private organizations throughout the United
Earth: lUCN, UNEP (the United Nations Environment States, Canada, and Latin America.
Programme), and WWF. WCMC provides information
services on the conservation and sustainable use of
species and ecosystems and supports others in the devel-
opment of their own information systems.

Intro 3
 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2010 witii funding from
UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge

http://www.archive.org/details/1996iucnredlisto96bail
 1

Contents

Page Page

Foreword Guest Essays

George B. Rabb Intro 6
Application of lUCN Red List
Categories on a Regional Scale
Acknowledgements Intro 7
UlfGdrdenfors Intro 63

Introduction Intro 10 Applying the New lUCN

Threatened Species Categories
Organization of Information Intro 12 Alison Stattersfield Intro 67

Information Sources and Quality Intro 15 The 1996 lUCN Red List of
Threatened Animals
The New lUCN Categories
Index to Classes 1
and Criteria Intro 17
List 1. Threatened Species 3
Analysis
List 2. Lower Risk: conservation dependent . . .129
Jonathan Baillie Intro 24
List 3. Lower Risk: near threatened 135
References Intro 42
List 4. Extinct and Extinct in the Wild 177

Data Tables List 5. Data Deficient 193

Table 1. Status Category Summary List 6. Subspecies and Populations 219

for all Classes and Orders Intro 44
List 7. Taxa Removed from the
Table 2. Status Category Summary 1996 Red List 241
by Major Taxonomic Group Intro 50
Index 257
Table 3. Threatened Species: Country
Totals by Taxonomic Group Intro 5
Annex
Table 4. Extinct, Threatened and Key to Sources Annex 1

Other Species; Country Totals by rUCN Red List Categories Annex 3

Status Category Intro 57

Intro 5
 Foreword

The Red List of Threatened Animals is a warning flag, Second, the application of the new system to species
signalling for global attention to the perilous status of on prior lists and to other species was also a daunting
many species. In its approach, this Red List is different undertaking. Many Specialist Groups of the Species
from all its predecessors and the existing Red Data Survival Commission and BirdLife International carried

books. It employs a more rigorous system for assessing out this work. Jonathan Baillie gave crucial attention to
degree of threat of extinction, a system reflecting cur- coordination and instruction of this work, and his service
rent knowledge in population biology in relation to con- deserves the gratitude of conservationists everywhere.
servation concerns. This more objective approach should Most conservation actions are carried out in national
help focus attention on the causative factors behind the contexts, and going forward, the new approach to cate-

diminished geographic ranges, declining populations, gorizing conservation status needs to be adapted for use
and small numbers that characterize endangerment in at the national level. The lUCN is encouraging the
many species. development of National Biodiversity Conservation
The Red List is incomplete because of our ignorance Groups, and it is important that they be suitably equipped
of the vast majority of life forms on the planet, most of with cogent information in directing their efforts to effect
them invertebrates and other microfauna. Nevertheless, conservation of endemic species.
the status of the larger species covered by the Red List As biological gauges of endangerment, the Red Lists
is indicative of the circumstances for many smaller of species should be considered as calls for attention to
species that occupy the same environments as the larger causal factors. The causes of endangerment range from
species. In this connection, a notable achievement in habitat destruction and overharvesting to pollution and
preparation of this edition of the Red List was review of introduction of invasive species. Thoroughgoing review
all mammals. Thanks to this
species of work and to the of the Red List in relation to these proximate causes may
prior work of BirdLife International, two classes of ver- help focus relevant research, education, training, and pol-
tebrates have now been assessed. It is of significance icy development within the lUCN networks and the con-
for conservation planning and action that the less vagile servation community generally. In turn, such work can
group, the mammals, has proportionately more species at inform and inspire appropriate governmental and social
risk of extinction than the birds. actions to stem the loss of biological diversity illustrated
The observations above reflect very considerable so explicitly by this Red List. Looking ahead, such
accomplishments. First, the development of the new sys- responsiveness will be obligatory if we are to deal at all

tem for categorizing threats was a formidable task. Led adequately with global change phenomena that are
by Georgina Mace, the effort involved hundreds of con- impacting the long term survival prospects for ecosys-
sultations and much debate over several years before tems and their distinctive complements of species.
therewas a product suitable for adoption by lUCN-The
World Conservation Union. The conservation commu- George B. Rabb
nity is truly indebted to Dr. Mace and her many collabo- SSC Chair
rators for their work.

Intro 6
 Acknowledgements

The assistance of many people has been essential during Marydele Donnelly, Iain Douglas-Hamilton. Craig
the compilation of the 1996lUCN Red List. In particu- Downer, Holly Dublin, Henri J. Dumont, Patrick
lar, we must acknowledge the many SSC Specialist Duncan, J. Dutton, Rod East, Harald Ehmann, Lucius
Group chairs and other members, and the many other Eldredge, Mark Eldridge, Keith Eltringham, K.C.
field scientists, who have provided data and opinions for Emberton, Sebastian Endrody-Younga, Carl Ernst,
this revision, usually in addition to already heavy work- Joseph Erwin, Ardith A. Eudey, G. Evans, Michael
loads. We hope that we have not overlooked anyone in Ewert, Neil Fairall, Garry Fellers. Christopher Field, Y.
the list below, and trust that those who have made espe- Finet, J. F. Fitzpatrick Jr., Tim Flannery, John Flux, Jack
cially valuable contributions will not object to our alpha- Fooden, Thomas Foose, Koyla Formozov, Nikolai
betical sequence. Formozov, Garth Foster, Chuck Fowler, Sarah Fowler,
Razeem Mazaln Abdullah, Alberto Abreu Grobois, Nat Frazer, A. Frias-Martin, Tony Friend. Agustin
M. Farid Absan, Arturo Acero, Donat Agosti, Alex Fuentes, Liza Gadsby, Anh Galat, Gerard Galat,
Aguilar, Gustavo Aguirre, A. Alberts. G. Allen, Patricia Nicholas Gales, Ray Usha Ganguli-
Gambell,
Almada-Villela, R. Alonso, Giovanni Amori, Claes Lachungpa, S.K. Gangwere, Marion Garai, Gerald
Andren, Christopher Andrews, Douglas Armstrong, Visit Gamer, Dave Garshelis, Steve Gartlan, A. Gasgoigne,
Arsaithamkul, Syoziro Asahina, Jose Marcio Ayres, Annie Gautier-Hion, Anthony Gent, Sarah George,
Baccio Baccetti. Gary Backhouse, Robin Baird, John Arthur Georges, G. Gerber, Stella Giannoni, R. Gibson,
Baker, George Balazs, Michael Balke, Harvey Ballard Huw Giffiths, Joshua Ginsberg, Spartaco Gippoliti,
Jr., Emilio Balleto, John Bannister. K.R. Beaman, Simon Angela Glatston, Natalie Goodall, N. Goodyear, Suren-
Bearder, John Behler, Denton Belk, Ben Bell. Diana dra Goyal, Michael Green, Penelope Greenslade,
Bell, Charles Bellamy, John Benzie, Ibrahim Beran, Michael Griffin, O. Griffiths, Kurt Grossenbacher, Colin
Kristin Berry, Vladimir Beshkov, Peter Best, Roger P. Groves, Kunkun Jaka Gurmaya, M. Haase, Celio
Bills, David Bilton. Zainuddin Bin Awang Lela. Vadim Haddad, M. Hadfield, L. Hadway, David Hafner,
Birstein,Karen Bjorndal. D. Blair. Charles Blanch. Heather Hall, Matti Hamalainen, Michelle Hamer, Sandy
William Bleisch, Quentin Bloxam, A.E. Bogan, Ramesh Harcourt, James Harding, John Hare, Tero Harkonen,
Boonratana. Eric Born, Philippe Bouchet, Ian Boyd, David Harrison, John Harwood, Julie Hawkins, W.K.
William Branch, Douglas Brandon-Jones. Matthew Hayes, Sun Hean, Larry Heaney, Simon Hedges, Mads
Braunwalder, Amie Brautigam, M. Breuil, Warren Y. Peter Htide-Jorgensen, Joel Heinen, Eero Helle, J.
Brockelman, Daniel Brooks, Martin Brooks, D.S. Heller, R. Henderson, Lars Hendrich. Martin Henzl,
Brown, Robert Brownell, B. Bruce, Andrew Burbridge, Alejandro Hernandez- Yasez, David Hill, Craig Hilton-
Kurt Bushlmann, James Buskirk, Tom Butynski, Nora Taylor, Rod Hitchmough, Horton Hobbs III, Domingo
Bynum, Des Callaghan, Ruben Callo, Merry Camhi, Hoces, John Holsinger, Paul Horner, J. Horrocks, M.
Claudio Campagna, Domingo Canales-Epinosa, John Hounsome, Darryl Houston, Chia Chi Hsiung, Elodie
Cann, Emily Capuli, Eduardo Carrillo, C.M.S. Carring- Hudson, Gene Huntsman, Mark Hutchinson, Anthony
ton, R.L. Carter, Stephen Casey, Fernando Cervantes, Hutson, M. Ibanez, Thomas Illiffe, Amar Inamdar,
Anwaruddin Choudhury, Peter Christie. Ruth Chunge, Prayuth Intarapanich, Augustin Iriarte W, John Iverson,
Tim Clancy, D. Clark, Harold Cogger, Adelmar Nina G. Jablonski. Dale Jackson, Peter D. Jackson, Peter
Coimbra-Filho, James Cokendolpher, G. Cole, Cristino Thomas Jefferson, Raymond
F.R. Jackson, Peter Jarman,
CoUado, David E. Collins, L. Compagno, Luis Contreras. Jezerinac, Xing-BaoAndrew Johns, Chris Johnson,
Jin,

Salvador Contreras-Balderas, J. Conyers, S. Cook, Justin Ken Johnson. Naris Kaewsalabnil, Zhou Kaiya, Sumate
Cooke, Peter Copley, Keith Corbett, Liliana Cortes- Kamolnorranath, Kadzo Kangwana, Toshio Kasuya,
von Cosel, Jackie Courtenay, John Coventry, R.
Ortiz, R. Hidehiro Kato, Todd Katzner, Les Kaufman, V. Kessner,
Cowie, Colin Craig, Keith Crandall. Enrique Crespo, Le Vu Khoi. Catri Khoohathapharak, Bastiaan Kiauta,
Deborah Grouse, Neil Cumberlidge, Claudio Cunazza. R.N. Kilburn, Steven Kingswood, Margaret Kinnaird,
Indraneil Das, Charles Daugherty, G.S. Davis, Steve Carl Kinze, R. Craig Kirkpatrick, Devra Kleiman, David
Dawson, Mark Day, Flavio de Barros Molina, Gustavo Klein, Hans Klingel, Ann K. Kohihaas, Wichit Kongk-
de Fonseca, Gerrit De Gusmao Camara,
Graaff, Idsen de ham, Karen Kool, Adriaan Kortlandt, Zoltan Korzos,
Daniel de Lamo, Roberto de Rocha e Silva, Thomas Maurice Kottelat, Gerald Kuchling, Ajith Kumar, Padma
Defler, Bernard Devaux, Chris Dickinan, H.K. Divekar, Kumari de Silva, Frank Kurczewski, Sergius Kuzmin,

Intro 7
Michael Lambert. Ernst Lang, Tom Langton, P. Last, Sadovy, Carl Safina, David Saltz, Michael Samways,
Andrew Laurie, David Lavigne, Richard Laws, Kevin Kanchai Sanwong, Daniel Sarasqueta, Carel P. Van
Lazarus, James Lazell. Nigel Leader-Williams, Steve Schaik, P.J. Schembri. Mitchel Schiewe, Duane Schlitter,

Leatherwood, Anthony Lee, Phyllis Lee, Charlie Eberhard Schmidt, Frederick Schueller. Helga Schulze,
Leelasiri.Lynn Lefebvre, Jean-Marc Lernould, Jean Norman Scott, Mary Barbara Seddon, John Seebeck,
Lescure, Sanan Liangpaiboon, Colin Limpus, Malan Michael Seidel, Michael Sergeev, Lester Seri, Juan
Lindeque, Bounchanh Liphoung, Lois K. Lippold, Carlos Serio-Silva, Chris Servheen, David Shackleton,
Miguel Lizana, Michael Lock, Chainarong Lohachit, Nita Shah, Peter Shaughnessy, Glenn Shea, Greg
Paul Loiselle, Lloyd Lowry, Geoff Lundie-Jenkins, Dan Sherley, Jeff Short, Johann Sigurjonsson, Claudio
Lunney, Yiqing Ma, Alistair MacDonald, David Mac- Sillero-Zubiri, Gilberto Silva-Lopez, Marcus Simons,
donald, Angelo Machado, Akihiro Mae, Alejandro Apidet Singhaseni, Tero Sipilla, Paul Skelton, Boris
Maeda-Martinez. Bruce Male. David Mallon, M.C.D. Sket, S. Slack-Smith, Elisabeth Slooten, Andrew Smith,
Mansur, Neca Marcovaldi, Dimitris Margaritoulis. A.L. Brian Smith, Laurie Smith. Jack Sobel, A. Solem,
Markezich, Miriam Marmontel, Helene Marsh, Keen Ramon Soriguer, Nicolas Soto, Zandi Spuris, Sompoad
Matam-
Martens, Roderic Mast, Larry Master, Yolanda Srikosamatara, J. Stanisic, F. Starmiihlner, J. Steffek,
oros, Sharon Matola, Stephanie Maxwell, Mary June Sally Stephens, Melanie Stiassny, Ian Stirling, David
Maypa, Don McAllister, Kelly McAllister, Elizabeth Stone, Gregory Stone, Karen Strier, Anton Stumpel,
McCance, Andrew McCarthy, William McCord, Keith Franz Suchentrunk, Ken Sugimura, Vivake Sukead,
McDonald, R.M. McDowall, Roger McManus, David Channarong Sukthon, Raman Sukumar, Yant Sukwonge,
Mech, Marcus Meier, Peter Menkhorst, Anne Meylan, Sidney W. Sunkle, Jatna Supriatna, P. Tattersfield,
Peter Meylan, Simon Mickleburgh, Phil Miller, Gus Christopher Taylor, Mitchell Taylor, Ricky Taylor,
Mills, Joe Mitchell, Joseph Mitchell, Russell Mitter- Andrei Tchabovsky, Geza Teleki, Jo Thompson, Paul
meier, Patricia Moehlman, Don Moll, Edward Moll, Thompson, John Thorbjamarson, Apichart Tirawatana,
Maggie Moonie-Seus, Jim Moore, Norman Moore, P. Tolson, K. Tomiyania, David Towns, Fritz Trillmich,
Daniel Morris. Keith Morris, Jeanne Mortimer, Cynthia Wancahi Tunwattana, Caroline Tutin, B. K. Tyagi,
Moss, Johanna Motta-Gill, Teresa MuUiken, Graziella Michael Tyler, Martin Tyson, Shun-Ichi Ueno, Yuji
Mura, Jack Musick, M. Mylonas, Tilo Nadler, F. Naggs, Uozumi, Yongchai Utara, Claudio Valladares-Padua,
Bernabas Nagy, D. Nellis, Gertrud Neumann-Denzau. Victor Valverde, Erik van der Straeten, Peter Paul van
T.R. New, Don Newman, Carsten Niemitz, Goran Dijk, Nico van Strien, Jan van Tol, Dick Vane-Wright,
Nilson, Toshisada Nishida, Steve Njumbe, Peter R. Varman. Alejandro Velazquez, Fernando Videla,
Novellie, Kristin Nowell, Eduardo Nunez, Felix Nunez, Bibiana Vila, Maria Lilian Villalba. Amanda Vincent,
Ann Oakenfull, John F. Gates, R.A. Odum. Ricardo Valeriy Vladimirov. Richard Vogt, Rob Wager, H. Wai,
Ojeda, Maria Elisa Oliveira, William Oliver, Robert Simon Wakefield, Sawai Wanghongsa, Melvin Warren
Olivier, Thawom Orasoon, J. Ottenwalder, Su Su Oung, Jr., Robert Webb, Vern Weitzel, Susan Wells, Christen

S. Palazzi,Buntawan Pamoke, Felipe Pascual, Dennis Wemmer, Tony Whitaker, Anthony Whitten, Ian Whyte,
Paulson, Junaidi Payne, Paul Pearce-Kelly, David Wisid Wichasilpa, Mary Wicksten, T. Wiewandt,
Pearson, Oliver Pearson, A. Perera, A.M. Perez, William Oystein Wiig, Stuart Williams, Liz Williamson, Khin
Perrin, R. Pethiyagoda, Georgi Petrov Peshev, Bernie Than Win, D. Wingate, A.J. de Winter, John Winter,
Peyton, William Pflieger. Richard Podloucky, Cathryn Roland Wirth, John Woinarski, Grace Wong-Reyes,
Poff. B. Pokryseko, W. Ponder. Ishwar Prakash, ElizabethWood, Charles Woods, Jack Woody, Pat
Theerapat Prayurasiddhi. R.C. Preece, Peter Pritchard, WooUey, Richard Wrangham, W. Wuster, Nuan Thong
Zdzislaw Pucek, Silvia Puig, Andre Punt, Paul Racey, Xavonxay, Zhang Yongzu, Waltraut Zimmermann, G.
David Ragge, Graeme Ramsay, Nipai Rattanapan, Zorzi. George Zug, Gabriel Zunino, and C.G. van Zyll
Nancy Rayner, Bruce Read. James Reddell. Kent de Jong.
Redford, Randall Reeves, Janet Reid, Peter Reijnders, Although it is always dangerous to draw attention to
Dave Charles Rentz, Julio Reyes, Vernon Reynolds, particular names from such a list, special mention must
Anders Rhodin, Ignacio Ribera. Enrique Richard, Philip be made of the extraordinary effort made by the SSC
Richardson, T. Ripkin, Galium Roberts, Phillip Robin- Mollusc Specialist Group, under the leadership of Mary
son, Terence Robinson, Henry Robinson, Ernesto Seddon and Philippe Bouchet, which evaluated a huge
Rodriguez-Luna, Francisco Romero, Fernando Rosas, number of species for inclusion in the 7996 lUCN Red
James Perran Ross, B. Roth, Rob Roughley, David List ofTlveatened Animals.
Rounsevell, Richard Rowe, Mary Rowen, Roger Roy. The data on birds are taken from BirdLife Inter-
Anthony Rylands, Sergio Saba, Jordi Sabater-Pi, Yvonne national's 1994 publication Birds to Watch 2, which is

Intro 8
the official source for birds on the lUCN Red List. We Jonathan Baillie took the responsibility of assisting the
would like to thank Nigel Collar and Alison Stattersfield SSC Specialist Groups and other experts to use the new
for their assistance in making the bird data available. system, and apply it to thousands of species. Without
Data for a number of species of North American rep- Jonathan's assistance, the first ever evaluation of all

tiles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates are gener- mammal species for their threatened status would not
ously provided by the Nature Conservancy, and we thank have been completed in time for this edition. Jonathan
Bruce Stein and Jeff Lerner for their help. Data on developed a guide on how to use the new categories and
marine fishes were provided through a workshop sup- criteria, which was widely used by SSC members. He
ported by the Institute of Zoology (UK) and the World was also responsible for writing most of the Introduction
Wide Fund and special thanks are due to
for Nature, and Analysis sections of the 1996 lUCN Red List of
Elodie Hudson, Georgina Mace, and Mike Sutton for Threatened Animals. Brian Groombridge provided con-
making this possible. Additional thanks goes to Maurice siderable assistance with the introductory section and, in
Kottelat for his advice on Eurasian fishes. We also particular, was responsible for the Organization of
would like to thank Flora and Fauna International for Information, Information Sources and Quality, and Data
supporting Simon Mickleburgh and Mark Day in their Table sections. Mariano Gimenez Dixon played a major
contributions to the Red List. role in helping to evaluate a number of the lesser-known
Particular thanks are due to Ulf Gardenfors and Alison species under the new system, and assisted Jonathan in
Stattersfield for writing the Guest Essays. Ulfs essay providing support and advice to SSC members. Georgina
introduces the process that has now started to develop Mace was a constant source of wisdom and advice
guidelines for the application of the new lUCN Red List throughout the process, and provided valuable editorial
categories at regional and national levels. Alison's essay comments. Simon Stuart was the lUCN project manager,
highlights some of the lessons learned in using the new and served as overall editor of the introductory sections.
categories in the compilation of Birds to Watch 2. Production of the camera-ready copy at the offices of
Particular mention must be made of the extraordinary the Chicago Zoological Society was carried out by Diane
amount of work undertaken by World Conservation
the Cavalieri. Elizabeth McCance oversaw the final compi-

Monitoring Centre in lUCN Red List

support of the 1996 lation, and Susan Tressler also assisted during the final

of Threatened Animals. Research, fact-checking, and stages of production.

data entry were carried out by Angela Barden, Neil Cox, Production of the 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened
and Belinda Gray. Electronic data merges were under- Animals would not have been possible without the ongo-
taken by Martin Sneary, who also designed and imple- ing support of the long-term donors to the lUCN Species
mented changes to the database, and produced output Survival Commission: the Sultanate of Oman (which
files for data tables and taxonomic lists. Julie Reay super- established the Peter Scott lUCN/SSC Action Plan
vised the final production of tables and lists. Terry Hart Fund): the Chicago Zoological Society: the National
was responsible for the final production of the tables and Wildlife Federation; the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan:
lists to produce the camera-ready copy. Overall quality and the World Wide Fund for Nature. English Nature
was provided by Brian Groom-
control and coordination has also provided financial support to assist in the publi-
bridge. Tim Johnson and Brian Groombridge were the cation of this Red List. In particular, publication of the

project managers. WCMC generously supported this 1996 lUCN Red List was made possible by lUCN/SSC's
project over and above the level of funding provided by co-publishing partner. Conservation International.

lUCN, without which this edition could not be produced. Conservation International secured funds from the
The task of compiling the 1996 lUCN Red List of Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation (US) and sup-
Threatened Animals presented particular challenges, ported the publication and distribution of the publication.
resulting from the adoption of the new lUCN Red List Particular thanks are due to Russ Mittermeier and Jorgen
categories in November 1994. This made it impossible Thomsen of Conservation International for making all

to carry listings forward from the 1994 lUCN Red List. this possible.

Intro 9
 Introduction

For more than thirty years, the Species Survival • The information is presented in a more user-friendly
Commission (SSC) has been assessing the conservation manner so that it may be used by a much larger and
status of species and subspecies on a global scale in order varied audience; and

to highlight taxa threatened with extinction, and therefore

• We have tried to make the infonnation more
promote their conservation. Although today we are oper-
accessible as it is posted on the World Wide Web,
ating in a very different political, economic, social, and
with links to other threatened biodiversity
ecological world from that of the first lUCN Red Data
infonnation sources.
Book, the SSC remains firmly committed to providing
the world with the most objective, scientifically-based
With network of more than 6,000 SSC
the help of a
information on the current status of globally threatened
Specialist Group members, and data from BirdLife
biodiversity. As species and subspecies are the bearers of
International, the World Conservation Monitoring
genetic diversity and the building blocks of ecosystems,
Centre, and The Nature Conservancy, the 1996 lUCN
information on their conservation status and distribution
Red List of Threatened Animals is the most comprehen-
provides the foundation for making informed decisions
sive inventory ever of threatened species and subspecies
about preserving biodiversity at local to global levels.
on a global scale. The efforts of the large network of vol-
unteers and partner organizations have resulted in the

Goals recognition of the 5,205 threatened taxa listed in this

book.
The goals of the 7996 lUCN Red List of Threatened
The conservation status of every mammal species in
Animals are to:
the world is assessed for the first time in the 1996 lUCN
• Provide scientifically-based information on the Red List. The only other major taxonomic group that has

status of species and subspecies at a global level been comprehensively evaluated is birds (Collar et al.

1994). Assessing every species in these taxonomic

• Draw attention to the magnitude and importance
groups represents a major milestone in conservation,
of threatened biodiversity
enabling us to determine clearly the overall status of
• Influence national and international policy, and mammals and birds, and to continue to monitor the trends
decision making within these higher-taxon groups.
Although determining the conservation status of all
• Provide information to guide actions to conserve
birds and mammals is a great step forward in conserva-
biological diversity
tion, these two classes represent about 30% of vertebrates
and only 0.8% of all named species. Within the next

Improving the Red List five to ten years, we hope to have all known higher ver-
tebrates and freshwater fishes completely assessed.
as a Conservation Tool
Unfortunately, given lack of financial resources, and the
We have introduced several innovations which have sheer magnitude of the numbers of lower vertebrate and
enhanced the effectiveness of the 1996 lUCN Red List as invertebrate species, it will probably be a long time
a conservation tool: before these taxa receive comprehensive conservation
assessments. Furthermore, there are currently about 1.5
• At the species level, the conservation status of all
to 1 .8 million named species, but it is estimated that the
vertebrates and the majority of invertebrates listed
actualnumber of species in the world ranges from 5 to 10
in the 1994 Red List has been re-assessed;
million (May em/. 1995). If this prediction is correct,
• For the frrst time, all mammal species have been then thousands to millions of species may be missing
assessed, in addition to many other species that had from the Red List because they have not yet been dis-
not previously been evaluated: covered or described. Nevertheless, despite these diffi-

culties, the number of invertebrate and fish species

• We have adopted and applied a more objective
mcluded within the Red List has risen sharply in the last
system for classifying conservation status, that
three published editions.
allows comparisons to be made across species in
assessing likelihood of extinction;

Intro 10
 1

To improve the quality and usefulness of the infor- The 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals is
mation in the Red List, we have used the new lUCN cat- now on the World Wide Web at (http://www.wcmc.
egories and criteria, approved by lUCN Council in 1994. org.uk/data/database/rl_anml_combo .html). This allows
This system improves the objectivity of the listing any person with Web access to use the database to obtain
process by providing quantitative criteria that define information such as:

each category of threat (Critically Endangered, Endang-

• What percent of known and assessed species
ered, and Vulnerable). It also requires specialists who
are threatened?
provide assessments to give a reason for the listing of
each species or subspecies in a particular threat category. • Which species and subspecies are the most
Providing specific reasons for listing: ( 1 ) improves the threatened?
accountability of the system; (2) provides information
• Which taxonomic groups are at the greatest
that may lend insight into processes driving extinction for
risk of extinction?
a specific species, taxonomic groups, or taxa in a partic-
ular region; and (3) provides the basis for systematically • Where are the most threatened species located?
monitoring changes in status over time. Details of the
Currently, links are being developed to allow direct
new system can be found in the section entitled The New
access to relevant SSC Specialist Group Action Plans or
lUCN Categories and Criteria, and also in Annex 2 at
Specialist Group home pages. lUCN will be developing
the end of this publication.
Web connections between the Red List and other biodi-
The Red List was traditionally written for a scientific
versity information sources. This will enhance the value
audience (Scott et al. 1987), but as the imperiled status of
of the Red List as a starting point for exploration of con-
biological diversity has become increasingly evident,
servation options, ranging from the genetic to the ecosys-
the general public and policy makers have taken a much
tem level.
stronger interest in the growing list of threatened taxa.
We have changed the format of the publication to appeal
to a much wider audience while retaining scientific
content. Where possible, common names have been
included for all species and subspecies.

Intro 1
 Organization of Information

The / 994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals was a Lists

major advance on its predecessors in clarity of layout and Lower Risl<: near tlireatened
amount of information presented on each species. This is This includes species in the "near threatened" subcate-
maintained in 1 996, and the lists further reflect the refine- gory of the Lower Risk category (LR:nt). Taxa in this
ment built into the revised system of categories. subcategory are "near threatened" in the sense of being
There are eight categories in the new system. All taxa close to the threshold of the Vulnerable category.
within these categories have an entry in the seven lists

below except those in the Not Evaluated category (NE) List 4

and those in the Lower Risk subcategory of "least con- Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
cern" {LR;lc). All assessments (except the small number The second list in the 1994 Red List was a compilation

of geographically isolated populations in List 6, which of species categorized by lUCN as extinct or probably

are not recognized taxonomically) are of the taxon as a extinct in the wild, and a number of species that had not
whole, i.e. indicate the global risk of extinction. been categorized by lUCN but which were known to

The first priority in compiling this present edition of have become extinct since around 1600 AD. That previ-
the Red List was to assess all known mammal species; ous compilation is the basis for this list, which includes
the second was to re-assess all other vertebrates in the two distinct categories in the revised system. Extinct (EX)
1994 Red List; the third was to cover the invertebrate and Extinct in the Wild (EW). This list reflects some
groups in the 1994 Red List for which an active lUCN movement of species between extinct and threatened
Specialist Group exists. These goals have been achieved. categories as a result of new information or interpretation.
It can be assumed therefore that any bird or mammal
species (unless described too recently to have been eval- Lists
uated, or not generally accepted as a full species) that is Data Deficient
not in one of the lists in this publication falls within the This category includes species that lack the data needed
"least concern" division of the Lower Risk category. The to make an assessment of risk possible. Taxa in this cat-

fourth priority was to deal with remaining invertebrates; egory differ from those in the Not Evaluated category in
relatively few of these have been assessed. that the question of data availability has been considered
in the former but has not yet been considered in the latter.

Contents of Taxonomic Lists Lists

List1 Subspecies and Populations
Threatened Species This includes all subspecies that were listed in 1994 and

This list includes all the full species categorized at global which have been reassessed for 1996. All categories are

level as either Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered included here, except Lower Risk: least concern. In most
(EN), or Vulnerable (VU). Only taxa within any of these instances subspecies are only listed if the full species of

three categories are collectively termed "threatened", and which they are a component has also been evaluated. For
this list is the current central catalogue of animal species the first time, a number of geographically isolated

identified as globally threatened under the new category intraspecific populations have also been listed where a

system. special conservation need has been identified. In List 6

the letters "cd" and "nt" in place of the criteria shown in

List 2 List 1 indicate, respectively, the "conservation depen-

Lower Risl<: conservation dependent dent" and "near threatened" subcategories of Lower Risk.

Species for which sufficient data exist for an assessment

to be made, but which are not in a threatened category List?
(List 1 ) or extinct (List 4) are Lower Risk. This has three Taxa Removed from the 1 996 Red List
sub-divisions. Of these. Lower Risk: conservation depen- Of the taxa that appeared in previous Red Lists, some
dent (LR:cd) includes species that are the subject of a tar- have been evaluated using the new categories and some
geted conservation program, the ending of which would have not. In the former group, many have been assessed
result in the taxon moving into a category of threat within as Lower Risk: least concern (LR:lc). Taxa in this sub-
five years. category are not in general listed in this publication, but

Intro 12
an exception is made for taxa that were formerly listed on categorizing marine fishes (Hudson and Mace 1996)
in order to higMight the change in status. These appear in applies in particular to these populations. The text of this
the first part of List 7. The names of taxa previously caveat is reproduced in the following paragraph. A note
listed but not evaluated at the time of going to press at the start of the fish section of List 1 stresses the pre-
appear in the second pan of List 7. The second part of liminary nature of the marine fish assessments in general.
List 7 also contains a small number of as yet undescribed
The criteria (A-D) provide relative assessments
species for which full details have not been provided (see
of trends in the population status of species
below) and which therefore have not been included in the
across many life forms. However, it is recognized
main lists. It is possible that unresolved taxonomic prob-
tliat these criteria do not always lead to equally
lems may have led to some duplication of entities in List
robust assessments of extinction risk, which
7 and Lists 1-6.
depend upon the life history of the species. The
We do not list any of the species formerly listed in
quantitative criterion (AJa, b, d) for the threat-
the Commercially Threatened category (List 5 in the
ened categories may not be appropriate for
1994 Red List). This category was a form of threat clas-
assessing the risk of extinction for some species,
sification, not a risk assessment, and so is not recognized
particularly those with high reproductive poten-
in the new system. Of the species formerly listed in this
tial, fast growth and broad geographic ranges.
category, none has been assessed for the 1996 Red List,
Many of these species have high potential for
except the single vertebrate {Macaco nemestrina. now
population maintenance under high levels of
VU). We do not list any of the genera and other higher
mortality, and such species might form the basis
taxa formerly listed in List 3 of the 1994 Red List. Many
for fisheries.
of the Lake Victoria cichlid fishes have now been
assessed at species level and appear in appropriate sec-
Except where a species is known only by fossil material,
tions of the present Red List; none of the other groups
it is typically an accumulation of negative evidence, i.e.
has yet been assessed at species level. The new category
repeated failure to find a species, that leads to the con-
system is valid only for species and subspecies, not
clusion that extinction has occurred. Several species
higher taxa.
once thought recently extinct have been rediscovered and
doubtless others will be in future; conversely it is certain

Notes on Species Categot7 Lists that many become extinct unnoticed

species will have
and sometimes undescribed. The extinct species list is
Each standard entry in Lists 1 , 4 and 6 has the following
thus liable to change significantly over time because of
format:
these factors, and also because of changes in species level

• scientific name taxonomy.

• common name (where available)
• category abbreviation (in bold), source of category
Distribution information
assessment (in superscript, see key in Annex 1),

criterion or criteria (for threatened categories only) Distribution is recorded in terms of country names.
• range countries Unless geographically very remote from each other,
islands and other territories are included with the parent
Lists 2, 3 and 5 each contain species in a single category; country. In the case of species that only inhabit islands
the category in these cases appears in the title header for significantly distant from the mainland, the island name
the list (left-hand page) rather than in the species entry is given in parentheses (e.g. Spain (Canary Is)).

itself. Some of the stocks and populations included with With regard to marine species, country records are
subspecies in List 6 have a distinguishing geographic or provided only for strictly coastal or inshore (or riverine)
common name in an additional line under the scientific or cetaceans, and for otherwise marine species that return to
common name. land to breed or nest (note that species without a country
We give the criteria for the highest category to which range in the database from which the Red List is gener-
the species can be assigned but not for any lower category ated are not represented in the data tables). For some
that might also apply (for birds this corresponds to the cri- marine species, and most strictly marine species we show
terion or criteria printed in bold in Birds to Watch 2). generalized ranges in terms of FAO Fishery Areas, indi-
A small number of marine fishes in List 1 and List 6 cated by square brackets (e.g. [Adantic (northeast, north-
have the letter C in parentheses after the species name. west), Indian Ocean (eastern)]). For many freshwater
This indicates that a caveat formulated at the workshop species, usually those restricted to a single water sys-

Intro 13
tern, freshwater ranges are also indicated by square mation provided. Within reasonable limits every effort
brackets. Rivers and lakes are distinguished by R. and L. has been made to determine which of the new nations
respectively (e.g. [R. Cetina], [L. Toba]). In a few that were part of the former Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
instances, a second river name (e.g. [R. Danube (R. and USSR support species previously attributed to the
Tisla)]) indicates a section of the drainage in which the larger unit. Thus, any record for "Yugoslavia" should
species occurs. refer to the current Serbia-Montenegro, but might in
In most cases where populations are known to have some cases refer to the former federation.
been introduced or reintroduced to a country, this is indi- In List 6, containing subspecies and a number of
cated by [int] or [re-int] after the country name in the dis- stocks and other geographically isolated populations, the
tribution text. Similarly, where populations are known or latter are indicated by (S) after the species name, and
suspected to have been extirpated from a country, this is unless otherwise clear, the population or stock is indi-
indicated by (ex) or (ex?). cated on the line under the species name (e.g. Acipenser
Geopolitical events during recent years may have led gueldenstaedti (S), (Caspian Sea stock)).
to some inconsistency or errors in the distribution infor-

Intro 14
 5

Information Sources and Quality

Conservation Information assessments. Some of the later assessments are incorpo-

rated in recently published Action Plans.
In the threatened species lists, the superscript number fol- While nominally all mammal species (i.e. those listed
lowing the category abbreviation keys to the list of
in Wilson and Reeder, 1993, but not all of those subse-
sources (Annex ): note that this indicates the person or
quently described) have now been assessed, the assess-
1

group responsible for the category and criteria desig-

ment process has been based on relatively poor or sparse
nated, not usually the source of any other data repre-
information in the case of many rodents, insectivores,
sented in that entry. When the assessment is attributed to
and microbats. The need for better data is most pressing
more than one person, names are in alphabetical order.
among these groups that are generally small or very small
Where an active SSC Specialist Group exists for a
in body size, but very rich in species.
taxon, that group has in genera! undertaken the status
Future editions of the Red List will aim, higher-taxon
assessment and provided the resulting category and spec-
group by higher-taxon group, to produce complete
ification of criteria. In some cases these assessments
assessments of all reptiles, amphibians and fishes.
have been the product of group discussion, but often they
represent the judgement of individual Specialist Group
members. Gaps in Specialist Group coverage of verte- Nomenclature
brates have been filled by SSC staff (Jonathan Baillie:
We have followed standard world checklists whenever
most mammals, Mariano Gimenez Dixon: North
possible in order to promote nomenclatural stability. In a
American "lower" vertebrates) and WCMC Species Unit
very few instances a Specialist Group has used alterna-
staff (several groups, including Eurasian fishes). North
tive systematic opinion.
American assessments were based in most cases on data
The following paragraphs note the main taxonomic
provided by The Nature Conservancy (TNC). The
sources used. We have adopted the names of phyla used
assessment of Australian amphibians was based on data
by Margulis and Schwartz (1988), but list them in reverse
provided by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency
sequence; classes are listed in alphabetical sequence
(ANCA). The final assessments of these species to be
within phyla (phylum names do not appear in the lists).
made by ANCA may differ from those provided here.
The world list of amphibians edited by Frost (1985) and
The information from TNC was provided as print-
revised by Duellman ( 1993) lists orders, families, genera,
outs from their databases. TNC has its own Biodiversity
and species in nested alphabetical sequence. There is
Element Ranking System (see Master 1991) which is
much to commend this practice, particularly where no
based on very similar information requirements to those
one system is familiar to all users, and we have treated
used in assigning the new lUCN Red List categories. As
reptiles and invertebrates in this way.
a result, it was possible to apply the lUCN categories,
using species-related data supplied by TNC.
Mammals
All categorizations of bird taxa have been provided by
The names and sequence of orders and families, and the
BirdLife International, and reflect the contents of Birds to
species content of families follows Wilson and Reeder
Watch 2 (Collar et al. 1994). This is the world list of
(1993). Genera and species are alphabetical within fam-
threatened birds, and includes lists of Data Deficient and
ilies. Species nomenclature generally also follows this
other species not in the threatened category group.
source, except when a Specialist Group has expressed a
BirdLife International originally employed an earlier ver-
very strong preference for another system, or has used
sion of the revised category system than that finally
nomenclature different from Wilson and Reeder and we
approved by lUCN Council. Subsequently, "conserva-
consequent ambiguities
have been unable to resolve
tion dependent" has been subsumed in the Lower Risk
about the population content of species and their distrib-
category, and there is an additional qualifier for the A
ution. Principal departures from Wilson and Reeder,
(Declining Populations) criterion; these changes have
relatively few in number, are found in the primates and
been made in this present list. number ofA small
bovids.
Specialist Groups covering birds have later made further
assessments of species using the final version of the new
Birds
category system, but it was decided in the interests of
Nomenclature for genera and species generally follows
standardization to maintain the BirdLife International
Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). Solely to maintain uni-

Intro 1
formity with Birds to Watch 2, we use the names and Invertebrates
sequence of orders and families, and the species content Parker (1982) has generally been followed for nomen-
of famiHes of Morony, Bock, and Farrand ( 1 975 ). clature at class, order, and family level and above. There
is a lack of widely accepted class-level checklists for
Reptiles invertebrates and in the absence of such sources no
Turtles and tortoises generally follow Iverson { 1992); attempt has been made to standardize names submitted
crocodilians follow King and Burke (1989); tuatara sys- for inclusion.
tematics are after Daugherty et al. (1990). Names in
common use, including by Specialist Groups or in Undescribed Species
national sources, have been employed for other groups of We have followed a policy developed by SSC regarding
reptiles: there is as yet no standard world species check- listing of undescribed species. These can be accepted
list for lizards or snakes. only under the following conditions:

• There is general agreement that the undescribed

Amphibians
taxon is in fact a species.
Nomenclature and sequence consistently follow Frost
(1985) as updated by Duellman (1993). • Clear distribution information can be provided.

• Listing the undescribed species will potentially aid

Fishes
in its conservation.
The names and sequence of orders and families, and the
species content of families follows Eschmeyer (1990). • Specimen reference numbers are provided by which
Genera and species are alphabetical within families. the species can be traced without confusion.
Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups
' The museum or other institution holding the collec-
or in national sources, have been employed at the species
tionand the individual responsible for the proposal
no published standard world species
level: there is as yet
can be identified.
checklist for fishes. We have changed some family
names given in contributions from the SSC Freshwater • Whenever possible a common name can be added.
Fish Specialist Group in order to conform with the tax-
Undescribed species are represented in the lists by the
onomy of Eschmeyer.
genericname and the abbreviation "sp." Details of spec-
imen numbers and institution are available on request
from WCMC.

Intro 16
 The New lUCN Categories and Criteria

After a long process of review and consultation, the new the system, it was tested by a number of the specialist
lUCN categories and criteria were adopted by the lUCN groups on many different taxa through a series of
Council on November 30, 1994, This system was devel- Conservation Assessment and Management Planning
oped to improve the objectivity of classifying the conser- (CAMP) workshops, organized by the SSC Conservation
vation status of species, subspecies, and populations on Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG). Following an exten-
a global scale and to provide more useful information sive review and consultation process, including a major
about the status of taxa. international workshop, Mace et al. (1992) proposed a
major revision of the 1991 paper, adapting the criteria

and their quantitative thresholds for each of the cate-

Why a New System? gories of threat to apply to all species. Also, the SSC
initiated a process of broad consultation to solicit com-
To create a meaningful list of threatened species, those
applying the classification system must have a common SSC members, other
ments and recommendations from

understanding of the categories of threat. The definitions

lUCN Commissions. lUCN member organizations and
governments, and other experts. This process of consul-
for the former lUCN threatened species categories were
two more revisions of the system before it
tation led to
largely subjective. Thus, different individuals could
was officially adopted by the lUCN Council in
obtain widely different assessments for the same taxon,
November of 1994.
even using the same information. This was not a major
The lUCN Red List categories and criteria are applic-
problem in the 1960s and 1970s, because there was one
able to all taxonomic groups, except micro-organisms.
person responsible for determining the status of all the
Red Data Books. Thus the system was By providing a clear quantitative framework for the cat-
species in the
egories of threat, the objectivity of the listing process
consistently applied despite the vague threatened cate-
has been increased. Enhancing the objective nature of
gory definitions (Collar 1992). However, since the early
the system is intended to improve the consistency in its
1980s, the SSC has expanded greatly, and the responsi-
application. This facilitates the comparison of the status
bility of assessing the conservation status of species
of species and subspecies from very different communi-
shifted to the numerous SSC Specialist Groups. As more
ties and backgrounds. The new system has been applied
people became involved in the assessment process and
own interpretations of the lUCN to every species and subspecies in the 1996 lUCN Red
used their categories, it
List of Threatened Animals. For further information on
became increasingly evident that a less subjective and
how the new lUCN categories and criteria have been
more accountable system was needed.
applied to a broad range of taxa, refer to Collar et al.
Devising an objective system is a very challenging
1994 and Species 24 and 25. Several groups are now
task, because there is no clear line that separates threat-
working on guidelines for the application of the Red List
ened and non-threatened species. There is in fact a con-
categories and criteria to specific groups of taxa.
tinuum, and we have to choose appropriate points at

which to divide one group from another. Discussions of

a new approach for assessing extinction risk was a major Summary of the lUCN
theme at the symposium. The Road to Extinction, held by
Categories and Criteria
the SSC in 1984; however, no single approach was
agreed upon (Fitter and Fitter 1987). Again, in 1989, Every species and subspecies evaluated with the new
the SSC Steering Committee requested the development system is classified into one of the eight categories.
of a new approach that would provide the conservation Three of the eight categories are known as the categories
community with useful objective information for conser- of threat; Critically Endangered, Endangered, and
vation planning. Vulnerable. Five criteria, denoted by the letters A-E, as
Mace and Lande (1991 presented the first outline for
)
well as subcriteria, denoted by numbers and lower case
a new system in a paper which recommended categoriz- letters define the categories of threat. While this may
ing species by their probability of extinction over a given appear somewhat confusing at first, the following sum-
period of time. They suggested that numerical thresh- mary should help to outline clearly the exact roles of the

olds could be set for each category of threat, and made categories, criteria and subcriteria. For more detailed

specific proposals appropriate for higher vertebrates. information please refer to the Annex at the end of this

Immediately after the publication of the 1991 version of publication entitled lUCN Red List Categories.

Intro 17
 - 8

The Categories • Least concern: taxa that are not in any immediate
danger of extinction.
There are eight well-defined categories (refer to the

Annex for full details) that enable the classification of These subcategories are intended to support the moni-
almost every species or subspecies in the world. The toring of species' status, and can indicate particularly

eight categories are illustrated in bold in Figure 1.

significant circumstances, such as species close to threat-

Extinct means that there is no reasonable doubt that ened status and those dependent on continuing conser-
the last individual has died. Extinct in the Wild means vation actions.

that the species has been extirpated from its natural habi- The remaining two categories do not reflect the con-
tat. The definition for Extinct in the Wild (see the Annex servation status of taxa. The Data Deficient category
at the end of this publication) gives guidance on the cir- highlights taxa for which information to make a sound

cumstances in which it is possible to pronounce a wild conservation assessment is lacking. The category Not

species extinct. Critically Endangered, Endangered, Evaluated applies to taxa that have not yet been assessed

Vulnerable (the categories of threat) each have quantita- with the new system.

tive criteria that broadly reflect different levels of risk of

extinction. The details of these criteria are discussed at
The Categories in Use
greater length in a separate section to follow. The Lower
Risk category has three subcategories: When the categories are applied to an individual species
or subspecies, they provide a snapshot in time of the
• Conservation dependent: taxa that do not qualify
taxon's conservation status or indicate that more infor-
for the Vulnerable category only because of species-
mation is needed. Comparison of assessments over time
specific or habitat-specific conservation efforts, the
will identify trends in the conservation status of a partic-
cessation of which would result in the taxon
ular taxon.
qualifying for one of the threatened categories
The categories provide a framework that allows for
within a period of five years
analysis of the conser\'ation status between widely differ-
• Near threatened: taxa that are not Conservation ent higher taxonomic units such as Family Felidae, Order
Dependent, but almost qualify for one of the Diptera, or Class Reptilia. Also, comparing the classifi-
Vulnerable criteria cation of taxonomic groups over time provides informa-

Extinct (EX)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Critically Endangered (CR)

— (Threatened) .
Endangered (EN)

Vulnerable (VU) Conservation

i— (Adequate data)
Dependent (cd)
-(Evaluated)
Lower Risk (LR) -Near Threatened (nt)

-Least Concern (Ic)

Data Deficient (DD)

Not Evaluated (NE)

Figure 1 . Structure of the Categories.

Intro 1
 with very different life histories, it is not intended that
all the criteria be applicable to a given species. Species

Critically
qualify as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or
Extinct
Endangered Vulnerable by meeting any one of the five criteria (A-E)
for that category of threat.
Endangered Requiring that the criteria and subcriteria are stated
Data Deficient for each listing of a taxon in one of the categories of
threat provides a more objective, informative, and
accountable process. The identification of quantitative
criteria when classifying a taxon in one of the categories
of threat ensures that taxa are being assessed by a
Not Evaluated common standard, thus improving consistency of the
application of the system among different users. The
information given by the categories and criteria provides
a general indication of the exdnction process of a taxon
and may be helpful in setting conservation priorities. The
Figure 2. When all species of a higher taxonomic group are
placed into one of the eight categories, it provides a useful categories, criteria, and subcriteria are made public to

indication of the current status of. and level of knowledge explain why each taxon has been placed on the list, and
about that group. the assessment can then be refined as further informa-
tion emerges.
Although the criteria for each of the categories of
tion on changing patterns and levels of threat. Figure 2 threat are based on quantitative thresholds, inference and
demonstrates how the current status of an entire taxo- projection are permitted so that taxa for which there is

nomic group can be summarized by the lUCN categories. very little information can also be assessed. Therefore,
the person conducting an assessment is expected to use
the best available information, in combination with infer-
The Criteria and Subcriteria for ence and projection to test a taxon against the criteria. If

the Categories of Threat there is any reasonable concern that a species is threat-

ened with extinction, it should qualify for the criteria of

The three categories of threat. Critically Endangered,
one of the categories of threat.
Endangered, and Vulnerable, are all determined by quan-
titative criteria. For each of the categories of threat there
are five criteria (A-E), which are based on variables How to Decipher the Criteria
closely associated with extinction risk. The criteria A-D
and Subcriteria
also have subcriteria that are used to justify the listing of
a species under a given category and criteria. The five Following the scientific common name of each
and the
criteria are: threatened taxon in the 1996 lUCN Red List is a category
of threat, and if applicable, criteria and subcriteria. The
A. Declining Population (past or projected) of threat. Critically Endangered,
three categories
B. Small Distribution and Decline or Fluctuation
Endangered, and Vulnerable, represent decreasing lev-
C. Small Population Size and Decline
els of extincdon risk. The quantitadve criteria (A-E) help
D. Very Small Population or Very Restricted one of the cate-
to identify taxa that are appropriate for
Distribution
gories of threat. Finally the subcriteria provide reasons
E. Quantititative Analysis (e.g.. Population how the categories,
for lisdng taxa. Figure 3 illustrates
Viability Analysis) Red List.
criteria, and subcriteria are used in the

The main purpose of the subcriteria is to provide further The Giant Sea Bass is listed as CR Albd. This means
that the category of threat is Critically Endangered,
information to support the listing of a species in a partic-
which defined "a taxon that is facing a very high
ular category. However, the subcriteria may also provide is as,

risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future."

insight into threats such as direct exploitation, habitat
and hybridization, or they may describe
loss, pollution, This species qualifies as CR under criterion A. The 1 is

part of the subcriteria and indicates that there has been a

declines recorded by direct observation or changes in an
index of abundance. decline of at least 80% in the number of mature individ-

Although the criteria are expected to be applicable uals over the past 10 years or three generations (which-

across broad taxonomic groups to encompass species ever is longer for this species). The rest of the subcriteria

Intro 19
 '

Scientific Name Category Criteria Subcriteria Distribution

T
Stereolepis gigas
\l//
CR A 1 bd Mexico,
'

USA
Giant Sea Bass [Pacific (eastern central)]

Common Name

Figure 3. An example of the use of tfie categories, criteria, and subcriteria in the 1996 lUCN Red List.

listed are b, d, which provide information about how the is the first time that the new system has been applied to
decline was assessed. In this particular case the subcri- such a large number of species with very different life

teria state that the Giant Sea Bass was listed under the A histories. Overall, the system was very well received and
criterion because of the rapid decline was documented by it appears to have successfully flagged a wide variety of
(b) an index of abundance and (d) exploitation. Using the threatened species. In the process of applying the cate-
summary of the lUCN categories and criteria, it is possi- gories and criteria for the 1996 lUCN Red List, hundreds
ble to decode the criteria and subcriteria for every taxon of specialists had the opportunity to assess all aspects of
listed. the new system. This has led to a number of constructive
In Table 1 the categories of threat are listed along the suggestions as to how the system could be fine-tuned.
top of the page, and the criteria and subcriteria are given The following discussion outlines many of these recom-
in the appropriate columns. First identify the category mendations, which focus on slight definition clarifica-
of threat; then locate which of the five criteria are applic- tions, and also on aspects of the A criterion that may
able and identify the subcriterion. require further examination.
For example, by using Table 1, it is possible to deci-
pher what Endangered: C2a means. First identify the
Endangered category in the center at the top of the page.
Definitions
Then follow the Endangered column down to the C cri-
1. Definition of IVIature Individuals
terion which states that the taxa has a small population
In the current system, mature individuals are defined as
size and is declining. Identify the quantitative threshold
individuals capable of reproduction. This definition has
for the Endangered column under the C criterion which is
been used to provide an indication of the number of indi-
less than 2,500 mature individuals. Then locate the 2a
viduals that will be able to replace themselves in the next
subcriterion which states that the population is experi-
generation. However, in some long-lived species, indi-
encing a continual decline and is fragmented with each
vidual animals are capable of reproduction, but their
subpopulation averaging less than or equal to 250 mature
young are not attaining maturity. Even though such indi-
individuals.
viduals are breeding, for conservation purposes they
It should be mentioned that the terms used in the cri-
should not be considered as mature individuals. This def-
teria and subcriteria have very specific meanings in this
inition should be reworded to emphasize that only indi-
context, or require particular methods to be used for
viduals capable of producing offspring that reach the age
assessing them. These definitions are included in Annex
of maturity should be considered as mature individuals.
2 at the end of this publication.

2. Definition of Generation Time

Lessons Learned in Applying the Generation time is currently defined as the average age of

New lUCN Categories and Criteria mature individuals in a population. In the new lUCN cat-
egories and criteria, generation time determines the win-
While the lUCN categories and criteria had been tested dow of time during which a species" probability of
against many different types of species in its develop- extinction, or its rate of decline, is being examined. For
ment phase, the compilation of the 1996 lUCN Red List example, the A criterion is used to list species according

Intro 20
Table 1

Summary of New lUCN Categories and Criteria

Use any of tlieA-E criteria Critically Endangered Vulnerable

Endangered
A. Declining Population
population decline rate at least 80% in 10 years 50% in 10 years 20% in 10 years
or 3 generations or 3 generations or 3 generations
using eittier

1 . population reduction observed, estimated,

inferred, or suspected in the past or
2. population decline projected or suspected in tiie future

based on:
a. direct observation

b. an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon

c. a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
d. actual or potential levels of exploitation

e. the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization.

pathogens, pollutants, competitors, or parasites

B. Small Distribution and Decline or Fluctuation

Either extent of occurrence <100km2 < 5,000 km2 < 20,000 km2
or area of occupancy <10km2 < 500 km2 < 2,000 km2

and 2 of the following 3:

1 . either severely fragmented: (isolated subpopulations = 1 <5 <10
with a reduced probability of recolonization, if once
extinct) or known to exist at a number of locations

2. continuing decline in any of the following: any rate any rate any rate

a. extent of occurrence
b. area of of occupancy
c. area, extent and/or quality of habitat
d. number of locations or subpopulations
e. number of mature individuals
3. fluctuating in any of the following: > 1 order/mag. > 1 order/mag. > 1 order/mag.

a. extent of occurrence
b. area of occupancy
c. number of locations or subpopulations
d. number of mature individuals

C. Small Population Size and Decline

Number of mature individuals <250 < 2,500 < 10,000
and 1 of the following 2;

1. rapid decline rate 25% in 3 years 20% in 5 years 10% in 10 years

or 1 generation or 2 generations or 3 generations

2. continuing decline and either any rate any rate any rate

a. fragmented or all sub-pops < 50 all sub-pops < 250 all sub-pops < 1 ,000

b. all individuals in a single subpopulation

D. Very Small or Restricted

Either 1 . number of mature individuals <50 <250 < 1,000
or 2. population is susceptible (not applicable) (not applicable) area of occupancy
<100km2 or number
of locations < 5

E. Quantitative Analysis
Indicating the probability of 50% into years 20% in 20 years 10% in too years

extinction in the wild to be at least or 3 generations or 5 generations

Intro 21
to specific rates of decline in the past or future for ten declining at the last minute. Currently, there is no upper
years or three generations, whichever is longer. If a limit on the time period during which declines are exam-
species' generation time is 12 years, then rates of decline ined. For example, if the generation time of a species is

are examined over the past and future 36 years. 50 years, then the A criterion requires that the rates of
The current definition of generation time does not decline be monitored over the past and future 150 years.
work well for species that are experiencing heavy Just as it is impractical for conservation purposes to use
exploitation or direct harvesting. This is because when very short generation times, it is in most cases also
populations are heavily exploited, the larger older indi- impractical to attempt to determine what happened too
viduals are usually the first to be taken, thus reducing far back in the past, or what may happen in the distant

the average age of the population, and decreasing the future. A cap of about 75 years would ensure that mea-
generation time. With a shorter generation time, rates sured and predicted declines were being assessed over
of decline and probabilities of extinction will be exam- time-frames where circumstances can be judged with
ined over a shorter time-frame, making it less likely for more certainty.

the species to qualify under the appropriate category of

threat. To avoid this anomaly, the definition should be 2. Identification of Depleted Taxa
reworded so that generation time is defined by the aver- Under the A criterion, a species will not be listed under
age age of parents in the population, prior to exploitation. one of the categories of threat unless there are recorded
declines of at least 20% over the past or future 10 years or
3. The Application and Definition 3 generations, whichever is longer. Therefore, if a pop-
of Conservation Dependent ulation continues to decline at 15% over that time frame,
Conservation Dependent is now a subcategory of the it will not be listed as threatened.
Lower Risk category. The subcategory is currently used Species that have experienced a major decline such
to highlight species that would qualify for the Vulnerable as 90% over the appropriate time frame will be listed as
category were not for species-specific or habitat-
if it Critically Endangered. However, if the species then
specific conservation efforts. If this definition were declines less than 20% over 10 years or three generations
broadened so that Conservation Dependent could be it will no longer be considered threatened. For precau-
applied to the categories of threat, then the Red List tionary reasons the taxon would remain on the list for
would provide valuable insight into the number of five years and then would be removed.
species, at all levels of threat, that are receiving beneficial In these two situations it appears that the system is not
conservation attention. Conservation Dependent would effectively identifying species that have undergone
then be defined as an optional subcriterion used for severe depletion and would intuitively be threatened with
species that would fall into a higher category of threat or extinction. However, the A criterion is one of five crite-
be driven to the point of extinction, were it not for con- ria that have been developed to assess the conservation
servation efforts. status of a species. The B, C, D, and E criteria all high-
light species that are threatened due to their restricted
distribution or low numbers. Thus, if a taxon is not
Challenges with the A criterion identified by the A criterion, it should be picked up by
one or more of the other criteria once the population or
1. IVIaximum Generation Time distribution becomes small enough. The problem is that
Generation time is defined by the average age of matare some populations undergo extreme depletion, for exam-
individuals in the population. The A criterion states that ple a reduction to 5% of the original population, but are
a taxon's rate of decline should be examined in the past still too widely distributed or have too many mature indi-
or future 10 years or three generations. Thus, genera- viduals to qualify for any of the other criteria.
tion time is often used to determine the window of time Large populations that are reduced to a small percent-
during which the decline of a taxon will be measured to age of their former population may persist for many gen-
determine if it qualifies for one of the categories of threat. erations. However, it is possible that these populations
Generally, the longer the time period, the more likely it is are much more prone to proximate causes of extinction.
that a taxon will qualify for one of the categories of If this is the case, then there no
is specific criterion that
threat. effectively flags the high probability of extinction that
Using three generations to monitor a species' popu- these species face.
lation stams standardizes measurement of rates of decline Unless it can be proven that species that have had
across widely different taxa. A minimum of 10 years has major past declines do not have a significantly higher
been set because there is little that can be done in terms of probability of extinction, then one option to address this
conservation planning if a taxon is identified as rapidly apparent shortfall in the new system would be to use the

Intro 22
A2 criterion. This criterion flags species that may expe- 5.Managed Populations and Rates of Decline
rience significant decHnes in the next 10 years or three When exploiting wild populations, the management
generations, whichever is longer. However, it would be strategy is often to reduce the number of mature individ-
more effective for conservation purposes to develop uals in order to increase productivity, thus increasing the
criteria that specifically highlight species that have sustainable harvest levels. For some fish populations,
undergone extreme depletion, but do not qualify for the managing for sustainable harvest entails a reduction of
other criterion. more than 50% of mature individuals. Despite the fact
that these reductions are intentional, these species are
3. Shifting Time Scale for the A criterion identified as potentially threatened with extinction under
The A criterion assesses the rates of population decline the red listing system.
over time. The criterion is divided into two: Al assesses It is very difficult to determine levels of exploitation
the rate of decline in the past 10 years or 3 generations, that are sustainable, and even if accurate harvest levels
and A2 assesses the predicted rates of decline in the next are determined, history has repeatedly shown that such
10 years or three generations. This rigid division of management schemes are rarely followed. Also, there
time-frames may lead to a misrepresentation of a is still uncertainty as to whether or not a population of
species' conservation status if the decline is occurring highly reproductive fishes, managed at reduced numbers
at the time of the assessment. For example, if a species of mature individuals over long periods of time, are sig-
has decreased by 10% in the past five years and is pro- nificantly more prone to extinction. There could be long-
jected to decline by another 10% in the next five years, term negative genetic implications resulting from this
it would not be listed under the current system. type of management. Species that are exploited in such a
Excluding declines that are occurring while the assess- manner might persist for several generations, slowly
ment is being made does not make sense when the objec- becoming more susceptible to extinction.
tive of the criteria is to identify a 20% decline over 10 Currently, if the number of mature individuals in a
years or three generations. However, the original inten- population decreases by 20% over 10 years or three gen-
tion was that there should be an opportunity to use a erations in managed populations, then the species is
shifting time window, which the current wording of the listed as threatened. Once the population is no longer
criteria does not make clear. The Al and A2 subcriteria decreasing by 20% over 10 years of three generations
could possibly be merged, leaving a single A criterion. (e.g., if the management is now achieving constant pop-
The past and future time-frames of 10 years or three gen- ulation size at high productivity levels), then it is retained
erations could be maintained, but should be flexible on the list for five years and then delisted. Therefore, if

enough to measure declines over any period, providing thenumber of mature individuals is reduced by 20% or
that the furthest point in time from the present (either more as part of a sustainable management scheme, the
past or future) is no greater than 10 years or three gener- taxon will initially be listed in a category of threat, but if

ations (whichever is longer). the management is successful the species will soon be
removed from the threatened list.

4. Rates of Decline and It is recognized that in the adoption of a completely

Probability of Extinction new system that there will be growing pains and that
The A criterion is based on the assumption that a species slight revisions are inevitable. However, we are still

is more prone to extinction when numbers of mature learning, and many issues require further examination,
individuals show persistent declines. With a 20% which makes it impractical to revise the new system
decrease in mature individuals the species qualifies for immediately. Only once we are certain that the majority
Vulnerable, with a 50% decline. Endangered, and with of the glitches have been identified and addressed will
an 80% decline. Critically Endangered. However, the lUCN categories and criteria undergo revision.
species with high growth rates, high reproductive poten-
tial, and early maturity can experience a significant
decrease in mature individuals, but may be less prone to
extinction than species with low growth and reproductive
rates. The categories of threat do not reflect probability
of extinction with precision across taxa, and may be par-
ticularly imprecise when only the A criterion is used.
This issue requires further investigation.

Intro 23
 1

Analysis

By Jonathan Baillie by supporting appropriate conservation actions. Finally,

the data presented will provide a rich source of basic
information on which conservation biologists and other
The Status of Globally
scientists can base analyses aimed to understand and thus
Threatened Species better address the current trend of biological diversity

Ideally, the lUCN Red List would contain detailed infor- depletion.

mation on the conservation status of every species in the The following general analysis is based on the infor-
world and identify the region or ecosystem in which each mation presented in the / 996 lUCN Red List of Threat-
species lives. This information would make it easier to ened Animals. It is hoped that specialists will use the
estimate the magnitude of the loss of species diversity tables and data in this book to explore the issues further.
and would greatly aid in the identification of areas endur-
ing the greatest biological impoverishment. Conserva-
would then have
Biases in the 1996 lUCN Red List
tionists better access to sound
information from which to set priorities, and govern- When reading this analysis section of the 1996 lUCN
ments and decision makers would be more aware of the Red List, it is important to recognize some of the biases
implications of their policies and actions on the future of that exist in the data in order to understand why some
the world's biological resources. higher-taxon groups and regions appear to have more
Currently, the conservation status is only known for threatened species than others.
a small proportion of all animal species, and there is a The current information on the status of threatened
strong bias toward terrestrial vertebrates and species species is heavily biased towards terrestrial vertebrates.
found in biologically well-studied regions of the world. Figure I indicates the total number of species that have
However, what we do know indicates clearly that there is been categorized as threatened for each major vertebrate
strong cause for concern. group (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes),
This edition of the Red List, which includes 5,205 as well as for a number of invertebrate groups (molluscs,
species threatened with extinction, is the most compre- insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates).
hensive list of globally threatened species ever compiled. From the number of vertebrates and invertebrates
All known species of birds and mammals have been eval- listed as threatened, may
appear that the two groups
it

uated, with the result that 25% of mammal species and have received a similar degree of attention. However,
1 1% of bird species are classified as being threatened more than 95% of all known animals are invertebrates
with extinction. Not all reptile, amphibian, and fish (Hammond 1995). Hence, this group is proportionally
species have been assessed, but of those that have been under-represented.
evaluated, rough estimates of the percent that are threat-
ened are: 20% of reptiles, 25% of amphibians, and 34%
of fishes (mostly freshwater).
Relatively few invertebrates (mainly insects, spiders,
crustaceans and molluscs) have been assessed making it

difficult to estimate the percentage that are threatened.

However, among the invertebrate groups that have
Z 1
received the most attention, there are large numbers of
threatened species: more than 500 insects, 400 inland
water crustaceans, and 900 molluscs.
The information in this book is meant be used in a
variety of ways. First,
the extensive lists
it is hoped that the publication of
of threatened species and subspecies Birds
1..
Fishes Reptiles

Mammals Insects

draw
Molluscs

will attention to the serious situation now faced by Amphibians

Crustaceans
Other
Invertebrates

animal species worldwide. Second, the detailed infor-

mation included on which species and higher taxa are
most at risk, as well as information on the general nature
Figure 1 .
The number of threatened vertebrate versus
of the threats, and the geographical distribution of these
invertebrate species that have been listed in the 1 996
species, will enable decision makers to address the issue lUCN Red List.

Intro 24
 The need for a stronger focus on invertebrate conser- now been applied to all mammals, and the results indi-
vation has long been recognized, but information on the cate that the level of threat to biodiversity could be even
statusand distribution of the majority of invertebrates worse than anticipated. For mammals, 169 species (4%)
simply does not exist (Groombridge 1993). Although the are Critically Endangered. 315(7%) are Endangered, and
number of invertebrates listed in the last two lUCN Red 612 (14%) are Vulnerable (Figure 2). This means that
Lists has sharply increased, any attempt to ensure that 25% of the total number of mammal species are threat-
they are adequately represented would require large ened with extinction. If the Lower Risk subcategories,
amounts of time and resources. However, it is unlikely conservation dependent and near threatened, are taken
that sufficient resources will be made available for inver- into consideration, 4 1 % of all mammals are either threat-
tebrate conservation until the values of the general public ened or close to Vulnerable.
and national governments change to recognize the need Given the fact that there are more than twice as many
to protect all forms of life. bird species as mammal species, it is interesting that the
The attention of naturalists and conservationists has total number of threatened species in each threat category
also long been focused on terrestrial rather than marine is very similar. Four mammal and three bird species are
environments. Although about two-thirds of the earth's Extinct in the Wild; 169 mammal and 168 bird species
surface is covered by seas, our knowledge of the basic are Critically Endangered. In total there are 1 ,099 threat-
ecology, distribution, and status of most marine species is ened and Extinct Wild mammal species and 1,111
in the

extremely limited. As a result, marine species are poorly threatened and Extinct in the Wild bird species.
represented in this list. Even among vertebrates, infor- Perhaps mammals are an anomaly, and the status of
mation on marine species is very poor compared to their birds is a more accurate indicator of the status of other
terrestrial counterparts. Of the terrestrial vertebrates, life-forms. Unfortunately, current information suggests
roughly 48% have been assessed, while only 1.7 % of the that mammals are better indicators of the level of threat
marine vertebrates (primarily three classes of fishes) of other taxonomic groups. Since reptiles, amphibians
have been evaluated. and fishes have not been comprehensively assessed, it is

Some regions have been more comprehensively impossible to make definitive statements about their
assessed than others. Countries such as the United overall conservation status. However, approximately
States, Australia, and South Africa, which have been sub- 20% of the reptile, 25% of the amphibian, and 34% of
ject to detailed review, may have proportionally more the fish species that have been assessed are threatened
species listed than countries in less well studied regions. with extinction. For summary tables on the status of each

Also, specific countries or regions that are the focus of an taxonomic group refer to Data Table 2, page 50.
SSC Specialist Group, or which have produced their own It appears that biodiversity is much more threatened, at
regional or national Red Lists, may also have a relatively least at the species level, than was previously realized.
greater representation in the 7996 lUCN Red List of It has been widely assumed that approximately 10% of
Threatened Animals. Despite these biases, the informa- the world's species are globally threatened, following
tion in the Red List can be used to draw out some gen- the "bird model". But if birds, with their high levels of
eral conclusions. mobility, are on the average much less threatened than

other groups, the use of this model as a reference point

should be reconsidered. If mammals are better indica-
Which Vertebrate Groups are tors of the status of other taxonomic groups, then 25% of
the Most Threatened? the world's species could be globally threatened, a sober-
ing statistic.
Birds were the first vertebrate class to be comprehen-
sively assessed. This assessment was based on an ear-
lier version of the new system, but one almost identical to
Which l\/lammalOrders are
thenew lUCN categories and criteria (Collar et al. 1994).
the l\/lost Threatened?
The results show that 168 (2%) of all bird species are
Critically Endangered, 235 (2%) are Endangered, and Of the 26 orders of mammals, 24 contain threatened
704 (7%) are Vulnerable (Figure 2). In total, 11% of the species. The six largest orders allhave more than 50
world's avifauna is threatened and another 9% is near- threatened species: Rodentia 330, Chiroptera (bats) 231,
threatened. The fact that 1 1% of all bird species are Insectivora 152. Carnivora (cats, bears, otters etc.) 65,
threatened was of great concern (Collar et al. 1994), and Primates 96, and Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) 70.
it was feared that other terrestrial life-forms, not yet com- Carnivora, while the fourth largest order, has fewer
prehensively evaluated, might be experiencing similar threatened species in total than Primates and Artio-
degrees of threat. The lUCN categories and criteria have dactyla. This is surprising, because intuitively, one

Intro 25
 Critically
Endangered
3% Endangered

Lower Risk cd

Lower Risk nt
6%
Critically
Endangered
4% Endangered

Lower Risk Ic

74%

Lower Risk cd
Reptiles

Lower Risk nt
14%

Mammals

Critically
Endangered
2% Endangered
2%

Lower Risk cd
0.11%

Lower Risk nl
9% Amphibians

Endangered

Birds

Lower Risk Ic

60% Lower Risk cd

1%

Lower Risk nt

Fishes

Figure Which vertebrates are the most threatened? The mammal and bird pie charts represent all the known species for which
2.

there enough information to make a sound conservation assessment. The reptile, amphibian, and fish charts represent all assessed
is

species for which there is adequate information to assign a conservation status. The figures used for the number of assessed species
are based on the number of species estimated to be assessed in the 1994 lUCN Red List. These estimates for the number of
assessed species are 20% of reptiles, 12% of amphibians, and <10% of fishes (Groombridge 1993).

Intro 26
would expect a group of species so high in the trophic are more species within the Apodiformes (swifts and
scale to have a very large number of threatened species. hummingbirds) than four of the five orders listed above,
For the total numbers of threatened mammals in each yet fewer species (35) are listed as threatened. For the
order see Data Table 1, page 44. total number of threatened birds in each order refer to
If these same six orders are examined in terms of the Data Table 1 , page 44.
proportion of species that are threatened in each, the The five orders of birds that have the highest percent-
sequence changes significantly (Data Deficient species age of threatened species are: Gruiformes (25.6%); Galli-
have not been included): Primates 45.5%, Insectivora formes (25.2%); Psittaciformes (24.7%); Columbiformes
36%, Artiodactyla 32.7%, Chiroptera 26.2%, Camivora (16.7%); and Coraciiformes (kingfishers, bee-eaters, etc.)
25.8%, and Rodentia 16.6%. While these numbers are ( 1 1 .5%). Among the Passeriformes, only 9.5% of the
very alarming, there are many smaller orders that have a species are threatened.
much higher proportion of threatened species (Figure 3). Other medium-sized and small orders that should be
Figure 3 depicts the proportion of each order that is highlighted include: Procellariiformes (albatrosses and
threatened. This approach highlights some of the smaller petrels), Podicipediformes (grebes), Apterygiformes
orders with a high proportion of threatened species. This (kiwis), and Casuariiformes (cassowaries). Twenty-nine
is important because each order represents a morpho- percent of Procellariiformes and 18% of Podiciped-
logically and genetically unique group. One hundred ifomies are threatened. These percentages are not very
percent of Proboscidea (two species of elephant), high in relation to some mammal orders. However, both
Notoryctemorphia (two species of mole-like marsupial), orders have very high percentages of Critically
Sirenia (four extant species of sea cow), and Micro- Endangered species, 10%' and 9% respectively.
biotheria (one species of opossum-like species) are There are only three species of kiwis, of which all are
threatened. In the first two of these orders, all the species considered Vulnerable. Of the four species of cas-
are Endangered; and in the last two, all are Vulnerable. sowaries, two are Vulnerable and one is considered
Other small and highly threatened orders are: Lower Risk near-threatened.
Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs and rhinos); Macroscelidea
(elephant shrews); Monotrema (egg-laying mammals);
Hyracoidea (hyraxes); and Dermoptera (flying lemurs).
Which Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes,
The 18 species of Perissodactyla have the highest per- and Invertebrates are the Most
centage of Critically Endangered species (four species; Threatened?
22%). The situation is even worse when one considers
In total, 253 species of reptiles have been assessed as
that, in addition, one species is Extinct in the Wild, four
threatened with extinction. Of the six orders of reptiles,
are Endangered, three are Vulnerable, one is conserva-
three have been completely assessed. These are
tion dependent, and one is near-threatened. In the order
Crocodylia (crocodiles and alligators), Rhynchocephalia
of Macroscelidea, three species are Endangered, and four
(tuatara), and Testudines (tortoises, turtles, and terrap-
are Vulnerable. There are three species of egg-laying
ins). The remaining three orders (snakes, lizards and
mammals in the order Monotremata. Of these, one is
amphisbaenians) make up the majority of reptiles and are
known to be Endangered. Three of the six species of
still awaiting comprehensive assessment. However,
hyraxes and one of the two species of flying lemurs are
much insight can be gained by looking at the status of the
listed as Vulnerable.
three groups that have been comprehensively evaluated.
There are two species of tuatara, both of which are

Which Bird Orders are

found on small islands around New Zealand. These are
the last remaining representatives of an order, and one
the IVIost Threatened?
of the species is listed as Vulnerable.

Of the 27 orders of birds, 23 contain threatened species. Of the 23 species of crocodilians, ten (43%) are
The following five orders have more than 50 threatened threatened (Figure 5). While this high percentage is

species each: Passeriformes (song birds) 542; Psittac- alarming, and some species continue to decrease in num-
iformes (parrots) 89; Galliformes (pheasants, partridges, bers, the crocodilians are one of the few orders that have
etc) 71; Columbiformes (pigeons and doves) 55; and experienced an overall improvement in status over the
Gruiformes (rails and cranes) 54. While these are all in past 20 years due to conservation measures (Messel etal.
the top ten largest orders in terms of numbers of species, 1992).
the correlation between the size of the group and the Of the known species of tortoises, turtles and terrap-
number of threatened species does not match as well as it ins, (not including Data Deficient species) 96 (38%) are
does with the larger mammal orders. For example, there threatened, 47 ( 19%) are near-threatened, and one is con-

Intro 27
 Macroscelidea (15) elephant shrews

rabbits, hares
Lagomorpha (81)

Rodentia (2,067) rodents

Artiodactyla (225) pigs, hippos

Hyracoidea hyraxes
(6) |l I III I III I III

Perissodactyla (19) horses, rhinos, tapirs

Proboscidea (2)
elephants

Sirenia (5) llllllllllllll i iii ii i I m i l ii iiiiii II manatees, dugong

Cetacea whales, dolphins

(81) UUL
Carnivora(271) pmmii 1 1 II IIT foxes, bears, cats

Primates (233) iiiiiillllll primates

Chiroptera (938) pirn bats

Dermoptera (2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IT flying lemurs

Scandentia (19) or tree shrews

Insectivora (371) TTTTTT shrews, moles

Xenarthra (29) armadillos, sloths

DIprotodontia (123) wallabies, kangaroos

Notoryctemorphia (2) marsupial moles

Peramelemorphia (24) sillllllllll bandicoots, bilbies

Dasyuromorphia (64) HI IIE numbats, dunnarls

Microbiotheria (1) lllllllllllll III iiiiiiirrmTn colocolo

Paucituberculata (5) lllllllllllll shrew oppossums

Didelphimorphia (63) IIIMIIII I IIIIIIII

New World marsupials

Monotremata (3) echidnas, platypuses

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 1 00%

% Threatened

Critically Endangered D Endangered QDVulnerabie n Lower Risk

Figure 3. The proportion of each mammal order that is threatened. Orders where no species are threatened have not been listed.
These are Pholidota (pangolins) and Tubulidentata (the aardvark). While the Order Pholidota is not listed, four of the seven species
are listed as Lower Risk near threatened. Species that are Data Deficient are not included. The total number of species in each order
is listed in parentheses. Examples of each order are provided on the right hand side.

Intro 28
 Passeriformes (5,771) songbirds

Piciformes (408) puffbirds, barbels

Coraciiformes (219) kingfishers, todies

Trogoniformes (39) O trogons, quetzals

Apoditormes (426) swifts, hummingbirds

Caprimulgiformes (116) oilbirds, frogmouths

Strigiformes (206) owls

Cuculiformes (143) t illl turacos, cuckoos

Psittaciformes (373) ....:.

miE parrots, macaws

Columbiformes (339) OHHI pigeons, doves

Charadriiformes (352) mill plovers, gulls, auks

Gruiformes (228) rails, cranes, kagus

Galllformes (272) IE TTTTTT pheasants, quails

Falconiformes (311) hawks, eagles

Anseriformes (1 67) fTTTTTn swans, geese

Ciconilformes (130) storks, ibises

Pelecaniformes (67) pllllllll HT gannets, pelicans

Procellariiformes (115) albatrosses, petrels

Podicipediformes (24) grebes

Sphenisciformes (17) penguins

Tinamiformes (46) ^mHIII tinamous

Apterygiformes (3) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIITTTTnT kiwis

Casuariiformes (4) lllllllll Trrm llllllllllll cassowaries, emus

20% 40% 60% 80% 1 00%

% Threatened

I Critically Endangered [3 Endangered QI] Vulnerable Q Lower Risk

Figure 4. The proportion of each bird order that is threatened. Bird orders with no threatened species have not been listed. These are
Struthioniformes (ostriches), Rheiformes (rheas), Gaviiformes (loons), and Coliiformes (mousebirds). The total number of species in

each order is listed in parentheses. Examples of each order are provided on the right hand side.

Intro 29
 Testudine Crocodylia
(Turtles and Tortoises) (Alligators and Crocodiles)

Endangered

Lower Risk Ic

43%

Lower Risk Ic

57%

Vulnerable
Lower Risk cd 13%
0.40%
Lower Risk nt
19%

Figure 5. status of two reptilian orders ttiat tiave been completely assessed. Testudine (turtles and tortoises) and Crocodylia
The
and crocodiles). Data Deficient species tiave not been included. The subcategories Lower Risk conservation dependent
(alligators

and Lower Risk near threatened are not included on the Crocodylia chart, since none of these species fall into these subcategories.

servation dependent (Figure 5). There is, therefore, cause ate evidence suggests that they are experiencing a similar

for concern for 57% of these species. The majority of level of threat to most other orders. Because only a very
this order is comprised of freshwater turtles, and the high small proportion of amphibians have been assessed, it is

proportion of threatened species within this group corre- certainly possible that the percentage of threatened

sponds with other freshwater-dependent species such as species has been significantly underestimated.
inland water crustaceans, freshwater fishes, and freshwa- Fishes are the largest group of vertebrates in terms of
ter molluscs. However, the seven turtle species which numbers of species, totaling approximately 24,000
have a completely marine existence are all threatened. described species. Threatened species have been identi-
While an examination of the three orders of reptiles fied in four of the six classes of fishes, including 32 of the
that have been completely assessed only provides a par- 58 orders. The assessments have focused primarily on
tial picture of the current status of all reptiles, the high freshwater species. However, over 100 marine fishes
proportion of threatened species in each of these orders have been added to the 1996 lUCN Red List including

(50%, 43% and 38%) indicates that the overall estimate sharks, tunas, coral reef fishes, and seahorses. The sta-

of 20% of reptile species as threatened is probably low tus of the remaining 14,000 or so marine species is

for the entire class. unknown, but given the recent additions to the list, it is

Species from two of the three amphibian orders have clear that they are not as secure as was once believed.
been evaluated. Eighty-eight species of Anura (frogs and Much more is known about the status of fish species
toads) and 36 species of the order Caudata (salamanders occurring in freshwater environments. Orders for which
and newts) have been listed as threatened. These num- all species have been assessed include Acipenseriformes
bers are certainly under-estimates as relatively few have (sturgeons and paddlefishes) and Coelacanthiformes
been evaluated. No species in the order Apoda (caecil- (coelacanth). All sturgeon and paddlefish species are
ians) has yet been assessed. There has been much debate threatened or near threatened: 6 are Critically Endang-
as to whether or not amphibians are experiencing a high ered, 1 1 are Endangered, 8 Vulnerable, and 2 are near
rate of global decline (Wyman 1990; Wake 1991; threatened. This is a very small order in which the major-
Pounds and Crump 1994). Given that the percentage of ity of species are heavily exploited (DeSalle and Birstein
amphibians that are estimated to be threatened (25%) is 1996). Thus, this high level of threat is unlikely to be
similar to that of mammals, reptiles, and fishes, immedi- indicative of its entire class. The coelacanth, listed as

Intro 30
Vulnerable, is the only living species in its order and species have now been added to the list. However, the
class. Orders with particularly high numbers of threat- majority of the threatened bivalves are freshwater
ened species are Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, species, that are threatened due to the introduction of
loaches, suckers, etc.) with 191 species listed, and exotic species, construction of man-made barriers, over-
Perciformes (Perch, Cichlids, etc.) with 227. These are harvesting, pollution, and habitat destruction. The fact
primarily threatened due to the introduction of exotics, that such a high percentage of threatened mollusc species
habitat degradation, and construction of barriers and occur on islands and in restricted freshwater environ-
other obstacles to movement. Many regions still remain ments is consistent with data from other taxonomic
to be assessed for the conservation status of their fresh- groups, which suggest that species occurring in these sys-
water fish species, but wherever surveys are conducted tems are particularly likely to be threatened.
more threatened fishes are found (Groombridge 1993). The number of threatened inland freshwater crus-
Most animal species are invertebrates, and the over- taceans strongly supports the notion that species in fresh-
whelming majority of threatened species is likely to be water habitats are particularly at risk. The two orders
invertebrates. Very few of these invertebrate populations with the greatest number of threatened species are the
have been assessed relative to their total numbers, thus Decapoda (crayfishes) and the Amphipoda (amphipods)
it is difficult to infer much about their conservation sta- with 168 and 67 threatened species respectively. The
tus. The groups that have received most attention are crayfishes at risk are virtuallyall threatened by habitat

crustaceans, insects, and molluscs. Within the class loss. Most of the threatened amphipods live in extremely
Insecta (insects), the orders with over 100 threatened re.stricted and vulnerable environments (caves). Only

species are Hymenoptera (social insects), Lepidoptera two species of marine crustaceans are included in the Red
(butterflies and moths), and Odonata (damselflies and List, the coconut crab and the California Bay pea crab.
dragonflies). The fact that these orders have more known The status of other species of marine crustaceans is

threatened species than the others is probably a reflection unknown.

of their relative popularity. It is clear that those insect
groups that have received minimal attention have many
threatened species and further examination will most
Where are the Threatened Taxa?
likely yield similar results.

There are more threatened molluscs (920 total) Countries with the Largest Number
of Threatened Species
included in this Red List than any other invertebrate
The identification of the countries with the largest num-
group, but the number that have been assessed only rep-
ber of threatened species enables countries to be
resents a small proportion of the estimated 70,000 docu-
mented species (Hammond 1995). The outstanding gap informed of their global responsibility to protect and
maintain all species for which they are the stewards. Not
in our knowledge of threatened molluscan taxa is the
all countries are the same size or harbor equal numbers of
tropical forest environments, where many small range
species, thus each country should not be evaluated by
endemics are most likely declining due to habitat destruc-
tion. Two of the classes of molluscs are included in the
the same standard.

Red List: Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Of gastropods, a

This section includes discussion relating to mammals
and birds and highlights the countries with the largest
high percent of threatened species are island endemics
numbers of threatened species. In many cases, estimates
endangered by habitat destruction and/or the introduction
are given for the following: the total number of species in
of exotics. These species make up roughly 38% of all
a region; the percentage of endemic species; and the per-
threatened molluscs. In the Pacific Islands, a major prob-
centage of a country's species that are threatened. These
lem is the continued spread of the predatory snail
estimates are based on figures in the World Conservation
Euglandina rosea and the use of alien flatworms as bio-
Monitoring Centre (1994). Taxonomy followed in this
logical control agents. About 1 8% of the threatened mol-
source might differ from that used in the Red List.
luscs are spring-snails from the United States, Australia,
However, it is important to include these estimates of
and Europe. These snails tend to have very restricted
species richness and endemism, as they give perspective
ranges, and are dependent on good water quality and the
to the levels of threat in each country.
persistence of springs that are often subject to human
utilization (Seddon in prep).

Until the 1996 lUCN Red List only a few marine mol- Mammals
luscs were listed as threatened (giant clams), and most With 128 threatened species, Indonesia has by far the
were commercially harvested. As a result of incidental largest number of threatened species in the world, fol-
harvesting, and habitat decline due to invasive alien plant lowed by China and India each with 75 threatened
species, a number of narrow range endemic marine

Intro 31
 Table 1
Countries with the Most Species Of Threatened (CR, EN, VU) Mammals

Number of Total Number Percent Total Number

Threatened of Mammals Threatened of Endemics
Mammals in Country

Indonesia 128 436 29% 201

China 75 394 19% 77

India 75 316 24% 44
Brazil 71 394 18% 96
Mexico 64 450 14% 140
Australia 58 252 23% 198

Papua New Guinea 57 214 27% 57

Philippines 49 153 32% 97
Madagascar 46 105 44% 77
Peru 46 344 13% 45
Kenya 43 359 12% 21

Malaysia 42 286 15% 27

Zaire 38 415 9% 28
Viet Nam 38 213 18% 7
Ethiopia 35 255 14% 31

USA 35 428 8% 101

Colombia 35 359 10% 28

Thailand 34 265 13% 7
South Africa 33 247 13% 27
Tanzania 33 322 10% 14

species. Tliese countries all have liigh numbers of mam- decreasing order; Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Papua New
mal species (Table 1). Indonesia is ranked second in Guinea, Philippines, Madagascar, and Peru. For more
total number of mammal species. China fifth, and India information on the number of threatened species in each
about tenth. These countries also have extremely high country, refer to Data Table 3, page 51.

human populations. In sum, they account for 43% of Australia, the Philippines, and Madagascar all have
the world's population (Rand McNally 1992). While exceptionally high proportions of mammal species that
these countries are some of the most species rich in the are endemic. They are also among the countries with
world, they also have a high proportion of mammals that the highest percent of mammals that are threatened.
are threatened with extinction: Indonesia 29%, China Twenty three percent of Australia's mammals are threat-

19%, and India 24%. However, not all countries with ened, and 79% of the country's 32%
species are endemic:

high total numbers of mammal species have such high of the Philippine mammals 63% of aU
are threatened, and
proportions of threatened species. Mexico, Zaire, and their mammals are endemic; 44% of Madagascar's mam-

United States also rank in the top ten countries with the mals are threatened, and 73% of all the country's mam-
most mammal species, but harbor a significantly lower mals ai'e endemic.
proportion of threatened mammals: 14%, 9%, and 8% As shown in Figure 6, the countries with the most
respectively. threatened species are not all located in one region. Of
After Indonesia, China, and India, the countries with the 20 countries with the most threatened mammals, 35%
the largest number of threatened mammal species are, in are from Asia, 30% from Africa, and 15% from South

Intro 32
 Table 2
Countries with the Most Species of Threatened (CR, EN, VU) Birds

Number of Total Number Percent Total Number

Threatened of Birds in Threatened of Endemics
Birds Country

Indonesia 104 1,531 7% 397

Brazil 103 1,635 6% 177
China 90 1,244 7% 87
Philippines 86 556 15% 183
India 73 1,219 6% 55
Colombia 64 1,695 4% 62
Peru 64 1,678 4% 109
Ecuador 53 1,559 3% 37
USA 50 768 7% 71
Viet Nam 47 761 6% 10
Thailand 45 915 5% 3
Australia 45 751 6% 355
Myanmar 44 999 4% 4
New Zealand 44 287 15% 150
Argentina 41 976 4% 19
Russia 38 7 ? 13
Mexico 36 1,026 4% 89
Malaysia 34 736 5% 11
Japan 33 583 6% 21
Papua New Guinea 31 708 4% 85

America. While 30% of the 20 countries with the most However, countries such as Bolivia, Venezuela, and
threatened species are in Africa, only Madagascar is Zaire, not listed on Table 2, also have high numbers of
listed in the top ten. bird species (over 1,000 each), yet these three countries
have less than one third of the number of threatened
Birds species of the countries listed above, and roughly 2% of
Indonesia, Brazil, and China have the highest numbers of each nation's avifauna is threatened.

threatened species of birds: 104, 103, and 90 respec- Other countries that harbor large numbers of threat-
tively. Indonesia has the fifth highest number of bird ened bird species are, in decreasing order: the Philip-
species in the world, of which 7% are threatened. It also pines, India, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, the United States,

has the most endemic bird species. Brazil has the third and Viet Nam.
largest number of bird species with 6% of them threat- Countries listed in Table 2 with a high proportion of
ened. Although China has the eighth largest number of endemic birds are Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia,
bird species, it has the third largest number of threatened and New Zealand. While the percent of threatened birds
species. As is the case with the mammals, the countries in Indonesia and Australia is close to the average of all

with the most threatened species also have extremely countries listed m Figure 2, 15% of the avifauna of the
high human populations. Of the 20 nations with the most Philippines and of New Zealand is at risk of extinction,

threatened bird species, these three countries have about a remarkably high figure for birds.

the average proportion of species at risk of extinction. Figure 7 clearly demonstrates that the countries with

Intro 33
 m
f) f>
o+
'S- CM
CM
m o
=f

a n

Intro 34
 is
z °
LU a
CC E
o
^-'
§
c
0) w

ro =

O Q

Q. 0)

11
S 0)

1 §>

tZ 0)
i: c

^ to

">
Q.

m o 5)g
+ m *
o
^
CM
tn o
C\]

D D 0) E

Intro 35
 ble to regional biases based on information availability.
140 For example, it is not likely that the United States has

S 120 twice as many threatened invertebrate species as any

u
V other country. The reality is that the status of molluscs,
5-100
•5 crustaceans, and insects is particularly well-known in this
1 60
« country. Although the sequence of countries and the
#
•o
60 number of threatened species is very incomplete. Figure
.* * 9 clearly identifies some countries with large numbers
of threatened species in these taxonomic groups. For fur-
f 20
ther information on the number and status of species in
odiIs'.* each geopolitical region, refer to Data Tables 3 and 4,
20 40 60 80 100

starting on page 51.

Threatened Bird Spec es

Figure 8. The correlation between threatened bird and Factors Affecting Threat
mammal species within 230 geopolltcal regions (r =.74).

The lUCN Red List categories have been designed to

identify species that are threatened with extinction by

flagging those taxa that are: experiencing significant pop-

the highest number of threatened bird species are located ulation declines, restricted in distribution, have very low
in the New World and Asia. Of the 20 countries with population numbers, or exhibit any combination of these
the largest number of threatened avian species 50% are factors. Also, some species have been listed on the basis

from Asia, 25% South America, and 15% from Oceania. of very small distributions (making them susceptible to
It is of particular note that there is not one African coun- stochastic events). The majority of species qualify as

try listed in Table 2. Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable as a

result of human-induced threats, though there are often
many reasons why a species is listed as threatened.
The Relationship Between Areas of
Habitat reduction, fragmentation, and degradation are
Threat for Birds and l\/lammals
unquestionably the most significant threats to the major-
Many countries with large numbers of threatened birds
ity of species at risk of extinction (Hanski et al. 1 995).
also have large numbers of threatened inammals.
This is supported by the high percentage of species, in all
Indonesia, China, Brazil, and India appear in the top five
major taxonomic groups, listed with the criteria/subcrite-
for both classes.
ria combinations that specifically cite habitat loss or
Figure 8 shows a strong relationship between the
degredation as a threat: Ale; A2c; Bl-t-2c; B2c-t-B3 and
number of threatened birds and threatened mammals
any of the B3 subcriteria (a, b. c, d). It is likely that many
found in 230 different geopolitical units of the world.
species listed under Criteria C, D, and E are also threat-
While there could be many factors influencing this cor-
ened due to habitat loss and degradation, but it is not
relation, such as country size and number of species in
required that specific threats are identified for these cri-
each geopolitical unit, this correlation indicates that, gen-
teria. The following figures are based on the proportion
erally, where there are areas of larger numbers of threat-
of threatened species in each major taxonomic group
ened birds there will also be larger numbers of threatened
where habitat loss or degradation is specifically identi-
mammals. This relationship suggests that the two groups
fied asone of the main reasons for the species threat-
may be susceptible to similar types of threat. If such a
ened status: Mammals 75%, Birds 44%, Reptiles 68%,
relationship could be established across all taxa, while
Amphibians 58%, Fishes 55%, Crustaceans 52%, Insects
remaining constant at different geographic scales, spe-
47%, Bivalves 95%, and Gastropods 50%. While this is
cific indicator groups could credibly be used to set pri-
undoubtedly an underestimate of the proportion of
orities for conservation. The geographic threat patterns
species that are threatened due to habitat reduction, frag-
of other vertebrate groups is much less clear, as these
mentation, and degradation, it clearly highlights the
groups have not been thoroughly assessed.
importance of maintaining intact ecological systems for
the preservation of biodiversity.
Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, The recent human population explosion in conjunc-
and Invertebrates tion with economic development, has led to large-scale
The taxonomic groups covered by Figure 9, have not transformation of natural systems into human-dominated
been comprehensively assessed, and thus are suscepti- landscapes. The growing human population increases

Intro 36
pressure on the world's remaining intact habitats, includ- a general indication of the major taxonomic groups that
ing the most biodiversity rich regions of the world, such are experiencing the greatest levels of exploitation.
as in tropical forest countries. Habitat reduction, frag- However, it does not necessarily represent the percent
mentation, and degradation cause many species to of species threatened due to exploitation, because species
decline in numbers and split once contiguous populations may be listed under other criteria (B, C, D, and E) that
into several subpopulations, each of which has an ele- do not specify whether exploitation is a specific threat.
vated extinction risk (WCMC 1992; Hanski et al. 1995). As a proportion of the number of threatened species, 13%
The introduction of non-native species often leads to of mammals, 7% of birds. 31% of reptiles, and 68% of
hybridization, competition, predation, disease, parasites, marine fishes were assessed with the Aid or A2d crite-

and the alteration of ecological relationships between rion and subcriteria.

species, thus threatening entire ecological communities. The declines, due to exploitation, are the result of har-
Although the introduction of exotics is a growing threat vesting for reasons of commercial value, human subsis-
in all ecosystems, it is particularly severe in aquatic sys- tence, and sport. Other important human-induced threats
tems and on oceanic islands, where many species have include pollution and climate change (this latter factor is

evolved in relatively small, isolated environments. This believed to be particularly significant for high-altitude
is reflected in the high number of island birds and mol- amphibian species).
luscs, and freshwater fishes and molluscs, that have
become extinct during the past 400 years, in part, as a
result of the introduction of exotics (WCMC 1992).
Changes from the lUCN Red List
Exploitation of species is responsible for the severe
Over the Last Six Years
decline of many of the larger vertebrate and marine fish
species in the Red List. The Aid and A2d criterion and A summary of the number of threatened species recog-
subcriteria identify species that have experienced or will nized in 1990, 1994, and the current 1996 edition of the
undergo rapid declines as a result of actual or potential lUCN Red List, in each major group of animals, is shown
levels of exploitation. The proportion of threatened in Table 3. Changes in these data reflect changes in the

species listed under this criterion and subcriteria provide taxonomic extent of assessments, in the systematics and

Table 3
Total Number of Threatened Species

1990 1994 1996

Mammals 535 741 1,096

Birds 1,026 970 1,107
Reptiles 169 316 253
.Amphibians 57 169 124
Fishes 713 979 734
Invertebrates 1,977 2,754 1,891

Total 4,477 5,929 5,205

Note: The figures for 1990, 1994, and 1996 (this book) are not exactly comparable.
The 1990 figures exclude Ex species but include Ex? and include 182 Commercially
Threatened (CT) invertebrates. 1 994 figures exclude all these but include K
(Insufficiently Known) species. The 1996 figures include only species in the new

CR, EN, and VU categories.

Intro 37
 Countries with the IVIost
Threatened Species of Reptiles
40

35

^°
.2
'u
(D

5" 25
DV
B
to
20
0)

»- 15
o

I 10

Countries with the IVIost

Threatened Species of Amphibians

10

llllllllll.

Figure 9. The fifteen countries witti the largest number of known threatened reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates. In the
amphibian and fish graphs, there are several countries with the same number of threatened species. The countries tied for fifteenth
place are lumped together for graphical purposes.

Intro 38
 Countries with the IVIost
Threatened Species of Fishes

g 80

40

lllllll W3 CO to to

Countries with the IVIost

Threatened Species of Invertebrates
600

200

Intro 39
nomenclature of the species listed, in the categories that
were included in the summary in the past (see footnote to Table 4
and most notably, the major redesign of the cate-
table),
Recorded Number of Extinctions*
gory system used for the 1996 assessments. The sum-
mary data derived from recent Red Lists do not yet
provide a firm guide to changes in the "on the ground" Extinct Extinct in Tola
conservation status of the world fauna, but 1996 will set the Wild
a baseline for mammals and birds: leaving changes in
nomenclature aside, future assessments using the revised Mammals 86 3 89
system will much more accurately indicate changes in Birds 104 4 108
the actual conservation status of these species. Reptiles 20 1 21
The 1994 figures included species in the old Amphibians 5 5
Insufficiently Known (K) category; if assessed, most Fishes 81 11 92
such species would now appear as Data Deficient (DD), Molluscs 230 9 239
some possibly as Lower Risk (near threatened). The old Crustaceans 9 1 10
Indeterminate (I) category was also included in the sum-
Insects 72 1 73
Other invertebrates 4 4
mary; most of these would also now appear as DD or
LR;nt. Around 2,000 K and I species were listed in 1994.
Total 611 30
There were 2, 114 vertebrates listed as Endangered
(E), Vulnerable (V), or Rare (R) in 1994; these categories
correspond loosely with the threatened group of cate- *Does not include species that went extinct
gories (CR, EN, and VU) in the new system (a number of more than 400 years ago.
former Rare species will not now meet criteria for threat-
ened status); so the 1994 figure may be compared fairly
directly with a total of 3,314 threatened vertebrate
species in 1996, an increase of 1,200 species. As noted
above, all the world's known mammal species have been
assessed for 1996, and this group, with 631 more species average life-span of a species. This is thought to be 5-
in the threatened categories (as equated above) in 1996 as 10 million years. If there are 5-10 million extant species,
compared with 1994, account for a significant part of the background extinction rate should be about one
the increase. The number of birds considered threatened species per year (May er a/. 1995). While the exact num-
(asabove) has increased by around 680, a difference due ber of species that are being lost per day or year is uncer-
to use of the new category system and a number of tain, it is clear that current extinction rates are very much
nomenclatural changes. Changes in the reptiles, amphib- higher than would be expected. Even the number of doc-
ians, and fishes are far smaller: increases of 39, 5, and umented extinctions over the last 400 years (611)
104, respectively. All these differences are of course exceeds background estimates. This is alarming, because
net differences between totals in 1994 and 1996, and do the number of documented extinctions is without doubt
not reveal the pattern of change between categories, a gross underestimate of the number of species that have
including movement in and out of the threatened group been lost over the past 400 years.
of categories. This gross underestimate is because most species have
not been described, and of the species that have been
catalogued, only extinctions of the best-known species
Extinction have been documented over any length of time (mam-
mals, birds, and molluscs). Also, as stated earlier, the
How Many Species have Recently Become status of the great majority of species remains unknown.
Extinct and Whiere are they Found? Table 4 shows that 86 documented mammal extinc-
Extinction is a natural process. It is estimated that 95% tions (1.8% of the total number of mammals) have
of all species that ever existed are now extinct (Sepkoski occurred over the past 400 years. Roughly, 23% of these
1995). However, this process of extinction has occurred extinctions have occurred in Australia and 23% in the
over a very long time-scale (3.5 billion years) and despite West The
Indies. greatest number of extinctions has
extinctions, there has been a general trend of increasing
been among the rodents and bats, 46 and 13 species
species richness (WCMC 1992; May et al. 1995). respectively. These orders are also the two largest and
From the fossil record it is possible to determine the have the largest number of threatened species. It is inter-

Intro 40
esting to note that of all the mammal orders, primates Concluding Remarks
have the fourth largest number of threatened species, but
The vast number of threatened species listed in this doc-
no documented extinction yet.
ument and the high proportion of threatened species in
Over the same time period there have been 104 docu-
the two classes that have been comprehensively assessed,
mented bird extinctions (1% of the total number of
indicate that a significant proportion of the world's fauna
birds), 20% of which occurred in Mauritius, 18% in the
is threatened with extinction. Eleven percent of all birds
United States (mostly Hawaiian islands), and 14% in
New Zealand. Other geopolitical units with large num-
and 25% of all mammals are believed to be threatened. If
either one of these classes is representative of the pro-
bers of bird extinctions are Reunion, Australia, and
portion of other life forms that are threatened, the future
French Polynesia. This list clearly demonstrates that the
status of biodiversity looks very bleak. While the 5,205
majority of bird extinctions has taken place on islands.
species listed as threatened in this document is alarm-
The largest number of extinctions (32) is in the largest

numbers of
ingly high, it is important to recognize that less than 10%
order, Passeriformes. Other orders with large
of the 1 .7 million documented species have been evalu-
extinct species are Psittaciformes (13), Gruiformes (13),
ated, and that the 1.7 million documented species repre-
and Columbiformes (10), all of which are in the top five
sent a relatively small proportion of all species believed
orders with the largest number of threatened species. It is
to exist on this planet. Thus, it is reasonable to believe
interesting to note that while Galliformes have the third
that the 5,205 threatened species is a small indicator of a
highest number of threatened species, only one is Extinct
much larger global phenomenon of biodiversity loss.
and one Extinct in the Wild.
Given the current state of knowledge, when future gen-
Mollusc extinctions have been more thoroughly mon-
However, erations look back at the 20th century and try to make
itored than any other invertebrate group.
sense of the lack of commitment to preserving biodiver-
records of documented extinctions only go back to the
sity, many reasons may be cited, but ignorance of the
mid-19th century (WCMC 1992). Gastropods account
magnitude of the issue will not be a valid justification
for the majority of recent documented mollusc extinc-
for inaction.
tions, most of which are in the order Stylommatophora.
An extremely high proportion of the now extinct
Stylommatophora were endemic to oceanic islands. All Acknowledgements
recent recorded bivalve extinctions have occurred in Iwould like to thank Simon Stuart, Georgina Mace,
freshwater environments and have been from the order Mariano Gimenez Dixon, Brian Groombridge, Elodie
Unionoida. Given that there has been little attempt to Hudson, and Elizabeth McCance for their helpful com-
document the extinctions of most invertebrate groups ments in the preparation of this analysis.
forany period of time, one can only guess how large the
extinction list would be if these species, which account
for more than 95% of all animals, were thoroughly doc-
umented and monitored.

Intro 41
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Intro 43
 Data Tables

Data Table 1
Status Category Summary for all Classes and Orders

Class Mammalia

Order EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Monotremata 1 1

Didelphimorphia 3 3 15 21 18 5
Paucituberculata 1 1

Microbiotheria 1 1

Dasyuromorphia 1 1 6 10 16 5 10
Peramelemorphia 3 3 1 3 4 7
Notoryctemorphia 2 2
Diprotodontia 6 6 2 15 17 34 i 21 11
Xenarthra 3 5 8 2 6
Insectivora 6 6 37 48 67 152 5 6
Scandentia 2 4 6
Dermoptera 1 1

Chiroptera 13 13 26 32 173 231 2 210 43

Primates 13 29 54 96 3 37 22
Carnivora 3 1 4 4 24 37 65 4 11 19
Cetacea 2 6 6 14 14 1 38
Sirenia 1 1 4 4
Proboscidea 2 2
Perissodactyla 1 1 2 4 4 3 11 1 1

Hyracoidea 3 3
Artiodactyla 5 1 6 9 28 33 70 45 32 6
Pholidota 4
Rodentia 46 46 66 98 166 330 5 243 33
Lagomorpha 1 1 3 8 5 16 8 3
Macroscelidea 3 4 7

Subtotal 86 3 89 169 315 612 1096 75 598 209

Class Aves

Order
Struthioniformes 4 4
Rheiformes 2
Casuariiformes 2 2 2 2 1

Apterygiformes 3 3
Tinamiformes 2 5 7 5 1

Sphenisciformes 5 5 2
Podicipediformes 2 2 2 1 1 4 1

Procellariiformes 1 1 11 6 15 32 11 4
Pelecaniformes 1 1 12 13
1
7 1
Ciconiiformes 6 6 6 7 8 21 14
Anseriformes 6 6 4 2 19 25 10

Intro 44
Order EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LRxd LR:nt DD

Falconiformes 2 2 4 8 19 31 44 2
Galliformes 1 1 2 12 10 49 71 35 1

Gruiformes 13 1 14 7 17 30 54 1 13 4
Gharadriiformes 4 4 4 8 22 34 1 25
Columbiformes 10 1 11 13 8 34 55 1 45
Psittaciformes 13 1 14 9 28 52 89 40
Guculiformes 1 1 1 3 6 10 9 2
Strigiformes 4 4 4 5 17 26 15 3
Caprimulgiformes 3 1 3 7 10 6
Apodiformes 1 1 8 7 20 35 25 4
Trogoniformes 1 1 2 3
Coraciiformes 3 5 17 25 22 2
Piciformes 1 1 2 4 8 14 34
Passeriformes 32 32 72 114 356 542 8 502 38

Subtotal 104 4 108 168 235 704 1107 11 875 66

Class Reptilla

Order
Crocodylia 4 3 3 10 3
Rhyncfiocephialia 1 1

Sauria 1 1 12 15 15 66 96 23 35
Serpentes 3 3 12 13 25 50 9 13
Testudines 6 6 10 28 58 96 1 47 23

Subtotal 20 21 41 59 153 253 79 74

Class Amphibia

Order
Anura 15 23 50 17 35
Caudata 3 25 36 7

Subtotal 31 75 124 25 42

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

Order
Petromyzontiformes 1 1 1 2 3 5 3

Subtotal 1 1 1 2 3 5 3

Class Elasmobranchii

Order
Hexancfiiformes 1 1

1
Orectolobiformes
Lamniformes 1 3 4
Carcfiariniformes 1 1 2 4
Squaliformes 1 1

Intro 45
Data Table 1

Continued

Order EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Pristiformes 4 4
Rajiformes
10 1

Myiiobatiformes

.000
1

Subtotal 1 7 7 15

Class Actlnopterygll

Order
Acipenseriformes 6 11 8 25 2
Osteoglossiformes 1 1 2 1

Clupeiformes 2 2 4 8
-7
Cypriniformes 17 1 18 41 36 114 191 30 68
Characiformes 1 1 6
Siluriformes 1 1 8 7 22 37 4 24
Salmoniformes 5 5 8 6 22 36 6 22
Percopsiformes 1 3 4
Gadiformes 1 2 3
Ophidiiformes 7 7 1

Batrachoidiformes 5 5
Lophiiformes 1 1

Atheriniformes 1 1 6 5 31 42 8 28
Cyprinodontiformes 10 5 15 18 20 25 63 3 11
Beloniformes 2 3 8 13 1 2
Gasterosteiformes 1 2 3 4
Syngnathiformes 1 36 37 11
Synbranchiformes 1 1 4
Scorpaeniformes 1 1 3 1 5 9 2
Perciformes 45 5 50 59 30 138 227 5 40 53
Pleuronectiformes 1 1 2
Tetraodontiformes 3 3 5

Subtotal 80 11 91 156 125 434 715 12 96 250

Class Sarcopterygll

Order
Coelacanthiformes 1 1

Subtotal 1 1

Class Echlnoldea

Order
Echinoida 1

Subtotal 1

Intro 46
Class Arachnida

Order iX EW Subtotal CR EN VU isubtc

Araneae 1 7 8 1 6
Opiliones 1 1

Pseudoscorpionida 1 1 1

Subtotal 1 9 10

Class Chllopoda

Order
Scolopendromorpha

Subtotal
000
000 001
001 1

1
000
000
Class Crustacea

Order
Amphipoda 4 4 6 5 56 67
Anaspidacea 4 4
Anomopoda 8 8
Anostraca 5 10 10 25 1 1 1

Calanoida 1 1 4 47 51 19
Conchostraca 4 4
Cyclopoida 1 1 1 6 7 5
Decapoda 1 1 24 48 96 168 7
Halocyprida 1 1

Harpacticoida 18 18 3 1

Isopoda 1 1 7 9 22 38 1

Mictacea 1 1

Misophrioida 2 2
Myodocopida 1 1

Mysidacea 2 2
Notostraca 1 1

Podocopida 2 2 1 8 9
Thoracica 2

Subtotal 9 1 10 54 73 280 407 9 1 31

Class Insecta

Order
Anoplura 1 1

Blattaria

Coieoptera 17 17 10 15 26 51 3
Collembola
Dermaptera 1 1

Diptera 3 3 1 2 1 4
Ephemeroptera 2 2 1 1

Grylloblattaria 1 1

Intro 47
Data Table 1

Continued

Order EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Hemiptera
Homoptera 2 2 3
Hymenoptera 3 142 145 7 1

Lepidoptera 38 38 7 36 116 159 46 25

Mantodea 1

Mecoptera
Neuroptera
Odonata 2 2 13 55 39 107 17 11

Orthoptera 2 1 3 8 8 49 65 3 2
Phasmatoptera 1 1

Plecoptera 1 1 2 2 1

Thysanura
Trichoptera 4 4
Zoraptera

Subtotal 72 1 73 44 116 377 537 3 77 40

Class Merostomata

Order
Xiphosura 1 3

Subtotal 1 3

Classs Onychophora

Order
Onychophora 3 3 1 3 2 6 1

Subtotal 3 3 1 3 2 6 1

Class Hirudinea

Order
Arhynchobdellae

Subtotal

Class Oligochaeta

Order
Haplotaxida 1 4 5

Subtotal 1 4 5

Intro 48
Class Polychaeta

Order EX EW Subtotal CR EN vu Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Not-specified 1 1

Eunicida 1

Subtotal

Class Bivalvia

Order
Ostreoida 1

Unionoida 12 12 81 22 7 110 1 61 4
Veneroida 4 4 4 1

Subtotal 12 12 81 22 11 114 5 62

Class Gastropoda

Order
Archaeogastropoda 2 2 7 1 2 10 1 24
Basommatoptiora 1 1 12 5 18 35 11 6
Mesogastropoda 21 21 48 89 181 318 3 23 192
Neogastropoda 4 4 3 22
Stylommatophora 192 9 201 109 95 235 439 13 134 297

Subtotal 216 9 225 176 190 440 806 16 172 541

Class Enopla

Order
Hoplonemertea 2 2 1 3

Subtotal 2 2 1 3

Class Turbellaria

Order
Tricladida 1 1

Subtotal 1 1

Class Anthozoa

Order
Actiniaria 1 1 1

Gorgonacea 1 1

Subtotal 2 2 1

Intro 49
Data Table 2
Status Category Summary by Major Taxonomic Group

Class EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Mammalia 86 3 89 169 315 612 1096 75 598 209

Aves 104 4 108 168 235 704 1107 11 875 66
Reptilia 20 1 21 41 59 153 253 1 79 74
Amphibia 5 5 18 31 75 124 2 25 42
Cepliaiaspidomorphi 1 1 1 2 3 5 3
Elasmobrancliii 1 7 7 15 2
Actinopterygii 80 11 91 156 125 434 715 12 96 250
Sarcopterygii 1 1

Echinoidea 1

Arachnida 1 9 10 1 7
Clnilopoda 1 1

Crustacea 9 1 10 54 73 280 407 9 1 31

Insecta 72 1 73 44 116 377 537 3 77 40
Merostomata 1 3
Onyclnopliora 3 3 1 3 2 6 1 1

Hirudinea 1

Oligochaeta 1 4 5 1

Polyclnaeta 1 1 1

Bivalvia 12 12 81 22 11 114 5 62 5
Gastropoda 216 9 225 176 190 440 806 16 172 541
Enopla 2 2 1 3
Turbellaria 1 1

Anthozoa 2 2 1

Intro 50
Data Table 3
Threatened Species: Country Totals by Taxonomic Group

Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Inverteb

Africa
-

Country
Algeria 15 8 1 1 11
Angola 17 13 5 6
Benin g 1 2
Botswana 5 7
Burkina Faso 6 1 1

Burundi 5 6 3
Cameroon 32 14 3 1 26 4
Cape Verde 1 3 3 1

Central African Republic 11 2 1

Chad 14 3 1 1

Comoros 3 6 2 1 4
Congo 10 3 2 1

Cote d'lvoire 16 12 4 1 1

Djibouti 3 3 2
Egypt 15 11 6 1

Equatorial Guinea 12 4 2 1 2
Eritrea 6 3 3
Ethiopia 35 20 1 4
Gabon 12 4 3 1

Gambia 4 1 1

Ghana 13 10 4
Guinea 11 12 3 1 3
Guinea-Bissau 4 1 3 1

Kenya 43 24 5 20 15
Lesotho 2 5 1 1

Liberia 11 13 3 1 2
Libya 11 2 3
Madagascar 46 28 17 2 13 14
Malawi 7 9 8
Mali 13 6 1

Mauritania 14 3 3
Mauritius 4 10 6 32
Mayotte 2 2 1

Morocco 18 11 2 1 7
Mozambique 13 14 5 2 7
Namibia 11 8 3 1 3 1

Niger 11 2 1 1

Nigeria 26 9 4 1

Reunion 2 3 4 17
Rwanda 9 6 2
Sao Tome & Principe 3 9 2 2
Senegal 13 6 7
Seychelles 2 9 4 4 3
Sierra Leone 9 12 3 4
Somalia 18 8 2 3 1

South Africa 33 16 19 9 27 101

Intro 51
Data Table 3
Continued

Mammals Bird Reptiles Amphibians ishes Invertebrates

St Helena 9 7 2
Sudan 21 9 1

Swaziland 5 6
Tanzania 33 30 19 46
Togo 8 1

Tunisia 11 6 5
Uganda 18 10 28 10
Western Sahara 7 1

Zaire 38 26 1 45
Zambia 11 10 6
Zimbabwe 9 9 2

Antarctica

Country
Falkland Islands
French Southern Territories
South Georgia

Asia

Country
Afghanistan 11 13 1 1 1

Armenia 4 5 3 6
Azerbaijan 11 8 3 5 6
Bahrain 1 1

Bangladesh 18 30 13
Bhutan 20 14 1 1

British Indian Ocean Territory 2

Brunei 9 14 4 2
Cambodia 23 18 9 5
China 75 90 15 1 28 4
Cyprus 3 4 3 1

Georgia 10 5 7 3 9
Hong Kong 14 1 1

India 75 73 16 3 4 22
Indonesia 128 104 19 60 29
Iran 20 14 8 2 7 3
Iraq 1' 12 2 2 2
Israel 13 8 5 10
Japan 29 33 8 10 7 45
Jordan 7 4 1 3
Kazakhstan 15 15 1 1 5 4
Korea, North 7 19 1

Intro 52
 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates

Korea, South 6 19 1

Kuwait 1 3 2
Kyrgyzstan 6 5 1 3
Laos 30 27 7 4
Lebanon 5 5 2 1

Malaysia 42 34 14 14 3
Maldives 1 2
Mongolia 12 14 3
Myanmar 31 44 20 1 2
Nepal 28 27 5 1

Oman 9 5 4 3 1

Pakistan 13 25 6 1

Philippines 49 86 7 2 28 18
Qatar 1 2
Russia 31 38 5 13 26
Saudi Arabia g 11 2 1

Singapore 6 9 1 1 1

Sri Lanka 14 11 8 8 2
Syria 4 7 3 3
Taiwan 10 13 3 6 1

Tajikistan 5 9 1 1 2
Thailand 34 45 16 14 1

Turkey 15 14 12 2 18 9
Turkmenistan 11 12 2 5 3
Ukraine 15 10 2 12 13
United Arab Emirates 3 4 2 1

Uzbekistan 7 11 3 1

Viet Nam 38 47 12 1 3
Yemen 5 13 2 2

Europe

Country
Albania 2 7 1 7 3
Andorra 2
Austria 7 5 1 7 41

Belarus 4 4 6
Belgium 6 3 1 13
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 2 1 6 6
Bulgaria 13 12 1 8 7
Croatia 10 4 1 20 8
Czech Republic 7 6 6 17
Denmark 3 2 10
Estonia 4 2 1 3
Faeroe Islands 1

Finland 4 4 1 8
France 13 7 3 2 3 61

Germany 8 5 7 29
Gibraltar 1 1
2
Greece 13 10 6 1 16 9

Intro 53
Data Table 3
Continued

Mammals Bird! itiles ; Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates

Hungary 8 10 1 11 26
Iceland 1

Ireland 2 1 1 2
Italy 10 7 4 4 9 41

Latvia 4 6 1 6
Liechtenstein 1 4
Lithuania 5 4 1 5
Luxembourg 3 1 4
Macedonia 10 3 1 4 2
Malta 2 3
Moldova 2 7 1 9 5
Monaco
Netherlands 6 3 1 9
Nonway 4 3 1 8
Poland 10 6 2 13
Portugal 13 7 1 9 67
Romania 16 11 2 11 21
Slovakia 8 4 7 20
Slovenia 10 3 1 5 38
Spain 19 10 6 3 10 57
Sweden 5 4 1 13
Switzerland 6 4 4 25
United Kingdom 4 2 1 10
Yugoslavia 12 8 1 13 19

North and Central America

Country
Anguilla 5
Antigua and Barbuda 1 5
Aruba 1 1 2 1

Bahamas 4 4 7 1 1

Barbados 1 2
Belize 5 1 5 4 1

Bermuda 2 1 25
Canada 7 5 3 1 13 11
Cayman Islands 1 2 1

Costa Rica 14 13 7 1 9
Cuba 9 13 7 4 3
Dominica 1 2 4
Dominican Republic 4 11 10 1 2
El Salvador 2 6 1

Greenland 2
Grenada 1 4
Guadeloupe 5 6 1

Guatemala 8 4 9 8

Intro 54
 Mammals Birds Reptiles Ampliibians Fishes Inverteb

Haiti 4 11 6 1 2
Honduras 7 4 7 2
Jamaica 4 7 8 4 5
Martinique 2 5 1

Mexico 64 36 18 3 86 40
Montserrat 1 5
Netherlands Antilles 1 1 6
Nicaragua 4 3 7 2
Panama 17 10 7 1 2
Puerto Rico 3 11 9 3 1

St Kitts and Nevis 1 5

St Lucia 3 6
St Vincent 1 2 4
Trinidad and Tobago 1 3 5
Turks and Caicos Islands 3 4
USA 35 50 28 24 123 594
Virgin Islands (British) 1 2 6 1

Virgin Islands (US) 2 5

Oceania

Country
American Samoa 2 2 2 4
Australia 58 45 37 25 37 281
Christmas Island 3 2
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3
Cook Islands 6 2
Federated States of Micronesia 6 6 2 4
Fiji 4 9 6 1 2
French Polynesia 22 2 3 29
Guam 2 3 2 1 6
Kiribati 4 2 1

Marshall Islands 1 2 1

Nauru 2
New Caledonia 5 10 3 11
New Zealand 3 44 11 1 8 15
Niue 1 1

Norfolk Island 8 2 12
Northern Marianas 1 7 2 3
Palau 3 2 2 4
Papua New Guinea 57 31 10 13 11

Pitcairn Islands 5 5
Solomon Islands 20 18 4 5
Tokelau 1 2
Tonga 2 3 1

Tuvalu 1 2 1

US Minor Pacific Islands 1 2

Vanuatu 3 6 3 1

Wallis and Futuna Islands

Western Samoa 2 6 2 1

Intro 55
Data Table 3
Continued

Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates

South America

Country
Argentina 27 41 5 5 1 11
Bolivia 24 27 3 1

Brazil 71 103 15 5 12 34
Chile 16 18 1 3 4
Colombia 35 64

18
15 5
Ecuador 28 53 12 1 23
French Guiana 9
Guyana 10 3 8 1

Paraguay 10 26 3
Peru 46 64 9 1 2
Suriname 10 2 6
Uruguay 5 11 1

Venezuela 24 22 14 5 1

Unknown

Intro 56
Data Table 4
Extinct, Threatened, and Other Species: Country Totals by Status Category

EX EW Subtotal OR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Africa

Country
Algeria 1 1 4 6 26 36 4 10 11
Angola 2 17 22 41 20 35 12
Benin 3 9 12 9 12 6
Botswana 1 3 8 12 25 10 2
Burkina Faso 1 2 5 8 9 9 2
Burundi 2 12 14 9 15 5
Cameroon 19 18 43 80 12 64 13
Cape Verde 1 1 1 3 4 8
Central African Republic 5 9 14 12 25 4
Chad 2 6 11 19 11 12 5
Comoros 6 5 5 16 7
Congo 1 7 8 16 3 32 8
Cote d'lvoire 2 11 21 34 9 31 9
Djibouti u 2 1 5 8 4 4 2
Egypt 4 9 20 33 4 12 8
Equatorial Guinea 1 9 11 21 1 29 7
Eritrea 1 2 9 12 5 6 1

Ethiopia 10 12 38 60 20 43 7
Gabon 3 6 11 20 5 30 10
Gambia 2 4 6 10 14 4
Ghana 2 6 19 27 8 40 7
Guinea 4 9 17 30 10 24 7
Guinea-Bissau 2 2 5 9 9 14 2
Kenya 1 1 21 27 59 107 27 49 11
Lesotho 2 7 9 9 9
Liberia 3 9 18 30 1 30 8
Libya 4 6 6 16 1 8 6
Madagascar 5 5 20 29 71 120 2 30 16
Malawi 1 10 13 24 18 24 3
Mali 1 6 13 20 10 14 5
Mauritania 4 5 11 20 7 9 5
Mauritius 44 1 45 11 14 27 52 2 5 7
Mayotte 5 5 2 1 2 5
Morocco 7 4 28 39 4 11 14
Mozambique 4 13 24 41 23 34 7
Namibia 1 1 3 8 16 27 23 25 3
Niger 1 5 9 15 10 6 5
Nigeria 2 13 25 40 13 47 10
Reunion 17 17 5 5 16 26 2 2
Rwanda 1 4 12 17 10 26 4
Sao Tome & Principe 5 1 10 16 6 28
Senegal 3 8 15 26 12 22 6
Seychelles 3 3 7 4 11 22 2 2 1

Sierra Leone 3 8 17 28 6 38 6
Somalia 5 8 19 32 14 22 6

Intro 57
Data Table 4
Continued

EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

South Africa 10 10 23 41 141 205 33 91 17

St Helena 24 24 4 2 13 19 3
Sudan 6 10 18 34 19 30 8
Swaziland 2 1 8 11 23 4
Tanzania 14 58 60 132 29 51 51

Togo 4 8 12 10 20 6
Tunisia 3 3 18 24 3 9 8
Uganda 12 19 36 67 19 49 8
Western Sahara 3 4 3 10 1 3
Zaire 8 48 57 113 21 77 21
Zambia 2 7 18 27 20 26 3
Zimbabwe 1 5 14 20 24 18 3

Antarctica

Country
Falkland Islands 1 1 1 1 6 4
French Southern Territories 1 1 1 2 3 3 3
South Georgia 1 1

Asia

Country
Afghanistan 5 22 27 2 19 8
Armenia 2 1 15 18 1 17 8
Azerbaijan 1 5 27 33 3 20 11
Bahrain 2 2 2 2
Bangladesh 3 17 41 61 1 48 8
Bhutan 1 11 24 36 35 2
British Indian Ocean Territory 1 1 2 2 2
Brunei 2 6 21 29 40 8
Cambodia 8 18 29 55 33 7
China 2 1 3 19 46 148 213 5 161 41
Cyprus 1 3 7 11 2 8 5
Georgia 4 6 24 34 3 22 16
Hong Kong 1 5 10 16 10 2
India 15 42 136 193 6 148 32
Indonesia 5 5 27 72 241 340 6 246 100
Iran 3 12 39 54 3 26 16
Iraq 1 1 2 23 25 1 15 5
Israel 3 3 4 10 22 36 2 19 8
Japan 13 13 18 55 59 132 7 40 73
Jordan 1 1 4 11 15 1 10 3
Kazakhstan 1 6 34 41 3 29 14

Intro 58
 EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Korea, North 3 6 18 27 3 13 2
Korea, South 2 5 19 26 3 17 2
Kuwait 1 1 1 1 4 6 3 2
Kyrgyzstan 3 12 15 1 6 4
Laos 7 15 46 68 57 14
Lebanon 1 1 11 13 2 9 6
Malaysia 12 25 70 107 3 93 24
Maldives 1 1 1 3 2 1

Mongolia 1 1 4 25 29 1 20 2
Myanmar 10 19 69 98 3 108 20
Nepal 3 14 44 61 2 58 7
Oman 2 7 13 22 1 4 4
Pakistan 2 10 33 45 2 36 8
Philippines 2 2 42 54 92 188 6 80 16
Qatar 1 1 1 3 2
Russia 3 3 6 25 82 113 10 66 44
Saudi Arabia 1 1 2 3 4 16 23 5 15 7
Singapore 6 12 18 3 5 5
Sri Lanka 7 18 18 43 10 27 10
Syria 1 1 2 5 10 17 2 15 7
Taiwan 3 8 22 33 3 30 5
Tajikistan 3 15 18 11 2
Thailand 1 1 2 14 25 71 110 3 97 32
Turkey 13 16 41 70 3 39 44
Turkmenistan 1 6 26 33 1 14 13
Ukraine 2 7 43 52 5 37 33
United Arab Emirates 1 3 6 10 1 2 3
Uzbekistan 1 4 17 22 1 11 6
Viet Nam 1 1 17 25 59 101 2 81 19
Yemen 1 1 5 3 14 22 2 13 2

Europe

Country
Albania 3 1 16 20 21 17
Andorra 2 2
Austria 2 2 8 15 38 61 5 42 30
Belarus 2 12 14 4 22 8
Belgium 2 1 20 23 3 24 10
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 24 25 2 17 9
Bulgaria 2 4 35 41 2 40 33
Croatia 1 1 1 4 38 43 2 20 22
Czech Republic 1 2 33 36 5 32 18
Denmark 1 1 2 13 15 4 15 8
Estonia 1 1 8 10 2 17 10
Faeroe Islands 1 1 1

Finland 1 2 14 17 4 23 12
France 2 2 6 5 78 89 4 45 22
Germany 3 3 2 4 43 49 6 38 28
Gibraltar 4 4 1 1 1

Intro 59
Data Table 4
Continued

EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Greece 7 4 44 55 3 39 34
Hungary 2 6 48 56 4 37 23
Iceland 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ireland 1 1 4 6 3 6 5
Italy 1 1 6 6 63 75 5 47 21
Latvia 1 16 17 2 22 10
Liechtenstein 5 5 1 4
Lithuania 2 13 15 4 23 11
Luxembourg 1 1 6 8 1 10 2
IVlacedonia 20 20 1 19 3
Malta 1 4 5 5 7
Moldova 4 20 24 1 21 24
Monaco 1

Netherlands 2 17 19 3 24 7
Norway 1 1 14 16 5 18 8
Poland 1 5 25 31 6 37 16
Portugal 3 3 15 10 72 97 8 26 7
Romania 3 7 51 61 5 39 34
Slovakia 2 37 39 5 37 16
Slovenia 4 53 57 2 22 12
Spain 2 2 9 16 80 105 10 68 18
Sweden 1 2 20 23 5 24 14
Switzerland 2 37 39 5 40 14
United Kingdom 1 1 2 1 14 17 4 17 9
Yugoslavia 1 1 4 5 44 53 2 40 31

North and Central America

Country
Anguilla 1 1 1 3 1 5 2
Antigua and Barbuda 2 2 2 6 3
Aruba 2 3 5
Bahamas 2 2 3 5 9 17 7 1

Barbados 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
Belize 1 5 10 16 18 2
Bermuda 26 1 1 28 1

Canada 5 5 4 4 32 40 5 14 10
Cayman Islands 4 4 1 1 2 4 5
Costa Rica 4 16 24 44 46 4
Cuba 7 7 10 13 13 36 20 1

Dominica 1 2 4 7 5
Dominican Republic 8 8 4 8 16 28 18 1

El Salvador 2 4 3 9 12 2
Greenland 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

Grenada 2 3 5
Guadeloupe 4 4 1 8 3 12 7

Intro 60
 EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

Guatemala 1 1 2 18 9 29 38 5
Haiti 9 9 2 6 16 24 20 2
Honduras 2 2 2 9 9 20 31 2
Jamaica 4 4 7 7 14 28 13 3
Martinique 6 6 2 4 2 8 5
Mexico 22 6 28 51 90 106 247 3 110 21
Montserrat 2 4 6 7
Nettierlands Antilles 1 4 3 8 3
Nicaragua 1 7 8 16 34 8
Panama 2 11 24 37 55 4
Puerto Rico 5 5 6 10 11 27 8 2
St Kitts and Nevis 1 3 2 6 2
St Lucia 1 1 2 5 2 9 7
St Vincent 2 3 2 7 2
Trinidad and Tobago 2 4 3 9 1 11 1

Turks and Caicos Islands 2 3 2 7 2

USA 177 3 180 212 150 492 854 16 184 213
Virgin Islands (British) 3 3 4 10 1

Virgin Islands (US) 1 1 3 2 2 7 1

Oceania

Country
American Samoa 1 1 1 6 3 10 3 1 2
Australia 35 35 42 118 323 483 11 176 61
Christmas Island 1 1 5 5 1 1

Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3 3

Cook Islands 14 14 2 1 5 8 1 1 1

Federated States of Micronesia 2 2 8 6 4 18 4 5 53

Fiji 1 1 5 6 11 22 3 9 1

French Polynesia 62 9 71 26 13 17 56 2 1 1

Guam 3 1 4 4 5 5 14 3 2 49
Kiribati 1 3 3 7 3 1

Marshall Islands 1 1 2 4 3 3
Nauru 2 2 1

New Caledonia 4 4 5 12 12 29 3 1 3
New Zealand 20 1 21 7 9 66 82 1 23 12
Niue 1 1 2 1

Norfolk Island 8 8 2 4 16 22 2
Northern Marianas 5 2 6 13 3 3 11

Palau 1 1 4 3 4 11 4 4 54
Papua New Guinea 1 1 12 25 85 122 4 61 54
Pitcairn Islands 10 10 1

Solomon Islands 3 3 8 11 28 47 4 28 3
Tokelau 1 1 3 2 1

Tonga 1 1 3 2 6 3 2 1

Tuvalu 1 2 4 3 1

US Minor Pacific Islands 1 1 1 1 3 1

Vanuatu 2 10 13 3 5 1

Wallis and Futuna Islands 1

Western Samoa 2 3 6 11 3 3 1

Intro 61
Data Table 4
Continued

EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD

South America

Country
Argentina 2 2 6 20 64 90 1 91 15
Bolivia 4 11 40 55 2 71 10
Brazil 4 1 5 35 64 141 240 7 159 37
Chile 5 5 32 42 1 25 70
Colombia 3 3 16 35 68 119 1 123 15
Ecuador 4 4 7 23 87 117 1 92 15
French Guiana 3 6 9 18 26 6
Guyana 2 6 14 22 1 31 5
Paraguay 1 1 4 13 22 39 58 3
Peru 10 24 88 122 2 122 21
Suriname 2 5 11 18 29 4
Uruguay 1 6 10 17 17 7
Venezuela 7 21 38 66 1 79 10

Unknown

Intro 62
 Guest Essays

Application of lUCN Red List is final, while an extinction from a country may later be

Categories on a Regional Scale followed by a recolonization. While the new system has
a clear definition for species that are Extinct (EX) or
by Ulf Gdrdenfors Extinct in the Wild (EW), it lacks a definition for
Regionally Extinct (RE) species. The time frame con-
sidered when creating the definition of RE will effect
Introduction
the listings.
The new lUCN Red List Categories (lUCN 1994) were
The time frame is also important when considering
developed primarily for application on the global scale,
the categories Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered
i.e. forjudging the extinction risk of the whole species (or
(EN) and Vulnerable (VU) on a regional level. When
other taxon). Most countries concerned with compiling
assessing the prospects for the next 10 years, for exam-
Red Lists will probably adopt the new categories in one
ple, a species may face an extinction risk in a country of
form or another. However, by doing so. some problems
more than 50% (CR). However, if these prospects are
may arise when the population of a species within a
assessed over a period of 100 years the extinction risk for
country (or other considered region) is only a part of a
the same species might still be 50% (then corresponding
larger population. Furthermore, because the categories
to VU), because there are interactions with populations
only consider extinction risks, there may also be other
outside the country.
criteria that, from a national perspective, should be con-
sidered in order to develop conservation priorities.
Thus, there is a need to develop guidelines for apply- Hypothetical Cases
ing the new categories at national or other regional lev- In Figure 1 the species is represented in the country only
els in order to achieve a standardized application. To by a marginal part of a larger distribution area. The
cope with the issue. lUCN has organized workshops, so extinction risk within the country may be less than what
far in Gland, Switzeriand (March 1995; lUCN 1995) and the criteria A-D(-E) applied on the national part of the
in Cambridge. England (December 1995; Gardenfors population suggest (compared to when applied on a
1996). The process will continue, resulting in general global level), because if the species tends to die out
recommendations from lUCN. within the country, new individuals from neighboring
In this paper I will identify some of the conceptual countries may move in (rescue effect). However, in rare
problems that may arise when applying the lUCN Red instances, the reverse situation might be the case. If the
List categories on a subglobal scale. marginal population is not self-sustaining and depends
on regular immigration from the more central parts of the

geographic range, the extinction risk within the country

Problems at Regional Level
could be higher than is suggested by criteria A-D(-E), if
The lUCN 1994) categories of threat
( are defined by one
something threatens the central population. In both
of five criteria (A-E; see the section entitled The New
cases, however, the extinction risk depends on the
lUCN Categories and Criteria in this book). The quanti-
adopted time frame. Over a short time perspective the
tative thresholds of the criteria were set roughly to
species may face a high extinction risk, but in a longer
correspond to each other in reflecting the extinction risk
perspective there is a good possibility of recolonization
of taxa.
and survival.
When applying these criteria on a national or other
In the next case (Figure 2), the population in the coun-
kind of regional level, there are few problems, so long
try is geographically separated from other populations. If
as the population of the species to be assessed is isolated
there no flow of individuals between the populations,
is
from other conspecific populations, or is endemic. The
the new lUCN criteria are applicable, because popula-
extinction risk for an isolated population is the same irre-
tions outside the country do not affect the extinction risk
spective of whether it constitutes the only population of
within the country. If on the other hand, there is a
the species in the world, or if there are other totally iso-
source-sink situation with a regular inflow of individuals,
lated conspecific populations. But, if the target popula-
we have a similar situation to that shown in Figure 1.
tion constitutes only a part of a larger population, the
Again, the extinction risk depends on the time frame. In
quantitative thresholds in criteria A-D (and even E,
the case of an isolated self-sustaining population, the
depending on how the analysis is made) might not accu-
extinction risk may be low over a short time span, but
rately reflect the extinction risk. Also, a global extinction

Intro 63
 Country ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Counlry

*
^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^.

_J^^
Figure 1. Figure 2.

very high over a longer time span, while the reverse may try against the lUCN criteria A-D, starting with the

be the case in the source-sink situation. assumption that the national population is the only one in

the world. Then, one should check the situation of the

species against a list to determine whether or not any fac-
Proposals on a Regional Scale
tors influence its extinction risk. Such a checklist should
The obstacles to applying the new lUCN Red List crite-
include at least the following items:
ria on a national level, as presented above, may seem
very difficult to address, but I think they can be managed. • Does the national/regional population have any
The majority of threatened species are so because they obvious contact with populations outside the bor-
have small and isolated populations. If they do not have ders? What is the distance to the nearest population?

a high dispersal ability, the application of the lUCN cri- Are there any effective barriers preventing dispersal

teria is straightforward. The problems will mainly arise to and from neighboring populations?
among highly mobile organisms, such as birds, larger
• Is the species capable of long-distance dispersal?
mammals, certain insects, many marine organisms, and
Is it known to do so?
maybe cryptograms with easily dispersed spores. The
problems will of course be more pronounced in countries • How abundant is the species in neighboring regions?
surrounded by other countries than in those surrounded Are the populations there stable, increasing or

by sea or other barriers preventing dispersal. decreasing? Are there any important threats to
Conceptually, one could possibly cope with the those populations?
impact of neighboring populations by quantifying the
• Are there any known differences in local adaptation
flow of individuals (or diaspores) across the borders
between the national and foreign populations, i.e. is
(lUCN 1995) and include this in a metapopulation
it probable that the foreign populations are adapted
model. However, in reality, we often lack such data. If
to survive within the country?
we do have such data and are able to include it into a
quantitative analysis, we can use criterion E. Because • What is the environmental (including climatological)
of the possibility of regional extinction, as well as the situation within one's own country /region for the
problems with the time frame, we must then add a pas- species? Is the national population self-sustaining
sage to the definition of the E criterion of categories CR- (has it shown a positive reproduction rate over the
VU. The current definition of CR under criterion E is: years) or is it dependent on immigration for its long-
term survival?
Quantitative analysis showing the probability of
extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 • Are environmental conditions in the country such
years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer that immigrating specimens are able to establish or
has the species disappeared because these prerequi-
At a regional level, this criterion could read:
sites were not fulfilled?

Quantitative analysis showing the probability of

• If the species becomes extinct in the country, what
regional extinction, that will persist for at least 100
are the probabilities for recolonization within 100
years from now, is at least 50% within 10 years or
years?
3 generations, whichever is the longer.

In the majority of cases we lack such data and the solu- If an evaluation of these questions indicates that foreign
tion must be to evaluate the population within the coun- populations affect the extinction risk of the national pop-

Intro 64
ulation in such a way that it is lower or higher than the A- ing to the decision about national conservation measures
D criteria suggest, the threat category should be adjusted (Spartowe and Wight 1975. Nieme 1982, Millsap et al.

downwards or upwards. Such a movement must be indi- 1990, Daniels et al. 1991, Master 1991, Forey et al.

cated, e.g. by giving the category met by the global cri- 1994, Gardenfors in press). As suggested in the lUCN
teria within parenthesis. Thus EN (VU) would indicate guidelines (lUCN 1994. p. 8, section 1 1), and also by
that the species met the criteria for VU, but was moved Avery et al. (1995), two important criteria could be
upwards (probably a very rare situation) to EN, while EN global status and proportion of the global population or
(CR) indicates that it has been moved downwards (much range that occurs within the region.
more likely) from CR. The global scale may not be the most appropriate for
In the case where there is not enough data for such an comparison with a national scale. A species scattered in

evaluation, or the result is uncertain, the species should fragmented populations over the entire Holarctic region
be placed in the category met by the global criteria. is probably genetically considerably differentiated and
It is worth noting that a neighboring population more the populations in North America and Eastern Europe
often will affect the national category when the criteria most probably are not interchangeable. As a general rule,

Bl, B3 and D are met (no observation of decline) than the most appropriate scale would probably be the conti-
when criteria A, B2 and C are fulfilled (a decline has nental or comparable biogeographic regional scale. The
been observed). This is because if there is an observed proportion of the international/continental population
decline, the decline happens in spite of any influence and probability of recolonization can be given on a scale
from populations outside the country (though the decline from to 1 (where the intervals for population percent-
might have been even bigger without such an influence). ages depend on the area of the country in relation to the
Once again, the time frame is problematic, since there continental area. Figure 3).
can be a decline in the country that, later on, can be bal- In a priority-setting system, many other criteria could
anced by immigration. be of interest, such as ecological importance, historical
importance, taxonomic and genetic importance, impor-
tance to people, etc. Most of these, however, turn out to
Other Red List Categories
be problematic to apply, either conceptually or in practice
The three Lower Risk (LR) subcategories, conserva-
(Gardenfors in press) and are consequently difficult to
tion dependent (cd), near threatened (nt) and least
include in a formalized priority-setting system. How-
concern (Ic), can be treated as defined by lUCN
ever, in cases where any such criterion is obviously
(1994) after having taken above mentioned considera-
important, it could be remarked upon separately.
tions for CR-VU. The categories Data Deficient (DD)
Taking into consideration the points made above, a
and Not Evaluated (NE) can be applied at national
national Red List could have an appearance as in Figure
level without any adaptations.
4, It is not obvious how to weigh the individual criteria
As indicated earlier in this paper, it may be necessary
against each other. Maybe the best solution is to avoid
to define a new category for species extinct only within
any such a priority weighting, and allow for different
a country or another region. An extinction of an endemic
weighting when different situations and issues come up.
species in a country is equal to a global extinction, but
when a more widespread species becomes extinct within
a country, it still survives in other parts of the world.
These two different kinds of extinction deserve to be rec-
ognized and distinguished in national Red Lists. This has
already been done in some countries, and national extinc-
tion has been described by words such as Extirpated or
.2
Vanished. However, Vanished may be perceived as too
weak a word, and Extirpated has the double disadvantage o

of alluding to deliberate human-induced eradication i

(which rarely is the case) and being confused with the
category Extinct when abbreviated. The most appropri-
ate term would probably be Regionally Extinct (RE). Proportion of
international
population

Conservation
Conservation Priority points
0.2 4 0.6 0.8 1

The lUCN Red List categories do not allow for any con-
siderations other than extinction risks. However, there
may also be other criteria that are important when com- Figure 3.

Intro 65
 Species National Red lUCN Criteria Continental Red Proportion of Remark
List Category List Category Contin. Pop.

Aus australis EN A2d, B2c + 3d CR 0.8 Formerly distrib. all

over the country

Bus borealis nt (VU) D2 —
Cus communis nt — 0.4 A key-stone species

Dus domeslicus VU E — 0.2?

Eus Ephemericus RE VU

Fus frugivorus EN(CR) A1a, c nt 0.2 Monotypic genus

Figure 4.

How to Proceed? Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J., and Vane-Wright, R.I.

In order to develop guidelines for applying the lUCN (eds.). 1994. Systematics and Conservation Evalua-
Red List categories at regional levels it is now necessary tion. The Systematics Association Special Volume
to produce and distribute draft guidelines and test them No. 50. Calendon Press, Oxford, UK.
against a wide variety of species in many countries in dif- Gardenfors, U. 1996. The regional perspective. In:
ferent parts of the world. It is important that this proce- Baillie, J., Callahan, D., and Gardenfors, U. A closer
dure involves a very wide consultation of national Red look at the lUCN Red List Categories. Species 25
List compilers from throughout the world. Hopefully (December 1995): 30-36.
lUCN will be able to adopt and publish a set of official Gardenfors, U. In press. Conservation priorities for

guidelines in the near future. threatened species. Proceedings of the 10th Inter-
national Colloquium of the European Invertebrate
Survey. Saarbriicken, Germany, 4-5 July 1995.
Acknowledgements
lUCN. 1994. lUCN Red List Categories. lUCN, Gland,
Ingemar Ahlen, Jonathan Baillie, Oskar Kindvall,
Switzerland.
Georgina Mace and Simon Stuart provided many con-
lUCN. 1995. Draft guidelines for applying the lUCN
structive suggestions, which substantially improved this
Red List Categories at the national level. Results of
manuscript.
the National Red List Workshop, Gland, Switzerland
23-24 March 1995.
UlfGdrdenfors. Ph.D.
Master, L.L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priori-
Assistant Director
ties for conservation. Consen'ation Biology 5: 559-
Swedisli Tlveatened Species Unit
563.
P.O. Box7002
Millsap, B.A., Gore, J. A., Runde, D.E., and Cerulean,
S-750 07 Uppsala
S.I. 1990. Setting priorities for the conservation of
Sweden
fish and wildlife species in Florida. Wildl. Monogr.,
Ill: 1-57.
Nieme, G. J. 1982. Determining priorities innon-game
References
management. Loon 54: 28-54.
Avery. M.. Wingfield Gibbons, D., Porter, R., Tew, T.,
Sparrowe. R.D. and Wight, H.M. 1975. Setting priorities
Tucker, G., and Williams, G. 1995. Revising the
for the endangered species program. Trans. North
British Red Data List For Birds: The biological basis
Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resonr. Conf. 40: 142-156.
of UK Conservation Priorities. Ibis 137: 232-239.
Daniels, R.J.R., Hegde, M., Joshi, N.V.. and Gadgil. M.
1991. Assigning conservation value: a case study
from India. Conser\'ation Biology 5: 464-475.

Intro 66
Applying the New lUCN Some Problems and Solutions
Threatened Species Categories One of the specific aims of the revision of the categories
is to improve objectivity by providing clear guidance on
by Alison J. Stattersfield how to evaluate different factors which affect the risk of
extinction. For the majority of species — birds being no

Introduction
exception — numerical data concerning population num-
bers or rates of decline are lacking, or, at best, available
BirdLife International (formerly the International Council
on a site basis only (and thereby relevant to part of any
for Bird Preservation) has had a long history of involve-
ment in the red-listing process, taking responsibility for
population only). The preamble to the new categories
therefore emphasizes the importance of attempting to
advising lUCN and its Species Survival Commission on
classify poorly known taxa by estimating and extrapo-
matters relating to the conservation status and needs of
and
lating the current or potential threats into the future,
birds. BirdLife was among the first to apply the new
by allocating them a threat status by applying the pre-
rUCN threatened species categories in late 1993 and eaiiy
cautionary principle.
1994 (before the criteria were published), and was the
Using inference in a consistent fashion, however,
first to evaluate a complete class of species.
proved to be one of our greatest difficulties in producing
Bird data for the Red Lists have come from the inter-
the revised list for birds, for, despite the intentions of the
national Red Data Books, which have been a keystone
new system, there is litde guidance to help standardize
of BirdLife's research work. This program started with
this process. we found that there was considerable
Indeed
Vincent (1966- 1 97 1 ), was updated by King ( 1 978- 1 979).
scope for variation in categorization of some species
then followed by regional treatments of Africa (Collar
(using the same data) even between three people (my
and Stuart 1985) and the Americas (Collar et al. 1992)
coauthors and I). Given that birds are the most compre-
(all using the old lUCN categories), and work is currently
hensively studied of all the classes of animals or plants, it
under way to assess candidates for Asia (using the new
is likely that inconsistencies arising from the use of infer-
categories). Annotated global checklists, where data
ence will be far greater for those assessing less well
sources are referenced (Birds to Watch), have also been
known groups with fewer numerical clues, and in cir-
published (Collar and Andrew 1988, Collar et al. 1994;
cumstances where more people contribute to the evalua-
using old and new categories respectively) to keep the
tion process.
summary information and category allocation up-to-date,
Another dilemma we faced was the availability and
and to compensate for the time-lag caused by the detailed
quality of other data which could have helped us make
work necessary to produce an exhaustively researched
well informed inferences. Despite access to many pub-
Red Data Book.
lished sources of information and expertise from
The old lUCN system for identifying threatened
BirdLife's extensive network of contacts, we found that
species gave broad definitions for five threatened cate-
our information on, for example, habitat loss and degra-
gories, of which only two directly indicated the likeli-
dation was poor in some parts of the world. While eval-
hood of extinction. The new system (used to list all
uators can reasonably be expected to assemble all the
species in this Red List) is characterized by quantitative
appropriate species-specific material (on distribution,
or clearly defined criteria, subcriteria and qualifiers,
population, ecology etc.), they may not have access to
based around an evaluation of probabilities of extinction
general data concerning a species's environment (e.g.
within specified time-frames. Species may qualify for
logging activities or other land-use changes past, present,
one of three threatened categories depending on whether
and planned). We recognized that some of our assess-
their abundance and/or range sizes, or rates of decrease in
ments might be seriously affected by ignorance of such
these, meet explicit numerical thresholds (see, for exam-
key pieces of information (see Figure 1 ).
ple. Mace 1993, Mace and Stuart 1994).
Other areas of difficulty, more fully discussed in
The aims of this essay are threefold. First, to draw on
Collar et al. (1994), included; the indistinct division
the experience of BirdLife's research to discuss some of
between the near threatened and least concern categories;
the particular difficulties which were experienced in
the appropriate use of the (non-threatened) conservation
applying the new lUCN threatened .species categories to
dependent category where information on important
birds and to outline some potential solutions. Second, to
extrinsic factors such as the effectiveness of certain pro-
use the BirdLife data to interpret the changes between
tected areas is needed; thresholds for the Critically
successive Red Lists using the old and new categories.
Endangered category which could be (perhaps too) read-
And third, to suggest how the red-lisdng process, using
ily met by species with natarally small ranges as a result
the new categories, can help conservation.
of any evidence indicating loss of habitat, however

Intro 67
 Currently
INCONSISTENT
1 ^ F E R E N C E CATEGORIZATION

t t
Published Different sources Varying
Little
documentation of environmental evaluator
guidance
not required data experience
Poor or no
numerical
data on taxa Common
Publication sources Wide consultation
User's
of data and of environmental and peer review
Guide
reasoning data

,,
i i i
> M F E R E N C E
-* CONSISTENT
CATEGORIZATION
Ideally 1

Figure 1. Some problems and solutions in applying the new lUCN threatened species categories.

slight; an apparent inequity between species with small standard forms which ensure that all relevant details are

stable populations (= not threatened) versus those with logged, or interactive user-friendly computer programs
much larger ones in the same area but with declining with a comprehensive help system specially designed
ones elsewhere (= threatened); and the definition of loca- for this purpose. At the very least the mammal, reptile,

tion which is crucial to the interpretation of the range-size fish and other equivalents of Birds to Watch (summariz-
criteria (see also, for example, Baillie et al. 1995, ing distribution, habitat requireinents, abundance, trends

Hallingback et al. 1995 for difficulties encountered in and threats) should be produced as the documentary basis
applying the categories to different faunal groups). of future Red Lists.

Many of the above problems could be diminished by Publication of data will have several benefits: critical
more detailed guidance in the use of the criteria (and a inferences will be indicated and might generate more
"Users' Guide" is being prepared). This should be easier appropriately orientated fieldwork and important new
to formulate now, with many real examples, owing to the infonnation; details of the assessment will be available
extensive collective experience of applying the cate- for more efficient and improved re-evaluation; and the
gories for this Red List. documentation will allow for wide consultation and inde-
Further guidance will not, however, eliminate all the pendent peer review, to aid consistency between treat-

uncertainties associated with the use of inference. It is ment of poorly known species in different taxonomic
therefore vital that, where data are poor, the reasoning groups and regions of the world. In addition, the envi-
used to trigger certain criteria should be made as explicit ronmental knowledge which has influenced judgements
as possible. Although the new system requires the inclu- will be disclosed and rendered accessible to other asses-

sion of coding to indicate which criteria are judged to be sors of species with similar ranges and problems.
met (rather than the category code alone), such notation However, it is not efficient for different evaluators
could be misleading because there is no indication of lev- repeatedly to find the same environmental information,
els of uncertainty. It is possible, because a species is clas- nor are they necessarily the best people to interpret it.

sified as threatened using a system which is recognized An invaluable supplement to the forthcoming Users'
as being more objective, to assume without question that Guide, therefore, would be a common source of appro-
the species meets the criteria (and has, for example, a priate background data compiled and up-dated by rele-

population of less than 10,000 mature individuals) when, vant experts (see Figure 1 ).

in fact, the original evaluation involved a highly precau-

tionary inference derived from very slight evidence.

Changes and Their Interpretation
Guesswork may therefore become fact, and judgements
Given the apparently major change in the categories and
may not be re-evaluated from first principles in subse-
their ciiteria, one might expect big changes in the overall
quent exercises. The only real solution, therefore, is to
numbers and types of species listed as threatened. For
publish the species-specific and background data in
detail, for example in Red Data Books, Action Plans,

Intro 68
 .

birds, there has been an increase from 1 ,030 (Collar and not necessarily sufficient to determine priority ranking
Andrew 1988) to 1,111 (Collar ef a/. 1994). Although for conservation, and that a system for such assessments
the net change is a relatively small one —an additional would include numerous other factors such as costs,
81 species in total (= 8% increase) —more considerable logistics, and chances of success. Although these may
flux is masked: 295 species were upgraded to threatened be addressed in Action Plans, the increasing number of
status(29%) and 214 species downgraded (21%). threatened species joining the Red Lists means that, for
However, these changes may be attributed to four fac- most (uncharismatic) species, the only real prospect for
tors — the currently volatile nature of ornithological saving them is by site protection. Thus geographical
taxonomy (+81, -12), the inevitable improvement in areas of overlap between the thousands of threatened
knowledge (-1-157, -139), genuine changes in status (-t-14, species included in this Red List (by country, area, and
-2) and changes in the criteria (+43. -61). If we assume ideally site) would represent a new and vitally important
that the first three factors are independent of the system basis for assigning the biological priorities for conserva-
used (accounting for 85% and 71% of the upgrades and tion action,and help to focus resources appropriately
downgrades respectively), it appears that the new cate- where choices have to be made (see Collar 1994).
gories have not radically altered the end result. It might be As a result of its Red Data Book research, BirdLife
possible, therefore, to conclude that the old lUCN sys- has already key forests for threatened
identified
tem for the classification of threatened species was ade- Afrotropical birds (Collar and Stuart 1988) and key sites
quate after all. However, as the use of inference is a key for threatened Neotropical birds (Wege and Long 1995).
factor in the appropriate application of the new cate- These studies show that many threatened species occur
gories, the potential for misuse under the old system together in similar places and that site-based priorities
(where there were broad definitions only for guidance) can therefore be developed effectively through threat-
was many times greater. ened species analysis. BirdLife's original Biodiversity
An interpretation of the changes between successive Project extended this geographical approach by delimit-
Red Lists, combined with the probabilities of extinction ing so-called Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs), covering the
implicit in the new categories, allows us to make predic- breeding ranges of all land bird species with restricted-
tions of the rates of species' extinctions. Such projections ranges (including three-quarters of threatened species).
have been common in both the scientific and popular lit- The approach also demonstrated the importance of most
erature, and have caused much debate over the reality of of these areas for other endemic wildlife groups (ICBP
the so-called impending extinction spasm (see, e.g. 1992, Stattersfield et al. in prep.).

Myers 1987). We calculate that it would take between Current research at BirdLife focuses on Important
800 and 2,800 years for half the world's birds (4,850 Bird Areas (IBAs), which are selected on the basis of
species) to go extinct (Crosby et al. 1994). This is based globally agreed criteria dealing with threatened species
on our categorization in Collar er al. (1994) and a populations, importance for congregatory species, or rep-
dynamic projection that takes into account the likely resentation of EBAs or larger biomes. The IBA initia-

changes in knowledge over the next 100 years and a rate tive aims to cover the most important sites which will
of change of status equivalent to the one which we had conserve all bird species for which a site-based approach
perceived during the period 1988-1994 or worse. Under is appropriate. IBAs have been identified for Europe
"normal" conditions, using mean survival times as illus- (Grimmett and Jones 1989) and the Middle East (Evans
trated from the fossil record, one would expect the nat- 1994), and there is now a commitment to identify the
ural time to extinction for half the world's birds to be majority of the world's IBAs by the year 2000. Despite
around 500,000 years. While we recognize that our mod- the fact that evidence for congruence exists, such an
els (which happen to be more optimistic than others based approach could be adopted by colleagues working on
on older data and different methodologies, e.g. Smith et other groups, and help to polarize attention on key sites
al. 1993) are not necessarily realistic, they clearly draw for all plant and animal "sympatric" species.
attention to a crisis of considerable magnitude, directly
attributable to the destructive activities of man.
Conclusions
1 Where numerical species data are lacking, varying
Using Red Lists experience and interpretation of the new lUCN
Red Lists are not an end in themselves. They provide criteria coupled with ignorance of key environmental
information about the status of species, giving no indi- information, will result in inconsistent categorization
cation of the conservation action which must be taken to of species' status by different evaluators.
save them from extinction.
2. Consistency in categorization could be enhanced by
The new guidelines state that the category of threat is

Intro 69
 a variety of measures including more detailed A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker, T.A., and Wege, D.C.
guidance in the use of the criteria, publication 1992. Threatened Birds of the Americas: the ICBP/
and referencing of key data, provision of sharing lUCN Red Data Book. International Council for Bird
common sources of environmental information, Preservation, Cambridge, UK.
greater consultation and independent peer review. Collar, N.J. 1994. Red Data Books, Action Plans and
the need for site-specific synthesis. Species 21-22:
3. Although differences between the bird Red Lists
132-133.
using the old and new criteria are relatively small,
Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J., and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994.
the new system establishes a framework which
Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds.
reduces subjectivity and renders red-listing more
(BirdLife Conservation Series no. 4), BirdLife Inter-
accountable.
national, Cambridge, UK.
4. Conservation efforts can be aided and influenced Crosby, M.J., Stattersfield, A.J., Collar, N.J., and
by a reinterpretation of the species data collated for Bibby, C.J. 1994. Predicting avian extinction rates.

Red Lists to identify key sites, especially those Biodiversity Letters 2: 1 82- 1 85.

which would protect large numbers of sympatric Evans, M.I. 1994. Important Bird Areas in the Middle
threatened species. East. (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 2), BirdLife
International, Cambridge, UK.
5. Changes between successive Red Lists could
Grimmett, R.F.A. and Jones, T.A. 1989. Imponant Bird
provide a useful measure of progress in the
Areas in Europe. (Techn. Publ. 9), International
conservation of the world's biodiversity.
Council for Bird Preservation. Cambridge, UK.
Hallingback, T., Hodgetts, N., and Urmi, E. 1995. How
Acknowledgements to apply the new lUCN Red List categories to

This essay draws on the ideas and publications of many bryophytes. Species 24: 37 -4\
of my colleagues at BirdLife. I would like to thank Nigel ICBP. 1992. Putting biodiversity on the map: priority
Collar and Mike Crosby, in particular, for their encour- areas for global consen'ation. International Council
agement and input, and also Colin Bibby, John Croxall, for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. UK.

John Fanshawe, Adrian Long, and David Wege for help- King.W.B. 1978-1979. Red Data Book, 2: Aves. Second
ful comments. edition. International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources, Merges, Switzerland.
Alison Stattersfield Mace, G.M. 1993. The status of proposals to redefine

BirdLife International the lUCN threatened species categories. Guest essay

Wellbrook Court in B. Groombridge, ed. 1994 lUCN Red List of
Girton Road Threatened Animals. International Union for Cons-
Cambridge CBS ONA ervation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland,
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Mace, G.M. and Stuart, S. 1994. Draft lUCN Red List

References categories. Species 21-22: 13-24.

Baillie, J., Callahan, D., and Giirdenfors, U. 1995. A Myers, N. 1987. The extinction spasm impending; syn-
closer look at the lUCN Red List categories. Species ergisms at work. Conservation Biology 1: 14-21.

25: 30-36. Smith, F.D.M,, May, R.M., Pellew, R., Johnson, T.J., and
Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to walcli: the Walter, K.S. 1993. Estimating extinction rates.
ICBP world check-list of threatened birds. (Techn. Nature 364: 494-496.
Publ. 8). International Council for Bird Preservation, Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J., and Wege,
Cambridge, UK. D.C. In prep. Global directory of Endemic Bird
Collar, N.J. and Stuart, S.N. 1985. Threatened birds of Areas. (BirdLife Conservation Series), BirdLife
Africa and related islands: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data International Cambridge, UK.
Book. International Council for Bird Preservation, and Vincent, J. 1966-1971. Red Data Book, 2: Aves.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Cambridge, UK. Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland.
— . 1988. Key forests for threatened birds in Africa. Wege, D.C. and Long, A.J. 1995. Key Areas for threat-
(Monogr. 3), International Council for Bird Preserv- ened birds in the Neotropics. (BirdLife Conservation
ation, Cambridge, UK. Series no. 5), BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe, N., Madrofio Nieto,

Intro 70
 Index to Classes

Chordata
Mammalia Mammals 3, 129, 135, 177, 193, 219, 241, 245

Aves Birds 29, 131, 146, 179, 197,242,245

Reptilia Reptiles 58, 132, 164, 182, 199, 234, 242, 246
Amphibia Amphibians 66, 132, 166, 182, 201, 235, 243, 246
Cephalaspidomorphi Fishes: lampreys 69, 167, 183,201,246
Elasmobranchii Fishes: sharks, rays 69, 201

Actinopterygii Fishes: bony fishes 70, 132, 167, 183, 202, 235, 243 246
Sarcopterygii Fishes: Coelacanth

Cnidaria

Anthozoa Corals, sea anemones 128,217

Platyhelminthes

Turbellaria Flatworms 192, 256

Nemertina
Enopla Nemertine worms '<^ 128, 175,217

Mollusca
Bivalvia Molluscs: mussels, clams *• 1 10, 133, 172, 187, 209, 238, 244, 255

Gastropoda Molluscs: snails -** 256

112, 133, 173, 187, 209, 238, 244,

Annelida
''^
Hirudinea Leeches 171

Oligochaeta Earthworms ^ 109, 172

Polychaeta Marine bristle worms 109,209

Onychophora
Onychophora Velvet worms 109, 171, 187,209,255

Arthropoda
Arachnida Spiders, scorpions, etc 88, 169,207

Chilopoda Centipedes 89

Crustacea Crustaceans «r-^ 89, 132, 169, 185, 207, 237, 244, 247

Insecta Insects w 98, 133, 169, 185, 208, 237, 244, 247

Merostomata Horseshoe crabs 171,209

Echinodermata
Echinoidea Sea urchins, sea fans, etc 169
 Listi

Threatened Species

Class MAMMALIA Monodelphis emiliae Family DASYURIDAE

VU '2' Ale
Dasycercus byrnei
Order MONOTREMATA Brazil, Peru
Kowari
Monodelphis kunsi
Family TACHYGLOSSIDAE VU " C2a
EN '-' Ale Australia
Zaglossus bruijni Bolivia, Brazil
Long-beaked Echidna Dasycercus cristicauda
Monodelphis maraxina
EN " Alac
VU '" Ale
Mulgara
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Brazil
VU " C2a
Australia

DroELPHEMORPHIA Monodelphis osgoodi

Order Dasycercus hillieri
VU '='
Ale
Mulgara
Family DmELPHIDAE Bolivia, Peru
EN " Bl+2d+3bc
Caluromys derbianus Monodelphis ruhida Australia
VU '" Ale VU '=' Ale
Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Brazil
Dasyurus albopunctatus
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
New Guinea QuoU
Monodelphis scalops VU " Ala
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Panama
VU '=' Ale Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Brazil
Caluromysiops irrupta Dasyurus geoffroii
VU "' Bl+2c Monodelphis sorex Chuditch
Brazil, Peru
VU '-' Ale VU " CI
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Glironia venusta Australia

VU '='
B1+2C Monodelphis theresa
Dasyurus maculatus
Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru VU '=' Ale Spotted-tailed Quoll
Brazil, Peru
Gracilinanus aceramarcae VU " Cl+2a
CR '-'
B1+2C Monodelphis unistriata Australia
Bolivia VU '=' Ale Dasyurus spartacus
Brazil
Gracilinanus dryas Bronze Quell
VU '-'
B1+2C VU " Ale
Venezuela Order PAUCITUBERCULATA Papua New Guinea
Gracilinanus emiliae
Parantechinus apicalis
VU '-'
Bl+2c Family CAENOLESTIDAE
Dibbler
Brazil
Rhyncholestes raphanurus EN " Bl+2ce
Lestodelphys halli VU '='
Ale Australia
VU '-'
Bl+2c Chile
Phascogale calura
Argentina
Red-tailed Phascogale
Marmosa andersoni EN " Bl+2bd
Order MICROBIOTHERIA
CR '-'
Bl+2c Australia
Peru Family MICROBIOTHERIIDAE
Planigale novaeguineae
Marmosa xerophila
Dromiciops gliroides Papuan Planigale
EN '-'
B1+2C
VU " D2
Colombia, Venezuela VU '-'
Ale
Argentina, Chile Papua New Guinea
Marmosops cracens
EN '-'
Bl+2c Pseudantechinus mimulus
Venezuela Order DASYUROMORPHIA Carpentarian Antechinus

Marmosops dorothea
VU " D2
Family MYRMECOBIIDAE Australia
VU '='
B1+2C
Bolivia Myrmecobius fasciatus Sminthopsis aitkeni
Marmosops handleyi Numbat Kangaroo Island Dunnart
CR "' B1+2C VU " Ala,D2 EN " Bl+2d
Australia Australia
Colombia
Threatened Species

Sminthopsis butleri Phalanger rothschildi Dorcopsulus macleayi

Carpentarian Dunnart Obi Cuscus Macleay's Dorcopsis
VU " D2 VU " D2 VU " D2
Australia Indonesia Papua New Guinea
Sminthopsis douglasi Phalanger vestitus Lagorchestes hirsutus
Julia Creek Dunnart Stein's Cuscus Rufous Hare-wallaby
EN " Bl+2bd+3d VU " Ala,Bl+2a VU " D2
Australia Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Australia

Sminthopsis psammophila Spilocuscus rufoniger Lagostrophus fasciatus

Sandhill Dunnart Black-spotted Cuscus Banded Hare-wallaby
EN " Bl+2ab+3ab EN " Aid VU " D2
Australia Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Australia

Family POTOROIDAE Onychogalea fraenata

Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Bridled Nailtail Wallaby

Family PERAMELIDAE Bettongia lesueur EN " Ala, Cl-i-2b

Boodie Australia
Isoodon auratus VU " D2 Petrogale penicillata
Golden Bandicoot Australia
Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby
VU " Bl+2e
Australia
Bettongia tropica VU " C2a
Northern Bettong Australia
Macrotis lagotis
EN " Bl+2c
Petrogale persephone
Bilby
Australia
VU " C2a Prosperine Rock-wallaby
Australia Potorous gilbertii EN " Bl-H2a
Gilbert's Potoroo Australia
Perameles bougainville
Western Barred Bandicoot
CR " C2b, Dl
Setonix brachyurus
Australia
EN " Bl+3a Quokka
Australia Potorous longipes VU ''
AlbccCl
Perameles gunnii Long-footed Potoroo Australia

Eastern Barred Bandicoot EN " Bl-H2c,C2a Thylogale brownii

VU " Alb Australia
New Guinea Pademelon
Australia
Family MACRGPODmAE VU " Ala
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Order NOTORYCTEMORPHIA Dendrolagus dorianus Thylogale brunii
Doria's Tree-kangaroo
Dusky Pademelon
Family NOTGRYCXroAE VU " Ala
VU " Ala
Notoryctes caurinus
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Northern Marsupial Mole Dendrolagus goodfellowi Thylogale calabyi
EN " Alc+2c Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo
Calaby's Pademelon
Australia EN " Ala EN " Ala, Bl+2a
Notoryctes typhlops Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Southern Marsupial Mole Dendrolagus matschiei
EN " Alc+2c Huon Tree-kangaroo Family BURRAMYIDAE
Australia EN " Alac
Burramys parvus
Papua New Guinea
Mountain Pygmy-possum
Order DIPROTODONTIA Dendrolagus mbaiso EN " Bl+2abcde
Dingiso
Family VOMBATmAE Australia
VU ' Aid
Lasiorhinus krefftii Indonesia Family PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE
Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat
CR " B1+2C, Dl Dendrolagus scottae Pseudocheirus occidentalis
Scott's Tree-kangaroo Western Ringtail
Australia
EN ' Ala, Bl+2a VU '-'
C2a
Family PHALANGERffiAE Papua New Guinea Australia

Phalanger matanim Dorcopsis atrata Pseudochirops albertisii

Telefomin Cuscus Black Dorcopsis D'Albertis Ringtail
EN " Bl+2e EN " Bl+2c VU " Alc,D2
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
 Mammals •n

Pseudochirops corinnae Tolypeutes tricinctus Micropotamogale ruwenzorii

Plush-coated Ringtail Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo Ruwenzori Otter-shrew
VU " Ala VU " Albcd EN * Bl-f2c
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Brazil Uganda, Zaire

Family PETAURIDAE Family MYRMECOFHAGmAE Potamogale velox

Myrmecophaga tridactyla
EN * Bl-h2c
Dactylopsila megalura Angola, Cameroon, Central African
Giant Anteater
Great-tailed Troik Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon,
VU " Aid, Bl+2a VU " Alcd Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania,
Argentina, Belize (ex?), Bolivia,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Uganda, Zaire
Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Dactylopsila tatei Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE
Tate's Triok Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua,
EN " B1+2C Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Amblysomus gunningi
Papua New Guinea Uruguay, Venezuela Gunning's Golden Mole
Gymnobelideus leadbeateri VU " B1+2C
Leadbeater's Possum Order INSECTIVORA South Africa
EN " A2c,E Family SOLENODONTIDAE Amblysomus julianae
Australia Juliana's Golden Mole
Solenodon cubanus
Petaurus abidi Cuban Solenodon
CR " B1+2C
Northern Glider South Africa
EN " Alcde
VU "
D2 Cuba Chlorotalpa duthieae
Papua New Guinea Duthie's Golden Mole
Solenodon paradoxus
Petaurus gracilis Haitian Solenodon VU " Bl-h2c
Mahogany Glider EN " Alcde South Africa
EN " Alb, BI+2abc, C2a Dominican Republic, Haiti Chlorotalpa sclateri
Australia Sclater's Golden Mole
Family TENRECmAE
VU « Bl-h2c
Limnogale mergulus Lesotho, South Africa
Order XENARTHRA Aquatic Tenrec
EN * Chlorotalpa tytonis
Family BRADYPODmAE B1-I-2C
Somali Golden Mole
Madagascar
Bradypus torquatus Microgale dryas
CR * B1-H2C
Maned Sloth Somalia
CR " Bl-f2c
EN " Alcd Madagascar Chrysochloris visagiei
Brazil Visagie's Golden Mole
Microgale gracilis
Family DASYFODmAE Gracile Shrew-tenrec CR » Bl+2c
VU " B1+2C South Africa
Chaetophractus nationi Madagascar Chrysospalax trevelyani
VU " Aid Microgale parvula Giant Golden Mole
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru *
Pygmy Shrew-tenrec EN Bl+2c
Chlamyphorus retusus EN * Bl+2c South Africa
Greater Pichi Ciego Madagascar
Chrysospalax villosus
VU " Ale
Microgale principula Rough-haired Golden Mole
Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Greater Long-tailed Shrew-tenrec VU •><
B1-H2C
Chlamyphorus truncatus EN * B1-H2C South Africa
Lesser Pichi Ciego Madagascar
Cryptochloris wintoni
EN " A 1 abed Microgale pulla
De Winton's Golden Mole
Argentina Dusky Shrew-tenrec
VU " Bl-f2c
Dasypus pilosus VU * B1+2C South Africa
Madagascar
VU " Bl-^2c Cryptochloris zyli
Peru Microgale thomasi
Van Zyl's Golden Mole
Thomas's Shrew-tenrec
Priodontes maximus
VU " B1-H2C
CR * BI-I-2C
Giant Armadillo South Africa
Madagascar
EN " Alcd
Micropotamogale lamottei Eremitalpa granti
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Nimba Otter-shrew Grant's Golden Mole
Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, EN * BU2c VU " B1-H2C
Uruguay, Venezuela Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia Namibia, South Africa
Threatened Species

Family ERINACEIDAE Crocidura heccarii Crocidura grayi

EN * B1+2C VU " Bl+2c
Hylomys hainanensis Indonesia Philippines
Hainan Gymnure
Crocidura greenwoodi
EN * Bl+2c Crocidura bottegoides
China VU " Bl+2c VU " Bl+2c
Ethiopia Somalia
Hylomys parvus
Dwarf Gymnure Crocidura caliginca Crocidura harenna
CR " Bl+2c CR * Bl+2c CR « Bl+2c
Zaire Ethiopia
Indonesia
Crocidura hispida
Mesechinus hughi Crocidura canariensis
Andaman Shrew
Hugh's Hedgehog VU " B1+2C
VU " B1+2C Spain (Canary Is)
EN * Bl+2c
China
India (Andaman & Nicobar Is)
Crocidura congobelgica
Crocidura jenkinsii
Podogymnura aureospinula VU " B1+2C
CR * B1+2C
Dinagat Moonrat Zaire
EN * Bl+2c
India (Andaman & Nicobar Is)
Crocidura desperata Crocidura kivuana
Philippines
CR ^ Bl+2c
Podogymnura truei
VU » B1+2C
Tanzania
Zaire
Mindanao Gymnure
Crocidura dhofarensis
EN * B1+2C "
Crocidura latona
Philippines
CR Bl+2c VU " Bl+2c
Oman Zaire
Family SORICIDAE Crocidura eisentrauti Crocidura longipes
Chimarrogale hantu CR " Bl+2c EN * B1+2C
Malayan Water Shrew Cameroon Nigeria
CR "* Bl+2c Crocidura elgonius Crocidura lucina
Malaysia VU " B1+2C VU " Bl+2c
Chimarrogale phaeura- Kenya, Tanzania Ethiopia
Borneo Water Shrew Crocidura erica Crocidura ludia
EN * Bl+2c VU " B1+2C VU " B1+2C
Malaysia Angola Zaire
Chimarrogale sumatrana Crocidura macmillani
Crocidura fischeri
Sumatra Water Shrew CR
VU " B1+2C '"
B1+2C
CR " Bl+2c Kenya, Tanzania Ethiopia
Indonesia
Crocidura Jlavescens Crocidura macowi
Congosorex polli
VU " B1+2C CR '"
Bl+2c
CR " B1+2C South Africa Kenya
Zaire
Crocidura malayana
Crocidura floweri
Crocidura allex
Flower's Shrew
EN * B1+2C
VU " B1+2C Malaysia
EN * B1+2C
Kenya, Tanzania
Egypt Crocidura mindorus
Crocidura andamanensis
Crocidura foxi
EN * Bl+2c
EN * B1+2C Philippines
India (Andaman & Nicobar Is) VU " Bl+2c
Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo Crocidura miya
Crocidura ansellorum Sri Lankan Long-tailed Shrew
" Crocidura fumosa
CR Bl+2c EN " BI+2C
Zambia VU '-
B1+2C Sri Lanka
Kenya
Crocidura attila Crocidura monax
VU " B1+2C Crocidura glassi VU '«
B1+2C
Cameroon, Central African Republic, VU » Bl+2c Kenya, Tanzania
Congo, Gabon, Zaire Ethiopia
Crocidura negrina
Crocidura baileyi Crocidura gracilipes CR " B1+2C
VU " B1+2C CR " Bl+2c Philippines
Ethiopia Kenya?, Tanzania
Crocidura nicobarica
Crocidura beatus Crocidura grandis Nicobar Shrew
VU » B1+2C EN * Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Philippines Philippines India (Andaman & Nicobar Is)
 Mammals ^
Crocidura orientalis Crocidura ultima Myosorex tenuis
VU * D2 CR " Bl+2c VU " B1+2C
Indonesia Kenya Mozambique?, South Africa
Crocidura orii Crocidura usambarae Paracrocidura graueri
Orii's Shrew VU " B1+2C CR " B1+2C
EN * B1+2C Tanzania Zaire
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Crocidura wimmeri Ruwenzorisorex suncoides
Crocidura osorio EN * Bl+2c VU " B1-H2C
VU * D2 Cote d'lvoire
Burundi, Uganda, Zaire
Spain (Canary Is)
Crocidura xantippe
Solisorex pearsoni
Crocidura patawanensis VU " Bl+2c Pearson's Long-clawed Shrew
VU >"
B1+2C Kenya, Tanzania
EN « B1+2C
Philippines
Crocidura zimmeri Sri Lanka
Crocidura paradoxura VU " B1+2C
Sorex arizonae
EN * B1+2C Zaire
Indonesia
VU " D2
Crocidura zimmermanni Mexico, USA
Crocidura pergrisea VU " B1+2C
Pale Grey Shrew Greece Sorex cansulus
VU " B1+2C Gansu Shrew
Cryptotis endersi
India CR " BI+2C
EN " Bl+3d
China
Crocidura phaeura Panama
CR '"
Bl+2c Cryptotis gracilis
Sorex cylindricauda
Ethiopia Greater Stripe-backed Shrew
VU "
B1+2C
Crocidura picea Costa Rica, Panama
EN * Bl+2c
China
CR " Bl+2c
Cryptotis hondurensis
Cameroon VU " B1+2C Sorex hosonoi
Crocidura pitmani Honduras Azumi Shrew
VU " B1+2C VU » B1+2C
Feroculus feroculus Japan
Zambia Kelaart's Long-clawed Shrew
Crocidura polia EN * Bl+2c Sorex hydrodromus
CR " Bl+2c Sri Lanka Pribilof Shrew
Zaire
Myosorex blarina
EN * Bl+3d
USA
Crocidura raineyi VU " B1+2C
CR '"
Bl+2c Uganda, Zaire Sorex jacksoni
Kenya St Lawrence Shrew
Myosorex eisentrauti
Crocidura selina EN * Bl+2c EN * Bl+3d
EN * BI+2c Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
USA
Uganda Myosorex geata Sorex kozlovi
Crocidura stenocephala EN * Bl+2c Kozlov's Shrew
VU " B1+2C Tanzania CR * Bl+2c
Zaire China
Myosorex longicaudatus
[R. Dze-Chyu]
Crocidura susiana Long-tailed Forest Shrew
EN " BI+2c VU " Bl+2c Sorex leucogaster
Iran South Africa Paramushir Shrew

Crocidura tansaniana Myosorex okuensis

VU " B1+2C
" Russia
VU BI+2C VU " Bl+2c
Tanzania Cameroon Sorex milleri
Crocidura telfordi Myosorex rumpii VU " D2
Mexico
CR " BI+2C CR " Bl+2c
Tanzania Cameroon Sorex sadonis
Crocidura tenuis Myosorex schalleri Sado Shrew
VU « B1+2C CR " B1+2C EN * B1+2C
Indonesia Zaire Japan

Crocidura thomensis Myosorex sclateri Sorex sclateri

VU " B1+2C VU " Bl+2c EN " Bl+3d

Sao Tome & Pn'ncipe (Sao Tome) South Africa Mexico
Threatened Species

Sorex sinalis Family TALPmAE Tupaia palawanensis

Dusky Shrew Palawan Tree Shrew
Desmana tnoschata
VU " Bl+2c Russian Desman
VU " B1+2C
China Philippines
VU » B1+2C
Sorex stizodon Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine Urogale everetti
EN " Bl+3d Euroscaptor mizura
Philippine Tree Shrew
Mexico Japanese Mountain Mole
VU '"
B1+2C
Philippines
Soriculus salenskii VU " B1+2C
Salenski's Shrew Japan
CR " B1+2C Euroscaptor parvidens Order DERMOPTERA
China CR « Bl+2c
Sudisorex norae Viet Nam Family CYNOCEPHALIDAE
VU " B1+2C Galemys pyrenaicus Cynocephalus volans
Kenya Pyrenean Desman Flying Lemur
Sudisorex polulus VU "•
B1+2C VU "- Alc+2c
VU " B1+2C France, Portugal, Spain Philippines
Kenya Mogera etigo
Suncus ater EN * Bl+2c
Japan
Order CHIROPTERA
Black Shrew
CR '" Bl+2c Mogera tokudae Family PTEROPODroAE
Malaysia Sado Mole
Acerodon humilis
Suncus dayi EN * Bl+2c
Talaud Fruit Bat
EN * Bl+2c Japan
VU « A2c, D2
India Neoscaptor uchidai Indonesia
Suncus fellowsgordoni Ryukyu Mole
Acerodon jubatus
EN " B1+2C EN * Bl+2c Golden-capped Fruit Bat
Lanka Japan
Sri
EN « Alcd
Suncus hosei Talpa streeti Philippines
VU » B1+2C Persian Mole
" Bl+2c Acerodon leucotis
Malaysia CR VU « A2c
Iran
Suncus mertensi Philippines
Floras Shrew Uropsilus investigator
* Alionycteris paucidentata
CR " B1+2C EN Bl+2c
China
VU « Bl-(-2c
Indonesia Philippines
Suncus montanus Uropsilus soricipes
Aproteles bulmerae
Chinese Shrew-Mole
VU " Bl+2c Bulmer's Fruit Bat
India, Sri Lanka
EN * B1+2C
China
CR '- B1-I-2C
Suncus remyi Papua New Guinea
Gabon Dwarf Shrew Dobsonia beauforti
CR " Bl+2c Order SCANDENTIA
EN '-
Bl-f2c
Gabon Family TUPAIIDAE Indonesia
Suncus zeylanicus Dendrogale melanura Dobsonia emersa
EN " Bl+2c Bomean Smooth-tailed Tree Shrew VU ''
D2
Sri Lanka VU " Bl+2c Indonesia
Sylvisorex howelli Malaysia Dobsonia peronii
VU » B1+2C Tupaia chrysogaster Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat
Tanzania Golden-bellied Tree Shrew VU " Ale
Sylvisorex isabella VU « Bl+2c Indonesia
VU « Bl+2c Indonesia Epomophorus grandis
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea Tupaia longipes Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat
(Bioko) Bomean Tree Shrew EN « Bl+2c
Sylvisorex morio EN * B1-I-2C Angola, Congo
EN » Bl+2c Indonesia
Epomops buettikoferi
Cameroon Tupaia nicobarica Buettikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat
Sylvisorex oriundus Nicobar Tree Shrew VU « A2c
VU " B1+2C EN " B1-I-2C Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea,
Zaire India (Andaman & Nicobar Is) Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
 Mammals 'n
Haplonycteris fischeri Nyctimene rabori Pteropus mariannus
Fischer's Pygmy Fruit Bat Philippines Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Marianas Flying-fox
VU '- Ale OR « A2c EN « AIcd+2ede
Philippines Philippines Federated States of Micronesia,

Otopteropus cartilagonodus
Guam, Japan (Nansei-shoto),
Latidens salimalii
Northern Marianas, Palau
CR'- Bl+2c, Dl VU « A2c
India Philippines Pteropus molossinus
Pohnpei Flying-fox
Megaerops kusnotoi Plerotes anchietae
d'Anchieta's Fruit Bat
CR '=
Bl+2ce
Javan Tail-less Fruit Bat
Federated States of Micronesia
VU « D2 VU « A2c
Indonesia Angola, Zaire, Zambia Pteropus niger
Pteralopex acrodonta Greater Mascarene Flying-fox
Melonycteris aurantius
OR « Ale, Bl+2c VU '- Ald-K2cd
Orange Fruit Bat
Mauritius
VU « A2c, D2 Fiji

Solomon Islands Pteralopex anceps Pteropus nitendiensis

OR « Ale VU « D2
Melonycteris fardoulisi
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
VU « A2c
Solomon Islands Pteralopex atrata Pteropus ocularis
Cusp-toothed Fruit Bat Seram Fruit Bat
Micropteropus intermedius VU « D2
Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat
OR « Ale
Solomon Islands Indonesia
VU « D2
Angola, Zaire Pteralopex pulchra Pteropus ornatus
CR «
Ale VU « A2c
Myonycteris brachycephala New Caledonia
Solomon Islands
Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat
VU " B1+2C Pteropus dasymallus Pteropus phaeocephalus
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome) Ryukyu Flying-fox Mortlock Islands Flying-fox
EN ' Alee CR " Bl+2e
Myonycteris relicta Japan (Nansei-shoto), Taiwan (ex) Federated States of Micronesia
East African Collared Fruit Bat
VU « A2c Pteropus faunulus Pteropus pohlei
Kenya, Tanzania VU "-
Bl+2e Geelvink Bay Fruit Bat
India (Andaman & Nieobar Is) VU '-
Bl+2c
Neopteryx frosti Indonesia
Small-toothed Fruit Bat
Pteropus fundatus
VU « A2cd VU '-
Bl+2c Pteropus pselaphon
Vanuatu Bonin Fruit Bat
Indonesia
Pteropus gilliardi VU « CI
Notopteris macdonaldii Japan (Kazan-retto,
Gilliard's Flying-fox
Long-tailed Fruit Bat Ogasawara-gunto)
VU « Hli
VU " D2
Papua New Guinea Pteropus pumilus
Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu
Little Golden-mantled Flying-fox
Pteropus howensis
Nyctimene celaeno
VU « Bl+2e VU « A2c
VU « B1+2C Solomon Islands Indonesia, Philippines
Indonesia
Pteropus insularis Pteropus rodricensis
Nyctimene draconilla Chunk Flying-fox Rodrigues Flying-fox
VU « B1+2C CR « Alcd CR '-
Bl-H3d
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Mauritius (Rodrigues)

Nyctimene malaitensis Pteropus leucopterus Pteropus samoensis

Malaita Tube-nosed Bat EN « A2e Samoa Flying-fox
VU " D2 Philippines VU « Ald+2d
Solomon Islands American Samoa, Fiji, Western
Pteropus livingstonii Samoa
Nyctimene masalai Comoro Black Flying-fox
VU « D2 CR '-
A 1 e+2cd, B 1 +2c, C2a Pteropus sanctacrucis
Papua New Guinea Comoros VU '- B1-H2C
Solomon Islands
Nyctimene minutus Pteropus mahaganus
Lesser Tube-nosed Bat Lesser Flying-fox Pteropus speciosus
VU « D2 VU « B1-I-2C VU "-
A2ed
Indonesia Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Indonesia, Philippines
Threatened Species

Pteropus tuberculatus Emballonura semicaudata Hipposideros demissus

VU BI+2C
*- EN « A2c VU « A2c, D2
Solomon Islands American Samoa, Federated States Solomon Islands
of Micronesia, Fiji, Palau, Westem Hipposideros durgadasi
Pteropus voeltzkowi
Samoa VU « Bl+2c, D2
Pemba Flying-fox
CR « C2a Saccolaimus mixtus India
Tanzania VU " A2c Hipposideros inexpectatus
Australia, Papua New Guinea
Rousettus madagascariensis VU « A2c
Madagascar Rousette Taphozous achates Indonesia
VU "=
D2 VU " D2 Hipposideros marisae
Indonesia
Madagascar VU « A2c
Rousettus spinalatus Taphozous hamiltoni Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia
VU « C2a VU « A2c Hipposideros muscinus
Chad, Kenya, Sudan
Indonesia, Malaysia VU « D2
Syconycteris carolinae
Taphozous hildergardeae Papua New Guinea
VU '-
B1+2C VU « A2c Hipposideros nequam
Kenya, Tanzania CR '-
Bl+2c
Indonesia
Taphozous kapalgensis Malaysia
Syconycteris hobbit
Moss-forest Blossom Bat
VU « A2c Hipposideros papua
Australia Geelvinck Bay Leaf-nosed Bat
VU « Bl+2c
Papua New Guinea Taphozous troughtoni VU « A2c
CR « Alac, Bl+2abcde, Dl Indonesia
Family RHINOPOMATIDAE Australia Hipposideros ridleyi
Rhinopoma hadithaensis NYCTERTOAE Ridley's Leaf-nosed Bat
Family
VU « Bl+2c, D2 VU " Bl+2c
Iraq
Nycteris javanica Malaysia, Singapore
VU « Ale
Hipposideros turpis
Rhinopoma macinnesi Indonesia
VU *- A2c, D2 EN '-
A2c
Nycteris major Japan (Nansei-shoto), Thailand
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
VU « A2c, D2
Paracoelops megalotis
Family CRASEONYCTERmAE Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon,
CR '-
Bl+2c
Zaire
Craseonycteris thonglongyai Viet Nam
Nycteris vinsoni
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat Rhinolophus capensis
EN « Bl+2c,C2b CR '-
B1+2C
VU '=
A2c, D2
Thailand
Mozambique
Mozambique, South Africa,

Family EMBALLONURmAE Family MEGADERMATmAE Zimbabwe

Macroderma gigas Rhinolophus cognatus

Balantiopteryx infusca
Ghost Bat VU '-
A2c, D2
EN '-
Bl-h2c
VU « A2c India (Andaman & Nicobar Is)
Ecuador
Australia Rhinolophus euryale
Coleura seychellensis VU « A2c
Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat Family RHDVOLOPHIDAE Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and
CR '=
Bl+2cde,C2b, Dl Anthops ornatus Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Seychelles VU '=
A2c, D2 Cyprus, Egypt, France, Georgia,
Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy,
Diclidurus ingens Solomon Islands
Macedonia, Morocco, Portugal,
VU " A2c Asellia patrizii Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela VU « A2c, D2 Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Emballonura atrata Eritrea, Ethiopia Ukraine, Yugoslavia
VU '- A2c Hipposideros breviceps Rhinolophus hipposideros
Madagascar VU '-
D2 VU « A2c
Emballonura dianae Indonesia Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan,
VU « A2c Hipposideros corynophyllus Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands VU '- A2c, D2 Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France,
Emballonura furax Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Greater Sheath-tailed Bat Hipposideros coxi India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
VU A2c, D2
*-
VU « D2 Jordan, Lebanon, Luxembourg,
Papua New Guinea Malaysia Macedonia, Morocco, Poland,

10
 Mammals *n

Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Choeroniscus periosus Scleronycteris ega

Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, VU « D2 VU " A2c, D2
Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Colombia, Ecuador Brazil, Venezuela
United Kingdom, Yugoslavia
Leptonycteris curasoae Stenoderma rufum
Rhinolophus imaizumii VU « Alcd VU ' Alcd
EN « A2c, Bl+2abcde Aruba, Colombia, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British)
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands Sturnira nana
Antilles, USA, Venezuela
Rhinolophus keyensis VU « D2
EN '-
C2a Leptonycteris nivalis Peru
Indonesia Big Long-nosed Bat Sturnira thomasi
Rhinolophus mehelyi EN *-
Alcd EN « Bl+2c
VU *-
A2c Guatemala?, Mexico, USA Guadeloupe
Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Lonchophylla bokermanni Tonatia carrikeri
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, VU « A2c VU « A2c
Croatia, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran,
Brazil Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru,
Macedonia,
Iraq, Israel, Italy, Libya,
Suriname, Venezuela
Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Lonchophylla dekeyseri
Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, VU « A2c Tonatia schulzi
Yugoslavia Brazil VU « A2c
Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname
Rhinolophus paradoxolophus Lonchophylla handleyi
VU « B1+2C VU « A2c, D2 Vampyressa brocki
Thailand, Viet Nam Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
VU « D2
Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Suriname
Rhinolophus rex Lonchophylla hesperia
VU « B1+2C VU '-
A2c, D2 Family NATALIDAE
China Ecuador, Peru Natalus tumidifrons
Rhinolophus subrufus Lonchorhina fernandezi VU « D2
VU « A2c VU « A2c Bahamas
Philippines Venezuela
Family FURXPTERTOAE
Rhinonicteris aurantia Lonchorhina marinkellei
Orange Leaf-nosed Bat Amorphockilus schnablii
VU '- A2c VU " A2c
VU « Ale Colombia
Chile, Ecuador (Galapagos Is), Peru
Australia
Macrotus californicus
Triaenops furculus VU '- A2c Family THYROPTERTOAE
VU '- A2c Mexico, USA Thyroptera lavali
Madagascar VU ' Bl+2c,D2
Micronycteris behnii
Peru
Family MORMOOPIDAE VU « A2c

Pteronotus macleayi
Brazil, Peru Family MYZOPODmAE
VU "'-
A2c Micronycteris pusilla Myzopoda aurita
Cuba, Jamaica VU « A2c Sucker-footed Bat
Brazil, Colombia VU « A2c
Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Musonycteris harrisoni Madagascar
Ariteus flavescens VU « A2c
Family VESPERTILIONmAE
VU « A2c, D2 Mexico
Jamaica Antrozous dubiaquercus
Phyllonycteris aphylla
Jamaican Flower Bat
VU *- A2c, D2
Artibeus fraterculus Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras,
VU « A2c EN « Bl+2c Mexico
Ecuador, Peru Jamaica
Barbastella barbastellus
Artibeus hirsutus Platalina genovensium VU « A2c
VU « A2cd VU '-
D2 Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,
Mexico Pern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Platyrrhinus chocoensis Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Chiroderma doriae
France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary,
VU « A2c, D2 VU " A2c, D2 Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Brazil Colombia
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova,
Chiroderma improvisum Platyrrhinus recifinus Morocco, Netherlands, Norway,
EN « A2c,Bl+2c VU ' A2c, D2 Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Guadeloupe, Montserrat Brazil Senegal?, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain

11
Threatened Species

(Canary Is), Sweden, Switzerland, Lasiurus castaneus Myotis dominicensis

Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, VU « D2 VU « A2c, D2
Yugoslavia Costa Rica, French Guiana, Panama Dominica, Guadeloupe
Chalinolobus alboguttatus Lasiurus ebenus Myotis emarginatus
VU « D2 VU « Bl+2c, D2 VU « A2c
Cameroon, Zaire Brazil Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria,
Chalinolobus dwyeri Miniopterus fuscus Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and
VU « A2c VU « A2c Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Australia Japan (Nansei-shoto) Czech Republic, France, Georgia,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran,
Chalinolobus neocaledonicus Miniopterus robustior Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
EN « B1+2C EN « Bl+2c Lebanon, Macedonia, Morocco,
New Caledonia New Caledonia Netherlands, Oman, Poland,
Murina grisea Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia,
Chalinolobus superbus
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
VU « D2 EN « B1+2C
Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey,
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Zaire India
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Eptesicus demissus Murina puta Yugoslavia
VU « A2c VU « A2c
Myotis findleyi
Thailand Taiwan
EN '-
Bl+2c
Eptesicus guadaloupensis Murina ussuriensis Mexico
EN '-
B1+2C EN « A2c
North Korea, Russia, South Korea Myotis grisescens
Guadeloupe
Grey Bat
Myotis aelleni
Eptesicus innoxius EN « Ale
VU « A2c
VU « A2c, D2 USA
Argentina
Ecuador (Galapagos Is), Peru
Myotis leseuri
Myotis atacamensis
Eptesicus nasutus
VU « A2c, D2 VU "-
A2c, D2
VU ^=
A2c
Chile, Peru
South Africa
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Oman,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen Myotis bechsteini Myotis morrisi
VU "=
A2c VU « D2
Eptesicus platyops Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zaire
Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and
VU « D2 Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal Myotis peninsularis
Czech Republic, France, Germany,
Hungary, Iran, Italy, Macedonia,
VU « Alcd
Hesperoptenus doriae
Mexico
EN *-
Bl+2c Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Malaysia Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Myotis pruinosus
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, EN « Bl+2c
Hesperoptenus gaskelli United Kingdom, Yugoslavia Japan
VU « Bl+2c Myotis capaccinii
Indonesia Myotis ruber
Long-fingered Bat
Histiotus alienus VU '-
A2c
VU « A2c
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
VU « A2c Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Brazil, Uruguay Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Myotis scotti

Kerivoula agnella
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, VU « A2c, D2
Lebanon, Macedonia, Morocco, Ethiopia
VU " D2 Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia,
Papua New Guinea Myotis seabrai
Turkey, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
Kerivoula eriophora Myotis cobanensis
VU « A2c, D2
VU « D2 CR « Bl+2c
Angola, Namibia, South Africa
Ethiopia Myotis sicarius
Guatemala
Kerivoula muscina Myotis dasycneme VU '-
A2c, D2
VU •-
D2 Pond Bat India, Nepal
Papua New Guinea VU « A2c Myotis sodalis
Kerivoula myrella Austria, Belarus, Belgium, China, Indiana Bat
VU *-
A2c Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, EN « Ale
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea France, Germany, Hungary, USA
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Laephotis namibensis Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Myotis stalkeri
EN '-
A2c Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, EN « Bl+2c
Namibia Switzerland, Ukraine Indonesia

12
 Mammals %
Myotis vivesi Plecotus townsendii Mormopterus phrudus
VU « A2c Townsend's Big-eared Bat EN « Bl+2c
Mexico VU « A2c Peru
Myotis yesoensis Canada, Mexico, USA Otomops formosus
VU « A2c Scotophilus borbonicus Javan Mastiff Bat
Japan CR « Ale VU « A2c
Madagascar, Reunion Indonesia
Nyctalus azoreum
VU « A2c, Bl+2c, D2 Tomopeas ravus Otomops johnstonei
Portugal (Azores) VU *- A2c,D2 VU « D2
Peru Indonesia
Nyctophilus heran
Vespertilio orientalis Otomops martiensseni
EN " Bl+2c
Indonesia
VU « A2c, D2 VU « A2c
China, Japan, Taiwan Angola, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Nyctophilus microdon
Madagascar, Rwanda, South Africa,
VU « D2 Family MYSTACINIDAE Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire,
Papua New Guinea Mystacina tuberculata Zambia, Zimbabwe
Nyctophilus timoriensis New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat Otomops papuensis
VU « A2c VU « A2c, C2a VU « D2
Australia, Indonesia, Papua New •
New Zealand Papua New Guinea
Guinea
Family MOLOSSIDAE Otomops secundus
Pharotis imogene
Chaerephon gallagheri
VU '- D2
CR ' Bl+2c,C2b Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
CR '-
B1-I-2C
Zaire Otomops wroughtoni
Pipistrellus anchietai Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat
Chaerephon pusilla
VU « A2c VU '- Dl+2 CR '-
B1-I-2C
Angola, Zaire, Zambia India
Seychelles
Pipistrellus anthonyi Tadarida lobata
Chaerephon tomensis
CR •-
Bl+2c VU *-
A2c, D2
VU '=
D2
Myanmar Kenya, Zimbabwe
Sao Tome & Principe
Pipistrellus arabicus Eumops maurus
VU « D2 VU '-
A2c, D2
Order PRIMATES
Oman Guyana, Suriname Family CHEIROGALEIDAE
Pipistrellus cuprosus Molossops aequatorianus
Allocebus trichotis
VU « A2c VU ^-
A2c, D2
Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur
Malaysia Ecuador
CR '"
Ale, Bl-l-2abc
Pipistrellus joffrei Molossops neglectus Madagascar
CR «
Bl+2c EN *-
B1-H2C
Microcebus myoxinus
Myanmar Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
VU '" Bl+2abc
Pipistrellus maderensis Mops niangarae Madagascar
VU « A2c, Bl+2c CR "=
Bl+2c
Mirza coquereli
Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is)
Zaire
Coquerel's Mouse-lemur
Pipistrellus mckenziei
Mormopterus acetabulosus VU '" A2cd, Bl-h2abc

VU « A2c VU « B1+2C Madagascar

Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Australia
Reunion, South Africa Family LEMURTOAE
Pipistrellus sturdeei
Mormopterus doriae Eulemur coronatus
EN « B1+2C
VU « A2c
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Crowned Lemur
Indonesia VU "" Alcd, Bl-h2bc
Plecotus rafinesquii Mormopterus jugularis Madagascar
VU « A2c VU « A2c Eulemur macaco
USA Madagascar Black Lemur
Plecotus taivanus Mormopterus kalinowskii VU " Alcd
VU « A2c VU « A2c, D2 Madagascar
Taiwan Chile, Pera Eulemur mongoz
Plecotus teneriffae Mormopterus minutus Mongoose Lemur
VU « A2c, D2 VU « A2c VU '" Alc,C2a
Spain (Canary Is) Cuba Comoros, Madagascar

13
 Threatened Species

Eulemur rubriventer Family LORTOAE Saguinus oedipus

Red-bellied Lemur Cotton-top Tamarin
Loris tardigradus
VU '" A2c Slender Loris
EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a

Madagascar Colombia
VU '" Alcd
Hapalemur aureus India, Sri Lanka
Family CEBIDAE
Golden Bamboo Lemur Nycticebus pygmaeus
CR " A2cd Pygmy Loris Alouatta fusca
Madagascar VU '" Alcd Brown Howler
Hapalemur simus Cambodia?, China, Laos, Viet Nam VU '" Ale
Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur Argentina, Brazil
Family CALLITRICHmAE
CR '" A2cd Aotus brumbacki
Madagascar Callimico goeldii
Brumback's Night Monkey
Goeldi's Marmoset
Lemur catta VU '" B1+2C
Ring-tailed Lemur
VU '" Ale
Colombia
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru
VU '« Ale
Aotus lemurinus
Madagascar CallUhrix aurUa
Buffy-tufted-ear Marmoset VU '" B1+2C
Varecia variegata Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a
Ruffed Lemur
Brazil Aotus miconax
EN " Alcd
CallUhrix chrysoleuca Andean Night Monkey
Madagascar
Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset VU '" Ale, B1-I-2C
Family MEGALADAPIDAE VU '" B1-H2C Peru
Brazil
Lepilemur dorsalis Ateles belzebuth
CallUhrix flaviceps Long-haired Spider Monkey
Grey-backed Sportive Lemur
Buffy-headed Marmoset VU '" Ale
VU '" A2cd, Bl+2c
Madagascar
EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil,
Brazil Venezuela
Lepilemur septentrionalis
CallUhrix geoffroyi
Northern Sportive Lemur Ateles fusciceps
Geoffrey's Tufted-ear Marmoset
VU '" A2cd Brown-headed Spider Monkey
Madagascar
VU '" Bl-h2b, C2a VU '•" Ale, Bl+2abede
Brazil
Colombia, Ecuador, Panama
Family INDRTOAE CallUhrix leucippe
Ateles marginatus
VU '« B1-I-2C
Avahi occidentalis
Brazil
EN '" Bl-H2abcde
VU '" A2cd Brazil
CallUhrix nigriceps
Madagascar
Black-headed Marmoset Brachyteles arachnoides
Iitdri indri VU '" B1-H2C Muriqui
Indri Brazil EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a
EN '" A1C-I-2C Brazil
LeontopUhecus caissara
Madagascar
Black-faced Lion Tamarin Brachyteles hypoxanthus
PropUhecus diadema CR '" Bl+2abcde,C2a, Dl EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a
Diademed Sifaka Brazil Brazil
EN " Alcd LeontopUhecus chrysomelas
Madagascar Cacajao calvus
Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Bald Uakari
PropUhecus tattersalli EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a VU •« Ale
Golden-crowned Sifaka Brazil
Brazil, Colombia, Peru
CR '" A2c, Bl+2bcd LeontopUhecus chrysopygus
Madagascar Callicebus dubius
Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin
PropUhecus verreauxi CR '" Bl+2abcde, C2a VU '« B1+2C
Brazil
Verreaux's Sifaka Brazil
VU " A2cd LeontopUhecus rosalia Callicebus oenanthe
Madagascar Golden Lion Tamarin Andean Titi Monkey
CR "" Bl-^2abcde, C2a VU '" B1-H2C
Family DAUBENTONIIDAE Brazil Peru

Daubentonm madagascariensis Saguinus leucopus Callicebus personatus

Aye-aye White-footed Tamarin Masked Titi
EN '"
A2cd, C2a VU '" Ale, Bl-h2c,C2a VU '" Ale
Madagascar Colombia Brazil

14
 Mammals *n

Cebus kaapori Macaca arctoides Presbytis comata

Ka'apor Capuchin Monkey Stumptail Macaque Grizzled Leaf Monkey
VU '" Ale, Bl+2c VU '" A led EN '« Alc,C2a
Brazil Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand,
Cebus xanthosternos Presbytis potenziani
Viet Nam
CR '" Bl+2abcde,C2a Mentawai Leaf Monkey
Brazil Macaca assamensis VU '" A1C-I-2C
Assamese Macaque Indonesia
Lagothrix flavicauda
Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey VU '« A led
Pygathrix nemaeus
Bhutan, China, India, Laos,
CR '" Bl+2abcde,C2a
Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam Douc Monkey
Peru EN '" A led
Saimiri oerstedii
Macaca brunnescens Cambodia, China, Laos, Viet Nam
Monkey Muna-buton Macaque
Central American Squirrel Rhinopithecus avunculus
EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a VU '" CI
Indonesia Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey
Costa Rica, Panama CR '" C1,E
Saimiri vanzolinii
Macaca cyclopis
Viet Nam
Blackish Squirrel Monkey
Taiwan Macaque
VU '" A led Rhinopithecus bieti
VU '» Bl+2c,C2a
Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey
Japan [int], Taiwan
Brazil
EN '" C2a
Macaca fuscata
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Japanese Macaque
China

Cercopithecus diana EN '" A2ed Rhinopithecus brelichi

Diana Monkey Japan Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey
VU '« Alc+2c Macaca maura
EN '" C2b
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, China
Moor Macaque
Liberia, Sierra Leone
EN '" A led Rhinopithecus roxellana
Cercopithecus erythrogaster Indonesia Golden Snub-nosed Monkey
White-throated Monkey
Macaca nemestrina
VU '« C2a
VU "" Ale Pig-tailed Macaque
China, India?
Benin, Nigeria
VU '« A led Simias concolor
Cercopithecus erythrotis Brunei?, China, Indonesia, Laos, Pig-tailed Snub-nosed Monkey
Red-eared Guenon Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore [int], EN '" Aled+2c
VU '" Ale Thailand, Viet Nam Indonesia
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea,
Macaca nigra Trachypithecus auratus
Nigeria
Celebes Black Macaque VU '" Ale
Cercopithecus preussi EN '« Alaed Indonesia
Preuss's Monkey Indonesia
Trachypithecus delacouri
EN "" Aled-i-2e
Macaca pagensis
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea,
White-rumped Black Lemur
Mentawai Macaque CR "" Aid, C2a
Nigeria
CR '" Alcd+2e Viet Nam
Cercopithecus sclateri Indonesia
Sclater's Guenon Trachypithecus francoisi
EN '« B1+2C Macaca silenus Frangois' Ixaf Monkey
Lion-tailed Macaque VU '" Alcd-H2ed, C2a
Nigeria
EN '« C2a China, Laos, Viet Nam
Cercopithecus solatus India
Sun-tailed Monkey Trachypithecus johnii
VU "" Bl+2a, CI Macaca sylvanus Nilgiri Leaf Monkey
Gabon Barbary Macaque VU '" Aid
VU '" Ale, CI India
Colobus satanas Morocco
Algeria, Gibraltar [int],
Black Colobus Trachypithecus pileatus
VU '" Ale Mandrillus leucophaeus VU '" A2c
Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Drill Myanmar
Bangladesh, China?, India,
Guinea, Gabon EN '"
Alacd+2ed, Cl+2a
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Trachypithecus poliocephalus
Colobus vellerosus EN '« A2c,C2a
Nigeria
White-thighed Black-and-white Viet Nam
Colobus Nasalis larvatus
Proboscis Monkey Trachypithecus vetulus
VU '" Ale+2c
Benin, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, VU '" A2c VU "" Ale
Nigeria, Togo Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Sri Lanka

15
Threatened Species

Family HYLOBATIDAE Cuon alpinus Neofelis nebulosa

Dhole Clouded Leopard
Hylobates concolor VU " C2a VU " Alcd
Black Gibbon Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Bangladesh (ex?), Bhutan, Brunei,
EN '" Alcd, C2a China, India, Indonesia, Cambodia?, China, India, Indonesia,
Cambodia, China, Viet Nam Kazaklistan?, Kyrgyzstan?, Laos, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Taiwan (ex?), Thailand, Viet Nam
Hylobates klossii
Mentawai Gibbon Nepal, North Korea?, Russia, South
Oncifelis guigna
Korea?, Tajikistan?, Thailand,
VU '" Alc+2c Nam Kodkod
Uzbekistan?, Viet
Indonesia VU " C2a
Hylobates molocfi Lycaon pictus Argentina, Chile
Silvery Gibbon African Wild Dog
Oreailurus jacobita
CR '« Alc,C2a EN '" CI Andean Cat
Indonesia Algeria (ex?), Angola, Benin (ex?),
Botswana, Burkina Faso (ex?),
VU * C2a
Hylobates pileatus Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
Burundi (ex?), Cameroon, Central
Pileated Gibbon African Republic, Chad, Congo Panthera leo
VU '" Alcd+2cd (ex?). Cote d'lvoire (ex?), Eritrea Lion
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand (ex?), Ethiopia, Gabon (ex?),
VU " Alcd
Gambia (ex?), Ghana (ex?), Guinea
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
(ex?), Kenya, Malawi, Mali (ex?),
Family HOMINffiAE Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
Mozambique, Namibia, Niger (ex?),
African Republic, Chad, Congo,
Gorilla gorilla Nigeria (ex?), Rwanda (ex), Senegal,
Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Gabon,
Gorilla Sierra Leone (ex?), Somalia, South
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
EN '" A2cd Africa, Sudan, Swaziland (ex?),
Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali,
Angola, Cameroon, Central African Tanzania, Togo (ex?), Uganda (ex?),
Mauritania (ex?), Mozambique,
Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Zaire (ex?), Zambia, Zimbabwe
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Gabon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Speothos venaticus Senegal, Somalia, South Africa,
Zaire Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,
Bush Dog
Pan paniscus VU " C2a Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Pygmy Chimpanzee Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Panthera tigris
EN '" A2cd Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Tiger
Zaire Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Pern, "
EN A2cd
Suriname, Venezuela
Pan troglodytes Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
Chimpanzee China, India, Indonesia, Laos,
EN '" A2cd Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, North
Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Korea (ex?), Russia, Thailand,
Republic, Congo, Cote d'lvoire,
Family FELmAE Viet Nam
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia
Acinonyx jubatus Prionailurus planiceps
[re-int], Ghana, Guinea,
Cheetah Flat-headed Cat
Guinea-Bissau (ex?), Liberia, Mali,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra
VU " Ald-H2d,Cl VU « A2c
Afghanistan (ex), Algeria, Angola, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda,
Zaire
Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Myanmar?, Thailand
Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Pongo pygmaeus Uncia uncia
Chad, Egypt (ex?), Ethiopia, India
Orang-utan (ex), Iran, Jordan (ex), Kenya, Libya,
Snow Leopard
VU '•» Alcd, CI Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, EN " C2a
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India,
Nigeria, Pakistan (ex), Saudi Arabia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia,
(ex), Senegal (ex?), Somalia, South Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan,
Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uzbekistan
Order CARNIVORA Togo, Uganda, Westem Sahara
Zambia, Zimbabwe Family HERPESTIDAE
Family CANIDAE (ex?), Zaire,

Canis rufus Catopuma badia Bdeogale jacksoni

Red Wolf Bay Cat Jackson's Mongoose
CR '" Dl VU " C2a VU ''
B1+2C
USA Indonesia, Malaysia Kenya, Uganda

Canis simensis Lynx pardinus Galidictis fasciata

Ethiopian Wolf Iberian Lynx Broad-striped Mongoose
CR " Alb-H2be,Cl,E EN " CI VU '" Alcd-i-2cd
Ethiopia Portugal, Spain Madagascar

16
 Mammals 'n

Galidictis grandidieri Mustela lutreola Phocarctos hookeri

Giant-striped Mongoose European Mink Hooker's Sea Lion
EN '" Bl+3b EN '" Alace VU '» D2
Madagascar Belarus, Estonia, Finland (ex?). New Zealand (Auckland Is)
France, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania [Pacific (southwest)]
Liberiictis kuhni (ex),Poland (ex?), Romania, Russia,
Liberian Mongoose Spain Family PHOCmAE
EN '" B1+2C
Monachus monachus
Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia Mustela lutreolina
Indonesian Mountain Weasel Mediterranean Monk Seal
Mungotictis decemlineata EN '" B1-I-2C CR » C2a
Narrow-striped Mongoose Indonesia Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Cyprus
VU '" Bl+2c (ex?), Greece, Italy, Lebanon (ex?),
Madagascar Mustela strigidorsa Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
Back-striped Weasel Portugal (Desertas Is, Madeira),
Salanoia concolor VU '" C2a Spain (Canary Is (ex?), Chafarinas
Brown-tailed Mongoose Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Syria (ex?), Tunisia, Turkey,
Is),

VU '" B1-H2C Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Western Sahara, Yugoslavia

Madagascar [Atlantic (eastern central),
Mydaus marchei Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Family MUSTELIDAE Palawan Stink Badger
VU '" Bl+2c Monachus schauinslandi
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Gulo gulo Philippines
Wolverine
EN '" C2a
Pteronura brasiliensis USA (Hawaiian Is)
VU '" A2c Giant Otter [Pacific (eastern central, northwest)]
Canada, Estonia, Finland, Mongolia,
Norway, Russia, Sweden, USA
VU '='
A2cd Phoca caspica
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Caspian Seal
Lutrafelina Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,
VU '" Bl+2e
Marine Otter Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan,
EN '='
A led Uruguay (ex?), Venezuela
Russia, Turkmenistan
Argentina, Chile, Peru
Family PROCYONIDAE
Lutra perspiciUata
Smooth-coated Otter Family OTARimAE Bassaricyon lasius
VU '-'
A2cd EN "^ Dl
Arctocephalus galapagoensis Costa Rica
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
Galapagos Fur Seal
China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Laos, Bassaricyon pauli
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
VU '" A2d
EN '" Dl
Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Panama
[Pacific (southeast)]
Lutra provocax Nasua nelsoni
Southern River Otter Arctocephalus philippii Cozumel Island Coati
Juan Fernandez Fur Seal EN
VU '" A2cd '" Dl
Argentina, Chile
VU '" D2 Mexico
Chile (Juan Fernandez Is)
Lutra sumatrana
Procyon insularis
[Pacific (southeast)]
Hairy-nosed Otter EN '" Dl
Arctocephalus townsendi Mexico
VU '" A2cd
Guadalupe Fur Seal Procyon maynardi
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos?,
Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
VU '" D2 EN "' C2a
Viet Nam Mexico, USA Bahamas
[Pacific (eastern central)]
Martes gwatkinsii Procyon minor
Nilgiri Marten
Callorhinus ursinus EN '" C2b
Northern Fur Seal Guadeloupe
VU '" B1+2C
India
VU '" Alb Procyon pygmaeus
Canada, Japan, Russia, USA Cozumel Island Raccoon
Melogale everetti [Pacific (eastern central, northeast,
EN '" C2a
Kinabalu Ferret-badger northwest)]
Mexico
VU '" B1-H2C
Eumetopias jubatus
Malaysia Family URSffiAE
Steller's Sea Lion
Mustela felipei EN '" Alb Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Colombian Weasel Canada, Japan?, Russia, USA Giant Panda
EN '" Bl-H2ce [Pacific (eastern central, northeast, EN " BI+2c,C2a
Colombia, Ecuador northwest)] China

17
 Threatened Species

A Hums fulgens Paradoxurus jerdoni Megaptera novaeangliae

Lesser Panda Jerdon's Palm Civet Humpback Whale
EN '" C2a VU '" B1+2C VU " Alad
Bhutan, China, India, Laos, India [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (Antarctic,
Myanmar, Nepal eastern central, northeast, northwest,
Viverra civettina
Melursus ursinus southeast, southwest, westem
CR '" C2a central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Sloth Bear
India eastern,westem), Mediterranean and
VU " A2cd,Cl+2a
Black Sea, Pacific (Antarctic, eastem
Bangladesh, Bhutan?, India, Nepal,
central, northeast, northwest,
Sri Lanka
southeast, southwest, westem
Tremarctos ornatus Order CETACEA central)]
Spectacled Bear
VU Family DELPHINIDAE
" A2bc Family BALAENTOAE
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Cephalorhynchus hectori
Panama?, Peru, Venezuela Eubalaena glacialis Hector's Dolphin
Ursus thibetanus Northern Right Whale VU " Alad
Asiatic Black Bear EN " C1,D1 New Zealand
VU " Alcd [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (northeast, [Pacific (southwest)]

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, northwest, western central), Pacific

(eastern central, northeast,
Family MONODONXroAE
Cambodia, China, India, Iran, Japan,
Laos, Malaysia?, Mongolia, northwest)] Delphinapterus leucas
Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, White Whale
Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, VU *'
Alabd
Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia,
Family BALAENOPTERroAE USA
Family VrVERRffiAE [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (northeast,
Balaenoptera borealis northwest). Pacific (northeast,
Chrotogale owstoni
Sei Whale northwest)]
Owston's Palm Civet
VU '" Alcd
EN " Alabd
[Atlantic (Antarctic, eastern central, Family PHOCOENIDAE
China, Laos, Viet Nam
northeast, northwest, southeast, Phocoena phocoena
Cryptoprocta ferox
southwest, western central), Indian Harbour Porpoise
Fossa
VU '" Bl+2e
Ocean (Antarctic, eastern, western), VU " Alcd
Mediterranean and Black Sea, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape
Madagascar Pacific (Antarctic, eastern central, Verde, China?, Denmark, Faeroe
Cynogale bennettii northeast, northwest, southeast, Islands, Finland, France, Georgia,
Otter-civet southwest, western central)] Germany, Greenland, Iceland,
EN "'•
Alee, C2a
Balaenoptera musculus
Ireland, Japan, Mauritania, Mexico,
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, North Korea,
Blue Whale Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Singapore?, Thailand, Viet Nam
EN " Alabd Russia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain,
Diplogale hosei
[Arctic Sea, Atlantic (Antarctic, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, USA,
Hose's Palm Civet
eastern central, northeast, northwest, Ukraine, United Kingdom
VU '" Bl+2c southeast, southwest, western [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (eastern central,
Malaysia central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic, northeast, northwest), Mediterranean
Eupleres goudotii eastern, western), Mediterranean and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem
Falanouc and Black Sea (western central). central, northeast, northwest)]

EN '" Bl+2c Pacific (Antarctic, eastern central, Phocoena sinus

Madagascar northeast, northwest, southeast, Vaquita
Fossa fossa southwest)] CR •"
C2b
Malagasy Civet Mexico
Balaenoptera physalus
VU '" B1+2C Fin Whale [Pacific (eastem central)]

Madagascar EN *'
Alabd Family PHYSETERmAE
Genetta cristata [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (Antarctic,
Physeter catodon
Crested Genet eastern central, northeast, northwest,
southeast, southwest, westem
Sperm Whale
EN '" Bl+2c
VU " Albd
Cameroon, Nigeria central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
eastern,westem), Mediterranean and [Atlantic (Antarctic, eastem central,
Macrogalidia musschenbroekii Black Sea, Pacific (Antarctic, eastern northeast, northwest, southeast,
Sulawesi Palm Civet central, northeast, northwest, southwest, westem central), Indian
VU '" A2c southeast, southwest, western Ocean (Antarctic, eastem, westem),
Indonesia central)] Mediterranean and Black Sea,

18
 Mammals 'n

Pacific (Antarctic, eastern central, Trichechus manatus Equus hemionus

northeast, northwest, southeast, Caribbean Manatee VU " A2c
southwest, western central)] VU '" A2d China, India, Iran, Israel [re-int],
Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
Family PLATANISTIDAE Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan [re-int]
Republic, French Guiana, Equus zebra
Inia geoffrensis Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,
Mountain Zebra
Boto Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
EN " Alb
VU "'
Alcd Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico,
Angola, Namibia, South Africa
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,
Guyana?, Peru, Venezuela USA, Venezuela Family TAPIREDAE
[Atlantic (northwest, southwest,
[R. Amazon, R. Orinoco]
westem central)] Tapirus bairdii
Lipotes vexillifer Central American Tapir
Trichechus senegalensis
Baiji
African Manatee
VU '" Alabcd+2bce,C2a
CR " Albc,C2b, Dl
VU '" Alcd
Belize,Colombia, Costa Rica,
China Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Angola, Benin (ex?), Cameroon, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
[R. Yangtze] Chad, Congo, Cote d'lvoire.
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Tapirus indicus
Platanista gangetica
Ghana, Guinea?, Guinea-Bissau?, Malayan Tapir
Ganges River Dolphin
Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, VU '" Alc+2c, B2cd+3a, Cl+2b
EN " Alacd Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Togo, Zaire
[R. Brahmaputra, R. Ganges]
[Atlantic (eastern central, southeast)] Tapirus pinchaque
Platanista minor Mountain Tapir
Indus River Dolphin Order PROBOSCIDEA EN "' Alc+2cd,Cl,E
EN *'
Alacd, Bl+2abcde Colombia, Ecuador, Pern, Venezuela
Pakistan Family ELEPHANXmAE
[R. Indus]
Family RHINOCEROTIDAE
Elephas maximus
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
Asian Elephant
Sumatran Rhinoceros
EN '"
Alcd
Order SIRENIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bmnei,
CR " Albcd,C2a
Cambodia (ex?), India (ex?),
Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,
DUGONGIDAE Indonesia, Laos (ex?), Malaysia,
Family Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Dugong dugon Loxodonta africana
Diceros bicornis
Dugong African Elephant
Black Rhinoceros
VU '" Alcd
EN ' Alb CR '
Alabc
Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon,
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
Cambodia, China, Comoros?, Ethiopia (ex?), Kenya, Malawi (ex?),
Faso, Cameroon, Central African
Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Federated Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda
Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote
States of Micronesia, Guam, India, (ex?). South Africa, Swaziland,
d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,
Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Madagascar,
Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Rhinoceros sondaicus
Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Javan Rhinoceros
Myanmar, New Caledonia, Palau,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, CR " C2a
Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon
Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Myanmar (ex?), Thailand (ex?),
Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Viet Nam
Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, United
Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Rhinoceros unicornis
Yemen Order PERISSODACTYLA Great Indian Rhinoceros
[Indian Ocean (eastern, westem). EN " Bl+2cde
Pacific (northwest, westem central)] Family EQUIDAE Bhutan, India, Nepal

Equus africanus
Family TRICHECHmAE African Wild Ass Order HYRACOIDEA
CR " Alb
Trichechus inunguis
Ethiopia, Somalia
Family PROCAVIIDAE
Amazonian Manatee
VU '" Alcd Equus grevyi Dendrohyrax validus
Grevy's Zebra Eastern Tree Hyrax
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil,
Venezuela EN " Ala+2c VU " BU2c
[R. Amazon] Ethiopia, Kenya Kenya, Tanzania

19
Threatened Species

Heterohyrax antineae Axis kuhli Ammotragus lervia

VU " D2 Kuhl's Deer Barbary Sheep
Algeria EN " Dl VU " A2cd
Indonesia Algeria, Chad?, Egypt (ex?), Libya?,
Heterohyrax chapini
Mali?, Mauritania (ex?), Mexico
VU " D2 Blastocerus dichotomus
[int], Morocco, Niger, Spain [int]
Zaire Marsh Deer (Canary Is), Sudan, Tunisia (ex?),
VU " A2cde USA [int]. Western Sahara?
ARTIODACTYLA Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay,
Order
Peru, Uruguay Antilope cervicapra
Family SUIDAE Blackbuck
Cervus albirostris
VU ' Ale
Babyrousa babyrussa Thorold's Deer
Argentina [int], Bangladesh (ex),
Babirusa VU » CI India, Nepal, Pakistan, USA [int]
VU '" Alcd China
Indonesia Bison bonasus
Cervus alfredi European Bison
Sus cebifrons Phillipine Spotted Deer EN " A2ce,C2a
Visayan Warty Pig EN " Bl+2c Belarus [re-int], Kyrgyzstan [re-int],
CR '" Alcde, BI+2acd,E Philippines Lithuania [re-int], Poland [re-int],
Piiilippines
Russia [re-int], Ukraine [re-int]
Cervus duvauceli
Sus salvanius Swamp Deer Bos frontalis
Pygmy Hog VU " CI Gaur
CR '"
Ale, Bl+2cd,E India, Nepal VU '=
Alcd-^2cd, Cl-H2a
Bhutan (ex?), India, Nepal (ex?)
Cervus eldi Bangladesh (ex?), Bhutan,
Sus verrucosus Cambodia, China, India, Laos,
Eld's Deer
Javan Warty Pig Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
EN '" A2cd, Bl+2ade, E
VU " A2c Thailand, Viet Nam
Cambodia, China, India, Laos,
Indonesia
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Bos grunniens
Family TAYASSUmAE Elaphurus davidianus
Wild Yak
Pere David's Deer
VU '-
Ald-i-2d,Cl
Catagonus wagneri China, India, Nepal?
Chacoan Peccary CR " Dl
EN '" Alacde, Bl+2bde, E China [re-int] Bosjavanicus
Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Banteng
Hippocamelus bisulcus
South Andean Deer
EN '-
Alcd-H2cd, Cl-l-2a
Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Bangladesh (ex?), Brunei (ex?),
EN " C2a Cambodia, India (ex?), Indonesia,
Hexaprotodon liberiensis Argentina, Chile
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand,
Pygmy Hippopotamus
Muntiacus crinifrons Viet Nam
VU " C2a,E
Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Black Muntjac
Bos sauveli
Guinea-Bissau?, Liberia, Nigeria, VU " CI Kouprey
Leone China
Sierra
CR '- A2d,Cl-H2a, Dl
Family CAMELTOAE Pudu puda Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam
Southern Pudu
Camelus bactrianus Bubalus bubalis
VU " Alcde Wild Water Buffalo
Wild Bactrian Camel Argentina, Chile
EN " Alcd, C2a EN '- A2e,Cl
China, Mongolia
Bhutan, India, Nepal, Thailand

Bubalus depressicomis
Family MOSCHroAE Family BOVmAE Lowland Anoa
Moschus moschiferus EN '-
Cl-h2a
Siberian Musk Deer Addax nasomaculatus Indonesia
VU " Alacd Addax
China, Mongolia, North Korea, EN ' Alc,C2a Bubalus mindorensis
Russia, South Korea Algeria (ex), Chad, Egypt (ex), Tamaraw
Libya (ex), Mali, Mauritania, Niger, EN '-
B1-I-2C, Dl
Family CERVmAE Sudan (ex?), Tunisia [re-int] Philippines

Axis calamianensis Ammodorcas clarkei Bubalus quarlesi

Calamian Deer Dibatag Mountain Anoa
EN " Bl+3d VU ' CI EN '- Cl+2a
Philippines Ethiopia, Somalia Indonesia

20
 Mammals 'n

Budorcas taxicolor Cephalophus zebra Hemitragus jemlahicus

Takin Zebra Duiker Himalayan Tahr
VU " A2cd VU ' Ale. CI VU " A2cde
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar Cote d'lvoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone China, India, Nepal

Capra aegagrus Damaliscus hunteri Madoqua piacentinii

Wild Goat Hunter's Antelope Silver Dikdik
VU " A2cde CR ' Ala VU ' CI
Afghanistan, Armenia?, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Somalia Somalia
Georgia, Greece, Iran, Oman, Dorcatragus megalotis Naemorhedus baileyi
Pakistan, Russia?, Turkey, Beira Antelope
Turkmenistan
Red Goral
VU ' CI VU " A2cd
Capra caucasica Djibouti (ex?), Ethiopia, Somalia
China, India, Myanmar
West Caucasian Tur Gazella bilkis
EN " Ald+2cde Naemorhedus caudatus
Queen of Sheba's Gazelle
Long-tailed Goral
Georgia, Russia CR ' Bl+2e, C2a
VU " A2cd
Capra cylindricomis Saudi Arabia?, Yemen
China, Laos, North Korea, Russia,
East Caucasian Tur Gazella cuvieri South Korea, Thailand
VU " Ald+2de,Cl Cuvier's Gazelle
Oryx dammah
Azerbaijan?, Georgia, Russia EN ' C2a
Scimitar-homed Oryx
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Western
Capra falconeri
Sahara (ex)
CR ' Alc,Cl-l-2a
Markhor Algeria (ex), Burkina Faso (ex?),
EN " A2cde Gazella dama Chad Egypt (ex), Israel [int],
(ex?),
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Dama Gazelle Libya Mali (ex?), Mauritania
(ex),

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan EN ' Ale, CI (ex), Morocco (ex), Niger (ex?),
Algeria (ex), Chad, Libya (ex), Mali, Senegal (ex), Sudan (ex?), Tunisia
Capra nubiana Mauritania (ex), Morocco (ex), [re-int], Western Sahara (ex)
Nubian Ibex Niger, Senegal [re-int], Sudan,
EN " C2a Oryx leucoryx
Western Sahara (ex)
Egypt, Ethiopia, Israel, Jordan,
Arabian Oryx
Gazella leptoceros EN ' Dl
Lebanon (ex), Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Slender-homed Gazelle Egypt
Sudan, Syria (ex), Yemen (ex), Iraq (ex), Israel (ex),
EN ' Cl+2a Jordan [re-int], Oman [re-int], Saudi
Capra v/alia Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Arabia [re-int], Syria (ex). United
Walia Ibex Mauritania?, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Arab Emirates (ex), Yemen (ex)
CR " C2b Tunisia, Western Sahara (ex)
Ethiopia
Ovis ammon
Gazella rufifrons
Argali
Red-fronted Gazelle
Capricomis sumatraensis VU " A2cde
Mainland Serow VU ' Ale Afghanistan, Bhutan?, China, India,
VU " A2cd Benin?, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?, Mongolia,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Nepal, Pakistan?, Russia, Tajikistan
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia (ex?),
China, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Ghana (ex?), Mali, Mauritania, Ovis orientalis
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo Mouflon, Urial
Thailand, Viet Nam
Gazella soemmerringii
VU " A2cde
Capricomis swinhoei Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Soemmerring's Gazelle
Formosan Serow Cyprus, France, India, Iran, Italy,
VU " A2cd VU ' CI
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya?,
Taiwan Turkmenistan
Somalia, Sudan
Cephalophus adersi Pantholops hodgsonii
Gazella spekei
Aders' Duiker Tibetan Antelope
Speke's Gazelle
EN ' CI VU ' CI VU ' Ale
Kenya, Tanzania China, India, Nepal?
Ethiopia, Somalia

Cephalophus jentinki Hemitragus hylocrius Procapra przewalskii

Jentink's Duiker Nilgiri Tahr Przewalski's Gazelle
VU ' Ale, CI EN " C2a CR ' Ale, CI
Cote d'lvoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone India China

Cephalophus spadix Hemitragus jayakari Pseudois schaeferi

Abbott's Duiker Arabian Tahr Dwarf Blue Sheep
VU ' CI EN " C2a EN " A2d, Bl-i-2e
Tanzania Oman, United Arab Emirates China

21
Threatened Species

Pseudonovibos spiralis Hylopetes winstoni Spermophilus brunneus

Linh-duong CR " Bl+2c,Cl Idaho Ground Squirrel
EN ' C2a Indonesia EN "-
B2d+3d
Cambodia, Viet Nam USA
Hyosciurus heinrichi
Pseudoryx nghetinhensis VU " B1+2C Spermophilus citellus
Vu Quang Ox Indonesia European Squirrel
EN ' Cl+2a VU « Ale
Laos, Viet Nam Hyosciurus ileile Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Saiga tatarica
VU " B1+2C Czech Republic,
Bulgaria, Croatia,
Indonesia (Sulawesi) Germany, Greece, Macedonia,
Saiga
Moldova, Poland, Romania,
VU ' Ala lomys sipora
Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine,
China Kazakhstan, MongoHa,
(ex), VU ' B1+2C Yugoslavia
Russia, Turkmenistan Indonesia
Spermophilus mohavensis
Tetracerus quadricornis
Lariscus hosei Mohave Ground Squirrel
Four-homed Antelope
VU ' C2a VU " B1+2C VU «=
Bl+3d
India, Nepal
Malaysia USA
Tragelaphus buxtoni Marmota menzbieri Spermophilus suslicus
Menzbier's Marmot Spotted Souslik
Mountain Nyala
EN' Ala, CI VU " Bi+2c VU «
Ale
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine
Ethiopia
Marmota vancouverensis Spermophilus washingtoni
Order RODENTIA Vancouver Island Marmot Washington Ground Squirrel
EN "-
C2b, Dl
VU «= Ala, Bl+2d,C2a
Family SCIURmAE Canada
USA
Ammospermophilus nelsoni Sundasciurus jentinki
Myosciurus pumilio
Nelson's Antelope Squirrel VU " B1+2C
African Pygmy Squirrel
EN »- Ala, Bl+2c Indonesia, Malaysia
USA VU " A2c
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sundasciurus juvencus
Biswamayopterus biswasi Gabon, Nigeria EN * BI+2b
CR " Bl+2c, CI Philippines
India Paraxerus cooperi
Sundasciurus rabori
Callosciurus pygerythrus VU "Bl+2c
VU «'
Ale, Bl+2b
VU " Alcd Cameroon
Philippines
Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Paraxerus palliatus Sundasciurus samarensis
Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam VU " Ale VU " B1+2C
Callosciurus quinquestriatus Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Philippines
VU " Alcd Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania,
Tamias palmeri
China, Myanmar Zimbabwe
Palmer's Chipmunk
Cynomys mexicanus Paraxerus vexillarius VU «=
A2c
Mexican Prairie Dog VU " B1+2C USA
EN " Alcd Tanzania
Trogopterus xanthipes
Mexico
Paraxerus vincenti EN " Alcd
Eupetaurus cinereus
Woolly Flying Squirrel
VU " B1+2C China
Mozambique
EN »
A2ce, Bl+2cd, C2a Family GEOMYIDAE
India, Pakistan Prosciurillus abstrusus
VU " B1+2C Geomys tropicalis
Funisciurus carruthersi
Carruther's Mountain Squirrel Indonesia VU " Bl+2c
Mexico
VU " B1+2C Ratufa indica
Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda Orthogeomys cuniculus
VU " B1+2C
Hylopetes alboniger India
CR " Bl+2c
Mexico
EN " Ale
Ratufa macroura Orthogeomys heterodus
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
VU " Ale VU " Bl+2ac
Thailand, Viet Nam India, Sri Lanka Costa Rica
Hylopetes sipora Sciurotamias forresti Pappogeomys alcorni
EN " B1+2C VU " Ale VU " Bl+2ac
Indonesia China Mexico

22
 Mammals *n

Pappogeomys neglectus Sicista caudata Bunomys prolatus

CR " Bl+2c, CI EN '" B1+2C EN " Bl+2c
Mexico China, Russia Indonesia

Zygogeomys trichopus Family MURffiAE Calomyscus hotsoni

Michoacan Pocket Gopher EN ' Bl+2e
EN " Ale, Bl+2ac Abrawayaomys ruschii
Pakistan
Mexico EN " Bl+2c
Brazil Chiropodomys karlkoopmani
Family HETEROMYmAE Acomys cilicicus
EN " Bl+2c
Indonesia
Dipodomys elator CR " C2b
Texas Kangaroo Rat Turkey Chrotomys gonzalesi
VU " B1+2C Acomys minous
Mt Isarog Striped Rat

USA Spiny Mouse CR " Bl+2c

Philippines
Dipodomys gravipes VU «
Bl+2e
San Quintin Kangaroo Rat Greece Chrotomys whiteheadi
EN " Bl+2c Akodon lindberghi VU » Bl+2e
Mexico VU " Bl+2c Philippines

Dipodomys ingens
Brazil Coccymys albidens
Giant Kangaroo Rat Akodon siberiae White-toothed Melomys
CR "^
Ala VU '»
D2 EN " Bl+2c
USA Bolivia Indonesia

Dipodomys insularis Alticola montosa Crateromys australis

CR " Bl+2c, CI VU " BH-2C Dinagat Island Cloud Rat
Mexico India EN * Ale, Bl+2b,C2b
Philippines
Dipodomys margaritae AmmodiUus imbellis

CR " Bl+2c, CI VU " Ale Crateromys heaneyi

Mexico Ethiopia, Somalia EN * Alc,C2b
Andalgalomys olrogi Philippines
Heteromys nelsoni
CR " Bl+2c VU " D2 Crateromys paulus
Mexico Argentina CR «» Ale, Bl+2b,C2b
Anonymomys mindorensis Philippines
Perognathus longimembris
Mindoro Climbing Rat Crateromys schadenbergi
VU " Ale
Mexico, USA VU " C2a Giant Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat
Philippines VU «' Ale, Bl+2c
Family DIPODroAE Anotomys leander Philippines

Allactagafirouzi
EN *" B1+2C Cremnomys elvira
Ecuador VU " C2b
CR " Bl+2c, CI
Iran Apodemus hermonensis India
EN " Bl+2c
Crunomys celebensis
AUactaga tetradactyla
Israel
EN " Ale EN " Bl+2c
Egypt, Libya Apomys gracilirostris Indonesia
VU "'
Bl+2b,C2a
Crunomys fallax
Cardiocranius paradoxus
Philippines
VU " Ale CR " C2b
China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia
Apomys sacobianus Philippines
VU " C2b
Eozapus setchuanus Philippines
Dasymys montanus
VU " Ale VU " B1+2C
Archboldomys luzonensis Uganda
China
Mt Isarog Shrew-mouse
Euchoreutes naso EN " C2b Dendromus oreas
EN " Ale Philippines VU " B1+2C
China, Mongolia Cameroon
Beamys hindei
Salpingotus crassicauda Lesser Hamster-rat Dendromus vernayi
VU " Ale VU " Ale CR " Bl+2c, C2b
China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia Kenya, Tanzania Angola

Sicista armenica Bunomys coelestis Dicrostonyx vinogradovi

CR " Ale, CI EN " Bl+2e CR " Bl+2c, C2b
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Indonesia Russia

23
Threatened Species

Eliurus majori Gerbillus quadrimaculatus Leopoldamys siporanus

EN " Bl+2c CR " C2b VU " B1+2C
Madagascar Sudan Indonesia

Eliurus penicillatus Gerbillus syrticus Leporillus conditor

CR " Bl+2c CR " C2b Greater Stick-nest Rat
Madagascar Libya EN " Ale
Ellobius alaicus Grammomys gigas Australia

EN " B1+2C EN " Bl+2c Leptomys elegans

Kyrgyzstan Kenya CR " B1+2C
Gymnuromys roberti Papua New Guinea
Eropeplus canus
EN " Bl+2c
VU " A2e Leptomys signatus
Indonesia
Madagascar CR " Bl+2c
Habromys simulatus Papua New Guinea
Gerbillus allenbyi
EN " C2a Macrotarsomys ingens
VU " B1+2C
Mexico
Israel CR " Bl+2c
Haeromys margarettae Madagascar
Gerbillus bilensis
VU " Ale, Bl+2c
Macruromys elegans
CR " Bl+2c,C2b
Indonesia, Malaysia
Ethiopia
Western Small-toothed Rat
Haeromys pusillus CR " B1+2C
Gerbillus bonhotei VU " Ale Indonesia
VU " B1+2C Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Egypt Macruromys major
Hybomys eisentrauti EN " C2a
Gerbillus burtoni EN " Bl+2c Papua New Guinea
CR " Bl+2c, C2b Cameroon
Mallomys gunung
Sudan Hydromys neobrittanicus CR " Bl+2cd
Gerbillus cosensis VU " Bl+2e Indonesia
CR " C2b Papua New Guinea
Margaretamys elegans
Kenya Hypogeomys antimena VU " B1+2C
[R. Kozibir] EN " A2c Indonesia
Gerbillus dalloni Madagascar
Margaretamys parvus
CR " C2b Ichthyomys pittieri
VU " Bl+2c
Chad VU « D2 Indonesia
Gerbillus flo weri Venezuela
Mastomys pernanus
CR " C2b Juscelinomys vulpinus
VU " C2a
Egypt VU ''
D2
Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania
Brazil
Gerbillus grobbeni
Komodomys Maxomys alticola
CR " C2b rintjanus
EN " C2a
Libya VU " B1+2C
Malaysia
Indonesia
Gerbillus hoogstraali
Kunsia fronto Maxomys baeodon
CR " Bl+2c,C2b
EN " C2a
Morocco VU " C2a
Argentina, Brazil
Malaysia
Gerbillus lowei
Kunsia tomentosus Maxomys dollmani
CR " C2b
VU " C2a
Sudan
VU " C2a
Bolivia, Brazil Indonesia
Gerbillus maghrebi Maxomys wattsi
Lamottemys okuensis
VU "B1+2C
EN '" B1+2C EN " Bl+2c
Morocco Indonesia
Cameroon
Gerbillus mauritaniae Mayermys ellermani
Leimacomys buettneri
CR " C2b
CR '« B1+2C VU " C2a
Mauritania Papua New Guinea
Ghana
Gerbillus occiduus Lemniscomys mittendorfi Megadendromus nikolausi
CR " C2b
EN "" B1+2C VU " B1-I-2C
Morocco Cameroon Ethiopia
Gerbillus principulus Leopoldamys neilli Melasmothrix naso
CR " C2b EN " Ale EN " BI+2C
Sudan Thailand Indonesia

24
 Mammals *n

Melomys fellowsi Mus goundae Neusticomys mussoi

VU " Bl+2c VU " C2b EN " Bl+2c
Papua New Guinea Central African Republic Venezuela
Melomys rubicola Mus kasaicus Neusticomys oyapocki
CR " Bl+2e CR " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Australia Zaire French Guiana

Melomys spechti Mus oubanguii Neusticomys peruviensis

EN "
Bl+2c VU " B1+2C EN " B1+2C
Solomon Islands Central African Republic Peru

Meriones arimalius Myomys ruppi Neusticomys venezuelae

EN '" B1+2C VU " Bl+2c EN " B1+2C
Oman, Saudi Arabia Ethiopia Guyana, Venezuela
Meriones chengi Myospatax fontanierii Notomys fuscus
CR " C2b VU " Aid Dusky Hopping-mouse
China China VU " Alee
Mystromys albicandatus Australia
Meriones dahli
EN '" B1+2C VU " Ale Oecomys cleberi
Armenia South Africa, Swaziland EN " Bl+2c
Nannospalax leucodon Brazil
Meriones sacramenti
EN " Bl+2c VU «
D2 Oligoryzomys victus
Israel Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, EN " Bl+2c
Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, St Vincent
Meriones zarudnyi Yugoslavia
EN '" B1+2C Oryzomys galapagoensis
Afghanistan, Turkmenistan
Nectomys parvipes CR " Alee
CR " b:+2c Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Mesembriomys macrurus French Guiana
VU " Alee Oryzomys gorgasi
Australia
Neohydromys fuscus CR " Bl+2c
VU " B1+2C Colombia
Mesocricetus auratus Papua New Guinea
EN " Bl+2c Otomys occidentalis
Neotoma anthonyi EN " Bl+2c
Syria
Anthony's Woodrat
Cameroon, Nigeria
Mesocricetus newtoni EN " Ale, Bl+2c
Romanian Hamster Mexico Oxymycterus hiska
VU « D2 VU *»
D2
Neotoma bryanti
Bulgaria, Romania Peru
EN " Bl+2c
Microtus evoronensis Mexico Oxymycterus hucucha
CR " Bl+2c,C2b VU « D2
Neotoma bunkeri Bolivia
Russia
Bunker's Woodrat
Microtus kermanensis EN " Bl+2c Palawanomys furvus
EN " Bl+2c,C2a Mexico EN " Bl+2c,C2b
Iran Philippines
Neotoma fuscipes
Microtus mexicanus VU " Ale Papagomys armandviltei
VU " C2a Mexico, USA VU " Bl+2e
Mexico, USA Neotoma martinensis
Indonesia

Microtus mujanensis San Martin Island Woodrat Paraleptomys wilhelmina

CR " Bl+2c,C2b EN " Bl+2c VU " Bl+2c
Russia Mexico Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

Millardia kondana Neotoma nelsoni Pamromys ursinus

EN " B1+2C EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
India Mexico Indonesia

Muriculus imberbis Neotoma varia Pelomys hopkinsi

VU " Ale EN " Bl+2c VU " B1+2C
Ethiopia Mexico Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda

Mus famulus Nesoryzomys indefessus Pelomys isseli

EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c VU " Bl+2e

India Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Uganda

25
Threatened Species

Peromyscus bullatus Podomys floridanus Rattus adustus

EN " Bl+2c Florida Mouse VU " D2
Mexico VU «- Ala+2d Indonesia
USA Rattus baluensis
Peromyscus caniceps
VU " B1+2C Pogonomelomys bruijni EN " B1-h2c
Mexico CR " Bl+2c Malaysia
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Peromyscus dickeyi Rattus bontanus
Pogonomys championi VU " Bl+2c
EN " Bl+2c
Mexico
VU " B1+2C Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
Peromyscus interparietalis Rattus burrus
Praomys hartwigi VU " D2
EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Mexico India
Cameroon, Nigeria
Peromyscus madrensis Rattus elaphinus
Praomys minor
VU " C2b VU "" B1-I-2C
VU " D2
Indonesia
Mexico Zaire

Praomys morio Ratttts enganus

Peromyscus mayensis
EN " Bl+2c VU "« B1-I-2C
CR " C2b
Indonesia
Guatemala Cameroon
Pseudohydromys murinus Rattus feliceus
Peromyscus mekisturus
VU " B1+2C CR " Bl-f2c VU " D2
Papua New Guinea Indonesia
Mexico
Pseudohydromys occidentalis Rattus koogerwerfi
Peromyscus melanurus
VU " B1+2C VU " B1+2C VU " D2
Mexico Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Indonesia

Pseudomys australis Rattus mindorensis

Peromyscus polius
VU " B1+2C VU " Alee VU " Bl-h2c
Australia Philippines
Mexico
Pseudomys fieldi Rathis mollicomulus
Peromyscus pseudocrinitus CR " Alee VU " B1-H2C
CR " Bl+2c Australia Indonesia
Mexico
Pseudomys fumeus Rattus montanus
Peromyscus slevini Smoky Mouse CR " Bl+2c
CR " Bl+2c VU " Alee Sri Lanka
Mexico Australia
Rattus palmarum
Peromyscus stephani Pseudomys glaucus
CR " Alee
VU " D2
EN " Bl+2c India (Andaman & Nicobar Is)
Mexico Australia
Rattus pelurus
Peromyscus zarhynchus Pseudomys occidentalis
Western Mouse
VU " D2
VU " Ale Indonesia
Mexico EN " A2ce
Australia Rattus ranjiniae
Petromyscus barbouri
Pseudomys oralis VU " D2
EN " Bl+2c
Hastings River Mouse India
South Africa
EN " A1c-h2c Rattus sikkimensis
Phaenomys ferrugineus Australia VU " Ale
EN " C2a Pseudomys patrius Cambodia, China, India, Laos,
Brazil Myanmar, Nepal?, Thailand,
VU " B1-I-2C

Phaulomys andersoni Australia Viet Nam

Wakayama Red-backed Vole Pseudomys pilligaensis Rattus tawitawiensis
VU " D2 Pilliga Mouse Tawitawi Island Rat
Japan VU " B1-I-2C VU " B1-H2C
Australia Philippines
Phloeomys cumingi
Southern Giant Slender-tailed Cloud Pseudomys praeconis Reithrodontomys raviventris
Rat Shark Bay Mouse Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse
VU ''
Alcd VU " Bl-^2c VU '-
A1c-h2c
Philippines Australia USA

26
 Mammals 'n

Reithrodontomys rodriguezi Steatomys jacksoni Typhlomys chapensis

VU " B1+2C VU " C2a CR " Bl+2cd
Costa Rica Ghana, Nigeria Viet Nam
Reithrodontomys spectabilis Stenomys vandeuseni Uromys imperator
EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Mexico Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands
Rhagomys rufescens Sundamys maxi Uromys rex
CR " B1+2C EN " C2a
VU " B1+2C
Brazil Indonesia
Solomon Islands
Rhipidomys scandens Tachyoryctes ankoliae
Vandeleuria nolthenii
VU « D2 VU " Alcd
Panama Uganda
VU " Bl+2c
Sri Lanka
Rhynchomys isarogensis Tachyoryctes annectens
Mt Isarog Shrew-rat EN " Bl+2c Vemayafulva
VU »"
B1+2C Kenya VU " C2a
Philippines China, Myanmar
Tachyoryctes audax
Scolomys melanops VU " Bl+2c Volemys kikuchii
EN * Bl+2c Kenya VU " BI+2C
Ecuador Tachyoryctes naivashae Taiwan
Scolomys ucayalensi EN " Bl+2cd Xeromys myoides
EN « B1+2C Kenya False Water-rat
Peru
Tachyoryctes rex VU " Ale
Sigmodon arizonae EN " Bl+2c Australia
EN " Ale Kenya Zyzomys palatilis
Mexico, USA Taeromys arcuatus CR " Bl+2c
Sigmodontomys aphrastus VU " D2 Australia
CR " Bl+2c Indonesia
Zyzomys pedunculatus
Costa Rica
Taeromys hamatus Central Rock-rat
Solomys ponceleti VU " D2 CR " Alce+2ce
Fencelet's Giant Rat Indonesia Australia
EN " Bl+2c Tarsomys echinatus
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
VU ' Ale, Bl+2b Family PEDEXmAE
Solomys salamonis Philippines Pedetes capensis
VU " B1+2C Tateomys macrocercus VU " Alcd
Solomon Islands
VU " B1+2C Angola, Kenya, Mozambique,
Solomys sapientis Indonesia Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania,
VU " BH-2C Tateomys rhinogradoides Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Papua New Guinea VU " B1+2C
Spalax arenarius
Family CTENODACTYLIDAE
Indonesia
VU " Ale, Bl+2c
Tokudaia muenninki Felovia vae
Ukraine Felou Gundi
EN " Ale
Spalax giganteus Japan (Nansei-shoto) VU " Ale
VU '" Ale, Bl+2c
Tokudaia osimensis
Mali, Mauritania, Senegal
Kazakhstan, Russia
EN " Bl+2c Family MYOXmAE
Spalax graecus Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Greater Mole Rat Dryomys sichuanensis
Tryphomys adustus
VU « D2 VU »' Ale, Bl+2b EN '=
Bl+2c
Romania, Ukraine China
Philippines
Spalax leucodon Eliomys quercinus
Tylomys bullaris
Lesser Mole Rat Garden Dormouse
VU D2
CR " BI+2c
»
Mexico VU " Ale
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and
Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Tylomys panamensis
Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech
Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, VU " Bl+2c Republic, Estonia, Finland, France,
Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Panama Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Spalax microphthalmus Tylomys tumbalensis Macedonia, Netherlands, Portugal,
VU «
D2 CR " Bl+2c Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Russia, Ukraine Mexico Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia

27
Threatened Species

Glirulus japonicus Family OCTODONXroAE Mesocapromys sanfelipensis

Japanese Dormouse Little Earth Hutia
Octodon pacificus
EN " Ale CR " C2b
Japan
VU '^
D2 Cuba
Chile
Graphiurus ocularis Mysateles garridoi
Tympanoctomys barrerae
VU " Alcd Garrido's Hutia
Red Vizcacha Rat CR " Dl
South Africa
VU •« Ala Cuba
Myomimus personatus Argentina
VU '" Bl+2c Mysateles gundlachi
Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Family ABROCOMIDAE Chapman's Prehensile-tailed Hutia
Myomimus roachi Abrocoma boliviensis
VU " A2c
Mouse-tailed Dormouse Cuba
VU '" D2
VU '
D2 Bolivia Ptagiodontia aedium
Greece, Turkey Hispaniolan Hutia
Myomimus setzeri Family ECHIMYroAE VU " Alac
EN " Ale Dominican Republic, Haiti
Chaetomys subspinosus
Iran Thin-spined Porcupine
Selevinia betpakdalaensis VU " A2c Order LAGOMORPHA
EN '" B1+2C Brazil
Kazakhstan
Family OCHOTONmAE
Clyomys bishopi
VU Ochotona helanshanensis
Family HYSTRICmAE " D2
Brazil
Helan Shan Pika
Hystrix brachyura CR '" A2cd
VU " Aid Diplomys rufodorsalis China
China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, VU " Bl+2c
Colombia Ochotona iliensis
Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore,
Hi Pika
Thailand Echimys chrysurus VU "» Dl+2
Family ERETHIZONXroAE VU " A2ce China
Brazil
Sphiggurus vestitus Ochotona koslowi
VU " C2a Echimys thomasi Koslov's Pika
Colombia, Venezuela
VU " D2 EN "» Bl+2abd
Brazil
China
Family CHINCHILLIDAE
Family CAPROMYIDAE Ochotona pusilla
Chinchilla brevicaudata Steppe Pika
Short-tailed Chinchilla Geocapromys brownii VU '<"
Alcd, C2a
CR '" Alcd Jamaican Hutia
Kazakhstan, Russia
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru (ex?) VU " Alcd
Chinchilla lanigera Jamaica Family LEPORmAE
Long-tailed Chinchilla Geocapromys ingrahami Bunolagus monticularis
VU " Alcd Bahamian Hutia Riverine Rabbit
Chile VU " D2 EN "» Bl+2c
Bahamas South Africa
Family DINOMYIDAE
Isolobodon portoricensis Caprolagus hispidus
Dinomys branickii
CR ''
Bl+2c Hispid Hare
Pacarana
EN " Alcd
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto EN "" Alc+2c, Bl+2abcde, CI
Rico? [int] Bangladesh, India, Nepal
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Pern, Venezuela Mesocapromys angelcabrerai Lepus castroviejoi
Cabrera's Hutia Broom Hare
Family DASYPROCTIDAE CR " Bl+2ce VU '" B2C-I-3C, C2b
Dasyprocta azarae Cuba Spain
VU " Alcd Mesocapromys auritus Lepus flavigularis
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Large-eared Hutia Tehuantepec Jackrabbit
Dasyprocta coibae CR " Bl+2ce EN '" Alac
EN '= Bl+2ce Cuba Mexico
Panama Mesocapromys nanus Lepus hainanus
Dasyprocta ruatanica Dwarf Hutia Hainan Hare
EN " Alcde, Bl+2e CR " Bl+2de VU "» Alac
Honduras Cuba China

28
 Birds

Nesolagus netscheri Class AVES Taoniscus nanus

Sumatran Rabbit Dwarf Tinamou
CR "» Bl+2abcde,C2a Order CASUARIIFORMES VU =' Alc,C2a
Indonesia Argentina (ex?), Brazil
Pentalagus fumessi Family CASUARIffiAE
Amami Rabbit Casuarius casuarius Order SPHENISCEFORMES
EN '" A2b, Bl+2bce,Cl Southern Cassowary
Japan
Family SPHENISCIDAE
VU -' Alacde+2cde
Romerolagus diazi Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
Volcano Rabbit Guinea Fiordland Penguin
EN '<"
Alabc+2bc,Bl+2bcd+3abc, Casuarius unappendiculatus
VU -'
C2a
Cl+2a Northern Cassowary
New Zealand
Mexico VU -' Alacd+2cd Eudyptes robustus
Sylvilagus dicei Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Snares Islands Penguin
Dice's Cottontail VU -'
D2
EN '" Alc+2bc, B2c+3c New Zealand
Order APTERVGIFORMES
Costa Rica, Panama Eudyptes sclateri
Sylvilagus graysoni
Family APTERYGmAE Erect-crested Penguin
Tres Marias Rabbit Apteryx australis VU -'
D2
EN '« Alac+2c, Bl+2c, Cl+2a Brown Kiwi New Zealand
Mexico VU ='
Ale Megadyptes antipodes
Sylvilagus insonus New Zealand Yellow-eyed Penguin
Omiltemi Rabbit Apteryx haastii VU " C2a
CR "" Alac,Bl+2c Great Spotted Kiwi
New Zealand (Auckland Is,

Campbell Id)
Mexico VU '-'
Bl+2e
New Zealand Spheniscus mendiculus
Sylvilagus transitionalis
Galapagos Penguin
New England Cottontail Apteryx owenii
VU '" Alae, Cl+2a Little Spotted Kiwi
VU -'
Ala,C2b
Ecuador
USA VU ='
D2
New Zealand
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Order MACROSCELIDEA
Order TEVAMIFGRMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE
Family MACROSCELIDroAE
Family TEVAMroAE Podiceps taczanowskii
Elephantulus edwardU Junin Grebe
Crypturellus kerriae
VU » B1+2C CR 2'
A 1 ace+2ce, B +2cde,
1

South Africa
Choco Tinamou Cl+2b
VU =' Bl+2c,C2a Peru
Elephantulus revoili Colombia, Panama
EN * B1+2C Poliocephalus rufopectus
Crypturellus ptaritepui New Zealand Dabchick
Somalia
Tepui Tinamou EN ^'
C2a
Elephantulus rupestris VU -'
D2 New Zealand
VU « B1+2C Venezuela
South Africa Tachybaptus pelzelnii
Crypturellus saltuarius Madagascar Grebe
Macroscelides proboscideus Magdalena Tinamou
"
VU -'
Alace+2ce, Cl+2b
VU Bl+2c CR -' Bl+2c,C2b Madagascar
Namibia, South Africa Colombia
Tachybaptus rufotavatus
Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Nothoprocta kalinowskii Alaotra Grebe
Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew Kalinowski's Tinamou CR ='
Dl
EN " Bl+2c CR " Dl Madagascar
Kenya Peru
Rhynchocyon cirnei Nothoprocta taczanowskii Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
VU « Bl+2c Taczanowski's Tinamou
Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, VU -'
C2a Family DIOMEDEroAE
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia Peru Diomedea albatrus
Rhynchocyon petersi Nothura minor Short-tailed Albatross
Black-and-rufous Elephant-Shrew Lesser Nothura EN -'
CI
EN * Bl+2c VU -'
Alc,C2a China (ex), Japan. * Russia, Taiwan,
Kenya, Tanzania Brazil USA (Hawaiian Is)

29
Threatened Species

Diomedea amsterdamensis Pterodroma defilippiana Puffinus heinrothi

Amsterdam Albatross Defilippe's Petrel Heinroth's Shearwater
CR -' Dl VU ^'
D2 EN ^'
C2b
French Southern and Antarctic Chile (Desventuradas Is, Juan Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Territories (Amsterdam Id) Fernandez Is)
Puffinus huttoni
Diomedea exulans Pterodroma feae Hutton's Shearwater
Fea's Petrel EN Bl+2bce
Wandering Albatross -'

VU -' Alad+2d VU -'

Dl+2 New Zealand
Australia, French Southern and
Cape Verde, Portugal (Madeira)
Puffinus newelli
Antarctic Territories, New Zealand, Pterodroma hasitata
Newell's Shearwater
South Africa, South Georgia, Black-capped Petrel
St Helena EN ^'
C2a
VU 2'
D2
USA
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Family PROCELLARIIDAE Pterodroma incerta Puffinus opisthomelas
Black-vented Shearwater
Atlantic Petrel
Procellaria parkinsoni
VU " D2 VU ' D2
Black Petrel Mexico
St Helena
VU '-'
D2
New Zealand * Ecuador, Peru Pterodroma macgillivrayi Family HYDROBATmAE
Fiji Petrel
Procellaria westlandica CR ^'
C2b, Dl Oceanodroma macrodactyla
Westland Petrel Fiji Guadalupe Storm-petrel
VU " D2 Pterodroma madeira
CR ^'
Dl
New Zealand. * Australia, Chile
Zino's Petrel
Mexico

Pterodroma aterrima CR ^'

Dl Family PELECANOromAE
Mascarene Black Petrel Portugal (Madeira)

CR ^' Dl Pterodroma magentae Pelecanoides gamotii

Reunion Magenta Petrel Peruvian Diving-petrel
CR -'
Bl-H2e, C2b EN -'
Ala
Pterodroma axillaris Chile, Peru
New Zealand (Chatham Is)
Chatham Islands Petrel
CR " Bl+2e Pterodroma phaeopygia
Galapagos Petrel
New Zealand (Chatham Is) Order PELECANIFORMES
CR -'
Alace-h2ce
Pterodroma baraui Ecuador (Galapagos Is). " Chile, Family PELECANffiAE
Barau's Petrel Colombia (Malpelo Id), Costa Rica,
CR ' Aid Ecuador, French Polynesia, Mexico, Pelecanus crispus
Reunion Panama, Peru Dalmatian Pelican
Pterodroma pycrofti VU ^'
C2a
Pterodroma becki Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Pycroft's Petrel
Beck's Petrel
CR 2'
Dl
VU ^'
C2a Bulgaria, China, Greece, Iran,

New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Romania,

Norfolk Island (ex)
Papua New Guinea (ex?), Solomon Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Islands (ex?) Pterodroma sandmchensis Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. •*

Hawaiian Petrel Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt,

Pterodroma cahow VU ='
D2 Hong Kong, India, Iraq, Lebanon,
Bermuda Petrel USA (Hawaiian Is). * French Pakistan, Syria
EN Dl
='
Polynesia?, Kiribati
Bermuda Pelecanus philippensis
Pterodroma solandri Spot-billed Pelican
Pterodroma caribbaea Providence Petrel
VU -'
Alacde.Cl
Jamaica Petrel VU ^'
D2 India, Sri Lanka. * Bangladesh,
CR ^'
C2b Australia, Norfolk Island (ex) Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos,
Jamaica Puffinus auricularis Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Townsend's Shearwater Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
Pterodroma cervicalis
White-necked Petrel
VU -'
A 1 e+2e, B 1 +2e, C +2b 1
Family SULffiAE
Mexico (Revillagigedos Is)
VU ='
D2
New Zealand, Norfolk Island Puffinus creatopus Papasula abbotti
Pink-footed Shearwater Abbott's Booby
Pterodroma cookii VU ^'
D2 VU -'
C2b, D2
Cook's Petrel Chile (Juan Fernandez Is). * Cocos Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)
VU ^'
D2 (Keeling) Islands, Costa Rica, Islands, Costa Rica?. * Indonesia,
New Zealand. * Chile, Peru Ecuador, Pern, USA Mauritius (ex), Seychelles (ex)

30
 Birds

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Ardea insignis Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka,

White-bellied Heron Thailand, Viet Nam. * Bhutan,
Phalacrocorax campbelli
Campbell Island Shag EN -'
Cl+2a Brunei, Singapore

VU Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,

='
D2 Mycteria cinerea
Myanmar, Nepal (ex)
New Zealand Milky Stork
Phalacrocorax carunculatus Botaurus poiciloptilus VU =' CI
New Zealand King Shag Australasian Bittern Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia,
VU '-'
Dl+2 EN ='
C2a Thailand (ex), Viet Nam
New Zealand Australia, New Caledonia, New
Zealand Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Phalacrocorax chalconotus
Stewart Island Shag Egretta eulophotes Bostrychia bocagei
VU -'
C2a Chinese Egret Dwarf Olive Ibis
New Zealand EN '-'
CI CR -'
DI
Phalacrocorax colensoi
China, Hong Kong?, North Korea, Sao Tome & Principe
South Korea. * Brunei, Indonesia,
Auckland Islands Shag Geronticus calvus
Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia,
VU D2
^'
Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand,
Southern Bald Ibis
New Zealand Viet Nam VU -'
C2b
Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland
Phalacrocorax featherstoni
Egretta vinaceigula
Pitt Island Shag Geronticus eremita
Slaty Egret
VU " D2 VU ^'
C2a
Northern Bald Ibis
New Zealand Botswana, Namibia, Zambia?
CR -'
C2a
Phalacrocorax harrisi Algeria, Egypt (ex), Morocco, Saudi
Gorsachius goisagi Arabia, Senegal (ex), Turkey (ex). *
Galapagos Cormorant
VU -' Bl+3c, Dl+2 Japanese Night-heron Ethiopia, Syria, Yemen
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU " Cl+2a Nipponia nippon
Japan. * Bmnei, China, Hong Kong, Crested Ibis
Phalacrocorax onslowi Indonesia, Palau, Philippines, Russia,
Chatham Islands Shag South Korea, Taiwan
CR -'
C2b, Dl
China, Japan (ex). North Korea (ex)
VU ^' Bl+2d, Dl
Gorsachius magnificus
New Zealand (Chatham Is) Platalea minor
White-eared Night-heron
Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi Black-faced Spoonbill
CR ^'
CU2a
Bounty Islands Shag China. * Viet Nam
CR " A2c
VU '-'
D2 China, North Korea, South Korea. *
New Zealand Cambodia, China, Hong Kong,
Japan, Philippines, Taiwan,
Thailand, Viet Nam
Family CICONimAE
Family FREGATIDAE
Pseudibis davisoni
Ciconia boyciana White-shouldered Ibis
Fregata andrewsi
Oriental Stork
Christmas Island Frigatebird EN " Cl+2a
VU " D2 EN -'
CI Cambodia?, China, Indonesia, Laos?,
China, Russia. * Bangladesh, Hong Myanmar?, Thailand, Viet Nam. *
Christmas Island. * Brunei, China,
Kong, India, Japan, Myanmar, North Malaysia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Hong
Korea, South Korea, Taiwan
Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Pseudibis gigantea
Myanmar, Singapore, Solomon Ciconia stormi Giant Ibis
Islands, Thailand, Viet Nam Storm's Stork CR " CI
Fregata aguila EN -'
Cl-i-2a Cambodia (ex?), Laos, Thailand,
Ascension Frigatebird Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand. * Viet Nam
CR -'
Bl+2e Brunei, Malaysia
St Helena (Ascension)
Leptoptilos dubius
Greater Adjutant Family PHOENICOPTERroAE
EN -'
CI
Order CICONIIFORMES Bangladesh, Cambodia (ex?), India, Phoenicopterus andinus
Laos (ex?), Myanmar (ex?), Andean Flamingo
Family ARDEffiAE Viet Nam (ex?). * Nepal, Thailand VU 2'
A2cd
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
Ardea humbloti Leptoptilos javanicus
Madagascar Heron Lesser Adjutant Phoenicopterus jamesi
VU ^' C2a VU ^'
CI Puna Flamingo
Comoros?, Madagascar. * Comoros, Bangladesh, Cambodia?, China, VU -'
A2cd
Mayotte India, Indonesia, Laos?, Malaysia, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru

31
Threatened Species

Order ANSERIFORMES Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Mergus squamatus

Kazakhstan,
Iran, Israel, Italy, Scaly-sided Merganser
Family ANAXmAE Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, VU '-'
Cl+2a
Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, China, North Korea, Russia. * Japan,
Anas aucklandica Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi South Korea
Arabia, Slovenia, Spain, Tajikistan,
Brown Teal
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Oxyura leucocephala
VU -'
Bl+2bcde
Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. * Algeria, White-headed Duck
New Zealand
VU -'
A2e
Bangladesh, Belgium, Bhutan,
Anas bernieri Cameroon, Central African Republic, Afghanistan, Algeria, France, Iran,
Madagascar Teal Chad, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Romania,
France, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Russia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey,
EN ='
C2b
Libya, Mali, Malta, Myanmar, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. *
Madagascar
Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria,
Anasformosa Oman, Pakistan, Senegal, Sudan, China, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, India,
Baikal Teal Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Morocco, Pakistan,
VU ''
Made, D2 United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan
Russia. * China, Japan, North Korea, Yemen
Polysticta stelleri
South Korea, Taiwan Branta ruficollis
Steller's Eider
Red-breasted Goose
Anas laysanensis VU -'
Ala
Laysan Duck
VU -'
A2cd, Bl-H2cd Russia, USA. * Denmark, Estonia,
Russia. * Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway,
VU Dl+2
='
Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Romania, Poland, Sweden
USA Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
Anas wyvilliana Branta sandvicensis
Pink-headed Duck
Hawaiian Duck Nene
VU -'
D2 VU ='
DI
CR '-'
Dl
India, Myarmiar, Nepal
USA [int] (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

Cairina scutulata Salvadorina waigiuensis

Anser cygnoides Salvadori's Teal
Swan Goose White-winged Duck
EN " Cl-h2a VU -'
C2a
VU Alcd+2cd
-'

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Cambodia?, India,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Somateria fischeri
Russia. * China, Japan, North Korea,
South Korea, Taiwan
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Spectacled Eider
Dendrocygna arborea VU ='
Ala
Anser erythropus West Indian Whistling-duck Russia, USA
Lesser White-fronted Goose
VU '' C2a
VU ='
Alacd Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas,
Stictonetta naevosa
Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden. * Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Freckled Duck
Albania, Bulgaria, China, Greece, Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto VU '-'
Bl-H3d
Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, Turks and Australia
Latvia, Pakistan, Romania, Turkey, Caicos Islands, Virgin Islands Tadorna cristata
Turkmenistan, Yugoslavia (British), Virgin Islands (US)
Crested Shelduck
Aythya baeri Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus CR -'
Dl
Baer's Pochard Blue Duck China?, North Korea?, Russia. *
VU "' Alac.Cl VU 2' C2a China?, Japan, South Korea
China, North Korea?, Russia. * New Zealand
Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Marmaronetta angustirostris
Japan,Myanmar, Nepal, South Marbled Teal Order FALCONIFORMES
Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam VU " A2c
Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia,
Family CATHARXmAE
Aythya innotata
Azerbaijan, China?, Egypt?, Georgia,
Madagascar Pochard Gymnogyps californianus
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan,
OR Dl
^-' California Condor
Morocco, Pakistan?, Russia, Senegal,
Madagascar Spain, Tajikistan, Tunisia (ex?),
CR -'
Dl
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. * USA [re-int]
Aythya nyroca
Chad, Egypt, India, Mali, Morocco,
Ferruginous Duck
Pakistan, Turkey
Family ACdPIXRTOAE
VU 2'
Alacd
Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Mergus octosetaceus Accipiter brachyurus
Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia Brazilian Merganser New Britain Sparrowhawk
and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, CR -'
A2ce,C2a,Dl VU ='
CI
Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Papua New Guinea

32
 Birds

Accipiter gundlachi Eutriorchis astur Spizaetus nanus

Gundlach's Hawk Madagascar Serpent-eagle Wallace's Hawk-eagle
EN " C2a OR -'
Cl+2a VU -'
A1c-h2c, Cl-H2a
Cuba Madagascar Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Gyps coprotheres Myanmar, Thailand
Accipiter imitator
ImitatorSparrowhawk Cape Griffon Spizaetus philippensis
EN " C2a VU -' Alade+2de,Cl+2b Philippine Hawk-eagle
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, VU
Islands -'
Alc-t-2c, Cl+2a
Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Phihppines
Aquila adaWerti (ex). * Swaziland
Spanish Imperial Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus
VU ^'
Dl Pallas' s Sea-eagle
Algeria (ex), Portugal, Spain. * VU ^'
Cl+2b Family FALCONIDAE
Morocco Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India,
Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Myarmiar, Falco araea
Aquila clanga
Nepal, Pakistan, Russia?, Tajikistan, Seychelles Kestrel
Greater Spotted Eagle
VU ''
C2a
Uzbekistan. * Afghanistan VU ='
Dl
Haliaeetus pelagicus Seychelles
Belarus, China, Finland, India, Iran,
Steller's Sea-eagle
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Moldova, Falco fasciinucha
Mongolia, Pakistan, Poland, VU ='
Cl+2b Taita Falcon
Russia. * Japan, North Korea?, South
Romania, Russia, Ukraine. * VU " C1,D1
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Korea
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,
Cambodia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Haliaeetus sanfordi Mozambique, South Africa,
Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, Sanford's Fish-eagle Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Hong Kong, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, VU -'
Cl+2a
Falco hypoleucos
Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Grey Falcon
Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco,
Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Saudi
Haliaeetus vociferoides VU -'
C2b
Madagascar Fish-eagle Australia
Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Sudan,
CR ' C2b
Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, United Falco naumanni
Madagascar
Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Yemen Lesser Kestrel
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
Aquila heliaca Crowned Eagle
VU -'
A lace
Afghanistan, Albania?, Algeria,
Imperial Eagle VU -'
C2b
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
VU ='
C2a Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay,
Bulgaria, China, Croatia, France,
Albania?, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Umguay Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary,
China, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Harpyopsis novaeguineae Iran, Iraq?, Israel, Italy, Jordan,
Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, New Guinea Harpy Eagle Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon?,
Macedonia, Moldova, Romania,
VU -'
Cl-i-2b Libya, Macedonia, Moldova,
Russia, Slovakia, Turkey, Mongolia, Morocco, Poland?,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi
Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan,
Leucopternis lacernulata
Arabia, Slovenia, Spain,
Bangladesh, Djibouti, Egypt,
White-necked Hawk
Switzerland?, Syria, Tajikistan,
Ethiopia, Hong Kong, India, Iraq,
VU -' Cl+2a, Dl Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Brazil Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. *
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Laos,
Lebanon, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Leucopternis occidentalis Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Grey-backed Hawk Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Yemen EN ^'
C2a Central African Republic, Chad,
Ecuador, Peru Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Cyprus,
Buteo galapagoensis Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Galapagos Hawk Lophoictinia isura Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Square-tailed Kite
VU " Dl Guinea-Bissau?, India, Iraq, Kenya,
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '-'
C2b Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Australia Liberia, Malawi, Maldives, Mali,
Buteo ridgwayi Pithecophagajefferyi Malta, Mauritania, Mozambique,
Hispaniolan Hawk Philippine Eagle Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger,
EN ^'
C2a CR " CI
Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Poland,
Dominican Republic, Haiti Qatar, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra
Philippines
Leone?, Somalia, South Africa,
Erythrotriorchis radiatus Spizaetus bartelsi Sudan, Tanzania, Togo?, Turkey,
Red Goshawk Javan Hawk-eagle Uganda, United Arab Emirates,
EN ^' C2b EN ='
Cl+2b Western Sahara?, Yemen, Zaire,
Australia Indonesia Zambia, Zimbabwe

33
Threatened Species

Falco punctatus Oreophasis derbianus Arborophila cambodiana

Mauritius Kestrel Homed Guan Chestnut-headed Partridge
EN -'
Dl VU 2'
C2a VU -'
B1-I-2C, ClH-2a
Mauritius Guatemala, Mexico Cambodia, Thailand
Micrastur plumbeus Ortalis erythroptera Arborophila charltonii
Plumbeous Forest-falcon Rufous-headed Chachalaca Chestnut-necklaced Partridge
EN =' C2a VU ='
Cl-i-2a VU 2'
Ale
Colombia, Ecuador Ecuador, Peru Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,
Pauxi pauxi Viet Nam
Order GALLIFORMES Northern Helmeted Curassow Arborophila davidi
EN -' C2a Orange-necked Partridge
Family MEGAPODIffiAE Colombia, Venezuela CR -' Bl-h2c,Cl
Aepypodius bruijnii Pauxi unicornis Viet Nam
Bruijn's Brush-turkey Southern Helmeted Curassow
Arborophila gingiva
VU " Dl EN " C2a White-necklaced Partridge
Indonesia Bolivia, Peru
VU '-'
Cl+2a
Leipoa ocellata Penelope albipennis China
Malleefowl White-winged Guan
Arborophila mandellii
VU -'
Alce+2ce, Cl+2a CR -'
C2a
Chestnut-breasted Partridge
Australia Peru
VU ='
Cl-H2a
Macrocephalon maleo Penelope barbata Bhutan, China, India
Maleo Bearded Guan
VU Arborophila merlini
Cl+2a
'-'
VU -'
A2cd, Cl-i-2a
Indonesia Ecuador, Peru
Annam Partridge

Megapodius laperouse
EN -'
Bl-f2c
Penelope ochrogaster Viet Nam
Micronesian Scrubfowl Chestnut-bellied Guan
VU '-'
CI VU ='
C2a Arborophila nifipectus
Guam (ex), Northern Marianas, Palau Brazil
Sichuan Partridge
Megapodius layardi Penelope ortoni
CR -'
BI-H2C

Vanuatu Scrubfowl China

Baudo Guan
VU -'
A2cd VU ='
Alcd-f2cd, Cl-f2a Catreus wallichi
Vanuatu Colombia, Ecuador Cheer Pheasant
Megapodius nicobariensis Penelope perspicax VU -'
C2a
Nicobar Scrubfowl India, Nepal, Pakistan
Cauca Guan
VU '-'
CI EN -' C2a Crossoptilon crossoptilon
India (Andaman & Nicobar Is) Colombia White Eared-pheasant
Megapodius pritchardii Pipile jacutinga VU =' C2a
Niaufoou Scrubfowl Black-fronted Piping-guan China
EN -'
Bl+2e,C2a VU '-'
C2a Crossoptilon harmani
Tonga Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Tibetan Eared-pheasant
Megapodius wallacei Pipile pipile VU ='
C2a
Moluccan Scrubfowl Trinidad Piping-guan China
VU -' A2cd,Cl CR ^'
C2a Crossoptilon mantchuricum
Indonesia Trinidad and Tobago Brown Eared-pheasant
Family CRACIDAE Family PHASIANmAE VU ='
B1+2C
China
Crax alberti Afropavo congensis
Blue-billed Curassow Congo Peafowl Dendrortyx barbatus
OR Bearded Wood-partridge
'-'
C2a VU ^'
C2b
Colombia Zaire
CR ' A2cd
Mexico
Crax blumenbachii Agelastes meleagrides
Red-billed Curassow White-breasted Guineafowl Francolinus camerunensis
CR -' C2a VU -'
Alcd+2cd Mount Cameroon Francolin
Brazil Cote d'lvoire, Ghana (ex?), Guinea, VU " D2
Liberia, Sierra Leone Cameroon
Crax globulosa
Wattled Curassow Arborophila ardens Francolinus griseostriatus
VU -'
Alcd+2cd,Cl+2a Hainan Partridge Grey-striped Francolin
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, EN ' Alcd.CI VU -'
Bl+2bc, C2a
Peru China Angola

34
 Birds

Francolinus gularis Lophura inornata Tragopan blythii

Swamp Francolin Salvadori's Pheasant Blyth's Tragopan
VU '-'
Ale VU ^'
Cl+2a VU ^' Cl+2a
Bangladesh, India, Nepal Indonesia Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar
Francolinus harwoodi Odontophorus strophium Tragopan caboti
Harwood's Francolin Gorgeted Wood-quail Cabot's Tragopan
VU ^' Bl+2c,C2a EN =' B1+2C VU '-'
Cl-^2a
Ethiopia Colombia China
Francolinus ochropectus Ophrysia superciliosa
Tragopan melanocephalus
Djibouti Francolin Himalayan Quail
Western Tragopan
CR ''
Alac+2c CR ' Dl
India
VU '-'
Cl+2a
Djibouti
China, India, Nepal?, Pakistan
Francolinus swierstrai Pavo muticus
Green Peafowl Xenoperdix udzungwensis
Swierstra's Francolin
VU -' Alcd+2cd Udzungwa Forest-partridge
VU ''
Bl+2abc,C2a
EN ^'
Bl+2e
Angola Bangladesh (ex?), Cambodia, China,
India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Tanzania
Lophophorus Ihuysii Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Chinese Monal
Perdicula manipurensis
VU =' C2a Manipur Bush-quail Order GRUIFORMES
China
VU -'
Cl+2a
Lophophorus sclateri Bangladesh, India Family MESITORNITHIDAE
Sclater's Monal
Polyplectron emphanum Mesitomis unicolor
VU 2' Cl+2a Palawan Peacock-pheasant
China, India, Myanmar
Brown Mesite
EN ^'
C2a VU -'
A2c,Cl-l-2a
Lophura bulweri Philippines Madagascar
Bulwer's Pheasant
Polyplectron germaini
VU ''
C2a Germain's Peacock-pheasant
Mesitomis variegata
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia White-breasted Mesite
VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a
VU -'
A2e, Bl+2ac
Lophura diardi Laos?, Viet Nam
Madagascar
Siamese Fireback Polyplectron inopinatum
VU ^'
Alcd+2cd Mountain Peacock-pheasant Monias benschi
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam VU Bl+2c, Cl+2a
-' Subdesert Mesite

Lophura edwardsi Malaysia VU ^'

A2c, Bl+2ce,Cl+2b
Edwards's Pheasant Madagascar
Polyplectron malacense
CR ' B1+2C, Cl+2a, Dl Malayan Peacock-pheasant Family TURNICIDAE
Viet Nam VU " Alc+2c, Cl+2a
Lophura erythrophthalma Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Turnix castanota
Crestless Fireback Polyplectron schleiermacheri Chestnut-backed Buttonquail
VU ^'
Alc+2c Bomean Peacock-pheasant VU -'
C2a
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia CR -'
Ale, CI Australia

Lophura hatinensis Indonesia, Malaysia

Turnix everetti
Vietnamese Pheasant Rheinardia ocellata Sumba Buttonquail
EN =' Bl+2c, CI Crested Argus VU -'
Cl-H2a, Dl
Viet Nam VU ^'
Aled Indonesia
Lophura hoogerwerfi Laos, Malaysia, Viet Nam
Turnix melanogaster
Sumatran Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti Black-breasted Buttonquail
VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a Elliot's Pheasant
EN " C2a
Indonesia VU ^'
Cl+2a Australia
China
Lophura ignita
Turnix olivii
Crested Fireback Syrmaticus humiae
Buff-breasted Buttonquail
VU -'
Alcd+2cd Hume's Pheasant
EN " C2b
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, VU ^'
Cl+2a
Australia
Myanmar, Thailand China, India, Myanmar, Thailand

Lophura imperialis Syrmaticus reevesii Turnix worcesteri

Imperial Pheasant Reeves's Pheasant Worcester's Buttonquail
CR -'
Cl+2b VU -'
Alc,Cl-i-2a VU " Dl

Laos?, Viet Nam China, Czech Republic [int] Philippines

35
Threatened Species

Family PEDIONOMIDAE Atlantisia rogersi Gallirallus lafresnayanus

Inaccessible Rail New Caledonian Rail
Pedionomus torquatus VU -'
D2 CR 2'
C2a
Plains-wanderer St Helena (Tristan da Cunha) New Caledonia (ex?)
VU -'
B2c+3d
Coturnicops exquisitus Gallirallus okinawae
Australia
Swinhoe's Rail Okinawa Rail

Family GRUIDAE VU -'

Cl+2a EN -'
Bl+2c,C2b
China, Russia. * Japan, North Korea, Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Grus americana South Korea
Gallirallus sylvestris
Whooping Crane Howe
Crex crex Lord Rail
EN -'
Dl
Corncrake EN ='
Dl
Canada. * Mexico (ex), USA
VU -' Alac Australia
Grus carunculatus Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia?,
Gymnocrex rosenbergii
Wattled Crane Austria, Azerbaijan (ex?), Belaras,
Bald-faced Rail
VU -' A2cd, CI Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
VU " Cl+2a
Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Indonesia
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,
South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Habroptila wallacii
Zambia, Zimbabwe Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Invisible Rail
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Grus japonensis
VU " CI
Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Indonesia
Red-crowned Crane Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands,
VU -' Cl+2a Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Laterallus levraudi
*
China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia. Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Rusty-flanked Crake
North Korea, South Korea Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey?, VU ='
A1C-I-2C, Bl-H2c,Cl+2a
Ukraine, United Kingdom, Venezuela
Grus leucogeranus
Yugoslavia. * Algeria, Botswana,
Siberian Crane Laterallus tuerosi
Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iraq,
EN ='
A2cd Israel, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Juni'n Rail
China, Mongolia?, Russia. * Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, EN ^'
BH2c
Afghanistan, India, Iran, Pakistan Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Peru
Grus nigricollis Arabia, South Africa, Sudan,
Laterallus xenopterus
Black-necked Crane Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia,
Rufous-faced Crake
Turkmenistan, Uganda, United
VU -'
CI
Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zaire, VU -'
Alc+2c
China, India. * Bhutan, Myanmar, Brazil, Paraguay
Zambia, Zimbabwe
Viet Nam
Cyanolimnas cerverai Lewinia mirificus
Grus paradisea Brown-banded Rail
Zapata Rail
Blue Crane EN C2b
VU -' Alac+2c,Cl+2a CR -'
C2b
-'

Cuba Philippines
Botswana, Namibia, South Africa,
Swaziland Fulica alai Lewinia muelleri
Hawaiian Coot Auckland Islands Rail
Grus vipio VU D2
White-naped Crane
VU -'
D2
'-'

USA New Zealand

VU -' CI
China, Mongolia, Russia. * Japan, Fulica cornuta Nesoclopeus woodfordi
North Korea, South Korea Homed Coot Woodford's Rail
VU -'
C2a EN ^'
C2a
Family RALLIDAE Argentina, Bolivia, Chile Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Amaurornis olivieri Gallinula nesiotis Porphyria mantelli
Sakalava Rail Cough Moorhen Takahe
OR ^'
C2a VU D2
'-'
EN -'
Dl
Madagascar St Helena (Tristan da Cunha) New Zealand
Aramides wolfi Gallinula pacifica Porzana atra
Brown Wood-rail Samoan Moorhen Henderson Crake
VU " Ale CR " Dl VU ='
D2
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Western Samoa Pitcaim Islands

Aramidopsis plateni Gallinula silvestris Porzana spiloptera

Snoring Rail San Cristobal Moorhen Dot-winged Crake
VU -'
Cl+2a CR -'
C2b VU -'
A2c,Cl-H2a
Indonesia Solomon Islands Argentina, Umguay

36
 Birds

Rallina canningi Otis tarda Charadrius sanctaehelenae

Andaman Crake Great Bustard St Helena Plover
VU -'
CI VU -'
A2c EN -'
Cl-h2b
India Austria, China, Czech Republic, St Helena
Germany, Hungary, Iran,
Rallus antarcticus Charadrius thoracicus
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova,
Austral Rail Mongolia, Morocco, Portugal,
Madagascar Plover
CR " Dl Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, VU -'
Bl+2e,C2b
Argentina, Chile Syria?, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Madagascar
Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. *
Rallus semiplumbeus Thinomis novaeseelandiae
Afghanistan?, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria,
Bogota Rail Shore Plover
Iraq, Syria, Turkmenistan,
EN -'
B1+2C, C2a Yugoslavia
EN -'
Dl
Colombia, Ecuador? New Zealand (Chatham Is)

Rallus wetmorei Vanellus gregarius

Sociable Lapwing
Plain-flanked Rail Order CHARADRIIFORMES
EN ^' A2c,C2a VU -'
Mac, Cl+2a
Venezuela Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Kazakhstan, Russia. * Egypt, Eritrea,
Etliiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel,
Sarothrura ayresi Haematopus chathamensis Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi
White-winged Flufftail Chatham Islands Oystercatcher Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan,
EN -' Bl+2abc-H3abc EN -'
Dl Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Ethiopia (ex?). South Africa, New Zealand Yemen
Zambia, Zimbabwe
Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Family SCOLOPACroAE
Sarothrura watersi
Himantopus novaezelandiae
Slender-billed Hufftail Coenocorypha pusilla
Black Stilt
EN ^'
Bl-f2c,C2b
CR ='
Dl
Chatham Islands Snipe
Madagascar VU ='
D2
New Zealand *
New Zealand
Family HELIORNITHIDAE Family GLAREOLffiAE Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
Rhinoptilus bitorquatus Spoon-billed Sandpiper
Heliopais personata
Masked Finfoot Jerdon's Courser VU '-'
Cl+2b
VU ''
Cl+2a EN -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a Russia. * Bangladesh, China, Hong
Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia,
Bangladesh, Cambodia?, India, Laos, India
Myanmar, North Korea, Singapore,
Myanmar, Thailand?, Viet Nam. *
Cambodia?, Indonesia, Malaysia, Family CHARADRIIDAE South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan,
Thailand, Viet Nam
Thailand, Viet Nam Atiarhynchus frontalis
Wrybill Gallinago nemoricola
Family RHYNOCHETIDAE VU ^'
C2a Wood Snipe
New Zealand VU ='
C2a
Rhynochetos jubatus Bhutan, China, India, Nepal. *
Kagu Charadrius melodus Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar,
EN ^'
C2a Piping Plover Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam
New Caledonia VU -'
C2a
Canada, USA. * Bahamas, Barbados, Numenius borealis
Family OXromAE Bermuda, Cuba, Dominican Eskimo Curlew
Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, CR =' Dl
Ardeotis nigriceps Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British), Canada, USA?. * Argentina, Brazil,

Great Indian Bustard Virgin Islands (US) Chile, French Guiana, Guyana,
EN -'
C2b Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay
Charadrius montanus
India, Pakistan * Mountain Plover Numenius tahitiensis

Eupodotis bengalensis VU -'

Ale Bristle-thighed Curlew
Bengal Florican Canada (ex), USA. * Mexico VU -'
C2b
EN " C2a Charadrius obscurus USA. * American Samoa, Cook
Islands, Federated States of
Bhutan?, Cambodia?, India, Nepal, New Zealand Dotterel
Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia,
Viet Nam EN ^'
C2a
Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru,
New Zealand
Eupodotis indica New Zealand, Nine, Norfolk Island,
Lesser Florican Charadrius rubricollis Northern Marianas, Pitcaim Islands,
CR ^'
Ala Hooded Plover Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, US Minor
India, Nepal. * Bangladesh?, Nepal, VU " C2a Pacific Islands, USA (Hawaiian Is),

Pakistan Australia Western Samoa

37
Threatened Species

Numenius tenuirostris Sterna acuticauda Columba eversmanni

Slender-billed Curlew Black-bellied Tern Pale-backed Pigeon
CR -'
C2b VU -'
CI VU '-'
Ala
Russia. * Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan,
Italy, Morocco, Romania, Tunisia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Viet Nam Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. * India,
Pakistan
Prosobonia cancellata Sterna bernsteini
Tuamotu Sandpiper Chinese Crested-tern Columba inornata
Plain Pigeon
EN ^'
C2a CR " Dl
French Polynesia, Kiribati (ex) China?. * Indonesia, Malaysia, EN -'
C2a
Philippines, Thailand Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti,
Scolopax mira Jamaica, Puerto Rico
Amami Woodcock Sterna nereis
Columba junoniae
VU -'
A2e, Bl+2ce,Cl Fairy Tern
White-tailed Laurel Pigeon
Japan VU 2'
C2a
VU 2'
C2a
Australia, New Caledonia, New
Scolopax rochussenii Spain (Canary Is)
Zealand
Moluccan Woodcock Columba mayeri
VU ='
Dl+2 Sterna virgata
Pink Pigeon
Kerguelen Tern
Indonesia CR ' Dl
VU " A2e,Cl
Mauritius
Tringa guttifer France, French Southern and
Nordmann's Greenshank Antarctic Territories (Crozet Is, Columba oenops
EN ='
CI Kerguelen Is), South Africa Peruvian Pigeon
Russia. * Bangladesh, Cambodia?, VU -'
Bl+2bc,C2a
China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Family RHYNCHOPmAE Peru
Japan, Laos?, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Columba oliviae
North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, Rynchops albicollis
Somali Pigeon
South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indian Skimmer
Viet Nam VU " Cl+2a VU ='
C2a
Somalia
Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos,
Family LARTOAE Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Columba pallidiceps
Yellow-legged Pigeon
Chlidonias albostriatus ALCIDAE
Family CR -'
C2a
Black-fronted Tern
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
VU ='
C2a Synthliboramphus wumizusume (ex?)
New 21ealand Japanese Murrelet
VU " c\ Columba punicea
Lams atlanticus Pale-capped Pigeon
Japan. * North Korea, Russia, South
Olrog's Gull
Korea VU '-'
Cl+2a
VU A2cd, Cl+2b
-'
Bangladesh, China, India, Laos,
Argentina. * Brazil, Uruguay Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Larus fuliginosus Order COLUMBIFORMES Columba thomensis
Lava CjuII Maroon Pigeon
VU ^'
Dl Family COLUMBmAE VU -'
Dl
Ecuador Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome)
Ctaravis godefrida
Larus leucophthalmus Columba torringtoni
Purple-winged Ground-dove
Sri Lanka Wood-pigeon
White-eyed Gull CR -'
C2b
VU -' CI Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
VU -'
Bl-H2c,Cl+2a
Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Sri Lanka
Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen. * Columba argentina Columbina cyanopis
Kenya (ex) Silvery Wood-pigeon Blue-eyed Ground-dove
VU -'
Cl+2a CR 2' C2a
Larus saundersi Indonesia, Malaysia
Brazil
Saunders's Gull
EN ^'
A2cde Columba bollii Didunculus strigirostris
China. * Hong Kong, Japan, North Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon Tooth-billed Pigeon
Korea?, South Korea?, Taiwan, VU ' C2a VU -'
CI
Viet Nam Spain (Canary Is) Western Samoa
Rissa brevirostris Columba caribaea Drepanoptila holosericea
Red-legged Kittiwake Ring-tailed Pigeon Cloven-feathered Dove
VU '-'
Ala CR -'
A2cd VU ^'
C2b
Russia, USA Jamaica New Caledonia

38
 Birds

Ducula aurorae Gallicolumba kubaryi Ptilinopus arcanus

Polynesian Imperial-pigeon Caroline Islands Ground-dove Negros Fruit-dove
VU ^'
Dl+2 EN -' Bl+2e, C2a CR -'
Bl+2ce,C2b, Dl
French Polynesia Federated States of Micronesia Philippines

Ducula bakeri Gallicolumba menagei Ptilinopus chalcurus

Vanuatu Imperial-pigeon Sulu Bleeding-heart Makatea Fruit-dove
VU " C2a CR ' Bl+2ce,C2b VU -'
Dl+2
Vanuatu Philippines French Polynesia

Ducula brenchleyi Gallicolumba platenae Ptilinopus dohertyi

Chestnut-bellied Imperial-pigeon Mindoro Bleeding-heart Red-naped Fruit-dove
EN '-'
A2c CR Bl+2c,C2a
''
VU ='
Bl+2c,Cl
Solomon Islands Philippines Indonesia

Ducula carola Gallicolumba rubescens Ptilinopus granulifrons

Spotted Imperial-pigeon Marquesan Ground-dove Carunculated Fruit-dove
VU 2'
A2cd,Cl+2a EN ^'
Dl VU ' A2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2b

Philippines French Polynesia Indonesia

Ducula cineracea Gallicolumba salamonis Ptilinopus huttoni

Timor Imperial-pigeon Thick-billed Ground-dove Rapa Fruit-dove
VU -' Bl+2c,Cl+2a CR -'
C2a, Dl VU ^'
Dl+2
Indonesia Solomon Islands
French Polynesia
Ptilinopus insularis
Ducula galeata Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis
Henderson Fruit-dove
Marquesan Imperial-pigeon Santa Cruz Ground-dove
CR =' Bl+2e,C2b VU A2c,Cl
-'
VU ^'
D2
Pitcaim Islands
French Polynesia Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Ptilinopus marchei
Ducula goliath Geotrygon carrikeri
Flame-breasted Fruit-dove
New Caledonian Imperial-pigeon Veracruz Quail-dove
VU " C2b EN " A2c,Cl+2a
VU -'
A2cd, Bl+2ce,Cl+2a
Philippines
New Caledonia Mexico
Starnoenas cyanocephala
Ducula mindorensis Goura cristata
Blue-headed Quail-dove
Mindoro Imperial-pigeon Western Crowned-pigeon
EN ''
C2a
EN ^'
Bl+2c, C2a VU ' Alacd+2cd,Cl+2a Cuba
Philippines Indonesia
Treron psittacea
Ducula pickeringii Goura scheepmakeri Timor Green-pigeon
Grey Imperial-pigeon Southern Crowned-pigeon
VU ^' Alc,Cl+2a
VU -' Bl+2cde, Cl+2a VU ^'
Alacd+2cd Indonesia
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Turacoena modesta
Ducula whartoni Goura victoria Black Cuckoo-dove
Christmas Island Imperial-pigeon Victoria Crowned-pigeon VU =' Alc,Cl+2a
VU ='
D2 VU -'
Alacd+2cd,Cl+2a Indonesia
Christmas Island Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Gallicolumba criniger Leptotila conoveri
Order PSITTACIFORMES
Mindanao Bleeding-heart Tolima Dove
VU C2a
'-'
EN '•
C2a Family PSlTTACmAE
Philippines Colombia
Agapomis nigrigenis
Gallicolumba erythroptera Leptotila ochraceiventris Black-cheeked Lovebird
Polynesian Ground-dove Ochre-bellied Dove EN ='
C2b
CR -'
C2a VU -'
A 1 B 1 +2cd, C +2a
C-I-2C, 1 Botswana, Namibia?, Zambia,
French Polynesia Ecuador, Peru Zimbabwe (ex?)

Gallicolumba hoedtii Leptotila wellsi Amazona agilis

Wetar Ground-dove Grenada Dove Black-billed Amazon
VU ='
Cl+2a CR -'
A2ce, Bl+2ce,Cl+2b VU ^'
C2a
Indonesia Grenada Jamaica

Gallicolumba keayi Phapitreron cinereiceps Amazona arausiaca

Negros Bleeding-heart Dark-eared Brown-dove Red-necked Amazon
CR -' Bl-H2ce,C2a VU " A2cd,Cl VU ^'
Dl+2
Philippines Philippines Dominica

39
Threatened Species

Amazona barbadensis Ara glaucogularis Cacatiia sulphurea

Yellow-shouldered Amazon Blue-throated Macaw Yellow-crested Cockatoo
VU '-'
C2a EN -'
C2b EN -'
Alcd-H2cd
Aruba (ex?), Netherlands Antilles, Argentina?, Bolivia, Paraguay? Hong Kong [int], Indonesia,
Venezuela Singapore
Ara maracana
Amazona brasiliensis Blue-winged Macaw Calyptorhynchus baudinii
Red-tailed Amazon VU -'
Alac,Cl+2a White-tailed Black-cockatoo
EN -'
A2cd Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay VU ^'
C2a
Brazil Australia
Ara milUaris
Amazona guildingii Calyptorhynchus lathami
St Vincent Amazon
Military Macaw
Glossy Black-cockatoo
VU Dl+2
VU -'
Alc,C2a
='

Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia,

VU ='
C2a
St Vincent Australia
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras,
Amazona imperialis Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Calyptorhynchus latirostris
Imperial Amazon Venezuela Slender-billed Black-cockatoo
VU -'
Dl+2 VU ='
C2a
Dominica Ara rubrogenys
Red-fronted Macaw Australia
Amazona oratrix
Yellow-headed Amazon
EN -'
C2a Charmosyna amabilis
Bolivia Red-throated Lorikeet
EN -' Alacd VU ='
C2a, Dl
Belize, Guatemala?, Mexico, Puerto Aratinga auricapitla
Fiji
Rico [int] Golden-capped Parakeet
Amazona pretrei VU ^'
Alac, Cl-l-2a Charmosyna diadema
Red-spectacled Amazon Brazil New Caledonian Lorikeet
EN ='
A2cd, CI Aratinga brevipes
EN " Dl
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay?, New Caledonia (ex?)
Socorro Parakeet
Uruguay Charmosyna toxopei
VU -'
Dl
Amazona rhodocorytha Mexico Blue-fronted Lorikeet
Red-browed Amazon VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2b,Dl
Aratinga chloroptera
EN '-'
C2a Indonesia
Hispaniolan Parakeet
Brazil
VU ^'
C2a Cyanopsitta spixii
Amazona versicolor Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto
Spix's Macaw
St Lucia Amazon CR -'
Dl
Rico (ex)
VU ='
D1-H2 Brazil
St Lucia Aratinga euops
Cuban Parakeet Cyanoramphus cookii
Amazona vinacea Norfolk Island Parakeet
Vinaceous Amazon VU -'
Alcd, B1-H2C, Cl+2a
Cuba CR -'
Dl
EN -'
Alacd Norfolk Island
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Aratinga guarouba
Cyanoramphus unicolor
Amazona viridigenalis Golden Parakeet
Antipodes Parakeet
Green-cheeked Amazon EN -'
C2b
VU ^'
D2
EN ' Alacd Brazil
New Zealand
Mexico, Puerto Rico [int], USA [int]
Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons
Eos cyanogenia
Amazona vittata Rufous-fronted Parakeet
Black- winged Lory
Puerto Rican Amazon EN -'
C2a
CR -'
Dl
VU -'
Alcd, B1-H2C, CI
Colombia
Indonesia
Puerto Rico
Cacatua alba Eos histrio
Amazona xanthops White Cockatoo
Yellow-faced Amazon Red-and-blue Lory
VU -'
Ale
VU ^' A2cd EN =' Alcd+2cd, Bl-H2cde,Cl
Indonesia Indonesia
Bolivia, Brazil

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Cacattia haematiiropygia Eunymphicus cornutus

Hyacinth Macaw Philippine Cockatoo Homed Parakeet
VU -'
Alcd-i-2cd CR -'
Alcd VU " CI
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Philippines New Caledonia
Anodorhynchus leari Cacatua moluccensis Forpus xanthops
Lear's Macaw Salmon-crested Cockatoo Yellow-faced Parrotlet
CR -'
Dl VU -' Alcd+2cd,Bl-h2ce VU " Alad, Bl-H2ce,Cl+2a
Brazil Indonesia, Singapore [int] Peru

40
 Birds t
Geopsittacus occidentalis VU -'
B2c+3d, C2a Pyrrhura cruentata
Night Parrot Australia Blue-chested Parakeet
CR 2'
C2a Polytelis swainsonii
VU -'
Ale, Bl-l-2c,C2a
Australia Superb Parrot Brazil

Hapalopsittaca amazonina VU -'

C2b Pyrrhura orcesi
Rusty-faced Parrot Australia El Oro Parakeet
EN -'
CI Prioniturus luconensis VU -'
Bl+2c, C2a
Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela Green Racquet-tail Ecuador
Hapalopsittaca fuertesi EN -'
Alcd,C2a Pyrrhura viridicata
Fuertes's Parrot Philippines Santa Marta Parakeet
CR ='
Dl Prioniturus montanus VU ='
Cl+2b
Colombia Luzon Racquet-tail Colombia
Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops VU -' A2cd, Cl+2a Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
Red-faced Parrot Philippines
Thick-billed Parrot
EN -' A2c,Cl-h2a Prioniturus platenae EN -'
A2c, Cl-H2a
Ecuador, Peru Blue-headed Racquet-tail Mexico, USA [int]
Lathamus discolor VU ='
Cl+2a
Rhynchopsitta terrisi
Swift Parrot Phihppines
Maroon-fronted Parrot
VU -'
Bl+2c, C2b Prioniturus verticalis
VU -'
B1-I-2C, C2a
Australia Blue-winged Racquet-tail
Mexico
Leptosittaca branickii EN '-'
C2a
Golden-plumed Parakeet Philippines Tanygnathus gramineus
Black-lored Parrot
VU -'
Alc+2c, Cl+2a Prioniturus waterstradti
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Mindanao Racquet-tail
VU ='
D2
Indonesia
Loriculus catamene VU -'
C2a
Sangihe Hanging-parrot Philippines Tanygnathus lucionensis
EN -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2b Psephotus chrysopterygius Blue-naped Parrot
Indonesia Golden-shouldered Parrot EN ='
Alcd
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Loriculus flosculus EN -'
C2b
Wallace's Hanging-parrot Australia Touit melanonota
VU ^'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a Psittacula echo Brown-backed Parrotlet
Indonesia Mauritius Parakeet EN ''
C2a
Lorius domicella CR -'
Dl Brazil

Purple-naped Lory Mauritius Touit stictoptera

VU -' Bl+2e, CI Psittacula intermedia Spot-winged Parrotlet
Indonesia Intermediate Parakeet VU -'
C2a
Lorius garrulus VU ='
Dl Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Chattering Lory India?
Touit surda
VU 2'
A2cd Psittaculirostris salvadorii Golden-tailed Parrotlet
Indonesia Salvadori's Fig-parrot EN -'
C2a
Neophema chrysogaster VU '-'
A2cd Brazil
Orange-bellied Parrot Indonesia
Trichoglossus johnstoniae
EN " Dl Psitteuteles iris Mindanao Lorikeet
Australia * Lorikeet
Iris
VU -'
Cl-h2a
Neophema splendida VU -'
Cl-f2a Philippines
Scarlet-chested Parrot Indonesia
Triclaria malachitacea
VU -'
B2c-H3d Psittrichas fulgidus
Blue-bellied Parrot
Australia Pesquet's Parrot
VU -'
Ald+2cd
EN -'
C2a
Nestor meridionalis Argentina, Brazil
New Zealand Kaka Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
VU -'
C2a Pyrrhura albipectus Vini kuhlii
New Zealand White-necked Parakeet Kuhl's Lorikeet

Ognorhynchus icterotis VU -'

C2a EN -' BlH-2e,C2a
French Polynesia, Kiribati [int]
Yellow-eared Parrot Ecuador
CR -'
C2a Pyrrhura calliptera Vini peruviana
Colombia, Ecuador Flame-winged Parakeet Blue Lorikeet
Polytelis alexandrae VU -' Alc+2c,Cl+2a VU -'
Bl+2d,C2a
Colombia Cook Islands, French Polynesia
Alexandra's Parrot

41
Threatened Species

Vini stepheni Order STRIGIFORMES Ninox rudolfi

Henderson Lorikeet Sumba Boobook
VU •'
D2 Family TYTONIDAE VU -'
B1-H2C, CI
Pitcaim Islands Indonesia
Phodilus prigoginei Ninox strenua
Vini ultramarina Congo Bay-owl Powerful Owl
Ultramarine Lorikeet VU -'
Bl-H2ac,C2a
EN -'
Bl+2bd
VU ='
C2b
Burundi?, Zaire Australia
French Polynesia
Tyto aurantiu Otus angelinae
Bismarck Masked-owl Javan Scops-owl
Order CUCULIFORMES VU -'
C2b VU -'
Dl+2
Papua New Guinea Indonesia
Family MUSOPHAGIDAE Tyto manusi Otus capnodes
Manus Masked-owl Anjouan Scops-owl
Tauraco bannermani CR C2a
'-'

Bannerman's Turaco
VU '-'
Dl
Papua New Guinea Comoros
VU ^'
Ale, Bl+2b, C2b
Otus fuliginosus
Cameroon Tyto nigrobrunnea
Palawan Scops-owl
Taliabu Masked-owl
Tauraco nispolii VU =' Alc+2c, Cl-h2a
Prince Ruspoli's Turaco
VU ='
C2b, Dl
Philippines
Indonesia
EN 2'
C2a Otus insularis
Ethiopia Tyto soumagnei Seychelles Scops-owl
Madagascar Red Owl CR -'
C2b
Family CUCULIDAE EN " C2a Seychelles
Madagascar (ex?)
Carpococcyx radiceus Otus ireneae
Sunda Ground-cuckoo Sokoke Scops-owl
VU -'
C2a Family STRIGIDAE VU ='
D2
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Kenya, Tanzania?

Athene blewitti Otus longicornis

Centropus chlororhynchus
Forest Owlet Luzon Scops-owl
Green-billed Coucal
EN -'
B1-I-2C CR ^' Dl VU ='
C2a
India (ex?) Philippines
Sri Lanka
Otus mindorensis
Centropus nigrorufus Bubo philippensis
Mindoro Scops-owl
Sunda Coucal Philippine Eagle-owl
EN VU -'
Ale, B1-I-2C, Cl-H2a
VU -'
Alc,Cl+2a
-'
C2a.
Philippines
Indonesia Philippines
Otus minis
Centropus steerii Bubo vosseleri Mindanao Scops-owl
Black-hooded Coucal Usambara Eagle-owl VU ='
B1-I-2C, Cl-H2a
OR -'
Alc,CI+2a,Dl VU -' Bl+2ac,C2b Philippines
Philippines Tanzania
Otus pauliani
Coccyzus ferrugineus Glaucidium albertinum Grand Comoro Scops-owl
Cocos Cuckoo Albertine Owlet CR -'
Bl-H2abc, C2b
VU ''
D2 VU -' Bl+2acd Comoros
Costa Rica Rwanda, Zaire Otus sagittatus
White-fronted Scops-owl
Hyetornis rufigularis Ketupa blakistoni
Rufous-breasted Cuckoo Blakiston's Fish-owl VU ^'
A1C-I-2C, Cl-^2a
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
VU -' Alacd, Cl-H2a EN -'
Cl+2a
Thailand
Dominican Republic, Haiti China, Japan, Russia
Scotopelia ussheri
Neomorphus radiolosus Mimizuku gurneyi Rufous Fishing-owl
Banded Ground-cuckoo Lesser Eagle-owl EN -'
C2a
EN '' C2a EN " C2a Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea,
Colombia, Ecuador Philippines Liberia, Sierra Leone
Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus Nesasio solomonensis Strix davidi
Red-faced Malkoha Fearful Owl Sichuan Wood-owl
VU -' Alc,Cl+2a VU -'
C2a VU '-'
Cl-H2a
Sri Lanka Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands China

42
 Birds

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Collocalia whiteheadi Eriocnemis nigrivestis

Whitehead's Swiftlet Black-breasted Puffleg
Family AEGOTHELIDAE VU -'
BI+2c,C2a CR -'
A2c, Bl+2c
Aegotheles savesi
Philippines Ecuador
New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar Cypseloides lemosi Eulidia yarrellii
EN -'
Dl White-chested Swift Chilean Woodstar
New Caledonia VU ='
C2b VU ^'
BI+2c,C2b
Colombia, Ecuador? Chile, Peru
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
Schoutedenapus schoutedeni Eupherusa cyanophrys
Caprimulgus candicans Schouteden's Swift Oaxaca Hummingbird
White-winged Nightjar VU ='
Bl+2ac,C2b EN ' A2c, Bl+2c
CR ^'
C2b Zaire Mexico
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay?
Family TROCHILmAE Eupherusa poliocerca
Caprimulgus centralasicus White-tailed Hummingbird
Vaurie's Nightjar Acestrura berlepschi
Esmeraldas Woodstar EN A2c
-'

VU ^'
Dl Mexico
China EN -'
C2b
Ecuador Heliangelus regalis
Caprimulgus noctitherus Royal Sunangel
Puerto Rican Nightjar
Acestrura bombus
Little Woodstar VU '' A2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a
CR -'
Bl+2c Peru
Puerto Rico
EN -'
C2b
Ecuador, Peru Heliangelus zusii
Caprimulgus prigoginei
Aglaeactis aliciae Bogota Sunangel
Itombwe Nightjar
Purple-backed Sunbeam CR -'
Dl
VU -' BI+2ac
Zaire
VU '-'
D2 Colombia
Peru Hylonympha macrocerca
Eurostopodus diabolicus
Amazilia boucardi Scissor-tailed Hummingbird
Satanic Eared-nightjar
VU ^'
Dl
Mangrove Hummingbird CR -'
BI+2c
Indonesia
VU ^' Bl+2c,C2b Venezuela
Costa Rica
Lepidopyga lilliae
Siphonorhis americanus
Amazilia castaneiventris Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird
Jamaican Pauraque
Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird CR -'
C2b, Dl
CR ^'
Dl
EN ''
Ale Colombia
Jamaica
Colombia
Loddigesia mirabilis
Amazilia distans Marvellous Spatuletail
Order APODIFORMES Tachira Emerald VU -'
Bl+2c,C2b
APODmAE EN '-'
A2c Peru
Family
Venezuela
Lophomis brachylopha
Apus acuticauda Amazilia luciae Short-crested Coquette
Dark-rumped Swift Honduran Emerald
VU D2
EN ^'
A2c, B1+2C
2'
CR -'
A2c Mexico
India Honduras
Metallura baroni
Collocalia elaphra Campylopterus ensipennis
Violet-throated Metaltail
Seychelles Swiftlet White-tailed Sabrewing
VU ='
Dl VU -'
A2c
VU -'
Bl+2c,C2a
Ecuador
Seychelles Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Collocalia leucophaeus Coeligena prunellei
Ramphodon dohrnii
Hook-billed Hermit
Tahiti Swiftlet Black Inca
VU ='
Dl VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a CR -'
C2a
Brazil
French Polynesia Colombia
Collocalia sawtelli Eriocnemis godini Selasphorus ardens
Atiu Swiftlet Turquoise-throated Puffleg Glow-throated Hummingbird
VU 2'
Dl+2 CR ^'
Bl+2c,C2b, Dl VU ^'
Dl+2
Cook Islands Colombia, Ecuador Panama

Collocalia vulcanorum Eriocnemis mirabilis Sephanoides fernandensis

Volcano Swiftlet Colourful Puffleg Juan Fernandez Firecrown
VU '-'
Dl+2 VU -'
Dl+2 CR -' Bl+2c
Indonesia Colombia Chile (Juan Fernandez Is)

43
Threatened Species

Taphrolesbia griseiventris Todirhamphus lazuli Aceros waldeni

Grey-bellied Comet Lazuli Kingfisher Writhed-billed Hombill
VU -'
Dl+2 VU -'
BI+2c,Cl+2a CR -'
A1c-h2c, Bl-H2ce,Cl
Peru Indonesia Philippines

Thalurania ridgwayi Todirhamphus ruficollaris Anthracoceros montani

Mexican Woodnymph Mangaia Kingfisher Sulu Hombill
VU ^' B1+2C VU ^'
Dl-i-2 CR -' Alcd, CI
Mexico Cook Islands Philippines

Todirhamphus winchelli Penelopides mindorensis

Order TROGONIFORMES Rufous-lored Kingfisher Mindoro Hombill
EN ='
Alc+2c EN '' Alc,Bl+2c,Cl+2a
Family TROGO^aDAE
Philippines Philippines
Euptilotis neoxenus Penelopides panini
Eared Quetzal
Family CORACIIDAE
Visayan Hombill
EN -'
C2b Atelornis crossleyi CR -'
Alcd-^2cd, Bl-H2ce,Cl-(-2a
Mexico, USA Rufous-headed Ground-roller Philippines
Harpactes wardi VU '-'
C2a
Ward's Trogon Madagascar
Order PICIFGRMES
VU ' Cl+2a Brachypteracias leptosomus
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Short-legged Ground-roller Family GALBULTOAE
Viet Nam VU -' A2c, Cl-i-2a Galbula pastazae
Madagascar
Coppery-chested Jacamar
Order CORACIIFORMES Brachypteracias squamigera VU " C2a
Scaly Ground-roller Brazil?, Colombia, Ecuador
Family ALCEDINIDAE
VU -'
A2c,Cl+2a
Jacamaralcyon tridactyla
Actenoides bougainvillei Madagascar
Three-toed Jacamar
Moustached Kingfisher Vratelomis chimaera
VU -'
C2a
EN -' C2a
Long-tailed Ground-roller Brazil
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
VU -'
Bl+2ce,C2b
Actenoides hombroni Madagascar Family CAPITONIDAE
Blue-capped Kingfisher
Family BUCEROTIDAE Capito hypoleucus
VU =' A2c, Bl-H2c,Cl+2a White-mantled Barbet
Philippines Aceros corrugatus EN '-'
Cla.
Alcedo argentata Wrinkled Hombill Colombia
Silvery Kingfisher VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl-i-2a
Capito quinticolor
EN 2'
C2a Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Five-coloured Barbet
Philippines Thailand
VU -'
Alc-i-2c,Cl-H2a
Alcedo hercules Aceros everetti
Colombia
Blyth's Kingfisher Sumba Hombill
Pogoniulus makawai
VU ^'
Alc+2c,Cl-F2a VU -'
Bl-i-2c,Cl
White-chested Tinkerbird
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia
Laos, Myanmar, Nepal?, Thailand,
VU ^'
Dl
Aceros leucocephalus Zambia
Viet Nam Writhed Hombill
Ceyx melanurus EN -'
Alcd Family INDICATORroAE
Philippine Kingfisher Philippines
Melignomon eisentrauti
VU -'
Alc-i-2c,Cl-H2a
Aceros narcondami Yellow-footed Honeyguide
Philippines Narcondam Hombill VU -'
A2c
Todirhamphus farquhari VU ^'
Dl-h2 Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire?, Ghana,
Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher India (Andaman & Nicobar Is) Guinea?, Liberia, Sierra Leone
VU -'
A2c,Cl+2a Aceros nipalensis
Vanuatu Family PICffiAE
Rufous-necked Hombill
Todirhamphus gambieri VU "Alcd, Cl-H2a Campephilus imperialis
Tuamotu Kingfisher Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Imperial Woodpecker
VU Dl+2
='
Laos, Myanmar, Nepal (ex?), CR =' Dl
French Polynesia Thailand, Viet Nam Mexico
Todirhamphus godeffroyi Aceros subruficollis Colaptes fernandinae
Marquesan Kingfisher Plain-pouched Hombill Cuban Flicker
EN ='
Bl-i-2e VU -'
Cl-H2a EN -'
Cla
French Polynesia India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand Cuba

44
 Birds k
Dryocopus galeatus Asthenes hetenira Synallaxis infuscata
Helmeted Woodpecker Maquis Canastero Plain Spinetail
EN -' C2a VU -'
Alc,Cl+2a EN ='
Bl+2c,Cl
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Bolivia Brazil

Picoides borealis Asthenes huancavelicae Synallaxis kollari

Red-cockaded Woodpecker Pale-tailed Canastero Hoary-throated Spinetail
VU =' Alc+2c, Bl+2bcd, CI+2a VU '-'
CI VU " D2
USA Peru Brazil, Guyana
Picumnus fulvescens Asthenes luizae Synallaxis tithys
Tawny Piculet Cipo Canastero Blackish-headed Spinetail
VU B1+2C
'-'
EN -'
Cl+2b VU -'
A 1 c+2c, B 1 +2c, C 1 +2a
Brazil Brazil Ecuador, Peru

Picumnus limae Synallaxis zimmeri

Asthenes steinbachi
Russet-bellied Spinetail
Ochraceous Piculet Chestnut Canastero
VU ^'
Bl+2c VU -'
Alc,C2a EN -'
Bl+2c, C2b
Brazil Argentina Peru
Syndactyla ruflcollis
Picus rabieri Cinclodes aricomae
Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner
Red-collared Woodpecker Royal Cinclodes
VU '-'
Ale CR -'
C2a
VU ' Alc+2c, Cl+2a
Ecuador, Peru
China, Laos, Viet Nam Bolivia, Peru
Thripophaga cherriei
Sapheopipo noguchii Cinclodes palliatus
Orinoco Softtail
Okinawa Woodpecker White-bellied Cinclodes
VU ='
D2
CR -' Bl+2c, C2b VU ='
Dl Venezuela
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Peru
Thripophaga macroura
Hylocryptus erythrocephalus Striated Softtail
Order PASSERIFORMES Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner VU ='
Cl+2a
VU -' Alc+2c, Cl+2a Brazil
Family EURVLAIMIDAE Ecuador, Peru
Family FORMICARiroAE
Leptasthenura xenothorax
Eurylaimus steerii
White-browed Tit-spinetail Biatas nigropectus
Wattled Broadbill
VU -'
Alc+2c,CI+2a
CR -'
C2a White-bearded Antshrike

Philippines
Peru VU ='
C2a
Argentina, Brazil
Pseudocalyptomena graueri Megaxenops pamaguae
Great Xenops Cercomacra carbonaria
African Green Broadbill Rio Branco Antbird
VU -' Bl+2ac VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a
Brazil
VU -'
D2
Uganda, Zaire Brazil, Guyana
Philydor novaesi
Family DENDRGCOLAPTTOAE Alagoas Foliage-gleaner
Clytoctantes alixii
Recurve-billed Bushbird
CR ='
Bl+2c
Xiphocolaptes falcirostris
Brazil
EN " Cl+2a
Moustached Woodcreeper Colombia, Venezuela
VU =' Bl+2c,C2a Premnoplex tatei
Dysithamnus occidentalis
Brazil White-throated Barbtail
Bicoloured Antvireo
EN -'
Bl+2c,C2a
VU ='
Cl+2a
Family FURNARIIDAE Venezuela
Colombia, Ecuador
Aphrastura masafuerae Simoxenops striatus Dysithamnus plumbeus
Mas Afuera Rayadito Bolivian Recurvebill Plumbeous Antvireo
VU '-'
Dl+2 VU -'
A2c,Bl-H2bc, Cl+2a VU ='
A 1 c+2c, B 1 +2c, C +2a
1

Chile (Juan Fernandez Is) Bolivia Brazil

Asthenes anthoides Synallaxis courseni Formicarius rufifrons
Austral Canastero Apuri'mac Spinetail Rufous-fronted Antthrush
VU = C2a VU " Dl+2 VU -'
A2c,Cl+2b
Argentina, Chile Peru Peru

Asthenes berlepschi Synallaxis hellmayri Formicivora erythronotos

Berlepsch's Canastero Red-shouldered Spinetail Black-hooded Antwren
VU ^'
Dl+2 VU ='
C2a CR -' A2c,Cl+2a, DI
Bolivia Brazil Brazil

45
Threatened Species

Formicivora iheringi Myrmotherula fluminertsis Family COTINGroAE

Narrow-billed Antwren Rio de Janeiro Antwren Calyptura cristata
VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a VU -' A1C-I-2C, B1-H2C, Cl+2a Kinglet Calyptura
Brazil
Brazil CR -' C2a, Dl
Formicivora littoralis Myrmotherula grisea Brazil

Restinga Antwren Ashy Antwren Carpodectes antoniae

EN =' A2c, Bl+2bc,Cl+2a VU -'
Alc-l-2c,Cl+2a Yellow-billed Cotinga
Brazil Bolivia VU =' Alc-H2c,Cl+2a
Myrmotherula minor Costa Rica, Panama
Grallaria alleni
Salvadori's Antwren Carpomis melanocephalus
Moustached Antpitta
EN -'
Bl+2c,C2a
VU -' Bl+2c,C2a Black-headed Berryeater
Colombia
Brazil VU '-'
Cl+2a
Myrmotherula snowi Brazil
Grallaria chthonia
Alagoas Antwren Cephalopterus glabricollis
Tachira Antpitta
CR -'
B1-H2C Bare-necked Umbrellabird
VU -'
Dl+2
Venezuela
Brazil VU -' Alc+2c,Cl-H2a
Myrmotherula unicolor Costa Rica, Panama
Grallaria gigantea Unicoloured Antwren Cephalopterus penduliger
Giant Antpitta
VU =' Bl+2c, C2a Long-wattled Umbrellabird
VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a Brazil VU ='
C2a
Colombia, Ecuador
Myrmotherula urosticta Colombia, Ecuador
Grallaria kaestneri Band-tailed Antwren Cotinga maculata
Cundinamarca Antpitta VU -' Bl+2c,C2a Banded Cotinga
VU ='
D2 Brazil EN 2'
Bl+2c,Cl
Colombia Brazil
Pyriglena atra
Grallaria milleri Fringe-backed Fire-eye Cotinga ridgwayi
Brown-banded Antpitta EN -' A1c-h2c, Bl+2c,Cl-^2b Turquoise Cotinga
EN -'
B1+2C Brazil VU " C2b
Colombia Rhopornis ardesiaca Costa Rica, Panama
Grallaria rufocinerea Slender Antbird Doliornis remseni
Bicoloured Antpitta EN -' A2c, Bl-h2c Chestnut-bellied Cotinga
EN ='
C2a Brazil VU ='
A 1 c+2c, B 1 +2c, C +2a
1

Colombia Terenura sharpei Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Grallaricula cucullata Yellow-rumped Antwren lodopleura pipra

Hooded Antpitta VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a Buff-throated Purpletuft
VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a Bolivia, Peru VU ='
Alc+2c,Cl+2a
Colombia, Venezuela Brazil
Terenura sicki
Orange-bellied Antwren Laniisoma elegans
Herpsilochmus parkeri
Ash-throated Antwren VU -'
Alc-H2c,Bl+2c,Cl-f2a Shrike-like Cotinga

VU ='
D2 Brazil VU -'
A1C-I-2C, Cl-i-2a
Brazil
Peru Xenornis setifrons
Speckled Antshrike Lipaugus lanioides
Herpsilochmus pectoralis
Pectoral Antwren
VU C2a
=' Cinnamon-vented Piha
Colombia, Panama VU -' A1C-I-2C, Cl+2a
VU -' A2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a Brazil
Brazil Family RHINOCRYPTIDAE
Procnias tricarunculata
Myrmeciza griseiceps Merulaxis stresemanni Three-wattled Bellbird
Grey-headed Antbird Stresemann's Bristlefront VU -'
A1c-h2c
EN -'
A2c CR -'
C2a Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Ecuador, Peru Brazil Panama
Myrmeciza ruficauda Scytalopus novacapitalis Tijuca condita
Scalloped Antbird Brasilia Tapaculo Grey-winged Cotinga
VU -'
Alc+2c, Bl-H2c,Cl+2a VU -'
Alc+2c VU -'
Dl+2
Brazil Brazil Brazil

Myrmoborus melanurus Scytalopus psychopompus Xipholena atropurpurea

Black-tailed Antbird Bahia Tapaculo White-winged Cotinga
VU 2'
C2b EN -' Bl+2c,Cl-i-2a VU =' Alc+2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a
Peru Brazil Brazil

46
 Birds

Zaratornis stresemanni Myiotheretes pemix Family PITTIDAE

White-cheeked Cotinga Santa Marta Bush-tyrant
Pitta anerythra
VU ' B1+2C, C2a VU ='
C2b
Black-faced Pitta
Peru Colombia
VU '-'
C2a
Family PIPRIDAE Nesotriccus ridgwayi Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Cocos Flycatcher
Pipra vilasboasi gumeyi
Pitta
VU -'
D2
Gumey's Pitta
Golden-crowned Manakin Costa Rica
VU " C2b CR -'
Ale, Bl+2c,Cl
Brazil Onychorhynchus occidentalis Myanmar (ex?), Thailand
Pacific Royal Flycatcher
Piprites pileatus Pitta kochi
Black-capped Manakin
VU '-'
C2a Whiskered Pitta
Ecuador, Peru VU
VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a -'
Bl-H2ce,Cl-i-2a
Argentina, Brazil Onychorhynchus swainsoni Philippines
Atlantic Royal Flycatcher Pitta nympha
Family TYRANNIDAE EN ='
C2a Fairy Pitta
Agriornis andicola Brazil VU ^'
Cl-h2a
White-tailed Shrike-tyrant China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan.
Phylloscartes ceciliae
VU ^'
Ala, C2a
Alagoas Tyrannulet
* Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,

Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Viet Nam

Peru
EN -'
Bl-t-2c,Cl
Brazil Pitta schneideri
Alectrurus risora Schneider's Pitta
Strange-tailed Tyrant Phylloscartes kronei VU ='
Cl-H2a
Restinga Tyrannulet
VU ''
AIac+2c, Cl-H2a Indonesia
Argentina, Brazil (ex?), Paraguay, VU ' A1c-h2c, Cl-H2a
Pitta steerii
Uruguay (ex?) Brazil
Azure-breasted Pitta
Anairetes alpinus Phylloscartes lanyoni VU ^'
Alc-H2c,Cl+2a
Ash-breasted Tit-tyrant Antioquia Bristle-tyrant Philippines
EN -'
Bl+2c,C2a EN Alc+2c
''

Pitta superba
Bolivia, Peru Colombia
Superb Pitta
Attila torridus Phylloscartes paulistus VU -'
Dl
Ochraceous Attila Sao Paulo Tyrannulet Papua New Guinea
VU -'
A1c-h2c, Bl-f2c,Cl+2a VU ^'
Alc-i-2c,Cl+2a
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Argentina?, Brazil, Paraguay
Family PHILEPITTIDAE
Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Phylloscartes roquettei Neodrepanis hypoxanthus
Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant Yellow-bellied Asity
Minas Gerais Tyrannulet
VU ^'
Alc+2c
EN -'
Bl+2c EN ='
C2a
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Suriname Madagascar
Brazil
Hemitriccus furcatus
Fork-tailed Pygmy-tyrant
Platyrinchus leucoryphus Family ATRICHORNITHmAE
Russet-winged Spadebill
VU ^'
C2a Atrichomis clamosus
Brazil
VU ' A1c-h2c, Bl-H2c,CU2a
Noisy Scrub-bird
Argentina?, Brazil, Paraguay
Hemitriccus kaempferi VU ='
D1-H2
Kaempfer's Tody-tyrant Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus Australia

EN ^' CI Dinelli's Doradito

Atrichomis rufescens
Brazil VU ^'
Cl-i-2a
Rufous Scrub-bird
Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
Hemitriccus mirandae VU ^' Bl-H2c,C2a
Buff-breasted Tody-tyrant Tyrannus cubensis Australia

VU ^'
Alc+2c, B1-h2c,C1 Giant Kingbird
Family ALAUDBOAE
Brazil EN C2a
^'

Heteroxolmis dominicana Bahamas (ex), Cuba, Turks and Alauda razae

Caicos Islands Raso Lark
Black-and-white Monjita
VU -'
Alc+2c EN =' Dl
Family PHYTOTOMIDAE Cape Verde
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

Lathrotriccus griseipectus Phytotoma raimondii Certhilauda hurra

Grey-breasted Flycatcher Peruvian Plantcutter Red Lark
VU -'
Alc-h2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a CR ^'
A2c VU ^'
Bl+2c,C2b
Ecuador, Peru Peru Namibia, South Africa

47
 Threatened Species

Heteromirafra archeri Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Phyllastrephus apperti

Archer's Lark Appert's Greenbul
Campephaga lobata
EN -' Bl+2ac, C2a Western Wattled Cuckoo-shrike
VU 21
Bl+2abcd, Cl+2a, Dl
Somalia Madagascar
VU -I
Alc+2c
Heteromirafra ruddi Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Phyllastrephus cinereiceps
Rudd's Lark Liberia, Sierra Leone Grey-crowned Greenbul
CR -'
A2c Coracina fortis VU 2'
Bl-h2c,C2a
Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Madagascar
Buru Cuckoo-shrike
Heteromirafra sidamoensis VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2b Phyllastrephus leucolepis
Sidamo Lark Indonesia Liberian Greenbul
EN -' Bl+2ac, C2b Coracina mcgregori CR 21
A2c, Cl+2b
Ethiopia Liberia
McGregor's Cuckoo-shrike
Mirafra ashi VU 21
Bl+2c,Cl+2a Phyllastrephus tenebrosus
Ash's Lark Philippines Dusky Greenbul
EN -'
Bl+2ac,C2b Coracina mindanensis EN 21
C2a
Somalia Black-bibbed Cicadabird Madagascar
Mirafra degodiensis VU 2>
Cl+2a Pycnonotus tympanistrigus
Degodi Lark Philippines Spot-necked Bulbul
VU 2'
Dl+2 Coracina newtoni VU 21
Cl+2a
Ethiopia Reunion Cuckoo-shrike Indonesia
Spizocorys fringillaris EN 21 Dl Pycnonotus zeylanicus
Botha's Lark Reunion Straw-headed Bulbul
VU -'
A2c, Cl+2b Coracina ostenta VU 21
Alcd
South Africa White-winged Cuckoo-shrike Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
VU -' A2c, Bl+2c Myanmar, Thailand
Family HIRUNDINIDAE
Philippines
Family IRENIDAE
Hirundo atrocaerulea Coracina typica
Blue Swallow Mauritius Cuckoo-shrike Chloropsis flavipennis
VU -' Alc+2c, Cl+2a VU -' Dl Philippine Leafbird
Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Mauritius
EN 21
ci
Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Philippines
Zimbabwe. * Kenya, Uganda, Zaire Family PYCNONOTIDAE
Family LANIIDAE
Hirundo megaensis Bleda eximia
White-tailed Swallow Green-tailed Bristlebill Laniarius amboimensis
VU 21 Bl+2abc,C2b VU 2'
Alc+2c Gabela Bush-shrike
Ethiopia Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, EN 21 Bl+2c, CI
Hirundo perdita Liberia, Sierra Leone Angola
Red Sea Swallow Chlorocichla prigoginei Laniarius brauni
VU ='
Dl Prigogine's Greenbul Orange-breasted Bush-shrike
Sudan? VU 21
Bl+2abcde,C2a EN 21
Bl+2c
Pseudochelidon sirintarae Zaire Angola
White-eyed River-martin Criniger olivaceus Laniarius liberatus
CR '-'
Dl Yellow-throated Olive Greenbul Bulo Burti Bush-shrike
Thailand VU 21
Alc+2c CR 21
Dl
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Somalia
Family MOTACILLroAE Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone Lanius newtoni
Anthus chloris Hypsipetes nicobariensis Sao Tome Fiscal Shrike
Yellow-breasted Pipit Nicobar Bulbul CR 21 Dl
VU 2'
B1+2C VU 21
Ale, Bl+2e,Cl+2a Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tom6
Lesotho, South Africa India (ex?))

Anthus nattereri Hypsipetes olivaceus Malaconotus alius

Ochre-breasted Pipit Mauritius Bulbul Uluguru Bush-shrike
EN -'
C2a VU 2'
Dl CR 21
C2b
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Mauritius Tanzania
Anthus sokokensis Ixos siquijorensis Malaconotus gladiator
Sokoke Pipit Streak-breasted Bulbul Green-breasted Bush-shrike
VU -' Bl+2abc,C2a EN 21
B1+2C VU 2'
C2a
Kenya, Tanzania (ex?) Philippines Cameroon, Nigeria?

48
 1

Birds

Malaconotus monteiri Thryothorus nicefori Acrocephalus rehsei

Monteiro's Bush-shrike Niceforo's Wren Nauru Reed-warbler
EN -'
C2a CR -'
Bl+2c VU " D2
Angola, Cameroon (ex?), Kenya Colombia Nauru
Prionops alberti Troglodytes cobbi Acrocephalus sorghophilus
Yellow-crested Helmet-shrike Cobb's Wren Streaked Reed-warbler
VU -'
Cl+2a VU ='
D2 VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl+2a
Zaire Falkland Islands China. * Philippines

Prionops gabela Troglodytes tanneri Acrocephalus vaughani

Gabela Helmet-shrike Clarion Wren Pitcaim Reed-warbler
EN ^'
Bl+2bcd,C2a VU ='
Dl+2 VU ='
D2
Angola Mexico French Polynesia, Pitcaim Islands

Prionops poliolophus Family MIMIDAE Alcippe variegaticeps

Grey-crested Helmet-shrike Gold-fronted Fulvetta
VU -'
C2b Mimodes graysoni VU -' Bl+2c, Cl+2a
Socorro Mockingbird
Kenya, Tanzania China
EN -'
Bl+2e,C2b
Telophorus kupeensis Mexico Alethe choloensis
Mount Kupe Bush-shrike Thyolo Alethe
CR -' Dl Nesomimus trifasciatus
VU '-'
Bl+2c
Floreana Mockingbird
Cameroon Malawi, Mozambique
EN " Dl
Family VANGIDAE Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Amaurocichla bocagii
Sao Tome Short-tail
Oriolia bemieri Rampkocinclus brachyurus VU -' Dl
Bemier's Vanga White-breasted Thrasher
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome)
VU ^'
C2a EN -'
Bl+2e,Cl+2a, Dl
Martinique, St Lucia Amytornis dorotheae
Madagascar
Carpentarian Grasswren
Xenopirostris damii Family MUSCICAPmAE VU -'
Bl+2c,C2a
Van Dam's Vanga Australia
Acanthiza iredalei
VU ' D2 Amytornis
Slender-billed Thombill textilis
Madagascar
VU " C2a Thick-billed Grasswren
Xenopirostris polleni Australia VU ='
C2a
Pollen's Vanga Australia
Acrocephalus brevipennis
VU '-'
C2a
Cape Verde Warbler Apalis argentea
Madagascar
VU -'
A 1 ac, B 1 +2bc, C2b, D Kungwe Apalis
Family CINCLroAE Cape Verde VU "'
Bl+2ace
Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zaire
Cinclus schulzi Acrocephalus caffer
Rufous-throated Dipper Tahiti Reed-warbler Apalis bamendae
VU ^'
C2a VU " Dl Bamenda Apalis
Argentina, Bolivia French Polynesia VU -'
Bl+2acd
Acrocephalus familiaris Cameroon
Family TROGLODYTmAE Millerbird Apalis chariessa
Cistothorus apolinari VU '-'
Dl+2 White- winged Apalis
Apolinar's Wren USA (Hawaiian Is) VU -'
Bl+2bc
EN -'
Cl+2a Acrocephalus luscinia Kenya (ex?), Malawi, Mozambique,
Colombia Tanzania
Nightingale Reed-warbler
Ferminia cerverai VU -'
A2e, Bl+2cde,Cl Apalis fuscigularis
Zapata Wren Guam (ex), Northem Marianas Taita Apalis
CR -'
C2b Acrocephalus paludicola CR -'
Bl+2bc
Cuba Aquatic Warbler Kenya

Hylorchilus navai VU ^'

A2c Apalis karamojae
Nava's Wren Austria, Belarus, Germany, Hungary, Karamoja Apalis
VU ^'
A 1 c+2c, B 1 +2c, CI +2a Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, VU -' A2c, BH-2C
Russia, Ukraine. * Belgium, Tanzania, Uganda
Mexico
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France,
Hylorchilus sumichrasti Iran, Italy, Latvia, Mali, Mauritania,
Apalis lynesi
Sumichrast's Wren Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Namuli Apalis
VU ='
Alc+2c,Bl-H2c,Cl+2a Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, United VU -'
D2
Mexico Kingdom Mozambique

49
Threatened Species

Aphelocephala pectoralis Copsychus cebuensis Ficedula crypta

Chestnut-breasted Whiteface Black Shama Cryptic Flycatcher
VU -'
C2a EN -'
C2a VU ='
A2c,Bl-i-2c, Cl+2a
Australia Philippines Philippines

Arcanator orostruthus Copsychus sechellarum Ficedula disposita

Dappled Mountain-robin Seychelles Magpie-robin Furtive Flycatcher
VU -' Bl+2bc CR 2'
Dl EN -'
C2a
Mozambique, Tanzania Seychelles Philippines
Bathmocercus cerviniventris Ficedula henrici
Cossypha heinrichi
Black-capped Rufous Warbler Damar Flycatcher
White-headed Robin-chat
VU -' C2a VU -'
Bl-i-2ac VU -'
D2
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Indonesia
Angola, Zaire
Liberia, Sierra Leone
Crocias langbianis Ficedula platenae
Bebrornis rodericanus
Grey-crowned Crocias Palawan Flycatcher
Rodrigues Warbler
CR ='
DI CR -' B1+2C EN -'
C2a
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Viet Nam Philippines

Bebrornis sechellensis Crossleyia xanthophrys Ficedula subrubra

Seychelles Warbler Madagascar Yellowbrow Kashmir Flycatcher
VU ='
Dl+2 VU ^'
C2a VU -'
B1-I-2C

Madagascar India, Pakistan. * India, Nepal, Sri

Seychelles
Lanka
Brachypteryx hyperythra Cyornis ruckii
Rusty-bellied Shortwing Garrulax bieti
Rueck's Blue-flycatcher
VU White-speckled Laughingthrush
='
Cl+2a VU " Cl.DI
China, India Indonesia, Malaysia?
VU =' Bl+2c, Cl+2a
China
Bradypterus graueri
Cyornis sanfordi
Grauer's Swamp-warbler Garrulax cinereifrons
Matinan Flycatcher
VU -'
Bl+2ac VU ='
D2
Ashy-headed Laughingthrush
Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire
Indonesia
VU -'
Bl-H2c,Cl-l-2a

Bradypterus major Sri Lanka

Dasyornis hrachypterus
Long-billed Bush-warbler Garrulax milleti
Eastern Bristlebird
VU " C2a Black-hooded Laughingthrush
China, India, Pakistan
VU ='
Bl+2c,C2a
VU -' A2c,Bl+2c, Cl-l-2a
Australia
Chaetomis striatus Viet Nam
Bristled Grass-warbler Dasyornis broadbenti
Garrulax sukatschewi
VU -'
Alc,Cl-l-2a Rufous Bristlebird
Snowy-cheeked Laughingthrush
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan VU -'
Bl-l-2c,C2a
VU ='
Cl+2a
Australia
Chloropeta gracilirostris China
Papyrus Yellow Warbler Dasyornis longirostris Garrulax yersini
VU ='
Bl-H2abcd Western Bristlebird Collared Laughingthrush
Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, EN ='
Bl-H2cd, C2a VU -'
Bl-H2c,Cl+2a
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia Australia
Viet Nam
Chrysomma altirostre Eremomela turneri Gerygone hypoxantha
Jerdon's Babbler Turner's Eremomela Biak Gerygone
VU -'
Ale VU
India, Myanmar (ex?), Nepal,
-'
Bl-^2ac EN -'
Bl+2c, C2b
Kenya, Uganda, Zaire Indonesia
Pakistan
Eutrichomyias rowleyi Gerygone modesta
Cisticola haesitatus
Cerulean Paradise-flycatcher Norfolk Island Gerygone
Socotra Cisticola
VU ' Dl
CR -' Bl-H2ce,C2b, Dl VU 2'
D2
Indonesia Norfolk Island
Yemen (Socotra)
Cochoa azurea Ficedula basilanica Humblotia flavirostris
Javan Cochoa Little Slaty Flycatcher Grand Comoro Flycatcher
VU ='
B1-H2C VU -'
A1c-h2c, Cl-h2a VU -'
Bl-H2c,C2b
Indonesia Philippines Comoros
Cochoa beccarii Ficedula bonthaina Hypothymis coelestis
Sumatran Cochoa Lompobattang Flycatcher Celestial Monarch
VU ='
Cl+2a EN =' Bl+2c EN " C2a
Indonesia Indonesia Philippines

50
 Birds

Jabouilleia danjoui Metaholus rugensis Myiophonus blighi

Short-tailed Scimitar-babbler Truk Monarch Sri Lanka Whistling-thrush
VU -'
A1C-I-2C, Cl-t-2a EN -'
Ala, Bl-f2acd, C2a EN -'
BU2c,Cl
Laos, Viet Nam Federated States of Micronesia Sri Lanka
Kupeornis gilberti Micromacronus leytensis Napothera rabori
White-throated Mountain-babbler Miniature Tit-babbler Rabor's Wren-babbler
VU -'
Bl-H2bc VU -'
A1c-h2c, Cl-H2a VU -'
Cl-H2a
Cameroon, Nigeria Philippines Philippines

Lamprolia victoriae Mohoua ochrocephala Newtonia fanovanae

Silktail Red-tailed Newtonia
Yellowhead
VU ='
B1-I-2C
VU -'
B2bde+3c, C2a
VU -' Bl+2c,C2a
Fiji
New Zealand Madagascar
Liocichla omeiensis Orthotomus moreaui
Monarcha boanensis Long-billed Tailorbird
Omei Shan Liocichla
Black-chinned Monarch
VU -'
Bl-i-2c,Cl CR " C2a
EN ='
B1-I-2C, Dl
Mozambique, Tanzania
China
Indonesia
Luscinia obscura Paradoxomis davidianus
Black-throated Blue Robin
Monarcha brehmii Short-tailed Parrotbill
Biak Monarch VU
VU -'
CU2a -'
Alc,Cl-H2a
China. * Thailand
EN -'
Bl+2c,C2b China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
Indonesia Viet Nam
Luscinia ruficeps
Monarcha everetti Paradoxornis flavirostris
Rufous-headed Robin
White-tipped Monarch Black-breasted Parrotbill
VU -'
Cl-f2a
China. * Malaysia VU -'
C2b, D2 VU -'
Alac,Cl-i-2a
Indonesia Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal
Macrosphenus pulitzeri (ex?)
Pulitzer's Longbill Monarcha sacerdotum
Monarch Paradoxomis przewalskii
EN -'
Bl-i-2bc, C2a Flores
Rusty-throated Parrotbill
Angola EN ^'
C2b
Indonesia
VU ' B1-H2C, Cl-i-2a
Malacocincla perspicittata China
Black-browed Babbler Monarcha takatsukasae Paradoxornis zappeyi
VU -'
C1,D1 Tinian Monarch
Grey-hooded Parrotbill
Indonesia VU -'
D2 VU -'
Bl-i-2c,Cl+2a
Malacocincla vanderbilti Northern Marianas
China
Vanderbilt's Babbler Muscicapa lendu Pellorneum palustre
VU " CI.Dl Chapin's Flycatcher Marsh Babbler
Indonesia VU -'
BH2ac,C2a VU -'
Alc,CI+2a
Malacopteron palawanense Kenya, Uganda, Zaire Bangladesh, India
Melodious Babbler Muscicapa randi Petroica traversi
EN C2a
'-'

Ashy-breasted Flycatcher Chatham Islands Robin

Philippines EN -'
C2a EN '-'
Dl
Mayromis versicolor Philippines New Zealand [re-int] (Chatham Is)

Ogea Monarch Phylloscopus amoenus

Myadestes lanaiensis
VU D2
='
Olomao Sombre Leaf-warbler
Fiji
CR -'
Ala, Bl-h2e, C2b, Dl VU -'
Dl^2
Megalurus albolimbatus USA (Hawaiian Is) Solomon Islands

Fly River Grassbird Phylloscopus hainanus

Myadestes myadestinus
VU -'
C2a, D2
Kamao
Hainan Leaf-warbler
China, Japan, Mongolia?, Papua VU -' Ale, Bl-h2c
New Guinea CR -'
Ala, Bl-f2e,C2b, Dl
China
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Megalurus pryeri Phylloscopus ijimae
Marsh Grassbird Myadestes palmeri Ijima's Leaf-warbler
VU ^'
Cl-f2a Puaiohi VU ^'
Cl-h2a
China, Japan, Mongolia? CR -'
Ala, Bl+2ce, C2a, Dl Japan. * Philippines
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Picathartes gymnocephalus
Melaenornis annamarulae
Nimba Flycatcher Myiagra albiventris White-necked Rockfowl
VU -'
A1c-h2c Samoan Flycatcher VU "'
A1C-I-2C
Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra VU -'
Alac Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea,
Leone Western Samoa Liberia, Sierra Leone

51
Threatened Species

Picathartes areas Rhinomyias brunneata Spelaeomis badeigularis

Grey-necked Rockfowl Brown-chested Jungle-flycatcher Rusty-throated Wren-babbler
VU ='
C2a VU -'
Alc+2c VU -' B1-H2C. Dl
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea?, China, India (Andaman &
Nicobar India
Gabon, Nigeria Is). * Brunei, Malaysia?, Singapore,
Spelaeornis caudatus
Thailand
Platysteira laticincta Rufous-throated Wren-babbler
Banded Wattle-eye Rhinomyias goodfellowi VU ='
Bl-(-2c, CI+2a
VU -'
Ale, Bl-e2bc, Cl+2b Slaty-backed Jungle-flycatcher Bhutan, India, Nepal
Cameroon VU -'
A2c, Bl+2c,Cl-H2a
Spelaeornis longicaudatus
Pomarea dimidiata Philippines
Tawny-breasted Wren-babbler
Rarotonga Monarch Rhinomyias insignis VU =' Bl+2c, Cl-i-2a
CR ' Dl White-browed Jungle-flycatcher India
Cook Islands EN =' C2a Stachyris grammiceps
Pomarea iphis Philippines
White-breasted Babbler
Iphis Monarch
Rhipidura malaitae VU -'
Bl+2cd,Cl+2a
VU -'
D2
Malaita Fantail Indonesia
French Polynesia
VU " Dl
Stachyris herberti
Pomarea mendozae Solomon Islands Sooty Babbler
Marquesan Monarch
EN -'
Bl+2d, C2a Rhipidura semirubra VU -'
Cl+2a
Manus Fantail Laos, Viet Nam
French Polynesia
VU ='
Dl+2 Stachyris hypogrammica
Pomarea nigra Papua New Guinea
Tahiti Monarch
Palawan Striped-babbler
CR -'
C2b, Dl Rhyacornis bicolor VU ='
D2
French Polynesia Luzon Water-redstart Philippines

Pomarea whitneyi EN -' Bl+2ce,C2a Stachyris latistriata

Philippines Panay Striped-babbler
Fatuhiva Monarch
VU -'
D2 Saxicola insignis VU -'
BI-I-2C

French Polynesia White-throated Bushchat Philippines

Prinia burnesii VU " Cl-H2a Stachyris nigrorum

Rufous- vented Prinia Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia. * Negros Striped-babbler
VU -'
Ale China?, India, Nepal EN -'
C2b
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan Saxicola macrorhyncha Philippines

Prinia leontica White-browed Bushchat Stachyris oglei

White-eyed Prinia VU ='
Alac, Cl-h2a Snowy-throated Babbler
VU -'
C2a Afghanistan, India, Pakistan VU ='
Bl-H2c,ClH-2a
Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra India
Scepomycter winifredae
Leone
Mrs Moreau's Warbler Stachyris rodolphei
Pseudocossyphus bensoni VU -' Bl+2bc Deignan's Babbler
Benson's Rock-thrush Tanzania VU ='
D2
VU ='
Dl Thailand
Madagascar Sheppardia gabela
Gabela Akalat Stachyris speciosa
Psophodes nigrogutaris
Western Whipbird
EN ' Bl-(-2ac,C2a Flame-templed Babbler

VU -' Bl+2c,C2a Angola EN -'

Bl+2c,C2a
Philippines
Australia Sheppardia gunningi
East Coast Akalat Stachyris striata
Ptilocichla falcata
Falcated Wren-babbler VU -'
Bl-i-2bc Luzon Striped-babbler
EN ='
C2a Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, VU -'
Alc+2c, Cl+2a
Tanzania Philippines
Philippines

Rhinomyias addita Sheppardia lowei Swynnertonia swynnertoni

Streaky-breasted Jungle-flycatcher Iringa Akalat Swynnerton's Robin
VU " D2 VU -'
Bl+2bc VU -'
Bl-l-2bc

Indonesia Tanzania Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe

Rhinomyias albigularis Sheppardia montana Sylvia buryi
White-throated Jungle-flycatcher Usambara Akalat Yemen Warbler
CR ='
Alc+2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a, Dl VU ' Bl-H2ac VU -'
C2a
Bl-t-2bc,
Philippines Tanzania Saudi Arabia, Yemen

52
 Birds

Terpsiphone corvina Family PARIDAE Family NECTARINIffiAE

Seychelles Paradise-flycatcher
CR 2'
Bl+2abce, C2b Parus nuchalis Aethopyga duyvenbodei
Seychelles White-naped Tit Elegant Sunbird

Terpsiphone smithii VU ='

Alc.Cl+2a EN ='
Bl+2c
India Indonesia
Annobon Paradise-flycatcher
VU ='
Dl+2
Family SITTIDAE
Anthreptes pallidigaster
Equatorial Guinea Amani Sunbird
Trichastoma woodi Sitta formosa
VU ^'
Bl+2bc
Bagobo Babbler Kenya, Tanzania
Beautiful Nuthatch
VU ^'
Cl+2a VU ='
Cl-^2a Anthreptes rubritorques
Philippines Bhutan, China, India, Laos. Banded Sunbird
Trichocichla rufa Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam VU -'
Bl+2bc
Long-legged Thicketbird Tanzania
Sitta ledanti
CR -'
Bl-f-2e,C2a
Algerian Nuthatch Nectarinia rockefelleri
Fiji
EN -'
C2a Rockefeller's Sunbird
Turdoides hindei Algeria VU -'
Dl
Hinde's Pied-babbler Zaire
EN -'
Bl+2ac,C2a Sitta magna
Giant Nuthatch Nectarinia rufipennis
Kenya
VU -' Alc,Cl-h2a Rufous-winged Sunbird
Turdus celaenops China, Myanmar, Thailand VU ='
D2
Izu Thrush
Tanzania
VU -'
Bl-h2e,Cl Sitta solangiae
Japan Yellow-billed Nuthatch Nectarinia thomensis

Turdus feae VU -'

Cl-^2a Giant Sunbird

Grey-sided Thrush China, Viet Nam VU ='

Dl
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome)
VU -'
Bl-H2c,Cl-H2a Sitta victoriae
China. * India, Myanmar, Thailand White-browed Nuthatch Family ZOSTEROPEDAE
Turdus helleri VU ='
D2
Taita Thrush Myanmar Cleptomis marchei
CR ='
Bl-i-2abc
Golden White-eye
Kenya
Sitta yunnanetisis VU ='
A2e, 02
Yunnan Nuthatch Northern Marianas
Turdus tudoviciae VU Ale, Cl+2a
='

Somali Thrush China Madanga ruficollis

EN -'
Bl-H2abc Rufous-throated White-eye
Somalia Family DICAEIDAE VU " D2
Indonesia
Turdus menachensis
Yemen Thrush Dicaeum haematostictum Rukia ruki
VU -' Bl+2bc, C2a Visayan Flowerpecker Faichuk White-eye
Saudi Arabia, Yemen EN •' Ale, Bl-i-2c,C2a EN =' Bl-H2c,C2a
Philippines
Turdus swalesi Federated States of Micronesia
La Sella Thrush Dicaeum proprium Speirops brunneus
VU ^'
Bl-H2c,Cl-h2a Whiskered Flowerpecker Fernando Po Speirops
Dominican Republic, Haiti VU -'
A2c, Bl+2c, Cl-i-2a VU " D2
Zoothera cinerea Philippines Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Ashy Thrush Dicaeum quadricolor Speirops leucophaeus
VU -'
A2c, Cl-h2a Cebu Flowerpecker Principe Speirops
Philippines
CR ='
A2c, Bl-H2c,Cl+2b,Dl VU 2'
C2b
Zoothera guttata Philippines Sao Tome & Principe (Principe)
Spotted Ground-thrush
Dicaeum retrocinctum Speirops melanocephalus
EN -'
C2a
Scarlet-collared Flowerpecker Mount Cameroon Speirops
Malawi, Mozambique?, South
Africa, Sudan, Zaire. * Kenya,
CR -'
A2c, B1-I-2C VU ^'
D2
Tanzania Philippines Cameroon

Zoothera major Pardalotus quadragintus Zosterops albogularis

Amami Thrush Forty-spotted Pardalote White-chested White-eye
CR -'
C2b VU -'
Bl+2c CR -'
Dl
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Australia Norfolk Island

53
Threatened Species

Zosterops chloronothos Family MELIPHAGmAE Bangsia aureocincta

Mauritius Olive White-eye Gold-ringed Tanager
Apalopteron familiare VU -' B1-H2C, CI
CR -' Ala, Bl+2e, C2b Benin Honeyeater
Mauritius Colombia
VU ='
D2
Zosterops ficedulinus Bangsia melanochlamys
Japan
Sao Tome White-eye Black-and-gold Tanager
VU -'
C2a
Grantiella picta EN ='
Cl-i-2a
Painted Honeyeater Colombia
Sao Tome & Prfncipe
VU ='
C2a
Buthraupis aureodorsalis
Zosterops griseovirescens Australia
Golden-backed Mountain-tanager
Annobon White-eye
Gymnomyza aubryana VU -'
D2
VU -'
D2
Crow Honeyeater Peru
Equatorial Guinea
VU ='
BI+2c,C2b
Buthraupis wetmorei
Zosterops kulalensis New Caledonia
Masked Mountain-tanager
Kulal White-eye
CR -'
Bl-i-2bc
Gymnomyza samoensis VU -' Alc+2c, Bl+2c, Cl+2a
Mao Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Kenya
VU -'
Ale, C2a
Calyptophilus frugivorus
Zosterops luteirostris American Samoa (ex). Western
Chat-tanager
Ghizo White-eye Samoa
VU ='
D2
VU ='
Ale, Cl-i-2a
Manorina melanotis Dominican Republic, Haiti
Solomon Islands
Black-eared Miner
Camarhynchus heliobates
Zosterops modestus CR -'
C2a, Dl
Mangrove Finch
Seychelles White-eye Australia
EN Dl
-'

CR -'
C2b. Dl
Melidectes princeps Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Seychelles
Long-bearded Melidectes
Chlorochrysa nitidissima
Zosterops mouroniensis VU -'
Bl+2ce,C2a Multicoloured Tanager
Mount Karthala White-eye Papua New Guinea VU ^' CI
CR -'
Bl-(-2bc
Moho bishopi Colombia
Comoros
Bishops Oo Chlorospingus flavovirens
Zosterops oleagineus CR ' Bl+2ce,C2a, Dl Yellow-green Bush-tanager
Yap Olive White-eye USA {Hawaiian Is)
VU ='
C2a, 02
VU -'
D2 Moho braccatus Colombia, Ecuador
Federated States of Micronesia
Kauai Oo Conothraupis mesoleuca
Zosterops rotensis CR ''
Ala, Bl-i-2ce,C2b, Dl Cone-billed Tanager
Rota White-eye USA (Hawaiian Is) VU -' Dl
CR Ala, Bl+2de
-'
Myzomela chermesina Brazil
Northern Marianas
Rotuma Myzomela Coryphaspiza melanotis
Zosterops samoensis VU D2-'
Black-masked Finch
Samoan White-eye Fiji
VU -'
Ale
VU -'
C2a, D2 Notiomystis cincta Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay,
Western Samoa Peru
Stitchbird
Zosterops silvanus VU -'
D2 Dacnis berlepschi
Taita White -eye New Zealand Scarlet-breasted Dacnis
CR ='
Bl+2bc Xanthomyza phrygia VU " CI
Kenya Regent Honeyeater Colombia, Ecuador

Zosterops tenuirostris EN ='

C2a Dacnis nigripes
Slender-billed White-eye Australia Black-legged Dacnis
VU -'
D2 VU -' CI
Norfolk Island Family EMBERIZIDAE Brazil

Zosterops tephropleurus Atlapetes flaviceps Diglossa venezuelensis

Lord Howe Island White-eye Yellow-headed Brush-finch Venezuelan Flowerpiercer
VU -'
D2 EN ='
Bl+2ac,C2a CR ='
A2c
Australia Colombia Venezuela

Zosterops winifredae Atlapetes pallidiceps Emberizajankowskii

South Pare White-eye Pale-headed Brush-fmch Rufous-backed Bunting
VU -'
Bl+2c,C2a CR -'
Ale, Bl+2c, C2b VU -' Cl+2a
Tanzania Ecuador China, North Korea, Russia

54
 Birds

Emberiza socotrana Poospiza nibecula Tangara fastuosa

Socotra Bunting Rufous-breasted Warbling-fmch Seven-coloured Tanager
VU ='
Dl EN ='
C2a EN -'
A2cd
Yemen Peru Brazil
Emberiza sulphurata Pselliophorus luteoviridis Tangara meyerdeschauenseei
Yellow Bunting Yellow-green Finch Green-capped Tanager
VU =' Cl+2a VU -'
D2 VU ^'
D2
Japan. * China, Hong Kong, North Panama Peru
Korea, Philippines, South Korea,
Taiwan Pseudodacnis hartlaubi Tangara peruviana
Turquoise Dacnis Black-backed Tanager
Gubernatrix cristata
Yellow Cardinal VU -'
Ale, Bl+2c, Cl-f2a EN -'
A2c
Colombia
EN -'
Alad+2d Brazil

Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay (ex?), Rowettia goughensis Torreornis inexpectata

Uruguay Gough Buntmg Cuban Sparrow
Habia atrimaxillaris VU -'
m+2 EN -'
BI-H2C, Cl-H2a
Black-cheeked Ant-tanager St Helena (Tristan da Cunha) Cuba
VU ='
Bl+2c,Cl+2b Saltator rufiventris Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron
Costa Rica Rufous-bellied Saltator Orange-throated Tanager
Hemispingus goeringi VU '-'
C2a EN 2'
A2c
Slaty-backed Hemispingus Argentina, Bolivia Ecuador, Peru
VU ='
Bl+2c, Cl-i-2a
Spizella wortheni Xenospingus concolor
Venezuela
Worthen's Sparrow Slender-billed Finch
Junco insularis
EN C2a
Guadalupe Junco
-'
VU ^'
A2c, BI-^2c,CI-^2a
Mexico, USA (ex) Chile, Peru
CR -'
Bl-i-2e, C2b
Mexico Sporophila falcirostris Xenospiza baileyi
Temminck's Seedeater Sierra Madre Sparrow
Nemosia rourei
Cherry-throated Tanager
EN AIc,Cl+2b
-'
EN -'
BI-H2C, CI-i-2a
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
CR ='
Dl Mexico
Brazil Sporophila frontalis
Buffy-fronted Seedeater
Family PARULIDAE
Nesospiza acunhae
Tristan Bunting EN -'
Ale, Cl-h2b
Basileuterus griseiceps
VU ='
D2 Argentina?, Brazil, Paraguay
Grey-headed Warbler
St Helena (Tristan da Cunha) Sporophila insulata CR -'
A2c
Nesospiza wilkinsi Tumaco Seedeater Venezuela
Grosbeak Bunting CR -' Dl Catharopeza bishopi
VU ='
Dl+2 Colombia
Whistling Warbler
St Helena (Tristan da CunhaJ Sporophila melanops VU ^'
D2
Oreothraupis arremonops Hooded Seedeater St Vincent
Tanager-fmch VU ='
Dl
Conirostnim tamarugense
VU '-'
C2a Brazil
Colombia, Ecuador
Tamarugo Conebill
Sporophila nigrorufa VU '-'
C\
Pinaroloxias inornata
Black-and-tawny Seedeater Chile, Peru
Cocos Finch
EN -'
Ale
VU ='
D2 Bolivia, Brazil
Dendroica chrysoparia
Costa Rica Golden-cheeked Warbler
Poospiza alticola
Sporophila palustris EN ^' Alee
Marsh Seedeater USA. * Guatemala, Honduras,
Plain-tailed Warbling-fmch
EN -'
C2a
EN -' Alcd+2cd Mexico, Nicaragua
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Peru Dendroica kirtlandii
Poospiza baeri Sporophila zelichi Kirtland's Warbler
Tucuman Mountain-finch Entre Ri'os Seedeater VU ='
Dl-i-2

VU -'
Dl CR -'
A2cd,Cl+2b Canada?, USA. * Bahamas, Turks
Argentina Argentina and Caicos Islands

Poospiza garleppi Tangara cabanisi Geothlypis beldingi

Cochabamba Mountain-Finch Azure-rumped Tanager Belding's Yellowthroat
EN -' Bl+2c, Cl-H2b EN -' A2c VU -'
Alc-f2c, Bl+2c
Bolivia Guatemala, Mexico Mexico

55
Threatened Species

Geothlypis speciosa Palmeria dolei Agelaius xanthomus

Black-polled Yellowthroat Akohekohe Yellow-shouldered Blackbird
VU ='
Alc+2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a VU -' D2 EN -' Bl+2cd, Cl-H2a
Mexico USA (Hawaiian Is) Puerto Rico

Leucopeza semperi Paroreomyza maculata Cacicus koepckeae

Semper' s Warbler Oahu Alauahio Selva Cacique
CR =' Dl CR -'
Ala, Bl+2ce,C2a, Dl VU -' A2c, Cl+2b
St Lucia USA (Hawaiian Is) Peru

Myioborus cardonai Pseudonestor xanthophrys Curaeus forbesi

Guaiquinima Whitestart Maui Parrotbill Forbes' s Blackbird
VU ='
D2 VU -'
D\+2 CR -'
A2cde,Cl-l-2a
Venezuela USA (Hawaiian Is) Brazil

Myioborus pariae Gymnostinops cassini

Psittirostra psittacea
Paria Whitestart Baudo Oropendola
Ou
CR -'
Bl+2c
CR -'
Alac,Bl-^2abcde, C2a, Dl EN -' A2c
Venezuela Colombia
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Vermivora bachmanii Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster
Telespiza cantons
Bachman's Warbler Red-bellied Crackle
Laysan Finch
CR -' Dl EN
USA. * Cuba?
VU " D2
-'
Cl-H2a
USA [int] (Hawaiian Is) Colombia
Xenoligea montana
Telespiza ultima Icterus bonana
White-winged Warbler
Nihoa Finch Martinique Oriole
VU -' Alc,Bl+2c,Cl-H2a EN -' Ale, Bl+2e,Cl-H2b
Dominican Republic, Haiti VU " D2
USA [int] (Hawaiian Is)
Martinique
Family DREPANTOroAE Sturnella mititaris
Viridon ia parva
Hemignathus lucidus Anianiau Pampas Meadowlark
Nukupuu VU ' Alacd, D2 EN ' Ale
CR Ala, Bl+2ce, C2a, Dl Argentina, Brazil?, Uruguay. *
-'
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is) Brazil?, Uruguay
Viridonia stejnegeri
Hemignathus wilsoni Kauai Amakihi Family FRINGILLIDAE
Akiapolaau VU -'
Alacd, D2
EN " Bl+2ce,C2a Carduelis cucullata
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Red Siskin
USA (Hawaiian Is)

Loxioides bailleui Family VIREONIDAE EN C2a

-'

Colombia, Puerto Rico [int],

Palila
Vireo atricapillus Trinidad and Tobago (ex), Venezuela
EN -'
Bl+2e, C2a
Black-capped Vireo
USA (Hawaiian Is) Carduelis johannis
EN -' Alcd-h2d Warsangli Linnet
Loxops caeruleirostris Mexico, USA
Akekee
EN -'
Bl-i-2abc
Vireo caribaeus Somalia
EN -' Bl+2ce
USA (Hawaiian Is)
San Andres Vireo Carduelis siemiradzkii
CR -' Bl+2bc Saffron Siskin
Loxops coccineus
Colombia (San Andres Id)
VU -'
Bl-H2c,Cl-H2a
Akepa
Ecuador, Peru?
EN -'
Bl-l-2abcde Vireo gracilirostris
USA (Hawaiian Is) Noronha Vireo Carduelis yarrellii
Melamprosops phaeosoma VU '-'
D2 Yellow-faced Siskin
Poo-uli
Brazil VU -'
Ald+2d
CR ='
Alace, Bl+2abcde,C2a, Dl Vireo sp. Brazil, Venezuela
USA (Hawaiian Is) Choco Vireo Neospiza concolor
Oreomystis bairdi VU 2'
D2 Sao Tome Grosbeak
Akikiki Colombia CR =' Dl
EN -'
Bl+2abcde Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome
Family ICTERfflAE
USA (Hawaiian Is) (ex?))

Oreomystis mana Agelaius flavus Serinus ankoberensis

Hawaii Creeper Saffron-cowled Blackbird Ankober Serin
EN -'
Bl-i-2abcde EN =' Alac+2ce EN ='
Bl-h2c
USA Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Ethiopia

56
 Birds

Serinus Jlavigula Family PLOCEffiAE Ploceus ruweti

Yellow-throated Serin Lake Lufira Weaver
Foudia flavicans
EN '-'
DI Rodrigues Fody
VU -'
D2
Ethiopia Zaire
VU -'
Dl-i-2
Serinus xantholaema Mauritius (Rodrigues) Ploceus subpersonatus
Salvadori's Serin
Foudia rubra Loango Weaver
VU -'
C2b Mauritius Fody VU =' Bl+2c,C2a
Ethiopia
CR -' Bl+2abce,C2b Angola, Gabon, Zaire

ESTRILDIDAE Mauritius
Family Family STURNIDAE
Foudia sechellarum
Amandava formosa Aplonis brunneicapilla
Seychelles Fody
Green Avadavat White-eyed Starling
VU VU " D2
='
Cl+2a
Seychelles
EN ''
C2a
India Papua New Guinea. Solomon Islands
Malimbus ballmanni
Chloebia gouldiae Aplonis cinerascens
Gola Malimbe
Gouldian Finch Rarotonga Starling
EN ='
A2c
EN ' Bl+2de
Cote d'lvoire?, Guinea, Liberia, VU -'
Dl+2
Australia
Sierra Leone Cook Islands

Cryptospiza shelleyi Malimbus Jlavipes Aplonis pelzelni

Shelley's Crimson-wing Yellow-legged Weaver Pohnpei Mountain Starling
VU -'
Ala, Cl+2a
VU " C2a, Dl CR =' Bl-i-2be, C2b, Dl
Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire Federated States of Micronesia
Zaire
Erythrura coloria Malimbus ihadanensis Aplonis santovestris
Red-eared Parrotfinch Ibadan Malimbe Santo Mountain Starling
VU =' B1+2C, C2a CR -'
C2a VU " D2
Philippines Nigeria Vanuatu
Erythrura kleinschmidti Ploceus aureonucha Cinnyricinclus femoralis
Pink-billed Parrotfinch Golden-naped Weaver Abbott's Starling
EN ='
Bl+2e,C2a VU =' C2b, Dl VU ='
Bl+2c,C2a
Fiji Zaire Kenya, Tanzania
Erythrura regia Ploceus bannermani Leucopsar rothschildi
Royal Parrotfinch Bannerman's Weaver Bali Starling
VU ='
A2c VU =' Bl-H2abc,C2a CR ='
Bl+2e, Cl+2b, Dl
Vanuatu Cameroon, Nigeria? Indonesia
Erythrura viridifacies Ploceus batesi Onychognathus frater
Green-faced Parrotfinch Bates's Weaver Socotra Starling
EN ='
A2c,Cl+2a VU ='
C2a VU -'
Dl
Philippines Cameroon Yemen
Estrilda nigriloris Ploceus burnieri
Black-lored Waxbill Kilombero Weaver
Family ORIOLIDAE
VU ='
Bl+2ac VU -' Bl+2c,C2b, Dl Oriolus crassirostris
Zaire Tanzania Sao Tome Oriole
Estrilda poliopareia Ploceus golandi VU ='
C2b
Anambra Waxbill Clarke's Weaver Sao Tome & Principe
VU ='
Bl+2bc, Dl VU -'
DH-2 Oriolus isabellae
Nigeria Kenya Isabela Oriole
Lonchura vana Ploceus megarhynchus CR " C2a, Dl
Grey-banded Munia Yellow Weaver Philippines
VU -'
B1-H2C VU -' Cl+2a Oriolus mellianus
Indonesia India Silver Oriole
Neochmia ruficauda Ploceus nicolli VU -'
Bl+2c,Cl-h2a
Star Finch Tanzanian Mountain Weaver China. * Cambodia, Thailand
VU ' C2a VU -' Bl+2bc,C2a, Dl Family DICRURffiAE
Australia Tanzania

Padda oryzivora Ploceus nigrimentum Dicrurus fuscipennis

Java Sparrow Black-chinned Weaver Grand Comoro Drongo
VU '-'
Aid VU -'
C2a CR -' C2a
Fiji [int], Indonesia, USA [int] Angola, Congo?, Gabon Comoros

57
Threatened Species

Dicrurus waldenii Corvus leucognaphalus Family CROCODYLmAE

Mayotte Drongo White-necked Crow
Crocodylus acutus
CR -'
C2b,Dl VU -'
Alc,Cl+2a
American Crocodile
Mayotte Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto
Rico (ex) VU " Alac
Family CALLAEIDAE Belize?, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Corvus unicolor Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Callaeas cinerea Banggai Crow El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,
Kokako VU -' Dl Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
EN -'
C2a Indonesia Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA,
New Zealand Venezuela
Crypsirina cucutlata
Family PTILONORHYNCHmAE Hooded Treepie Crocodylus intermedius
Archboldia papuensis
VU -'
Ale, Cl+2a Orinoco Crocodile
Myanmar CR " Ale, C2a
Archbold's Bowerbird
VU -' CI Cyanolyca mirabilis Colombia, Venezuela
Indonesia White-throated Jay
Crocodylus mindorensis
Sericulus bakeri
EN -'
A1C-I-2C, Bl+2c, Cl+2a Philippines Crocodile
Fire-maned Bowerbird Mexico CR » Alc,C2a
VU -'
C2b Cyanolyca nana Philippines
Papua New Guinea Dwarf Jay
Crocodylus palustris
EN -'
Aic+2c, Bl+2c,Cl-i-2b
Mugger
Family PARADISAEIDAE Mexico
VU « Ala,C2a
Astrapia mayeri Garrulus lidthi Bangladesh (ex?), India, Iran, Nepal,
Ribbon-tailed Astrapia Lidth's Jay Pakistan, Sri Lanka
VU -'
Bl+2ce VU ='
Cl+2b
Papua New Guinea Crocodylus rhombifer
Japan
Cuban Crocodile
Epimachus fastuosus Perisoreus internigrans
Black Sicklebill
EN " Alce,Bl-H2c
Sichuan Jay Cuba
VU -' A2cd, C2a VU " Cl+2a
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea China Crocodylus siamensis
Macgregoria pulchra Siamese Crocodile
Podoces biddulphi
Macgregor's Bird-of-paradise CR " Alac
Xinjiang Ground-jay
VU -'
Bl+2e,C2a Brunei?, Cambodia, Indonesia,
VU ='
Cl+2a Laos?, Malaysia, Myanmar?,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea China Thailand (ex?), Viet Nam
Paradisaea decora
Vrocissa ornata
Goldie's Bird-of-paradise Osteolaemus tetraspis
Sri Lanka Magpie West African Dwarf Crocodile
VU -'
Bl+2c
VU -'
Bl-H2ac,Cl+2a
Papua New Guinea VU " A2cd
Sri Lanka Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso,
Paradisaea rudolphi
Zavattariornis stresemanni Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Blue Bird-of-paradise
Ethiopian Bush-crow Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Gabon,
VU -'
Cl+2a
VU -'
Bl+2abc,C2b Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Papua New Guinea Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria,
Ethiopia
Parotia wahnesi Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo,
Wahnes's Parotia Uganda?, Zaire
VU =' CI Class REPTILIA
Papua New Guinea Family GAVIALTOAE
Family CORVmAE Order CROCODYLIA Gavialis gangeticus
Gharial
Corvus florensis Family ALLIGATORIDAE
EN " C2a, E
Flores Crow Alligator sinensis Bangladesh, Bhutan?, India, Nepal,
VU ' Bl+2c, Cl+2a Chinese Alligator Pakistan
Indonesia
CR " AlcDl
Corvus hawaiiensis China
Hawaiian Crow [R. Yangtze] Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA
CR -' Dl Melanosuchus niger Family SPHENODONTIDAE
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Black Caiman
Corvus kubaryi EN " A led Sphenodon guntheri
Mariana Crow Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Brother's Island Tuatara
CR -' Bl+2cde French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, VU " D1-H2
Guam, Northern Marianas Peru, Venezuela New Zealand

58
 Reptiles 5*

Order SAURIA Family CORDVLIDAE Phelsuma standingi

Standing's Day Gecko
Family AGAMEDAE Cordylus cataphractus VU '» Alcd
Armadillo Girdled Lizard Madagascar
Calotes liocephalus VU '" A2d
Spineless Forest Lizard South Africa Phyllodactylus europaeus
EN "" Bl+2bc European Leaf-toed Gekko
Lanka Cordylus giganteus VU " Ala, Bl+2b
Sri
Giant Girdled Lizard France, Italy, Tunisia
Ceratophora tennentii VU '»'
A2cd
Tennent's Leaf-nosed Lizard South Africa Sphaerodactylus micropithecus
EN '»'
Bl+2bc Monito Gecko
Sri Lanka Cordylus mclachlani EN "" Dl
McLachlan's Girdled Lizard Puerto Rico
Ctenophorus yinnietharra VU "" D2
Yinnietharra Rock Dragon South Africa Family HELODERMATmAE
VU " D2
Australia Pseudocordylus nebulosus nov.
Heloderma horridum
VU '" D2 Beaded Lizard
Family ANGUIDAE South Africa
VU " A2cd
Abronia montecristoi Tetradactylus breyeri Guatemala, Mexico
CR "« BI+2c Breyer's Long-tailed Seps
Heloderma suspectum
El Salvador VU "" Alc+2c Gila Monster
South Africa
Diploglossus anelpistus VU " A2cd

CR '^
Bl+2abcd Family GEKKONBDAE Mexico, USA
Dominican Republic
Christinus guentheri
Family IGUANIDAE
Diploglossus carruai
EN '-«
Bl+2bc
VU '*
Bl+2c, D2 Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Australia, Norfolk Island
Dominican Republic Galapagos Marine Iguana

Diploglossus montisserrati
GoniosauTus kuroiwae VU "" Alee
Kuroiwa's Ground Gecko Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Monsterrat Galliwasp
CR " Bl+2c
VU "" Bl+2cd Anolis roosevelti
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Montserrat Roosevelt's Giant Anole

Gerrhonotus panamintus
Hoplodactylus stephensi CR '»
A2ce
Stephen's Island Gecko Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British),
Panamint Alligator Lizard
VU '" D2 VU " D2 Virgin Islands (US)

USA New Zealand Brachylophus fasciatus

Lepidoblepharis montecanoensis Fiji Banded Iguana
Family CHAMAELEONmAE Paraguanan Ground Gecko EN " Ale
Bradypodion setaroi CR "" Bl+2c Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu [int]

Setaro's Dwarf Chamaeleon Venezuela Brachylophus vitiensis

EN '"' Bl+2c Lepidodactylus listeri Fiji Crested Iguana
South Africa VU " D2 CR '*
Ale, Bl+2c
Christmas Island Fiji
Bradypodion taeniabronchum
Smith's Dwarf Chamaeleon Lygodactylus methueni Conolophus pallidus
CR '" Bl+2c Methuen's Dwarf Gecko Barrington Land Iguana
South Africa VU "" B1+2C VU '" D2
Brookesia peramata South Africa Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

VU '» Ald,D2 Nactus serpensinsula Conolophus subcristatus

Madagascar Serpent Island Gecko Galapagos Land Iguana
Furcifer campani VU "* D2 VU "" D2
VU '* Alcd Mauritius Ecuador (Galdpagos Is)

Madagascar Nephrurus deteani Cyclura carinata

Furcifer labordi EN " Bl+2c CR " Bl+2abcde
VU '« Alcd Australia Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands
Madagascar Phelsuma guentheri Cyclura collei
Furcifer minor Round Island Day Gecko Jamaican Iguana
VU "* Alcd EN '" Dl CR " B1-H2C
Madagascar Mauritius Jamaica

59
Threatened Species

Cyclura cornuta Lacerta bonnali Ctenotus zastictus

Rhinoceros Iguana VU " Bl+2cd Hamelin Ctenotus
VU " Alacde+2ce Spain VU '"
D2
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Australia
Lacerta clarkorum
Rico, USA EN " C2a Cyclodina alani
Cyclura cychlura Georgia, Turkey Robust Skink
Bahama Island Rock Iguana
Podarcis lilfordi
VU " Dl+2
VU ='
Mace, BI+2b,Cl
Lilford's Wall Lizard
New Zealand
Bahamas
VU « Bl+2bd, D2 Cyclodina macgregori
Cyclura nubila Spain (Balearic Is) MacGregor's Skink
Cuban Ground Iguana
Podarcis milensis
VU '"
D2
VU " Alcde+2ce New Zealand
Cayman Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico
VU "'
Bl+2bd,D2
Greece Cyclodina whitakeri
[int]
Whitaker's Skink
Podarcis pityusensis
Cyclura pinguis
Ibiza Wall Lizard
VU " Dl+2
Anegada Rock Iguana New Zealand
CR " A 1 abode, B 1 +2abce, C +2b
1
VU " D2
Virgin Islands (British) Spain (Balearic Is) Egernia kintorei
Great Desert Skink
Cyclura ricordi Family PYGOPODmAE VU '-
Ale
Ricord's Iguana Australia
CR '* Alce+2cd, Bl+2ce Aprasia aurita
Dominican Republic VU " B1+2C Eulamprus leuraensis
Australia Blue Mountain Water Skink
Cyclura rileyi
Delma impar
EN " Bl+2c
San Salvador Rock Iguana
Australia
EN » C2a Striped Legless Lizard
Bahamas VU " Ale Eumeces longirostris
Australia Bermuda Rock Skink
Gambelia situs
Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard Delma labialis
CR " BI+2bcde
Bermuda
EN " Alee Striped Tailed Delma
USA VU '"
AIc+2c,Bl+2c Leiolopisma telfairii

Australia Round Island Skink

Iguana delicatissima
Lesser Antillean Iguana Delma torquata
VU "» D2
Mauritius
VU " Alacde+2cde, Bl+2abcde Collared Delma
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, VU " Alc+2c Lerista allanae
Dominica, Guadeloupe (St Australia Allan's Lerista
Barthelemy, St Martin), Martinique,
Ophidiocephalus taeniatus
CR " Ale, Bl+2c
Netherlands Antilles, St Kitts and Australia
Nevis (ex) Bronzeback Snake-lizard

Liolaemus huacahuasicus
VU '*
Alac, Bl+2c Lerista vittata
Australia Mount Cooper Striped Lerista
VU '" D2
EN " Ale, Bl+2c
Argentina Paradelma orientalis
Australia
Brigalow Scaly-foot
Liolaemus rabinoi
VU '» Ale, D2 VU » Alc+2c Neoseps reynoldsi
AusU-alia Sand Skink
Argentina
[Lago Nihuil]
VU " A2ce
Family SCCMCBDAE USA
Uma inornata
Acanthiops lineatus Niveoscincus palfreymani
Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard
Woodbush Legless Skink Pedra Branca Skink
EN " Ala, Bl+2c
USA VU '« A2c VU " D2
South Africa Australia
Family LACERTIDAE Anomalopus mackayi Oligosoma grande
Algyroides marchi Long-legged Worm-skink Grand Skink
VU « Bl+2cd VU '"
Ale, Bl+2c VU '"
C2a
Spain Australia New Zealand
Gallotia simonyi Ctenotus lancelini Oligosoma homalonotum
Hierro Giant Lizard Lancelin Island Skink Chevron Skink
CR « Bl+2e,C2b VU " D2 VU " D2
Spain (Canary Is) Australia New Zealand

60
 Reptiles ^
Oligosoma lichenigera Family XANTUSIIDAE Alsophis rufiventris
Lord Howe Island Skink Red-bellied Racer
Xantusia riversiana
VU '" B1+2C, D2 EN " Bl+2ce
Island Night Lizard
Australia, Norfolk Island Netherlands Antilles, St Kitts and
VU " D2 Nevis (ex)
Oligosoma microlepis USA
Small-scaled Skink Chironius vincenti
VU '"
Bl+2bcd St Vincent Blacksnake
New Zealand Order SERPENTES CR '«
Bl+2ac
St Vincent
Oligosoma otagense Family BOIDAE
Otago Skink Coluber cypriensis
VU '" C2a Acrantophis dumerili EN »' C2a, Dl
New Zealand Dumeril's Boa Cyprus
VU "* Alcd
Oligosoma striatum Coluber gyorensis
Madagascar, Reunion? [int]
Striped Skink CR " Dl
VU '*
Bl+2bcd Acrantophis madagascariensis Greece
New Zealand Madagascar Boa
VU "* Alcd Iguanognathus werneri
Oligosoma waimatense Madagascar VU "" D2
Scree Skink Indonesia
Aspidites ramsayi
VU " Bl+2bd
Lamprophis fiskii
New Zealand Woma
Fisk's House Snake
EN " Ale
Scelotes guentheri Australia VU "« A2cd, Bl+2c
Giinther's Dwarf Burrowing Skink South Africa
Casarea dussumieri
VU '»'
A2c Liophis cursor
South Africa
Round Island Keel-scaled Boa
EN "* Dl CR " Bl+2e,C2b, Dl
Scelotes kasneri Mauritius Martinique
Kasner's Dwarf Burrowing Skink
Epicrates subflavus Liophis omatus
VU "« A2c St Lucia Racer
Jamaican Boa
South Africa
VU " A2ce EN « Dl
Tiliqua adelaidensis Jamaica St Lucia
Pygmy Bluetongue Liophis perfuscus
Sanzinia madagascariensis
EN " B1+2C
Madagascar Tree Boa Barbados Racer
Australia
VU "» Alcd EN " C2b
Typhlosaurus lomii Madagascar Barbados
Lomi's Blind Legless Skink
Natrix megalocephala
VU '« A2c Family COLUBRIDAE
Large-headed Water Snake
South Africa
Achalinus werneri VU « Aid, CI
Family TEIffiAE
Amami Takachiho Snake Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Turkey
VU '" B1+2C
Opisthotropis kikuzatoi
Ameiva polops Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Kikuzato's Brook Snake
Saint Croix Ground Lizard
Adelphicos daryi CR '»'
Bl+2c
CR ™ Bl+2ae EN '» Bl+2c Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Virgin Islands (US) Guatemala
Thamnophis gigas
Cnemidophorus vanzoi Alsophis antiguae Giant Garter Snake
St Lucia Whiptail Antiguan Racer VU " Alcde+2cde
VU " D2 CR " C2b,Dl USA
St Lucia Antigua and Barbuda
Thermophis baileyi
Family VARANIDAE Alsophis ater VU '»'
D2
Black Racer China
Varanus komodoensis CR '*
Bl+2ce
Komodo Dragon Jamaica
VU "« Bl+2cde Alsophis rijersmai Family ELAPIDAE
Indonesia
Leeward Island Racer
Varanus olivaceus EN " A2ce, Bl+2ce Austrelaps labialis
Gray's Monitor Anguilla, Guadeloupe (St Pygmy Copperhead
VU '" Ale Barth^lemy, St Martin), Netherlands VU " Bl+2c
Philippines Antilles Australia

61
Threatened Species

Denisonia maculata Macrovipera schweizeri Chelodina mccordi

Ornamental Snake Cyclades Blunt-nosed Viper Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle
VU " Alc+2c CR " A 1 bcd-l-2bcd, B 1 +2bce, C2a VU '" D2
Australia Greece Indonesia

Echiopsis atriceps Trimeresurus mangshanensis Ch elodina parkeri

Lake Cronin Snake VU '" D2 Parker's Snake-necked Turtle

VU » D2 China VU "* D2
Australia Vipera albizona Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Echiopsis curta
EN " Bl+2e,C2a Chelodina pritchardi
Turkey Pritchard's Snake-necked Turtle
VU '-
B1+2C
VU '">
D2
Australia Vipera bornmuelleri
VU "" B1-H2C Papua New Guinea
Furina dunmalli Elseya
Lebanon, Syria sp. 1
Dunmall's Snake
Vipera bulgardaghica Namoi River Snapping Turtle
VU '* Alc+2c EN "» Bl+2c
Australia
CR " Bl+2e, C2a
Turkey Australia
Hoplocephalus bungaroides [R. Darling]
Vipera darevskii
Broad-headed Snake Elusor macrurus
VU " B1+2C CR « C2b
Armenia, Georgia Mary River Turtle
Australia
Vipera dinniki
EN '" B1-H2C
Ogmodon vitianus Australia
VU " Cl-f2a Mary]
Fiji Snake Georgia, Russia
[R.

VU " Bl+2c, D2
Vipera kaznakovi
Hydromedusa maximiliani
Fiji Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle
Caucasian Viper
EN " VU "<•
Bl+2cd
Family HYDROPHimAE Alcd-i-2cd
Brazil
Georgia, Russia, Turkey
Laticauda crockeri Phrynops dahli
Vipera latifii
VU '*
Bl+2c,D2 Latifi's Viper
Dahl's Toad-headed Turtle
Solomon Islands
VU '«'
B1+2C
CR "" Bl-h2c
[L. Te-Nggana] Colombia
Iran
Phrynops hogei
Family TYPHLOPIDAE Vipera pontica
Hoge's Sideneck Turtle
CR "' C2ab, Dl
Ramphotyphlops exocoeti Georgia?, Turkey
EN "' B1-I-2C

Christmas Island Blind Snake Brazil

Vipera ursinii
VU '"
D2 Phrynops zuliae
Christmas Island
EN " Alc+2c Zulia Toad-headed Turtle
Austria?, France, Greece, Hungary,
Typhlops monensis Italy, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine
VU '" B1-H2C
Mona Blind Snake Venezuela
Vipera wagneri
EN '" Dl EN" Ald-i-2d, Bl-i-2e, CI
Pseudemydura umbrina
Puerto Rico Iran, Turkey
Western Swamp Turtle
CR "' Ale, Bl-f2c,Cl+2b, Dl
Family VIPERBDAE Australia
Order TESTUDINES
Bids inornata Rheodytes leukops
Mountain Adder
Plain Family CARETTOCHELYIDAE Fitzroy River Turtle
VU '«' A2cd, Bl+2ab Carettochelys insculpla VU " A1c-h2c, D2

South Africa Australia

Pig-nose Turtle
Bids schneideri VU '™ Albd Family CHELONIIDAE
Namaqua Dwarf Adder Australia, Indonesia, Papua New
Caretta caretta
VU '" A2cd Guinea
Loggerhead
Namibia, South Africa Family CHELIDAE EN "" Alabd
Bothrops insularis Acanthochelys chacoensis Angola?, Australia, Bahamas,
Golden Lancehead Chaco Swamp Turtle Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cape
OR A2d Verde?, Cayman Islands, China,
'"«
VU '" Bl-H2a
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Brazil Argentina
Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Egypt,
Crotalus unicolor Acanthochelys pallidipectoris Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Aruba Island Rattlesnake Chaco Side-necked Turtle Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India?,
CR '-
C2b VU '" Ale, Dl Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Aruba Argentina, Bolivia?, Paraguay Japan, Libya, Madagascar, Mexico,

62
 Reptiles &S

Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Lepidochelys kempii

Myanmar?, Namibia, New Islands (US), Western Sahara?, Kemp's Ridley
Caledonia, Nicaragua, Oman, Westem Samoa?, Yemen, Zaire? CR '" Alab
Panama, Papua New Guinea?, [Atlantic (eastem central, northeast, Mexico, USA [int]
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, northwest, southeast, southwest, [Atlantic (eastem central, northeast,
South Africa, Sri Lanka, St Lucia, westem central), Indian Ocean northwest, westem central)]
Turkey, Turks and Caicos Islands, (eastem, westem), Mediterranean
Lepidochelys olivacea
USA, Venezuela, Virgin Islands and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem
Olive Ridley
(British) central, northwest, southwest,
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, westem central)]
EN "» Alabd
Angola, Australia, Bangladesh,
northwest, southeast, southwest,
Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
western central), Indian Ocean
French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
(eastem, western), Mediterranean Eretmochelys imbricata
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Kenya,
and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem Hawksbill Turtle
Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico,
central, northeast, northwest, OR "» Alabd-l-2bcd Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua,
southeast, southwest, western American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua
central)] and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, New Guinea, Peru, Senegal, South
Chelonia mydas Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname,
Green Turtle Belize, Brazil, British Indian Ocean Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and
Territory, Cambodia, Cameroon?, Tobago, Venezuela
EN "» Alabd
American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Cape Verde?, China?, Colombia, (Atlantic (eastem central, southeast,

Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, southwest,westem central), Indian
Bahamas?, Bangladesh, Belize, Cote d'lvoire?, Cuba, Djibouti?, Ocean (eastem, western), Pacific
Benin?, Brazil, British Indian Ocean
Dominica, Dominican Republic, (eastem central, southeast,
Territory, Cambodia?, Cameroon?, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador?, southwest, western central)]
Cape Verde?, Chile?, China, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Federated
Natator depressus
Colombia, Comoros, Congo?, Cook States of Micronesia, Fiji, French
Flatback
Guiana, French Polynesia?, Gabon?,
Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire?, VU "» A2cde
Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti?, Dominica, Ghana?, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Australia
Dominican Republic, Ecuador Guam, Guatemala, Guinea?,
[Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific
(Galapagos Is), Egypt, El Salvador, Guinea-Bissau?, Guyana, Haiti,
(southwest, westem central)]
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Federated Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran,
States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati?, Family CHELYDRmAE
Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon?, Kuwait?, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Maldives, Marshall Islands,
Macroclemys temminckii
Ghana?, Grenada, Guadeloupe?,
Alligator Snapping Turtle
Guam, Guatemala, Guinea?, Martinique, Mauritania?, Mayotte,
Guinea-Bissau?, Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique,
VU "" A led
Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles, New USA
Honduras?, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Israel (ex?), Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Caledonia?, Nicaragua, Nigeria?,
Family DERMATEMYDmAE
Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia?, Northern Marianas?, Oman, Palau,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Dermatemys mawii
Marshall Islands, Martinique, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Central American River Turtle
Mauritania, Mauritius (St Brandon), Reunion (lies Glorieuses), Sao Tome EN "" Alabcd^2bcd,Bl+2cde
Mayotte, Mexico, Montserrat?, & Principe?, Saudi Arabia, Senegal?, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras,

Mozambique, Myanmar, Netherlands Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Mexico

Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, St Kitts
and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent,
Family DERMOCHELYIDAE
Nigeria?, Nine, Northern Marianas,
Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan?, Dermochelys coriacea
Papua New Guinea, Peru, Tanzania, Thailand, Tokelau, Leatherback
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar?, Tonga?, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks EN "» Alabd
Reunion (Europa, lies Glorieuses, and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu?, US Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and
Juan de Nova, Tromelin), Sao Tome Minor Pacific Islands?, USA, United Barbuda, Australia, Brazil,
& Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Arab Emirates?, Vanuatu, Colombia?, Costa Rica, Cote
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Venezuela, Viet Nam?, Virgin d'lvoire, Cuba, Dominica,
Lanka, St
Islands, Somalia, Sri Islands (British), Virgin Islands Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Helena (Ascension), St Kitts and (US), Westem Sahara?, Westem El Salvador, Fiji, French Guiana,
Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Sudan?, Samoa, Yemen Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Suriname, Taiwan?, Tanzania, [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras,
Thailand, Togo?, Tokelau, Tonga, northwest, southeast, southwest, India, Indonesia, Israel (ex?),

Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turks westem central), Indian Ocean Liberia, Malaysia, Martinique,
and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, US (eastem, westem), Mediterranean Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique,
Minor Pacific Islands (Line Is), and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles,

USA, United Arab Emirates, central, northwest, southeast, Nicaragua, Panama, Papua New
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, southwest, westem central)] Guinea, Peru?, Puerto Rico, Senegal,

63
Threatened Species

Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Geoemyda leytensis Sacalia quadriocellata

Lanka, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Philippine Pond Turtle Four-eyed Turtle
St Vincent, Suriname, Thailand, EN '" Bl+2c VU '" B1+2C
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Philippines China, Viet Nam
Venezuela?, Virgin Islands (British),
Virgin Islands (US), Zaire
Geoemyda silvatica Terrapene coahuila
Cochin Forest Cane Turtle Aquatic Box Turtle
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
northwest, southeast, southwest, EN '" Bl+2c EN ™ Alacd,Bl-i-2cd
western central), Indian Ocean India Mexico
(eastern, western), Mediterranean Graptemys caglei [Cuatro Cienegas basin]
and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern Cagle's Map Turtle Trachemys aduitrix
central, northeast, northwest, VU '" Ale, Bl+2c Carvalho's Slider
southeast, southwest, western
USA EN "' B1-H2C
central)]
[R. Guadelupe-San Antonio] Brazil
Graptemys Jlavimaculata
Family EMYDmAE Yellow-blotched Map Turtle
Trachemys decorata
Hispaniolan Slider
Batagur baska EN "" Bl+2c
VU '" B1+2C
River Terrapin USA Dominican Republic, Haiti
EN "' Albcd [R. Pascagoula]

Bangladesh, Cambodia?, India, Trachemys gaigeae

Graptemys oculifera
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Big Bend Slider
Ringed Map Turtle
Singapore?, Thailand, Viet Nam?
EN "" Bl+2c VU '''
Alc,D2
Callagur borneoensis USA Mexico, USA
Painted Terrapin [R. Pearl] Trachemys terrapen
CR "' Albcd Heosemys spinosa Jamaican Slider
Brunei?, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Spiny Turtle VU "» B1-H2C
Thailand Bahamas Jamaica
VU '™ Albd [int],

Clemmys guttata Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,

Spotted Turtle Myanmar?, Thailand
Family KINOSTERNmAE
VU '^'
Alcd+2cd Hieremys annandalii Kinostemon angustipons
Canada, USA Yellow-headed Temple Turtle Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle
Clemmys insculpta VU '" Alacd+2cd VU '" B1+2C
Wood Turtle Cambodia, Malaysia?, Myanmar?, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
VU "" Alabcd+2cd Thailand, Viet Nam
Kinostemon dunni
Canada, USA Kachuga kachuga Dunn's Mud Turtle
Clemmys marmorata Red-crowned Roofed Turtle VU '" B1-H2C
Pacific Pond Turtle EN "' A led Colombia
VU " A led Bangladesh, India, Nepal
USA Kinostemon sonoriense
Canada (ex), Mexico, Kachuga trivittata
Sonera Mud Turtle
Clemmys muhlenbergii Burmese Roofed Turtle VU '" Ale
Bog Turtle EN "" Ale Mexico, USA
EN "' Alcd+2cd Myanmar
USA Sternotherus depressus
Melanochelys tricarinata
Flattened Musk Turtle
Cuora flavomarginata Three-keeled Land Tortoise
Yellow-margined Box Turtle VU "" B1-I-2C
VU "' B1-H2C
USA
VU "<• A2c Bangladesh, India, Nepal?
[R. Black Warrior]
China, Japan (Nansei-shoto), Taiwan Pseudemys alabamensis
Cuora trifasciata Alabama Red-bellied Turtle
Chinese Three-striped Box Turtle EN '" Bl+2c Family PELOMEDUSmAE
EN '™ A2d USA
China, Laos?, Myanmar?, Viet Nam [Mobile Bay] Erymnochelys madagascariensis
Geoemyda depressa Rhinoclemmys rubida Madagascan Big-headed Turtle
Arakan Forest Turtle Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle EN '™ Alcd-H2d

CR '" A2cd, Bl+2c VU "« B1-H2C Madagascar

Myanmar Mexico Peltocephalus dumerilianus
Geoemyda japonica Sacalia bealei Big-headed Amazon River Turtle
Ryukyu Leaf Turtle Beal's-eyed Turtle VU "<•
Alacd
EN '" Ale, Bl+2c VU "<
B1+2C Brazil,Colombia, Ecuador, French
Japan (Nansei-shoto) China, Hong Kong Guiana, Guyana?, Peru, Venezuela

64
 Reptiles ^
Pelusios broadleyi Geochelone sulcata Pyxis arachnoides
Turkana Mud Turtle African Spurred Tortoise Spider Tortoise
VU "' D2 VU "" A led VU '" Bl+2abcd
Kenya Chad, Egypt?, Eritrea?, Ethiopia, Madagascar
[L. Turkana] Mali, Mauritania. Niger?, Nigeria,
Senegal, Sudan Pyxis planicauda
Pelusios seychellensis Madagascar Flat-shelled Tortoise
Seychelles Mud Turtle Geochelone yniphora EN '" Alcd, Bl+2bcd
VU '" D2 Madagascar Tortoise Madagascar
Seychelles EN "« Ale, Bl+2cd
Madagascar Testudo graeca
Podocnemis erythrocephala
Spur-thighed Tortoise
Red-headed River Turtle Gopherus
VU "» Albd
agassizii VU '" Alcd
Desert Tortoise Albania, Algeria, Armenia,
Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela VU '" Alacde+2cde, E Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt, France
Podocnemis lewyana Mexico, USA [int], Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq,

Magdalena River Turtle Israel, Italy [int], Jordan, Lebanon,

Gopherus flavomarginatus
EN "' Albd Bolson Tortoise
Libya, Macedonia, Moldova,
Colombia Morocco, Romania, Russia, Spain,
VU "' Aid, Bl+2bc, CI Syria, Tunisia, Turkey,
[Rio Magdalena basin]
Mexico Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Podocnemis sextuberculata
Six-tubercled River Turtle Gopherus polyphemus Testudo horsfieldii
VU '" Alacd Gopher Tortoise Central Asian Tortoise
Brazil, Colombia, Peru VU '" Alacde VU '" A2d
USA Afghanistan, Armenia?, Azerbaijan,
Podocnemis unifilis
China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Yellow-spotted River Turtle Homopus bergeri
Pakistan, Russia?, Tajikistan,
VU '" Alacd Berger's Cape Tortoise
Turkmenistan
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, VU '°
C2a
French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Namibia Testudo kleinmanni
Suriname, Venezuela Egyptian Tortoise
Indotestudo elongata
EN '" A 1 abed
Family TESTUDINIDAE Elongated Tortoise
Egypt, Israel, Libya
VU '" Alacd
Geochelone chilensis Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India,
Argentine Tortoise
Family TRIONYCHIDAE
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
VU ™ A led Thailand, Viet Nam Amyda cartilaginea
Argentina, Paraguay
Indotestudo forstenii Asiatic Softshell Turtle
Geochelone denticulata Travancore Tortoise VU '" Alcd+2cd
South American Yellow-footed
VU '" A led Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Tortoise
India, Indonesia Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
VU "< Alcd+2cd
Brazil,Colombia, Ecuador, French Malacochersus tomieri Apalone ater
Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Pancake Tortoise Cuatro Cienegas Softshell
Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela VU '" Albd CR '" Alace, Bl+2c
Kenya, Tanzania Mexico
Geochelone gigantea
Aldabra Giant Tortoise Manouria emys Aspideretes nigricans
VU '" D2 Asian Giant Tortoise Black Soft-shell Turtle
Seychelles VU "' Alcd CR "' Bl+2a
Bangladesh, Cambodia?, China?, Bangladesh
Geochelone nigra
Galapagos Giant Tortoise India, Indonesia, Laos?, Malaysia,
Chitra chitra
VU ™ A2c, Bl+2c Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam?
Striped Narrow-headed Softshell
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Manouria impressa Turtle
Geochelone platynota Impressed Tortoise CR "" Alcd, B1+2C
Burmese Starred Tortoise VU ™ Alacd, Bl+2acd Thailand
CR "» Alcd+2cd, C2a Cambodia?, China?, Laos?, [R. Mae Khlong]
Myanmar Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand,
Chitra indica
Viet Nam
Geochelone radiata Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle
Radiated Tortoise Psammobates geometricus VU "' Alcd
VU '" Alacd+2cd, Bl+2abc Geometric Tortoise Bangladesh, India, Myanmar,
Madagascar, Mauritius [int], EN ™ Alac, Bl+2c Pakistan
Reunion [int] South Africa [R. Indus]

65
Threatened Species

Nilssonia formosa Pedostibes kempi Litoria piperata

Burmese Peacock Softshell Garo Hill Tree Toad Peppered Tree Frog
VU "« Alacd+2cd, Bl+2c VU '»'
D2 CR " Alac
Myanmar, Thailand? India Australia

Pelochelys bibroni Pedostibes tuberculosus Litoria raniformis

Asian Giant Softshell Turtle Malabar Tree Toad Southern Bell Frog
VU '" Alcd VU '" Bl+2c EN " Alac
Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, India Australia
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua Peltophryne lemur
Litoria rheocola
New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Puerto Rican Crested Toad
Viet Nam
Common Mistfrog
VU '" Alace, B2c+3b
EN " Alac
Pelochelys cantorii Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British)
Australia
Cantor's Giant Softshell
Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Litoria spenceri
VU "' Alcd+2cd
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Alytes dickhilleni Spotted Frog
VU " BI+2cd VU '*
Alac
Rafetus euphraticus Australia
Spain
Euphrates Softshell Turtle
EN " Alac+2c Alytes muletensis Nyctimystes dayi
Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey Ferreret Australian Lace-lid
CR « Bl+2bc EN '"
Alac
Spain (Balearic Is) Australia
Class AMPHIBIA Discoglossus montalentii
VU " A2c, B2c+3d, C2a Family HYPEROLimAE
France
Order ANURA Hyperolius pickersgilli
Pickersgill's Reed Frog
Family HELEOPHRVNIDAE
Family BUFONIDAE VU '"'
Bl-H2abc
Heleophryne hewitti South Africa
Bufo amatolica Hewitt's Ghost Frog
Amatola Toad EN '" Bl+2abc Leptopelis xenodactylus
VU "" A2ce South Africa Long-toed Tree Frog
South Africa
Heleophryne rosei
VU '" A2c
South Africa
Bufo boreas Table Mountain Ghost Frog
EN "" Alee VU '" Alce+2ce, Bl+2abc, D2 Tachycnemis seychellensis
Canada, Mexico, USA South Africa Seychelle Islands Tree Frog

Bufo canorus
VU '«'
D2
Family HYLffiAE Seychelles
Yosemite Toad
EN '" Ala, B2be+3b Hyla vasta
VU '«' Ale Family LEIOFELMATmAE
USA
Dominican Republic, Haiti
Bufo exsul Leiopelma hamiltoni
Litoria flavipunctata Hamilton's Frog
Black Toad
VU " D2 Yellow-spotted Tree Frog VU " D2
USA CR " Alac New Zealand
Australia
Bufo houstonensis Litoria lorica
Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE
Houston Toad
Amoured Frog Atelognathus grandisonae
EN " C2a CR " Ale
USA VU '" D2
Australia
Chile
Bufo nelsoni Litoria nannotis
Amargosa Toad Atelognathus nitoi
Torrent Tree Frog
EN '" AIace,Bl+2abcd EN " Ale
VU '" D2
USA Argentina
Australia
[Laguna Verde]
Bufo periglenes Litoria nyakalensis
Golden Toad Nyakala Frog Atelognathus reverberii
CR '" Bl+2ce+3b CR '"
Ale VU '" Bl+2c+3b
Costa Rica Australia Argentina

Nectophrynoides occidentalis Litoria pearsoniana Atelognathus solitarius

Mt Nimba Viviparous Toad Pearson's Frog VU "" D2
EN '" Bl+2c VU " Alac Argentina
Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia? Australia [Las Bayas stream]

66
 Amphibians «?

Batrachophrynus macrostomus Breviceps macrops Taudactylus eungellensis

Lake Junin Frog Desert Rain Frog Eungella Torrent Frog
VU '" A2cde VU "« A2c VU " Bl-H2e
Peru Namibia?, South Africa Australia
[L. Junin] Dyscophus antongilii Taudactylus liemi
Eleutherodactylus cavernicola VU "* Alcd Liem's Frog
VU '" D2 Madagascar VU '"
Bl+2e
Jamaica Australia
Melanobatrachus indicus
Eleutherodactylus cooki Black Microhylid Taudactylus pleione
Pleione's Torrent Frog
VU '" D2 EN '" BI+2c
Puerto Rico India
VU " Bl+2e
Australia
Eleutherodactylus fuscus
Family MYOBATRACHIDAE Taudactylus rheophilus
VU '«=
Bl+2c
Tinkling Frog
Jamaica Geocrinia alba
White-bellied Frog CR " Alac
Eleutherodactylus junori Australia
VU '"'
Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Jamaica Australia Family PIPIDAE
Eleutherodactylus karlschmidtii Geocrinia vitellina Xenopus gilli
Yellow-bellied Frog
CR '«'
Alae Cape Platanna
Puerto Rico VU " D2 VU '" Alce-H2ce,Bl+2abc-H3b
Australia South Africa
Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus
VU '" D2 Mixophyes balbus Family RANIDAE
Jamaica Stuttering Frog
VU '"
Ale Conraua goliath
Eupsophus migueli Goliath Frog
Australia
VU "« D2 VU '« Bl+2c
Chile Mixophyes fleayi Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
Fleay's Frog
Holoaden bradei Mantella aurantiaca
CR EN '"
Alac
»° Ala
Australia
VU '« Alcd
Brazil Madagascar
Mixophyes iteratus
Hylodes sazimai Microbatrachella capensis
Southern Barred Frog
VU "" A2c Micro Frog
Brazil
EN " Alac
EN '"=
Alce-H2ce, B2abc+3b
Australia
Insuetophrymus acarpicus South Africa
Philoriafrosti
VU "" D2 Platymantis insulatus
Chile
Baw-baw Frog VU '»'
D2
EN " Ala Philippines
Paratelmatobius lutzii
Australia
CR «> Ala Platymantis spelaeus
Brazil Pseudophryne corroboree VU '" D2
Corroboree Frog Philippines
Somuncuria somuncurensis
Somuncura Frog
EN '*
Alac Platymantis vitiensis
Australia
EN '«' Bl+2bc Fijian Ground Frog

Argentina Rheobatrachus silus EN " Bl+2c

Gastric Brooding Frog Fiji
Telmatobius atacamensis
EN '»'
Ale
CR " Alac Rana cascadae
Argentina
Australia VU '" Ala
Rheobatrachus vitellinus USA
Thoropa lutzi
Southern Gastric Breeding Frog Raiui holsti
CR ^ Ala
Brazil
EN '*
Bl-i-2be Hoist's Frog
Australia VU '" B1-H2C
Thoropa petropolitana Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Taudactylus acutirostris
CR »° Ala
Sharp-nosed Torrent Frog Rana holtzi
Brazil
CR " Ale EN » Bl+2bc-H3d,E
Family MICROHYLIDAE Australia Turkey

Breviceps gibbosus Taudactylus diurnus Rana ishikawae

Cape Rain Frog Mt Glorias Torrent Frog Ishikawa's Frog

VU '" A2c CR '*

Dl VU "" B1-H2C

South Africa Australia Japan (Nansei-shoto)

67
 Threatened Species

Rana muscosa Batrachuperus mustersi Hydromantes shastae

VU '" Ala EN '"' Bl+2bc Shasta Salamander
USA Afghanistan VU " D2
Rana namiyei Batrachuperus persicus USA
Namiye's Frog VU "» D2 Phaeognathus hubrichti
VU '" B1+2C Iran Red Hills Salamander
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Hynobius abei EN " B1+2C
Rana onca Abe's Salamander USA
Relict Leopard Frog EN '" Bl+2c Plethodon hubrichti
VU '" Mac, Bl+2ade
Japan VU "" D2
USA Hynobius dunni USA
Rana subaspera Oita Salamander Plethodon neomexicanus
Otton Frog VU '" A lac Jemez Mountains Salamander
VU '«'
B1+2C Japan EN " Bl+2c
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Hynobius hidamontanus USA
Family SOOGLOSSmAE Hakuba Salamander Plethodon nettingi

Nesomantis thomasseti
VU '" A2c Cheat Mountain Salamander

Thomasset's Seychelles Frog

Japan VU " D2
Hynobius okiensis USA
EN '»' Bl+2c
Seychelles Oki Salamander Plethodon shenandoah

Sooglossus gardineri
EN '" Bl+2c Shenandoah Salamander
Gardiner's Seychelles Frog
Japan EN '" Bl+2c
USA
VU '" D2 Hynobius takedai
Seychelles Hokuriku Salamander Plethodon stormi
Sooglossus sechellensis EN "" Bl+2c Siskiyou Mts Salamander

Seychelles Frog Japan VU " D2

USA
VU "" D2 Ranodon sibiricus
Seychelles Semirechensk Salamander Speleomantes Jlavus
VU '"'
Ald+2d VU " C2b, D2
Order CAUDATA China, Kazakhstan Italy

Typhlomolge rathbuni
Family AMBYSTOMATmAE Family PLETHODONTmAE Texas Blind Salamander
Ambystoma californiense Batrachoseps aridus VU "« D2
VU '«'
A2c Desert Slender Salamander USA
USA CR " A2cd
USA Family PROTEIDAE
Ambystoma cingulatum
VU "" Ale Batrachoseps campi Proteus anguinus
USA EN "" Bl+2a Olm
Ambystoma lermaense USA VU " Bl+2bc, C2a
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Lake Lerma Salamander Batrachoseps simatus
France [int], Italy, Slovenia
CR '" Bl+2c Kern Canyon Slender Salamander
Mexico VU " D2 Family SALAMANDRTOAE
[L. Lerma] USA Chioglossa lusitanica
Ambystoma mexicanum Batrachoseps stebbinsi Gold-striped Salamander
Axolotl Tehachapi Slender Salamander VU « A2c
VU '" D2 VU " D2 Portugal, Spain
Mexico USA Euproctus platycephalus
[L. Xochimiico] Eurycea nana Sardinian Brook Salamander
Family CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE San Marcos Salamander CR " Alac, Bl+2bcd
VU " D2 Italy
Andrias japonicus
USA Mertensiella luschani
Japanese Giant Salamander
VU '" Bl+2cd Eurycea tridentifera Lycian Salamander
Japan VU '" D2 VU " Bl+2cde
USA Greece, Turkey
Family HYNOBiroAE Hydromantes brunus Paramesotriton deloustali
Batrachuperus gorganensis Limestone Salamander Vietnamese Salamander
VU "" D2 VU ^'
D2 VU "» D2
Iran USA Viet Nam

68
 Fishes: sharks, rays

Salamandra lanzai central), Indian Ocean (eastern, Sea, Pacific (eastern central,
Large Alpine Salamander western), Mediterranean and Black northwest, southeast, southwest,
VU «' C2a Sea, Pacific (northwest, southwest, western central)]
Italy western central)]
Carcharhinus plumbeus
Sandbar Shark
The following four Classes include Family LAMNIDAE VU " Albd+2d
fishes. Most species listed are
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Carcharodon carcharias
non-marine. The marine fish listings northwest, southeast, southwest,
Great White Shark
below represent the first attempt to western central), Indian Ocean
VU *« Albcd+2cd
interpret the conservation status of (eastern, western), Mediterranean
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
marine fishes according to the new and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern
northwest, southeast, southwest,
lUCN Red List criteria. These criteria
western central), Indian Ocean central, northwest, western central)]
require further evaluation in order to (eastern, western),Mediterranean Glyphis gangettcus
assess how well they reflect extinction and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern Ganges Shark
risk in marine fishes. central, northeast, northwest, CR " Albcde+2cde, C2b
southeast, southwest, western India, Pakistan?
Class central)] [R. Ganges (R. Hooghly)]
CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Lamna nasus
Porbeagle Order SQUALIFORMES
Order VU •"
Albd+2d
PETROMYZONTIFORMES [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Family SQUALffiAE
northwest, southeast, western
Family PETROMYZONTIDAE Dalatias licha
central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Eudontomyzon hellenicus Kitefin Shark
eastern, western), Mediterranean and
Greek Brook Lamprey Black Sea, Pacific (southeast,
VU " Ald+2d
VU '" A2ce, Bl+2c southwest)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,

Greece northwest, southeast, western

central), Indian Ocean (eastern,
Lethenteron zanandreai Family CETORHEVIDAE western), Mediterranean and Black
Lombardy Brook Lamprey
Cetorhinus maximus Sea, Pacific (eastern central,
EN '«' B1+2C northwest, southwest, western
Croatia?, Italy, Slovenia
Basking Shark

Mordacia praecox
VU " Alad+2d central)]

[Atlantic (eastern central, eastern

Non-parasitic Lamprey
central, northeast, northwest,
VU "' D2 Order PRISTIFORMES
southeast, southwest), Indian Ocean
Australia
(eastern), Mediterranean and Black Family PRISTIDAE
Sea, Pacific (eastern central,
Class ELASMOBRANCHII northeast, northwest, southeast,
Pristis microdon
Freshwater Sawfish
southwest)]
EN * Albcd+2cd
Order HEXANCHEFORMES
Australia, India, Indonesia, Papua
Family HEXANCHTOAE Order CARCHARINIFORMES New Guinea, South Africa, Thailand
[Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific
Hexanchus griseus Family CARCHARHINIDAE (westem central)]
Bluntnose Sixgill Shark
Carcharhinus limbatus
VU " Ald+2d
Blacktip Shark
Pristis pectinata

[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Smalltooth Sawfish

northwest, southeast, southwest,
VU "'
Albd+2d EN ™ Albcd+2cd
[Atlantic (eastern central, northwest, [Atlantic (southwest, westem
western central), Indian Ocean
southeast, southwest, western central), Indian Ocean (eastern,
(eastern, western), Mediterranean
central), Indian Ocean (eastern,
western)]
and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern
western), Mediterranean and Black
central, northeast, northwest, Pristis perotteti
Sea, Pacific (eastern central,
southeast, southwest)] Largetooth Sawfish
northwest, southeast, western
EN » Albcd-i-2cd
Order LAMNIFORMES central)]
Brazil,Colombia, El Salvador,
Carcharhinus obscurus Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala,
Family ODONTASPIDIDAE Dusky Shark Honduras, Mali, Nicaragua, Panama,
Carcharias taurus EN '" Ald+2d Senegal
Sand tiger Shark [Atlantic (eastern central, northwest, [Atlantic (northeast, westem central,
EN '" Alab+2d southeast, southwest, western eastem central, southwest),
[Atlantic (eastern central, northwest, central), Indian Ocean (eastern, Mediterranean and Black Sea,
southeast, southwest, western western), Mediterranean and Black Pacific (eastem central, southeast)]

69
 Threatened Species

Pristis pristis Yugoslavia (ex) Huso huso

Common Sawfish [R. Po] Beluga
EN "*
Albcd+2cd [L. Skadar] EN '™ A2d
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Hungary, Iran,
Acipenser nudiventris
southeast), Mediterranean and Black Kazakhstan, Moldova,
Italy (ex),
Ship Sturgeon
Sea] Romania, Russia, Turkmenistan,
EN "» Alacde+2d Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Hungary, Iran,
Order MYLIOBATIFORMES Kazakhstan (ex), Moldova, Romania, Pseudoscaphirhynchusfedtschenkoi
Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (ex) Syr-Dar Shovelnose Sturgeon
Family DASYATIDAE [R. Danube] CR '™ Alae,Dl
Kazakhstan
Himantura chaophraya Acipenser persicus [R. Syr Darya]
Giant Freshwater Stingray Persian Sturgeon
EN " Albcde+2cde Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni
EN '™ A2d
Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia,
Small Amu-Dar Shovelnose Sturgeon
Guinea, Thailand Turkey CR '™ Alae,Dl
[R. Fly, R. Mahakam] Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Acipenser ruthenus [R. Amu Darya]
Sterlet
Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni
Class ACTINOPTERYGII VU '™ Ale
Large Amu-Dar Shovelnose Sturgeon
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary,
EN '™ Alacd
Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Kazakhstan (ex?), Latvia, Lithuania, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Romania, Russia, Slovakia, [R. Amu Darya]

Family ACIPENSERroAE
Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Scaphirhynchus albus
Acipenser baerii Pallid Sturgeon
Acipenser schrencki
Siberian Sturgeon
Amur Sturgeon EN ™ DI
VU "° A2d USA
Russia
EN "" A2d
[R. Missouri-Mississippi]
China, Russia
Acipenser brevirostrum [R. Amur] Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
Shortnose Sturgeon Shovelnose Sturgeon
VU ™ Alc,Bl+2cd Acipenser sinensis
VU '™ Alacd+2d
Canada, USA Chinese Sturgeon
USA
Acipenser dabryanus
EN '™ A2cd
[R. Missouri-Mississippi]
China
Yangtze Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus suttkusi
[R. Pearl, R. Yangtze]
CR '™ Alacd+2cd Alabama Sturgeon
China Acipenser stellatus CR '" Alc-H2cd, D1,E
[R. Yangtze] Stellate Sturgeon USA
Acipenser fulvescens EN '™ A2d
[Mobile Bay]
Lake Sturgeon Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia,

VU '™ Alad+2d Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Family POLYODONTIDAE

Moldova, Romania, Russia,
Canada, USA Polyodon spathula
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Acipenser guldenstaedti Paddlefish
Russian Sturgeon Acipenser sturio VU '™ C2b
EN "" A2d Common Sturgeon USA
Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Hungary, Iran, CR '™ A2d,Dl [R. Mississippi]
Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Albania, Algeria (ex?), Belgium
Psephurus gladius
Russia, Turkey?, Turkmenistan, (ex?), Estonia (ex?), Finland (ex?),
Chinese Paddlefish
Ukraine, Yugoslavia France, Georgia, Germany (ex?),
Greece (ex?), Hungary (ex?), Ireland
CR '» A2cd
Acipenser medirostris China
(ex?), Italy (ex?), Morocco (ex?),
Green Sturgeon [R. Yangtze]
Netherlands, Norway (ex?), Poland
VU A lac
'™
(ex?), Portugal (ex?), Romania (ex?),
Canada, USA Russia (ex?), Spain, Sweden (ex?), Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES
Acipenser mikadoi Switzerland (ex?), Turkey, Ukraine
Sakhalin Sturgeon (ex?). United Kingdom, Yugoslavia Family OSTEOGLOSSroAE
EN '™ CI (ex?)
Scleropages formosus
Japan, Russia Huso dauricus Asian Bonytongue
Acipenser naccarii Kaluga EN "" Alcd+2cd
Adriatic Sturgeon EN '™ Alacde+2d Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia,
VU '™ A lac China, Russia Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Albania (ex), Croatia, Italy, [R. Amur] Thailand, Viet Nam

70
 Fishes: bony fishes

Order CLUPEIFORMES Barbus andrewi Barbus steindachneri

Cape Whitefish VU '»' A2ce
Family CLUPEffiAE VU "« Alcde Portugal
Alosa alabamae South Africa [R. Guadiana]
Alabama Shad Barbus brevipinnis Barbus trevelyani
EN " Bl+2e Shortfin Barb Border Barb
USA VU "» Ale CR "» Ale
Alosa macedonia Mozambique, South Africa South Africa
Liparia Caecobarbus geertsi
Barbus calidus
VU "" D2 Clanwilliam Redfm African Blind Barb Fish
Greece
EN "» Bl+2ac VU '«'
Ale, Bl+2e, D2
[L. Volvi] Zaire
South Africa
Jenkinsia parvula Caecocypris basimi
Barbus capensis
Venezuelan Herring VU "« D2
Clanwilliam Yellowfish
VU '
D2
Venezuela
VU "" Alee Iraq

South Africa Cephalakompsus pachycheilus

[Atlantic (western central)]
Barbus comizo CR '»' Alee
Tenualosa thibaudeaui Philippines
EN ™ Ala Iberian Barbel
[L. Lanao]
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam VU '«=
A2ce
Portugal, Spain Chela caeruleostigmata
CR '»'
Ale
Order CYPRINIFORMES Barbus erubescens
Cambodia, Thailand
Twee River Redfm
Family CYPRINmAE CR "» B2ae+3a,E Chondrostoma holmwoodii
Acheilognathus elongatus South Africa VU '"' A2e
Turkey
EN '"'
Bl+2c Barbus euboicus
China Petropsaro Chondrostoma lusitanicum
[L. Dianchi] CR '" A2c, B2c+3a Boga-Portuguesa

Acheilognathus longipinnis Greece VU '" A2ce

Portugal
Itasenpara Bitterling [Manikiotiko Stream]
VU "" Alace, BI+2c Barbus guiraonis
Chondrostoma scodrensis
Japan Barbo Mediterraneo
CR "" Ala, BI+2e
Albania, Yugoslavia
Alburnus akili VU '" A2ce
[L. Skadar]
Gokce Baligi Spain
VU '" A2de Barbus haasi
Cyprinella alvarezdelvillari
Turkey CR " Alace, Bl+2c,C2b
Barbo de Cola Roja
Alburnus albidus Mexico
VU "" A2ce
ItalianBleak Spain Cyprinella bocagrande
VU '" Alace Sardinita Bocagrande
Croatia, Italy, Turkey?
Barbus kimberleyensis CR "'
A2e, C2b
Largemouth Yellowfish
Anabarilius polylepis Mexico
VU "» Ale
EN ">'
Bl+2c South Africa Cyprinella caerulea
China Blue Shiner
[L. Dianchi] Barbus microcephalus VU " Bl+2ac
Anaecypris hispanica
VU '" A2ce USA
Portugal, Spain
EN ""
Alace, Bl+2c Cyprinella formosa
Portugal, Spain Barbus motebensis Beautiful Shiner

Aulopyge hugeli
Marico Barb VU " B2c+3c
Dalmatian Barbel-gudgeon VU "" Ale Mexico, USA
South Africa
VU '" Alacde+2ce Cyprinella panarcys
Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Croatia Barbus prespensis Conchos Shiner
Balantiocheilos melanopterus Briana EN'' Alace, E
Silver Shark VU '" A2c Mexico
EN '"'
A lac Albania, Greece, Macedonia? Cyprinella proserpina
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Barbus serra Proserpine Shiner
Barbopsis devecchi Sawfm VU "'
Bl+2c, D2
VU "» D2 EN "« Bl+2abde,Cl Mexico, USA
Somalia South Africa [Rio San Carlos]

71
Threatened Species

Cyprinella santamariae Gila cypha Labeo seeberi

Sardinita de Santa Maria Humpback Chub Clanwilliam Sandfish '
VU " A 1 c+2c, B 1 +2c, C2b, D2 VU " 02 CR "« A lace
I

Mexico USA South Africa

[R. Colorado] Ladigesocypris ghigii
Cyprinella xanthicara
Cuatro Cienegas Shiner Gila ditaenia Ghizani
EN « A2ce Charalito Sonorense VU '" A2ce
Mexico VU "'
A2ce, 02 Greece, Turkey

Cyprinus micristius
Mexico, USA Lepidomeda albivallis
EN '« Bl+2c Gila elegans White River Spinedace
China Bonytail Chub CR " Albce
[L. Dianchi] EN " Bl+2ac USA
Danio pathirana
Mexico, USA [R. White]

Barred Danio Gila modesta Lepidomeda vittata

CR '" B1+2C Charalito Saltillo Little Colorado Spinedace

Sri Lanka CR " Alace+2ce, Bl+2ab VU " 02
Dionda diaboli Mexico USA
[R. Little Colorado]
Devil's River Minnow Gila nigrescens
VU " Alae+2e Charalito Chihuahua Leuciscus illyricus
Mexico, USA CR " Alace+2ce, Bl+2abc VU '" Alce+2ce
Dionda dichroma Mexico, USA Croatia
[R. Cetina]
Sardinita de Rio Verde Gila purpurea
VU " Alac+2c, D2 Yaqui Chub Leuciscus keadicus
Mexico VU " A2ce, Bl+2abd, 02 VU '»'
02
Dionda mandibutaris Mexico, USA Greece
[R. Evrotas]
Sardinita Quijarrona Gobio hettitorum
CR "' A2ce, Bl+2abc, C2a Dere Kayasi Leuciscus microlepis
Mexico VU '" 02 VU '" Alace, 02
Eremichthys acros Turkey Croatia

Desert Dace [Gokdere Stream] Leuciscus polylepis

VU " D2 Hampala lopezi EN '" B2c+3a
USA CR '»'
Ala,Bl+2a Croatia

Erimystax cahni Philippines [R. Cikola]

Slender Chub Hybognathus amarus Leuciscus svallize

VU " Bl+2ac Rio Grande Minnow VU '" A2ce,02
USA EN " Bl+2acd Croatia
Garra barreimiae USA Leuciscus ukliva
VU '" D2 [Rio Grande]
CR "^ Alace, Bl+2abce
Oman, United Arab Emirates Iberocypris palaciosi Croatia
Garra dunsirei EN '"'
Bl+2c [R. Cetina]

VU "" D2 Spain
Lythrurus snelsoni
Oman [R. Guadalquivir]
Ouachita Mountain Shiner
Garra longipinnis lotichthys phlegethontis VU " 02
VU '«'
02 Least Chub USA
Oman VU " Bl+2ac Macrhybopsis gelida
Gibbibarbus cyphotergous
USA Sturgeon Chub
[R. Bonneville]
VU "" 02 VU " Alc+2c
China Iranocypris typhlops USA
Gila alvordensis
VU '" 02 Mandibularca resinus
Iran
Alvord Chub Bagangan
VU " 02 Labeo fisheri CR "« Alee
USA Green Labeo Philippines

Gila boraxobius
EN " Bl+2c,C2a [L. Lanao]
Sri Lanka
Borax Lake Chub Medafulgida
VU " D2 Labeo lankae Spikedace
USA CR '"Alc+2c, CI VU " D2
[R. Alvord] Sri Lanka USA

72
 Fishes: bony fishes

Moapa coriacea Ospatulus truncatus Probarbus jullieni

Moapa Dace Bitungu Ikan Temoleh
CR " Bl+2c CR "" Alee EN '»'
A lac
USA Philippines Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand,
[R. Muddy] [L. Lanao] Viet Nam
Neolissochilus theinemanni Paraphoxinus alepidotus Pseudobarbus asper
VU '" D2 VU '" A2ce Smallscale Redfin
Indonesia Croatia VU "» Alee
[L. Toba] Paraphoxinus croaticus South Africa
Notropis aguirrepequenoi VU "" A2ce Pseudobarbus burchelli
Sardinita del Pilon Croatia
Burchell's Redfin
VU « A 1 ace+2ce, B 1 +2ab, D2
Paraphoxinus ghetaldi EN "» Alce+2ce, CI
Mexico
VU '" A2ce South Africa
Notropis buccula Croatia
Smalleye Shiner Pseudobarbus burgi
[R. Buna]
VU « D2 Berg River Redfm
Paraphoxinus metohiensis CR "» Alce,Bl+2abce+3acd
USA
[R. Brazos]
VU '" A2ce South Africa
Croatia
Notropis cahabae Pseudobarbus phlegethon
Phenacobius teretulus
Cahaba Shiner Fiery Redfin
Kanawha Minnow
CR " Bl+2cd EN "« Bl+2ac
USA VU " D2 South Africa
[R. Cahaba]
USA
[R. New] Pseudobarbus quathlambae
Notropis imeldae Maluti Minnow
Sardinita de Rio Verde
Phoxinellus anatolicus
Yag Baligi
CR "« Bl+2abcd
VU « C2b, D2 Lesotho
Mexico EN "» A2e
Turkey Pseudobarbus tenuis
Notropis mekistocholas
[L. Akgol, L. Beysehir] Slender Redfin
Cape Fear Shiner
CR " Bl+2cd Phoxinellus egridiri EN "" Alce+2ce,Cl
Yag Baligi South Africa
USA
Notropis melanostomus
CR "^ Ale Pseudophoxinus beoticus
Turkey Paskoviza
Blackmouth Shiner
VU " D2
[L. Egirdir]
EN '»'
A2ce
USA Phoxinellus handlirschi Greece
Ci9ek
Notropis moralesi Ptychocheilus lucius
Sardinita de Tepelmene
CR '" Ale
Colorado Squawfish
Turkey
CR " C2b VU " 02
[L. Egirdir]
Mexico USA
Phoxinus cumberlandensis [R. Colorado]
Notropis simus
Mountain Blackside Dace
Bluntnose Shiner Puntius amarus
EN " Ale VU " D2
Pait
Mexico, USA
USA
CR '" Alee
[Rio Grande] Phreatichthys andruzzi
Philippines
Onychostoma alticorps VU '" D2 [L. Lanao]
Somalia
EN ">'
Alacde
Puntius bandula
Taiwan Plagopterus argentissimus
Woundfin
CR '" Bl+2c,Cl
Opsaridium peringueyi Sri Lanka
Dwarf Sanjika VU ''
D2
VU "" Bl+2abc,D2 USA Puntius baoulan
[R. Virgin] Baolan
South Africa
Pogonichthys macrolepidotus CR "» Alee
Oregonichthys crameri
Sacramento Splittail Philippines
Oregon Chub
EN " Ale [L. Lanao]
VU ^'
D2
USA USA Puntius clemensi
Ospatulus palaemophagus Poropuntius tawarensis Bagangan
EN '" Alee VU '" D2 CR '»'
Alee
Indonesia Philippines
Philippines
[L. Lanao] \L. Tawar] [L. Lanao]

73
Threatened Species

Fundus disa Puntius tumba Spratellicypris palata

Disa Tumba Palata
CR '«'
Alee VU '" A2cde CR '«=
Alee
Philippines Philippines Philippines
[L. Lanao] [L. Lanao] [L. Lanao]
Rasbora baliensis Tanakia tanago
Puntius flavifuscus
Katapa-tapa
VU '»'
D2 Tokyo Bitterling

CR '" Alee Indonesia VU ">'

Alac, Bl+2c
[L. Bratan] Japan
Philippines
[L Lanao] Rasbora tawarensis Tor yunnanensis
VU '»'
D2 EN '" Alac, Bl+2e
Puntius hemictenus Indonesia China
VU '»'
D2 \L. Tawar] [L. Fuxian]
Philippines
Rasbora wilpita Typhlobarbus nudiventris
Puntius herrei EN '" B1+2C VU '"'
D2
CR '»'
Alee Sri Lanka China
Philippines Relictus solitarius
Typhlogarra widdowsoni
Relict Dace
Puntius katalo VU '" D2
Katolo EN " Bl+2c Iraq
CR »' Alee USA
Vimba melanops
Philippines Rhinichthys cobitis
Malamida
[L. Lanao] Loach Minnow
VU " D2 VU '» Alee
Puntius lanaoensis Greece, Macedonia?
USA
Kandar
CR '«'
Alee Rutilus lemmingii Family COBITIDAE
Philippines
VU "» A2ce
Botia sidthimunki
Portugal?, Spain
[L. Lanao] CR "" Ale
Rutilus macrolepidotus Laos, Thailand?
Puntius lindog Ruivaco
Lindog Cobitis calderoni
VU '" A2ce
VU "" A2ede Portugal
VU '" Alace+2ce
Philippines Portugal, Spain
Rutilus meidingeri
[L. Lanao] Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi
EN "" Bl+2c
Puntius manalak Austria, Germany, Slovakia Spotted Loach
Manalak [R. Danube] EN '" Bl+2c,Cl

CR '« Alee Sri Lanka

Scardinius graecus
Philippines Greek Rudd Protocobitis typhlops
[L. Lanao] VU '" D2 VU '»'
D2
Greece China
Puntius manguaoensis
VU "" D2 Schizothorax lepidothorax Fainily BALITORIDAE
Philippines EN '«'
Alac, Bl+2e
China Hemimyzon taitungensis
Puntius martenstyni
[L. Fuxian] VU »' D2
EN '" Bl+2c Taiwan
Sinocyclocheilus anatirostris
Sri Lanka
VU '<"
02 Homaloptera thamicola
Puntius strong China VU '"'
D2
Sirang Thailand
Sinocyclocheilus angularis
VU '»'
A2cde VU '°'
D2 Nemacheilus smithi
Philippines
China VU '»'
D2
[L. Lanao]
Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus Iran

Puntius speleops VU '"'

D2 [Baq-e-Loveh pool]
VU "" D2 China Nemacheilus troglocataractus
Thailand Sinocyclocheilus hyalinus VU '»'
D2
Puntius tras VU '»'
D2 Thailand

Tras China Nemacheilus tschaiyssuensis

CR "« Alee Sinocyclocheilus microphthalmus VU « D2
Philippines VU '»'
D2 Turkey
\L. Lanao] China [Qaysuyu stream]

74
 Fishes: bony fishes
^ff

Oreonectes anophthalmus Catostomus microps Family ICTALURTOAE

VU "" D2 Modoc Sucker
China EN " Bl+2c,Cl Ictalurus mexicanus

Schistura jarutanini
USA Bagre de Rio Verde
VU «" D2 Catostomus santaanae
VU « Alac+2c
Thailand
Mexico
Santa Ana Sucker
Schistura oedipus VU " Bl+2c, D2 Ictalurus pricei
VU "" D2 USA Bagre de Yaqui
Thailand Catostomus warnerensis
VU " Alac+2c, Bl+2abc
Mexico
Schistura sijuensis Warner Sucker
VU '»'
D2 VU " D2 Noturus baileyi
India USA Smoky Madtom
Sinogastromyzon puliensis
[L. Warner basin] CR " Bl+2c
VU '<"
D2 Catostomus wigginsi
USA
[R. Little Tenessee]
Taiwan Matalote Opata
Sphaerophysa dianchiensis VU « Bl+2abc, D2 Noturus flavipinnis
VU '»'
D2 Mexico Yellowfin Madtom
China Chasmistes brevirostris
VU " D2
Shortnose Sucker
USA
Sundoreonectes tiomanensis
VU '"'
D2 EN ''
Bl+2c Noturus gilberti
Malaysia USA Orangefin Madtom
Triplophysa gejiuensis Chasmistes cujus
VU " D2
VU '"'
D2 Cui-ui
USA
China CR " Bl+2b Noturus lachneri
Triplophysa xiangxensis
USA Ouachita Madtom
VU "" D2 [L. Pyramid] VU " Bl+2cd
China Deltistes luxatus
USA
Yunnanilus macrogaster Lost River Sucker Noturus stanauli
VU "" D2 EN " Bl+2cd Pygmy Madtom
China USA VU '' D2
Yunnanilus niger Moxostoma hubbsi USA
VU '"'
D2 Copper Redhorse Noturus taylori
China VU " D2 Caddo Madtom
Canada VU " D2
Yunnanilus nigromaculatus
EN "" Bl+2abc Xyrauchen texanus USA
China Razorback Sucker Noturus trautmani
[L. Dianchi] EN " Albc Scioto Madtom
USA CR '« B1+2C
Family CATOSTOMmAE USA
[R. Scioto (Big Darby Creek)]
Catostomus bemardini Order CHARACIFORMES
Prietella lundbergi
Yaqui Sucker
VU ' Alae+2e Family CHARACffiAE VU '" D2
Mexico
Mexico, USA Gymnocharacinus bergi
Catostomus cahita Prietella phreatophila
Naked Characin
Bagre de Muzquiz
Matalote Cahita EN '»' A2ce,Bl+2c
VU "'
Ala,Bl+2ac Argentina
EN" Alace+2ce,Bl+2bc
Mexico Mexico

Catostomus conchas Satan eurystomus

Matalote Conches Order SELURITGRMES Widemouth Blindcat
VU " Alab, Bl+2ac VU " D2
Mexico Family DIPLOMYSTIDAE USA
Catostomus leopoldi Diplomystes chilensis Trogloglanis pattersoni
Matalote del Bavispe ToUo de Agua Dulce Toothless Blindcat
VU " Ale, Bl+2ac EN '" Bl+2c VU " D2
Mexico Chile USA

75
Threatened Species

Family BAGRIDAE Encheloclarias tapeinopterus Family OSMERIDAE

Austroglanis barnardi
VU "" D2
Indonesia
Hypomesus transpacificus
Barnard's Rock-catfish Delta Smelt
CR "» Bl+2bcd Horaglanis krishnai
EN " Bl+2cd
South Africa VU '*'
D2 USA
India
Austroglanis gilli
Clanwilliam Rock-catfish Uegitglanis zammaranoi Family SALANGIDAE
VU "» Alee, B1-H2C VU '" B1-I-2C
Neosalanx regani
South Africa Somalia
Ariakehimeshirauo
Coreobagrus ichikawai Family HETEROPNEUSXroAE VU "" Alace, D2
Nekogigi Japan
VU '" Alac, D2 Heteropneustes microps
Japan VU "" D2 Family RETROPINNmAE
Sri Lanka
Pseudobargus medianalis Prototroctes maraena
EN "" Bl-(-2c Family ARIIDAE Australian Grayling
China
Alius bonillai VU '" Ale
[L. Dianchi] Australia
New Grenada Sea Catfish
Family SILURIDAE EN Bl+2cd
'

Family GALAXIIDAE
Colombia
Silurus mento
JAtlantic (western central), Pacific Galaxias argenteus
EN '»'
B1+2C
(eastern central)] Giant Kokopu
China
[L. Dianchi] Family PLOTOSIDAE VU '" C2a
New Zealand
Family PANGASIIDAE Oloplotosus torobo
Galaxias fontanus
Kutubu Tandan
Pangasianodon gigas Swan Galaxias
VU ' A2cd
Giant Catfish
Papua New Guinea
CR '" Bl-H2bc
EN '"'
C2b
[L. Kutubu]
Australia
Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar
Galaxias fuscus
[R. Mekong] Family MOCHOKIDAE Barred Galaxias
Family A]VIBLYCIPITIDAE Chiloglanis bifurcus CR '" AIc+2c, Bl-H2b
Incomati Suckermouth Australia
Liobagrus nigricauda
EN '»'
Bl-h2c
CR '" Alae [R. Goulbum]
South Africa Galaxias gracilis
China
[L. Dianchi] Family PIMELODmAE Dwarf Inanga
VU '" Alee, Bl+2cd, D2
Family SISORIDAE Rhamdia reddelli
New Zealand
Juil Ciego
Oreoglanis siamensis Galaxias johnstoni
VU '"'
D2 VU "'
C2b, D2
Mexico Clarence Galaxias
Thailand CR "' Ale, Bl-H2a
Rhamdia zongolicensis
Family CLARimAE VU '»'
D2
Australia

Clarias cavernicola Mexico Galaxias pedderensis

Cave Catfish Redder Galaxias
CR "" Bl+2c,E Family TRICHOMYCTERmAE CR "">
AlacH-2c, Bl-i-2abcde
Namibia Trichomycterus chungarensis Australia

Clarias tnaclareni VU "» D2 [L. Pedder drainage]

CR '" Chile Galaxias postvectis

Bl+2c
Cameroon Shortjawed Kokopu
[L. Barombi Mbo] Order SALMONIFORMES VU '" Bl+2bcd
Encheloclarias curtisoma New Zealand
Family UMBRTOAE
CR "" Bl-H2bce Galaxias rekohua
Malaysia Umbra krameri Chathams Galaxias
European Mud-minnow
Encheloclarias kelioides VU '" D2
CR '»' Bl-H2bcde VU "" A lace New Zealand (Chatham Is)
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina?,
Indonesia, Malaysia Galaxias rostratus
Czech Republic?,
Bulgaria, Croatia,
Encheloclarias prolatus Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Flat-Headed Galaxias
VU '»'
D2 Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine?, VU '" Ale
Malaysia Yugoslavia Australia

76
 Fishes: bony fishes ^gf

Galaxias tanycephalus Oncorhynchus apache Amblyopsis spelaea

Saddled Galaxias Apache Trout Northern Cavefish
VU '" D2 CR " Alcd VU " D2
Australia USA USA
Galaxiella pusilla Oncorhynchus chrysogaster Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni
Dwarf Galaxias Mexican Golden Trout Alabama Cavefish
VU '" Bl+2bcd VU " A2ce CR " C2b
Australia Mexico USA
Oncorhynchus formosanus Typhlichthys subterraneus
Neochanna burrowsius
Canterbury Mudfish CR '"' Bl+2d VU "" D2
VU '" Bl+2bcd Taiwan USA
New Zealand Oncorhynchus gilae

Paragalaxias mesotes
Gila Trout Order GADIFORMES
Arthurs Paragalaxias
EN " B2ad+3c
USA Family MORIDAE
VU '" D2
Australia Oncorhynchus ishikawai Physiculus helenaensis
Satsukimasu Salmon Skulpin
EN '"'
Alac, B2abcde+3abd CR '" Dl
Japan St Helena
Family SALMONIDAE
[R. Nagara] [Atlantic (southeast)]
Acantholingua ohridana Salmo carpio Family GADTOAE
VU '"' Bl+2bc Carpione del Garda
Albania, Macedonia Gadus morhua (C)
VU '" Alacde Atlantic Cod
[L. Ohrid] Italy
Garda]
VU "^ Albd
Coregonus hoyi [L.
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest)]
Bloater Salmo letnica
VU " D2 Melanogrammus aeglefinus (C)
VU "« Alad+2d
Haddock
Canada, USA Albania, Macedonia
[Great Lakes] [L. Ohrid]
VU '« Ald+2d
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest)]
Coregonus huntsmani Salmo platycephalus
Acadian Whitefish Ala Balik
VU " D2 CR '»'
Bl+2abc Order OPHIDIIFORMES
Canada, USA Turkey
Family BYTHITIDAE
[Great Lakes]
Salmothymus obtusirostris
Lucifuga simile
Coregonus kiyi EN '" A lace
VU " D2
Kiyi Croatia, Yugoslavia
Cuba
VU " D2 Salvelinus confluentus
Canada, USA Lucifuga spelaeotes
Bull Trout
New Providence Cusk-eel
[Great Lakes] VU " A2e
VU '«'
Alee, Bl+2bc, D2
Coregonus reighardi Canada, USA Bahamas
Shortnose Cisco Salvelinus japonicus
Lucifuga subterranea
CR " Alae Kirikuchi Char
VU '" D2
Canada EN "" Alacde, Bl+2ac Cuba
[L. Huron (Georgian Bay)] Japan
Lucifuga teresinarum
[R. Totsukawa]
Coregonus zenithicus VU "= D2
Shortjaw Cisco Salvethymus svetovidovi Cuba
VU " Albc VU "" D2
Saccogaster melanomycter
Canada, USA Russia
[Great Lakes] [L. El'gygytgyn]
VU '
D2
Colombia
Hucho hucho [Atlantic (western central)]
Huchen
Order PERCOPSIFORMES Stygicola dentata
EN "" A2bcde, Bl+2bce VU "« D2
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Family AMBLYOPSmAE Cuba
Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany,
Amblyopsis rosae Typhliasina pearsei
Hungary, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Ozark Cavefish Dama Ciega Blanca
Yugoslavia VU ^' Dl+2 VU " D2
[R. Danube] USA Mexico

77
Threatened Species

Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES Chirostoma bartoni [L. Kutubu]

Charal de laCaldera
Melanotaenia oktediensis
Family BATRACHOIDIDAE VU " A2c, C2b, D2
Oktedi Rainbowfish
Mexico
Batrachoides manglae VU A2ce
'

Cotuero Toadfish Craterocephalus amniculus Papua New Guinea

VU '
D2 Darling River Hardyhead [R. Ok Tedi]
Colombia, Venezuela VU '" Ale
Melanotaenia parva
[Atlantic (western central). Pacific Australia
Lake Kurumoi Rainbowfish
(eastern central)] Craterocephalus dalhousiensis VU A2ce
'

Sanopus astrifer Dalhousie Hardyhead Indonesia

Whitespotted Toadfish VU '" D2 [L. Kurumoi]
VU "" D2 Australia
Menidia extensa
Belize Craterocephalus fluviatillis Waccamaw Silverside
[Atlantic (western central)] Murray Hardyhead
VU " D2
Sanopus greenfieldorum EN "' Alc,Bl+2ab USA
Whitelined Toadfish Australia
[L. Waccamaw]
VU "" D2 [Kerang Lakes area]
Paratherina cyanea
Belize Craterocephalus gloveri
[Atlantic (western central)] Glovers Hardyhead
VU '"'
D2
Indonesia
Sanopus reticulatus VU '" D2
[Malili Lakes]
Reticulated Toadfish Australia

VU "" D2 Craterocephalus lacustris Paratherina labiosa

Belize Kutubu Hardyhead VU ""
D2
Indonesia
[Atlantic (western central)] VU ' A2cd
[Malili Lakes]
Sanopus splendidus Papua New Guinea
[L. Kutubu] Paratherina lineala
Splendid Toadfish
VU '"
D2 Glossolepis incisus VU "» D2
Belize, Mexico Red Rainbowfish Indonesia
[Atlantic (western central)] VU '
A2ce [L. Towuti]
Indonesia Paratherina striata
[L. Sentani]
VU '»'
D2
Glossolepis wanamensis Indonesia
Order LOPHIIFORMES
Lake Wanam Rainbowfish
Paratherina wolterecki
Family BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE CR '
Alae VU '»'
D2
Papua New Guinea Indonesia
Brachionichthys hirsutus [L. Wanam] [Malili Lakes]
Spotted Handfish
Kiunga ballochi
CR " Alcde Glass Blue-eye
Poblana alchichica
Australia Charal de Alchichica
[Indian Ocean (eastern)]
CR ' Alac, Bl+2abcde
CR *'
AIac+2c, Bl+2c,C2b
Papua New Guinea
Mexico
Melanotaenia arfakensis
Order ATHERINIFORMES Arfak Rainbowfish Poblana letholepis
Charal de la Preciosa
ATHERINIDAE
VU ' A2ce
Family
Indonesia
EN "'
A 1 ac+2c, B 1 +2c, C2b
[R. Prafi valley]
Mexico
Caimsichthys rhombosomoides
Cairns Rainbowfish Melanotaenia boesemani Poblana squamata
VU '" Alee, D2 Boeseman's Rainbowfish Charal de Quechulac
EN " A B 1 +2c, C2b
Australia EN ' Alad 1 ac+2c,
Indonesia Mexico
Chilatherina bleheri
Bleher's Rainbowfish [Ayamaru Lakes] Pseudomugil mellis
VU =
A2e Melanotaenia eachamensis Honey Blue-eye
Indonesia Lake Eacham Rainbowfish EN ''">
AIacde+2cde
[Danau Biru (L. Holmes)] VU '" Alace+2ce, Bl+2b,Cl,D2 Australia

Chilatherina sentaniensis Australia

Rheocles wrightae
Sentani Rainbowfish Melanotaenia lacustris Zona
CR '
Alace Lake Kutubu Rainbowfish CR "» Ale
Indonesia VU ' Alac Madagascar
[L. Sentani] Papua New Guinea [R. Manambola]

78
 Fishes: bony fishes

Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Crenichthys baileyi

Red-finned Blue-eye White River Springfish
CR '™ Alce,B2abcde+3d Family APLOCHEILroAE VU « D2
Australia USA
Campellolebias brucei
[R. Thomson] [R. White]
Santa Catarina Sabrefin
Telmatherina abendanoni VU "' Bl+3bd Crenichthys nevadae
VU '»'
D2 Brazil Railroad Valley Springfish
Indonesia VU " D2
Cynolebias boitonei USA
[Malili Lakes]
Brasilia Lyrefin
VU '" Bl+3bd Cualac tessellatus
Telmatherina antoniae
Cachorrito de Media Luna
VU '" D2 Brazil
EN" A2e, Bl+2ab
Indonesia Cynolebias constanciae Mexico
[L. Matano] VU '«'
Bl+2ac+3bd
Cyprinodon beltrani
Brazil
Telmatherina celebensis Cachorrito Lodero
VU '"'
D2 Cynolebias marmoratus EN " A 1 abc+2bc, B 1 +2c, C2b
Indonesia Ginger Pearlfish Mexico
Telmatherina ladigesi
VU '" Bl+2ac+3bd Cyprinodon bovinus
Brazil
Celebes Rainbow Leon Springs Pupfish
VU "" D2 Cynolebias minimus CR " A2c
Indonesia Minute Pearlfish USA
VU '" Bl+2ac+3bd Cyprinodon diabolis
Telmatherina obscura Brazil
Devils Hole Pupfish
VU "» D2
Indonesia Cynolebias opalescens VU " Dl+2
[L. Matano] Opalescent Pearlfish USA
VU '" Bl+2ac+3bd Cyprinodon elegans
Telmatherina opudi Brazil Comanche Springs Pupfish
VU '" D2 EN " A2ce, Bl+2ac
Cynolebias splendens
Indonesia
Splendid Pearlfish USA
[L. Matano]
VU '»'
Bl+2ac+3bd Cyprinodon fontinalis
Telmatherina prognatha Brazil Perrito de Carbonera
VU '" D2
Nothobranchius sp.
EN " A 1 ae-i-2e, B 1 +2ab, C2a
Indonesia Mexico
Caprivi Killifish
[L. Matano]
EN "" B1+2C Cyprinodon labiosus
Telmatherina sarasinorum Namibia Cachorrito Cangrejero
VU '"'
D2 Pachypanchax sakaramyi
EN " A I abc+2bc, B 1 +2c, C2b
Indonesia Mexico
VU "«
Bl+2a, D2
[L. Matano] Madagascar Cyprinodon macrolepis
Largescale Pupfish
Telmatherina wahjui
Family CYPRE>JODONTIDAE EN " A abc+2bce, B 1 +2c, C2b
VU "' D2
Mexico
1

Indonesia Aphanius anatoliae

\L. Matano] Dislisazancik Baligi Cyprinodon maya
Cachorrito Gigante
Tominanga aurea EN '"'
A2ce, Bl+2abcd
Turkey EN "'
Alabc+2bc, Bl-l-2c, C2b
VU '" D2 Mexico
Indonesia Aphanius burduricus
Cyprinodon meeki
[I,. Matano] EN '" A2e
Cachorrito de Mezquital
Turkey
Tominanga sanguicauda CR " Alae+2e
VU '" D2 Aphanius splendens Mexico
Indonesia CR "" Alac,Bl+2abce Cyprinodon pachycephalus
|T^. Towuti] Turkey
Cachorrito Cabezon
Aphanius sureyanus CR " Alabc+2bc, Bl+2c, C2b
Family PHALLOSTETHIDAE
CR '"' Bl+2bc Mexico
Turkey Cyprinodon pecosensis
Phallostethus dunckeri Aphanius transgrediens Pecos Pupfish
VU "" D2 CR "" Bl+2bcd CR " A2ce
Malaysia Turkey USA

79
Threatened Species

Cyprinodon radiosus Characodon audax Gambusia longispinis

Owens Pupfish Bold Characodon Guayacon de Cuatro Cienegas
EN " A2ce VU « Alac+2c, Bl+2c, C2a, D2 VU "' A2c, D2
USA Mexico Mexico

Characodon lateralis Gambusia nobilis

Cyprinodon simus
Rainbow Goodeid Pecos Gambusia
Cachorrito Boxeador
EN " Al abc+2bc, B 1 +2c, C2b EN* Alabe+2be, Bl+2ab VU " D2
Mexico Mexico USA
[R. Pecos)
Cyprinodon tularosa Girardinichthys multiradiatus
Poecilia latipunctata
White Sands Pupfish VU " A2ce, D2
Molly del Tamesi
VU " D2 Mexico
CR " A 1 ace+2ce, B 1 +2ab, CI
USA Girardinichthys viviparus Mexico
Cyprinodon verecundus Mexclapique Poecilia sulphuraria
Cachorrito de Dorsal Larga CR " Alce+2ce, Bl+2abc Molly del Teapa
CR " A 1 abc+2bc, B 1 +2c, C2b Mexico OR*' Alac+2ce, Bl+2ac,C2b
Mexico Mexico
Goodea gracilis
Cyprinodon veronicae VU " Alace+2ce, Bl+2c,Cl Xiphophorus couchianus
Cachorrito de Charco Azul Mexico Platy Monterrey
CR " A B 1 +2abce, C 1 +2b
1 ac,
Hubbsina turneri
CR "'
A 1 ce+2ce, B 1 +2abc, C2a
Mexico Mexico
CR "'
Alac+2c, Bl+2e, C2b
Fiindulus julisia Mexico Xiphophorus gordoni
Barrens Topminnow Platy Cuatro Cienegas
VU " D2 Ilydon whitei EN "' Ala, Bl+2abce, CI
USA CR " Alac, Bl+2abc Mexico
Mexico
Fundulus waccamensis Xiphophorus meyeri
Waccamaw Killifish Xenoophorus captivus Platy de Muzquiz
VU ^' D2 Solo Goodeido EN"' Alace+2ce, Bl+2c,C2b
USA EN « Alce+2ce, Bl+2c,Cl+2a Mexico
[L. Phelps, L. Waccamaw] Mexico

Lucania interioris Order BELONIFORMES

Family POECILIIDAE
Sardinilla Cuatro Cienegas
Family ADRIANICHTHYmAE
CR *'
A 1 ac+2c, B 1 +2abc, C2a Gambusia alvarezi
Mexico Guayacon de San Gregorio Adrianichthys kruyti
VU " Alce+2ce, Bl+2c,C2b, D2 Duck-billed Buntingi
Orestias chungarensis
Mexico CR "" Alae
VU '"'
D2 Indonesia
Chile Gambusia eurystoma [L. Poso]
[L. Chungara] Guayacon Bocon
Oryzias celebensis
Pantanodon madagascariensis CR " Alac+2ce, BH-2ac, C2b
Mexico
VU "" D2
EN '«» Bl+2a Indonesia
Madagascar Gambusia gaigei [L. Sindenreng]
Valencia hispanica Big Bend Gambusia Oryzias marmoratus
Valencia Toothcarp VU '' Dl+2 VU "" D2
EN '"'
Bl+2ce USA Indonesia
Spain Gambusia heterochir Oryzias matanensis
Valencia letourneuxi Clear Creek Gambusia VU '"'
D2
EN "" A2bcd VU " Dl+2 Indonesia
Albania?, Greece USA [Malili Lakes]
[Wilkinson Springs, upper Clear
Oryzias nigrimas
Family GOODEffiAE Creek]
Black Buntingi
Allotoca maculata Gambusia hurtadoi VU '"'
A2e, D2
Opal Goodeid Guayacon de Hacienda Dolores Indonesia
CR " Bl+3abc VU *' A ace+2ce, B +2ac, C2b,
1 1 [L. Poso]
Mexico D1,E Oryzias orthognathus
Mexico Buntingi
Ataeniobius toweri
Striped Goodeid Gambusia krumhohi EN '»'
A2e
EN « A2ce, Bl+2abc VU « Alce+2ce,D2 Indonesia
Mexico Mexico [L. Poso]

80
 Fishes: bony fishes

Oryzias profundicola Hippocampus angustus Hippocampus japonicus

VU '»'
D2 VU ™ A2cd VU "« A2cd
Indonesia Australia [Indian Ocean (eastern, western),
[Malili Lakes] [Indian Ocean (eastern)] Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Xenopoecilus oophorus Hippocampus borbonensis Hippocampus jayakari
Egg-carrying Buntingi
VU "" A2cd VU '™ A2cd
EN '»'
A2e [Indian Ocean (eastern, western), [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Indonesia
Pacific (northwest, western central)] Pacific (northwest, western central)]
[L. Poso]
Xenopoecilus poptae Hippocampus brachyrhynchus Hippocampus kuda
Popta's Buntingi VU "» A2cd VU ™ A2cd
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
CR '»'
Alae [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Pacific (northwest, western central)] Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Indonesia
[L. Poso] Hippocampus camelopardalis Hippocampus longirostris
Xenopoecilus sarasinorum VU "« A2cd VU "« A2cd
EN "" Ale [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Indonesia Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Family HEMIRAMPHTOAE Hippocampus capensis
Hippocampus novaehebudorum
Knysna Seahorse
Dermogenys weberi
VU "»
VU ™ A2cd
VU BI+2c
'"'
D2 [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
South Africa
Indonesia Pacific (northwest, western central)]
[Atlantic (southeast)]
[Malili Lakes]
Hippocampus planifrons
Nomorhamphus towoeti Hippocampus coronatus
VU ™ A2cd VU ™ A2cd
VU '«' D2 [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Indonesia [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Pacific (northwest, western central)]
[L. Towuti] Pacific (northwest, western central)]

Tondanichthys kottelati Hippocampus erectus

Hippocampus raji
VU '" D2 Lined Seahorse VU "» A2cd
Indonesia VU '™ [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
A2cd
[L. Tondano] Pacific (northwest, western central)]
[Atlantic (northwest, southwest,
western central)] Hippocampus ramulosus
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Long-snouted Seahorse
Hippocampus erinaceus
Family GASTEROSTEIDAE VU '™ A2cd VU "« A2cd
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western). [Atlantic (northeast, western central),
Pungitius hellenicus Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Ellinopygosteos
CR ">'
Bl+2bc Hippocampus fuscus Hippocampus reidi
Greece VU "« A2cd Slender Seahorse
[Aggia Paraskevi Spring] [Indian Ocean (eastern, western). VU '™ A2cd
Pacific (northwest, western central)] [Atlantic (southwest, western
Family PEGASTOAE central)]
Pegasus laternarius Hippocampus hippocampus
Short-snouted Seahorse Hippocampus sindonis
VU '™ A2cd
VU ™ A2cd
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western), VU '™ A2cd
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast), [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Mediterranean and Black Sea] Pacific (northwest, western central)]

Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Hippocampus histrix Hippocampus spinosissimus

VU "' A2cd VU "« A2cd
Family SYNGNATHmAE [Indian Ocean (eastern, western). [Indian Ocean (eastern, western),
Hippocampus abdominalis Pacific (northwest, western central)] Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Big-bellied Seahorse
VU '™ A2d Hippocampus horai Hippocampus taeniops
Australia, New Zealand VU '™ A2cd VU "» A2cd
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western). [Indian Ocean (eastern, western),
[Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific
(southwest)l Pacific (northwest, western central)] Pacific (northwest, western central)]

Hippocampus aimei Hippocampus ingens Hippocampus takakurae

VU '™ A2cd Giant Seahorse VU '™ A2cd
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western), VU '™ A2cd [Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Pacific (northwest, western central)] [Pacific (eastern central)] Pacific (northwest, western central)]

81
Threatened Species

Hippocampus trimaculatus Order SCORPAENIFORMES Maccullochella macquariensis

Three-spotted Seahorse Trout Cod
VU 178Alcd+2cd
Family SCORPAENroAE EN '" C2a
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western), Australia
Pontinus nigropunctatus
Pacific (northwest, southwest, Deepwater Jack Nannoperca oxleyana
western central)] VU '" D2 Oxleyan Pygmy Perch
St Helena EN '™ Alce+2c
Hippocampus whitei [Atlantic (southeast)] Australia
White's Seahorse Sebastes fasciatus Nannoperca variegata
VU 178A2cde Redfish Variagated Pygmy Perch
AustraHa EN "- Albd VU '" D2
[Indian Ocean (eastern)]
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest)] Australia

Sebastes paucispinus
Hippocampus zosterae Family POLYPRIONroAE
Boccacio Rockfish
Dwarf Seahorse
VU 178A2cd
CR "- Alabd+2d Stereolepis gigas
Canada, Mexico, USA Giant Sea Bass
[Atlantic (western central)]
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast)] CR "- Albd
Mexico, USA
Solegnathus dunckeri Family COTTIDAE [Pacific (eastern central)]
Duncker's Pipehorse
Cottus asperrimus
VU 178Ald+2d Family SERRANIDAE
Rough Sculpin
Australia
[Pacific (southwest, western central)]
VU " D2 Anthias salmopunctatus
USA VU '" D2
Cottus extensus Brazil
Solegnathus hardwickii
Bear Lake Sculpin [Atlantic (eastern central, southwest)]
Pipehorse
VU 178Ald+2d VU " D2 Epinephelus drummondhayi
[Pacific (northwest, western central)]
USA Speckled Hind
[L. Bear] CR " Ald+2d
Cottus greenei [Atlantic (southwest, western
Solegnathus lettiensis
Shoshone Sculpin central)]
Gunther's Pipehorse
VU l7a^2d VU " D2 Epinephelus inermis
Australia, Indonesia USA Marbled Grouper
[Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific Cottus leiopomus VU " A2d
(western central)] Wood River Sculpin [Atlantic (southwest, western
VU " D2 central)]
Solegnathus robustus USA Epinephelus itajara
Robust Pipehorse Jewfish
Cottus petiti
VU 178A2d CR '»'
Bl+2c CR "° Ald+2d
Australia
France [Atlantic (eastern central, southeast,
[Indian Ocean (eastern)]
Le Lez] southwest), Indian Ocean (western
[R.
central). Pacific (eastern central,
Cottus pygmaeus
Solegnathus spinosissimus southeast)]
Pygmy Sculpin
Spiny Pipehorse
VU 178Ald+2d CR " Bl+2a Epinephelus lanceoUuus
Australia, New Zealand USA Giant Grouper

[Pacific (southwest)]
[R. Coosa] VU "° A2d
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Syngnathus watermayeri Pacific (eastern central, northwest,
River Pipefish
Order PERCEFORMES
southwest, western central)]
CR 20 Bl+2abd Family PERCICHTHYroAE Epinephelus nigritus
South Africa
Edelia obscura Warsaw Grouper
Yarra Pygmy Perch CR "0 Ald+2d
Order SYNBRANCHIFGRMES VU '" Bl+2bc [Atlantic (southwest, western
Australia central)]
Family SYNBRANCHIDAE Maccullochella ikei Epinephelus niveatus
Ophisternon infernale Clarence River Cod Snowy Grouper
Anguila Ciega EN '™ Alacd VU " Ald+2d, Bl+2e
EN 49 Alac+2c, Bl+2c Australia [Atlantic (southwest, western
Mexico [R. Clarence] central)]

82
 Fishes: bony fishes

Epinephelus striatus Hephaestus adamsoni Etheostoma moorei

Nassau Grouper Adamson's Grunter Yellowcheek Darter
EN "» Ald+2d VU '
A2cd VU " D2
[Atlantic (southwest, western Papua New Guinea USA
central)] [L. Kutubu] [R. White (R. Little Red)]

Hypoplectrus providencianus Varia jamoerensis Etheostoma nianguae

Masked Hamlet Yamur Lake Grunter Niangua Darter
VU '
D2 VU '
A2d VU " Bl+2c, Dl
[Atlantic (western central)] Indonesia USA
[L. Yamur] [R. Osage]
Mycteroperca cidi
Venezuelan Grouper Etheostoma nuchale
Family CENTRARCHmAE Watercress Darter
VU '
D2
Venezuela Ambloplites cavifrons EN " Bl+2ce
[Atlantic (western central)] Roanoke Bass USA
Mycteroperca jordani
VU " D2 [R. Black Warrior]

Gulf Grouper
USA Etheostoma okaloosae
VU '" Ald+2d Okaloosa Darter
Family ELASSOMAXmAE EN " Bl+2c
Mexico
[Pacific (eastern central)] Elassoma okatie USA
Bluebarred Pygmy Sunfish [Choctawhatchee Bay drainage]
Mycteroperca microlepis
Gag VU " D2 Etheostoma pallididorsum
VU " Albd+2d
USA Paleback Darter
Brazil, Mexico, USA Family PERCIDAE
VU " D2
[Atlantic (southwest, western
USA
central)] Crystallaria asprella [R. Ouachita]
Crystal Darter Etheostoma pellucidum
Mycteroperca olfax
Bacalao Grouper VU " Ale Eastern Sand Darter
VU '" A2d,D2 USA VU " Ale
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Etheostoma aquali Canada, USA
[Pacific (eastern central)] Coppercheek Darter Etheostoma pottsi
Mycteroperca prionura VU '" A2ce Mexican Darter
Sawtail Grouper USA VU " Alace+2ce, Bl+2c
VU '" Ald+2d Mexico
Etheostoma australe
Mexico Dardo de Conchos Etheostoma striatulum
[Pacific (eastern central)] VU " Alce+2ce, B2c+3a Striated Darter

Mycteroperca rosacea Mexico VU " D2

Leopard Grouper Etheostoma boschungi
USA
VU '" Ald+2d [R. Duck]
Slackwater Darter
Mexico EN " Bl+2c Etheostoma trisella
[Pacific (eastern central)] USA Trispot Darter

Plectranthias chungchowensis [R. Tennessee] VU " D2

VU '-'
D2 USA
Etheostoma cinereum
Taiwan Ashy Darter Etheostoma tuscumbia
Tuscumbia Darter
[Pacific (northeast)] VU " D2
Pseudanthias regalis USA VU " D2
VU '" D2 USA
Etheostoma ditrema [R. Tennessee]
French Polynesia Coldwater Darter
[Pacific (eastern central)] Etheostoma wapiti
VU " D2 Boulder Darter
Family PSEUDOCHROMIDAE USA
[R. Coosa]
VU " D2
Pseudochromis pesi USA
VU '" D2 Etheostoma fonticola
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Fountain Darter
[Indian Ocean (western)] Striped Ruffe
VU " D2 VU '" Alace
Family TERAPONTmAE USA Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia?, Czech
Bidyanus bidyanus Etheostoma grahami Republic, Germany, Hungary,
Silver Perch Rio Grande Darter Moldova?, Romania, Slovakia,
VU '" Alcd VU "' A2c, Bl+2c,D2 Ukraine?, Yugoslavia
Australia Mexico, USA [R. Danube]

83
Threatened Species

Percarina demidoff Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy?, Chaetodon marleyi

VU "" D2 Moldova?, Slovakia, Slovenia, Marley's Butterflyfish
Moldova?, Russia, Ukraine Switzerland?, Ukraine, Yugoslavia VU '" D2
Zingel zingel [Atlantic (southeast)]
Percina antesella
Amber Darter Zingel Chaetodon obliquus
VU " D2 VU '«'
Alce+2ce VU '"
D2
USA Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, [Atlantic (eastern central, southwest)]
Percina aurolineata Germany, Hungary, Moldova,
Goldline Darter Chaetodon robustus
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
VU " D2 Ukraine, Yugoslavia
VU "" D2
USA Cape Verde
[R. Cahaba, R. Coosa] Family LUTJANBDAE [Adantic (eastern central)]

Percina burtoni Lutjanus analis Family POMACANTHIDAE

Blotchside Logperch Mutton Snapper Centropyge resplendens
VU " D2 VU " A2d,Bl+2e Resplendent Pygmy Angelfish
USA [Atlantic (southwest, western
[R. Tennessee]
VU '" D2
central)] St Helena (Ascension)
Percina cymatotaenia [Atlantic (southeast)]
Lutjanus cyanopterus
Bluestripe Darter
Cubera Snapper
EN " Bl+2ac Family CICHLIDAE
VU " A2d
USA [Atlantic (southwest, western Allochromis welcommei
Percina jenkinsi central)] CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce
Conasauga Logperch Uganda
VU " D2 Family HAEMULTOAE [L. Nawampasa]
USA Astatotilapia "dwarf bigeye scraper"
Anisotremus moricandi
Percina lenticula Brownstriped Grunt CR '"
Alace, BI+2c
Freckled Darter EN A2c
'
Kenya
VU " Bl+2ad, D2 Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela [L. Kanyaboli]
USA [Atlantic (eastern central, southwest), Astatotilapia "shovelmouth"
Percina pantherina Pacific (westem central)] EN " Alacde, Bl+2ce
Leopard Darter Uganda
VU " D2
Family SPARTOAE [L. Kyoga, L. Nawampasa]

USA Pagruspagrus Astatotilapia barbarae

[R. Little] Red Porgy EN" Alace, Bl+2bcde
Percina rex EN " Albd+2d Uganda
Roanoke Logperch [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, [R. Victoria Nile]

VU " Bl+2c,D2 northwest, southeast, southwest, [L. Nawampasa, L. Victoria]

USA westem central), Mediterranean and Astatotilapia brownae

Percina tanasi
Black Sea] EN " Alace
Snail Darter Tanzania
Family SCIAENIDAE
VU " D2 [L. Victoria]

USA Totoaba macdonaldi Astatotilapia latifasciata

Romanichthys valsanicola Totoaba CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce
Asprete CR " Alabce+2bce, Bl+2ce+3ad Uganda
CR "" Alace+2ce, Bl+2abcde Mexico [L. Nawampasa]

Romania Astatotilapia piceata

Family CHAETODONXroAE
[R. Arges] EN " Alace, Bl+2acd
Zingel asper Chaetodon flavocoronatus Tanzania
Yellow-crowned Butterflyfish [L. Victoria]
Apron
CR '"'
Bl+2abcde VU '" D2 Astatotilapia velifer
France, Switzerland Guam VU " Alae, Bl+2c
[R. Rhone] [Pacific (westem central)] Uganda
Chaetodon [Nabugabo Lakes]
Zingel streber litus
Streber Easter Island Butterflyfish Chetia brevis
VU '" Alce+2ce VU '" D2 Orange-fringed Largemouth
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile (Easter Id) VU "» Ale
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, [Pacific (southwest)] Mozambique, South Africa

84
 Fishes: bony fishes ^gf

Cichlasoma bartoni Konia eisentrauti Paralabidochromis chromogynos

Mojarra Caracolera Konye VU " Alace, Bl+2acd
VU « Alac+2c, Bl+2c,Cl CR '" Bl+2c Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Mexico Cameroon [L. Victoria]
[L. Barombi Mbo]
Cichlasoma labridens Paralabidochromis crassilabris
Mojarra Lipochromis "backflash cryptodon" VU " Alace, Bl+2acd
EN " A2ce, B2ab+3a CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Mexico Uganda [L. Victoria]

Cichlasoma minckleyi [L. Nawampasa]

Paralabidochromis victoriae
Mojarra Caracolera de Cuatro Lipochromis "black cryptodon" CR " Alace, Bl+2abcd
Cienegas CR "" Alace, Bl+2acd Kenya
VU "'
Alce+2ce, Bl+2c Tanzania [L. Victoria]
Mexico [L. Victoria]
Paretroplus dami
Cichlasoma pantostictum Lipochromis "parvidens-like" Damba
Mojarra CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce VU "» A2ce
VU "'
Ale, Bl+2c Uganda Madagascar
Mexico [L. Nawampasa]
Paretroplus kieneri
Cichlasoma steindachneri Lipochromis "small obesoid" Kotsovato
Mojarra CR " Alacde, 81 +2ce
VU "' A2e,Bl+2c,D2 VU "» A2ce
Uganda Madagascar
Mexico [L. Nawampasa]
Enterochromis paropius Paretroplus maculatus
Lipochromis maxillaris Damba Mipentina
CR " Alace, Bl+2acd CR " Alace, Bl+2abcde
Tanzania CR "* A2cde, Bl+2abcde
Kenya Madagascar
[L. Victoria]
[L. Kanyaboli]
Gaurochromis simpsoni Paretroplus petiti
Lipochromis melanopterus complex
EN" Alace, Bl+2cd CR " Alace, Bl+2acd
Kotso
Uganda CR "* A2cde, Bl+2abcde
Tanzania
[Nabugabo Lakes] Madagascar
[L. Victoria]
Haplochromis "ruby" Prognathochromis "long snout"
Macropleurodus bicolor
CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce EN " Alacde, Bl+2ce
Uganda
CR " Alace, Bl+2acd Uganda
Tanzania
[L. Nawampasa] [L. Kyoga, L. Nawampasa]
[L. Victoria]
Haplochromis annectidens Prognathochromis howesi
CR " Alace, Bl+2cde Myaka myaka
Myaka Myaka EN " Alace, Bl+2acd
Uganda Tanzania
[L. Nabugabo]
CR '" Bl+2c [L. Victoria]
Cameroon
Haplochromis obliquidens [L. Barombi Mbo] Prognathochromis mento
EN " Alace, Bl+2acd CR " Alace, Bl+2acd
Tanzania, Uganda
Oreochromis esculentus
Tanzania
[L. Bunyoni, L. Victoria]
VU " Alacde, Bl+2ce
[L. Victoria]
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Harpagochromis "frogmouth" Prognathochromis venator
VU " Alae,Bl+2acd Oreochromis variabilis
VU " Alacde, Bl+2ce EN " Alace, Bl+2cd
Kenya, Uganda
Kenya, Uganda Uganda
[L. Victoria]
Nawampasa, L. Victoria]
[Nabugabo Lakes]
[L.
Harpagochromis plagiostoma
Oxylapia polli Prognathochromis worthingtoni
CR " Alace, Bl+2acd CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce
Uganda VU "^ D2
Madagascar Uganda
[L. Victoria]
[L. Nawampasa]
[Marolambo Rapids, R. Nosivolo]
Harpagochromis worthingtoni
CR " Alacde, Bl+2ce Paralabidochromis beadlei Psammochromis acidens
Uganda CR " Alace, Bl+2cd VU " Alace, Bl+2acd
Uganda Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
[L. Nawampasa]
[L. Nabugabo] [L. Victoria]
Konia dikume
Dikume Paralabidochromis chilotes complex Psammochromis aelocephalus
CR '" Alcde, Bl+2c VU " Alace, Bl+2acd VU " Alac,Bl+2acd
Cameroon Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Barombi Mbo] [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
[L.

85
 Threatened Species

Ptchochromoides sp. Stomatepia mariae Tilapia imbrifema

Katria Nsess VU "" D2
VU "* D2 CR ""
Bl+2c Cameroon
Madagascar Cameroon [L. Bermin]
[L. Barombi Mbo]
Ptychochromoides betsileanus Tilapia kottae
Trondo Mainty Stomatepia mongo VU '" D2
CR '" Alace, Bl+2abcde,C2a Mongo Cameroon
Madagascar CR "" Alcde, Bl+2c [L. Barombi ba Kotto, L. Mboadong]
Ptyochromis "Rusinga oral sheller" Cameroon Tilapia snyderae
CR " Alace, Bl+2acd [L. Barombi Mbo] VU '»'
D2
Kenya Stomatepia pindu Cameroon
[L. Victoria] [L. Bermin]
Pindu
Ptyochromis "rainbow sheller" CR Bl+2c
'«'
Tilapia spongotroktis
CR " Alac, BI+2acd Cameroon VU "» D2
Kenya, Tanzania [L. Barombi Mbo] Cameroon
[L. Victoria] [L. Bermin]
Tilapia "jewel"
Ptyochromis annectens VU "« D2 Tilapia thysi
EN " Alace, Bl+2acd Cameroon VU "" D2
Kenya [L. Ejagham] Cameroon
[L. Victoria] [L. Bermin]
Tilapia "little black"
Ptyochromis granti VU "^ D2 Xystichromis "Kyoga flameback"
EN " Alace, Bl+2acd Cameroon CR " Alace,Bl+2ce
Kenya [L. Ejagham] Uganda
[L. Victoria] [L. Nawampasa]
Tilapia "yellow-green"
Ptyochromis sauvagei Xystichromis nuchisquamulatus
VU '^ Alace, Bl+2acd VU "" D2
Cameroon EN " Alace, Bl+2acd
Kenya, Tanzania Kenya
[L. Ejagham]
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Tilapia bakossiorum
Pungu maclareni Xystichromis phytophagus
Pungu VU '«'
D2
CR " Alace, Bl+2acd
CR «>
B1+2C Cameroon
Kenya
Cameroon [L. Bermin]
[L. Kanyaboli]
[L. Barombi Mbo] Tilapia bemini
Yssichromis pyrrhocephalus
Pyxichromis orthostoma VU "» D2 VU " Alace, Bl+2acd
VU " Alace, Bl+2ce Cameroon Kenya, Tanzania
Uganda [L. Bermin]
[L. Victoria]
[L. Kyoga, L. Nawampasa]
Tilapia bythobathes
Sarotherodon caroli VU '»'
D2
Family POMACENTRIDAE
Fissi Cameroon Chromis sanctaehelenae
CR ""
Bl+2c [L. Bermin] VU '" D2
Cameroon St Helena
Tilapia deckerti
[L. Barombi Mbo] [Atlantic (southeast)]
VU '»'
D2
Sarotherodon linnellii Cameroon Stegastes sanctaehelenae
Unga [L. Ejagham] VU '" D2
CR ""
Bl+2c St Helena
Cameroon Tilapia flava
[Atlantic (southeast)]
[L. Barombi Mbo]
VU '«'
D2
Cameroon Stegastes santipaulae
Sarotherodon lohbergeri
[L. Bermin] VU '" D2
Leka Keppe Brazil
CR '«' Bl+2c Tilapia guinasana [Atlantic (eastern central, southwest)]
Cameroon Otjikoto Tilapia
[L. Barombi Mbo] CR "« Bl+2ce
Sarotherodon steinbachi
Namibia Family MUGILIDAE
Kululu Tilapia gutturosa Liza luciae
CR '"
B1+2C VU '" D2 Saint Lucia Mullet
Cameroon Cameroon EN "« Bl+2ab+3a
[L. Barombi Mbo] [L. Bermin] South Africa

86
 Fishes: bony fishes ^gf

Family LABRIDAE Mogurnda furva Glossogobius intermedius

Cheilinus undulatus
Black Mogurnda VU '»'
D2
Humphead Wrasse
VU '
A2cd Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
VU "" Ald+2cd
[L. Kutubu]
Glossogobius matanensis
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western), VU '»'
D2
Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Mogurnda spilota
Indonesia
Blotched Mogurnda
Lachnolaimus maximus VU '
A2cd Knipowitschia croatica
Hogfish VU "" D2
Papua New Guinea
VU ' A2d [L. Kutubu] Croatia
[Atlantic (southwest, western
Mogurnda variegata Knipowitschia punctatissima
central)]
Variegated Mogurnda VU '" A2c
Thalassoma ascensionis VU '
A2cd Italy
VU '" D2 Papua New Guinea
St Helena (Ascension) [L. Kutubu] Knipowitschia thessala
[Atlantic (southeast)] Thessalogovinos
Mogurnda vitta
Xyrichtys virens Striped Mogurnda
VU "" A2ce
Greece
VU '" D2 VU '
A2cd
French Polynesia Papua New Guinea Lentipes whittenorum
[Pacific (eastern central, southwest)] [L. Kutubu] VU «" D2
Typhleotris madgascarensis Indonesia
Family SCARIDAE
VU '»«
D2 Mugilogobius adeia
Scarus guacamaia Madagascar
Rainbow Parrotfrsh
VU "" D2
Typhleotris pauliani Indonesia
VU "° Ald+2d
VU '« D2
[Atlantic (southwest, western Mugilogobius latifrons
Madagascar
central)] VU '" D2
Family GOBimAE Indonesia
Family CLINIDAE
Chlamydogobius gloveri Padogobius nigricans
Clinus spatulatus Dalhousie Goby
Bot River Klipfish
Amo Goby
VU '" D2 VU '« Alace
EN '" Bl+2c Australia Italy
South Africa
Chlamydogobius micropterus
Goby Pandaka pygmaea
Family CHAENOPSIDAE Elizabeth Springs
Dwarf Pygmy Goby
CR '" Ale, Bl+2c
CR '»'
Alace
Coralliozetus tayrona
Australia
Tayrona Blenny Philippines
Chlamydogobius squamigenus
VU '
D2 [R. Malabon]
Edgbaston Goby
Colombia
CR '" Alace, B2abcde+3d Sicyopus axillimentus
Protemblemaria punctata Australia VU '»'
D2
VU '
D2
Economidichthys pygmaeus
Philippines
Venezuela
[Atlantic (western central)]
VU '" A2ce Stiphodon surrrufus
Greece VU "" D2
Family CALLIONYMIDAE Economidichthys trichonis Philippines

Callionymus sanctaehclenae
Nanogovios
Stupidogobius flavipinnis
St Helena Dragonet VU '" D2
VU "" D2
Greece
CR '" Dl Indonesia
[L. Trichonis]
St Helena [Malili Lakes]
[Atlantic (southeast)] Eucyclogobius newberryi
Tidewater Goby Tamanka sarasinorum
Family ELEOTRIDAE VU " Alc+2c Sarasin's Goby

Boroda expatiia USA VU "" D2

Indonesia
VU '" D2 Clossgobius flavipinnis
[Malili Lakes]
Philippines VU '"'
D2
[L. Manguao] Indonesia Weberogobius amadi
Gobiomorphus alpinus [L. Towuti] Poso Bungu
Tamdale Bully Glossogobius ankaranensis CR ">' Alae
VU '" D2 CR '« Bl+2c Indonesia
New Zealand Madagascar [L. Poso]

87
Threatened Species

Family SCOMBRIDAE Betta simplex Class ARACHNIDA

VU "" D2
Scomberomorus concolor Thailand
Monterrey Spanish Mackerel Order ARANEAE
Betta spilotogena
EN '" Alc+2d
CR "" A2c Family LINYPHIffiAE
Mexico
Indonesia
[Pacific (western central)] Troglohyphantes gracilis
Betta tomi
Kocevje Subterranean Spider
Thunnus maccoyii (C) VU '»'
D2
Southern bluefin Tuna
VU »" D2
Malaysia
Slovenia
CR '" Albd Parosphromenus harveyi
[Atlantic (southeast, southwest), Troglohyphantes similis
EN '°' Bl+2c Kocevje Subterranean Spider
Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Malaysia
Pacific (southwest)] VU "" D2
Slovenia
Thunnus obesus (C)
Bigeye Tuna Order PLEURONECTITGRMES Troglohyphantes spinipes
VU '" Albd Kocevje Subterranean Spider
Family PLEURONECTIDAE VU "" D2
[Atlantic (eastern central, southeast,
southwest, western central), Indian Hippoglossus hippoglossus Slovenia

Ocean (eastern, western). Pacific Atlantic Halibut

(eastern central, northwest, EN '« Aid Family LYCOSffiAE
southeast, southwest, western [Atlantic (northeast, northwest)]
central)] Adelocosa anops
Pleuronectes ferrugineus (C)
Kauai Cave Wolf Spider
Yellowtail Flounder
VU "" Albd
EN "" Bl+2c
Canada, USA USA (Hawaiian Is)
Family ANABANXmAE [Atlantic (northeast)] Pardosa diutuma
Glacier Bay Wolf Spider
Sandelia bainsii
Eastern Province Rocky
VU '" D2
EN "» Ale, BI+2abcd Order TETRAODONTIFORMES USA
South Africa Family BALISTmAE Sosippus placidus
Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider
Family BELONTimAE Balistes vetula
VU '»'
D2
Queen Triggerfish
USA
Betta burdigala VU '« A2d
VU ""
D2 [Atlantic (eastern central, southeast,
Indonesia southwest, western central)] Family PISAURIDAE
Betta chini Family TETRAGDONXroAE Dolomedes plantarius
VU '"'
D2 Great Raft Spider
Canthigaster rapaensis VU '" Alace+2ce
Malaysia
VU '" D2 Austria, Belarus?, Belgium,
Betta chloropharynx French Polynesia Denmark, France, Georgia?,
VU "" D2 [Pacific (southwest)] Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia,
Indonesia Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland,
Liosaccus pachygaster
VU '" D2 Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden
Betta hipposideros
VU '"'
D2 Taiwan
Malaysia [Pacific (northwest)] Family TETRAGNATHIDAE
Betta livida Meta dolloff
EN '»'
Bl+2c Dolloff Cave Spider
Malaysia Class SARCOPTERYGII VU '" D2
USA
Betta macrostoma
VU "" D2 Order COELACANTHIFORMES
Brunei
Family LATIMERnDAE Order OPILIONES
Betta miniopinna
Latimeria chalumnae
CR '»'
A2c Family PHALANGODroAE
Coelacanth
Indonesia
EN '" A2cd,C2b Banksula melones
Betta persephone Comoros, South Africa Melones Cave Harvestman
CR '»'
Bl+2c [Atlantic (southeast), Indian Ocean VU "" A2c
Malaysia (western)] USA

88
 Crustaceans ^ff^"'

Order PSEUDOSCORPIONmA Stygobromus balconis Stygobromus harai

Balcones Cave Amphipod Hara's Cave Amphipod
Family NEOBISIIDAE VU " D2 VU « D2
Fissilicreagris imperialis USA USA
Empire Cave Pseudoscorpion Stygobromus hayi
Stygobromus barri
VU '" D2 Barr's Cave Amphipod Hay's Spring Amphipod
USA VU « D2 EN '' B1+2C
USA USA
Class CHILOPODA Stygobromus bifurcatus Stygobromus heteropodus
Bifurcated Cave Amphipod Pickle Springs Amphipod
Order
VU " D2 VU « D2
SCOLOPENDROMORPHA USA USA
Family SCOLOPENDRIDAE Stygobromus bowmani Stygobromus hubbsi
Scolopendra abnormis Bowman's Cave Amphipod Malheur Cave Amphipod
Serpent Island Centipede VU « D2 VU " D2
VU '" D2 USA USA
Mauritius Stygobromus clantoni Stygobromus identatus
Clanton's Cave Amphipod Tidewater Stygonectid Amphipod
Class CRUSTACEA VU " D2 VU " D2
USA USA
Order AMPHIPODA Stygobromus conradi Stygobromus longipes
Bumsville Cove Cave Amphipod Long-legged Cave Amphipod
Family
ALLOCRANGONYCTIDAE VU " D2 VU " D2
USA USA
Allocrangonyx hubrichti
Central Missouri Cave Amphipod Stygobromus cooperi Stygobromus mackenziei
VU " D2 Cooper's Cave Amphipod Mackenzie's Cave Amphipod
USA VU " D2 VU « D2
USA USA
Allocrangonyx pellucidus
Oklahoma Cave Amphipod Stygobromus dejectus Stygobromus montanus
VU " D2 Cascade Cave Amphipod Mountain Cave Amphipod
USA VU " D2 VU " D2
USA USA
Family BOGEDIELLIDAE
Stygobromus elatus Stygobromus morrisoni
Bogidiella bermudensis
Elevated Spring Amphipod Morrison's Cave Amphipod
CR " Bl+2c
VU " D2 VU ''
D2
Bermuda
USA USA
Family CRANGONYCTIDAE Stygobromus emarginatus Stygobromus mundaus
Crangonyx dearolfi Greenbrier Cave Amphipod Bath County Cave Amphipod
Pennsylvania Cave Amphipod VU " D2 VU « D2
EN " Bl+2c USA USA
USA Stygobromus ephemerus Stygobromus nortoni
Crangonyx grandimanus Ephemeral Cave Amphipod Norton's Cave Amphipod
Florida Cave Amphipod VU « D2 VU " D2
VU " D2 USA USA
USA
Stygobromus flagellatus Stygobromus onondagaensis
Crangonyx hobbsi Onondaga Cave Amphipod
Ezell's Cave Amphipod
Hobb's Cave Amphipod
VU " D2 VU " D2
VU " D2 USA USA
USA
Stygobromus gradyi Stygobromus ozarkensis
Stygobromus araeus
Grady's Cave Amphipod Ozark Cave Amphipod
Tidewater Interstitial Amphipod
VU " D2 VU " D2 VU " D2
USA USA USA
Stygobromus arizonensis Stygobromus hadenoecus Stygobromus parvus
Arizona Cave Amphipod Devil's Sinkhole Amphipod Minute Cave Amphipod
VU " D2 VU " D2 VU « D2
USA USA USA

89
Threatened Species

Stygobromus pecki Family INGOLFIELLroAE Paramelita barnardi

Peck's Cave Amphipod
Ingolfiella longipes
EN " Bl+2c
EN « B1+2C CR '
B1+2C
South Africa
USA Bermuda Paramelita flexa
Stygobromus piziinii VU » Ale
Family LILJEBORGIIDAE South Africa
Pizzini's Amphipod
VU « D2 Idunella sketi
Family PHOXOCEPHALmAE
USA CR '
Bl+2c
Bermuda Cocoharpinia iliffei
Stygobromus putealis
Family NIPHARGIDAE CR « Bl+2c
Wisconsin Well Amphipod
Bermuda
VU " D2 Carinurella paradoxa
USA VU '" D2
Italy, Slovenia
Order ANASPIDACEA
Stygobromus reddelli
Reddell's Cave Amphipod Niphargobates lefkodemonaki Family ANASPIDIDAE
VU " D2 VU " D2 Allanaspides helonomus
USA Greece
Syncarid Shrimp
Stygobromus smithii Niphargobates orophobata VU " D2
Alabama Well Amphipod VU '" D2 Australia
VU « D2 Slovenia
Allanaspides hickmani
USA Niphargus aberrans Syncarid Shrimp
Stygobromus spinatus
VU "' D2 VU « D2
Slovenia Australia
Spring Cave Amphipod
VU " D2 Niphargus hadzii Paranaspides lacustris
USA VU '" D2 Great Lake Shrimp

Stygobromus stellmacki
Slovenia VU « D2
Niphargus hrabei Australia
Stellmack's Cave Amphipod
VU " D2 VU '" Bl+2bcde
Austria, Croatia, Hungary?,
Family PSAMMASPffllDAE
USA Romania, Russia?, Slovakia, Eucrenonaspides oinotheke
Stygobromus subtilis Ukraine?, Yugoslavia? VU "" D2
Subtle Cave Amphipod Niphargus sphagnicolus Australia
VU " D2 VU '" D2
USA Slovenia
Order ANOMOPODA
Stygobromus wengerorum Niphargus spoeckeri
Wengeror's Cave Amphipod VU '" D2 Family CHYDOREDAE
VU « D2 Slovenia Alona hercegovinae
USA Niphargus stenopus VU '" D2
VU '" D2 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Family GAMMARTOAE Slovenia
Alona sketi

Gammarus bousfieldi
Niphargus timavi VU '" D2
Bousfield'sAmphipod VU '" D2 Slovenia
Slovenia
VU « D2 Italy,
Alona smirnovi
USA Niphargus valachicus VU '" D2
VU '" Bl+2bcde Macedonia
Gammarus hyalelloides
Bulgaria, Croatia?, Hungary,
Diminutive Amphipod Rhynchochydorus australiensis
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
VU " D2 Yugoslavia
Water Flea
USA VU " D2
Family ORCHESTimAE Australia
Gammarus pecos
Pecos Amphipod Spelaseorchestia kiloana Family DAPHNIffiAE
VU " D2 Kaui Cave Amphipod
EN « Bl+2ce Daphnia coronata
USA
USA (Hawaiian Is)
VU » D2
South Africa
Family HADZIIDAE Family PARAMELITIDAE Daphnia jollyi
Pseudoniphargus grandimanus Aquadulcaris pheronyx Water Flea
CR '" B1+2C CR " Bl+3d VU " D2
Bermuda South Africa Australia

90
 Crustaceans /ff^~^

Daphnia nivalis Family STREPTOCEPHALmAE Order CALANOIDA

Water Flea
VU " D2 Streptocephalus dendrophorus Family CENTROPAGmAE
Australia EN " Bl+2bd Boeckella bispinosa
Daphnia occidentalis
South Africa VU '« D2
Water Flea Australia
Streptocephalus dendyi
VU " D2 EN " Bl+2bd Boeckella calcaris
Australia South Africa VU '« D2
Bolivia, Peru
Streptocephalus gracilis
ANOSTRACA Boeckella geniculata
Order CR »' A2c, Bl+2bd
South Africa
VU '« D2
Family BRANCHINECTroAE Australia
Streptocephalus guzmani Boeckella nyoraensis
Branchinecta belki
EN '"'
Bl+3cd VU '« D2
EN "" Bl+3cd Mexico Australia
Mexico
Streptocephalus moorei Boeckella shieli
Branchinecta conservatio
Conservancy Fairy Shrimp
CR "" Bl+3d VU '« D2
Mexico Australia
EN " A2c
USA Calamoecia australica
Streptocephalus woottoni
Riverside Fairy Shrimp
VU '" D2
Branchinecta longiantenna Australia
Longhom Fairy Shrimp EN " A2c
USA Calamoecia elongata
EN " A2c Mexico,
USA VU '« D2
Streptocephalus zuluensis Australia
Branchinecta lynchi EN " Bl+2bd Calamoecia zeidleri
Vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp South Africa, Zimbabwe
VU « A2c VU '« D2
Australia
USA Family THAMNOCEPHALmAE
Hemiboeckella powellensis
Branchinecta mexicana VU '«
Branchinella alachua D2
CR "" Bl+3d
Peninsula Fairy Shrimp Australia
Mexico
EN " Bl+2cd [swamp near L. Powell]
Branchinecta sandiegonensis USA Family DIAPTOMIDAE
San Diego Fairy Shrimp
Branchinella apophysata
EN " A2c Aglaodiaptomus kingsburyae
Fairy Shrimp
Mexico, USA VU '« D2
VU « D2 USA
Family BRANCHIPODIDAE Australia
Aglaodiaptomus marshianus
Parartemia contracta Branchinella basispina VU '« D2
Brine Shrimp Fairy Shrimp USA
VU « D2 VU « D2 [L. Jackson]
Australia Australia Allodiaptomus satanas

Family CHIROCEPHALIDAE Branchinella denticulata VU "" D2

India
Fairy Shrimp
Chirocephalus croaticus VU " D2 Arctodiaptomus burduricus
VU '" Bl+2bcde Australia VU '*'
D2
Croatia, Slovenia Turkey
Branchinella lithaca [L. Burdur, L. Solda]
Chirocephalus pelagonicus
Stone Mountain Fairy Shrimp
VU '" D2
CR « Bl+2cd
Arctodiaptomus euacanthus
Macedonia
USA VU '« D2
India
Chirocephalus reiseri
Branchinella simplex
VU '" D2 Arctodiaptomus kamtschaticus
Brine Shrimp VU '« D2
Bosnia and Herzegovina
VU " D2 Russia
Family LEVDERIELLroAE Australia [L. Zelonoe]

Dexteria floridana Branchinella wellardi Arctodiaptomus michaeli

Florida Fairy Shrimp Fairy Shrimp VU '" D2
CR « Bl+2c VU " D2 India
USA Australia [L. Alapathar, L. Marsar]

91
 Threatened Species

Dussartius baeticus Notodiaptomus maracaibensis Nanocopia minuta

VU '« D2 VU '" D2 CR " Bl+2c
Spain Venezuela Bermuda
[R. Quadalquivir] [L. Maracaibo]
Family PSEUDOCYCLOPiroAE
Eodiaptomus lumholtzi Paradiaptomus natalensis
Paracyclopia naessi
VU '» D2 VU " D2
Australia South Africa
CR '•
Bl+2c
Bermuda
Eodiaptomus shihi Phyllodiaptomus wellekensae
VU '« D2 VU "" D2 Family TEMORIDAE
India India Epischura baikalensis
[Ghandisagar Reservoir]
Skistodiaptomus carolinensis VU "' D2
VU »' Russia
Heliodiaptomus kolleruensis D2
[L. Baikal]
VU '« D2 USA
India [L. Ravenel]

Heliodiaptomus pulcher Stygodiaptomus kieferi

Order CONCHOSTRACA
VU '« D2 VU '" D2 Family LEPTESTHERnDAE
India Bosnia and Herzegovina
Eoleptestheria spinosa
Hesperodiaptomus augustaensis Stygodiaptomus petkovskii VU "' Bl+2bcd+3c
VU '« D2 VU '« D2 Croatia, Yugoslavia
USA Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
Family LEMNADIIDAE
Hesperodiaptomus californiensis Thermodiaptomus galeboides
Imnadia banatica
VU '« D2 VU '« D2
USA Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
VU '" D2
Yugoslavia
[L. Victoria]
Lovenula excellens
Imnadia cristata
VU « D2 Tropodiaptomus burundensis
VU '" D2
South Africa VU '« D2 Yugoslavia
Burundi
Lovenula simplex Imnadia panonica
[R. Rusizi valley]
VU '« D2 VU '" D2
South Africa Tropodiaptomus kilimensis Yugoslavia
Mastigodiaptomus purpureus
VU '« D2
Tanzania
VU '"
D2 Order CYCLGPOIDA
Cuba, Haiti? Tropodiaptomus kissi
VU '« D2
Family CYCLOPmAE
Metadiaptomus capensis
Rwanda Acanthocyclops hypogeus
VU "" D2
South Africa Tropodiaptomus neumanni
VU '" D2
Slovenia
Metadiaptomus purcelli VU '•" Dl
Kenya Mesocyclops insulensis
VU "' D2 VU '« D2
[L. Baringo, L. Naivasha]
South Africa
Mozambique
Tropodiaptomus simplex
Neodiaptomus intermedius [L. Bemapaza]
VU '"
D2
VU '« D2
Metacyclops gasparoi
Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire
India
[L. Tanganyika]
VU '" D2
Neodiaptomus laii Slovenia
Tropodiaptomus stuhlmanni
VU "" D2 Metacyclops postojnae
Malaysia
VU '« D2 VU '" D2
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
[Pedu Reservoir and mining pools] Slovenia
[L. Victoria]
Neodiaptomus lymphatus Tropocyclops federensis
VU '« D2 Family EPACTERISCmAE VU '" D2
Indonesia Brazil
Erebonectes nesioticus
[L. Tempe] Tropocyclops nananae
CR « Bl+2c
Neodiaptomus physalipus Bermuda
VU '« D2
VU '« D2 Brazil

India Family PLATYCOPimAE Family SPELEOITHONIDAE

Notodiaptomus dubius Antriscopia prehensilis SpeleoUhona bermudensis
VU '« D2 CR '- Bl+2c CR '" B1+2C
Brazil Bermuda Bermuda

92
 Crustaceans ll^^~^

Order DECAPODA Family CAMBAREDAE Cambarus harti

Cambarellus blacki Piedmont Blue Burrower

Family ASTACmAE EN ' Bl+2c
Cypress Crayfish
Astacus astacus EN ' Bl+2c USA
Noble Crayfish USA Cambarus hiwasseensis
VU '" B2bce+3bcd Cambarellus diminutus VU '
BH-2C
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, USA
Least Crayfish
Cyprus [int], Czech Republic?,
Denmark, Hungary, Italy [int],
VU '
B1+2C Cambarus howardi
Latvia?, Lithuania, Moldova?,
USA VU '
Bl+2c
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Cambarellus lesliei USA
Romania?, Russia, Slovakia, VU '
B1-I-2C
Cambarus miltus
Sweden, Switzerland [int], Ukraine, USA Rusty Grave Digger
United Kingdom [int], Yugoslavia Cambarus aculabrum VU ' B1+2C
Austropotamobius pallipes EN ' Bl+2c USA
White-clawed Crayfish USA Cambarus nerterius
VU '" B2bce+3bcd Cambarus batchi VU '
Bl+2c, Dl
Austria, Czech Republic?, France, Bluegrass Crayfish USA
Germany, Hungary?, Ireland, Italy, VU '
BI-I-2C, Dl
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Cambarus obeyensis
USA
Switzerland, United Kingdom, Obey Crayfish
Yugoslavia Cambarus bouchardi VU '
B1+2C
Big South Fork Crayfish USA
Austropotamobius torrentium
Stone Crayfish
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl
USA Cambarus parrishi
VU '" B2bce+3bcd VU ' B1-I-2C, Dl
Cambarus catagius
Austria, Czech Republic?, France, USA
Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Greenshom Burrowing Crayfish
Switzerland, Yugoslavia VU ' Bl+2c Cambarus pristinus
USA VU '
B1-I-2C, Dl
Pacifastacus fortis
Cambarus chaugaensis
USA
Shasta Crayfish
CR ' B1+2C VU ' Bl+2c, Dl Cambarus pyronotus
USA USA Red-black Crayfish
Cambarus coosawattae EN '
B1-I-2C
Pacifastacus nigrescens
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl USA
CR '
Bl+2c
USA (ex?) USA Cambarus reburrus
Cambarus cryptodytes VU '
B1+2C
Family ATYIDAE Apalachicola Cave Crayfish USA
Palaemonias alabamae VU '
Bl+2c Cambarus scotti
Alabama Cave Shrimp USA VU '
B1+2C
EN « Bl+2c Cambarus cymatilis USA
USA VU '
Bl+2c, Dl Cambarus speciosus
Palaemonias ganteri USA VU '
Bl+2c, Dl
Kentucky Cave Shrimp Cambarus deweesae USA
EN " Bl+2c Valley Flame Crayfish
Cambarus spicatus
USA EN ' Bl+2c VU '
B1+2C
Syncaris pacifica USA USA
California Freshwater Shrimp Cambarus elkensis
Cambarus strigosus
EN " Alee VU ' Bl+2c
USA USA EN ' B1+2C
USA
Troglocaris anophthalmus Cambarus extraneus
VU '" Bl+2cde Chickamanga Crayfish Cambarus subterraneus
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, VU ' Bl+2c EN '
Bl+2c
Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Yugoslavia USA USA
Typhlatya iliffei Cambarus fasciatus Cambarus tartarus
CR " B1+2C VU '
Bl+2c Oklahoma Cave Crayfish
Bermuda USA CR ' Bl+2c
USA
Typhlatya monae Cambarus georgiae
Mona Cave Shrimp Little Tennessee Crayfish Cambarus truncatus
VU " D2 VU ' Bl+2c,Dl EN '
B1+2C
Puerto Rico USA USA

93
Threatened Species

Cambarus unestami Hobbseus petilus Orconectes peruncus

VU '
Bl+2c Tombigbee Riverlet Crayfish VU '
B1+2C
USA VU ' B1+2C USA
Cambarus veteranus
USA Orconectes quadruncus
VU '
B1+2C Hobbseus valleculus VU '
B1+2C
USA Choctaw Riverlet Crayfish USA
VU '
B1+2C Orconectes saxatilis
Cambarus williami
USA
EN '
B1+2C Kiamichi Crayfish
USA Hobbseus valobushensis CR '
B1+2C
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
USA
Cambarus zophonastes USA
Hell Creek Crayfish
Orconectes shoupi
Orconectes bisectus Nashville Crayfish
CR '
B1+2C
USA Crittenden Crayfish CR '
Bl+2c
VU '
Bl+2c, Dl USA
Distocambarus devexus USA Orconectes sloanii
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl Orconectes blacki VU '
Bl+2c
USA
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl USA
Distocambarus youngineri USA Orconectes stannardi
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl Orconectes cooperi VU '
Bl+2c
USA VU ' Bl+2c,Dl USA
Fallicambarus burrisi USA Orconectes wrighti
VU '
Bl+2c Orconectes deanae VU '
Bl+2c,Dl
USA Conchas Crayfish USA
Fallicambarus danielae VU '
Bl+2c, Dl
Procambarus acherontis
Speckled Burrowing Crayfish USA Orlando Cave Crayfish
VU ' B1+2C Orconectes fiartfieldi EN '
Bl+2c
USA VU '
B1+2C USA
Fallicambarus gilpini USA
Procambarus angustatus
VU ' B1+2C, Dl Orconectes holti CR ' B1+2C
USA VU '
Bl+2c USA (ex?)

Fallicambarus gordoni
USA
Procambarus apalachicolae
VU ' B1+2C, Dl Orconectes incomptus VU Bl+2c
'

USA Tennessee Cave Crayfish USA

Fallicambarus harpi
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl Procambarus attiguus
USA
EN '
Bl+2c Silver Glen Springs Cave Crayfish
USA Orconectes jeffersoni CR '
Bl+2c
Louisville Crayfish USA
Fallicambarus hortoni VU '
Bl+2c, Dl
Hatchie Burrowing Crayfish Procambarus barbiger
USA
EN '
Bl+2c
Orconectes jonesi
Jackson Prarie Crayfish
USA VU '
Bl+2c
VU '
B1+2C USA
Fallicambarus petilicarpus USA
CR ' Bl+2c Procambarus brazoriensis
Orconectes kentuckiensis Brazoria Crayfish
USA
VU '
Bl+2c VU '
Bl+2c,Dl
Fallicambarus strawni USA USA
VU ' B1+2C Orconectes maletae
USA Procambarus cometes
VU '
B1+2C Mississippi Flatwoods Crayfish
Hobbseus attenuatus USA VU ' Bl+2c, Dl
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
Orconectes marchandi USA
USA VU ' Bl+2c, Dl Procambarus connus
Hobbseus cristatus USA Corrollton Crayfish
VU '
B1+2C Orconectes menae VU '
Bl+2c,Dl
USA VU ' B1+2C USA
Hobbseus orconectoides USA Procambarus delicatus
Oktibbeha Riverlet Crayfish Orconectes mississippiensis Big-cheeked Cave Crayfish
VU '
B1+2C VU '
Bl+2c CR '
Bl+2c
USA USA USA

94
 Crustaceans /0^^»

Procambarus echinatus Procambarus nueces Somersiella sterreri

VU B1+2C
'
CR Bl+2c
'
CR " Bl+2c
USA USA Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, Mexico
Procambarus econfinae Procambarus orcinus Family PALAEMONIDAE
Panama City Crayfish Woodville Cave Crayfish
EN Palaemonetes antrorum
'
Bl+2c VU '
BI+2c, Dl
Balcones Cave Shrimp
USA USA
EN « Bl+2c
Procambarus erythrops Procambarus pecki USA
Santa Fe Cave Crayfish Phantom Cave Crayfish
Palaemonetes cummingi
EN ' Bl+2c VU '
B1+2C
Squirrel Chimney Cave Shrimp
USA USA
VU « D2
Procambarus escambiensis Procambarus pictus USA
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
Black Creek Crayfish
USA VU '
BI+2C Family PARASTACIDAE
Procambarus ferrugineus USA Astacoides crosnieri
EN ' Bl+2c Procambarus plumimanus EN » B1+2C
USA VU B1+2C
' Madagascar

Procambarus fitzpatricki USA Astacoides petiti

Spiny-tail Crayfish Procambarus pogum EN « B1+2C
VU B1+2C Madagascar
'
Bearded Red Crayfish
USA VU '
Bl+2c, Dl Astacopsis gouldi
USA Giant Tasmanian Lobster
Procambarus franzi
Orange Lake Cave Fish Procambarus rathbunae
EN " Alace, Bl+2abce
Australia
EN '
Bl+2c VU B1+2C
'

USA USA Cherax destructor

Procambarus gibbus
VU « Aide
Procambarus reimeri
Australia
VU ' Bl+2c VU Bl+2c, Dl
'

USA Cherax quadricarinatus

USA
VU " Aide
Procambarus horsti Procambarus steigmani Australia
Big Blue Spring Cave Crayfish CR Bl+2c
'

EN Bl+2c Cherax tenuimanus

'
USA Marron
USA
Procambarus texanus VU « Aide
Procambarus lagniappe CR ' Bl+2c Australia
Lagniappe Crayfish USA Engaeus australis
VU ' B1+2C
Burrowing Crayfish
USA Family GECARCEVUCIDAE Lilly Pilly
EN " Bl+2c
Procambarus latipleurum Afrithelphusa afzelii Australia
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl CR " C2a Engaeus curvisuturus
USA Sierra Leone
EN » Bl+2c
Procambarus leitheuseri Afrithelphusa gerhildae Australia
Coastal Lowland Cave Crayfish CR « C2b Engaeus disjuncticus
VU ' Bl+2c,Dl Guinea EN '^
Bl+2c
USA Afrithelphusa leonensis Australia
Procambarus milleri CR " C2b Engaeus granulatus
Miami Cave Crayfish Sierra Leone EN " Bl+2c
EN ' Bl+2c Afrithelphusa monodosus Australia
USA CR " C2b Engaeus mallacoota
Procambarus morrisi Guinea Mallacoota Burrowing Crayfish
Putnam County Cave Crayfish EN « Bl+2c
Globonautes macropus
CR ' Bl+2ae,Cl+2b Tree Hole Crab Australia
USA CR " C2a Engaeus martigener
Procambarus nechesae Guinea, Liberia Fumeaux Burrowing Crayfish
VU ' B1+2C EN " Bl+2c
USA Family HIPPOLVTroAE Australia

Procambarus nigrocinctus Barbouria cubensis Engaeus nulloporius

VU ' Bl+2c, Dl CR '" Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
USA Bermuda Australia

95
Threatened Species

Engaeus orramakunna Euastacus monteithorum Canthocamptus longipes

Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish EN " Bl+2c VU '" D2
EN « Bl+2c Australia Australia
Australia Euastacus neodiversus Canthocamptus mammillifurca
Engaeus phyllocercus VU " Bl+2c VU »' D2
Narracan Burrowing Crayfish Australia Australia
VU " Bl+2c Euastacus robertsi Canthocamptus sublaevis
AustraHa EN " Bl+2c VU '" D2
Engaeus rostrogaleatus Australia Australia
Strzelecki Burrowing Crayfish Euastacus setosus Canthocamptus tasmaniae
EN " Bl+2c VU '• B1+2C VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia
Engaeus spinicaudatus Euastacus urospinosus Ceuthonectes rouchi
Scottsdale Burrowing Crayfish
EN " Bl+2c VU '" D2
EN " Bl+2c Australia Slovenia
Australia
Euastacus yigara Elaphoidella amabilis
Engaeus sternalis
EN " Bl+2c VU '" D2
Warragul Burrowing Crayfish USA
Australia
EN " Bl+2c Elaphoidella franci
Australia Family PINNOTHERmAE VU '" D2
Engaeus urostrictus Parapinnixa affinis Slovenia
EN '^
Bl+2c Califomian Bay Pea Crab Elaphoidella jeanneli
Australia EN « Ale VU '" D2
Engaewa similis USA Slovenia
EN " Bl+2c
Family POTAMONAUTmAE Elaphoidella kieferi
Australia
VU '" D2
Euastacus armatus Louisea edeaensis
Slovenia
Murray River Cray CR "
Bl+2c
Fibulacamptus bisetosus
VU '-
A lade Cameroon
VU '" D2
Australia
Family PROCARmroAE Australia
Euastacus bindal
Procaris chacei Fibulacamptus gracilior
EN » Bl+2c " Bl+2c VU '« D2
Australia
CR
Bermuda Australia
Euastacus bispinosus [R. Werribee]
Glenelg River Cray
VU •'
A lade Order HALOCYPRmA Paramorariopsis anae
VU '" D2
Australia Family HALOCYPRromAE Slovenia
Euastacus crassus
Spelaeoecia bermudensis Pseudomoraria triglavensis
EN » Bl+2c CR Bl+2c
'* VU '" D2
Australia
Bermuda Slovenia
Euastacus diversus
EN " Bl+2c Family
Order HARPACTICOIDA DARCYTHOMPSONIIDAE
Australia

Euastacus eungella Family AMEIRTOAE Leptocaris stromatolicola

VU « B1+2C Nitocrella slovenica
VU '" D2
Australia Mexico
VU '" D2
Euastacus fleckeri Slovenia
VU » B1+2C Order ISOPODA
Nitocrella stochi
Australia
VU '" D2 Family ANTHURIDAE
Euastacus hystricosus Italy
Currassanthura bermudensis
VU '•
B1+2C
CR
Australia Family CANTHOCAMPTmAE '"
B1+2C
Bermuda
Euastacus jagara Canthocamptus dedeckkeri
EN '"
Bl+2c VU "" D2 Family ASELLTOAE
Australia Australia Caecidotea barri
Euastacus maidae Canthocamptus echinopyge Clifton Cave Isopod
EN " Bl+2c VU '« D2 EN Bl+2c
Australia Australia USA

96
 Crustaceans /tfl^^'

Caecidotea macropoda Onchotelson spatulatus Haplophthalmus rhinoceros

Bat Cave Isopod VU " D2 VU '» D2
VU " D2 Australia Slovenia
USA Uramphisopus pearsoni Metatrichoniscoides celticus
Caecidotea nickajackensis VU " D2 VU " D2
Nickajack Cave Isopod Australia United Kingdom
VU " D2
USA Family SPHAEROMATmAE Moserius percoi

Monolistra bolei
VU '" D2
Lirceus culveri Slovenia
Rye Cove Cave Isopod EN '" B1+2C
VU " D2 Slovenia
Order MICTACEA
USA Monolistra calopyge
Lirceus usdagalun VU '" D2 Family MICTOCARIDIDAE
Lee County Cave Isopod Slovenia
Mictocaris halope
EN " Bl+2c Monolistra schottlaenderi CR '" Bl+2c
USA VU '" D2 Bermuda
Italy
Proasellus parvulus
VU '" D2 Monolistra spinosissima
Order MISOPHRIOIDA
Slovenia EN '" Bl+2bce
Proasellus slovenicus Slovenia Family MISOPHRHDAE
VU '" D2 Thermosphaeroma cavicauda Speleophria bivexilla
Slovenia CR « Bl+2c CR '"
B1+2C
Mexico Bermuda
Family ATLANTASELLIDAE
Thermosphaeroma dugesi Speleophria scottodicarloi
Atlantasellus cavemicolus CR " Bl+2c
CR " Bl+2c CR '• Bl+2c
Mexico
Bermuda
Bermuda
Thermosphaeroma macrura
Family CIROLANIDAE CR " Bl+2c Order MYODOCOProA
Mexico
Antrolana lira
Thermosphaeroma milleri Family CYPRIDINroAE
Madison Cave Isopod
VU « D2 EN " B1+2C Zonocypretta kalimna
USA Mexico Seed Shrimp
Arubolana imula Thermosphaeroma smithi VU " D2
VU " D2 CR " Bl+2c Australia

Aruba Mexico
Bermudalana amboides Family STENASELLmAE Order MYSroACEA
CR '* Bl+2c Mexistenasellus coahuila Family MYSIDAE
Bermuda
EN " Ale Bermudamysis speluncola
Mexilana saluposi Mexico, USA
VU " D2 CR " BI+2C
Mexistenasellus nulemex Bermuda
Mexico VU « D2
Speocirolana thermydromis Platyops sterreri
Mexico
EN " Ale CR '-
Bl+2c
Mexistenasellus parzefalli Bermuda
Mexico Parzefall's Stenasellid
Sphaerolana affinis VU « D2
EN " Ale Mexico Order NOTOSTRACA
Mexico Mexistenasellus wilkensi Family TRIGPSmAE
Sphaerolana interstitialis Wilken's Stenasellid
Lepidurus packardi
EN " Ale VU " D2
Mexico Mexico
EN '=
A2c
USA
Sphaerolana karenae Family TRICHONISCIDAE
VU '=
D2
Mexico Calconiscellus gotscheensis Order PODOCOProA
VU '" D2
Family PHREATOICmAE Slovenia Family CYPRIDmAE
Onchotelson brevicaudatus Haplophthalmus abbreviatus Kapcypriodopsis barnardi
VU " D2 VU '" D2 CR " Ala
Australia Slovenia South Africa

97
Threatened Species

Pseudocandona aemonae Family CARABIDAE Family CURCULIGNmAE

VU '" D2 Carabus olympiae Gymnopholus lichenifer
Slovenia
VU "" Alacd+2c Lichen Weevil
Pseudocandona cavicola France [int], Italy VU '»' Alc+2cd, D2
VU '" D2 Papua New Guinea
Elaphrus viridis
Slovenia Delta Green Ground Beetle Family DYTISCIDAE
Pseudocandona pretneri CR '«' Bl+2abc+3a Acilius duvergeri
VU '" D2 USA VU " Bl+2b
Slovenia
Family CERAMBYCIDAE Algeria, Italy, Morocco, Portugal,
Pseudocandona trigonelia Spain
VU '" D2 Cerambyx cerdo
Agabus clypealis
Slovenia Cerambyx Longicom
EN " Bl+2b
VU "" Alc+2c
Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia,
Family LIMNOCYTHERroAE Algeria, Armenia?, Austria,
Sweden
Azerbaijan?, Czech Republic,
Leucocythere helenae Agabus discicollis
France, Georgia?, Germany,
VU " D2 Hungary, Moldova?, Morocco,
Iran, EN " Bl+2c
South Africa Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzeriand, Ethiopia
Limnocythere porphyretica Tunisia, Turkey?, Ukraine, United Agabus hozgargantae
Seed Shrimp Kingdom? EN " Bl+2c
VU " D2 Macrodontia cervicomis Spain
Australia VU "" Ale Deronectes aljibensis
Brazil, Peru "
Family NOTODROMADIDAE EN Bl+2c
Morimus funereus Spain
Newnhamiafuscata VU '" Ale Deronectes depressicollis
Seed Shrimp
Belgium?, Czech Republic?, VU " Bl+2c
VU " D2 Germany?, Hungary, Moldova, Spain
Australia Romania, Slovakia?, Ukraine,
Yugoslavia
Deronectes ferrugineus
Newnhamia insolita
Seed Shrimp
VU " B1+2C
Rosalia alpina
Portugal
VU « D2 Rosalia Longicom
Dytiscus latissimus
Australia VU "" Ale
Algeria, Armenia, Austria,
VU " A2c, Bl+2a
Austria, Belarus, Belgium (ex),
Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Czech
Class INSECTA Republic, Denmark?, France,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, (ex?), Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France (ex), Germany (ex),
Order ANOPLURA Iran?, Israel, Italy, Jordan?,
Hungary (ex?), Italy, Latvia,
Lebanon?, Liechtenstein, Morocco,
Family HAEMATOPINIDAE Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Luxembourg (ex), Netherlands (ex),
Romania, Russia?, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Romania (ex?),
Haematopinus oliveri Russia, Slovakia (ex?), Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine,
Pygmy Hog Sucking Louse Yugoslavia Switzerland (ex?), Ukraine
CR '»'
Ale, Bl+2cd,E Craptodytes delectus
India Family CICINDELroAE EN " B1+2C
Cicindela columbica Spain (Canary Is)

Order COLEOPTERA Columbia River Tiger Beetle Hydrotarsus compunctus

VU '" Alc+2c CR " Bl+2c
Family ANTHICIDAE USA Spain (Canary Is)

Anthicus sacramento Cicindela puritana Hydrotarsus pilosus

Sacramento Beetle Puritan Tiger Beetle EN " Bl+2c
EN '»'
BI+2c EN" Albc,B2cd+3c- Spain (Canary Is)
USA USA Meladema imbricata
Family BUPRESTIDAE Family CUCUJIDAE CR " Ale
Spain (Canary Is)
Buprestis splendens Cucujus cinnaberinus
Meladema lanio
Goldstreifiger VU '»' Ale VU " Bl+2b
VU "" Ale Austria, Czech Republic?, Estonia?,
Portugal (Madeira)
Albania, Austria, Belarus?, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia?,
Denmark?, Finland, Greece, Poland?, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Rhantus alutaceus
Russia?, Spain, Sweden?, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, EN " A2c
Yugoslavia? Yugoslavia New Caledonia

98
 Insects W
Rhithrodytes agnus Family SCARABAEffiAE Order DIPTERA
EN " Bl+2c
Portugal
Aegialia concinna Family BLEPHAROCERmAE
Ciervo Scarab Beetle
Family ELMINTHIDAE VU '«'
D2 Edwardsina gigantea
USA Giant Torrent Midge
gammoni
Stenelmis EN '" B1+2C
Gammon's Riffle Beetle Aegialia crescenta Australia
VU '^ D2 Cresent Dune Scarab Beetle
VU "" D2 Edwardsina tasmaniensis
USA Tasmanian Torrent Midge
[R. South Fork New] USA
CR '" A2c, Bl+2c
Family LEIODIDAE Osmoderma eremita Australia
Hermit Beetle [R. Dennison]
Glacicavicola bathysciodes VU '»'
Ale
Blind Cave Beetle Austria, Belarus?, Belgium, Czech Family PSYCHODmAE
VU '«'
BI+2c Republic, Denmark, Estonia?,
Nemapalpus nearcticus
USA Finland, France, Gennany, Greece,
Sugarfoot Moth Fly
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
Family LUCANffiAE Lithuania?, Moldova?, Netherlands, EN "" Bl+2abcd
Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, USA
Colophon barnardi
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
EN '« Bl+2e Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Family TABANIDAE
South Africa
Prodontria lewisi Brennania belkini
Colophon berrisfordi Belkin's Dune Tabanid Fly
Cromwell Chafer
CR " Bl+2e CR '" Bl+2c VU '« A2ce
South Africa Mexico, USA
New Zealand
Colophon cameroni
Pseudocotalpa giulianii
VU " Bl+2e Giuliani's Dune Scarab Beetle Order EPHEMEROPTERA
South Africa
VU '»'
D2
Family SIPHLONURIDAE
Colophon cassoni USA
CR '» Bl+2e Tasmanophlebia lacus-coerulei
South Africa Family SILPHTOAE Large Blue Lake Mayfly
Colophon eastmani Nicrophorus americanus VU '" D2
EN " Bl+2e American Burying Beetle Australia
South Africa CR '" Ale
Colophon haughtoni Canada (ex), USA Order GRYLLOBLATTARIA
EN " Bl+2e
South Africa Family TENEBRIONmAE Family GRYLLOBLATTIDAE
Colophon montisatris Coelus globosus Grylloblatta chirurgica
CR '" Bl+2e Globose Dune Beetle Mount St Helens' Grylloblattid
South Africa VU '" Ale VU "" Alc+2c,D2
Colophon neli
Mexico, USA USA
VU '»
Bl+2e Coelus gracilis
South Africa San Joaquin Dune Beetle Order HYMENOPTERA
Colophon primosi VU "" Ale, D2
CR '» Bl+2e USA Family FORMICIDAE
South Africa Polposipus herculeanus Acanthomyops latipes
Colophon stokoei Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid VU '" D2
VU " Bl+2e Beetle USA
South Africa CR '"'
B1+2C
Acanthomyops murphyi
Seychelles
Colophon thunbergi VU '" D2
EN " Bl+2e USA
South Africa Order DERMAPTERA Adetomyrma venatrix
Colophon westwoodi CR "" Bl+2c
VU " Bl+2e Family LABIDURffiAE Madagascar
South Africa Labidura herculeana Anergates atratulus
Colophon whitei Saint Helena Earwig VU '" D2
EN '« Bl+2e CR "" Bl+2a France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
South Africa St Helena Spain, Switzerland

99
Threatened Species

Aneuretus simoni Crematogaster creightoni Formicoxenus nitidulus

Sri Lankan Relict Ant VU '« D2 VU '« A2c
CR '" Bl+2c USA Denmark, Finland, France,
Austria,

Sri Lanka Doronomyrmex goesswaldi Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland,

Sweden, Switzerland
Anoplolepis nuptialis VU '« D2
Germany Formicoxenus provancheri
VU '" D2
South Africa Doronomyrmex kutteri VU '« D2
VU '« D2 Canada, USA
Antichthonidris bidentatus
Germany Formicoxenus quebecensis
VU '" D2
VU '« D2
Argentina Doronomyrmex pacts
Canada
Aphaenogaster bidentatus
VU '" D2
Switzerland Formicoxenus sibiricus
VU '" D2 VU '« D2
USA Doronomyrmex pocahontas
Russia
VU '" D2
Camponotus universitatis
Canada Harapgoxenus zaisanicus
VU '" D2 VU '« D2
France, Switzerland
Epimymra adlerzi
VU " D2 Mongolia
Cardiocondyla zoserka Greece Harpagoxenus canadensis
VU '« D2
Epimyrma africana VU '« D2
Nigeria Canada, USA
VU '« D2
Cataglyphis hannae Algeria Harpagoxenus sublaevis
VU " D2 Epimyrma algeriana VU '« A2c
Tunisia Germany,
VU '" D2 Austria, Freince, Italy,
Switzerland
Chalepoxenus brunneus Algeria
VU '" D2 Epimyrma bernardi Kyidris media
Algeria, Morocco VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Spain
Papua New Guinea
Chalepoxenus kutteri
VU '" D2 Epimyrma Corsica Kyidris yaleogyna
France VU '" D2 VU "" D2
France Papua New Guinea
Chalepoxenus muellerianus
VU "" D2 Epimyrma goridaghini Lasius reginae
Italy VU "» D2 VU '« A2c
Russia Austria
Chalepoxenus spinosus
Leptothorax buschingeri
VU '" D2 Epimyrma kraussei
Kazakhstan VU '« D2 VU '" D2
Italy
Switzerland
Chalepoxenus tarbinskii
Epimyrma ravouxi Leptothorax duloticus
VU "" D2
Kyrgyzstan VU '« D2 VU '" D2
France USA
Chalepoxenus tauricus
Epimyrma stumperi Leptothorax ergatogyna
VU '" D2 VU '« D2
Ukraine
VU "" D2
Switzerland France
Chalepoxenus tramieri Leptothorax faberi
Epimyrma tamarae
VU "» D2
VU '" D2 VU '« D2
Morocco Canada
Georgia
Chalepoxenus zabelini Epimyrma zaleskyi Leptothorax minutissimus
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU '« D2
Turkmenistan USA
Czech Republic
Conomyrma medeis Formica dirksi Manica parasitica
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
USA USA USA
Conomyrma reginicola Formica talbotae Megalomyrmex symmetochus
VU "» D2 VU '" D2 VU '« D2
USA USA Panama
Crematogaster atilanica Formicoxenus chamberlini Monomorirm noualhieri
VU '« D2 VU "' D2 VU "» D2
Guatemala USA Algeria

100
 Insects w
Monomorium effractor Myrmica samnitica Plagiolepis grassei
VU '" D2 VU "» D2 VU '« D2
India Italy France
Monomorium hospitum Myrmica symbiotica Plagiolepis regis
VU "» D2 VU '« D2 VU '" D2
Singapore Italy Russia
Monomorium inquilinum Myrmica winterae Pogonomyrmex anergismus
VU '« D2 VU '« D2 VU '« D2
Mexico Switzerland USA
Monomorium pergandei Nothomyrmecia macrops Pogonomyrmex colei
VU '" D2 Australian Ant
VU '« D2
USA CR '" B1+2C USA
Monomorium santschU Australia Polyergus breviceps
VU '» D2 Oxyepoecus bruchi
VU "' D2
Tunisia USA
VU « D2
Monomorium talbotae Argentina Polyergus lucidus
VU " D2 VU '« D2
Oxyepoecus daguerrei USA
USA
VU '« D2
Myrmecia inquUina Argentina
Polyergus nigerrimus
VU '" D2 VU '« D2
Australia Oxyepoecus inquilina Russia

Myrmecoxenus gordiagini
VU '« D2 Polyergus samurai
Argentina
VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Russia, Yugoslavia Parapheidole oculta Japan
Myrmica bibikoffi
VU '" D2 Protomognathus americanus
Madagascar VU
VU '« D2 '« D2
Switzerland Pheidole acutidens USA
Myrmica colax VU '« D2 Pseudoatta argentina
VU '" D2 Argentina VU '« D2
USA Pheidole argentina Argentina

Myrmica ereptrix VU '« D2 Pseudomyrmex leptosus

VU "' D2 Argentina VU '" D2
India Pheidole elecebra USA
Myrmica faniensis VU '" D2 Rhoptromyrmex mayri
VU "» D2 USA VU '" D2
Belgium India
Pheidole inquilina
Myrmica hirsuta VU '" D2 Rhoptromyrmex schmitzi
VU '" D2 USA VU '" D2
United Kingdom Israel
Pheidole lanuginosa
Myrmica kabylica VU "" D2 Rossomrymex proformicarum
VU '« D2 India
VU '" D2
Algeria Russia
Pheidole microgyna
Myrmica lampra Rossomyrmex minuchae
VU '« D2
VU
VU '" D2 Guyana
'" D2
Canada Spain
Pheidole neokohli Serrastruma inquilina
Myrmica laurae
VU '« D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Zaire
Italy Zaire

Myrmica lemasnei Pheidole parasitica Solenopsis acuminata

VU '« D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
India Argentina
France, Spain

Myrmica myrmicoxena Pheidole symbiotica Solenopsis daguerrei

VU '« D2 VU '" D2 VU "" D2
Switzerland Argentina Argentina, Uruguay

Myrmica quebecensis Plagiolepis ampeloni Solenopsis solenopsidis

VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Canada Austria Argentina

101
Threatened Species

Strongylognathus afer Strongylognathus minutus Agriades zullichi

VU '<"
D2 VU '" D2 EN " B1+2C
Algeria Turkmenistan Spain
Strongylognathus alboini Strongylognathus palaestinensis Alaena margaritacea
VU "' D2 VU '" D2 VU " D2
Italy Israel South Africa
Strongylognathus alpinus Strongylognathus pisarskii Aloeides caledoni
VU '" D2 VU '« D2 VU " D2
Switzerland Italy South Africa
Strongylognathus arnoldii Strongylognathus rehbinderi Aloeides carolynnae
VU '« D2 VU '« D2 VU " D2
Russia Georgia South Africa
Strongylognathus caecilia Strongylognathus ruzskyi Aloeides dentatis
VU •« D2 VU '« D2 VU " D2
Spain Russia Lesotho, South Africa

Strongylognathus cecconii Strongylognathus silvestrii Aloeides egerides

VU '« D2 VU "» D2 VU " B1+2C
Italy Greece South Africa
Strongylognathus chelifer Strumigenys xenos Aloeides kaplani
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU " D2
Russia Australia, New Zealand South Africa
Strongylognathus christophi Teleutomyrmex kutteri Aloeides lutescens
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU " D2
Russia Spain South Africa
Strongylognathus dalmaticus Teleutomyrmex schneideri Aloeides merces
VU "" D2 VU '" D2 VU " D2
Croatia France, Switzerland South Africa
Strongylognathus destefanii Tetramorium microgyna Aloeides nollothi
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU " D2
Italy
South Africa, Zimbabwe South Africa
Strongylognathus emeryi
Tetramorium parasiticum Aloeides nubilus
VU "" D2 VU '" D2 VU " D2
South Africa
Italy South Africa
Strongylognathus foreli A loeides pringlei
VU "» D2
Order LEPIDOPTERA VU " D2
Algeria Family HESPERimAE South Africa
Strongylognathus huberi Hesperia dacotae Aloeides rossouwi
VU '» D2 Dakota Skipper VU " D2
Italy, Switzerland VU '" Alc+2c South Africa
Strongylognathus insularis Canada, USA Arawacus aethesa
VU '" D2
Family LASIOCAMPffiAE
EN " Bl+2c
Italy Brazil
Phyllodesma ilicifolia
Strongylognathus italicus Aslauga australis
Small Lappet Moth
VU '" D2 VU " D2
Italy
VU "" Ale South Africa
Austria?, Belarus?, Belgium, China,
Strongylognathus karawajevi Czech Republic?, Denmark, Capys penningtoni
VU '" D2 Estonia?, Finland, France, Germany, VU " D2
Ukraine Italy?, Japan,Kazakhstan?, Latvia?, South Africa
Strongylognathus kervillei Lithuania?, Mongolia?, Norway?, Chrysoritis cotrelli
VU '« D2 Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia?, CR " B1+2C
Turkey Spain?, Sweden, Switzerland?, South Africa
Ukraine?
Strongylognathus koreanus Cyanophrys bertha
VU '« D2 Family LYCAENTOAE VU " B1+2C
North Korea, South Korea Acrodipsas illidgei Brazil

Strongylognathus kratochvilli Illidge's Ant-blue Erikssonia acraeina

VU '" D2 EN " B1+2C VU " D2
Czech Republic Australia South Africa, Zaire, Zambia

102
 Insects w
lolaus lulua Lepidochrysops wykehami Poecilmitis lyncurium
White Spotted Sapphire VU " D2 Tsomo River Copper
VU " D2 South Africa VU " D2
South Africa South Africa
Lycaena hermes
Joiceya praeclarus Hermes Copper Poecilmitis lyndseyae
EN ''
B1+2C VU " D2 VU " D2
Brazil Mexico, USA South Africa

Lepidochrysops badhami Poecilmitis orientalis

Nirodia belphegor
VU " D2 EN " Bl+2c VU " D2
South Africa South Africa
Brazil
Poecilmitis penningtoni
Lepidochrysops balli Orachrysops ariadne
VU " D2 VU " D2
VU " D2 South Africa
South Africa South Africa
Poecilmitis pyramus
Lepidochrysops jefferyi Orachrysops niobe
VU " D2 VU " D2
EN " Bl+2c South Africa
South Africa South Africa
Poecilmitis rileyi
Lepidochrysops littoralis
Oxychaeta dicksoni EN " Bl+2c
VU " D2 Dickson's Copper South Africa
South Africa
EN " Bl+2c Poecilmitis stepheni
Lepidochrysops loewensteini South Africa VU " D2
VU " D2 Parahicia spinifera South Africa
South Africa
Bathurst Copper Poecilmitis swanepoeli
Lepidochrysops lotana EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+3d
CR " Bl+2c Australia South Africa
South Africa
Phasis pringlei Poecilmitis trimeni
Lepidochrysops oosthuizen VU " D2 VU " D2
VU " D2 South Africa South Africa
South Africa
Poecilmitis adonis Poecilmitis wykehami
Lepidochrysops outeniqua VU " D2 VU " D2
VU " D2 South Africa South Africa
South Africa Polyommatus galloi
Poecilmitis azurius
Lepidochrysops penningtoni Higgin's Anomalous Blue
VU " D2
VU " D2 South Africa
EN " Bl+2c
South Africa Italy
Poecilmitis balli
Lepidochrysops pephredo Polyommatus golgus
VU " D2 Sierra Nevada Blue
VU ''
D2 South Africa
South Africa EN " B1+2C
Poecilmitis daphne Spain
Lepidochrysops poseidon
VU " D2
VU " D2 Polyommatus humedasae
South Africa Piedmont Anomalous Blue
South Africa
Poecilmitis endymion CR " Bl+2ce
Lepidochrysops pringlei
VU " D2 VU " D2 Italy

South Africa Strymon avalona

South Africa
Avalon Hairstreak
Poecilmitis henningi
Lepidochrysops quickelbergei
VU " D2
VU " D2
VU " D2 USA
South Africa
South Africa
Thestor compassbergae
Lepidochrysops swanepoeli Poecilmitis hyperion VU " D2
VU " D2 VU " D2 South Africa
South Africa South Africa
Thestor dryburghi
Lepidochrysops titei Poecilmitis Irene VU " D2
VU " Bl+2c VU " D2 South Africa
South Africa South Africa
Thestor kaplani
Lepidochrysops victori Poecilmitis kaplani Kaplan's Thestor
VU " D2 VU " D2 VU " D2
South Africa South Africa South Africa

103
Threatened Species

The star pringlei Euploea Cordelia Paralitica dannatti

VU " D2 Cordelia's Crow Dannatt's Tiger
South Africa VU '"'
B1+2C VU "» B1-I-2C
Indonesia Philippines
Thestor rossouwi
VU " D2 Euploea euphon Paralitica davidi
South Africa Mascarene Crow David's Tiger
Thestor stepheni VU '»' B1+2C CR "" Ale, Bl+2abde, C2b
Mauritius (ex) (Rodrigues), Reunion Philippines
VU " D2
South Africa Euploea lacon Paralitica garamantis
Thestor strutti Spartan Crow Angled Tiger
VU " D2 VU '"'
B1+2C VU '»' B1+2C
South Africa Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands

Thestor swanepoeli Euploea magou Paralitica hypowattan

VU " D2 the Magou Morishita's Tiger
South Africa VU '»'
B1+2C VU "" B1-H2C
Indonesia Indonesia
Thestor tempe
VU " D2 Euploea mitra Paralitica kuekenthali
South Africa Seychelles Crow Kuekenthal's Yellow Tiger

Thestor yildizae EN '»'

Bl+2c EN '°=
B1-I-2C
Indonesia
VU " B1+2C Seychelles
South Africa Paralitica marcia
Euploea scherzeri
Biak Tiger
Trimenia wallengrenii Nicobar Crow
Wallengren's Copper VU '»'
B1+2C EN "" Bl+2c
Indonesia
EN " Bl+2c India (Andaman & Nicobar Is)
South Africa Paralitica milagros
Euploea tripunctata
Milagros' Tiger
Biak Threespot Crow
Family NYMPHALmAE EN "' B1+2C
EN '»'
Bl+2c
Philippines
Indonesia
Amauris comorana
Paralitica philo
Comoro Friar Heliconius nattereri
Sumbawa Tiger
EN '"' Bl+2c,C2b Natterer's Longwing
VU '»'
B1+2C
Comoros CR '»'
B1+2C
Indonesia
Brazil
Amauris nossima
Paralitica phyle
Madagascar! Friar Idea electro Felder's Tiger
VU '»'
Bl+2c Electra's Tree-nymph
VU '»'
B1-H2C
Comoros, Madagascar, Mayotte VU '»'
Bl+2c
Philippines
Amauris phoedon Philippines
Paralitica schoenigi
Mauritian Friar Idea tamhusisiana Father Schoenig's Chocolate
VU '"'
B1+2C Bedford-Russell's Tree-nymph
EN '"'
Bl-h2c
Mauritius VU '»'
Bl+2c Philippines
Boloria acrocnema Indonesia
Uncompahgre Fritillary Butterfly Paralitica sulewattan
Ideopsis hewitsonii Bonthain Tiger
VU '" D2 Hewitson's Small Tree-nymph
USA EN '"'
B1-H2C
EN '»'
Bl+2c Indonesia
Euploea albicosta Indonesia
Bialc Darl< Crow Paralitica timorica
Ideopsis oberthurii Timor Yellow Tiger
EN '"'
Bl+2c
Indonesia
VU '»'
B1+2C EN "« Bl+2c
Indonesia Indonesia
Euploea andamanensis
Andaman Crow Paralitica clinias Paralitica toxopei
VU ""B1+2C New Ireland Yellow Tiger Toxopeus' Yellow Tiger
India (Andaman & Nicobar Is), VU '°=
B1-H2C VU '»'
B1-H2C
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Indonesia

Euploea caespes Paralitica dahrerai Paralitica wegneri

Murphy's Crow D'Abrera's Tiger Flores Tiger
EN "" Bl+2c, C2a VU '»'
Bl-h2c VU "" B1+2C
Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia

104
 Insects w
Tiradelphe schneideri Graphium procles Papilio moerneri
Schneider's Surprise VU " A2c, D2 EN " Bl+2c
EN Bl+2c
">' Malaysia Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands Graphium sandawanum Papilio neumoegeni
Tirumala euploeomorpha EN " Bl+2ae VU " Bl+2e, D2
Crow Tiger Philippines Indonesia

VU "" Bl+2c
Graphium stresemanni Papilio osmana
Solomon Islands VU " Bl+2ad VU " Bl+2e, D2
Indonesia Philippines
Family PAPILIONIDAE
Ornithoptera aesacus Papilio phorbanta
Atrophaneura atropos VU " D2 Papillon La Pature
VU " Ale, D2 Indonesia VU " Bl+2ae
Philippines Reunion
Ornithoptera alexandrae
Queen Alexandra's Birdwing Parides ascanius
Atrophaneura jophon
EN " Bl+2c Fluminense Swallowtail
Sri Lankan Rose
CR "' Bl+2ac Papua New Guinea VU " Bl+2ac
Brazil
Sri Lanka Ornithoptera croesus
Pamassius apollo
Atrophaneura luchti EN " Bl+2e
Apollo
VU " D2 Indonesia
VU " Alcde
Indonesia Ornithoptera meridionalis Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria,
EN " Bl+2c
Atrophaneura schadenbergi Azerbaijan?, Bulgaria, China, Czech
VU " Alc+2c Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Republic, Finland, France, Georgia,
Philippines Ornithoptera rothschildi Germany, Greece, Hungary?, Iran,

Rothschild's Birdwing Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Iraq, Italy,
Battus zetides Liechtenstein, Mongolia,
Zetides Swallowtail
VU " D2
Netherlands?, Norway, Poland,
Indonesia
VU " Alc,Bl+2c Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain,
Dominican Republic, Haiti Papilio aristophontes Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey,
Bhutanitis ludlowi
EN " B1+2C Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Comoros Pamassius autocrator
Ludlow's Bhutan Swallowtail
VU " D2 Papilio carolinensis VU " D2
Bhutan VU " D2 Afghanistan, Tajikistan
Philippines Troides dohertyi
Eurytides iphitas
Papilio chikae Talaud Black Birdwing
Yellow Kite Swallowtail
VU " Alee EN " Bl+2e VU " Bl+2c
Philippines Indonesia
Brazil
Papilio esperanza Troides prattorum
Eurytides marcellinus
Jamaican Kite
VU " D2 VU " D2
Mexico Indonesia
VU " B2bc+3d
Jamaica homerus
Papilio
Homerus Swallowtail Family SPHEVGIDAE
Graphium epaminondas
EN " Bl+2cd Euproserpinus wiesti
Andamans Swordtail
Jamaica
VU " A2e Prairie Sphinx Moth
India (Andaman & Nicobar Is) Papilio hospiton CR '" Bl+2c
Corsican Swallowtail USA
Graphium idaeoides EN " Bl+2c
VU " A2c France, Italy
Philippines
Order ODONATA
Papilio jordani
Graphium levassori Jordan's Swallowtail Family AESHNIDAE
EN " Bl+2c VU " D2 Acanthaeshna victoria
Comoros Indonesia VU '" B1+2C
Graphium meeki Papilio leucotaenia Australia

Meek's Graphium Cream-banded Swallowtail Aeshna meruensis

VU " Bl+2cd VU " B1+2C EN '" Bl+2c
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda Tanzania

Graphium megaera Papilio mangoura Aeshna persephone

VU " A2c VU " B1+2C VU '^ B1+2C
Philippines Madagascar USA

105
Threatened Species

Aeshna williamsoniana Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Zoraena sayi

EN '=' Ale Ukraine?, United Kingdom, Florida Spiketail Dragonfly
Mexico Yugoslavia? VU '" B1+2C
Cephalaeschna acutifrons Enallagma camerunense USA
VU '" B1+2C EN '=' BI+2c Family CORDULIIDAE
India Cameroon
Austrocordulia leonardi
Oligoaeschna kunigamiensis Enallagma recurvatum
EN '" B1+2C Barrens Bluet Damselfly
CR '" B1-H2C
Australia
Japan (Nansei-shoto) VU '^ A2c
USA Hemicordulia ogasawarensis
Family AMPHIPTERYGroAE EN '" B1-H2C
Ischnura gemina
Amphipteryx agrioides Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
San Francisco Forktail Damselfly
EN '" Ale EN '" A2e Hemicordulia okinawensis
Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, VU '=3 B1+2C
USA
Honduras, Mexico Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Megalagrion adytum
Family CALOPTERYGmAE Adytum Damselfly Libellulosoma minuta
Calopteryx syriaca VU '='
Bl+2c VU '" B1+2C
USA Madagascar
EN "' A2c (Hawaiian Is)

Jordan, Syria, Turkey Megalagrion leptodemas Macromia ishidai

Hetaerina rudis Leptodemas Damselfly EN '" Bl-^2c

EN '-'
Bl+2c EN '" Bl+2c Japan
Guatemala, Mexico USA (Hawaiian Is) Macromia kubokaiya
Family CHLOROCYPHmAE Megalagrion nigrolineatum
EN '" Bl+2c
Black-lined Damselfly Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Rhinocypha hageni
VU '" Bl+2c Macromia splendens
EN '" Bl+2c USA (Hawaiian Is) Shining Macromia Dragonfly
Philippines
Megalagrion oahuense
VU '" Bl+2c
Rhinocypha UUimaculata France, Portugal, Spain
Oahu Damselfly
EN '" B1+2C
Philippines
VU " B1+2C Macromia urania
USA (Hawaiian Is) EN '" Bl+2c
Rhinocypha ogasawarensis Japan
CR '-' Bl+2c Megalagrion oceanicum
Oceanic Damselfly Oxygastra curtisii
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
VU '" B1+2C Orange-spotted Emerald
Rhinocypha uenoi VU '" Ale
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EN '" Bl+2c Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Megalagrion pacificum
Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal,
Pacific Damselfly
Family COENAGRIONIDAE Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom
VU '" B1+2C
USA Somatochlora brevicincta
Argiagrion leoninum (Hawaiian Is)

EN '" Bl+2c
VU '==
D2
Megalagrion xanthomelas Canada
Sierra Leone Orange-black Damselfly
Somatochlora hineana
Argiocnemis solitaria VU '" B1+2C
Ohio Emerald Dragonfly
CR '" Bl+2c USA (Hawaiian Is)

Mauritius (Rodrigues)
EN '^'
Bl-h2c
Mortonagrion hirosei USA
Argiocnemis umbargae EN '" Bl+2c
EN '" Bl+2c Somatochlora margarita
Japan
Cameroon Big Thicket Emerald Dragonfly

Boninagrion ezoin
Nehalennia pallidula VU '" D2
VU '" B1+2C USA
CR '" Bl+2c USA
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Williamsonia lintneri
Family CORDULEGASTERTOAE Banded Bog Skimmer Dragonfly
Coenagrion mercuriale
Southern Damselfly
VU '^^ A2c
Chlorogomphus iriomotensis USA
VU '^ A2c EN '" Bl-f2c
Albania?, Algeria, Austria, Belgium,
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Family EPIOPHLEBIIDAE
Bulgaria?, Czech Republic?, France,
Germany, Hungary?, Italy, Cordulegaster mzymtae Epiophlebia laidlawi
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, VU '-'
B1-I-2C Relict Himalayan Dragonfly
Moldova?, Morocco, Netherlands, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, VU '" B1-H2C
Portugal, Romania?, Slovakia?, Russia?, Turkey India, Nepal

106
 Insects w
Family GOMPHTOAE Onychogomphus assimilis Brachythemis liberiensis
VU ''-"
Bl+2e CR '" Ale
Asiagomphus yayeyamensis Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau
EN '" B1+2C Turkey
Japan Libellula angelina
Onychogomphus macrodon CR '" Ale
Burmagomphus sivalikensis EN '" Bl+2e Japan
CR '" Ale Israel, Jordan, Turkey
India Libellula jesseana
Ophiogomphus acuminatus Purple Chaser
Comigomphus guineensis VU '-' A2c VU '^ A2e
EN '-'
Ale USA USA
Equatorial Guinea
Ophiogomphus edmundo Lyriothemis tricolor
Diaphlebia pallidistylus Edmund's Snaketail Dragonfly EN '^ Bl-H2e
EN '" Ale EN '-'
Bl+2e Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Costa Rica USA
Monardithemis flava
Epigomphus camelus Ophiogomphus howei VU '" Bl-t-2c
EN '-' Ale Howe's Midget Snaketail Dragonfly Angola, Zambia
Costa Rica VU '^ A2c
Palpopleura albifrons
Epigomphus clavatus USA
CR '" Ale
EN '^' Ale Paragomphus sinaiticus Gabon
Guatemala VU '^ A2e
Egypt, Niger, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Trithemis hartwigi
Epigomphus crepidus EN '» Ale
Sudan
EN '2' Ale Equatorial Guinea
Mexico Progomphus bellei
Belle's Sand Clubtail Trithemis nigra
Epigomphus paulsoni CR '" Bl-H2e
VU '^ A2c
EN '^' Ale USA Sao Tome & Principe (Principe)
Mexico
Epigomphus subsimilis
Progomphus risi Family MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE
EN '" Ale
EN '^' Ale Mexico Amanipodagrion gilliesi
Costa Rica EN '-'
B1-H2C
Stylurus potulentus
Epigomphus verticornis Tanzania
Yellow-sided Clubtail
EN '» Ale VU '" A2e Heteragrion eboratum
Costa Rica USA EN '» Ale
Guatemala, Honduras
Gomphurus consanguis Stylurus townesi
Cherokee Clubtail Dragonfly Bronze Clubtail Dragonfly Heteragrion tricellulare
VU '" Bl+2e VU '" A2c EN '^'
Ale
USA USA Guatemala, Mexico

Gomphurus lynnae Hypolestes clara

Family HEMIPHLEBiroAE
EN '-'
Bl+2c EN '" Ale
USA Hemiphlebia mirabilis Jamaica

Gomphus graslini VU '" B1+2C Hypolestes trinitatis

Australia
VU '^ B1+2C EN '-'
Ale
France, Spain Family LESTIDAE Cuba
Gomphus sandrius Indolestes boninensis
Paraphlebia zoe
Tennessee Clubtail Dragonfly CR '» Bl+2c EN '» Ale
EN '=»
Ale Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Mexico
USA Rhipidolestes okinawanus
Gomphus septima Family LIBELLULroAE EN '^'
BU2c
Septima's Clubtail Dragonfly AHorhizucha campioni Japan (Nansei-shoto)
VU '» B1+2C EN '" Ale Thaumatoneura inopinata
USA Sierra L^one EN '" Ale
Isomma hieroglyphicum Boninthemis insularis Costa Rica, Panama
VU '" Ale CR Bl+2c
''-^

Family PETALURIDAE
Madagascar Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

Leptogomphus yayeyamensis Brachythemis fuscopalliata Petalura pulcherrima

EN '" Bl+2e VU "^ Bl-h2e EN '" Bl-i-2e

Japan (Nansei-shoto) Iraq, Israel, Turkey Australia

107
Threatened Species

Family PLATYCNEMIDroAE Miramella irena Cycloptilum irregularis

Platycnemis mauriciana
VU '-' Bl+2d Keys Scaly Cricket
Hungary, Romania VU '" C2a, D2
CR '" Bl+2c
USA
Mauritius Odontopodisma montana
VU '" Bl+2d Oecanthus laricis
Family PLATYSTICXroAE Hungary, Romania Laricis Tree Cricket
Palaemnema chiriquita Odontopodisma rubripes EN "' Bl+2b
EN '-' Ale VU '^ Bl+2d USA
Costa Rica Hungary ThauTTmtogryllus cavicola
Palaemnema gigantula Schayera baiulus Volcanoes Cave Cricket
EN '" Ale CR '^ Bl+2bd VU '^'
D2
Costa Rica Australia USA (Hawaiian Is)

Palaemnema melanota Spharagemon superbum Thaumatogryllus variegatus

EN •='
Ale VU '^ Bl+2bd Kauai Thin-footed Bush Cricket
Costa Rica USA VU '" Bl-h2bd
Palaemnema paulicoba Stenobothrodes eurasius USA (Hawaiian Is)
EN '" Ale VU '" Bl+2d
Mexico Hungary, Romania Family RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE
Palaemnema reventazoni Trimerotropis infantilis Daihinibaenetes arizonensis
EN " Ale Zyantc Band-winged Grasshopper Arizona Giant Sand Treader Cricket
Costa Rica
EN '« Ale VU '^ Bl+2bd
Family PSEUDOSTIGMAXroAE USA USA
Mecistogaster asticta Trimerotropis occidentaloides
Macrobaenetes kelsoensis
Santa Monica Mountains
VU '" Ale Kelso Giant Sand Treader Cricket
Grasshopper
Brazil VU '" Bl-H2bd
Mecistogaster pronoti
EN '« Ale USA
USA
CR '" Ale Macrobaenetes valgum
Brazil Trimerotropis occulens
Coachelia Giant Sand Treader
Lompoc Grasshopper
Family SYNLESTIDAE EN '" Ale
Cricket

USA VU '^ Bl+2bd

Chlorolestes apricans
USA
EN '-'
Bl+2ab Zubovskia banatica
South Africa VU '" Bl-i-2d Tasmanoplectron isolatum
Ecchlorolestes peringueyi Hungary, Romania VU '" Dl+2
Australia
EN '" Bl+2c
Family EUMASTACmAE
South Africa Utabaenetes tanneri
Phylolestes ethelae Eumorsea pinaleno Tanner's Black Camel Cricket
Pinaleno Monkey Grasshopper VU
VU '" Ale, Bl+2c '^ Bl-h2bd
Dominican Republic VU '^ Bl+2bd USA
USA
Psychomastatix deserticola Family STENOPELMATIDAE
Order ORTHOPTERA
Desert Monkey Grasshopper
Ammopelmatus kelsoensis
Family ACRIDIDAE VU '" Bl+2bd
Kelso Jerusalem Cricket
Acrolophitus pulchellus USA VU '" Bl-^2bd
Idaho Point-headed Grasshopper USA
VU '" Bl+2bd Family GRYLLmAE
Ammopelmatus muwu
USA Caconemobius howarthi
Port Conception Jerusalem Cricket
Appalachia arcena Howarth's Cave Cricket
VU '^ D2
VU '^ Bl-^2bd
Michigan Bog Grasshopper
USA
VU '" Bl+2bd USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA Caconemobius schauinslandi Deinacrida fallai

Schauinsland's Bush Cricket Poor Knights Weta
Chloaeltis aspasma
Siskiyou Chloealtis Grasshopper VU '-'
D2 VU '" D2
VU '" Bl+2bd USA (Hawaiian Is)
New Zealand

USA Caconemobius varius Deinacrida heteracantha

Chortippus acroleucus Kaumana Cave Cricket Wetapunga
VU '^ Bl-i-2bd VU '" Bl+2bd,C2a VU "" D2
Hungary, Romania USA (Hawaiian Is) New Zealand

108
 Earthworms

Deinacrida rugosa Idiostatus middlekaufi Windbalea viride

Stephens Island Weta Middlekauf s Shieldback Katydid VU '^ Bl+2bd
VU '" D2 CR '=5 Bl+2bd Australia
New Zealand USA Zaprochilus ninae
Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis Isophya harzi VU '^ Bl+2bd
Coachella Valley Jerusalem Cricket VU '^Bl+2bd Australia
VU '^ Bl+2bd Hungary, Romania
USA Ixalodectes flectocercus Order PLECOPTERA
Stenopelmatus navajo CR '^ Bl+2bd
Family GRIPOPTERYGIDAE
Navajo Jerusalem Cricket Australia
VU '^ Bl+2bd Kawanphila pachomai Leptoperla cacuminis
USA EN '^ BH-2bd Mount Kosciusko Wingless Stonefly
Family TETRIGIDAE Australia
VU "" D2
Australia
Bienkotetrix transsylvanicus Metrioptera domogledi
Riekoperla darlingtoni
VU '^
Bl+2d VU '^ Bl+2bd
Mount Donna Buang Wingless
Hungary, Romania Hungary, Romania
Stonefly
Tetrix sierrana Nanodectes bulbicercus VU '" D2
Sierra Pygmy Grasshopper CR '" Bl+2bd Australia
VU '^ D2 Australia
USA Neduba longipennis Class ONYCHOPHORA
Tettigidea empedonepia Santa Monica Shieldback Katydid
Torreya Pygmy Grasshopper CR '="
Bl+2bd Order ONYCHOPHORA
CR '" BI+2bd USA
USA
Family PERIPATBDAE
Onconotus servillei
VU '^ B2d+3b Macroperipatus insularis
Family TETTIGONIIDAE EN '^=
B1+2C
Hungary, Romania
Austrosaga spinifer Jamaica
Pachysaga munggai
VU '^ Bl+2bd
VU '^ Bl+2bd Speleoperipatus spelaeus
Australia
Australia CR '- B1+2C
Baetica ustulala Jamaica
Pachysaga strobila
VU '^ Bl+2bd
CR '^ Bl+2bd Family PERIPATOPSEDAE
Spain
Australia Peripatoides indigo
Banza nihoae
Nihoa Banza Conehead Katydid
Phasmodes jeeba VU '==
Bl+2cd
VU '" Bl+2bd VU '^ B1+2C New Zealand
Australia Peripatoides suteri
USA (Hawaiian Is)

Belocephalus micanopy
Psacadonotus insulanus VU '- Bl+2c
Big Pine Key Conehead Katydid
EN '='
Bl+2bd New Zealand
Australia
VU '" Bl+2bd Peripatopsis alba
USA Psacadonotus seriatus EN '"
Bl+2c
Belocephalus sleighti
VU '^ Bl+2bd South Africa
Australia Tasmanipatus anophthalmus
Keys Short-winged Conehead
Katydid Saga pedo EN '" Bl+2bc
VU '^ Bl+2bd Predatory Bush Cricket Australia

USA VU '^ Bl+2bd

Conocephaloides remotus Armenia?, Austria, Azerbaijan?, Class OLIGOCHAETA
Remote Conehead Katydid Bulgaria, China?, Czech Republic,
France, Georgia, Germany?,
VU '^ Bl+2bd Order HAPLOTAXIDA
Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan,
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Russia, Family KOMAREKIONIDAE
Hemisaga elongata Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland,
CR '^ Bl+2bd Komarekiona eatoni
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
Australia Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia VU '" B1+2C
USA
Hemisaga lucifer Throscodectes xederoides
VU '^ Bl+2bd EN '" Bl+2bd Family MEGASCOLECBDAE
Australia Australia Driloleirus americanus
Hemisaga vepreculae Throscodectes xiphos Washington Giant Earthworm
VU '" Bl+2bd EN '-'
Bl+2bd VU '«'
D2
Australia Australia USA

109
Threatened Species

Driloleirus maceljreshi Margaritifera margaritifera Elliptio fratern um

Oregon Giant Earthworm EN '" Alce+2c EN » Alee
VU '" D2 Austria, Belgium,Czech Republic, USA
USA Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Elliptio nigella
Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway,
Megascolides australis Winged Spike
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain,
Giant Gippsland Earthworm
Sweden, United Kingdom
CR -' Ale
VU '" D2 USA
Australia Margaritifera marrianae
Elliptio spinosa
Alabama Pearl Shell
Altamaha Spinymussel
Family TUBIFICIDAE EN -*
Alc+2ce EN " Alee
Phallodrilus macmasterae USA USA
CR " B1+2C
Family UNIONIDAE Elliptio steinstansana
Bermuda Tar River Spinymussel
Alasmidonta mccordi CR " Ale
Class POLYCHAETA CR '-'
Ale USA
USA
Elliptio waltoni
Alasmidonta raveneliana EN -*
Ale
Order (unknown)
Appalacian Elktoe USA
Family NERILLmAE CR -" Ale
Elliptoideus sloatianus
USA
MesoneriUa prospera CR " Alee
CR ' Bl+2c Alasmidonta robusta USA
Bermuda Cardina Elktoe
Epioblasma arcaeformis
CR « A2e
CR -' Ale
BIVALVIA USA USA
Class
Alasmidonta wrightiana Epioblasma biemarginata
Ochlockonee Arcmussel CR -' Ale
Order UNIONOIDA
CR Alee
'-'

USA
Family HYRIIDAE USA
Epioblasma brevidens
Castalia martensi Amblema neislerii CR -* Alee
VU "» Alae Fat Threeridge USA
Brazil CR '-"
Alee
Epioblasma capsaeformis
USA CR -' Alee
Diplodon dunkerianus
EN '™ Alae Arkansia wheeleri USA
Brazil Ouachita Rock Pocketbook
Epioblasma flexuosa
Diplodon expansus
CR ' Alee CR -' Ale
VU "« Alae
USA USA
Brazil Cyprogenia aberti Epioblasma haysiana
Diplodon fontaineanus Western Fan-shell CR Ale
'-'

EN '»» Alae EN -" Alee USA

Brazil
USA Epioblasma lenior
Diplodon pfeifferi Cyprogenia stegaria CR " Ale
VU '™ Alae Fanshell USA
Brazil CR -* Alee
Epioblasma lewisii
USA CR -* Ale
Westralunio carteri
VU '" Alc,Bl+2bc Disconaias salinasensis USA
Australia EN ^ Alee Epioblasma metastriata
USA CR '' Alee
Family MARGARITIFERroAE
Dromus dromas USA
Margaritifera auricularia Dromedary Pearly Mussel Epioblasma othcaloogensis
CR '» Ale CR " Alee CR " Alce+2ce
Belgium, Czech Republic, France, USA
Luxembourg,
USA
Germany, Italy,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Elliptio area Epioblasma penita
Kingdom EN -* Alee CR " Ale
Margaritifera hembeli
USA USA
Louisiana Pearlshell Elliptio chipolaensis Epioblasma personata
CR -* Ale CR ''
Alee CR Ale
-•'

USA USA USA

110
 Molluscs: mussels, clams

Epioblasma propinqua Lampsilis powellii Plethobasus cicatricosus

CR ^' Ale Arkansas Fatmucket White Wartyback
USA EN ^ Ale CR " Alee+2ce
USA USA
Epioblasma sampsonii
CR -' Ale Lampsilis rafinesgueana Plethobasus cooperianus
USA Neosho Mucket Orangefoot Pimpleback

Epioblasma stewardsonii
EN " Alee CR -*
Alce+2ee
USA USA
CR -' Ale
USA Lampsilis streckeri Pleurobema altum
Speckled Pocketbook CR =' Ale
Epioblasma turgidula USA
CR " Ale CR " Ale
USA Pleurobema avellanum
USA
Lampsilis virescens CR =" Ale
Fusconaia cor USA
Alabama Lampmussel
Shiny Pigtoe
CR " Alc+2c
CR -"
Alce+2ee Pleurobema bournianum
USA
USA CR -' Alee+2ee
Lasmigona decorata USA
Fusconaia cuneolus
Carolina Heelsplitter Pleurobema chattanoogaense
Fine-rayed Pigtoe
CR " Alce+2c
CR -"
Ale CR " Alee+2ee
USA
USA USA
Lemiox rimosus Pleurobema clava
Fusconaia escambia
Birdwing Pearlymussel Clubshell
Narrow Pigtoe
CR -"
Alee CR -'
Alee
EN ^'
Ale
USA USA
USA
Lexingtonia subplana Pleurobema collina
Fusconaia masoni James River Spinymussel
Atlantic Pigtoe
CR " Ale
USA CR " Alee
EN " Ale USA
USA Medionidus acutissimus
Alabama Moccasinshell Pleurobema curtum
Hemistena lata Black Clubshell
Cracking Pearlymussel
EN " Alce+2ce
USA CR --
Ale
CR " Ale USA
USA Medionidus mcglameriae
CR -" Alee Pleurobema flavidulum
Lampsilis abrupta
USA CR = Ale
Pink Mucket USA
EN " Alee Medionidus parvulus
Pleurobema furvum
USA Coosa Moccasinshell
Dark Pigtoe
Lampsilis altiUs
CR ' Alce+2ee CR -- Alce+2ce
USA
Fine-lined Pocketbook USA
EN " Alee Medionidus penicillatus
Pleurobema georgianum
USA CR - Alce+2ce Southern Pigtoe
Lampsilis binominata
USA CR -'
Alee+2ee
Lined Pocketbook Medionidus simpsonianus USA
CR « Ale CR " Alee Pleurobema gibberum
USA USA Cumberland Pigtoe
Lampsilis cariosa Medionidus walkeri CR -* Alce+2ce,Bl+2e
Yellow Lampmussel EN -' Alee USA
EN " Ale USA Pleurobema hagleri
USA CR ^' Ale
Obovaria retusa
Lampsilis dolabraeformis Ring Pink USA
VU " Bl+2bed CR " Alee+2ee Pleurobema hanleyianum
USA USA CR ^' Ale
Lampsilis higginsii Pegiasfabula
USA
Higgin's Eye Littlewing Pearlymussel Pleurobema johannis
EN » Alce+2ee CR " Alce+2ee CR 2- Ale
USA USA USA

111
Threatened Species

Pleurobema marshalli Ptychobranchus greenii Tridacna rosewateri

Flat Pigtoe Triangular Kidneyshell VU '" A2cd
CR =' Alce+2ce CR " Ale Mauritius
USA USA Tridacna tevoroa
Ptychobranchus jonesi Tevoro Clam
Pleurobema murrayense
CR " Ale Southern Kidneyshell VU "" Bl+2c
USA CR -' Ale Fiji, Tonga

USA
Pleurobema nucleopsis
CR ' Ale
Quadrula couchiana Class GASTROPODA
USA
CR -' Ale
USA Order
Pleurobema oviforme
Tennessee Clubshell
Quadrula fragosa ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
Winged Mapleleaf
VU " Bl+2e CR " Ale Family HELICCVroAE
USA USA Helicina rostrata
Pleurobema perovatum Quadrula sparsa EN '" Bl+2e
Ovate Clubshell Appalachian Monkeyface Guatemala, Nicaragua
CR =• Ale CR -' Ale Ogasawarana chichijimana
USA USA CR '" A2ee
Pleurobema plenum Quadrula stapes Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Rough Pigtoe Stirrupshell
Ogasawarana habei
CR ' Alee CR -"
Ale
CR '" A2ee
USA USA Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Pleurobema rubellum Quadrula tuberosa Ogasawarana metamorpha
Warrior Pigtoe CR -" Ale CR '" A2ee
CR -'
Ale USA Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
USA Quincuncina mitchelli Ogasawarana rex
False Spike
Pleurobema strodeanum CR '" A2ce
VU -' Alc+2c CR ^'
Ale Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
USA USA
Ogasawarana yoshiwarana
Toxolasma cylindrellus
Pleurobema taitianum CR '" A2ce
CR Ale
'-'

Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Heavy Pigtoe
USA
CR -' Ale Family HYDROCENIDAE
USA
VENEROmA Georissa laseroni
Pleurobema troschelianum Order
VU '" Bl+2c, D2
CR -' Ale Family TRIDACNIDAE Australia
USA
Tridacna derasa Monterissa gowerensis
Pleurobema verum Southern Giant Clam VU "" D2
True Pigtoe
VU '"'
A2cd Australia
CR " Ale Australia, Fiji, Freneh Polynesia?,
USA New
Family NERIXmAE
Guam, Indonesia, Caledonia,
Popenaias popeii Northern Marianas, Palau, Papua Neritina tiassalensis
CR " Ale New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon CR " Bl+2e
Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu Cote d'lvoire
USA
Tridacna gigas
Potamilus amphichaenus Family TURBINIffiAE
Giant Clam
Texas Heelsplitter
EN -'
Bl+2e
VU "" A2ed Astraea heliotropium
Australia, Federated States of CR '* A2e
USA Mieronesia, Fiji (ex?), Guam (ex?), New Zealand
Potamilus capax Indonesia, Japan (Nansei-shoto
(ex?)), Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall
Fat Pocketbook
Myanmar, New Caledonia
Order BASOMMATOPHORA
CR " Ale Islands,

USA (ex?).Northern Marianas (ex?), Family ACROLOXroAE

Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Potamilus inflatus Philippines, Solomon Islands, Acroloxus coloradensis
Alabama Heelsplitter Taiwan (ex?), Thailand, Tuvalu, Rocky Mountain Capshell
EN -"
Ale, Bl+2c USA [int] (Hawaiian Is [int]), VU -'
Bl+2c
USA Vanuatu (ex?) USA

112
 Molluscs: snails

Family ANCYLmAE Family FLANORBmAE Neoplanorbis tantillus

Ancylus ashangiensis
CR -' Alce+2e
Afrogyrus rodriguezensis
USA
EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2abcd
Ethiopia Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Neoplanorbis umbilicatus
[L. Ashangi] CR =* Alce+2e
Afrogyrus starmuehlneri USA
Ferrissia mcneili EN " Bl+2abed Planorbella magnifica
Hood Ancylid Madagascar
Magnificent Ramshom
VU -*
Alce+2c
USA
Amphigyra alabamensis VU ="
Alee
Shoal Sprite USA
Rhodacme elatior CR -*
Alce+2e Planorbella multivolvis
Domed Ancylid USA Acorn Ramshom
VU ^'
Alce+2e
Ancylastrum cumingianus VU -* Alee
USA Australian Freshwater Limpet USA
Rhodacme filosa CR '" Ale
Family SIPHONARIIDAE
Wicker Ancylid Australia
VU =- Alee Biomphalaria barthi
Siphonaria compressa
USA CR "» Bl+2c
CR " Bl+2c South Africa
Family CARYCffllDAE Ethiopia

Zospeum biscaiense
Biomphalaria tchadiensis Order MESOGASTROPODA
VU '" D2 VU " B2c+B3b
Chad Family ACICULffiAE
Spain
[L. Chad] Acicula norrisi
Family GLACmORBIDAE Bulinus camerunensis VU '" D2
Gibraltar
Glacidorbis occidentalis VU " BI+2abcd
VU '» D2 Cameroon Acicula palaestinensis
Australia Bulinus nyassanus
VU ^ D2
Israel
Family LYMNAEffiAE VU " B1+2C
Malawi Platyla foliniana

Lantzia carinata [L. Malawi] VU " D2

France
CR » Bl+2c Bulinus succinoides
Reunion Platyla lusitanica
EN » Bl+2c
Stagnicola bonnevillensis Malawi
VU '" D2
Portugal
VU " Alce+2e [L. Malawi]
USA Renea bourguignatiana
Bulinus transversalis
VU D2
-•>

Stagnicola utahensis VU " Bl+2c France, Italy

Thickshell Pondsnail Kenya, Uganda
Renea gormonti
CR '" AIce+2e [L. Victoria]
VU ™ D2
USA Ceratophallus socotrensis France
Family PHYSmAE CR " Bl+2c Renea moutoni
Yemen (Socotra)
Physella microstriata
VU ^'
D2
Glyptophysa petiti France
Fish Lake Physa
VU ^'
Alee
EN =*
Alee Renea paillona
New Caledonia VU =' D2
USA
Gyraulus cockbumi France
Physella spelunca
Cave Physa
CR " Bl+2c Renea singularis
VU " Alee Yemen (Socotra) VU -' D2
France
USA Gyraulus mauritianus

Physella utahensis
VU " D2 Family AMPULLARIDAE
Mauritius
Utah Physa Lanistes alexandri
VU -' Alee+2e Neoplanorbis carinatus EN " Bl+2abcd
USA CR -•
Alce+2e Tanzania
Physella zionis
USA JR. Wami]
Wet Rock Physa Neoplanorbis smithi Lanistes bicarinatus
VU " Alee CR " Alce+2e VU " D2
USA USA Zaire

113
Threatened Species

[R. Zaire] Angrobia grampianensis Beddomeia capensis

Lanistes farleri CR '" B1+2C EN "» Ale
EN " Bl+2abcd Australia Australia

Tanzania Angrobia petterdi Beddomeia fallax

Lanistes intortus VU '» D2 EN "» Ale
VU " D2 Australia Australia

Zaire Antrobia culveri Beddomeia forthensis

[R. Zaire] Tumbling Creek Cavesnail VU '" D2
Lanistes nasutus EN '" Bl+2bc Australia

EN " Bl+2c USA Beddomeia franklandensis

Malawi, Mozambique Antrorbis breweri VU "» D2
[L. Malawi] VU '" B1+2C Australia
Lanistes neavei USA Beddomeia fromensis
VU " B2c+B3bc Aphaostracon asthenes VU "« D2
Zaire, Zambia Blue Spring Hydrobe Australia
Lanistes neritoides VU =-
D2 Beddomeia fultoni
CR » B1+2C USA VU "» D2
Congo Aphaostracon monas Australia
Lanistes nyssanus Wekiwa Hydrobe Beddomeia gibba
EN "Bl+2c VU ='
D2 VU "« D2
Malawi, Mozambique USA Australia
[L. Malawi] Aphaostracon pycnum
Beddomeia hallae
Dense Hydrobe
Lanistes solidus VU "« D2
EN "Bl+2c VU =•
D2
Australia
Malawi, Mozambique USA
Beddomeia hullii
[L. Malawi] Aphaostracon xynoelictum
Fenney Spring Hydrobe
VU "» D2
Lanistes stuhlmanni Australia
EN " Bl+2abcd VU ='
D2
USA Beddomeia inflata
Tanzania
Arganiella exilis
VU "« D2
PUa speciosa Australia
VU " Bl+2bc VU ''
D2
France Beddomeia kershawi
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
Assiminea inflrma
VU "« D2
Family ASSIMINEroAE Australia
Badwater Snail
Austroassiminea letha VU '" B1+2C Beddomeia kessneri
VU "» D2 USA VU '» D2
Australia Australia
Assiminea pecos
Omphalotropis hieroglyphica Pecos Assiminea Beddomeia krybetes
EN ™ Bl+2ab EN '" Bl+2c VU '» D2
Mauritius USA Australia

Family CYCLOPHORTOAE Beddomeia angulata Beddomeia launcestonensis

VU ''«
D2 VU "» D2
Adelopoma stolli Australia
Australia
EN '" Bl+2c
Beddomeia lodderae
Guatemala, Nicaragua
Beddomeia averni
VU "« D2 VU " D2
Ditropis whitei Australia
Australia
VU '*'
Bl+2c,D2
Beddomeia bellii Beddomeia mesibovi
Australia
VU "» D2 VU '» D2
Family HYDROBIIDAE Australia Australia

Alzoniella hartwigschuetti Beddomeia bowryensis Beddomeia minima

VU " Bl+2c VU "« D2 EN "» Ale
Austria Australia Australia

Angrobia anodonta Beddomeia briansmithi Beddomeia petterdi

VU '» D2 VU '» D2 VU '» D2
Australia Australia Australia

Angrobia dyeriana Beddomeia camensis Beddomeia phasianella

VU '" D2 VU '» D2 VU "" D2
Australia Australia Australia

114
 Molluscs: snails

Beddomeia protuberata Belgrandiella pyrenaica Bythiospeum quenstedti

VU "» D2 VU ='
D2 VU '" B1+2C
Australia France Germany
Beddomeia ronaldi Belgrandiella slovenica Bythiospeum reisalpense
VU "" D2 VU "" D2 EN " BI+2C
Australia Slovakia Austria
Beddomeia salmonis Belgrandiella styriaca Bythiospeum sandbergeri
VU '» D2 CR '" Bl+2b VU '" B1+2C
Australia Austria
Germany
Beddomeia tasmanica Belgrandiella wawrai
Bythiospeum tschapecki
VU "» D2 CR ™ Bl+2c, C2a
EN " Bl+2c
Australia Austria
Austria
Beddomeia topsiae Bythinella badensis
Cincinnatia helicogyra
VU "» D2 VU '" B1+2C
Crystal Siltsnail
Australia Germany
VU '" B1+2C
Beddomeia trochiformis Bythinella bavarica
USA
VU '" D2 VU '"B1+2C
Australia Germany Cincinnatia mica
Ichetucknee Siltsnail
Beddomeia tumerae Bythinella bicarinata
VU '" D2 CR » Alee
VU '" B1+2C
France
USA
Australia
Cincinnatia monroensis
Beddomeia waterhouseae Bythinella compressa
Enterprise Siltsnail
VU '» D2 VU '"B1+2C
Australia Germany VU '" B1+2C
USA
Beddomeia wilmotensis Bythinella cylindrica
VU '» D2 VU ™ B1+2C Cincinnatia parva
Australia Austria Pygmy Siltsnail

Beddomeia wiseae Bythinella dunkeri

VU '" B1+2C
USA
VU '» D2 VU '" B1+2C
Australia Belgium, Germany Cincinnatia ponderosa
Ponderous Siltsnail
Beddomeia zeehanensis Bythinella padiraci
VU '™ D2 VU ^^
D2 VU '" B1+2C
Australia France
USA
Belgrandiella alticola Bythinella viridis Cincinnatia vanhyningi
VU '" D2 VU ^ D2 Seminole Siltsnail

Slovakia Belgium, France VU '" Bl+2c

USA
Belgrandiella austriana Bythiospeum acicula
CR ™ B1+2C VU '" B1+2C Cincinnatia wekiwae
Austria Germany Wekiwa Siltsnail

Belgrandiella bojnicensis Bythiospeum articense VU '" Bl+2c

VU '" D2 VU * D2 USA
Slovakia France Clappia cakabensis
Belgrandiella fuchsi Bythiospeum cisterciensorum Cahaba Pebblesnail
VU ™ D2 CR ™ B1+2C CR '" Alce+2e
Austria Austria USA
Belgrandiella ganslmayri Bythiospeum gamieri Coahuilix hubbsi
CR " B1+2C VU " D2 Coahuilix de Hubbs Snail
Austria France CR '" A2ce
Mexico
Belgrandiella mimula Bythiospeum geyeri
CR ™ B1+2C EN '" B1+2C Cochliopa texana
Austria Austria Phantom Cavesnail
Belgrandiella parreyssi Bythiospeum noricum VU '" Bl+2c
CR '" Bl+2b EN '" B1+2C USA
Austria Austria Cochliopina milleri
Belgrandiella pelerei Bythiospeum pfeifferi Miller's Snail
CR ™ BI+2C EN '" B1+2C VU '" D2
Austria Austria Mexico

115
 Threatened Species

Durangonella coahuilae Iglica kleinzellensis Moitessieria locardi

Durangonella de Coahuila Snail EN " B1+2C VU -'
D2
VU '" D2 Austria France
Mexico
Jardinella acuminata Nanocochlea monticola
Fissuria bovi EN "» Alee VU "» D2
VU ='
D2 Australia Australia
France
Jardinella carnarvonensis Nanocochlea pupoidea
Fonscochlea accepta VU '" D2 VU "« D2
VU "« D2 Australia Australia
Australia
Jardinella colmani Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii
Fonscochlea aquatica CR "» Alee VU -"
D2
VU "« D2 Australia France
Australia Paladilhia pleurotoma
Jardinella coreena
Fonscochlea billakalina VU "« D2 VU « D2
EN "« Alee Australia
France
Australia Paladilhiopis bourguignati
Jardinella corrugata
Fonscochlea conica
VU "« D2
VU ^'
D2
VU '" D2 Australia
France
Australia Paludiscala caramba
Jardinella edgbastonensis
Fontigens turritella Paludiscala de Oro Snail
Greenbrier Cavesnail
VU '» D2 VU '" D2
Australia
VU " D2 Mexico
USA Jardinella eulo Phrantela annamurrayae
Graziana klazenfurtensis
VU "» D2 VU '" D2
Australia
EN " B1+2C Australia

Austria Jardinella exigua Phrantela conica

Hauffenia kerschneri
VU "« D2 VU '" D2
Australia
EN " Bl+2c Australia

Austria Jardinella isolata Phrantela kutikina

Hauffenia wienerwaldensis
VU "« D2 VU '" D2
Australia Australia
EN " B1+2C
Austria Jardinella jesswiseae Phrantela pupiformis
Hemistoma beaumonti EN "» Alee VU '" D2
Australia Australia
EN '» Alee
Australia Jardinella pallida Phrantela umbilicata
Hemistoma flexicolumella EN "« Alee VU '" D2
Australia
VU "« D2 Australia

Australia Jardinella zeidlerorum Phreatodrobia imitata

VU '" D2 Mimic Cavesnail
Hemistoma minutissima
VU "« D2 Australia VU '-'
D2
Australia
USA
Lepyrium showalteri
Plagigeyeria conilis
Hemistoma pusillior Flat Pebblesnail
EN '» Alee VU ='
D2
VU -'
D2
France
Australia USA
Pseudamnicola anteisensis
Hemistoma whiteleggei Litthabitella elliptica
CR "» VU » D2
VU ='
D2
Alee France
Australia France
Pseudamnicola klemmi
Heterocyclus perroquini Lobaunia danubialis VU » D2
EN ="
A2e EN " Bl+2c France
New Caledonia Austria
Sadleriana pannonica
Heterocyclus petiti Moitessieria Corsica VU "'
D2
EN ='
A2e VU ^'
D2 Hungary, Slovakia
New Caledonia France (Corsica)
Stiobia nana
Hydrobia scamandri Moitessieria juvenisanguis Sculpin Snail
VU ='
D2 VU -»
D2 VU ="
D2
France France USA

116
 Molluscs: snails

Trochidrobia inflata Elimia brevis Elimia olivula

EN "« Alee Short-spired Elimia Caper Elimia
Australia CR -' Alce+2e VU '-'
Alee
Trochidrobia minuta USA USA
VU "' D2 Elimia capillaris Elimia pilsbryi
Australia Spindle Elimia Rough-lined Elimia
Trochidrobia smithi VU " Alee CR ->
Alce-i-2e
VU "« D2 USA USA
Australia Elimia clausa Elimia porrecta
Victodrobia burnt Closed Elimia VU '-'
Alee
VU "» D2 CR -" Alee+2e USA
Australia USA
Elimia pupaeformis
Victodrobia elongata Elimia crenatella Pupa Elimia
VU '=»
D2 Lacy Elimia CR -*
Alce-H2e
Australia VU -•'
Alee USA
Victodrobia millerae USA
Elimia pybasi
VU "« D2 Elimia fascinans VU -*
Alee
Australia Banded Elimia USA
Family NEOCYCLOXmAE VU -' Alee
Elimia pygmaea
USA
Amphicyclotulus liratus Pygmy Elimia
VU ='
D2 Elimia fusiformis CR " Alee-l-2e
Martinique Fusiform Elimia USA
CR -*
Alce-H2e
Amphicyclotulus perplexus Elimia strigosa
USA
VU ^'
D2 VU -'
Alee
Guadeloupe Elimia haysiana USA
Silt Elimia
Family PLEUROCERTOAE VU -••
Alee Elimia teres

Elimia acuta USA VU -'

Alee
USA
VU ='
Alee Elimia hydei
USA Gladiator Elimia Elimia troostiana
Elimia alabamensis VU -'
Alee VU -"
Alee
Mud Elimia USA USA
VU ''
Alee
Elimia impressa Elimia vanuxemiana
USA Constricted Elimia Cobble Elimia
Elimia albanyensis CR » Alee-t-2e CR -•
Alce-i-2e
Black-crest Elimia USA USA
VU " Alee Elimia varians
Elimia interrupta
USA Puzzle Elimia
Knotty Elimia
Elimia ampla VU -'
Alee CR -' Alce-H2e
Round Rocksnail USA USA
CR » Alce+2e
Elimia interveniens Gyrotoma excisa
USA
Slowwater Elimia Excised Slitshell
Elimia annettae CR
Lily Shoals Elimia
VU '-'
Alee
-' Alce-H2e
USA USA
CR -* Alce+2e
USA Elimiajonesi Gyrotojna lewisii
Hearty Elimia Striate Slitshell
Elimia aterina
VU " Alee CR -'
Alce-H2e CR -' Alee-h2e
USA USA
USA
Elimia bellula Elimia laeta Gyrotoma pagoda
Walnut Elimia Ribbed Elimia Pagoda Slitshell
VU -'
Alee CR -' Alce+2e CR -" Alce-h2e

USA USA USA

Elimia boykiniana Elimia nassula Gyrotoma pumila
Flaxen Elimia Round-rib Elimia Ribbed Slitshell

VU -'
Alee VU '-'
Alee CR -'
Alee-f2e
USA USA USA

117
Threatened Species

Gyrotoma pyramidata Leptoxis plicata Pleurocera alveare

Pyramid Slitshell Plicate Rocksnail Rugged Homsnail
CR " Alce+2e VU " Alee VU -' Alee
USA USA USA
Gyrotoma walkeri Leptoxis praerosa Pleurocera annulifera
Round Slitshell Onyx Rocksnail Ringed Homsnail
CR -' Alce+2e VU " A2ce, Bl+2c VU -"
Alce+2e
USA USA USA
lofluvialis Leptoxis showalterii Pleurocera brumbyi
Spiny River Snail CR -'
Alce+2e Spiral Homsnail
EN ^ Bl+2c USA VU " Alce+2e
USA Leptoxis taeniata
USA
Leptoxis ampla Painted Rocksnail Pleurocera corpulenta
VU ' Alee VU '-'
Alee Corpulent Homsnail
USA USA VU " Alee
Leptoxis clipeata Leptoxis torrefacta
USA
Agate Rocksnail CR " Alee+2e Pleurocera curta
CR -' Alee+2e USA Shortspire Homsnail
USA Leptoxis virgata
VU -"
Alee
Leptoxis compacta Smooth Rocksnail USA
Oblong Rocksnail VU ='
Alce+2c Pleurocera foremani
CR -'
Alce+2e USA Rough Homsnail
USA Leptoxis vittata
VU =*
Alee
Leptoxis crassa Striped Rocksnail
USA
Boulder Snail CR -'
Alee+2e Pleurocera postelli
VU " D2 USA VU » Alee
USA Lithasia armigera
USA
Leptoxis formanii Armored Rocksnail Pleurocera pyrenella
CR -'
Alce+2e VU '-'
Alee Skirted Homsnail
USA USA VU '-'
Alee
USA
Leptoxis formosa Lithasia carta
Maiden Rocksnail Knobby Rocksnail Pleurocera showalteri
CR -•
Alce+2e VU » Alee Upland Homsnail
USA USA VU " Alce+2e
USA
Leptoxis ligata Lithasia duttoniana
Rotund Rocksnail Helmet Rocksnail Pleurocera walkeri
CR » Alce+2e VU -" Alee Telescope Homsnail
USA USA VU -'
Alce+2e
USA
Leptoxis lirata Lithasia geniculata
Lyrate Rocksnail Ornate Rocksnail Family POMATIASmAE
CR -•'
Alce+2e VU " Alee Tropidophora articulata
USA USA EN '" Bl+2e
Leptoxis melanoidus Lithasia jayana Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Black Mudalia Rugose Rocksnail Tropidophora deburghiae
CR -'
Alce+2e VU " Alee EN '" Bl+2e
USA USA Madagascar
Leptoxis minor Lithasia lima
Knob Mudalia Warty Rocksnail Family POMATIOPSIDAE
VU " Alce+2e VU -'
Alee Fenouilia kreitneri
USA USA CR » A2ee
Leptoxis occultata Lithasia salebrosa China
Bigmouth Rocksnail Muddy Rocksnail [L. Dali]

CR » Alee+2e VU -*
Alee Tomicha natalensis
USA USA CR " Bl+2abed
Leptoxis picta Lithasia verrucosa South Africa
Spotted Rocksnail Varicose Rocksnail Tomicha rogersi
VU = Alee VU '-'
Alee EN " Bl+2abcd
USA USA South Africa

118
 Molluscs: snails

Tricula montana Hirthia globosa \L. Tanganyika]

EN " Bl+2ce EN " Bl+2c Stormsia minima
India Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire
Family PUPINIDAE
Hirthia littorina [L. Tanganyika]
Hedleya macleayi EN " Bl+2c Syrnolopsis gracilis
VU '*'
D2 Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c
Australia [L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire
Suavocallia splendens Lavigera grandis [L. Tanganyika]
VU "" D2 EN " Bl+2c Syrnolopsis lacustris
Australia Tanzania, Zaire EN -"
B1+2C
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire
Family THIARmAE Lavigera nassa [L. Tanganyika]
Anceya giraudi EN " Bl+2c Syrnolopsis minuta
EN " Bl+2c Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c
Tanzania, Zaire [L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire
[L. Tanganyika] Limnotrochus thomsoni [L. Tanganyika]
Anceya terebriformis EN » Bl+2c Tanganyicia rufofilosa
EN " B1+2C Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c
Tanzania, Zaire [L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire
[L. Tanganyika] Martelia tanganyicensis [L. Tanganyika]

Bathanalia howesi EN " B1+2C Tiphobia horei

EN " Bl+2c Tanzania, Zaire EN » B1+2C
Tanzania, Zaire
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire
[L. Tanganyika] Mysorelloides multisulcata [L. Tanganyika]

Bathanalia straeleni
EN " B1+2C Family VALVATIDAE
Tanzania, Zaire
EN " Bl+2c Valvata virens
[L. Tanganyika]
Tanzania, Zaire
Paludomus ajanensis
VU -'
Alee
[L. Tanganyika] USA
EN " Bl+2abcd
Bridouxiana giraudi
Seychelles Family VTVIPARroAE
EN " Bl+2c
Tanzania, Zaire Paramelania damoni Bellamya constricta
[L. Tanganyika] EN " Bl+2c EN " BI+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Bridouxiana leucoraphe Tanganyika]
[L. [L. Victoria]
EN " B1+2C
Tanzania, Zaire
Paramelania irridescens Bellamya contractu
[L. Tanganyika]
EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Tanzania, Zaire Zaire
Bridouxiana ponsonbyi [L. Tanganyika]
Bellamya costulata
EN " B1+2C
Tanzania, Zaire
Reymondia horei EN " Bl+2abcd
[L. Tanganyika]
EN " Bl+2c Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Tanzania, Zaire [L. Victoria]
Bridouxiana praeclara [L. Tanganyika] Bellamya craws hayi
EN " Bl+2c Reymondia pyramidalis EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire
EN " B1+2C Zaire, Zambia
[L. Tanganyika]
Tanzania, Zaire [L. Mweru]
Bridouxiana rotundata [L. Tanganyika] Bellamya ecclesi
EN " Bl+2c Reymondia tanganyicensis EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c Malawi, Mozambique
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire [L. Malawi]
Bridouxiana smithiana jl^. Tanganyika] Bellamya jeffreysi
EN " B1+2C Spekia zonata EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c Malawi, Mozambique
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire [L. Malawi]
Chytra kirki [L. Tanganyika] Bellamya jucunda
EN " B1+2C Stanleya neritinoides EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire EN » B1+2C Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire |U. Victoria]

119
Threatened Species

Bellamya leopoldvillensis Conus nobrei Achatinella lila

EN " Bl+2abcd VU =' D2 CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
Zaire Angola USA (Hawaiian Is)

Bellamya liberiana Conus zebroides Achatinella lorata

CR " Bl+2c VU » D2 CR " Alee, Bl+2abede
Liberia Angola USA (Hawaiian Is)
Bellamya monardi Achatinella mustelina
EN " Bl+2abcd Order STYLOMMATOPHORA CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
Angola, Namibia USA (Hawaiian Is)
Family ACAVffiAE
Bellamya mweruensis Achatinella phaeozona
EN " Bl+2abcd Ampelita julii CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
Zaire, Zambia EN " Bl+2abc USA (Hawaiian Is)

[L. Mweru] Madagascar Achatinella pulcherrima

Bellamya pagodiformis Ampelita soulaiana CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
EN " Bl+2abcd VU " D2 USA (Hawaiian Is)
Zaire, Zambia Madagascar Achatinella pupukanioe
[L. Mweru] Ampelita fulgurata CR »' Alee, Bl+2abcde
Bellamya phthinotropis EN " Bl+2abc USA (Hawaiian Is)
EN " Bl+2abcd Madagascar Achatinella sowerbyana
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Clavator moreleti CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
[L. Victoria] VU " Bl+2c USA (Hawaiian Is)
Bellamya robertsoni Madagascar Achatinella stewartii
EN " Bl+2abcd Family ACHATINELLroAE CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
Malawi, Mozambique USA (Hawaiian Is)
(L. Malawi] Achatinella apexfulva
Achatinella swiftii
Bellamya rubicunda
CR »'
Ale CR »' Alee, Bl+2abede
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EN " Bl+2abcd
Uganda, Zaire Achatinella bellula Achatinella taeniolata
[L. Albert] CR »' Alee, Bl+2abcde CR " Alee, Bl+2abede
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Bellamya trochearis
EN " Bl+2abcd Achatinella bulimoides Achatinella turgida
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde CR " Alee, Bl+2abede
[L. Victoria] USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Campeloma decampi Achatinella byronii Achatinella viridans
VU -'
Alce+2e CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde
USA USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Lioplax cyclostomaformis Achatinella cestus Achatinella vulpina
Cylindrical Lioplax CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde CR »'
Alee, Bl+2abcd
VU " B1+2C USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA Achatinella concavospira Elasmias kitaiwojimanum

Neothauma tanganyicense CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde VU '" DI
EN " B1+2C USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Tanzania, Zaire Achatinella curta Gulickia alexandri
[L. Tanganyika] CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde CR " Bl+2abe
Notopala sublineata USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

EN "« Alee Achatinella decipiens Lamellidea biplicata

Australia CR " Alee,Bl+2abcde VU '" Dl
USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Order NEOGASTROPODA Achatinella fulgens Lamellidea ogasawarana
CR " Alee, Bl+2abcde VU "' CI
Family CONIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Conus africanus Achatinella fuscobasis Newcombia canaliculata
VU =' D2 CR " Alce,Bl+2abcde EN '" Ale
Angola USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

Conus cepasi Achatinella leucorrhaphe Newcombia cumingi

VU -' D2 CR «'
Alee, Bl+2abcde EN '" Ale
Angola USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

120
 Molluscs: snails

Newcombia lirata Family AGRIOLIMACIDAE Bothriembryon brazieri

EN '" Ale Deroceras tarraceuse
VU '" D2
USA (Hawaiian Is)
VU '' Australia
D2
Newcombia perkinsi Spain Bothriembryon glauerti
EN '" Ale VU '»
D2
USA (Hawaiian Is) Family AMASTRIDAE Australia

Newcombia pfeifferi Amastra cylindrica Bothriembryon irvineanus

EN '" Ale CR " Bl+2abd VU "* Bl-H2be, D2
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Australia

Newcombia sulcata Amastra micans Bothriembryon perobesus

EN '" Ale CR " Bl+2abd EN "» C2b
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Australia

Partulina confusa Amastra rubens Bothriembryon praecelcus

CR »' Alee, Bl+2abcde CR " Bl+2abd EN '« C2b
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Australia

Partulina dubia Amastra spirizona Bothriembryon spenceri

CR " Alee, Bl+2abede CR " Bl+2abd VU " D2
USA Australia
(Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

Partulina mighelsiana Bothriembryon whitleyi

Armsia petasus
EN" Alee, Bl+2abede,Cl+2a CR " Bl+2abd VU "° D2
Australia
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

Partulina perdix
Drymaeus henseli
Laminella sanguinea
EN " A B C +2a VU "» D2
1 ee, 1 +2abcde, 1
CR " Bl+2abd Brazil
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Napaeus isletae
Partulina physa Leptachatina lepida
EN Alce,Bl+2abcde,Cl+2a
CR ' A2c
«'
EN " Bl+2abd Spain (Canary Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Orynmeus acervatus
Partulina proximo Tropidoptera heliciformis
EN " Alee,Bl+2abede,Cl+2a
VU '» Alae
CR " Bl+2abd Brazil
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Ptacostylus bollonsi
Partulina redjieldi
EN"' Alee, Bl+2abcde, Cl+2a
Family BRADYBAENIDAE Pupuharakeke
VU '" D2
USA (Hawaiian Is) Helicostyla smargadina
New Zealand
Partulina semicarinata CR '" A2e,Bl+2c
Placostylus hongii
EN" Alee, Bl+2abcde, Cl+2a Philippines
Pupuharakeke or Hax Snail
USA (Hawaiian Is) Monadenia circumcarinata VU '" Cl-H2a,D2
Partulina splendida Keeled Sideband New Zealand
Splendid Partulina VU '« D2
EN " A ee, B +2abede, C
1 1 1 +2a USA Family CAMAENIDAE
USA (Hawaiian Is) Monadenia setosa Amplirhagada astuta
Partulina tappaniana Trinity Bristle Snail EN '" C2a
EN " Alee,Bl+2abcde,Cl+2a VU '" D2 Australia

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA Amplirhagada questroana

Partulina tessellata Family BULIMULroAE EN "» C2b
Australia
EN " A 1 ee, B 1 +2abede, C 1 +2a
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Boninena callistoderma Carinotrachia carsoniana
EN '" A2e VU "» D2
Partulina variabilis
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Australia
EN" Alee, Bl+2abcde,Cl+2a
USA (Hawaiian Is) Boninena hiraseana Cristilabrum bubulum
EN '" A2b EN "' C2b
Perdicella helena
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Australia
EN " Alee,Bl+2abcde,Cl+2a
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Boninena ogasawarae Cristilabrum buryillum
EN '" A2b EN "* C2b
Family ACHATEVroAE Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Australia

Archachatina bicarinata Bothriembryon bradshaweri Cristilabrum grossum

VU " Alcde, Bl+2b VU '« D2 EN '" C2a
Sao Tome & Prineipe Australia Australia

121
Threatened Species

CHstilabrum isolatum Kimboraga micromphala Rhagada harti

VU '« D2 VU "* D2 VU '" C2b
Australia Australia Australia

Cristilabrum monodon Kimboraga yammerana Semotrachia euzyga

VU "° D2 VU '" Bl+2bc, D2 VU « D2
Australia Australia Australia

Cristilabrum primum Meridolum benneti Sinumelon bednalli

VU '" D2 VU "' D2 VU « D2
Australia Australia Australia

Cristilabrum rectttm Meridolum comeovirens Thersites mitchellae

VU "» D2 EN '" A2ce, Bl+2abcd EN '" C2a
Australia Australia Australia

Cristilabrum simplex Meridolum depressum Torresitrachia thedana

VU "° D2 VU '" D2 VU "" D2
Australia Australia Australia

Cristilabrum solitiidum Mouldingia occidentalis Turgenitubulus aslini

EN "0 C2b VU '" D2 VU '" Bl+2bc, D2
Australia Australia Australia

Cupedora evandaleana Mouldingia orientalis Turgenitubulus castas

EN "' Ale EN "° C2b VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia

Cupedora nottensis Mussonena campbelli Turgenitubulus depressus

VU '" D2 VU "" D2 VU "° Bl+2bc,D2
Australia Australia Australia

Damochlora millepunctata Ningbingia australis Turgenitubulus foramenus

EN "° C2a VU '" Bl+2bc, D2 VU '" Bl+2bc, D2
Australia Australia Australia
Damochlora spina Ningbingia bulla Turgenitubulus opiranus
VU '" D2 VU "" D2 VU "» Bl+2bc, D2
Australia Australia Australia

Divellomelon hillieri Ningbingia dentiens Turgenitubulus pagodula

VU " D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia
Glyptorhagada bordaensis Ningbingia laurina Turgenitubulus tanmurrana
VU '«'
D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia
Glyptorhagada euglypta Ningbingia octava Vidumelon wattii
VU '" D2 VU '« D2 VU " D2
Australia Australia Australia
Glyptorhagada kooringensis Ningbingia res Westraltrachia alterna
VU '" D2 VU '« D2 VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia
Glyptorhagada silveri Offachloritis dryanderensis Westraltrachia inopinata
EN '" A2ce VU '" D2 VU '» D2
Australia Australia Australia
Glyptorhagada tattawuppana Ordtrachia elegans Westraltrachia lievreana
VU '" D2 VU '» D2 VU "» Bl+2bc,D2
Australia Australia Australia
Hadra wilsoni Pleuroxia hinsbyi Westraltrachia porcata
VU '» D2 VU "" Bl+2bc, D2 VU " D2
Australia Australia Australia
Kimboraga exanimus Prototrachia sedula Westraltrachia recta
EN '« C2b VU " D2 VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia
Kimboraga koolanensis Rhagada gibbensis Westraltrachia subtila
VU '« Dl VU "» D2 VU '" D2
Australia Australia Australia

122
 Molluscs: snails

Westraltrachia turbinata Opanara depasoapicata Rhysoconcha atanuiensis

VU "* D2 CR '" A2e, Bl+2c VU '" D2
Australia French Polynesia French Polynesia

CARYODIDAE Opanara dupticidentata Rhysoconcha variumbilicata

Family
CR '" A2e, Bl+2c CR '" A2e, Bl+2c
Anoglypta launcestonensis French Polynesia French Polynesia
Granulated Tasmanian Snail
Opanara fosbergi Ruatara koarana
VU "' D2 CR '" A2e, Bl+2c
Australia CR '» A2e,Bl+2c
French Polynesia
French Polynesia
Family CERIONIDAE Opanara megomphala
Ruatara oparica
Cerion nanus CR '" A2e, Bl+2c VU '" D2
French Polynesia
CR " Bl+2a French Polynesia
Cayman Islands Opanara perahuensis
CR '" A2e, Bl+2c Sinployea pitcairnensis
Family CHAROPEDAE French Polynesia VU '« D2
Pitcaim Islands
Allocharopa erskinensis Orangia cookei
VU '" D2 EN '" A2e, Bl+2c Family CLAUSILIIDAE
Australia French Polynesia
Cralopa colliveri Boettgeria obesiuscula
Orangia maituatensis
VU '" D2 CR '" A2e,Bl+2c VU '" D2
Australia Portugal (Madeira)
French Polynesia
Dupucharopa millestriata Orangia sporadica Bofilliella subarcuata
VU '« D2 EN "' A2e,Bl+2c VU '" D2
Australia French Polynesia France, Spain

Geminoropa scindocataracta Oreomava otwayensis Lamnifera pauli

VU " D2 VU '" D2 VU '" Bl+2c
Australia Australia France, Spain
Hedleyoconcha ailaketoae Penescosta mathewsi Lampedusa imitratix
VU "' D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Australia Norfolk Island Malta
Kondoconcha othnius Penescosta sororcula Lampedusa melitensis
CR '" Bl+2abcd VU '" D2 CR '« B1+2C
French Polynesia Norfolk Island Malta
Mautodontha boraborensis Pernagera gatliffi
CR '« Ale VU '* D2 Family COCHLICOPmAE
Freneh Polynesia Australia
Cryptazeca elongata
Mautodontha ceuthma Pilsbrycharopa tumida VU '" D2
CR '" Ale VU '« D2 Spain
French Polynesia Australia
Cryptazeca kobelti
Norfolcioconch iota Pilula praetumida
EN '" Bl+2c
VU " D2 VU ™ Bl+2ab
Spain
Norfolk Island Reunion
Cryptazeca monodonta
Norfolcioconch norfolkensis Ptychodon schuppi
VU '" D2 EN '™ A lac VU '" D2
France, Spain
Norfolk Island Brazil

Opanara altiapica Radioconus goeldi Cryptazeca spelaea

CR '" Bl+2abe CR "* Bl+2c VU '' D2
French Polynesia Brazil Spain

Opanara areaensis Radioconus riochcoensis Cryptazeca subcylindrica

CR '" A2e, Bl+2c EN '»» Bl+2ab VU '" D2
French Polynesia Brazil France

Opanara bitridentata Radiodiscus amdenus

Family DISCIDAE
CR '« A2e, B1+2C EN '™ Alac
French Polynesia Brazil Discus marmorensis
Opanara caliculata Radiodiscus compactus Marbled Disc
CR '" A2e, Bl+2c VU ™ Alac VU "" D2
French Polynesia Brazil USA

123
Threatened Species

Family DRAPARNAUDIffiAE Dupontia perlucida Caseolus calculus

Draparnaudia anniae
EN ™ Bl+2a VU '" D2
Mauritius Portugal (Madeira)
CR -" Bl+2c
New Caledonia Dupontia poweri Caseolus subcalliferus
Draparnaudia subnecata
VU " Bl-H2a VU '" D2
Mauritius
CR Ale, Bl+2c
"-' Portugal (Madeira)

New Caledonia Elasmias cemicum

Discula bicarinata
VU " Bl+2ab VU '" D2
Family ENDODONXmAE Mauritius, Reunion
Portugal (Madeira)
Hirasea acutissima Hacrochlamys lineolatus
EN Discula bulweri
'" Aid EN '" Aid
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
EN '" A2e
Portugal (Madeira)
Hirasea chichijimana Lamprocystis hahajimana
EN '" A2b EN '" A2b Discula cheiranthicola
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) VU '" D2
Portugal (Madeira)
Hirasea diplomphalus Liardetia boninensis
EN '" A2b VU '" Dl Discula echinulata
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) VU '" D2
Hirasea insignis Plegma caelatura Portugal (Madeira)
EN "' Aid VU '» Bl+2a Discula leacockiana
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Reunion VU '" D2
Hirasea operculina Thapsia snelli Portugal (Madeira)
EN '" Alb EN '"
Bl-i-2a
Discula lyelliana
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Mauritius (Rodrigues)
CR '" B1-H2C
Thaumatodon hystricelloides Trochochlamys ogasawarana Portugal (Madeira)
EN '" A2ce CR '" Aid
Western Samoa Discula oxytropis
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
VU '" D2
Family ENffiAE Family FERUSSACimAE Portugal (Madeira)

Euchondrus ramonensis Amphorella iridescens Discula tabellata

CR " C2b, Dl VU '" D2 EN "' A2c, Bl+2c
Israel Portugal (Madeira) Portugal (Madeira)
Pene galilaea Amphorella melampoides Discula tectiformis
CR »' Ale VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Israel Portugal (Madeira)
Portugal (Madeira)
Family EUCONULffiAE Amphorella producta
Discula testudinalis
VU '" D2
CR '" A2e, B1-H2C
Caldwellia imperfecta
Portugal (Madeira)
VU '" Bl-H2a,D2 Portugal (Madeira)
Cecilioides connollyi
Mauritius, Reunion Discula tetrica
VU '" D2
Ctenophila caldwelli Gibraltar CR '" B1-H2C
EN '" Bl-i-2a Portugal (Madeira)
Cecilioides eulima
Mauritius
CR '" A2c, B1-H2C Discula turricula
Ctenophila setiliris
Portugal (Madeira) VU '» D2
EN '" Bl+2a Portugal (Madeira)
Cylichnidia ovuliformis
Reunion
VU '" D2 Disculella spirulina
Ctenophila vorticella Portugal (Madeira) VU '" D2
VU ™ BU2a, D2
Portugal (Madeira)
Sculptiferussacia clausiliaeformis
Reunion
VU « A2e, D2 Geomitra delphinuloides
Dancea rodriguezensis Spain (Canary
EN " Bl+2a
Is)
CR '" B1+2C
Family GEOMITRIDAE Portugal (Madeira)
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Dupontia levis Actinella anaglyptica Geomitra moniziana
VU '»
Bl-h2a VU '" D2 EN "* B1-I-2C

Mauritius Portugal (Madeira) Portugal (Madeira)

Dupontia nitella Actinella effugiens Geomitra tiarella

VU ™ Bl-(-2ab VU '" D2 EN "- B1-I-2C
Mauritius, Reunion Portugal (Madeira) Portugal (Madeira)

124
 Molluscs: snails

Family HELICARIONmAE Thapsia buraensis Theba arinagae

CR '" Bl+2ac VU ' A2c, D2
Advena charon Kenya Spain (Canary Is)
EN '" Bl+2c
Norfolk Island Theskelomensor creon Family HELICODISCIDAE
VU '*'
D2
Buffetia retinaculum Australia
Zilchogyra paulistana
VU '" D2 CR "»•
Alac
Norfolk Island Tubuaia fosbergi Brazil
VU '*=
D2
Diastole tenuistriata Family
Pitcaim Islands
VU '« D2 HELMINTHOGLYPTroAE
Pitcaim Islands Zingis radiolata
CR '" Bl+2ac Eremarionta immaculata
Dolapex amiculus Kenya White Desrt Snail
EN '" B1+2C VU '" D2
Norfolk Island Family HELICIDAE USA
Erepta odontina Helix texta Eremarionta millepalmarum
EN ™ Bl+2a EN "'
Alee Thousand Palms Desert Snail
Mauritius Israel VU "" D2
Erepta stylodon Helix ceratina USA
CR ™ Bl+2a CR -'
A2c,Bl+2c Helminthoglypta allynsmithi
Mauritius France Merced Canyon Shoulderband
Harmogenanina argentea Helix obruta
VU '"
D2
VU ™ Bl+2ab VU ™ Bl+2c
USA
Reunion Portugal (Azores) Helminthoglypta callistoderma
Harmogenanina implicata
Kem Shoulderband
Hemicycla pouchet
CR ™ EN '" B1+2C
B1+2C VU ' Ale USA
Mauritius Spain (Canary Is)
Helminthoglypta coelata
Helicarion leopardina Hemicycla saulcyi Mesa Shoulderband
VU '" Bl+2c, D2
CR ' A2c VU '« B1+2C
Australia Spain (Canary Is)
USA
Helicarion porrectus Idiomela subplicata Helminthoglypta walkeriana
VU '*'
B1+2C VU '« D2 Morro Shoulderband
Australia Portugal (Madeira) CR "" Alee, Bl+2bc
Helicarion rubicundus Lampadia webbiana USA
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 Micrarionta facta
Australia Portugal (Madeira) Santa Barbara Island Snail
Iredaleoconcha caporaphe Lemniscia michaudi VU '"
D2
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 USA
Norfolk Island Portugal (Madeira) Micrarionta feralis
Kaliella hongkongensis Leptaxis caldeirarum San Nicolas Island Snail
VU ™ D2 EN ™ B1+2C CR "" Bl+2d
Hong Kong Portugal (Azores)
USA
Micrarionta opuntia
Lutilodix imitratrix Leptaxis furva
Prickly Pear Island Snail
EN '" B1+2C VU '" D2
Norfolk Island Portugal (Madeira)
VU '" D2
USA
Mathewsoconcha belli Leptaxis terceirana
Xerarionta intercisa
EN '" B1+2C VU ™ B1+2C
Plain Cactus Snail
Norfolk Island Portugal (Azores)
VU "" D2
Philonesia filiceti Leptaxis vetusa USA
VU '« D2 CR ™ Bl+2bc
Xerarionta redimita
Pitcaim Islands Portugal (Azores)
Wreathed Cactus Snail
Philonesia pitcairnensis Leptaxis wollastoni VU '« D2
VU '« D2 EN " Bl+2c USA
Pitcaim Islands Portugal (Madeira) Xerarionta tryoni
Pittoconcha concinna Spirorbula latens Bicolor Cactus Snail
VU '" D2 VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Norfolk Island Portugal (Madeira) USA

125
Threatened Species

Family HYGROMnDAE Megalobulimus proclivis Bulimulus jacobi

CR '°» Alac VU '" D2
Candidula setubalensis
Brazil Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '" D2
Portugal Family MEGOMPfflCroAE Bulimulus lycodus
Helicella bierzona
VU '" D2
Ammonitella yatesii
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '" D2 Tight Coin
Spain VU '" D2 Bulimulus nesioticus
Helicella mariae USA VU '« 02
VU '" D2 Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Family OREOHELICmAE
Spain Bulimulus nux
Oreohelix jugalis VU '" D2
Helicella stiparum
Boulder Pile Mountain Snail
VU '" D2 Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Spain
VU "" D2
USA Bulimulus ochsneri
Hygromia golasi VU '« D2
Oreohelix vortex
VU '" D2
Whorled Mountain Snail
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Andorra
VU '" D2 Bulimulus reibischi
Obelus despreauxii USA VU '" D2
VU ' A2c
Oreohelix waltoni
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Spain (Canary Is)

Lava Rock Mountain Snail Bulimulus rugiferus
Pyrenaearia daanidentata VU '*'
D2 VU "" D2
VU '" D2 USA Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Spain
Radiocentrum avalonense Bulimulus saeronius
Pyrenaearia molae Catalina Mountain Snail VU '" D2
VU '" D2 CR "" Bl+2c Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Spain USA
Bulimulus sculpturatus
Suboestophorajeresae
Family ORTHALICmAE VU '" D2
VU '" D2 Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Spain Bulimulus akamatus
Trochoidea gharlapsi
VU '" D2 Bulimulus tanneri
VU '" D2 Ecuador (Galapagos Is) VU "" D2
Bulimulus alethorhytidus Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Malta
Trochoidea molinae
VU '" D2 Bulimulus unifasciatus
VU '" D2 Ecuador (Galapagos Is) VU '" D2
Spain Bulimulus amastroides Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Trochoidea pseudojacosta
VU '» D2 Bulimulus ustulatus
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '" D2
CR " C2b,Dl
Israel Bulimulus blombergi Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Trochoidea zaharensis
VU '" D2 Bulimulus wolfi
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Spain Bulimulus calvus Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Tyrrheniellajosephi
VU '" D2
Leuchocharis pancheri
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU -''
D2 CR ^'
Bl+2d
Italy Bulimulus cavagnaroi New Caledonia
VU '« D2
Family MEGALOBULEViroAE Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Flax Snail
Megalobulimus fragilion Bulimulus darwini
EN '" Dl VU "- D2
VU '" Bl+2abcde
New Zealand
Brazil Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Placostylus bivaricosus
Megalobulimus grandis Bulimulus eos
CR '" Dl VU '" D2 CR '" Bl+2abcde
Australia
Brazil Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Megalobulimus lopesi Bulimulus eschariferus Placostylus eddystonensis

EN '™ Dl VU '» D2 VU ^' Alab
Brazil Ecuador (Gal&pagos Is) New Caledonia
Megalobulimus parafragilior Bulimulus hirsutus Placostylus fibratus
EN '°» Dl VU '" D2 VU -" Alcde
Brazil Ecuador (Galapagos Is) New Caledonia

126
 Molluscs: snails

Placostylus porphyrostomus Partula varia Leiostyla comeocostata

VU ^ Ale CR '" Alace, Bl+2abcde VU '» D2
New Caledonia French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira)

Family PARMACELLIDAE Samoana annectens Leiostyla degenerata

EN '" Ale VU '" D2
Parmacella tenerifensis French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira)
EN ' Alac+2c Samoana attenuata Leiostyla ferraria
Spain (Canary Is)
EN '" Ale VU '" D2
Family PARTULIDAE French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira)
Samoana conica Leiostyla filicum
Eua zebrina
EN '"
A2ce
EN '"
A2ce VU '" D2
American Samoa Portugal (Madeira)
American Samoa
Samoana diaphana Leiostyla gibba
Partula calypso
CR '" A2c
EN '" Ale CR '» B1+2C
French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira)
Palau
Samoana fragilis Leiostyla heterodon
Partula clara
EN '" A2ce CR '" B1+2C
CR '" Alc+2c
Guam
French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira)
Samoana solitaria Leiostyla laevigata
Partula emersoni
EN '" Ale
VU '" D2
CR '" Ale+2ce
French Polynesia
Federated States of Micronesia Portugal (Madeira)
Samoana thurstoni
Partula filosa Leiostyla monticola
EN '"
A2ce
VU '" D2
CR '" Alc+2ce American Samoa
French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira)

Partula gibba
Family POLYGYRffiAE Leiostyla relevata
Fat Guam Partula Cryptomastix magnidentata VU '" D2
CR '" A2ce Mission Creek Oregonian Portugal (Madeira)
Guam, Northern Marianas VU "' D2 Leiostyla simulator
Partula guamensis USA CR '" Bl+2c
CR '" A2ce Family PUNCTIDAE
Portugal (Madeira)
Federated States of Micronesia Leiostyla vermiculosa
Ckristianoconcha quintalia
Partula hyalina VU ™ B1+2C
CR "= Ale
VU '» D2 Portugal (Azores)
Norfolk Island
French Polynesia Nesopupa madgei
Partula langfordi Family PUPILLIDAE VU ™ Bl+2ab
CR '" Ale+2ce Gastrocopta boninensis Mauritius, Reunion
Northern Marianas VU '" CI Ptychalaea dedecora
Partula leucothoe Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) VU '" CI
CR '" A2e Lauria fanalensis Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Palau VU '" Bl+2bc
Family RHYTEDIDAE
Partula martensiana Portugal (Madeira)
CR '" Alce+2e Leiostyla abbreviata
Occirhenea georgiana
Federated States of Micronesia CR '" Bl+2cd EN '« C2a
Australia
Partula otaheitana Portugal (Madeira)

CR '" Alace+2ce, Bl+2abcd Leiostyla callathiscus Rhytida clarki

French Polynesia VU '" D2 CR '" Bl+2ab
Portugal (Madeira)
New Zealand
Partula radiolata
Radiolate Partula Leiostyla cassida Rhytida oconnori
CR '" A2ce, Bl+2abcde CR '" Bl+2c CR '" Bl+2d
Guam Portugal (Madeira) New Zealand
Partula rosea Leiostyla cheiligona Tasmaphena lamproides
CR '" Alce+2ce VU '" Bl+2c VU '" A2de
French Polynesia Portugal (Madeira) Australia

Partula thetis Leiostyla concinna Victaphanta compacta

CR '" Ale VU '" D2 EN '" A2c
Palau Portugal (Madeira) Australia

127
Threatened Species

Family STREPTAXIDAE Gonyostomus insularis Family ZONIXmAE

VU "* Dl Oxychilus amaltheae
Gonidomus sulcatus
VU " B2ab, C2a
Brazil VU '" D2
Hirinaba curytibana Greece
Mauritius
CR "» Mac Oxychilus agostinhoi
Gonospira cylindrella Brazil VU ™ B1+2C
VU '«
Bl+2ab
Portugal (Azores)
Reunion
Family SUBULEVroAE Oxychilus lineolatus
Gonospira deshayesi VU ™ Bl+2c
EN '«
Bl+2ab Euonyma curtissima
Portugal (Azores)
Reunion EN "= Bl+2ac
Kenya Trochomorpha apia
Gonospira duponti EN '" A2ce
CR " C2b Subuliniscus arambourgi
American Samoa
Mauritius EN "- Bl+2ac
Vitrea pseudotrolli
Kenya
Gonospira holostoma VU ^ D2
VU " Bl+2ab Family SUCdNEffiAE France, Italy
Mauritius
Zonitoides jaccetanicus
Boninosuccinea ogasawarae
Gonospira madgei VU '" D2 EN '" Bl+2c
VU '" Bl+2ab Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Spain
Mauritius
Boninosuccinea punctulispira
Gonospira striaticostus VU '" D2
Class ENOPLA
VU ™ D2 Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Mauritius Order HOPLONEMERTEA
Oxyloma kanabense
Gonospira teres Kanab Amber Snail Family PROSORHOCHMIDAE
VU ™ D2 CR '« Bl+2d Antiponemertes allisonae
Mauritius USA VU '«'
D2
Gonospira turgidula Succinea piratarum New Zealand
VU ™ Bl+2ab EN " A2c Katechonemertes nightingaleensis
Reunion Guam VU '" D2
Gonospira uvula Succinea quadrasi St Helena (Tristan da Cunha)
EN " Bl+2a EN '" A2e
Reunion Guam Class ANTHOZOA
Gulella antelmeana
EN '"
Bl+2a
Family VALLONUDAE
Order ACTINIARIA
Mauritius Spelaeodiscus tatricus
VU '" D2 Family EDWARDSIffiAE
Gulella taitensis
CR '" Bl+2ac Slovakia Nematostella vectensis
Kenya Starlet Sea Anemone
Family VERTIGEVIDAE VU '«=
Alee
Microstrophia modesta
Truncatellina arcyensis Canada, USA, United Kingdom
EN '«
Bl+2ab
Mauritius
EN » B1+2C
France Order GORGONACEA
Microstrophia nana
VU ™ Bl+2a, D2 Family PLEXAURIDAE
Mauritius
Family VITREVIDAE
Eunicella verrucosa
Insulivitrina reticulata Broad Sea Fan
Family STROPHOCHEILIDAE EN ' A2c VU '« Aid
Gonyostomus gonyostomus Spain (Canary Is) France, Ireland, Mauritania,
CR '" Mac Morocco, Portugal, Spain, United
Brazil Kingdom

128
 List 2

Lower Risk conservation dependent

:

Class MAMMALIA Order CARNIVORA Family DELPHINIDAE

Family CANIDAE Globicephala macrorhynchus "
^ Short-finned Pilot Whale
Urocyon littoralis
Order DIPROTODONTIA Island Grey Fox
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
northwest, southeast, southwest,
Family POTOROmAE USA westem central), Indian Ocean
''
Vulpes velox westem), Mediterranean
(eastern,
Bettongia peniciUata "
Swift Fox and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern
Woylie Canada (ex), USA central, northeast, northwest,
Australia
southeast, southwest, westem
Family HYAENmAE central)]

Crocuta crocuta '- Orcinus orca "

Order CHIROPTERA Spotted Hyaena Killer Whale
Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (Antarctic,
Family EMBALLONURIDAE Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, eastern central, northeast, northwest,
Emballonura raffrayana '^ Kenya, Malawi, Mauritania, southeast, southwest, westem
Raffray's Sheath-tailed Bat Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, eastern, western), Mediterranean and
Solomon Islands South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Black Sea, Pacific (Antarctic, eastern
Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, central, northeast, northwest,
Zimbabwe southeast, southwest, westem
Family RHINOLOPHIDAE central)]

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum '- Family URSIDAE Stenella attenuata "

Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Ursus maritimus "' Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Polar Bear [Atlantic (eastern central, northwest,
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Canada, Greenland, Norway southeast, southwest, western
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, (Svalbard & Jan Mayen Is), Russia, central), Indian Ocean (eastern,
France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, western). Pacific (eastern central,
USA
Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, northwest, southeast, southwest,
Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, westem central)]
Italy,
Order CETACEA
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Morocco, Stenella coeruleoalba "
Nepal, Netherlands, North Korea, Family BALAENIDAE Striped Dolphin
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Balaena mysticetus " [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, northwest, southeast, southwest,
South Korea, Spain, Switzerland,
Bowhead Whale
westem central), Indian Ocean
[Arctic Sea, Atlantic (northeast,
Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, westem), Mediterranean
(eastern,
northwest). Pacific (northeast,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern
northwest)]
Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia central, northeast, northwest,
Eubalaena australis " southeast, southwest, westem
Southern Right Whale central)]

[Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast, Stenella longirostris "

Order PRIMATES southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Spinner Dolphin
eastern, westem). Pacific (southeast,
Family TARSIIDAE [Adantic (eastern central, northwest,
southwest)] southeast, southwest, westem
Tarsius syrichta '" central), Indian Ocean (eastern,
Philippine Tarsier Family BALAENOPTERIDAE westem), Pacific (eastem central,
Philippines Balaenoptera bonareitsis " northwest, southeast, southwest,
westem central)]
Southern Minke Whale
[Atlantic (Antarctic), Indian Ocean
Family CERCOPITHECroAE Family PHOCOENIDAE
(Antarctic), Pacific (Antarctic)]
Macaca nigrescens '" Phocoenoides dalli *'

Dumoga-bone Macaque Family ESCHRICHTIIDAE Dall's Porpoise

Indonesia
Eschrichtius robustus *'
Canada, Japan, Mexico, North
Macaca thibetana i" Gray Whale Korea, Russia, South Korea, USA
Tibetan Macaque [Arctic Sea, Pacific (northeast, [Pacific (eastem central, northeast,
China northwest, westem central)] northwest)]

129
 "

Lower Risk conservation dependent

:

Family ZIPHITOAE Alcelaphus buselaphus ' Damaliscus dorcas '

Berardius arnuxii
Common Hartebeest Bontebok
Algeria (ex), Angola, Benin, Botswana [int], Lesotho, Namibia
Amoux's Beaked Whale Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, [int], South Africa, Swaziland,
[Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast,
Central African Republic, Chad, Zimbabwe [int]
southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Cote d'lvoire, Egypt (ex), Ethiopia,
eastern central, western central). Damaliscus lunatus ''

Gambia (ex?), Ghana, Guinea,

Pacific (Antarctic, southeast, Topi
Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho (ex),
southwest)] Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
Mali, Morocco (ex), Namibia, Niger,
Berardius bairdii •" Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia (ex).
Faso, Bumndi (ex), Cameroon,
Central African Republic, Chad,
Baird's Beaked Whale South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland,
Ethiopia, Gambia (ex), Guinea (ex?),
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia (ex),
Guinea-Bissau (ex), Kenya, Mali
northwest)] Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe
(ex), Mauritania (ex), Mozambique
Hyperoodon ampulUUus "" Alcelaphus lichtensteinii '
(ex), Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,
Northern Bottlenose Whale Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Rwanda, Senegal (ex), Somalia,
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest)] Angola, Burundi (ex), Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland (ex),
Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo (ex?), Uganda,
Hyperoodon pkmifrons *'
Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Southern Bottlenose Whale
[int]
[Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast, Gazella bennetti '

southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,

Antidorcas marsupialis ' Chinkara
eastern, western). Pacific (Antarctic, Afghanistan?, India, Iran, Pakistan
Springbok
southeast, southwest)]
Angola, Botswana, Lesotho (ex),
Gazella gazella '
Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland?
Mountain Gazelle
Order PERISSODACTYLA Bison bison - Egypt (ex), Iran [int], Israel, Jordan,
American Bison Lebanon (ex), Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Family RHINOCEROTIDAE Canada, USA Syria?, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Ceratotherium simum '

Boselaphus tragocamelus ' Gazella granti '
White Rhinoceros Nilgai Grant's Gazelle
Botswana [re-int], Cote d'lvoire, Bangladesh (ex), India, Nepal,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan,
Kenya, Mozambique (ex?), Namibia, Tanzania, Uganda
Pakistan, USA [int]
South Africa, Sudan (ex?),
Gazella thomsonii '
Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia (ex?), Capricomis crispus "
Japanese Serow
Thomson's Gazelle
Zimbabwe
Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania
Japan
Hippotragus equinus '

Order ARTIODACTYLA Cephalophus harveyi '

Roan Antelope
Harvey's Red Duiker
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
Family CAMELIDAE Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
Faso, Burundi (ex), Cameroon,
Vicugna vicugna '"
Cephalophus natalensis ' Central African Republic, Chad,
Vicuna Natal Red Duiker Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Gambia,
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,
Zimbabwe? Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Family GIRAFFEDAE Nigeria,Rwanda, Senegal,
Giraffa camelopardalis ' Cephalophus rufilatus ' Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda,
Giraffe Red-flanked Duiker Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Central African Republic, Chad, Hippotragus niger '
Central African Republic, Chad,
Cote d'lvoire, Gambia, Ghana, Sable Antelope
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali (ex?),
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi,
Mauritania (ex), Mozambique (ex?),
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Namibia, South
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda
Sudan, Togo, Uganda (ex?), Zaire Africa, Swaziland [int], Tanzania,
[int], Senegal (ex), Somalia, South
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Connochaetes gnou '

Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Kobus ellipsiprymnus ''

Black Wildebeest
Lesotho, Namibia [int]. South Africa, Waterbuck
Family BOVmAE Swaziland Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
Aepyceros melampus '
Connochaetes taurinus ' African Republic, Chad, Congo,
Impala Blue & White-bearded Wildebeest Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Gabon,
Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi Gambia (ex?), Ghana, Guinea,
Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, (ex), Mozambique, Namibia, South Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi,
South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Zambia, Zimbabwe Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra

130
 Birds

Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Ovis nivicola " Tragelaphus imberbis '

Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Snow Sheep Lesser Kudu

Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Russia Ethiopia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia (ex?),
Kobus kob ' Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda,
Pelea capreolus '
Yemen (ex?)
Kob Grey Rhebok
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Tragelaphus oryx '
Botswana (ex), Lesotho, South
Central African Republic, Chad,
Africa, Swaziland Common Eland
Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Gambia (ex), Angola, Botswana, Burundi (ex),
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Raphicerus melanotis '
Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi,
Kenya (ex), Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Cape Grysbok Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda,
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone (ex), South Africa South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland,
Sudan, Tanzania (ex), Togo, Uganda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,
Zaire Raphicerus sharpei ' Zimbabwe
Sharpe's Grysbok Tragelaphus strepsiceros '
Kobus leche '
Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Greater Kudu
Lechwe
South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Angola, Botswana, Central African
Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea,
Africa [int], Zaire, Zambia
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,
Kobus vardoni ' Redunca arundinum '
Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia,
Puku Southern Reedbuck South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland,
Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Angola, Botswana, Congo (ex?), Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,
Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Gabon (ex?), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Litocranius walleri ' Order RODENTIA
Gerenuk Redunca fulvorufula '
Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia,
Family SCIURIDAE
Mountain Reedbuck
Tanzania Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Cynomys parvidens '^
Neotragus moschatus ' Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Utah Prairie Dog
Suni Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, USA
Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda Marmota bobak '"

Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine

Redunca redunca '

'
Oreotragus oreotragus Bohor Reedbuck
Klipspringer Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Family HETEROMYIDAE
Angola, Botswana, Burundi (ex). Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dipodomys stephensi "-
Central African Republic, Djibouti, Chad, Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Stephens' Kangaroo Rat
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho?, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, USA
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo,
Family MURffiAE
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Uganda, Zaire Eolagurus luteus '"

Oryx gazella ' China, Kazakhstan (ex), Mongolia

Rupicapra pyrenaica "
Gemsbok Southern Chamois Pseudomys shortridgei "
Angola, Botswana, Djibouti, Eritrea, Italy, Spain Heath Rat
Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Somalia, Australia
South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Syncerus caffer '
Uganda, Zimbabwe African Buffalo
Ourebia ourebi ' Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
Oribi Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina African Republic, Chad, Congo, Class AVES
Faso, Burundi (ex), Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea,
Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (ex), Order GRUIFORMES
Cote d'lvoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali,
Family GRUIDAE
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Grus monacha '
Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Hooded Crane
Namibia?, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Leone, Somalia, South Africa, China, Russia. * Japan, North Korea,
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, South Korea, Taiwan
South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire,
Tragelaphus angasii ' Order CHARADRIIFORMES
Zambia, Zimbabwe
Nyala Family LARTOAE
Ovis canadensis " Botswana [int], Malawi,
Bighorn Sheep Mozambique, Namibia [int]. South Larus audouinii '
Canada, Mexico, USA Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Audouin's Gull

131
 Lower Risk : conservation dependent

Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Class AMPHIBIA Order PERCIFORMES

Italy,Morocco, Spain, Tunisia,
Turkey. * Gabon, Gibraltar, Libya,
Order ANURA Family SPARmAE
Mauritania, Senegal, Western Sahara
Lithognatus lithognathus '=*

Family DISCOGLOSSroAE White Steenbras

Order COLUMBIFORMES Bombina bombina " South Africa

Family COLUMBIDAE Austria, Belams, Bosnia and

Columba trocaz -'

Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Family CICHLmAE
Czech Republic, Denmark,
Madeira Laurel Pigeon Germany, Greece, Hungary, Serranochromis meridianus '"

Portugal (Madeira) Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Lowveld Largemouth

Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa
Order PASSERIFORMES Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey,
Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Family GOBimAE
Family MUSCICAPmAE
Mistichthys luzonensis '»'

Acanthiza katherina -'

Order CAUDATA Sinarapan

Mountain Thombill
Philippines
Australia
Family SALAMANDRffiAE
Pachycephala rufogularis -'

Triturus cristatus " Family BELONTIIDAE

Red-lored Whistler
Great Crested Newt '"
Australia Belontia signata
Austria, Belams, Belgium, Czech
Sericornis keri -' Combtail
Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Sri Lanka
Atherton Scrubwren Finland, France, Germany, Hungary,
Australia Malpulutta kretseri "'
Latvia, Lithuania,Luxembourg,
Stipiturus mallee -' Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Ornate Paradisefish
Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Sri Lanka
Mallee Emuwren
Australia Ukraine, United Kingdom

Family MELIPHAGIDAE Class CRUSTACEA

Lichenostomus hindwoodi -'
Class ACTINOPTERYGII
Eungella Honeyeater Order ANOSTRACA
Australia
Order CYPRINIFORMES Family ARTEMIIDAE
Family FRINGILLEDAE Artemia monica "
Family CYPREVIDAE
Mono Lake Brine Shrimp
Fringilla teydea -'
Barbus treurensis '"
USA
Blue Chaffinch Treur River Barb
Spain (Canary Is) South Africa

Puntius cumingii '"

Order CYCLOPOIDA
Family CALLAEIDAE Two Spot Barb Family CYCLOPIDAE
Philesturnus carunculatus ^' Sri Lanka
Metacyclops campestris ""
Saddleback '"
Puntius nigrofasciatus Brazil
New Zealand
Black Ruby Barb '"
Muscocyclops bidenatiis
Sri Lanka
Brazil
Family PTILONORHYNCHIDAE '"
Puntius pleurotaenia ""
Prionodura newtoniana -' Muscocyclops therasiae
Side Striped Barb
Brazil
Golden Bowerbird Sri Lanka
Australia Ponticyclops boscoi '"
Puntius titteya "'
Brazil
Cherry Barb
Thermocyclops parvus ""
Sri Lanka
Class REPTILIA USA
Rasbora vaterifloris '"
Order TESTUDINES Valeria Flower Rasbora
Sri Lanka Order HARPACTICOroA
Family PELOMEDUSIDAE
Podocnemis expansa '">
Family CANTHOCAMPTroAE
South American River Turtle
Family BALITORIDAE Attheyella yemanjae '"
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Acanthocobitis urophthalmus "* Brazil
Guyana, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Banded Mountain Loach Canthocamptiis campaneri '«
Venezuela Sri Lanka Brazil

132
 "

Molluscs: snails

Family Tridacna maxima '" Family GEOMITRIDAE

PARASTENOCARroroAE Small Giant Clam
Caseolus leptostictus '"
'"
American Samoa, Australia, British
Murunducaris juneae Portugal (Madeira)
Indian Ocean Territory, China, Cook
Brazil Lemniscia calva '

Islands, Egypt, Federated States of

Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Portugal (Madeira)
Guam, India (Andaman &
Nicobar
Class INSECTA Is,Lakshadweep), Indonesia, Japan, Family HELICIDAE
Kenya, Kiribati, Madagascar, Hemicycla adansoni '
Order ORTHOPTERA Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Spain (Canary Is)
Islands, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Family ACRTOmAE Hemicycla inutilis '
Myanmar, New Caledonia, Northern
Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Spain (Canary Is)
Spaniacris deserticola '" Marianas,
Spanistic Desert Grasshopper Philippines, Pitcaim Islands, Saudi
Mexico, USA Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore,
Family HYGRGMimAE
Solomon South Africa, Sri
Islands, Canariella leprosa '•

Family GRYLLffiAE Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tokelau, Spain (Canary Is)

Tonga, Tuvalu, US Minor Pacific
Neonemobius eurynotus '" Canariella pthonera '
Islands, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Western
Bay Area Ground Cricket Spain (Canary Is)
Samoa
USA Tridacna squamosa '»'
Family PUPILLIDAE
Scaly Clam
Family STENOPELMATmAE American Samoa, Australia, British
Leiostyla laurinea '"
'* Portugal (Madeira)
Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus Indian Ocean Territory, Egypt,
Black-headed Jerusalem Cricket Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji,
French Polynesia, Guam (ex?), India
Family VERTIGEVIDAE
USA
(Andaman & Nicobar Is, Pupisoma orcula '"

Lakshadweep), Indonesia, Japan Federated States of Micronesia

Class BIVALVIA (ex?), Kenya, Kiribati, Madagascar,
Vertigo angustior '"
Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
Order UNIONOIDA Islands, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Myanmar, New Caledonia, Northern Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Family UNIONIDAE Marianas (ex?), Palau, Papua New Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland,
Simpsonaias ambigua -* Guinea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
USA Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Islands,South Africa, Sri Lanka, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden,
Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu,
Order VENEROroA USA [int] (Hawaiian Is), Vanuatu,
Switzerland, Ukraine, United
Kingdom
Viet Nam, Western Samoa
Family TRmACNroAE Vertigo genesii '"

Hippopus hippopus '" Germany, Norway, Poland,

Finland,
Bear Paw Clam
Class GASTROPODA Romania, Russia, Sweden,
American Samoa (ex?), Australia, Switzerland, United Kingdom
Federated States of Micronesia,
Order MESOGASTROPODA '"
Fiji Vertigo geyerii
(ex?), Guam (ex?), India? (Andaman Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark,
& Nicobar Is), Indonesia, Japan
Craspedoma hespericum ™
Finland, Germany, Ireland, Latvia,
(Nansei-shoto (ex?), Lithuania, Norway, Poland,
Portugal (Azores)
Ogasawara-gunto), Kiribati, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland,
Craspedoma lyonnetianum '"
Malaysia, Marshall Islands, United Kingdom
Myanmar, New Caledonia, Northern Portugal (Madeira)
Vertigo moulinsiana '"
Marianas (ex?), Palau, Papua New Craspedoma trochoideum '"
Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan,
Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Portugal (Madeira) Belarus, Belgium, Czech Repubhc,
Solomon Islands, Taiwan (ex?),
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Thailand?, Tonga (ex?), Tuvalu,
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland,
Vanuatu, Western Samoa (ex?)
Italy, Lithuania, Morocco,
Hippopus porcellanus "" Family BULEVTULroAE Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
China Clam Napaeus nanodes '
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain,
Indonesia, Palau, Philippines Spain (Canary Is) Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine

133
 " " "

Lists

Lower Risk near threatened

:

Class MAMMALIA Monodelphis dimidiata '-'

Lagorchestes conspicillatus "
Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Spectacled Hare-wallaby
Australia
Order DIDELPHIMORPHIA Monodelphis iheringi '-'

Brazil Macropus bemardus "

Family DIDELPHIDAE Black Wallaroo
Thylamys macrura '-'

Caluromys lanatus '-'

Brazil, Paraguay Australia
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Macropus irma "
Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Western Brush Wallaby
Venezuela Order DASYUROMORPHIA
Australia
Caluromys philander '-'
Family DASYURffiAE Macropus parma "
Brazil,French Guiana, Guyana, Parma Wallaby
Antechinus godmani
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, New Zealand
Atherton Antechinus [int]
Venezuela
Australia Petrogale burbidgei
Chironectes minimus '^'

Antechinus leo " Monjon

Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil,
Cinnamon Antechinus Australia
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
El Salvador, French Guiana,
Australia Petrogale coenensis "
Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Dasyurus hallucatus " Cape York Rock-wallaby
Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Northern Quoll Australia
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Australia Petrogale concinna "
Gracilinanus agilis "'
Dasyurus viverrinus " Nabarlek
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Eastern Quoll Australia
Peru, Uruguay Australia Petrogale sharmani
Gracilinanus marica '-' Phascogale tapoatafa " Mountain Claro Rock-wallaby
Colombia, Venezuela Brush-tailed Phascogale Australia

Gracilinanus microtarsus '-' Australia Petrogale xanthopus "

Brazil Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby
Australia
Marmosa lepida '^'

Bolivia, Brazil?, Colombia, Ecuador, Order DIPROTODONTIA

Peru, Suriname
Family PHASCOLARCXroAE Family PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE
Marmosops fuscatus '-'

Phascolarctos cinereus "

Hemibelideus lemuroides "
Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago,
Venezuela Koala Lemuroid Ringtail Possum
Australia
Australia
Marmosops impavidus '-'

Pseudochirops archeri "

Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru,
Green Ringtail Possum
Venezuela
Family POTOROroAE Australia
Marmosops incanus '-'

Bettongia gaimardi " Pseudochirulus cinereus "

Brazil
Tasmanian Bettong Daintree River Ringtail Possum
Marmosops invictus '-'
Australia Australia
Panama "
Wyulda squamicaudata Pseudochirulus herbertensis "
Marmosops parvidens '-'
Scaly-tailed Possum Herbert River Ringtail Possum
Brazil,Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Australia Australia
Suriname, Venezuela

Micoureus alstoni "'

Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Family MACROPODIDAE Family PETAURIDAE

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Dendrolagus bennettianus " Petaurus australis "
Panama Bennett's Tree-kangaroo Yellow-bellied Glider
Micoureus constantiae '-' Australia Australia
Argentina, Brazil, Colombia Dendrolagus lumholtzi Petaurus norfolcensis "
Monodelphis americana '^' Lumholtzi's Tree-kangaroo Squirrel Glider
Brazil Australia Australia

135
 "

Lower Risk ; near threatened

Order XENARTHRA Nyctimene aello *- Family MEGADERMAXmAE

Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat
Family DASYPODTOAE Cardioderma cor "
Papua New Guinea
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan,
Cabassous tatouay " Nyctimene certans « Tanzania, Uganda
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Tolypeutes matacus ^ Nyctimene cyclotis ' Family RHDMOLOPHroAE
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat
'-
Cloeotis percivali
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique,
Paranyctimene raptor *- South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Order INSECTIVORA Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Family ERINACEIDAE Coelops robinsoni '-
Pteropus chrysoproctus " Malaysia
Hylomys sinensis * Ambon Flying-fox
Nam Hipposideros camerunensis "
China, Myanmar, Viet Indonesia
Cameroon, Kenya, Zaire
Pteropus temmincki " *-
Hipposideros coronatus
Indonesia
Family SORICroAE Philippines
'-
Pteropus vetulus
Blarinella wardi " Hipposideros curtus "-
New Caledonia
Southern Short-tailed Shrew Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea,
China, Myanmar Rousettus bidens " Nigeria?
Indonesia
Crocidura thalia * Hipposideros dinops *-
Ethiopia Rousettus obliviosus ' Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,
Comoros Solomon Islands
Sorex macrodon "
Hipposideros edwardshilli «
'-
Mexico Styloctenium wallacei
Indonesia Papua New Guinea
Sorex oreopolus "
Mexico Thoopterus nigrescens " Hipposideros fuliginosus «
Swift Fruit Bat Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial
Indonesia, Philippines? Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia,
Sierra Leone, Togo, Zaire
Order CHIROPTERA Family EMBALLONURIDAE "^
Hipposideros halophyllus
Family PTEROPODIDAE Balantiopteryx io '- Thailand

Acerodon celebensis " Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Hipposideros hypophyllus «

Sulawesi Fruit Bat India
Cyttarops alecto '-
Indonesia Brazil, Costa Rica, Guyana, Hipposideros jonesi '-
Aethalops alecto '- Nicaragua Burkina Faso, Equatorial Guinea,
Diclidurus isabellus ' Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
Pygmy Fruit Bat
Brazil, Venezuela
Sudan
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
'- Saccolaimus flaviventris *- Hipposideros lekaguli •'^

Casinycters argynnis
Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand
Short-palate Fruit Bat Australia, Papua New Guinea
Cameroon, Zaire Hipposideros lylei '
Saccolaimus peli
'- Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand
Cynopterus nusatenggara
Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, '-
Indonesia Hipposideros macrobullatus
Uganda, Zaire Indonesia
Dobsonia exoleta '-
Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat
Saccopteryx gymnura '-
Hipposideros madurae *-

Brazil, Venezuela? Indonesia

Indonesia

Dobsonia minor "- Taphozous australis *-

Hipposideros obscurus '
Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat
Australia, Papua New Guinea Philippines

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Hipposideros pratti *-

Family NYCTERIDAE China, Malaysia, Myanmar,

Dobsonia praedatrix "-

Thailand, Viet Nam

New Britain Naked-backed Bat Nycteris aurita '^
Papua New Guinea Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
Hipposideros pygmaeus "
Philippines
Dyacopterus spadiceus'- Nycteris intermedia "-
'-
Dyak Fruit Bat Hipposideros schistaceus
Angola, Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire,
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, India
Gabon, Ghana, Tanzania, Zaire
Philippines Hipposideros semoni *^
Nycteris woodi '-
Epomophorus angolensis ••- Australia, Papua New Guinea
Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi,
Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Mozambique, Somalia?, South Hipposideros sorenseni '-

Angola, Namibia Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Indonesia

136
 Mammals •n

Hipposideros stenotis " Pteronotus quadridens '- Martinique, Montserrat, St Lucia, St

Australia Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Vincent
Jamaica, Puerto Rico
Hipposideros sumbae * Phyllonycteris poeyi "-

Indonesia Cuban Flower Bat

Hipposideros wollastoni ••- Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Anoura latidens ' Phyllops falcatiis •'-

Rhinolophus alcyone ' Venezuela Cayman Islands, Cuba, Haiti

Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Ardops nichollsi "- Phyllostomus latifolius *-

Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Colombia, French Guiana
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone?, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, St Platyrrhinus aurarius *-
Sudan, Uganda, Zaire Lucia, St Vincent Colombia, Suriname, Venezuela
Rhinolophus blasii '-
Artibeus amplus *- Platyrrhinus infuscus *-
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Colombia, Venezuela Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Greece,
Artibeus concolor " Peru
Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco,
Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana,
Pakistan, Romania, Somalia, South Platyrrhinus umbratus '-
Peru, Venezuela
Africa, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Colombia, Panama?, Venezuela
'-
Turkmenistan, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Artibeus fimbriatus '-
Rhinophylla alethina
Zaire Brazil, Paraguay
Colombia, Ecuador
Rhinolophus canuti '- Artibeus inopinatus *-
Rhinophylla fischerae *-

Indonesia El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua

Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Rhinolophus celebensis '- Artibeus obscurus '-
Sturnira aratathomasi '-
Indonesia Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
French Guiana, Pern, Venezuela
Sturnira bidens "
"-
Rhinolophus cornutus
China?, Japan Brachyphylla nana '-
Brazil?, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba,
Rhinolophus creaghi '- Venezuela
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica
Indonesia, Malaysia (ex), Turks and Caicos Islands Sturnira magna *-
'- Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Rhinolophus guineensis Choeroniscus godmani "
Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Sturnira mordax "-
Rhinolophus maclaudi "- Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Guinea, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda, Mexico, Nicaragua, Suriname, Tonatia evotis *-
Zaire Venezuela Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
'-
Rhinolophus monoceros •- Choeroniscus intermedius Vampyressa bidens '-

Taiwan Brazil,French Guiana, Pern, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana,

*-
Trinidad and Tobago Pern, Suriname, Venezuela
Rhinolophus nereis
Indonesia Choeronycteris mexicana •"-

Vampyressa melissa '-

"-
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, USA Colombia, French Guiana, Peru
Rhinolophus philippinensis
'-
Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Diphylla ecaudata Vampyrum spectrum *-

Papua New Guinea, Philippines Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,

Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala,
"-
Rhinolophus rufus Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,
Philippines
Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA, Nicaragua, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad
Rhinolophus shameli - Venezuela and Tobago, Venezuela
Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Glossophaga morenoi "-
Thailand Mexico
Rhinolophus silvestris "-
'-
Family NATALmAE
Lonchorhina orinocensis
Congo, Gabon Colombia, Venezuela Natalus lepidus "-
Bahamas, Cuba
Rhinolophus thomasi *- Micronycteris daviesi «
China, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Family VESPERTILIONmAE
Rhinolophus virgo *- Honduras, Panama, Peru, Suriname,
Chalinolobus beatrix •-
Philippines Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Congo, Cote d'lvoire,
Rhinolophus yunanensis " Micronycteris sylvestris '- Guinea-Bissau?, Kenya
China, India, Thailand Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, '-
Chalinolobus egeria
Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico,
Cameroon, Uganda
Nicaragua, Panama, Pern, Trinidad
Family MORMOOPIDAE and Tobago, Venezuela Chalinolobus gleni '-
Cameroon, Uganda
Mormoops blainvillii ' Monophyllus plethodon *-

Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Chalinolobus picatus *-
Jamaica, Puerto Rico Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Australia

137
Lower Risk : near threatened

*-
Chalinolobus poensis '- Miniopterus fraterculus *-
Myotis macrodactylus
Cote d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea, Angola, Madagascar, Malawi, Japan, Russia
Gambia, Ghana?, Nigeria, Senegal, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia "-
Myotis macrotarsus
Sierra Leone, Zaire
Miniopterus minor ^- Malaysia, Phihppines
*-
Chalinolobus tuberculatus Comoros, Congo, Kenya, '-
Myotis martiniquensis
New Zealand Madagascar, Sao Tome & Principe,
Barbados, Martinique
Tanzania, Zaire
Eptesicus bobrinskoi '-
Myotis montivagus '-

Iran?, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Miniopterus schreibersi *-

China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Uzbekistan Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria,
Thailand
"- Angola, Australia, Austria,
Eptesicus brunneus
Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Myotis myotis *-
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
Botswana, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Greater Mouse-eared Bat
(Bioko), Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria,
Central African Republic, China, Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium,
Sierra Leone, Zaire
Croatia, Ethiopia, France, Gambia?, Bulgaria, Cyprus,Czech Republic,
^-
Eptesicus caurinus Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Australia Guinea, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Jordan, Lebanon,
Israel, Italy,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg, Malta,
Eptesicus douglasorum '-

Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal

Australia
Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, (Azores), Romania, Slovakia,
"-
Eptesicus floweri Malaysia, Malta, Morocco, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria,
Mali, Sudan Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom
Eptesicus guineensis '- Nepal, Papua New Guinea, (ex?), Yugoslavia
Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Senegal, Philippines, Portugal, Romania,
Rwanda?, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Myotis nesopolus *-
Sierra Leone, Zaire
Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Colombia, Venezuela
Eptesicus pachyotis '- Islands, Somalia?, South Africa, *-
Myotis pequinius
India, Myanmar, Thailand
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, China
Eudiscopus denticulus *- Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Myotis ricketti *-
Laos, Myanmar
Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, China
Glischropus javanus '-
Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Viet Myotis ridleyi '-
Javan Thick-thumbed Bat
Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Indonesia, Malaysia
Indonesia
Zambia, Zimbabwe
Harpiocephalus mordax « Myotis rosseti '^
Murine aenea « Cambodia, Thailand
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand
Malaysia
Histiotus macrotus *- Nyctalus aviator '-
Murina aurata '-
China, Japan, North Korea, South
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
China, Myanmar, Nepal Korea
Histiotus velatus *-
Murina huttoni « Nyctalus lasiopterus '-
Brazil, Paraguay
China, India, Malaysia, Thailand,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
la io *-
Viet Nam
Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary,
China, India, Laos, Thailand, Viet
Murina rozendaali *- Kazakhstan, Libya,
Iran, Italy,
Nam Macedonia, Moldova, Morocco,
Malaysia
Kerivoula cuprosa « Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Cameroon, Kenya, Zaire
Murina silvatica " Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland,
Japan
Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Kerivoula intermedia "
Malaysia Myotis annectans ' *-
Nyctalus leisleri
India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia?,
*-
Kerivoula minuta
Myotis bombinus '-
Austria, Azerbaijan?, Belgium,
Malaysia, Thailand
China, Japan, Russia Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Kerivoula smithi *- China, Croatia, Czech Republic,
'-
Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire, Kenya, Myotis chiloensis
France, Georgia?, Germany, Greece,
Liberia, Nigeria, Zaire Chile
Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy,
Laephotis angolensis '- Myotis fortidens '- Kazakhstan?, Latvia, Libya,
Angola, Zaire Guatemala, Mexico Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,

'-
Moldova, Netherlands, Pakistan,
Laephotis botswanae '- Myotis frater
Poland, Portugal (Madeira),
Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, China, Japan, North Korea, Russia,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe South Korea
(Canary Is), Switzerland,
Laephotis wintoni *- Myotis goudoti *- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United
Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa Comoros, Madagascar Kingdom, Uzbekistan?, Yugoslavia
Lasiurus egregius * Myotis hosonoi '- Nyctalus montanus *-

Brazil, French Guiana, Panama Japan Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan

138
 " "

Mammals ^
Nycticeius rueppellii Family MOLOSSIDAE Tadarida espiritosantensis *-

Australia *- Brazil
Chaerephon bregullae
*-
Nyctophilus daedalus Fiji, Vanuatu Tadarida fulminans *-
Australia Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi,
Chaerephon chapini *-
Nyctophilus sherrini '^ Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania,
Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Australia Namibia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,
Nyctophilus walkeri "
Zimbabwe Tadarida ventralis '-
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,
Australia Chaerephon johorensis *-

Indonesia, Malaysia
Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan,
Pipistrellus oriel Tanzania, Zaire
Egypt, Sudan Chaerephon solomonis "
Pipistrellus bodenheimeri « Solomon Islands

Israel,Oman, Yemen Cheiromeles parvidens *-

Pipistrellus cadornae « Indonesia, Philippines Order PRIMATES

India, Myanmar, Thailand Cheiromeles torquatus '-
Family CHEIROGALEmAE
Pipistrellus kitcheneri "- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Phaner furcifer "
Indonesia Eumops underwoodi '-
Fork-marked Lemur
Pipistrellus macrotis *- Belize, El Salvador. Honduras,
Madagascar
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Nicaragua, USA
"-
Pipistrellus tnordax "- Molossops abrasus
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana,
Indonesia, Philippines?
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Family LORIDAE
*-
Pipistrellus musciculus Arctocebus aureus '"
Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire Molossops mattogrossensis •*-

Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela

Golden Potto
Pipistrellus papuanus *-
Cameroon, Central African
'-
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Molossus aztecus Republic?, Congo, Equatorial
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Guinea, Gabon, Zaire?
Pipistrellus paterculus '
Nicaragua
China, India, Myanmar, Thailand Arctocebus calabarensis ""
*-
'-
Molossus coibensis Angwantibo
Pipistrellus pulveratus
Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Brazil, Cameroon, Nigeria
China, Hong Kong, Thailand Mexico, Panama, Peru. Venezuela
*-
Pipistrellus wattsi
Mops congicus '- Family GALAGONffiAE
Papua New Guinea Cameroon, Gambia?, Ghana, Euoticus elegantulus '"
Rhogeessa alleni '- Nigeria, Uganda, Zaire
Western Needle-clawed Galago
Mexico Mops demonstrator *- Angola?, Cameroon, Central African
Rhogeessa genowaysi '- Burkina Faso, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea,
Mexico Gabon, Zaire
Mops petersoni '-
Rhogeessa gracilis '-
Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone? Euoticus pallidus '"
Mexico Northern Needle-clawed
Mops sarasinorum *-

Rhogeessa minutilla " Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea,

Indonesia, Philippines
Nigeria
Colombia, Venezuela
Mops trevori '-

Rhogeessa mira " Uganda, Zaire

Galago alleni '"
Mexico Allen's Galago
'-
Tadarida australis Angola?, Cameroon, Central African
Rhogeessa parvula " Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea,
Mexico Guinea Gabon, Nigeria
Scotoecus albofuscus " Tadarida brasiliensis '- '"
Galago gallarum
Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Somali Galago
Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Ethiopia?, Kenya, Somalia
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Cayman Colombia,
Islands, Chile,
Galago niatschiei '"
Sudan Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Lesser Needle-clawed Galago
Scotomanes omatus '-

El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Burundi?, Rwanda?, Uganda, Zaire

China, India, Myanmar, Thailand,
Viet Nam Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Galago zanzibaricus '"
Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico,
Scotophilus nigrita "- Zanzibar Galago
Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles,
Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Zimbabwe
Somalia, Tanzania,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St
Sudan, Togo, Zaire, Zimbabwe Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks Otolemur garnettii '"

Scotophilus robustus " and Caicos Islands, USA, Uruguay, Small-eared Greater Galago
Madagascar Venezuela Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania

139
 Lower Risk : near threatened

Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Papio hamadryas "" Family FELffiAE

'" Hamadryas Baboon Catopuma temmincki *
Allenopithecus nigroviridis Egypt (ex), Eritrea,
Djibouti,
Allen's Swamp Monkey Asiatic Golden Cat
Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Cameroon, Congo, Zaire Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
Sudan, Yemen China, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Cercocebus atys '"' Papio papio '" Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Sooty Mangabey Guinea Baboon Thailand, Viet Nam
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau?,
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, Leopardus tigrinus *
Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Sierra
Sierra Leone Little Spotted Cat
Leone Argentina, Bolivia?, Brazil,
""
Cercocebus galeritus Presbytis femoralis '" Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Crested Mangabey Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua?,
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Paraguay?, Suriname, Venezuela
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Presbytis thomasi '"
Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire Indonesia Panthera onca *
Jaguar
Cercocebus torquatus '" Procolobus badius "" Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil,
Red-capped Mangabey Red Colobus Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire. Burundi, Cameroon, Central African French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Republic, Congo, Cote d'lvoire. Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,
Sierra Leone Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Venezuela
'" Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra
CercopUhecus hamlyni
Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire Prionailurus viverrinus *
Owl-faced Monkey Fishing Cat
Rwanda, Uganda?, Zaire Procolobus verus '" Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei,
Olive Colobus Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,
CercopUhecus Ihoesti '"
Benin?, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
L'Hoest's Monkey Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Pakistan (ex?), Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Burandi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire
Leone, Togo (ex?) Viet Nam
Colobus polykomos "" '•"
Semnopithecus entellus
Western Black-and-white Colobus
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India,
Cote d'lvoire, Gambia, Guinea, Family MUSTELffiAE
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal?,
'" Aonyx cinerea '"
Sierra Leone Theropithecus gelada
'" Gelada Baboon Oriental Small-clawed Otter
Lophocebus aterrimus
Ethiopia Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei,
Black Mangabey Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,
Angola, Zaire Trachypithecus cristatus '•"
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
'" Brunei?, Cambodia, India, Indonesia,
Macaca fascicularis Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Crab-eating Macaque Viet Nam
Singapore?, Thailand, Viet Nam
Brunei?, Cambodia, India (Andaman Aonyx congica '-'

& Nicobar Is), Indonesia, Laos, Burundi?, Cameroon, Central

Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, African Republic, Congo, Gabon,
Thailand, Viet Nam Family HYLOBATmAE Niger?, Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire
Macaca hecki '" Hylobates agilis '"
Heck's Macaque Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
Indonesia
'«
Family PHOCIDAE
Hylobates lar
Macaca mulatta '" China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Phoca sibirica '"

Rhesus Macaque Myanmar, Thailand Baikal Seal

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Russia
'•"
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Hylobates muelleri
[L. Baikal]
Pakistan, USA [int], Viet Nam Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia

Macaca sinica '" Hylobates syndactylus '" Family PROCYONmAE

Toque Macaque Indonesia, Malaysia Bassaricyon beddardi '"

Sri Lanka Guyana, Venezuela?

Macaca tonkeana "" Order CARNIVORA Bassaricyon gabbii '"
Tonkean Macaque Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Indonesia Family CANmAE Nicaragua, Panama
Mandrillus sphinx '" Crysocyon brachyurus " Bassariscus sumichrasti '"
Mandrill Maned Wolf Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Guatemala, Honduras?, Mexico,
Guinea, Gabon Peru, Uruguay? Nicaragua, Panama

140
 Mammals n
Order CETACEA Family BOVmAE Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad,
Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Family BALAENOPTERmAE Capra pyrenaica "
Israel, Libya, Mali, Mauritania,
Spanish Ibex
Balaenoptera acutorostrata " Portugal (ex), Spain
Morocco, Niger, Nigeria?, Senegal
Minke Whale (ex), Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia,
[Arctic Sea, Atlantic (eastern central, Cephalophus callipygus ' Westem Sahara
northeast, northwest, western Duiker
Peters' Gazella subgutturosa '

central), Mediterranean and Black Cameroon, Central African Republic, Goitred Gazelle
Sea] Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Afghanistan, Armenia (ex),
Cephalophus dorsalis ' Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China,
Order PERISSODACTYLA Bay Duiker Georgia(ex), Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
Angola, Benin?, Cameroon, Central Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,
Family TAPIRIDAE African Republic, Congo, Cote Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi
Tapirus terrestris '" d'lvoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Arabia, Syria (ex), Tajikistan,
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Turkey, United Arab Emirates,
Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uzbekistan, Yemen
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uganda (ex), Zaire Kobus megaceros '
Venezuela Nile Lechwe
Cephalophus leucogaster '
White-bellied Duiker Ethiopia, Sudan

Order ARTIODACTYLA Cameroon, Central African Republic, Naemorhedus goral "

Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Himalayan Goral
Family SUIDAE Uganda (ex), Zaire Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan

Sus philippensis '" Cephalophus maxwellii ' Neotragus batesi '

Philippine Warty Pig Maxwell's Duiker Bates' Pygmy Antelope
Philippines Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'lvoire, Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Nigeria, Uganda, Zaire
Family TRAGULIDAE Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
Neotragus pygmaeus ">

Hyemoschus aquaticus " Cephalophus niger '

Cameroon, Central African Republic, Royal Antelope
Black Duiker Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea,
Congo, Cote d'lvoire. Equatorial
Benin?, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea?,
Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra
Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Okapiajohnstoni '
Leone, Togo
Uganda, Zaire Okapi
Cephalophus nigrifrons '
Uganda?, Zaire
Black-fronted Duiker
Family MOSCHIDAE Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
Procapra gutturosa '
Moschus berezovskii " African Republic, Congo, Equatorial
Mongolian Gazelle
Forest Musk Deer Guinea?, Gabon, Kenya, Rwanda, China, Mongolia, Russia
China, Myanmar, Viet Nam Uganda, Zaire Procapra picticaudata '

Moschus chrysogaster " Cephalophus ogilbyi ' Tibetan Gazelle

Afghanistan, China, India, Nepal, Bhutan?, China, India
Ogilby's Duiker
Pakistan Cameroon, Congo?, Cote d'lvoire. Pseudois nayaur "
Moschus fuscus " Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Blue Sheep
Black Musk Deer Guinea?, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra China, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Leone
Taurotragus derbianus '
Nepal Cephalophus silvicultor '
Giant Eland
Family CERVIDAE Yellow-backed Duiker Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad (ex?). Cote d'lvoire (ex),
Hydropotes inermis " Bumndi (ex?), Cameroon, Central Gambia (ex), Ghana (ex),
Chinese Water Deer African Republic, Chad, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Mali (ex), Nigeria
China Cote d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea, (ex), Senegal, Sudan, Togo (ex),

Mazama rufina " Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Uganda (ex?), Zaire

Red Brocket Deer Nigeria, Rwanda (ex?), Senegal,
Little Tragelaphus eurycerus '
Ecuador, Venezuela Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda,
Bongo
Zaire, Zambia
Ozotoceros bezoarticus " Benin (ex?), Cameroon, Central
Pampas Deer Cephalophus weynsi ' African Republic, Congo, Cote
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Weyn's Duiker d'lvoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,

Uruguay Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan,
Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire Togo (ex?), Uganda (ex), Zaire
Pudu mephistophiles "
Northern Pudu Gazella dorcas ' Tragelaphus spekii '
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dorcas Gazelle Sitatunga

141
 ' '

Lower Risk near threatened

:

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Hylopetes bartelsi " Sundasciurus brookei "
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Indonesia Indonesia, Malaysia
Chad, Congo, Cote d'lvoire?.
Hylopetes nigripes " Sundasciurus moellendorffi "
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia,
Philippines Philippines
Ghana (ex?), Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Lariscus niobe " Sundasciurus steerii "
Niger (ex), Nigeria, Rwanda, Indonesia Philippines
Senegal, Sierra Leone (ex?), Sudan, Syntheosciurus brochus "
Lariscus obscurus "
Tanzania, Togo (ex?), Uganda, Mountain Squirrel
Indonesia
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Costa Rica, Panama
Marmota caudata "
Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, India,

Order PHOLIDOTA Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan Family CASTORIDAE

Paraxerus alexandri " Castor fiber "
Family MANIDAE Uganda, Zaire Eurasian Beaver
Manis crassicaudata "" Austria, Belarus, China, Czech
Petaurista magnificus "
Indian Pangolin Republic, Estonia, Finland, France,
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal
Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan, Germany, Hungary, Latvia,
Petaurista nobilis " Lithuania, Moldova?, Mongolia,
Sri Lanka
Bhutan, India, Nepal Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Manis javanica ""
Petinomys lugens " Russia, Slovakia, Sweden,
Malayan Pangolin Switzerland, Ukraine
Indonesia
Bangladesh?, Brunei, Cambodia,
China?, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Prosciurillus weberi "
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore Indonesia Family GEOMYmAE
(ex?), Thailand, Viet Nam
Pteromys volans Orthogeomys cherriei "
Manis pentadactyla "" Costa Rica
Russian Flying Squirrel
Chinese Pangolin China, Finland, Japan, Mongolia, Pappogeomys fumosus "
Bangladesh?, Cambodia, China, North Korea, Russia, South Korea Mexico
Hong Kong, India, Laos, Myanmar,
Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam
Pteromyscus pulverulentus " Pappogeomys tylorhinus "
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico
Manis temminckii ™ Thailand
Temminck's Ground Pangolin Pappogeomys zinseri "
Sciurus anomalus Mexico
Angola, Botswana, Central African
Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Persian Squirrel Thomomys umbrinus "
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mexico, USA
Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon,
Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Syria, Turkey
Zambia, Zimbabwe Sciurus arizonensis "
Family HETEROMYmAE
Mexico, USA Dipodomys nitratoides "-

San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat

Sciurus richmondi "
Order RODENTIA Nicaragua
USA
Dipodomys phillipsii "
Family SCIURIDAE Sciurus sanbomi " '

Mexico
Peru
Aeretes melanopterus "
'
Heteromys goldmani "
China Sciurus vulgaris
Mexico
Belomys pearsonii " Red Squirrel
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Heteromys oresterus "
Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Costa Rica
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Liomys adspersus "
Viet Nam
France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Panama
Eoglaucomys fimbriatus "
Italy,Japan, Macedonia,
India, Pakistan Liomys spectabilis "
Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Mexico
Epixerus ebii " Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Perognathus alticola *^

Leone Switzerland, United Kingdom, White-eared Pocket Mouse

Yugoslavia USA
Epixerus wilsoni "
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Spermophilus madrensis " Perognathus amplus "
Mexico Mexico, USA
Funisciurus Isabella "
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Spermophilus major "
Congo Russia Family DEPODroAE
Hylopetes haberi " Spermophilus perotensis " Allactaga buUata "
Afghanistan Mexico China, Mongolia

142
 "" "

Mammals *n

Allactaga euphratica " Brachyuromys ramirohitra " Eliurus webbi "

Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Madagascar Madagascar
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey "
Bunomys fratrorum Gerbillus nancillus "
Jaculus orientalis " Indonesia Sudan
Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Libya, heinrichi "
Bunomys Gerbillus poecilops "
Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia Indonesia Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Pygeretmus shitkovi " Calomyscus mystax " Gerbillus riggenbachi "
Kazakhstan Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan Western Sahara
[L. Balkhash]
Calomyscus tsolovi " Grammomys minnae "
Salpingotus heptneri Syria Ethiopia
Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan
Calomyscus urartensis '*
Habromys lepturus "
Salpingotus kozlovi " Azerbaijan, Iran Mexico
China, Mongolia
Celaenomys silaceus * Hapalomys delacouri "
"
Sicista betulina Philippines China, Viet Nam
Northern Birch Mouse Chibchanomys •"

Austria, Azerbaijan, China, Czech

trichotis Hapalomys longicaudatus "
Colombia, Peru, Venezuela Myanmar
Republic, Denmark, Finland,
Chionomys gud " "
Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Hodomys alleni
Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Norway, Georgia, Russia, Turkey Mexico
Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Chionomys nivalis «
Hybomys basilii "
Sweden, Ukraine Snow Vole Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Sicista subtilis ' Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Hydromys habbema "
Southern Birch Mouse New Guinea
Indonesia, Papua
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France,
Georgia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Hydromys hussoni "
Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Poland, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, "
Hydromys shawmayeri
Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
'*
Ichthyomys hydrobates
Chionomys roberti "
Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela
Georgia, Russia, Turkey
Family MURIDAE " Isthmomys pirrensis "
Chiropodomys muroides
Acomys nesiotes " Panama
Malaysia
Cyprus '" Juscelinomys candango "
Clethrionomys sikotanensis
"' Brazil
Aethomys stannarius Japan, Russia
Cameroon, Nigeria Kadarsanomys sodyi "
'
Cricetulus migratorius
Indonesia
Akodon sanctipaulensis " Grey Hamster
Brazil Afghanistan, Bulgaria, China, Lasiopodomys fuscus "
Alticola albicauda " Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, China
India, Pakistan
Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Moldova, Leggadina forresti "
Mongolia, Pakistan, Romania, Australia
Alticola roylei Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
China, India
"
Leggadina lakedownensis "
Dasymysfoxi Lakeland Downs Mouse
Apodemus semotus "
Nigeria
Australia
Taiwan "
Dendromus kahuziensis '"
Arvicola sapidus » Lemniscomys roseveari
Zaire
Zambia
Southern Water Vole
Dendromus lovati " «
France, Portugal, Spain Lenoxus apicalis
Ethiopia
" Bolivia, Peru
Beamys major Dendroprionomys rousseloti " '"
Greater Hamster-rat Lophuromys medicaudatus
Congo
Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia Rwanda, Zaire
Dinaromys bogdanovi '
Bibimys torresi Lophuromys melanonyx "
Balkan Snow Vole
Argentina Ethiopia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
"
Blanfordimys bucharicus " Macedonia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia Lophuromys rahmi
Afghanistan?, Tajikistan Rwanda, Zaire
Diomys crumpi "
Blarinomys breviceps " India, Nepal Malacomys lukolelae '"
Zaire
Brazil Diplothrix legatus "
Mallomys istapantap "
Brachyuromys betsileoensis " Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant Rat
Madagascar Japan (Nansei-shoto) Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

143
 '

Lower Risk : near threatened

Mastomys verheyeni " Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, USA, Oryzomys levipes "
Cameroon, Nigeria Ukraine Bolivia, Peru

Maxomys hylomyoides " Microtus sachalinensis " Oryzomys oniscus "

Indonesia Russia Brazil

Maxomys pagensis " Microtus tatricus * Otomys anchietae "

Indonesia Tatra Vole Angola, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania
" Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine
Maxomys panglima Otomys denti "'

Philippines Microtus thomasi ' Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia

Megadontomys cryophilus " Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, "
Otomys saundersiae
Mexico Croatia, Greece, Macedonia,
South Africa
Slovenia, Yugoslavia
"
Melomys aerosus Otomys sloggetti "
Indonesia Mus mayori " South Africa
Sri Lanka
Melomys bougainville " Otomys typus "
Solomon Islands Mus spicilegus '
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania,
Steppe Mouse
Melomys fraterculus " Uganda, Zambia
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Indonesia Peromyscus grandis "
Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia,
Melomys obiensis " Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine, Guatemala
Indonesia Yugoslavia Peromyscus guardia "
Mesembriomys gouldii " Mexico
Mus vulcani "
Australia Indonesia Peromyscus simulus "
Microdillus peeli " Myomys albipes " Mexico
Somalia Ethiopia Peromyscus winkelmanni "
Microhydromys richardsoni "
Myopus sckisticolor ' Mexico
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea China, Finland, Mongolia, Norway, Petromyscus monticularis "
Micromys minutus "
Russia, Sweden South Africa
Harvest Mouse
Myospalax epsilanus " Phloeomys pallidus "•
Armenia?, Austria, Azerbaijan?,
China, Russia Philippines
Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Myospalax rothschildi " Phyllotis bonaeriensis *»

Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, China Argentina

Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Myospalax smithii " Pithecheir melanurus "
Germany, Hungary, India, Italy,
China Indonesia
Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia,
"
Mongolia, Netherlands, North Korea, Neacomys pictus Podoxymys roraimae "
Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Panama Guyana
South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Neotoma magister " Praomys mutoni '"
Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Allegheny Woodrat Zaire
Kingdom, Yugoslavia USA
'
Prionomys batesi "
Microtus cabrerae Neotoma palatina " Dollman's Tree Mouse
Cabrera's Vole Mexico Cameroon, Central African Republic
France, Portugal, Spain
Nesokia bunnii " Proedromys bedfordi "
Microtus feltini Iraq China
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Niviventer coxingi " Pseudomys delicatulus "

Slovenia, Yugoslavia Taiwan Australia

Microtus guentheri ' Niviventer culturatus " Pseudomys desertor "

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Taiwan Australia
Croatia, Greece, Macedonia,
Niviventer hinpoon " Pseudomys johnsoni "
Slovenia, Turkey, Yugoslavia
Thailand Australia
Microtus nasarovi " Notomys aquilo " Pseudomys nanus "
Russia
Northern Hopping-mouse Australia
Microtus oaxacensis " Australia
Rattus foramineus "
Mexico "
Notomys cervinus Indonesia
Microtus oeconomus *
Australia
Rattus giluwensis "
Root Vole
Oligoryzomys vegetus " Giluwe Rat
Austria, Belarus?, Canada, Czech
Panama Papua New Guinea
Republic, Finland, Germany,
Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Oryzomys dimidiatus " Rattus hainaldi '=

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Nicaragua Indonesia

144
 " '

Mammals n
Rattus jobiensis " Xenuromys barbatus " Macedonia, Poland, Romania,
Indonesia Rock-dwelling Rat Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Rattus koopmani "
Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Indonesia

Rattus sordidus " Family BATHYERGmAE

Australia Family ANOMALURIDAE
Bathyergus janetta "
Anomalurus pelii "
Rattus tunneyi Namibia, South Africa
Australia Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra
Cryptomys foxi "
" Leone
Reithrodontomys hirsutus Nigeria
Mexico Idiurus macrotis "
Cryptomys zechi "
Benin, Cameroon, Central African
Reithrodontomys microdon " Ghana, Togo
Republic, Congo, Cote d'lvoire,
Guatemala, Mexico Heliophobius argenteocinereus "
Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia,
Reithrodontomys paradoxus " Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania,
Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Zaire
Costa Rica, Nicaragua Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Idiurus zenkeri "
Reithrodontomys zacatecae " Cameroon, Central African Republic, Family HYSTRICIDAE
Mexico Congo, Gabon, Uganda, Zaire
Hystrix crassispinis "
Rheomys mexicanus "
Zenkerella insignis " Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Mexico Flightless Scaly-tailed Squirrel
Hystrix cristata
Rhipidomys caucensis " Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Crested Porcupine
Colombia Gabon
Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Rhipidomys ochrogaster " Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Italy, Kenya,
Peru Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,

Solomys salebrosus "

Family MYOXIDAE Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Senegal, South Africa, Sudan,
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Dryomys laniger "
Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Westem
Srilankamys oriensis " Turkey
Sahara
Sri Lanka Dryomys nitedula *
Forest Dormouse
Family CHINCHILLroAE
Steatomys cuppedius "
Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Austria, Belarus, Lagidium wolffsohni •"
Senegal Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Argentina, Chile
"'
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran,
Stenocephalemys albocaudata Family CAVIIDAE
Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan,
Ethiopia
Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Pakistan, DoUchotis patagonum "
Stenocephalemys griseicauda "' Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
Argentina
Ethiopia Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Dolichotis satinicola "
Tachyoryctes daemon " Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
Rwanda, Tanzania
Tachyoryctes spalacinus " Eliomys melanurus " Family DASYPROCTmAE
Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,
Kenya Dasyprocta mexicana "
Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi
Taeromys punicans " Mexico
Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey
Indonesia
Muscardinus avellanarius '"
Thallomys shortridgei "'
Common Dormouse Family AGOUXmAE
South Africa
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Agouti taczanowskii "
Thomasomys monochromos " and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
Colombia Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
" Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,
Thomasomys notatus
Peru
Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Family CTENOMYmAE
Netherlands, Poland, Romania,
Ctenomys latro "
Tylomys fulviventer " Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden,
Argentina
Panama Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,
" United Kingdom, Yugoslavia Ctenomys nattereri "
Uromys anak
Brazil
Papua New Guinea Myoxus glis «
Ctenomys sociabilis "
Uromys hadrourus " Fat Dormouse
Armenia?, Austria, Azerbaijan, Argentina
Australia
Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and
Volemys clarkei " Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
China Family ECHIMYroAE
Czech Republic, Estonia?, France,
Xenomys nelsoni " Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Carterodon sulcidens "
Mexico Iran, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Brazil

145
 Lower Risk : near threatened

Diplomys caniceps " Class AVES Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

Colombia, Ecuador
Order RHEIFORMES Family DIOMEDEmAE
Echimys blainvillei "
Brazil Diomedea bulleri -'

Family RHEffiAE Buller's Albatross

Echimys pictus "
Rhea americana -' New Zealand
Brazil
Greater Rhea Diomedea chrysostoma -'
Isothrix bistriata " Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay,
Grey-headed Albatross
Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela Uruguay Australia, Falkland Islands, French
Isothrix pagurus " Rhea pennata -'
Southern and Antarctic Territories,
Brazil Lesser Rhea New Zealand, South Africa
Olallamys albicauda " Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru Diomedea epomophora -'

Colombia Royal Albatross

Olallamys edax " New Zealand
Colombia, Venezuela Order CASUARIIFORMES Diomedea irrorata -'

Proechimys albispinus " Family CASUARIIDAE Waved Albatross

Brazil Ecuador
Casuarius bennetti -'
Proechimys gorgonae " Dwarf Cassowary Phoebetria fusca -'
Colombia Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Sooty Albatross
French Southern and Antarctic
Family CAPROMYroAE Territories, South Africa, St Helena
Order TINAMIFORMES
Mysateles melanurus "
Bushy-tailed Hutia Family TINAMmAE
Cuba Family PROCELLARiroAE
Crypturellus columbianus -'

Mysateles meridionalis " Colombian Tinamou Macronectes halli -'

Isla de la Juventud Tree Hutia Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Northern Giant-petrel
Cuba Peru Australia, French Southern and

-'
Antarctic Territories, New Zealand,
Crypturellus noctivagus
South Africa
Yellow-legged Tinamou
Order LAGOMORPHA Brazil Puffinus bulleri -'
Buller's Shearwater
Family OCHOTONIDAE Crypturellus transfasciatus "
New Zealand
Pale-browed Tinamou
Ochotona forresti ""
Forrest's Pika
Ecuador, Peru Family HYDROBATmAE
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar Nothocercus nigrocapiltus -'
Oceanodroma homochroa -'
"" Hooded Tinamou Ashy Storm-petrel
Ochotona thomasi
Bolivia, Peru
Thomas' Pika Mexico, USA
China Tinamus solitarius -'
Oceanodroma monorhis -'

Solitary Tinamou
Swinhoe's Storm-petrel
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan. * China
Family LEPORmAE
"" Oceanodroma tethys -'

Brachylagus idahoensis
Order SPHENISCIFORMES Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel
Pygmy Rabbit
Ecuador, Peru
USA
Family SPHENISCIDAE Oceanodroma tristrami -'

Lepus callotis ""

Spheniscus demersus -' Tristram's Storm-petrel
White-sided Jackrabbit
Jackass Penguin Japan (Kazan-retto), USA (Hawaiian
Mexico, USA
Namibia, South Africa. * Angola, Is)
Lepus insularis ""
Mozambique
Black Jackrabbit
Mexico Spheniscus humboldti -'
""
Humboldt Penguin Order PELECANIFORMES
Lepus yarkandensis Chile, Peru
Yarkland Hare Family SULIDAE
China
Sylvilagus cunicularius ""
Moms capensis -'

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Cape Gannet

Mexican Cottontail * Angola,
Namibia, South Africa.
Mexico Family PODICIPEDroAE
Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial
Sylvilagus mansuetus '" Podiceps gallardoi -' Guinea, Gabon, Mozambique,
San Jose Brush Rabbit Hooded Grebe Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe,
Mexico Argentina Tanzania, Zaire

146
 Birds

Family Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan, Mozambique, Pakistan, Senegal,

PHALACROCORACIDAE Thailand, Viet Nam Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda,
Tigrisoma fasciatum =' Yemen, Zimbabwe
Phalacrocorax coronatus -'

Crowned Cormorant Fasciated Tiger-heron

Angola, Namibia, South Africa Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Order ANSERIFORMES
Phalacrocorax gaimardi -'
Venezuela
Red-legged Cormorant Family ANHIMIDAE
Argentina, Chile, Peru
Zebrilus undulatus -'

Chauna chavaria -'

Zigzag Heron
Phalacrocorax neglectus '' Northern Screamer
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Bank Cormorant Colombia, Venezuela
French Guiana, Guyana, Peru,
Namibia, South Africa Suriname, Venezuela
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis -'
Zonerodius heliosylus -' Family ANATTOAE
Socotra Cormorant Forest Bittern Aix galericulata -'

Yemen Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Mandarin Duck

Phalacrocorax pygmeus -'
China, Japan, North Korea, Russia,
Pygmy Cormorant Family BALAENICIPITmAE South Korea. * Austria [int],
Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Belgium [int], Netherlands [int],
Balaeniceps rex -'
Taiwan, United Kingdom [int]
Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy,
Shoebill
Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Anas luzonica -'
Bumndi?, Central African Republic,
Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Philippine Duck
Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, Sudan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Philippines
Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia
Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan, Austria,
Georgia, Israel
Anas melleri -'

Family CICONIIDAE Meller's Duck

Madagascar, Mauritius [int]

Family ANHEVGIDAE Anastomus oscitans -'

Asian Openbill
Anas specularis -'

Anhinga melanogaster^' Bangladesh, Cambodia, Spectacled Duck

India,
Oriental Darter Argentina, Chile
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam Chtoephaga rubidiceps -'

India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Ruddy-headed Goose

Mycteria leucocephala ^'

Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands

Painted Stork
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Cygnus buccinator -'
(ex?), Viet Nam
Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Trumpeter Swan
Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam Canada, USA
Order CICONIIFORMES
Heteronetta atricapilla -'

Family ARDEffiAE Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Black-headed Duck

Lophotibis cristata -' Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Agamia agami 2' Paraguay, Uruguay
Agami Heron Madagascar Crested Ibis
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Madagascar Neochenjubata -'

Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Pseudibis papulosa -' Orinoco Goose

French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Red-naped Ibis
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan
Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Threskiornis melanocephalus -'
Tobago, Venezuela Tachyeres leucocephalus -'
Black-headed Ibis
Ardea sumatrana ^'
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India,
Chubut Steamerduck
Great-billed Heron
Argentina
Indonesia, Japan (ex), Nepal,
Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Viet
Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Nam. * China, Hong Kong,
Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Indonesia, Japan, Lesotho, Malaysia, Order FALCONIFORMES
Nam Myanmar, Thailand Family ACdPITRTOAE
Ardeola idae -' -'
Accipiter butleri
Madagascar Pond-heron Family PHOENICOPTERroAE
Nicobar Sparrowhawk
Madagascar, Seychelles. * Burundi, Phoenicopterus minor 2' India
Comoros, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda,
Lesser Flamingo -'
Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe Accipiter collaris
Botswana, Djibouti, Kenya,
Semicollared Hawk
Ixobrychus eurhythmus -'
Mauritania, Namibia, South Africa,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
Schrenck's Bittern Zaire, Zambia. * Angola, Burundi,
^'
China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Accipiter henstii
South Korea. * Brunei, China, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Henst's Goshawk
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, India, Madagascar, Malawi, Madagascar

147
 Lower Risk : near threatened

Accipiter luteoschistaceus -' Central African Republic, Chad, Henicopemis infuscatus ^'

Slaty-mantled Sparrowhawk Cote d'lvoire, Cyprus, Djibouti, Black Honey-buzzard

Papua New Guinea Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Papua New Guinea
Ghana, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq,
Accipiter madagascariensis ^' Ichthyophaga humilis ''

Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon,

Madagascar Sparrowhawk Lesser Fish-eagle
Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali,
Madagascar China, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Accipiternanus ^' Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria,
Oman, Pakistan, Rwanda, Saudi
Thailand, Viet Nam
Small Sparrowhawk
Indonesia Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus ^'
-'
Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Grey-headed Fish-eagle
Accipiter potiogaster
Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia,
Grey-bellied Goshawk Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Zambia, Zimbabwe Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,
Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
-'
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Circus maillardi
Madagascar Harrier Leucopternis plumbea -'
-'
Accipiter princeps Plumbeous Hawk
Comoros, Madagascar, Reunion
New Britain Goshawk Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru
Papua New Guinea Circus maurus -'

Black Harrier Leucopternis polionota -^

Aegypius monachus -'
Mantled Hawk
Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
Cinereous Vulture Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Afghanistan, Albania (ex?), Gyps bengalensis -'
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria?, White-rumped Vulture Leucopternis semiplumbea -'

China, Cyprus?, Georgia, Greece, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Semiplumbeous Hawk
Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Mongolia, Pakistan, Portugal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam Honduras, Panama
Russia, Spain (Balearic Is), Syria?, ' Megatriorchis doriae ^'
Gyps indicus
Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Doria's Goshawk
Long-billed Vulture
Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. * Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos,
Bangladesh?, Bhutan?, Egypt, Hong
Kong, Morocco,
India, Italy,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Morphnus guianensis ^'

Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Thailand, Viet Nam Crested Eagle

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Haliaeetus albicilla -'
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Thailand White-tailed Eagle
French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
Aquila gurneyi -' Albania (ex?), Armenia, Austria,
Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Gumey's Eagle Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China,
Suriname, Venezuela
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, (jeorgia, Germany, Greece, Oroaetus isidori -'

Aviceda jerdoni ^' Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Black-and-chestnut Eagle

Jerdon's Baza Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia,
Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sarcogyps calvus -'
Philippines, Thailand Russia, Sweden, Turkey, Red-headed Vulture
Butastur liventer -' Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
* Afghanistan, Faeroe Islands,
Rufous-winged Buzzard China, India, Laos, Malaysia,
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, France, India, Israel, Japan, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam North Korea, Pakistan, South Korea, Nam
Taiwan, Tajikistan, USA, United
Buteo solitarius -'
Kingdom [re-int], Uzbekistan Spilornis elgini ^'

Hawaiian Hawk Andaman Serpent-eagle

USA (Hawaiian Is) Harpia harpyja -'
India (Andaman &
Nicobar Is)
Harpy Eagle
Buteo ventralis -'

Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil,

Spilornis minimus -'

Rufous-tailed Hawk Nicobar Serpent-eagle

Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Argentina, Chile India
French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana,
-'
Circaetus fasciolatus -' Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Spizaetus lanceolatus
Southern Banded Snake-eagle Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname Sulawesi Hawk-eagle
Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, South '' Indonesia
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Spizastur melanoleucus ^'
Solitary Eagle
Circus macrourus -'
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Black-and-white Hawk-eagle
Pallid Harrier Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa
China, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine. * French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala,
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico,
Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname,
Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Venezuela Venezuela

148
 Birds

Family FALCONIDAE Alectoris magna ' Odontophorus melanonotus -'

Falco chicquera -' Rusty-necklaced Partridge Dark -backed Wood-quail

China Colombia, Ecuador
Red-necked Falcon
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan Anurophasis monorthonyx -' Polyplectron chalcurum -'

Falco deiroleucus -'

Snow Mountain Quail Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant
Indonesia Indonesia
Orange-breasted Falcon
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Arborophila atrogularis -' Syrmaticus mikado -'

Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, White-cheeked Partridge Mikado Pheasant

Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar Taiwan
Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Arborophila crudigularis -'
Syrrrmticus soemmerringii ^'
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad
Taiwan Partridge Copper Pheasant
and Tobago, Venezuela
Taiwan Japan
Falco novaeseelandiae -'

Bonasa sewerzowi -' Tetrao mlokosiewiczi -'

New Zealand Falcon Chinese Grouse Caucasian Grouse
New Zealand
China Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran,
Microhierax latifrons -'
Russia, Turkey
Chrysolophus amherstiae 2'

White-fronted Falconet Tetraophasis obscurus -'

Lady Amherst's Pheasant
Malaysia
China, Myarunar Chestnut-throated Partridge
Microhierax melanoleucus -'
China
Chrysolophus pictus -'

Pied Falconet Tetraophasis szechenyii ^'

Golden Pheasant
Bangladesh, China, India, Laos,
China Buff-throated Partridge
Viet Nam China, India
Crossoptilon auritum -'

Phalcoboenus australis-'
Tragopan satyra ^'
Blue Eared-pheasant
Striated Caracara
China Satyr Tragopan
Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal
Cyrtonyx ocellatus ^'

Polihierax insignis -'

Ocellated Quail Tragopan temminckii -'
White-rumped Falcon Temminck's Tragopan
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, China, India, Myanmar, Viet Nam
Nicaragua
Thailand, Viet Nam
Dendragapus falcipennis -'

Siberian Grouse
Order GRUIFORMES
Order GALLIFORMES China, Russia
Dendrortyx macroura -' Family TURNICmAE
Family MEGAPODIffiAE
Long-tailed Wood-partridge Turnix ocellata ^'
Megapodius bernsteinii -'
Mexico Spotted Buttonquail
Sula Scrubfowl -'
Callus sonneratii Philippines
Indonesia
Grey Junglefowl
Megapodius cumingii -'
India Family GRUIDAE
Tabon Scrubfowl
Lophura swinhoii -'
Grus antigone -'
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Swinhoe's Pheasant Sams Crane
Taiwan Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, India,
Family CRACIDAE Melanoperdix nigra -'
Laos, Nepal, Philippines (ex?),
Aburria aburri ^'
Black Partridge Thailand (ex?), Viet Nam
Wattled Guan Indonesia, Malaysia
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Odontophorus atrifrons ^' Family RALLIDAE
Chamaepetes unicolor-' Black-fronted Wood-quail Gallirallus australis ^'

Black Guan Colombia, Venezuela

Weka
Costa Rica, Panama Odontophorus columbianus -'
New Zealand
Penelope jacucaca ^' Venezuelan Wood-quail Gallirallus rovianae ^'

White-browed Guan Venezuela

Roviana Rail
Brazil
Odontophorus dialeucos -'
Solomon Islands
Penelope pileata ^'
Tacarcuna Wood-quai! Laterallus spilonotus -^

White-crested Guan Panama Galapagos Rail

Brazil
Odontophorus hyperythrus -'
Ecuador
Chestnut Wood-quail Micropygia schomburgkii -'
Family PHASUNIDAE Colombia Ocellated Crake
Agriocharis ocellata ^' Odontophorus leucolaemus ^' Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French
Ocellated Turkey Black-breasted Wood-quail Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname,
Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Costa Rica, Panama Venezuela

149
Lower Risk : near threatened

Neocrex colombianus -' Charadrius peronii -' Limosa haemastica -'

Colombian Crake Malaysian Plover Hudsonian Godwit
Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Canada, USA. * Argentina,
Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Porzana paykullii -' Falkland Islands, Mexico, Paraguay,
-'
Band-bellied Crake Charadrius placidus
Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
China, Russia. * China, Indonesia, Long-billed Plover
Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea, China, Japan, North Korea, Russia.
* Numenius madagascariensis -'
Thailand, Viet Nam China, India, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Far Eastern Curlew
-'
Myanmar, North Korea, South Korea China, Mongolia, Russia. *
Rougetius rougetii
Australia, Brunei, China, Federated
Rouget's Rail Phegornis mitchellii -'
States of Micronesia, Fiji, Hong
Eritrea, Ethiopia Diademed Sandpiper-plover
Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
New Zealand, North Korea, Palau,
OTIDroAE Pluvianellus socialis -'
Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Family
Magellanic Plover South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand,
''
Eupodotis caerulescens Argentina, Chile Western Samoa
Blue Bustard
Vanellus cinereus -' Scolopax celebensis -'

Lesotho, South Africa

Grey-headed Lapwing Sulawesi Woodcock
Eupodotis humilis ' China, Japan, Mongolia. * Indonesia
Little Brown Bustard Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India,
Ethiopia, Somalia Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,
Family LARIDAE
Neotis nuba -' Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam Lams heermanni -'

Nubian Bustard Heermann's Gull

Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sudan
Family SCOLOPACIDAE Mexico, USA
Tetrax tetrax -' Coenocorypha aucklandica -'
Larus pacificus -'

Little Bustard
New Zealand Snipe Pacific Gull
Albania?, Algeria, Bulgaria (ex), New Zealand (Auckland Is, Chatham Australia
Is)
China, Czech Republic (ex), France, Larus relic tus -'

Greece (ex), Iran, Iraq?, Italy, Gallinago hardwickii -'

Relict Gull
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Latham's Snipe China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
Portugal, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Japan. * Australia, China, Indonesia, Russia. * South Korea, Viet Nam
Ukraine, Uzbekistan. * Azerbaijan?, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan
Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Libya, Sterna balaenarum -'
Pakistan, Romania, Tajikistan,
Gallinago imperialis -' Damara Tern
Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Yugoslavia Imperial Snipe Angola?, Namibia, South Africa. *
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon,
Gallinago media -' Ghana, Nigeria, Togo, Zaire?

Order CHARADRIIFORMES Great Snipe Sterna elegans -'

Belarus, Denmark (ex), Estonia, Elegant Tern

Family HAEMATOPODmAE Finland, Germany (ex), Latvia, Mexico, USA
Lithuania, Netherlands (ex), Norway,
Haematopus moquini -'

Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine. *

African Oystercatcher Family ALCTOAE
Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Namibia, South Africa
Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Cote Brachyramphus marmoratus -'
d'lvoire, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia,
Marbled Murrelet
Family GLAREOLIDAE Gabon, Ghana, India, Iran, Kenya, Canada, Russia, USA
Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,
Glareola nordmanni -' Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Synthliboramphus craven ^'

Black-winged Pratincole Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Craveri's Murrelet

Armenia, Belarus, Hungary, Iraq, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Mexico, USA
Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus -'

Russia, Syria, Ukraine. * Angola, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Xantus's Murrelet

Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon,
Gallinago stricklandii -' Canada, Mexico, USA
Chad, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran,
Israel, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia,
Fuegian Snipe
Nigeria,Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands
South Africa, Sudan, Turkey, Limnodromus semipalmatus -' Order COLUMBIFORMES
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia Asian Dowitcher Family COLUMBBDAE
China, Mongolia, Russia. *
Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Caloenas nicobarica ^'
Family CHARADRIIDAE Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Nicobar Pigeon
Charadrius javanicus -'
Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Cambodia, India (Andaman &
Javan Plover Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Nicobar Is), Indonesia, Malaysia,
Indonesia Thailand, Viet Nam Myanmar, Palau, Papua New

150
 "

Birds

Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Nevis, St Lucia, Virgin Islands Treron floris ^'

Islands, Thailand, Viet Nam (British), Virgin Islands (US) Flores Green-pigeon
Columba albinucha -' Geotrygon versicolor 2' Indonesia
White-naped Pigeon Crested Quail-dove Treron formosae -'

Cameroon, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire Jamaica Whistling Green-pigeon

Columba araucana -' Gymnophaps mada -' Japan, Philippines, Taiwan
Chilean Pigeon Long-tailed Mountain-pigeon Treron fulvicollis -'

Argentina, Chile Indonesia Cinnamon-headed Green-pigeon

Columba -' Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
elphinstonii Henicophaps albifrons -'
Nilgiri Wood-pigeon New Guinea Bronzewing Myanmar, Thailand
India Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Treron oxyura -^
Columba janthina -' Sumatran Green-pigeon
Henicophaps foersteri -'
Indonesia
Japanese Wood-pigeon New Britain Bronzewing
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Papua New Guinea Treron pembaensis -'
Columba palumboides -' -'
Pemba Green-pigeon
Leptotila batty i
Tanzania
Andaman Wood-pigeon Brown-backed Dove
India Panama Treron seimundi -'
Yellow-vented Green-pigeon
Columba pollenii -' Macropygia rufipennis -'
Comoro Olive-pigeon
Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam
Andaman Cuckoo-dove
Comoros India Treron sieboldii -'
White-bellied Green-pigeon
Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa ^' Phaps histrionica -'
China, Japan, Laos, Taiwan,
Sombre Pigeon Flock Bronzewing Thailand, Viet Nam
Indonesia Australia
Treron teysmannii ='
Duculafinschii ^' Ptilinopus alligator ' Sumba Green-pigeon
Finsch's Imperial-pigeon Black-banded Fruit-dove Indonesia
Papua New Guinea Australia
Trugon terrestris -'

Ducula melanochroa -'

Ptilinopus coralensis -'
Thick-billed Ground-pigeon
Bismarck Imperial-pigeon Atoll Fruit-dove Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea French Polynesia
Gallicolumba canifrons ^'
Ptilinopus eugeniae -' Order PSITTACIFORMES
Palau Ground-dove White-headed Fruit-dove
Palau
Family PSITTACroAE
Solomon Islands
Gallicolumba luzonica " Agapomis fischeri ^'

Ptilinopus layardi
Fischer's Lovebird
Luzon Bleeding-heart Whistling Dove
Philippines Tanzania
Fiji
Alisterus amboinensis -'
Gallicolumba stairi -'
Ptilinopus merrilli 2'
Shy Ground-dove Moluccan King-parrot
Cream-bellied Fruit-dove Indonesia
American Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, Wallis Philippines
and Futuna Islands, Western Samoa Amazona collaria -'

Ptilinopus monacha •'

Yellow-billed Amazon
Gallicolumba xanthonura ^'
Blue-capped Fruit-dove Jamaica
White-throated Ground-dove Indonesia
Federated States of Micronesia, Amazona dufresniana ^'

-'
Guam (ex), Northern Marianas Ptilinopus rarotongensis Blue-cheeked Amazon
Cook Islands Fruit-dove French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname,
Geophaps smithii ^'
Cook Islands Venezuela
Partridge Pigeon
Australia Ptilinopus roseicapilla ^' Amazona finschi -'

Mariana Fruit-dove Lilac-crowned Amazon

Geotrygon caniceps -'

Guam, Northern Marianas Mexico

Grey-headed Quail-dove
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti Ptilinopus tannensis -'
Amazona leucocephala ^'
Tanna Fruit-dove Cuban Amazon
Geotrygon goldmani -'
Vanuatu Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba
Russet-crowned Quail-dove
Colombia, Panama Streptopelia reichenowi ^'
Amazona ventralis -'

White-winged Collared-dove Hispaniolan Amazon

Geotrygon mystacea ''

Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto

Bridled Quail-dove
Rico [int]
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Treron capellei -'
Bahamas, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Large Green-pigeon Aprosmictus jonquillaceus -'

Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Olive-shouldered Parrot

Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Myanmar, Thailand Indonesia

151
Lower Risk : near threatened

Aratinga erythrogenys -' Pionopsitta pileata " Indonesia

Red-masked Parakeet Pileated Parrot Centropus rectunguis -'

Ecuador, Peru Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Short-toed Coucal

Brotogeris pyrrhopterus -' Prioniturus discurus -'
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia

Grey-cheeked Parakeet Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Centropus spilopterus -'

Ecuador, Peru Philippines Kai Coucal

Prioniturus flavicans -' Indonesia
Cacatua goffini -'
Tanimbar Cockatoo Yellowish-breasted Racquet-tail Centropus unirufus -'

Indonesia Indonesia Rufous Coucal

Cacatua leadbeateri -' Prioniturus mada -'
Philippines

Pink Cockatoo Bum Racquet-tail Coua verreauxi -'

Indonesia Verreaux's Coua
Australia
-' Probosciger aterrimus " Madagascar
Cacatua pastinator
Western Corella
Palm Cockatoo Neomorphus squamiger -'
Australia
Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Scaled Ground-cuckoo
Guinea Brazil
Charmosyna margarethae ='
-'
Prosopeia personata
Duchess Lorikeet
Masked Shining-parrot Order STRIGIFORMES
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Fiji
Charmosyna multistriata -'

Prosopeia splendens -'

Family TYTONIDAE
Striated Lorikeet -'
Crimson Shining-parrot Tyto multipunctata
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Fiji Lesser Sooty-owl
Charmosyna palmarum -'
Psephotus dissimilis -' Australia
Palm Lorikeet Hooded Parrot
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Australia Family STRIGmAE
Cyanoramphus auriceps -' Psittacula caniceps ^'
Aegolius harrisii -'

Yellow-fronted Parakeet Nicobar Parakeet Buff-fronted Owl

New Zealand India (Andaman & Nicobar Is) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
^'
Enicognathus leptorhynchus Psittacula derbiana =' Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru,
Slender-billed Parakeet Derbyan Parakeet Venezuela
Chile China, India Aegolius ridgwayi -'
Eos reticulata -'
Psittinus cyanurus -^ Unspotted Saw-whet Owl
Blue-streaked Lory Blue-rumped Parrot Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Indonesia Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico
Eos semilarvata ' Myanmar, Thailand Bubo nipalensis -'

Blue-eared Lory Pyrrhura rhodocephala -' Spot-bellied Eagle-owl

Indonesia Rose-headed Parakeet Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
Venezuela China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
Loriculus pusillus -'
Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam
Yellow-throated Hanging-parrot Touit costaricensis -'
Indonesia Red-fronted Parrotlet
Glaucidium castanonotum -'

Costa Rica, Panama Chestnut-backed Owlet

Loriculus tener -'
Sri Lanka
Green-fronted Hanging-parrot
Papua New Guinea Ketupa flavipes -'

Order CUCULIFORMES Tawny Fish-owl

Lorius albidinuchus " Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India,
White-naped Lory Family MUSOPHAGIDAE Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Viet
Papua New Guinea Tauraco fischeri -' Nam
Micropsitta geelvinkiana -' Fischer's Turaco Ninox affinis -'

Geelvink Pygmy-parrot Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania

Andaman Hawk Owl
Indonesia India
Nannopsittaca dachilleae -' Family CUCULmAE Otus balli -'

Amazonian Parrotlet Carpococcyx renauldi -' Andaman Scops Owl

Peru Coral-billed Ground-cuckoo India

Neophema pulchella ^' Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Otus barbarus -'

Turquoise Parrot Centropus andamanensis -'

Santa Barbara Screech-owl
Australia Brown Coucal Guatemala, Mexico
Nestor notabilis -' India, Myanmar Otus colombianus -'
Kea Centropus chalybeus " Colombian Screech-owl
New Zealand Biak Coucal Colombia, Ecuador

152
 Birds

Otus hartlaubi -' Metallura iracunda 2'

Sao Tome Scops-owl Perija Metaltail

Sao Tome & Principe (Principe?, Order APODIFGRMES Colombia, Venezuela
Sao Tome)
Metallura odomae -'

Otus pembaensis '

Family APODmAE Neblina Metaltail
Pemba Scops-owl Collocalia francica ^'
Ecuador, Pern
Tanzania Mascarene Swiftlet Oreotrochilus adela -'
Mauritius, Reunion
Otus silvicola ' Wedge-tailed Hillstar
Wallace's Scops-owl Cypseloides rothschildi -' Bolivia
Indonesia Rothschild's Swift
Phaethornis koepckeae -'

Argentina, Bolivia, Peru

Strix occidentalis ' Koepcke's Hermit
Spotted Owl
Hydrochrous gigas -'
Peru
Waterfall Swift
Canada, Mexico, USA Philodice bryantae ^'
Indonesia, Malaysia
Magenta-throated Woodstar
Xenoglaux loweryi -'

Costa Rica, Panama

Long-whiskered Owlet Family TROCHILIDAE
Peru Phlogophilus harterti -'
Anthocephala floriceps -'

Peruvian Piedtail
Blossomcrown
Peru
Colombia
Phlogophilus hemileucurus -
Augastes lumachellus "
Ecuadorian Piedtail
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Hooded Visorbearer
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Brazil
Family PODARGmAE Augastes scutatus "
Polyonymus caroli -'

Bronze-tailed Comet
Batrachostomus javensis -'
Hyacinth Visorbearer
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Javan Frogmouth Brazil
Indonesia Avocettula recurvirostris •'
Ramphodon naevius -'

Saw-billed Hermit
Batrachostomus moniliger 2' Fiery-tailed Awlbill
Brazil
Sri Lanka Frogmouth Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French

India, Sri Lanka Guiana, Guyana, Suriname,

Venezuela
Campy lopterus excellens ^' Order TROGONIFORMES
Long-tailed Sabrewing
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Mexico
Family TROGONIDAE
Pharomachrus mocinno -'
Caprimulgus concretus -'
Campylopterus phainopeplus -'

Resplendent Quetzal
Bonaparte's Nightjar Santa Marta Sabrewing
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Colombia
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Caprimulgus hirundinaceus -' Campylopterus villaviscensio ^'
Panama
Pygmy Nightjar Napo Sabrewing Priotelus roseigaster -'

Brazil Ecuador, Peru

Hispaniolan Trogon
Caprimulgus whitelyi -' Eriocnemis derbyi '' Dominican Republic, Haiti

Roraiman Nightjar Black-thighed Puffleg

Trogon bairdii -'
Venezuela Colombia, Ecuador
Baird's Trogon
-'
Goethalsia bella Costa Rica, Panama
Eleothreptus anomalus "
Rufous-cheeked Hummingbird
Sickle-winged Nightjar
Colombia, Panama
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Haplophaedia lugens ''
Order CORACIIFORMES
Macropsalis creagra -'
Hoary Puffleg
Long-trained Nightjar Family ALCEDINIDAE
Colombia, Ecuador
Argentina, Brazil
Heliodoxa gularis -'
Actenoides lindsayi -'

Nyctiphrynus mcleodii -'

Pink-throated Brilliant Spotted Kingfisher
Eared Poorwill Colombia, Ecuador, Pern Philippines
Mexico
Lophornis stictolophus ^'
Alcedo cyanopecta -'

Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi 2' Spangled Coquette Indigo-banded Kingfisher

Choco Poorwill Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Philippines
Colombia, Ecuador Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Pelargopsis amauropterus ^'
Siphonorhis brewsteri -' Mellisuga helenae -'
Brown-winged Kingfisher
Least Poorwill Bee Hummingbird Bangladesh, India, Malaysia,
Dominican Republic, Haiti Cuba Myanmar, Thailand

153
 Lower Risk : near threatened

Tanysiptera riedelii -' Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Family E>fDICATORroAE
Biak Paradise-kingfisher Togo ^'
Indicator archipelagicus
Indonesia Ocyceros griseus -' Malaysian Honeyguide
Todirhamphus australasia ^' Malabar Grey-hombill Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher India Thailand
Indonesia
Penelopides affinis -' Indicator pumilio -'

Todirhamphus enigma '

Mindanao Hombill Dwarf Honeyguide
Talaud Kingfisher Philippines Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire
Indonesia
Penelopides manillae -' Indicator xanthonotus -'

Todirhamphus funebris -'

Luzon Hombill Yellow-rumped Honeyguide
Sombre Kingfisher Philippines Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal,
Indonesia Pakistan
^'
Penelopides samarensis
Todirhamphus nigrocyaneus -'

Blue-black Kingfisher
Samar Hombill Family RAMPHASTIDAE
Philippines
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Andigena cucullata ^'
Hooded Mountain-toucan
Family TODIDAE Order PICIFORMES Bolivia, Peru
Todus angustirostris -'
Andigena hypoglauca -'

Narrow-billed Tody Family BUCCONIDAE Grey-breasted Mountain-toucan

Dominican Republic, Haiti
Bucco noanamae -'
Colombia, Ecuador, Pern
Sooty-capped Puffbird Andigena laminirostris -'
Family MOMOTIDAE Colombia
Mountain-toucan
Plate-billed
Electron carinatum -'
Micromonacha lanceolata -' Colombia, Ecuador
Keel-billed Motmot Lanceolated Monklet Andigena nigrirostris '
Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Black-billed Mountain-toucan
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Ecuador, Panama, Peru Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela
Nonnula amaurocephala -'
Aulacorhynchus huallagae ^'
Family CORACIIDAE Chestnut-headed Nunlet Yellow-browed Toucanet
-'
Atelornis pittoides Brazil Peru
Pitta-like Ground-roller
Madagascar Baillonius bailloni '
Saffron Toucanet
Family CAPITONTOAE Brazil
Family BUCEROTIDAE
Capita squamatus -'
Anorrhinus tickelli -'

Orange-fronted Barbel
Brown Hombill Family PICffiAE
Colombia, Ecuador
China, India, Laos, Myanmar,
Campethera notata ''
Thailand, Viet Nam Eubucco tucinkae -'

Knysna Woodpecker
Scarlet-hooded Barbet
Anthracoceros coronatus '"
South Africa
Pern
Malabar Pied-Hombill
Dendrocopos dorae -'
India, Sri Lanka Lybius chaplini -'

Arabian Woodpecker
Anthracoceros malayanus ^' Chaplin's Barbet
Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Black Hombill Zambia
Dendrocopos leucopterus -'
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Lybius rubrifacies -'
Thailand
White-winged Woodpecker
Red-faced Barbet Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan,
Buceros hydrocorax -'
Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Rufous Hombill Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Megataima corvina -'

Philippines
Brown-throated Barbet Dendropicos stierlingi ^'

Buceros vigil ^' Indonesia Stierling's Woodpecker

Helmeted Hombill Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Megalaimajavensis -'
Myanmar, Thailand Black-banded Barbet Dryocopus hodgei -'
Indonesia Andaman Woodpecker
Ceratogymna cylindricus -'

India
Brown-cheeked Hombill Megalaima rafflesii -'

Benin, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Red-crowned Barbet Dryocopus schulzi -'
Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Black-bodied Woodpecker
Myanmar, Thailand Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
Ceratogymna elata -'

Yellow-casqued Hombill Semnornis ramphastinus -' Geocolaptes olivaceus -'

Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Toucan Barbet Ground Woodpecker

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Colombia, Ecuador Lesotho, South Africa

154
 Birds

Melanerpes herminieri ^' Phacellodomus dorsalis -' Grallaria blakei -'

Guadeloupe Woodpecker Chestnut-backed Thombird Chestnut Antpitta

Guadeloupe Peru Peru
Nesoctites micromegas -'
Philydor amaurotis -'
Grallaria eludens -^

Antillean Piculet White-browed Foliage-gleaner Elusive Antpitta

Dominican Republic, Haiti Argentina, Brazil Peru
Piculus aurulentus -'
Philydor dimidiatus -' Grallaria excelsa ='

Yellow-browed Woodpecker Russet-mantled Foliage-gleaner Great Antpitta

Brazil Brazil, Paraguay Venezuela
Picumnus nebulosus -' Schizoeaca perijana -'
Gratlaricula lineifrons -'

Mottled Piculet Perija Thistletail Crescent-faced Antpitta

Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Colombia, Venezuela Colombia, Ecuador
Picumnus steindachneri -' Simoxenops ucayalae -'
Gratlaricula loricata -'
Speckle-chested Piculet Peruvian Recurvebill Scallop-breasted Antpitta
Peru Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Venezuela
Picumnus subtilis ^' Siptornopsis hypochondriacus -'
Grallaricula ochraceifrons -'

Fine-barred Piculet Great Spinetail Ochre-fronted Antpitta

Peru Peru Peru
-'
Veniliornis chocoensis Spartonoica ntaluroides -' Grallaricula peruviana -'

Choco Woodpecker Bay-capped Wren-spinetail Peruvian Antpitta

Colombia, Ecuador Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Ecuador, Peru
Synallaxis cherriei -' Herpsilochmus pileatus ='

Order PASSERIFORMES Chestnut-throated Spinetail Black-capped Antwren

Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Brazil
Family DENDROCOLAPTTOAE Synallaxis fuscorufa -'
Hylopezus ochroleucus ='

Campylorhamphus pucherani - Rusty-headed Spinetail White-browed Antpitta

Greater Scythebill Colombia Brazil
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Thripophaga berlepschi -' Myrmotherula klagesi -'
Russet-mantled Softtail Klages's Antwren
Family FURNARimAE Peru Brazil

Asthenes cactorum -' Upucerthia harterti -' Rhegmatorhina gymnops -'

Cactus Canastero Bolivian Earthcreeper Santarem Antbird

Peru Bolivia Brazil

Asthenes urubamhensis "

^'
Xenerpestes singularis Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi -

Line-fronted Canastero Equatorial Greytail White-breasted Antbird

Bolivia, Peru Ecuador, Peru Brazil

Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides -'

Thamnophilus praecox -'
Canebrake Groundcreeper Cocha Antshrike
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Family FORMICARimAE Ecuador
Cranioleuca dissita -' Cercomacra brasiliana -'

Coiba Spinetail Rio de Janeiro Antbird

Panama Brazil Family CONOPOPHAGroAE
Hylocryptus rectirostris -' Drymophila genei -'
Conopophaga roberti -'
Chestnut-capped Foliage-gleaner Rufous-tailed Antbird Hooded Gnateater
Brazil Brazil
Brazil

Leptasthenura setaria -' Drymophila ochropyga -'

Araucaria Tit-spinetail Ochre-rumped Antbird

Argentina, Brazil Brazil Family RHINOCRYPXroAE
Leptasthenura yanacensis '' Dysithamnus stictothorax -' Melanopareia maranonica -'

Tawny Tit-spinetail Spot-breasted Antvireo Marafion Crescent-chest

Bolivia, Peru Argentina, Brazil Peru

Limnornis rectirostris -' Formicivora serrana -' Merulaxis ater -^

Straight-billed Reedhaunter Serra Antwren Slaty Bristlefront
Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Brazil Brazil

Margarornis bellulus -' Grallaria bangsi -' Psilorhamphus guttatus -'

Beautiful Treerunner Santa Marta Antpitta Spotted Bamboowren

Panama Colombia Argentina, Brazil

155
Lower Risk : near threatened

Family COTINGIDAE Aphanotriccus capitalis -' Phylloscartes eximius -'

-'
Tawny-chested Flycatcher Southern Bristle-tyrant
Ampelioides tschudii
Costa Rica, Nicaragua Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Scaled Fruiteater
^'
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Contopus ochraceus -' Phylloscartes oustaleti
Venezuela Ochraceous Pewee Oustalet's Tyrannulet
Costa Rica, Panama Brazil
Carpodectes hopkei -^

Black-tipped Cotinga Culicivora caudacuta -' Phylloscartes sylviolus ^'

Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Sharp-tailed Grass-tyrant Bay-ringed Tyrannulet

-' Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Carpornis cucullatus
Hooded Berryeater Hemitriccus aenigma -' Phylloscartes venezuelanus -'

Brazil Zimmer's Tody-tyrant Venezuelan Bristle-tyrant

Brazil Venezuela
Conioptilon mcilhennyi-'
Black-faced Cotinga Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus -' Poecilotriccus albifacies -'

Peru Cinnamon-breasted Tody-tyrant White-cheeked Tody-tyrant

Peru Peru
Pachyramphus spodiurus -'

-'
Slaty Becard Hemitriccus josephinae -' Polystictus pectoralis
Ecuador, Peru Boat-billed Tody-tyrant Bearded Tachuri
Brazil, Guyana, Suriname Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Phibalura flavirostris -'
Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay,
Swallow-tailed Cotinga Hemitriccus nidipendulus -'
Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil Hangnest Tody-tyrant
Polystictus superciliaris '
Pipreola chlorolepidota -' Brazil
Grey -backed Tachuri
Fiery-throated Fruiteater Hemitriccus orbitatus ^' Brazil
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eye-ringed Tody-tyrant
-'
Todirostrum viridanum -'
Pipreola frontalis Brazil
Maracaibo Tody-flycatcher
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater Hemitriccus rufigularis " Venezuela
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Buff-throated Tody-tyrant
Xenotriccus calUzonus -'

Pipreola lubomirskii -' Bolivia, Peru

Belted Flycatcher
Black-chested Fruiteater Knipolegus hudsoni -' Guatemala, Mexico
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Hudson's Black-tyrant
Xenotriccus mexicanus ^'

Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema -'

Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
Pileated Flycatcher
Purple-throated Cotinga
Muscipipra vetula ' Mexico
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant
-'
Xolmis salinarum •'

Procnias nudicollis Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay

Salinas Monjita
Bare-throated Bellbird
Myiophobus lintoni -'
Argentina
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Orange-banded Flycatcher
Tijuca atra ^' Ecuador, Peru
Black-and-gold Cotinga Family PITXroAE
Myiornis albiventris -'
Brazil Pitta baudii ^'
White-bellied Pygmy-tyrant
Blue-headed Pitta
Family PIPRIDAE Bolivia, Peru
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
-'
Chloropipo flavicapilla -' Myiotheretes fuscorufus -'
Pitta caerulea
Yellow-headed Manakin Rufous-bellied Bush-tyrant
Giant Pitta
Colombia Bolivia, Peru
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Pipra iris -' Ochthoeca piurae ^'
Thailand
Opal-crowned Manakin Piura Chat-tyrant 2'
Pitta dohertyi
Brazil Peru
Sula Pitta
Piprites griseiceps -'
Ochthoeca salvini -' Indonesia
Grey-headed Piprites Tumbes Tyrant Pitta elliotii -'

Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru

Bar-bellied Pitta
Nicaragua
Phyllomyias griseocapilla '' Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam
Grey-capped Tyrannulet megarhyncha -'
Pitta
Family TYRANNIDAE Brazil
Mangrove Pitta
Alectrurus tricolor -' Phyllomyias reiseri -'
Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Cock-tailed Tyrant Reiser's Tyrannulet Myanmar, Thailand
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Brazil, Paraguay ^'
Pitta nipalensis
Aphanotriccus audax -'
Phylloscartes difficilis -' Blue-naped Pitta
Black-billed Flycatcher Serra do Mar Tyrannulet Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India,
Colombia, Panama Brazil Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Viet Nam

156
 Birds

Pitta soror ^'

Anthus melindae ^'
Pycnonotus penicillatus 2'

Blue-rumped Pitta Malindi Pipit Yellow-eared Bulbul

Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand, Kenya, Somalia Sri Lanka
Viet Nam Anthus sharpei -'
Pycnonotus priocephalus ^'

Sharpe's Longclaw Grey-headed Bulbul

Family XENICmAE Kenya India

Xenicus gilviventris -' Macronyx flavicollis ^' Pycnonotus taivanus -'

South Island Rock Wren Abyssinian Longclaw Styan's Bulbul

New Zealand Ethiopia Taiwan
Macronyx grimwoodi -'
Family PHILEPITTmAE Grim wood's Longclaw
Pycnonotus xantholaemus -'

Yellow-throated Bulbul
Philepitta schlegeli -'
Angola, Zaire, Zambia
India
Schlegel's Asity
Madagascar Setomis criniger ^'
Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Hook-billed Bulbul
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Coracina bicolor -'
Family MENURIDAE
Pied Cuckoo-shrike
Menura alberti -'
Indonesia
Albert's Lyrebird
Coracina coerutescens ^' Family IRENIDAE
Australia
Blackish Cuckoo-shrike
Philippines Chloropsis venusta -'
Family ALAUDIDAE Blue-masked Leafbird
Coracina dispar ^' Indonesia
Certhilauda chuana -' Kai Cicadabird
Short-clawed Lark Indonesia
Botswana, South Africa Coracina dohertyi -'
Mirafra pulpa -' Sumba Cicadabird Family LANIffiAE
Friedmann's Lark Indonesia
Laniarius mufumbiri ^'
Ethiopia, Kenya Coracina graueri -' Papyrus Gonolek
Mirafra williamsi ^'
Grauer's Cuckoo-shrike Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda,
Williams's Lark Uganda, Zaire Zaire
Kenya Lalage sharpei ^' Laniarius turatii -'

Spizocorys obbiensis -'

Samoan Triller Turati's Boubou
Obbia Lark Western Samoa Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone
Somalia Pericrocotus cantonensis ^'
Lanius validirostris -'

Spizocorys sclateri -'

Brown-rumped Minivet Mountain Shrike
Sclater's Lark China Philippines
Namibia, South Africa
Pericrocotus erythropygius '
Malaconotus lagdeni -'
White-bellied Minivet
Lagden's Bush-shrike
Family HIRUNDINmAE India, Myanmar Cote d'lvoire, Liberia, Rwanda,
-' Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zaire
Psalidoprocne fuliginosa
Mountain Sawwing Family PYCNONOXroAE Pityriasis gymnocephala ^'

Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Bomean Bristlehead

Andropadus montanus -'

Nigeria Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia

Cameroon Greenbul
-'
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Cameroon, Nigeria
Bahama Swallow
Ixos everetti ^'
Bahamas. * Cuba, USA
Yellowish Bulbul Family VANGmAE
Tachycineta euchrysea -'
Philippines
Golden Swallow Euryceros prevostii -'

Phyllastrephus baumanni -' Helmet Vanga

Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica
Baumann's Greenbul Madagascar
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia,
Family MOTACILLIDAE Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo
-'
Anthus chacoensis -'
Phyllastrephus lorenzi
Chaco Pipit Sassi's Greenbul Family BOMBYCILLmAE
Argentina, Paraguay Uganda, Zaire Bombycillajaponica ^'

Anthus hoeschi -'

Phyllastrephus poliocephalus -'
Japanese Waxwing
Mountain Pipit Grey-headed Greenbul Russia. * China, Japan, North Korea,
Lesotho, South Africa Cameroon, Nigeria South Korea, Taiwan

157
 '

Lower Risk near threatened

:

Family TROGLODYXroAE Babax waddelli =' Clytorhynchus nigrogularis ^'

-'
Giant Babax Black-throated Shrikebill
Henicorhina leucoptera
China, India Fiji, Solomon Islands
Bar-winged Wood-wren
Peru Brachypteryx major -'
Cochoa purpurea -'
White-bellied Shortwing Purple Cochoa
Thryomanes sissonii ^'
India Bhutan, China, India, Laos,
Socorro Wren Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam
Mexico Brachypteryx stellata -'

Gould's Shortwing Cochoa viridis -'

Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Green Cochoa

Family MIMffiAE Nepal, Viet Nam China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
Thailand, Viet Nam
Melanoptila glabrirostris -' Bradypterus bangwaensis -'
Black Catbird Cameroon Bracken-warbler Colluricincla boweri -'

Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Cameroon Bower's Shrike-thrush

Mexico Bradypterus caudatus -' Australia

Toxostoma guttatum -' Long-tailed Bush-warbler Crocias albonotatus ^'

Cozumel Thrasher Philippines Spotted Crocias

Mexico Bradypterus palliseri - Indonesia
Sri Lanka Bush- warbler Cyornis caerulatus -'

Sri Lanka Large-billed Blue-flycatcher

Family PRUNELLIDAE -' Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Buettikoferella bivittata
Prunella fagani -' Buff-banded Grassbird Cyornis herioti -'

Yemen Accentor Indonesia

Blue-breasted Flycatcher
Saudi Arabia, Yemen Philippines
Cercomela dubia -'

Sombre Chat Cyornis pallipes -'

Ethiopia, Somalia
Family MUSCICAPIDAE White-bellied Blue-flycatcher
-'
Cettia carolinae India
-'
Acrocephalus griseldis
Tanimbar Bush-warbler Cyornis turcosus -'
Basra Reed-warbler
Indonesia
Iraq. * Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysian Blue-flycatcher
Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Cettia parens ^'
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania Shade Warbler
Dromaeocercus brunneus -'

Solomon Islands
Actinodura souliei -' Brown Emu-tail
Streaked Barwing Chaetops aurantius -'
Madagascar
China, Viet Nam Orange-breasted Rockjumper
Epthianura crocea -'

Lesotho, South Africa

Alcippe cinerea -' Yellow Chat
Yellow-throated Fulvetta Chaetops frenatus -' Australia
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Rufous Rockjumper
Erithacus komadori -'
Laos, Myanmar South Africa
Ryukyu Robin
Alcippe ruficapilla -' Chrysomma poecilotis -'
Japan
Spectacled Fulvetta Rufous-tailed Babbler
China Eumyias albicaudata -'

China, Laos
Nilgiri Flycatcher
Alcippe rufogularis ^'
Cichlherminia Iherminieri -'
India
Rufous-throated Fulvetta Forest Thrush
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Eumyias sordida -'

China, India, Laos, Myanmar, St Lucia Dull-blue Flycatcher

Thailand, Viet Nam Sri Lanka
-'
Cichlopsis leucogenys
Amytomis barbatus -'
Rufous-brown Solitaire Ficedula harterti -'
Grey Grasswren Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela Sumba Flycatcher
Australia Indonesia
-'
Cinclidium frontale
Amytomis housei ^'
Blue-fronted Robin Ficedula nigrorufa -'
Black Grasswren Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Black-and-rufous Flycatcher
Australia Thailand, Viet Nam India

Amytomis woodwardi^' Cisticola njombe -' Ficedula rufigula -'

White-throated Grasswren Churring Cisticola Rufous-throated Flycatcher
Australia Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia Indonesia

Babax koslowi -'

Clytorhynchus hamlini -' Ficedula timorensis -'
Tibetan Babax Rennell Shrikebill Black-banded Flycatcher
China Solomon Islands Indonesia

158
 "

Birds

Garrulax cachinnans =' Kupeomis chapini -'

Muscicapa muttui '"

Rufous-breasted Laughingthrush Chapin's Mountain-babbler Brown-breasted Flycatcher

India Zaire China, India. * Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Thailand
Garrulax delesserti -' Kupeomis rufocinctus -'

Wynaad Laughingthrush Red-collared Mountain-babbler Myadestes elisabeth -'

India Rwanda, Zaire Cuban Solitaire

Leptopoecile elegans -' Cuba
Garrulax formosus -'
Red-winged Laughingtlirush Crested Tit-warbler Myiagra atra -'

China, Viet Nam China Biak Flycatcher

Lioptilus nigricapillus -' Indonesia
Garrulax galbanus -'

Yellow-throated Laughingthrush Bush Blackcap Myiagra cervinicauda -'

Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar South Africa Ochre-tailed Flycatcher

Garrulax jerdoni -' Luscinia pectardens -' Solomon Islands

Grey-breasted Laughingthrush Firethroat Myiophonus robinsoni -'

India China. * Bangladesh, India Malayan Whistling-thrush
Garrulax lunulatus -' Macronous kelleyi -' Malaysia
Barred Laughingthrush Grey-faced Tit-babbler Namibornis herero ='

China Laos, Viet Nam Herero Chat

Garrulax maesi -' Malacopteron albogulare -'
Angola, Namibia
Grey Laughingthrush Grey-breasted Babbler ^'
Napothera macrodactyla
China, Laos, Viet Nam Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Large Wren-babbler
Garrulax merulinus -' Malurus coronatus -'
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand

Spot-breasted Laughingthrush Purple-crowned Fairywren

Napothera marmorata -'
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Australia
Marbled Wren-babbler
Thailand, Viet Nam Malurus grayi -' Indonesia, Malaysia
Garrulax milnei ^' Broad-billed Fairywren
New Guinea Neomixis flavoviridis -'
Red-tailed Laughingthrush Indonesia, Papua
Wedge-tailed Jery
China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Mayromis schistaceus -'
Madagascar
Viet Nam Vanikoro Monarch
Nesillas mariae ^'

Garrulax nuchalis -' Solomon Islands

Moheli Brush-warbler
Chestnut-backed Laughingthrush Megalurulus whitneyi -' Comoros
India, Myanmar Guadalcanal Thicketbird
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Nesocichla eremita -'
Garrulax rufifrons ^'

Tristan Thrush
Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush Microeca hemixantha -'
St Helena (Tristan da Cunha)
Indonesia Golden-bellied Flyrobin
Indonesia Niltava davidi
Garrulax virgatus ^'

Fujian Niltava
Striped Laughingthrush Monarcha browni -'
China, Laos, Viet Nam. * Hong
India, Myanmar Kolombangara Monarch Kong, Thailand
Geomalia heinrichi ^' Solomon Islands
-'
Oreoscopus gutturalis
Geomalia Monarcha castas ^'

Femwren
Indonesia Loetoe Monarch
Australia
Indonesia
Gerygone albofrontata^'
Origma solitaria -'
Chatham Islands Warbler Monarcha godeffroyi -'

Origma
New Zealand Yap Monarch
Australia
^' Federated States of Micronesia
Heteromyias cinereifrons
Monarcha infelix '' Orthotomus nigriceps -'

Grey-headed Robin
Black-headed Tailorbird
Australia Manus Monarch
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Heterophasia gracilis -'
Monarcha leucurus ^' Orthotomus samarensis -'

Grey Sibia
Monarch Yellow-breasted Tailorbird
China, India, Myanmar White-tailed
Indonesia Philippines
Hypothymis helenae '
Monarcha loricatus -' Pachycephala implicata ^'
Short-crested Monarch
Philippines Black-tipped Monarch Hooded Whistler
Indonesia Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Illadopsis rufescens ^'
Rufous- winged Illadopsis Monarcha mundus ^' Pachycephala jacquinoti ^'
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Black-bibbed Monarch Tongan Whistler
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Indonesia Tonga

159
Lower Risk : near threatened

Pachycephala meyeri -' Pteruthius rufiventer -' Spelaeomis formosus ^'

Vogelkop Whistler Black-headed Shrike-babbler Spotted Wren-babbler

Indonesia Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India,
Nepal, Viet Nam Myanmar
Pachycephala orpheus -'

Fawn-breasted Whistler Ptilocichla leucogrammica -' Sphenocichla humei -'

Indonesia Bomean Wren-babbler Wedge-billed Wren-babbler
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia China, India, Myanmar
Paradoxomis atrosuperciliaris -'

-'
Black-browed Parrotbill Ptilocichla mindanensis -' Stachyris capitalis
Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Striated Wren-babbler Rusty-crowned Babbler
Myanmar, Thailand Philippines Philippines

Paradoxomis bninneus -' Randia pseudozosterops '' Stachyris dennistouni -'

Brown-winged Parrotbill Rand's Warbler Golden-crowned Babbler

China, Myanmar Philippines
Madagascar
^'
Paradoxomis conspicillatus ^' Stachyris plateni
Rhinomyias colonus 2'

Spectacled Parrotbill Henna-tailed Jungle-flycatcher

Pygmy Babbler
China Philippines
Indonesia
Paradoxomis heudei ' Stachyris whiteheadi -'

Rhinomyias oscillans -'

Chestnut-faced Babbler
Reed Parrotbill Russet-backed Jungle-flycatcher
Philippines
China, Russia Indonesia
-'
Sylvietta philippae
Paradoxomis ruficeps -'
Rhipidura euryura -'

Rufous-headed Parrotbill Short-billed Crombec

White-bellied Fantail
Ethiopia, Somalia
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia
Laos, Myanmar, Viet Nam Tarsiger hyperythrus -'
Rhipidura fuscorufa ' Rufous-breasted Bush-robin
Phoenicurus alaschanicus " Cinnamon-tailed Fantail Bhutan, China, India, Nepal. *
Ala Shan Redstart Indonesia
China
Myanmar
^'
-'
Rhipidura opistherythra Terpsiphone atrocaudata -'
Phylloscopus cantatoT
Long-tailed Fantail Japanese Paradise-flycatcher
Yellow-vented Warbler Indonesia Japan, North Korea, Philippines,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. * China,
Rhipidura personata ^' South Korea. * China, Indonesia,
India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
Kadavu Fantail Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Thailand
Fiji
Thailand, Viet Nam
Phylloscopus makirensis ^'
Terpsiphone bedfordi -'
San Cristobal Leaf-warbler Rhipidura superflua ^'
Bedford's Paradise-flycatcher
Solomon Islands Tawny-backed Fantail
Zaire
Indonesia
Phylloscopus tytleri 2'
Terpsiphone cinnamomea ^'
Tytler's Leaf-warbler Rhipidura tenebrosa -'

Rufous Paradise-flycatcher
Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan Dusky Fantail
Philippines
Platysteira albifrons -' Solomon Islands
-'
Terpsiphone cyanescens
White-fronted Wattle-eye Rimator malacoptilus -'

Blue Paradise-flycatcher
Angola Long-billed Wren-babbler
Philippines
Pnoepyga immaculata -' Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar,
Viet Nam Tickellia hodgsoni -'
Nepal Wren-babbler
Broad-billed Warbler
Nepal Saxicola bifasciata -'
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
Polioptila lactea -' Buff-streaked Chat Viet Nam
Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher South Africa
Trichastoma bicolor ^'
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Saxicola dacotiae ^' Ferruginous Babbler
Polioptila lembeyei -' Fuerteventura Chat Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Cuban Gnatcatcher Spain (Canary Is) Myanmar, Thailand
Cuba Saxicola gutturalis -' Trichastoma rostratum ^'

Pritiia cinereocapilla ^' White-bellied Bushchat White-chested Babbler

Grey-crowned Prinia Indonesia Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Bhutan, India, Nepal Saxicola jerdoni -' Myanmar, Thailand
Pseudobias wardi -' Jerdon's Bushchat Turdoides altirostris "
Ward's Flycatcher Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Iraq Babbler
Madagascar Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Iran, Iraq

Pseudocossyphus sharpei ^' Schoenicola platyura ^'

Turdoides longirostris -'
Forest Rock-thrush Broad-tailed Grassbird Slender-billed Babbler
Madagascar India India, Myanmar, Nepal

160
 Birds

Tardus dissimilis -'

Zoothera spiloptera 2' Family NECTARINimAE
Black-breasted Thrush Spot-winged Thrush
Aethopyga boltoni ='
China, India, Myanmar, Viet Nam. Sri Lanka
Bangladesh, Thailand
Apo Sunbird
Zoothera talaseae -' Philippines
Turdus graysoni -'
New Britain Thrush
Papua New Guinea Anthreptes reichenowi -'
Grayson's Thrush
Plain-backed Sunbird
Mexico Zoothera tanganjicae ^'
Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa,
Turdus haplochrous '" Kivu Ground-thrush Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Unicoloured Thrush Uganda, Zaire
Bolivia
Arachnothera clarae ^'
Zoothera wardii -' Naked-faced Spiderhunter
Turdus mupinensis -'
Pied Thrush Philippines
Chinese Thrush Bhutan, India, Nepal. * India, Sri
Lanka Nectarinia loveridgei ^'
China
Loveridge's Sunbird
Turdus olivaceofuscus ' Tanzania
Sao Tome Thrush Family AEGITHALmAE Nectarinia moreaui -'
Sao Tome & Pn'ncipe Aegithalos fuliginosus -'
Moreau's Sunbird
Urosphena subulata -'
White-necklaced Tit Tanzania
Timor Stubtail China
Indonesia
Nectarinia neergaardi -'
Aegithalos niveogularis -'
Neergaard's Sunbird
Xenocopsychus ansorgei -' White-throated Tit Mozambique, South Africa
Angola Cave-chat India, Nepal, Pakistan
Angola Nectarinia pembae •'

Xiphirhynchus superciliaris -'

Family PARmAE Pemba Sunbird
Tanzania
Slender-billed Scimitar-babbler Parus fringillinus -'

Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Red-throated Tit Nectarinia ursulae -'

Myanmar, Nepal, Viet Nam Kenya, Tanzania Ursula's Sunbird

Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
Yuhina humilis -' Parus holsti -'

Burmese Yuhina Yellow Tit

Myanmar, Thailand Taiwan
Parus semilarvatus -'
Family ZOSTEROPmAE
Zoothera crossleyi -'
Crossley's Ground-thrush White-fronted Tit Heleia muelleri -'
Cameroon, Nigeria Philippines Spot-breasted White-eye
Indonesia
Zoothera erythronota '
Red-backed Thrush Family SITTIDAE Lophozosterops dohertyi 2'
Indonesia Crested White-eye
-'
Sitta villosa Indonesia
Zoothera everetti '' Snowy-browed Nuthatch
Everett's Thrush China Megazosterops palauensis ^'

Malaysia Giant White-eye

Sittawhiteheadi -'
Palau
Zoothera machiki -' Corsican Nuthatch
Fawn-breasted Thrush France Rukia longirostra -'

Indonesia Long-billed White-eye

Federated States of Micronesia
Zoothera margaretae -'
Family RHABDORNITHmAE
Makira Thrush Woodfordia lacertosa ^'

Solomon Islands Rhabdornis grandis -'

Sanford's White-eye
Long-billed Rhabdornis Solomon Islands
Zoothera monticola -'
Philippines
Long-billed Thrush Zosterops anomalus ''
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Lemon-throated White-eye
Myanmar, Nepal, Viet Nam Family DICAEffiAE Indonesia

Zoothera oberlaenderi -'

Dicaeum anthonyi ^' Zosterops consobrinorum ^'

Forest Ground-thrush Flame-crowned Flowerpecker Pale-bellied White-eye

Uganda, Zaire Philippines Indonesia

Zoothera peronii ' Dicaeum everetti ^' Zosterops Jlavus -'

Orange-banded Thrush Brown-backed Flowerpecker Javan White-eye
Indonesia Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia

Zoothera schistacea ^' Dicaeum vincens -' Zosterops grayi -'

Slaty-backed Thrush White-throated Flowerpecker Pearl-bellied White-eye
Indonesia Sri Lanka Indonesia

161
Lower Risk : near threatened

Zosterops hypolais -'

Amaurospiza moesta 2'
Emberiza yessoensis '
Plain White-eye Blackish-blue Seedeater Ochre-rumped Bunting
Federated States of Micronesia Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay China, Japan, Russia * China, North
Korea, South Korea
Zosterops kuehni -'
Amaurospiza relicta -'

Ambon Yellow White-eye Slate-blue Seedeater Emberizoides ypiranganus ='

Indonesia Mexico Grey-cheeked Grass-finch

Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
Zosterops mysorensis ^'
Ammodramus henslowii ^'

Biak White-eye Henslow's Sparrow

Embemagra longicauda -'

Indonesia Canada, USA Pale-throated Pampa-fmch

Brazil
Zosterops natalis -' Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus '
Christmas Island White-eye Euphonia chalybea -'

Dusky-headed Brush-fmch
Christmas Island Green-chinned Euphonia
Colombia
^'
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Zosterops rennellianus -'
Atlapetes leucopis
Rennell White-eye Habia gutturalis -'

White-rimmed Brush-finch Sooty Ant-tanager

Solomon Islands
Colombia, Ecuador
Colombia
Zosterops saypani -'
-'
Atlapetes rufigenis Hemispingus rufosuperciliaris -'
Saipan Bridled White-eye
Rufous-eared Brush-fmch Rufous-browed Hemispingus
Northern Marianas
Peru Ecuador, Peru
Zosterops uropygialis -'
Golden-bellied White-eye Bangsia arcaei -' Incaspiza ortizi -'

Indonesia Blue-and-gold Tanager Grey-winged Inca-fmch

Costa Rica, Panama Peru
Zosterops vaughani -'

-'
Pemba White-eye Camarhynchus pauper -' Incaspiza watkinsi
Tanzania Medium Tree-finch Little Inca-finch
Ecuador Peru
Family MELIPHAGIDAE Iridosornis porphyrocephala -'
Catamenia oreophila -'

Lichenostomus frenatus -'

Santa Marta Seedeater Purplish-mantled Tanager
Bridled Honeyeater Colombia Colombia, Ecuador
Australia
Charitospiza eucosma -' Latoucheomis siemsseni -'

Lichmera deningeri -' Slaty Bunting

Coal-crested Finch
Burn Honeyeater Argentina, Brazil
China
Indonesia
Melanodera melanodera -'

Conothraupis speculigera -'

Melidectes leucostephes ='

Canary-winged Finch
Black-and-white Tanager
Vogelkop Melidectes Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands
Ecuador, Peru
Indonesia
Melanospiza richardsoni -'
Meliphaga reticulata -' Cypsnagra hirundinacea -'
St Lucia Black Finch
Streaky-breasted Honeyeater
White-rumped Tanager St Lucia
Bolivia. Brazil, Paraguay
Indonesia Neothraupis fasciata -'
Myzometa vulnerata -' Dacnis albiventris -'
White-banded Tanager
Red-rumped Myzomela White-bellied Dacnis Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Indonesia Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Orchesticus abeillei -'
Venezuela
Philemon inornatus -'
Brown Tanager
Plain Friarbird Dacnis viguieri -' Brazil
Indonesia Viridian Dacnis
Oreomanes fraseri -'
Colombia, Panama
Xanthotis provocator ' Giant Conebill
Kadavu Honeyeater Diglossa gloriosissima -' Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Fiji Chestnut-bellied Flower-piercer Oryzoborus crassirostris -'

Colombia Large-billed Seed-finch

Family EMBERIZIDAE
Emberiza cineracea -' Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French
Acanthidops bairdii ' Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname,
Cinereous Bunting
Peg-billed Finch Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Greece, Iran, Turkey. * Bahrain,
Costa Rica, Panama
Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Israel, Oryzoborus maximiliani 2'
Aimophila notosticta " Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Great-billed Seed-finch
Oaxaca Sparrow Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Brazil, French Guiana, Trinidad and
Mexico Emirates, Yemen Tobago, Venezuela
Aimophila sumichrasti -' Emberiza koslowi ^'
Passerina rositae ^'
Cinnamon-tailed Sparrow Tibetan Bunting Rose-bellied Bunting
Mexico China Mexico

162
 Birds

Poospiza cinerea -' Basileuterus ignotus -'

Quiscalus nicaraguensis -

Cinereous Warbling-finch Pirre Warbler Nicaraguan Grackle

Brazil Colombia, Panama Costa Rica, Nicaragua

Porphyrospim caerulescens -'

Conirostrum margaritae -'

Yellow-billed Blue Finch Pearly-breasted Conebill

Bolivia, Brazil Brazil, Peru Family FRINGILLroAE
Saltator cinctus -' Dendroica angelae -' Carduelis atriceps -'
Masked Saltator Elfin-woods Warbler Black-capped Siskin
Ecuador, Peru Puerto Rico Guatemala, Mexico
-'
Saltator maxillosus -'
Dendroica vitellina -'
Carduelis monguilloti
Thick-billed Saltator Vitelline Warbler Vietnam Greenfinch
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Cayman Islands, Honduras Viet Nam
Sicalis luteocephala -'
Ergaticus versicolor -' Pyrrhula aurantiaca -'

Citron-headed Yellow-finch Pink-headed Warbler Orange Bullfinch

Bolivia Guatemala, Mexico India, Pakistan

Sporophila cinnamomea -'

Geothlypis flavovelata -'
Pyrrhula leucogenis -'
Chestnut Seedeater Altamira Yellowthroat White-cheeked Bullfinch
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Mexico Philippines

Sporophila hypochroma -' Myioborus albifacies -'

Serinus leucopterus -'

Grey-and-chestnut Seedeater White-faced Whitestart Protea Canary

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Venezuela South Africa
Sporophila melanogaster -'
Vermivora crissalis -'
Serinus melanochrous -'

Black-bellied Seedeater Colima Warbler Kipengere Seedeater

Brazil Mexico, USA Tanzania
-'
Sporophila ruficollis Serinus symonsi -'
Dark-throated Seedeater Family DREPANIDmAE Drakensberg Siskin
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Lesotho, South Africa
Paroreomyza montana -'

Uruguay
Maui Alauahio Serinus totta -'

Tangara fucosa -'

USA Cape Siskin
Green-naped Tanager South Africa
Panama
Family VIREONIDAE
Tangara johannae -'

-'
Blue-whiskered Tanager Vireo brevipennis
Family ESTRILDTOAE
Colombia, Ecuador Slaty Vireo
Mexico Estrilda thomensis -'

Tangara phillipsi -' Cinderella Waxbill

^'
Sira Tanager Vireo nelsoni
Angola, Namibia
Peru Dwarf Vireo
Mexico Heteromunia pectoralis -'

Tangara varia ^'

Pictorella Munia
Dotted Tanager Vireo osburni -'

Australia
French Guiana, Surinarae,
Brazil, Blue Mountain Vireo
Venezuela Jamaica Lagonosticta virata -'

Vireolanius melitophrys -' Mali Firefinch

Thraupis cyanoptera -'
Chestnut-sided Shrike-vireo Mali
Azure-shouldered Tanager
Brazil Guatemala, Mexico Lonchura flaviprymna -'

Xenodacnis parina ^' Yellow-rumped Munia

Australia
Tit-like Dacnis Family ICTERIDAE
Ecuador, Peru Icterus laudabilis -' Lonchura nevermanni -'
Grey-crowned Munia
St Lucia Oriole
Family PARULmAE St Lucia
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
-' Icterus oberi -' Lonchura stygia -'

Basileuterus basilicus
Montserrat Oriole Black Munia
Santa Marta Warbler
Montserrat Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Colombia
Macroagelaius subalaris "
-'
Basileuterus cinereicollis -' Paddafuscata
Grey-throated Warbler Mountain Grackle Timor Sparrow
Colombia Indonesia
Colombia, Venezuela
Basileuterus conspicillatus -' Nesopsar nigerrimus ^' Stagonopleura oculata -'

White-lored Warbler Jamaican Blackbird Red-eared Firetai!

Colombia Jamaica Australia

163
 "

Lower Risk : near threatened

Family PLOCEffiAE Sturnus senex -' Semioptera wallacii^'

White-faced Starling Standardwing
Euplectes aureus -'

Sri Lanka Indonesia

Golden-backed Bishop
Angola Sturnus sericeus -'

Euplectes jacksoni '

Red-billed Starling Family CORVmAE
Jackson's Widowbird
China. * Hong Kong, Viet Nam Cissa hypoleuca -'
Kenya, Tanzania Yellow-breasted Magpie
Ploceus hypoxanthus -' Family ORIOLEDAE China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam
Asian Golden Weaver Oriolus hosii -' Cissa thalassina ''

Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Black Oriole Short-tailed Magpie

Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia
Ploceus spekeoides -'
Corvus fuscicapillus ^'

Fox's Weaver Brown-headed Crow

Uganda
Family DICRURffiAE
Indonesia
Dicrurus aldabranus -'
Corvus meeki 2'
STURNffiAE Aldabra Drongo
Family Bougainville Crow
Seychelles
Acridotheres albocinctus -' Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Dicrurus andamanensis -'

Collared Myna Corvus palmarum ^'

China, India, Myanmar Andaman Drongo Palm Crow
India, Myanmar
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Aplonis crassa -'

Dicrurus modestus -'

Tanimbar Starling Corvus woodfordi
Principe Drongo
Indonesia White-billed Crow
Sao Tome & Principe Solomon Islands
Aplonis insularis -'

Dicrurus sumatranus -'

Cyanocorax caeruleus "
Rennell Starling
Solomon Islands
Sumatran Drongo Azure Jay
Indonesia
Aplonis mystacea ^' Argentina, Brazil

Yellow-eyed Starling Cyanocorax dickeyi -'

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Family PTILONORHYNCHIDAE Tufted Jay

Aplonis zelandica -' Ailuroedus dentirostris '' Mexico
Rusty-winged Starling Tooth-billed Catbird Cyanolyca pulchra -'

Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Australia Beautiful Jay

Basilornis galeatus -'
Amblyornis Jlavifrons -' Colombia, Ecuador
Helmeted Myna Golden-fronted Bowerbird Dendrocitta hayleyi -'

Indonesia Indonesia Andaman Treepie

Basilornis miranda -' India

Apo Myna Family PARADISAEIDAE Dendrocitta leucogastra ^'

Philippines White-bellied Treepie

-'
Astrapia nigra India
Lamprotornis cupreocauda -'

Arfak Astrapia
Copper-tailed Glossy-starling Platysmurus leucopterus 2'
Indonesia
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Black Magpie
Liberia, Sierra Leone Cicinnurus respublica ^' Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Wilson's Bird-of-paradise Myanmar, Thailand
Saroglossa spiloptera '"

Indonesia
Spot-winged Starling Urocissa whiteheadi -'

India, Nepal. * Bangladesh, India, Epimachus bruijnii -'

White-winged Magpie
Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand Pale-billed Sicklebill China, Laos, Viet Nam
Streptocitta albertinae ^'
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Bare-eyed Myna Paradigalla carunculata ^'

Indonesia Long-tailed Paradigalla Class REPTILIA

Indonesia
Sturnus erythropygius ^'

White-headed Starling Paradisaea guilielmi -' Order SAURIA

India Emperor Bird-of-paradise Family ANGUIDAE
Sturnus melanopterus -' Papua New Guinea
'^
Diploglossus warreni
Black-winged Starling Paradisaea rubra -'
Haiti
Indonesia Red Bird-of-paradise
Sturnus philippensis " Indonesia Family CHAMAELEONIDAE
Chestnut-cheeked Starling Ptiloris paradiseus -'
Bradypodion nemorale '»'
Japan, Russia. * China, Indonesia, Paradise Riflebird Zululand Dwarf Chamaeleon
Japan, Philippines, Taiwan Australia South Africa

164
 " '

Reptiles 5»

Bradypodion thamnobates '" Family SCINCIDAE Order TESTUDEVES

Natal Midland Dwarf Chamaeleon
Coeranoscincus reticulatus "
South Africa Family CHELIDAE
Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink
Australia Acanthochelys macrocephala '"

Eumeces kishinouyei '" Pantanal Swamp Turtle

Family CORDYLffiAE Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Kishinoue's Giant Skink
Cordylus lawrencei "' Japan (Nansei-shoto) Acanthochelys radiolata "<•

Lawrence's Girdled Lizard Brazilian Radiolated Swamp Turtle

South Africa Oligosoma fallal
Brazil
Falla's Skink
Gerrhosaurus typicus ""
New Zealand Acanthochelys spixii "'•

Namaqua Plated Lizard Spiny-neck Turtle

South Africa
Oligosoma infrapunctatum "
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay?,
Speckled Skink
Platysaurus relictus "' Uruguay
New Zealand
Soutpansberg Flat Lizard Chelodina oblonga "»
'"'
Scelotes gronovii
South Africa Narrow-breasted Snake-necked
Gronovi's Dwarf Burrowing Skink
Pseudocordylus langi '»' Turtle
South Africa
Lang's Crag Lizard Australia
Lesotho, South Africa '"
Phrynops rufipes
Pseudocordylus spinosus '»' Red Side-necked Turtle
Spiny Crag Lizard Order SERPENTES Brazil, Colombia, Peru?
South Africa
Family BOIDAE Phrynops vanderhaegei "'
Vanderhaege's Toad-headed Turtle
Family GEKKONTOAE Epicrates angulifer "
Argentina, Bolivia?, Brazil,
Afroedura hawequensis '"' Cuban Boa
Paraguay, Uruguay?
Cuba
Hawequa Flat Gecko
South Africa Epicrates inornatus " Family EMYDTOAE
Puerto Rican Boa
Homopholis mulleri "" Cuora amboinensis '"
Puerto Rico
Mullet's Velvet Gecko South Asian Box Turtle
South Africa Python molurus '" Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia?,
Indian Python India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Hoplodactylus kahutarae "
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand,
Black-eyed Gecko
Kong, India, Indonesia, Laos, Viet Nam
New Zealand
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Cuora galbinifrons "'
Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam
'"
Hoplodactylus rakiurae
Indochinese Box Turtle
Harlequin Gecko
China, Viet Nam
New Zealand
Emydoidea blandingii '"
Phelsuma ocellata '" Family COLUBRTOAE
Blanding's Turtle
Namaqua Day Gecko Homoroselaps dorsalis '*' Canada, USA
Namibia, South Africa Striped Harlequin Snake
"" South Africa, Swaziland Emys orbicularis "'
Phyllodactylus microlepidotus
European Pond Turtle
Small-scaled Leaf-toed Gecko Lamprophis fuscus '"
Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria,
South Africa Yellow-bellied House Snake Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Undenvoodisaurus sphyurus " South Africa Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Australia Lamprophis swazicus "' Croatia, Cyprus?, Czech Republic,
Swazi Rock Snake France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
South Africa, Swaziland Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
Family LACERTmAE Opheodrys herminae '"'
Liechtenstein?, Lithuania,
Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco?,
Lacerta rupicola "" Sakashima Green Snake Morocco, Netherlands, Poland,
Soutpansberg Rock Lizard Japan (Nansei-shoto) Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
South Africa Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland,
*> Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Lacerta schreiberi
Portugal, Spain Family ELAPffiAE Ukraine, Yugoslavia

Elapognathus minor " Geoclemys hamiltonii '"

Short-nosed Snake Spotted Pond Turtle

Family PYGOPODmAE Australia Bangladesh, India, Nepal?, Pakistan
'"
Aprasia pseudopulchella " Simoselaps calonotus Graptemys barbouri
Flinders Ranges Worm-lizard Black-striped Snake Barbour's Map Turtle
Australia Australia USA

165
 Lower Risk : near threatened

Terrapene Carolina "' '"

Graptemys ernsti "<• Cyclanorbis elegans
Escambia Map Turtle Common Box Turtle Nubian Flapshell Turtle
USA Mexico, USA Benin?, Chad, Ethiopia?, Ghana,
Nigeria, Sudan, Togo
Graptemys gibbonsi '"' Terrapene ornata '"
Pascagoula Map Turtle Ornate Box Turtle Cyclanorbis senegalensis "'
USA Mexico, USA Senegal Flapshell Turtle
Trachemys "<• Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon?,
Graptemys nigrinoda "' scripta
Chad, Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia?,
Black-knobbed Map Turtle Common Slider
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau,
USA Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Mali, Mauritania?, Nigeria, Senegal,
[R.Tombigbee-Black El Salvador, France [int], Germany
Sudan, Togo
Warrior-Alabama] [int], Guadeloupe Guatemala,
[int],

Honduras, Israel [int], Mexico, Cycloderma frenatum '"

Graptemys versa "« Netherlands [int], Nicaragua, Zambezi Flapshell Turtle
Texas Map Turtle Panama, South Africa [int], USA, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania,
USA Venezuela Zimbabwe
[R. Colorado]
Trachemys stejnegeri '™
Palea steindachneri '™
Hardella thurjii '" Central Antillean Slider Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle
Crowned River Turtle Bahamas, Dominican Republic, China, Mauritius [int], USA [int]
Bangladesh, India?, Nepal, Pakistan Haiti, Puerto Rico
(Hawaiian Is), Viet Nam
Heosemys grandis '">
Giant Asian Pond Turtle
Family KINOSTERNIDAE
Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Thailand, Viet Nam Claudius angustatus '"
Nartow-bridged Musk Turtle
Class AMPHIBIA
Kachuga dhongoka '™
Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Three-striped Roof Turtle
Bangladesh, India, Nepal Kinostemon acutum '" Order ANURA
Tabasco Mud Turtle
Family BUFONffiAE
Malaclemys terrapin "'
Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Diamondback Terrapin Bufo retiformis "
Kinosternon creaseri '"
USA Sonoran Green Toad
Greaser's Mud Turtle
Mexico, USA
Morenia ocellata "'•
Mexico
Burmese Eyed Turtle Capensibufo rosei ""
Myanmar Kinosternon oaxacae "'•

Cape Mountain Toad

Oaxaca Mud Turtle
Morenia petersi '" Mexico
South Africa
Indian Eyed Turtle
Bangladesh, India, Nepal? Staurotypus salvinii '"
Giant Musk Turtle
'"
Ocadia sinensis El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Family HYLffiAE
Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle
Staurotypus triporcatus "' Hyla andersonii "
China, Laos?, Taiwan, Viet Nam
Mexican Musk Turtle Pine Bartens Tree Frog
Orlitia borneensis "*•
Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, USA
Malaysian Giant Turtle Mexico
Indonesia, Malaysia
Hyla arborea "
Family TESTUDINroAE European Tree Frog
Pseudemys gorzugi "'
Albania, Armenia, Austria,
Rio Grande Cooter Homopus signatus ^ Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Mexico, USA Speckled Cape Tortoise Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Namibia?, South Africa Croatia,Czech Republic, Denmark,
Pseudemys rubriventris '™
Kinixys natalensis '"> France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
American Red-bellied Turtle
Hungary, Iran, Italy, Liechtenstein,
USA Natal Hinge-back Tortoise
Mozambique, South Africa, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova,
Rhinoclemmys annulata '™
Swaziland Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Brown Wood Turtle Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Testudo hermanni "'
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Ukraine, United Kingdom? [int],
Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Malta Yugoslavia
Rhinoclemmys funerea '"
[int],Romania, Slovenia, Spain [int]
Black Wood Turtle (Balearic Is), Turkey, Yugoslavia Litoria aurea "
Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Green and Golden Bell Frog
Panama Family TRIONYCHIDAE Australia

Rhinoclemmys nasuta '" Aspideretes leithii '" Litoria brevipalmata '*

Large-nosed Wood Turtle Leith'sSoftshell Turtle Green-thighed Frog

Colombia, Ecuador India Australia

166
 "

Fishes: bony fishes

Family LEIOPELMATIDAE Speleomantes imperialis " [Atlantic (northwest, northwest,

Leiopelma archeyi '* Italy westem central, western central)]

Archey's Frog Speleomantes supramontes " Acipenser transmontanus ™
New Zealand Italy White Sturgeon
Canada, USA
Family SALAMANDRIDAE
Family MYOBATRACHIDAE
Mertensiella caucasica "
Adelotus brevis " Order GSTEOGLOSSITORMES
Caucasian Salamander
Tusked Frog Georgia, Turkey
Australia Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
Scleropages leichhardti '"
Heleioporus albopunctatus "
Western Spotted Frog Southern Saratoga
Class
Australia Australia
CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
Lechriodus fletcheri '*

Fletcher's Frog Order Family NOTOPTERIDAE

Australia PETROMYZONTIFORMES Chitala blanci k"
Mixophyes fasciolatus " Cambodia, Thailand
Family PETROMYZONTroAE
Great Barred Frog
Australia
Eudontomyzon danfordi '»'
Carpathian Brook Lamprey
Pseudophryne australis " Austria?, Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Order CYPRINIFORMES
Red-crowned Toadlet Czech Republic?,
Bulgaria, Croatia?,
Australia Hungary, Moldova?, Romania,
Family CYPREVIDAE
Pseudophryne bibronii Slovakia, Ukraine?, Yugoslavia Barbus caninus '°'

Bibron's Toadlet [R. Danube] Italy, Switzerland

Australia Eudontomyzon vladykovi '»' Barbus hospes "'

Vladykov's Lamprey Namaquab Barb

Austria?, Bulgaria?, Romania, Namibia, South Africa
Family RANIDAE Yugoslavia Barbus plebejus ""

Anhydrophryne rattrayi '« Lampetra fluviatilis '»'

Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland
Hogsback Frog River Lamprey Barbus sclateri '"'

South Africa Albania, Austria, Belgium, Czech Portugal, Spain

"" Republic (ex?), Denmark, Estonia,
Cacosternum capense Barbus tyberinus '»'
Finland, France, Germany, Ireland,
Cape Caco Italy
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
South Africa
Luxembourg?, Netherlands, Norway, Capoeta pestai '"
Rana dracomontana "^
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia Siraz Baligi
Drakensberg Frog (ex?), Spain (ex?), Sweden, Turkey
Lesotho, South Africa? Switzerland (ex). United Kingdom [L. Beysehir, L. Egirdir]
Rana latastei " Lampetra hubbsi " Chalcalbumus belvica '»'

Italian Agile Frog Kern Brook Lamprey Albania, Greece, Macedonia?

Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland USA [L. Prespa]
Lampetra planeri ""
Chondrostoma genei ""
Brook Lamprey South European Nase
Order CAUDATA Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria?, Czech Italy, Slovenia (ex)
Republic, Estonia, Finland, France,
Chondrostoma prespensis "'
Family PLETHODONTn)AE Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Albania, Greece, Macedonia?
Lithuania, Luxembourg?,
Aneides aeneus '" Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Cyprinella callitaenia "
Green Salamander Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Bluestripe Shiner
USA Switzerland, United Kingdom USA
Plethodon caddoensis "" [R. Apalachicola]
USA Cyprinella monacha "
Plethodon fourchensis "" Class ACTINOPTERYGII Turquoise Shiner
USA USA
Order ACIPENSERIFORMES
Plethodon ouachitae '" Gila intermedia '"

USA Family ACIPENSERroAE Gila Chub

Speleomantes genei " "° Mexico, USA
Acipenser oxyrinchus
Sardinian or Brown Cave Salamander Atlantic Sturgeon Leuciscus lucumontis ""

Italy Canada, Mexico, USA Italy

167
Lower Risk : near threatened

Macrhybopsis meeki " Order SILURIFORMES Craterocephalus lentiginosus '

Sicklefin Chub Prince Regent Hardyhead

Family ICTALURIDAE Australia
USA
Notropis perpallidus " Noturus munitus " Melanotaenia gracilis "'

Colorless Shiner Frecklebelly Madtom Slender Rainbowfish

USA USA Australia

Oregonichthys kalawatseti " Noturus placidus " Melanotaenia pygmaea '"

Umpqua Chub Neosho Madtom Pygmy Rainbowfish

USA USA Australia
'" Menidia conchorum "'
Pachychilon pictum
Albanian Roach Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE Key Silverside
Albania, Greece, Yugoslavia '*'
USA
Trichomycterus laucaensis
'"
Phoxinellus pleurobipunctatus Chile
Greece '"
Trichomycterus rivulatus Order
'"'
Phoxinellus zeregii Chile
Turkey
CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Phoxinus tennesseensis " CYPRINODONTroAE
Family
Tennessee Dace Order SALMONIFORMES Orestias laucaensis "'
USA Chile
Pseudobarbus afer '"
Family UMBRIDAE [R. Lauca]
Eastern Cape Redfin Novumbra hubbsi "
South Africa Olympic Mudminnow
USA Family POECILiroAE
'"
Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus
Daska
Gambusia senilis ''
Guayacon Pinto
Greece Family LEPmOGALAXiroAE Mexico, USA
Rutilus macedonicus ""
'"
Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Poeciliopsis occidentalis "
Greece
Salmanderfish Charalito
Australia Mexico, USA
Family COBITIDAE
Cobitis meridionalis '" Family GALAXIIDAE
Albania?, Greece, Macedonia?
"»
Order BELONIFORMES
Galaxias zebratus
Cobitis paludica ""
Portugal, Spain
Cape Galaxias Family HEMIRAMPHmAE
South Africa ""
"" Dermogenys megarramphus
Misgurnis fossilis
munda '™
Galaxiella Indonesia
Weatherfish
Western Mud Minnow [Malili Lakes]
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia
Australia
and Herzegovina?, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Galaxiella nigrostriata '"
Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Black-striped Minnow Order PERCIFGRMES
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Australia
Netherlands, Poland, Romania, '"
Family SERRANTOAE
Neochanna apoda
Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Brown Mudfish Epinephelus marginatus "
Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Brown Grouper
New Zealand
Sabanjewia larvata "" [Atlantic (eastern central, southeast,

Italian Loach
southwest), Mediterranean and Black
Sea]
Italy
Order ATHEREMIFORMES
Paralabrax dewegeri '

Family CATOSTOMIDAE Family ATHERINmAE Meo Viejo

'" Venezuela
Catostomus snyderi " Basilichthys australis
[Atlantic (western central)]
Chile
Klamath Largescale Sucker
""
USA Cauque mauleanum
Cycleptus elongatus "
Chile Family TERAPONTIDAE
Blue Sucker Craterocephalus centralis '" Hephaestus epirrhinos '™
Mexico, USA Finke River Hardyhead Long-nose Sooty Grunter
Australia Australia
Moxostoma hamiltoni '»'

"' '"
Rustyside Sucker Craterocephalus helenae Leiopotherapon aheneus
USA Drysdale Hardyhead Fortesque Grunter
[R. Dan] Australia Australia

168
 Insects

Leiopotherapon macrolepis "'

Percina uranidea " Sicydium stimpsoni '"
Large-scale Grunter Stargazing Darter Oopu Nopili
Australia USA USA (Hawaiian Is)

Pingalla midgleyi "' Silhouettea sibayi ""

Midgley's Grunter Sibayi Goby
Australia
Family ELEOTRIDAE
Mozambique, South Africa
"' Butis butis ™
Syncomistes kimberleyensis Taenioides jacksoni "*
Duckbill Sleeper
Kimberley Grunter Bearded Eelgoby
Mozambique, South Africa
Australia South Africa
Eleotris melanosoma "»
Syncomistes rastellus '™
Broadhead Sleeper
Drysdale Grunter
Australia
Mozambique, South Africa Class ECHINOroEA
Hypseleotris dayi ™
Golden Sleeper Order ECHINOroA
Family CENTRARCHIDAE South Africa
Family ECHINIDAE
Micropterus notius " Hypseleotris ejuncida '"
Suwannee Bass Echinus esculentus "'
Slender Gudgeon
USA Australia
European Edible Sea Urchin
Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland,
Hypseleotris kimberleyensis '

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,

Family ELASSOMATmAE Bamett River Gudgeon Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
Elassoma boehlkei " Australia [Atlantic (northeast)]
Carolina Pygmy Sunfish Hypseleotris regalis "'
USA Prince Regent Gudgeon Class ARACHNIDA
Australia

Family PERCIDAE Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi '

Order ARANEAE
Mitchell Gudgeon
Etheostoma acuticeps "
Australia Family THERAPHOSmAE
Sharphead Darter
USA Kimberleyeleotris notata "' Euathlus smithi '"
Drysdale Gudgeon Red-kneed Tarantula
Etheostoma cragini "
Australia Mexico
Arkansas Darter
USA
[R. Arkansas] Family GOBIIDAE Class CRUSTACEA
Etheostoma kanawhae " '"
mossambica
Croilia
Kanawha Darter Order ANOSTRACA
Naked Goby
USA Mozambique, South Africa
[R. New]
Family LINDERIELLffiAE
Glossogobius biocellatus '" Linderiella occidentalis "
Etheostoma luteovinctum " Sleepy Goby California Linderiella
Redband Darter Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania
USA USA
Oligolepis keiensis '"
Etheostoma maculatum "
Kei Goby
Spotted Darter
Mozambique, South Africa
Class INSECTA
USA
[R. Ohio] Padogobius martensii '»'
Order COLEOPTERA
Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland
Etheostoma osburni "
Papillogobius melanobranchus '" Family CARABmAE
Finescale Saddled Darter
USA Blackthroat Goby Carabus intricatus ''
[R. New]
Mozambique, South Africa Blue Ground Beetle
Papillogobius reichei '" Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech
Etheostoma ruhrum "
Tropical Sand Goby Republic, Denmark, France,
Bayou Darter Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,
USA Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania
Netherlands, Poland, Romania,
[R. Bayou Pierre and tributaries] Priolepis robinsi '

Slovakia?, Sweden, Switzerland,

Percina macrocephala " [Atlantic (westem central)] United Kingdom, Yugoslavia
Redigobius bikolanus "»
Longhead Darter
USA Bigmouth Goby
[R. Ohio] Mozambique, South Africa Family CICINDELIDAE
Percina nasuta " Redigobius dewaali '™ Cicindela marginipennis "
Longnose Darter Checked Goby Cobblestone Tiger Beetle
USA Mozambique, South Africa USA

169
Lower Risk : near threatened

Family LUCANIDAE Luxembourg, Moldova, Netheriands, Maculinea arion "

Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Large Blue
'«
Colophon izardi Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Albania?, Armenia?, Austria,
South Africa Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Azerbaijan?, Belarus?, Belgium,
United Kingdom, Yugoslavia Bulgaria?, China, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia?, Finland, France,
Order HOMOPTERA Formica uralensis '"
Georgia?, Germany, Greece,
European Red Wood Ant
Hungary?, Iran?, Italy, Japan?,
Family CICADroAE Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Kazakhstan?, Latvia?, Lithuania?,
France, Germany, Kazakhstan,
Magicicada cassini '"' Moldova?, Poland, Romania?,
Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland,
Cassini Periodical Cicada Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,
Russia, Sweden, Switzerland,
USA Ukraine
Switzeriand, Turkey, Ukraine,
"- United Kingdom [re-int], Yugoslavia
Magicicada septendecim
Decim Periodical Cicada Maculinea arionides '*'

Canada, USA Family SPHECmAE Greater Large Blue

Magicicada septendecula " China, Japan, Russia
Tachysphex pechumani '

Decula Periodical Cicada Maculinea nausithous '"

Antennal-waving Wasp
USA USA Dusky Large Blue
Armenia?, Austria, Azerbaijan?,
Belarus?, Bulgaria, Czech Republic?,
Order HYMENOPTERA France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary,
Order LEPIDOPTERA Kazakhstan?, Moldova?, Poland,
Family FORMICIDAE Romania?, Russia, Spain,
'"
Formica aquilonia Family HESPERIIDAE Switzeriand, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
European Red Wood Ant
Panoquina errans '" Maculinea teleius '*'

Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Finland,

Wandering Skipper Scarce Large Blue
France, Germany, Italy, Latvia,
Norway, Russia, Sweden,
Mexico, USA Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic?,
France, Georgia?, Germany,
Switzerland, United Kingdom,
Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan?,
Yugoslavia
Family LYCAENIDAE Mongolia?, Poland, Russia, Spain?,
Formica lugubris '" Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
European Red Wood Ant Chrysoritis oreas ''

Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Drakensburg Copper Poecilmitis aureus "

Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, South Africa South Africa
Norway, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Thestor brachycerus "
lolaus aphnaeoides "
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United
South Africa South Africa
Kingdom, Yugoslavia
Lepidochrysops bacchus "
Formica polyctena '"
Wineland Blue
Family NYMPHALmAE
European Red Wood Ant ""
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech South Africa Anetia briarea
Lesser False Fritillary
Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Lycaena dispar "
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Large Copper
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Armenia?, Austria, Azerbaijan?, Anetia cubana ""
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Belarus?, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Salvin's Anetia
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Republic, Estonia, Finland?, France, Cuba
Yugoslavia Georgia?, Germany, Greece,
Formica pratensis/nigricans "" Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan?, Anetia jaegeri '"'
Luxembourg, Jaeger's Anetia
European Red Wood Ant Latvia?, Lithuania,
Moldova?, Mongolia?, Netherlands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech
Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, ""
Anetia pantheratus
Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Turkey?, Ukraine,
False Fritillary
Luxembourg,
Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti
Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Maculinea alcon "
Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Danaus cleophile ""
Alcon Large Blue
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Jamaican Monarch
Albania?, Austria, Belarus?,
Ukraine, United Kingdom, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica
Belgium, Bulgaria?, Czech
Yugoslavia
Republic?, Denmark, France, Euploea blossomae '°'

Formica rufa '" Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Schaus' Crow

European Red Wood Ant Kazakhstan?, Lithuania, Moldova?, Philippines
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Netheriands, Poland?, Romania,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Russia, Slovakia?, Spain, Sweden, Euploea gamelia '»'

Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Javan Crow

Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia Indonesia

170
 Leeches

Euploea martinii "" Papilio maraho " Somatochlora incurvata "^

Sumatran Crow Taiwan Canada, USA

Indonesia Papilio sjoestedti " Somatochlora ozarkensis '^'

Euploea swainson "" Kilimanjaro Swallowtail USA

Swainson's Crow Tanzania
Indonesia, Philippines Parides burchellanus " Family GOMPHIDAE
Euploea tobleri '"' Brazil '^
Gomphurus modestus
Tobler's Crow Teinopalpus imperialis " GulfClubtail
Philippines Kaiser-I-Hind USA
Idea iasonia '"' Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar,
Gomphus diminutus '"
Ceylon Tree-nymph Nepal
Diminutive Clubtail
Sri Lanka Troides andromacfie " USA
Idea malabarica ">' Indonesia?, Malaysia
Gomphus hodgesi '-'

Malabar Tree-Nymph Family SATYRIDAE Hodges' Clubtail

India USA
Coenonympha oedippus '"
""
Parantica albata Hylogomphus geminatus '^'
False Ringlet
Zinken's Tiger Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Twin-striped Clubtail
Indonesia USA
Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan?,
Parantica nilgiriensis "" Liechtenstein, Mongolia?, Poland, '"
Hylogomphus parvidens
Nilgiri Tiger Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, USA
India Ukraine
Ophiogomphus anomalus '-'

"" Erebia christi '"

Parantica pseudomelaneus Canada, USA
Javan Tiger Raetzer's Ringlet
Ophiogomphus incurvatus '^'

Indonesia Italy, Switzerland

USA
Parantica taprobana ""

Ceylon Tiger Order MANTODEA Family SYNLESTIDAE

Sri Lanka
Family MANTTOAE Chlorolestes draconicus '^
Parantica tityoides ""
South Africa
Sumatran Chocolate Tiger '"
Apteromantis aptera
'-'
Indonesia Spain Ecchlorolestes nylephtha
'"'
South Africa
Protoploea apatela
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Order ODONATA Class MEROSTOMATA
Family PAPILIONIDAE
Family AESHNTOAE Order XIPHOSURA
Archon apollinaris "
Aeshna viridis '"
Armenia, Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, Family LIMULroAE
Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,
Austria, Czech Republic?, Denmark,
Romania, Syria, Turkey, Estonia?, Finland, Germany, Limulus polyphemus '"

Turkmenistan Hungary, Latvia?, Lithuania?, Horseshoe Crab

Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Canada, Mexico, USA
Baronia brevicomis '" Slovakia?, Sweden, Yugoslavia?
Short-homed Baronia
Mexico Family CALOPTERYGroAE Class ONYCHOPHORA
'"
Graphium mendana ''
Calopteryx angustipennis
ONYCHOPHORA
Order
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands USA
Luehdorfiajaponica " Family PERIPATIDAE
Japanese Luehdorfia Family COENAGRIONIDAE Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis '-'

Japan Megalagrion nigrohanmtum '" Jamaica

Omithoptera chimaera ''
Nigrohamatum Damselfly
Chimaera Birdwing USA (Hawaiian Is) Class HIRUDINEA
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Papilio benguetanus " Family CORDULiroAE Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE
Philippines '"
Antipodochlora braueri Family HIRUDEMroAE
Papilio grosesmithi " New Zealand '"
Hirudo medicinalis
Madagascar Macromia margarita '-'
Medicinal Ixech
Papilio himeros " USA Albania, Armenia, Austria,
Argentina, Brazil '^ Azerbaijan?, Belarus?, Belgium,
Somatochlora calverti
Papilio manlius " Calverts' Emerald Czech Republic?,
Bulgaria,
Mauritius USA Denmark, Estonia?, Finland, France,

171
 '

Lower Risk : near threatened

Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Fusconaia barnesiana " Obovaria subrotunda -*

Italy, Kazakhstan?, Latvia?, USA USA

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, -*
Obovaria unicolor ^
Fusconaia lananensis
Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
USA USA
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Fusconaia ozarkensis " Plethobasus cyphyus -*

Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA USA

Yugoslavia Fusconaia subrotunda ^'
Pleurobema beadleianum -*

USA USA
Fusconaia succissa * Pleurobema cordatum ^
Class OLIGOCHAETA USA USA
Lampsilis bracteata -' [R. Green, R. Ohio]
Order HAPLOTAXIDA
USA Pleurobema decisum -'

Family LUTODRILIDAE Lampsilis cardium -' Southern Clubshell

Lutodrilus multivesiculatus '" USA USA
USA Lampsilis fullerkati
'•'
Pleurobema pyriforme -'

Waccamaw Fatmucket Oval Pigtoe

USA USA
Class BIVALVIA Lampsilis haddletoni " Pleurobema riddellii "
USA USA
Order UNIONOroA Pleurobema rubrum "
Lampsilis omata -*
Family UNIONIDAE USA Pyramid Pigtoe
USA
Actinonaias pectorosa ' Lampsilis ovata ^
[R. Green]
USA USA
-'
Pseudanodonta complanata "
Anodontoides radiatus ^*
Lampsilis perovalis
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
USA Orangenacre Mucket
Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland,
Cyclonaias tuberculata -* USA Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan,
USA Lampsilis satura -*
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway,

Ellipsaria lineolata " USA Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,

Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine,
USA Lampsilis splendida -'

United Kingdom
Elliptio ahenea -' USA
USA Ptychobranchus occidentalis -*
Lasmigona holstonia -*

-* Tennessee Heelsplitter
USA
Elliptio angustata
USA USA Ptychobranchus subtentum -*

USA
Elliptio congaraea " Lasmigona subviridis -'

USA Green Floater Pyganodon gibbosa -'

Elliptio dariensis -' USA USA
USA Leptodea leptodon " Quadrula asperata -*

Elliptio downiei " Scaleshell USA

USA USA Quadrula houstonensis -'

Elliptio folliculata " Leptodea ochracea " USA

USA USA Quadrula refulgens -'

Elliptio hopetonensis -' Lexingtonia dolabelloides -*

USA
USA Slabside Pearlymussel
Quadrula rumphiana -''

" USA USA

Elliptio lanceolata
Ligumia nasuta '
Yellow Lance Quincuncina infucata "
USA USA USA
Elliptio mcmichaeli *• Ligumia recta " -*
Strophitus connasaugaensis
USA USA USA
Elliptio producta ^' Medionidus conradicus -* -*
Strophitus subvexus
USA USA USA
-"
shepardiana
Elliptio ^•'
Obovaria jacksoniana '"
Vnio crassus
Altamaha Lance USA Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
USA Obovaria rotulata -^
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Fusconaia askewi " Round Ebonyshell Finland, France, Germany, Hungary,
USA USA Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,

172
 Molluscs: snails

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Family HYDROBIIDAE Family MURICffiAE

Netherlands, Poland, Romania,
Bythinella carinulata " Latiaxis babelis ™
Russia, Slovakia, Sweden,
France Malta
Switzerland, Ukraine
Bythinella pupoides "
France, Switzerland
Order VENEROroA '^ Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
Bythinella vesontiana
France AGRIOLIMACn)AE
Family SPHAERIDAE Family
Bythiospeum elseri ™
Deroceras vascoana '"
Pisidium fultoni '

Austria
Australia France, Spain
Falniowskia neglectissimum '""

Poland, Slovakia
Family CAMAENffiAE
Class GASTROPODA Fluviopupa gracilis ™
Australia Amphidromus cognatus "
Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Fluviopupa ramsayi "'
Australia

Amplirhagada montalivetensis "°

Family NERUffiAE Australia
Australia
Neritilia manoeli " Fonscochlea zeidleri ™
Austrochloritis ascensa "•'

Angola, Cameroon, Sao Tome & Australia

Australia
Pri'ncipe Hemistoma gemma '"

Australia Austrochloritis pusilla '"

Australia
MoUessieria lineolata ^
Order BASOMMATOPHORA France Baccalena squamulosa "
ANCYLIDAE Australia
Family Moitessieria rayi ^
Baudinella baudinensis '™
Ancylus regularis " France
'"
Australia
Ethiopia Paladilhia hungarica
Cooperconcha centralis '"
Simulator consetti "« Hungary
"' Australia
Australia Potamopyrgus oscitans
Australia Craterodiscus pricei '"
Family PLANORBroAE "» Australia
Trockidrobia punicea
Cristilabrum spectaculum "*
Biomphalaria angulosa " Australia

Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia Victodrobia victoriensis ™ Australia

Cupedora broughami "'

Biomphalaria salinarum " Australia
Australia
Angola, Namibia?
Bulinus barthi " Family RANELLIDAE Cupedora luteofusca "•'

Australia
Kenya, Tanzania Cymatium parthenopaeum '"

Cupedora marcidum '"

Bulinus browni " Italy
Australia
Kenya
Bulinus canescens " Family THIARIDAE Cupedora sutilosa "•'

Australia
Angola, Zaire, Zambia Cleopatra grandidieri "
Bulinus cemicus " Madagascar Cupedora tomsetti "•'

Australia
Mauritius Melanatria fluminea "
Glyptorhagadajanaslini '"
Bulinus crystallinus " Madagascar
Australia
Angola, Gabon Melanatria madagascarensis "
Bulinus hexaploidus " Madagascar Granulomelon grandituberculatum "
Ethiopia Australia

Bulinus octaploidus " Family VIVIPARIDAE Jacksonena delicata '*'

Ethiopia '" Australia

Viviparus acerosus
Jacksonena rudis '"
Germany,
Austria, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Romania, Slovakia Australia
Order MESOGASTROPODA Lacustrelix minor '"

Family AMPULLARIDAE Order NEOGASTROPODA

Australia
'"
Lanistes ciliatus " Lacustrelix yerelinana
Kenya Family BUCCINIDAE Australia
'"
Lanistes elliptus " Ranella olearia '" Meliobba shafferyi
Malawi, Mozambique, Zaire Italy Australia
"'
Pila occidentalis " Meridolum marshalli
'"
Ranella parthenopaeum
Angola, Namibia, Zambia Italy Australia

173
Lower Risk : near threatened

"- Family
Mesodontrachia desmonda'" Muticaria macrostoma
Australia Malta HELICODISCIDAE
'"
Helicodiscus diadema
Mesodontrachia fUzroyana "
USA
Australia Family COCHLICOPIDAE '"
Helicodiscus hexodon
">' '"
Ordtrachia australis Cryptazeca vasconica USA
Australia Spain
'" Family
Ordtrachia septentrionalis
Australia
HELMINTHOGLYPXroAE
Family DISCIDAE
"' Eremarionta morongoana '*'

Papuexul bidwilli Discus scutula '

Morongo Desert Snail
Australia Spain (Canary Is)
USA
Pleuroxia arcigerens " Helminthoglypta mohaveana '«
Australia
Family GEOMITRmAE Victorville Shoulderband
Pleuroxia italowiana ""
'"
USA
Actinella actinophora '"
Australia Sonorella allynsmithi
Portugal (Madeira)
Posorites turneri '"
'"
USA
Actinella carinofausta '"
Australia Sonorella christenseni
Portugal (Madeira)
USA
Semotrachia sublevata " Actinella fausta '"
Australia Sonorella eremita '"
Portugal (Madeira)
Sax Xavier Talus Snail
Semotrachia winneckeana " Actinella giramica '" USA
Australia Portugal (Madeira) '"
Sonorella grahamensis
'»
Setobaudinia victoriana Actinella obserata '" USA
Australia Portugal (Madeira) '"
Sonorella macrophallus
Sphaerospira macleayi "' Actinella robusta '" USA
Australia Portugal (Madeira) Sonorella metcalfi "'>

'" Franklin Mountain Talus Snail

Sphaerospira rockhamptonensis '
Spirorbula obtecta
Australia Portugal (Madeira) USA
'" '"
'" Spirorbula squalida Sonorella todseni
Sphaerospira whartoni
Australia Portugal (Madeira) USA
Torresitrachia funium " Family HYGROMimAE
Australia Family HELICmAE '"
Atenia quadrani
'"
Allognathus graellsianus
Family CHAROPmAE Spain (Balearic Is)
Spain
'"
'" Cryptosaccus asturiensis
Allocharopa okeana Chilostoma cingulellum '"
Spain
Australia Poland, Slovakia
Helicella gasulli '"
'"
Allocharopa tarravillensis Chilostoma rossmaessleri '"
Spain
Australia Poland, Slovakia
Helicella orzai '"
Pillomena aemula » Codringtonia acacrianica "*
Spain
Australia Greece
Helicella striatitala ">
'" '"
Roblinella agnewi Codringtonia codringtonii Spain
Australia Rock Snail Helicella zaratei '"
'" Greece Spain
Setomedea nudicostata
'"
Australia Cylindrus obtusus Helicella zujarensis '"
Austria Spain
"*
Helix godetiana Helicopsis conopsis "*
Greece Morocco
Family CHONDRINTOAE '"
Hemicycla berkeleyi ' Montserratina bofilliana
Solatopupa psarolena * Spain (Canary Is) Spain
France, Italy
Hemicycla mascaensis ' Oestophora ortizi '"
Spain (Canary Is) Spain
'" '"
Iberus qualtieranus Plentusia vendia
Family CLAUSILITOAE Spain Spain
'" '"
Charpentieria diodon '" Pseudocampylaea podocampylaea Pyrenaeania cotiellae
Italy, Switzerland Portugal (Madeira) Spain

174
 " '

Nemenine worms

Pyrenaearia navasi '" Polygyra hippocrepis '" Family VALLO^fIIDAE

Spain USA Vallonia declivis '"
'" Polygyra peregrina
Pyrenaearia oberthueri '
Austria, France, Germany, Poland,
Spain Strange Many-whorled Land Snail Slovakia, Switzerland

Pyrenaearia organiaca '" USA

Spain Family VERTIGINIDAE
Pyrenaearia parva '" Family PUPILLIDAE Vertigo alabamensis '"

Spain
Gyliotrachela catherina '
USA
'" Vertigo arthuri '"
Pyrenaearia poncebensis Australia
Spain
Pupilla ficulnea "
USA
Pyrenaearia velascoi '"
Australia Vertigo hebardi '"
Spain '•"
USA
Sterkia Clementina
Suboestophora altamirai '"
Insular Birddrop Vertigo hubricti '"
Spain USA USA
Suboestophora hispanica '" Vertigo occulta '"
Spain USA
Family RHYXmiDAE
Trochoidea betulonensis '" Vertigo ovata '"
Paryphanta busbyi USA
Spain
Kauri Snail
Trochoidea claudinae '"
VU'" B2e Family VITRINIDAE
Spain (Balearic Is)
New Zealand Insulivitrina machadoi '
Trochoidea jimenensis '"
Powelliphanta marchantii " Spain (Canary Is)
Spain New Zealand Insulivitrina mascaensis '

'" Spain (Canary

Trochoidea montserratensis Victaphanta atramentaria '" Is)

Spain Australia Insulivitrina tuberculata '

Xerosecta adolfi '" Spain (Canary Is)

Spain
Family STREPTAXIDAE
Family LIMACroAE
Family ZONIXmAE
Gonospira bourguignati '"
Oxychilus basajauna
Malacolimax wiktori ' VU ™ B2ab Spain
Spain (Canary Is) Reunion
Paravitrea clappi '"

USA
Family ORCULIDAE Family SUBULINTOAE Trochomorpha melvillensis '*

'" Beckianum sinistrum '" Australia

Orculafuchsi
Austria Costa Rica, Nicaragua Zonites anaphiensis '"
Leptinaria strebeliana '" Greece
Family PAPILLODERMIDAE
Nicaragua
Papilloderma altonagai "'

Spain
Family SUCCINEmAE
Family POLYGYRmAE Class ENOPLA
Catinella arenaria "'
Ashmunella pasonis '" Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Order HOPLONEMERTEA
Franklin Mountain Woodland Snail Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
USA Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Family PROSORHOCHMmAE
Mesodon clenchi '" United Kingdom Argonemertes hillii '"
'" Australia
Clench's Middle-toothed Land Snail Succinea sanctaehelenae
USA St Helena

175
 List 4

Extinct and Extinct in tlie Wild

Class MAMMALIA Onychogalea lunata Pteropus loochoensis

Crescent Nailtail Wallaby Okinawa Flying-fox
EX "
Order DASYUROMORPHIA
EX '«'

Australia Japan (Nansei-shoto)

Family THYLACINroAE Pteropus pilosus
Thylacinus cynocephalus Order INSECTIVGRA Palau Fruit Bat
EX «
Thylacine
EX '" Family SOLENODONTroAE Palau
Australia Solenodon marcanoi Pteropus subniger
EX "
EX «

Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Dominican Republic Mauritius, Reunion

Family PERAMELEDAE
Family NESOPHGNXroAE Pteropus tokudae
Guam Fruit Bat
Chaeropus ecaudatus Nesophontes hypomicrus EX «
Pig-footed Bandicoot Atalaye Nesophontes Guam
EX ' EX '"

Australia Dominican Republic, Haiti

Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
Macrotis leucura Nesophontes micrus Phyllonycteris major
Lesser Bilby Western Cuban Nesophontes Puerto Rican Flower Bat
EX " EX ""
EX '"

Australia Cuba Puerto Rico

Perameles eremiana Nesophontes paramicrus Family VESPERTILIONIDAE

Desert Bandicoot Saint Michel Nesophontes
EX '" Myotis miUeri
EX " «
Australia Dominican Republic, Haiti EX
Mexico
Nesophontes sp.
EX '" Myotis planiceps
Order DIPROTODONTIA EX «
Cayman Islands
Family POTOROroAE Mexico
Nesophontes zamicrus
Caloprymnus campestris Haitian Nesophontes Nyctophilus howensis
Desert Rat-kangaroo EX '" EX «
EX " Dominican Republic, Haiti Australia, New Caledonia
Australia Family MYSTACINTDAE
Potorous platyops
Order CHIROPTERA Mystacina robusta
Broad-faced Potoroo
EX «
EX " Family PTEROPODIDAE
Australia
New Zealand, Solomon Islands
Acerodon lucifer
Family MACROPODroAE Panany Giant Fruit Bat
EX « Order CARNIVGRA
Lagorchestes asomatus
Philippines Family CANIDAE
Central Hare-wallaby
EX " Dobsonia chapmani
Philippine Bare-backed Fruit Bat
Dusicyon australis
Australia
« Falklands Wolf
Lagorchestes leporides
EX »
Philippines
EX
Eastern Hare-wallaby Falkland Islands
EX " Nyctimene sanctacrucis
Australia EX « Family MUSTELffiAE
Macropus greyi Solomon Islands
Mustela nigripes
Toolache Wallaby Pteropus brunneus Black-footed Ferret
EX " EX " EW '"

Australia Australia USA

177
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild

Family PHOCIDAE Gazella saudiya Papagomys theodorverhoeveni

EX "
Saudi Gazelle
Monachus tropicalis
EW '
Indonesia
West Indian Monk Seal
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Paulamys naso
EX '"
Syria, Yemen EX "
Bahamas, Colombia (Isla de
Hippotragus leucophaeus Indonesia
Providencia), Cuba, Guadeloupe,
Bluebuck Peromyscus pembertoni
Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
USA EX '
EX "
South Africa Mexico
Family PROCYONmAE
Pseudomys gouldii
Procyon gloveralleni Order RODENTIA EX "

Barbados Raccoon Family MURTOAE Australia

EX '"
Canariomys tamarani Rattus macleari
"
Barbados
EX " EX
Spain (Canary Is) Australia

Order SIRENIA Conilurus albipes Rattus nativitatis

"
EX " EX
Family DUGONGmAE Australia Christmas Island

Hydrodamalis gigas Coryphomys buhleri Spelaeomys florensis

"
Steller'sSeaCow EX " EX
EX '»'
Indonesia Indonesia
Russia, USA Leporillus apicalis Family ERETHIZGNXroAE
EX " Sphiggurus pallidus
"
Order PERISSODACTYLA Australia EX
Megalomys desmarestii "West Indies"
Family EQUIDAE EX "
Family ECHEVTYIDAE
Martinique
Equus przewalskii Boromys offella
Przewalski's Wild Horse Megalomys luciae "
EX " EX
EW "
Cuba
China, Mongolia St Lucia
Boromys torrei
Equus quagga Microtus bavaricus "
Bavarian Vole
EX
Quagga Cuba
EX '»' EX '

Germany Brotomys contractus

South Africa "
Nesoryzomys darwini
EX
" Haiti
EX
Order ARTIODACTYLA Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Brotomys voratus
"
EX
Family SUTOAE Nesoryzomys fernandinae
Dominican Republic, Haiti
EX "
Sus bucculentus Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Heteropsomys antillensis
"
Vietnam Warty Pig
Nesoryzomys swarthi
EX
EX '«'

EX " Puerto Rico

Viet Nam Heteropsomys insulans
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
"
Family CERVTOAE Notomys amplus
EX
" Puerto Rico
Cervus schomburgki EX
Australia
Puertoricomys corozalus
Schomburgk's Deer EX "
EX '" Notomys longicaudatus
" Puerto Rico
Thailand EX
Australia Family CAPROMYIDAE
Family BOVroAE
Notomys macrotis Capromys sp.
EX " EX ""
Gazella arabica
Arabian Gazelle Australia Cayman Islands
EX '
Notomys mordax Geocapromys columbianus
Saudi Arabia EX " EX '"

Gazella rufina Australia Cuba

Red Gazelle Oryzomys nelsoni Geocapromys sp.
EX '
EX " EX ""

Algeria Mexico Cayman Islands

178
 Birds

Geocapromys thoracatus Family ANOMALOPTERYGIDAE Nycticorax mauritianus

EX "
Mauritius Night-heron
Dinomis torosus
Honduras
Brawny Great Moa EX ""

Hexolobodon phenax Mauritius

"
EX '"

EX New Zealand Nycticorax megacephalus

Dominican Republic, Haiti Rodrigues Night-heron
Eurapteryx gravis
Isolobodon montanus Burly Lesser Moa EX ""

"
EX EX '«' Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Dominican Republic, Haiti New Zealand Nycticorax sp.
Plagiodontia araeum Megalaperyx didinus EX '«

EX " Reunion
South Island Tokoweka
Dominican Republic EX '« Family CICONiroAE
Plagiodontia ipnaeum New Zealand Ciconia sp.
EX "
EX ""

Dominican Republic, Haiti Order CASUARIIFORMES Reunion

Plagiodontia velozi Family DROMAIffiAE Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
EX '*'

Borbonibis latipes
Dominican Republic, Haiti
Dromaius ater
King Island Emu Reunion Flightless Ibis
Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei EX '"
"
EX '"
EX Australia Reunion
Haiti
Dromaius baudinianus
Kangaroo Island Emu Order ANSERIFORMES
Family HEPTAXODONTmAE EX '»'
Family ANAXmAE
Australia
Amblyrhiza inundata Alopochen mauritianus
EX "
Mauritian Shelduck
Anguilla Order PODICIPEDIFORMES EX '"

Clidomys osborni Family PODICIPEDIDAE Mauritius

EX "
Podiceps andinus Anas marecula
Jamaica
Colombian Grebe EX '"

French Southem and Antarctic

Clidomys parvus EX -'

EX " Territories (Amsterdam Id)

Colombia
Jamaica Anas theodori
Podilymbus gigas
Mauritian Duck
Elasmodontomys obliquus Atitlan Grebe
EX "
EX "» EX ""

Mauritius, Reunion
Puerto Rico Guatemala
Camptorhynchus labradorius
Quemisia gravis
" Labrador Duck
EX Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Dominican Republic, Haiti
EX '»'

Family PROCELLARUDAE Canada, USA

Pterodroma sp. Cygnus sumnerensis
Order LAGOMORPHA Chatham Island Swan
EX '»'

Family OCHOTONTOAE Mauritius (Rodrigues) EX ""

New Zealand (Chatham Is)

Prolagus sardus
Sardinian Pika Order PELECANIFORMES Mergus australis
EX « Family PHALACROCORACroAE
Auckland Islands Merganser
France, Italy
EX '"

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus New Zealand

Pallas's Cormorant
EX '»'
Order FALCONIFORMES
Class AVES Russia
Family FALCONIDAE
Falco sp.
Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Order CICONIIFORMES
EX '«'

Family AEPYORNITHTOAE Family ARDEIDAE Reunion

Aepyomis maximus Ixobrychus novaezelandiae Polyborus lutosus
Great Elephantbird Black-backed Bittern Guadalupe Caracara
EX '«
EX '»'
EX '"

Madagascar New Zealand Mexico

179
 Extinct and Extinct in the Wild

Order GALLIFORMES Porphyria albus Family COLUMBroAE

Lord Howe Swamphen
Family CRACffiAE EX '»' Alectroenas nitidissima
Mauritius Blue Pigeon
Australia
Mitu mitu EX '"
Alagoas Curassow Porzana monasa Mauritius
EW ='
Kosrae Crake
Columbajouyi
Brazil EX ""
Ryukyu Pigeon
Federated States of Micronesia
Family PHASIANffiAE EX '«

Porzana palmeri Japan (Nansei-shoto)

Coturnix novaezelandiae Laysan Crake
New Zealand Quail Columba versicolor
EX '"
Bonin Wood Pigeon
EX '«'
USA (Hawaiian Is)
New Zealand EX '"

Porzana sandwickensis Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

Hawaiian Crake
Ectopistes migratorius
Order GRUIFORMES EX '"
Passenger Pigeon
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '«
Family RALLTOAE
USA
Aphanapteryx bonasia Order CHARADRIIFORMES Microgoura meeki
Red Rail
Choiseul Pigeon
EX "" Family CHARADRIffiAE
Mauritius
EX ""

Haematopus meadewaldoi Solomon Islands

Aphanapteryx leguati Canary Islands Oystercatcher Ptilinopus mercierii
Rodrigues Rail EX '"
Red-moustached Fruit-Dove
EX '«
Spain (Canary Is)
EX '"'

Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Vanellus macropterus French Polynesia
Atlantisia elpenor Javanese Lapwing Zenaida graysoni
Ascension Flightless Crake EX -'
Socorro Dove
EX '»'
Indonesia
EW "
St Helena (Ascension)
Family SCOLOPACIDAE Mexico (Revillagigedos Is)
Fulica newtoni 'Alectroenas ' rodericana
Mascarene Coot Prosobonia leucoptera
Rodrigues Pigeon
EX '»' Tahitian Sandpiper
EX '" EX '"
Mauritius, Reunion
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
French Polynesia
Gallirallus dieffenbachii
Dieffenbach's Rail Family LARTOAE
EX '" Order PSITTACIFORMES
Alca impennis
New Zealand (Chatham Is)
Great Auk
Family PSITTACmAE
Gallirallus ntodestus EX '"'
'Lophopsittacus ' bensoni
Chatham Islands Rail Canada, Denmark (Faeroe Is), Mauritius Grey Parrot
EX ""
Greenland, Iceland, Russia, United EX "=

New Zealand (Chatham Is) Kingdom Mauritius

Gallirallus owstoni Anodorhynchus glaucus
Guam Rail
Order COLUMBIFORMES Glaucous Macaw
EW ^'
EX -'

Guam Family RAPHmAE Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay

Gallirallus pacificus Pezophaps solitaria Ara tricolor
Tahiti Rail Rodrigues Solitaire Cuban Red Macaw
EX '"
EX '«'
EX '»'

French Polynesia Mauritius (Rodrigues) Cuba

Gallirallus wakensis Raphus cucullatus Conuropsis carolinensis
Wake Island Rail Dodo Carolina Parakeet
EX ""
EX '"
EX '"

US Minor Pacific Islands (Wake Id) Mauritius USA

Nesoclopeus poecilopterus Raphus solitarius Cyanoramphus ulietanus
Bar-winged Rail Reunion Solitaire Raiatea Parakeet
EX ^'
EX ""
EX '»'

Fiji Rdunion French Polynesia

180
 Birds

Cyanoramphus zealandicus 'Scops' commersoni EX '»'

Black-fronted Parakeet Mauritian Owl Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

EX '"
EX '='

Family ZOSTEROPmAE
French Polynesia Mauritius
Lophopsittacus mauritianus Zosterops strenuus
Mauritius Parrot Order APODBFORMES Robust White-eye
EX '" EX '"
Family TROCHILmAE Australia
Mauritius
Mascarinus mascarinus Chlorostilbon bracei Family MELIPHAGmAE
Grace's Emerald
Mascarene Parrot Chaetoptila angustipluma
EX '« EX '«
Kioea
Reunion Bahamas
EX '"

Nestor productus USA (Hawaiian Is)

Norfolk Island Kaka Order PICIFORMES
Moho apicalis
EX '"
Family PICmAE Oahu Oo
Norfolk Island
Campephilus principalis EX ""

Psephotus pulcherrimus Ivory-billed Woodpecker USA (Hawaiian Is)

Paradise Parrot EX "
Moho nobilis
EX ='
Cuba, USA Hawaii Oo
Australia
EX '»'

Psittacula exsul Order PASSERIFORMES USA (Hawaiian Is)

Newton's Parakeet
'" Family XENICffiAE Family DREPANIDIDAE
EX
Mauritius (Rodrigues) Xenicus longipes Chloridops kona
Psittacula wardi Bush Wren Kona Grosbeak
Seychelles Parrot EX -' EX '"

EX '" New Zealand USA (Hawaiian Is)

Seychelles Xenicus lyalli Ciridops anna

Strigops habroptilus Stephens Island Wren Ula-ai-hawane
Kakapo EX '» EX '"

EW =' New Zealand USA (Hawaiian Is)

New Zealand Family PYCNONOXmAE Drepanis funerea

'NecropsUtacus' rodericanus Black Mamo
Hypsipetes sp.
Rodrigues Parrot EX '"
EX '"
USA
EX '"
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
(Hawaiian Is)

Mauritius (Rodrigues) Drepanis pacifica

Family MUSCICAPmAE Hawaii Mamo
Order CUCULIFORMFS Gerygone insularis EX '"

Lord Howe Gerygone USA (Hawaiian Is)

Family CUCULffiAE
EX ""
Hemignathus obscurus
Coua delalandei Australia Akialoa
Snail-eating Coua
Myiagra freycineti EX -'

EX '«
Guam Flycatcher USA (Hawaiian Is)
Madagascar
EX ='
Paroreomyza flammea
Guam Molokai Creeper
Order STRIGIFORMES Nesillas aldabrana EX '"

Family STRIGmAE Aldabra Bush-warbler USA (Hawaiian Is)

EX "
Sauzieri sp. Rhodacanthis flaviceps
Mauritian Owl Seychelles Lesser Koa-fmch
EX '"'
Turdus ravidus EX ""

Mauritius Grand Cayman Thrush USA (Hawaiian Is)

Sceloglaux albifacies EX '"

Rhodacanthis palmeri
Laughing Owl Cayman Islands Greater Koa-fmch
EX ""
Turnagra capensis EX '"

New Zealand Piopio USA (Hawaiian Is)

'Athene' murivora EX '"

Viridonia sagittirostris
Rodrigues Little Owl New Zealand Greater Amakihi
EX '"
Zoothera terrestris EX '"

Mauritius (Rodrigues) Bonin Thrush USA (Hawaiian Is)

181
 Extinct and Extinct in the Wild

Family ICTERIDAE Family GEKKONmAE Family TYPHLOProAE

Quiscalus palustris Hoplodactylus delcourti Typhlops cariei
""
Slender-billed Grackle EX EX '«'

EX '"'
New Zealand Mauritius
Mexico Nactus coindemerensis
EW '*
Order TESTUDBVES
Family FRINGILLffiAE Mauritius

Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Phelsuma gigas Family TESTUDEMDAE

Bonin Grosbeak Rodrigues Day Gecko
Cylindraspis borbonica
EX '«'
EX '»'

EX ""
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Reunion
Spiza townsendi Family IGUANIDAE
Townsend's Finch Cylindraspis indica
EX '" Leiocephalus eremitus EX '"
""
USA EX Reunion
USA
Family PLOCEIDAE Cylindraspis inepta
Leiocephalus herminieri EX '"
Foudia sp. EX '«'
Mauritius
Reunion Fody Martinique
EX '" Cylindraspis peltastes
Reunion Family SCINCIDAE EX ""

Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Leiolopisma mauritiana
Family STURNIDAE EX '»'
Cylindraspis triserrata

Aplonis corvina
Mauritius EX '"

Mauritius
Kosrae Mountain Starling Macroscincus coctei
EX '" Cape Verde Giant Skink Cylindraspis vosmaeri
Federated States of Micronesia EX '"
EX '»'

Aplonis fusca Cape Verde Mauritius (Rodrigues)

Tasman Starling Tachygia microlepis
EX "= Tonga Ground Skink
Australia, Norfolk Island EX '" Class AMPHIBIA
Aplonis mavornata Tonga
Mysterious Starling Tetradactylus eastwoodae Order ANURA
EX ""
Eastwood's Longtailed Seps
Unknown EX '•' Family DISCOGLOSSroAE
Fregilupus varius South Africa
Discoglossus nigriventer
Reunion Starling Family TEIIDAE Israel Painted Frog
EX '«'
EX '"'

Reunion Ameiva cineracea

Israel
Necrospar rodericanus
EX '*'

[L. Huleh]
Guadeloupe
Rodrigues Starling
EX '«' Ameiva major Family MYOBATRACHIDAE
Mauritius (Rodrigues) Martinique Giant Ameiva
Uperoleia marmorata
Family CALLAEIDAE EX ""
Marbled Toadlet
Martinique "
Heteralocha acutirostris
EX
Australia
Huia
EX '" Order SERPENTES Family RANffiAE
New Zealand Family BOmAE
Arthroleptides dutoiti
Bolyeria multocarinata EX '"
Class REPTILIA Round Island Boa Kenya
EX "*
Ranafisheri
Order SAURIA Mauritius
Vegas Valley Leopard Frog
Family ANGUffiAE Family COLUBRroAE EX '"

Celestus occiduus Alsophis sancticrucis

USA
Jamaica Giant Galliwasp Saint Croix Racer Rana tlaloci
EX '«'
EX '»'
EX '»'

Jamaica Virgin Islands (US) Mexico

182
 Fishes: bony fishes

Class Notropis orca Coregonus nigripinnis

CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Phantom Shiner Blackfm Cisco
EX ""
EX "
Mexico, USA Canada
Order
[Great Lakes]
PETROMYZONTIFORMES Notropis saladonis
Sardinita de Salado
Family PETROMYZONTmAE EX «
Salvelinus agassizi
Silver Trout
Lampetra minima Mexico EX ""
Miller Lake Lamprey USA
Pogonichthys ciscoides
EX ""
Clear Lake Splittail
USA EX '«'

USA Order ATHEREVEFORMES

Class ACTINOPTERYGII Rhinichthys deaconi
Family ATHEREVIDAE
Las Vegas Dace
Order CYPRINIFORMES EX '«
Rheocles sikorae
Family CYPRINIDAE USA Zona
"«
Acanthobrama hulensis Stypodon signifer EX
EX '»' Stumptooth Minnow Madagascar
Israel EX '" [R. Manambola]

[L. Huleh) Mexico

Cyprinus yilongensis Family CATOSTOMIDAE
EX '« Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Chasmistes muriei
China Family CYPRINODONTIDAE
Snake River Sucker
Epalzeorhynchos bicolor
EX ""
EW ""
USA Cyprinodon alvarezi
Thailand Perrito de Potosi

Evarra bustamantei
Lagochila lacera EW "
Harelip Sucker Mexico
Mexican Dace
EX "" EX '»'

USA Cyprinodon ceciliae

Mexico Cachorrito de la Presa
Evarra eigenmanni EX "'

Mexican Dace Order SILURIFORMES Mexico

EX '"
Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE Cyprinodon inmemoriam
Mexico
Cachorrito de la Trinidad
Evarra tlahuacensis Rhizosomichthys totae
EX "" EX '"

Mexican Dace Mexico

EX '" Colombia
Mexico [L. Tota] Cyprinodon latifasciatus
Perrito de Parras
Gila crassicauda
Chub EX '"
Thicktail Order SALMONIFORMES Mexico
EX "'

USA Family RETROPCVNIDAE Cyprinodon longidorsalis

Lepidomeda altivelis Prototroctes oxyrhynchus Cachorrito de Charco Palmal
Pahranagat Spinedace New Zealand Grayling EW "
EX '"
EX "" Mexico
USA New Zealand Cyprinodon sp.
Leuciscus turskyi
Family SALMONIDAE Perritos de Sandia
EX '»'
EX '»'

Croatia Coregonus alpenae Mexico

[R. Cikola] Longjaw Cisco
EX '" Fundulus albolineatus
Notropis amecae
Canada, USA Whiteline Topminnow
Ameca Shiner
EX '" [Great Lakes] EX "^

Mexico
USA
Coregonus johannae
Notropis aulidion Deepwater Cisco Megupsilon aporus
'"
Durango Shiner EX Cachorrito Enano de Potosi
EX "" Canada, USA EW "'

Mexico [Great Lakes] Mexico

183
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild

Family GOODEmAE Haplochromis lividus Lipochromis microdon

"
Ameca splendens
EW " EX
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Goodeid
Harpagochromis "red-eye guiarti" Platytaeniodus degeni
EW "
" EW "
Mexico EW
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Characodon garmani
Harpagochromis artaxerxes Prognathochromis arcanus
Parras Cliaracodon
EX '»' EX " EX "
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Mexico
Harpagochromis boops Prognathochromis argenteus
Empetrichthys meiriami
Asli Meadows Killifish
EX " EX "
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
EX ""

USA Harpagochromis cavifrons Prognathochromis bartoni

EX " EX "
Skiffia francesae
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Tiro
EW " Harpagochromis maculipinna Prognathochromis bayoni
Mexico EX " EX "
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Family POECILIIDAE
Harpagochromis michaeli Prognathochromis decticostoma
Gambusia amistadensis EX " EX "
Amistad Gambusia [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
EX '«'
Harpagochromis nyanzae Prognathochromis dentex
USA EX " EX "
Gambusia georgei [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
San Marcos Gambusia Harpagochromis pachycephalus Prognathochromis estor
EX '»'
EX " EX "
USA [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Priapella bonita Harpagochromis paraplagiostoma Prognathochromis flavipinnis
Guayacon Ojiazul EX " EX "
EX '«
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Mexico
Harpagochromis pectoralis Prognathochromis gilberti
EX " EX "
Order SCORPAENIFORMES [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

Family COTTmAE Harpagochromis spekii Prognathochromis gowersi

EX " EX "
Cottus echinatus [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
Utah Lake Sculpin
Harpagochromis thuragnathus Prognathochromis longirostris
EX '»'

USA EX " EX "

[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

Harpagochromis victorianus Prognathochromis macrognathus

Order PERCIFORMES EX " EX "
Family FERCmAE [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

Hoplotilapia retrodens Prognathochromis mandibularis

Etheostoma sellare
Maryland Darter
EX " EX "
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]
EX '»'

USA Labrochromis ishmaeli Prognathochromis nanoserranus

EW " EX "
Family CICHLmAE [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

Astatotilapia martini Labrochromis mylergates Prognathochromis nigrescens

EX "
EX '^
EX '^

[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

Astatotilapia megalops Labrochromis pharyngomylus Prognathochromis paraguiarti

EX " EX " EX "
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

Gaurochromis obtusidens Labrochromis teegelaari Prognathochromis percoides

EX " EX " EX "
[L. Victoria] [L. Victoria] [L. Victoria]

184
 Insects w
Prognathochromis perrieri Order CYCLOPOIDA Oedemasylus laysanensis
EW "
Family CYCLOPIDAE EX ""

[L. Victoria] USA (Hawaiian Is)

Afrocyclops pauliani
Prognathochromis prognathus Pentarthrum blackbumi
EX " EX '«
Blackburn's Weevil
Madagascar
[L. Victoria] EX '"

Prognathochromis pseudopellegrini USA (Hawaiian Is)

Order DECAPODA
EX " Rhyncogonus bryani
[L. Victoria] Family ATYIDAE EX '"

Prognathochromis vittatus Syncaris pasadenas USA (Hawaiian Is)

EX " Pasadena Freshwater Shrimp Trigonoscuta rossi

[L. Victoria] EX "'
Fort Ross Weevil
Prognathochromis xenostoma USA EX ""

EX " USA
[L. Victoria] Order ISOPODA Trigonoscuta yorbalindae
Psammochromis cassias Family SPHAEROMAXroAE Yorba Linda Weevil
EX "
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum EX '"

[L. Victoria]
Socorro Isopod USA
Pyxichromis parorthostoma
"
EW "
Family DYTISCIDAE
EX USA
[L. Victoria] Hygrotus artus
Mono Lake Diving Beetle
Xystichromis bayoni Order PODOCOProA
EX " EX '"

[L. Victoria]
Family CANDGNimAE USA
Namibocypris costata Megadytes ducalis
Yssichromis "argens"
EW " EX " EX '«'

Namibia Brazil
[L. Victoria]
Family CYPRIDIDAE Rhantus novacaledoniae
Class CRUSTACEA Liocypris grandis EX ""

EX ' New Caledonia

South Africa Rhantus orbignyi
Order AMPHIPODA
EX '"

Family CRANGONYCTmAE Class INSECTA Argentina, Brazil

Stygobromus lucifugus Rhantus papuanus

Rubious Cave Amphipod Order COLEOPTERA EX ""

EX '«
Papua New Guinea
USA Family CARABmAE
Siettitia balsetensis
Family GAMMARffiAE Mecodema punctellum Perrin's Cave Beetle
EX '«'
EX ""
Gammarus acheronytes New Zealand France
Illinois Cave Amphipod
EX « Family CERAMBYCmAE
USA Xylotoles costatus Order DIPTERA
Gammarus desperatus EX '"

New Zealand (Chatham Is)

Family DOLICHOPODroAE
Noel's Amphipod
EX « Family CURCULIONIDAE Campsicnemus mirabilis
USA Dryophthorus distinguendus
EX '"

Family PARAMELIXmAE EX '»' USA (Hawaiian Is)

Austrogammarus australis
USA (Hawaiian Is) FamilyDROSOPHILIDAE
EX '" Dryotribus mimeticus
Drosophila lanaiensis
Australia EX '"
EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)

Order CALANOIDA Hadramphus tuberculatus

EX '" Family TABANIDAE
Family DIAPTOMIDAE New Zealand Stonemyia volutina
Tropodiaptomus ctenopus Macrancylus linearis Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly
EX '«
EX '" EX '»'

Madagascar USA (Hawaiian Is) USA

185
Extinct and Extinct in tine Wild

Order EPHEMEROPTERA Family LYCAENTOAE Hypena newelli

Kilo Noctuid Moth
Family EPHEMERIDAE Deloneura immaculata EX ""
EX ""
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Pantagenia robusta
South Africa
Robust Burrowing Mayfly Hypena plagiota
EX "" Glaucopsyche xerces Lovegrass Noctuid Moth
USA Xerces Blue EX '«
EX '«
USA (Hawaiian
Family SIPHLONURmAE USA
Is)

Hypena senicula
Acanthometropus pecatonica Lepidochrysops hypopolia Kaholuamano Noctuid Moth
Pecatonica River Mayfly EX '"
EX '"
EX '"
South Africa USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA
Family NEPTICULIDAE Family PYRALIDAE
Ectodemia castaneae Genophantis leahi
Order HOMOPTERA
American Chestnut Moth EX ""

Family PSEUDOCOCCIDAE EX '«'

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Clavicoccus erinaceus
USA Hedylepta asaphrombra
EX '"'
Ectodemia phleophaga EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) Phleophagan Chestnut Moth USA (Hawaiian Is)

Phyllococcus oahuensis EX '«'

Hedylepta continuatalis
EX "" USA EX ""

USA (Hawaiian Is) Family NOCTUroAE USA (Hawaiian Is)

Hedylepta epicentra
Agrotis crinigera EX '«
Order LEPIDOPTERA Poko Noctuid Moth USA (Hawaiian Is)
'"
Family ARGYRESTHIIDAE EX Hedylepta euryprora
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Argyresthia castaneela EX '"

Agrotis fasciata USA (Hawaiian Is)

Chestnut Ermine Moth
Midway Noctuid Moth
EX '»'

EX '«'
Hedylepta fullawayi
USA USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '»'

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Family COLEOPHORIDAE Agrotis kerri
Hedylepta laysanensis
Coleophora leucochrysella Kerr's Noctuid Moth
EX '"

EX '»' EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA USA (Hawaiian Is)
Hedylepta meyricki
Family GEOMETRroAE Agrotis laysanensis EX ""
Laysan Noctuid Moth USA (Hawaiian Is)
Scotorythra megalophylla EX '"'

Kona Giant Looper Moth Hedylepta musicola

USA (Hawaiian Is)
'"
EX "" EX
Agrotis photophila USA (Hawaiian
USA (Hawaiian Is) Is)
EX '»'

Hedylepta telegrapha
Scotorythra nesiotes USA (Hawaiian Is)
Ko'olau Giant Looper Moth EX ""

EX '»' Agrotis procellaris USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA (Hawaiian Is) EX '"'

Oeobia sp.
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
Scotorythra paratactis
Hawaiian Hopseed Looper Moth
Helicoverpa confusa USA (Hawaiian Is)
Confused Moth
EX '"
Family SPHDJGmAE
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '«'

USA (Hawaiian Is) Tinostoma smaragditis

Tritocleis microphylla Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai
Moth Helicoverpa minuta
Ola' a Peppered Looper
Minute Noctuid Moth
EX ""

EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) Family TISCHERIIDAE

Family LIBYTHEmAE
Hypena laysanensis Tischeria perplexa
Libythea cinyras Laysan Dropseed Noctuid Moth Chestnut Clearwing Moth
EX '"
EX '«'
EX '«'

Mauritius USA (Hawaiian Is) USA

186
 Molluscs: snails

Family ZYGAENTOAE Family LEPTOCERroAE Dysnomia lewisii?

Levuana irridescens Triaenodes phalacris Forkshell
Levuana Moth Athens Caddisfly EX '"

EX '"'
EX "" USA
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA Dysnomia personate
Triaenodes tridonata Round Combshell
Order ODONATA Three-tooth Caddisfly EX '"

EX '»' USA
Family COENAGRIONIDAE
USA Dysnomia propinqua
Megalagrion jugonim Tennessee Riffleshell
Jugorum Megalagrion Damselfly Family RHYACOPHELroAE
EX '"
EX '"
Rhyacophila amabilis USA
USA (Hawaiian Is) Castle Lake Caddisfly
Dysnomia sampsoni
Family LIBELLULmAE EX '"
Wabash Riffleshell
USA EX '"
Sympetrum dilatatum
EX '" USA
St Helena
Class ONYCHOPHORA Dysnomia stewardsoni
Cumberland Leafshell
Order ORTHOPTERA Order ONYCHOPHORA EX '"

Family PERIPATOPSIDAE USA

Family ACRIDIDAE
Unio cariei
Opisthopatus roseus
Conozoa hyalina
EX '" EX "
Central Valley Grasshopper Reunion
South Africa
EX '«

USA Peripatopsis clavigera

EX '" Class GASTROPODA
Family GRYLLfflAE
South Africa
Leptogryllus deceptor
Peripatopsis leonina Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
Oahu Deceptor Bush Cricket
EX '"
Family LOTTIDAE
EW '"
South Africa
USA (Hawaiian Is) Lottia alveus
Family TETTIGONIIDAE Eelgrass Limpet
Class BIVALVIA EX "
Neduba extincta USA
Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid Order UNIONOIDA
EX '«' Family NACELLffiAE
USA Family UNIONTOAE Collisella edmitchelli
Dysnomia arcaeformis? EX »
Order PHASMATOPTERA Sugarspoon USA
EX "
Family PHASMAXmAE USA Order BASOMMATOPHORA
Dryococelus australis Dysnomia biemarginata
Lord Howe Island Stick-insect Angled
Family PLANORBmAE
Riffleshell
EX ""
EX '" Miratesta celebensis
Australia EX ^
USA
Indonesia
Dysnomia flexuosa
Order PLECOPTERA Leafshell
Family CHLOROPERLIDAE EX '" Order MESOGASTROPODA
USA Family ASSIMINEroAE
Alloperla roberti
Robert's Stonefly Dysnomia haysiana
Omphalotropis plicosa
Acomshell
EX '"
EX '«

USA EX '"
Mauritius
USA
Dysnomia lefevrei
Family CYCLOPHORTOAE
Order TRICHOPTERA
EX '"
Cyclophorus horridulum
Family HYDROPSYCHBDAE USA EX "
Hydropsyche tobiasi Dysnomia lenior Mayotte
Tobias' Caddisfly Narrow Catspaw Cyclosurus mariei
EX '»
EX '"
EX "
Germany USA Mayotte

187
Extinct and Extinct in tlie Wild

Family HYDROBimAE Family POMATIASmAE Achatinella valida

Tropidophora desmazuresi
EX '"

Angrobia dulvertonensis USA (Hawaiian Is)

EX '" EX "
Mauritius (Rodrigues) Auriculella expanse
Australia
Tropidophora semilineata
EX '"

Beddomeia tumida
EX " USA (Hawaiian Is)

EX '»
Mayotte Auriculella uniplicata
Australia
Family POMATIOPSroAE EX '"

Belgrandiella intermedia USA (Hawaiian Is)

EX " Tomicha cawstoni

" Lamellidea monodonta
Austria EX
South Africa
EX '"

Bythinella intermedia Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

'"
EX Lamellidea nakadai
Austria Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
EX '"

Lithoglyphus umbilicata Family ACHATINELLIDAE Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

Umbilicate Pebblesnail Achatinella abbreviata Newcombia philippiana
EX '"
EX '"
EX '"
USA USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

Littoridina gaudichaudii Achatinella buddii Partulina crassa

EX * EX '"
EX '"

Ecuador USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Ohridohauffenia drimica Achatinella caesia

Partulina montagui
EX '" EX '"
EX '"

Yugoslavia USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Posticobia norfolkensis Achatinella casta

Perdicella fulgurans
EX '" EX ''
EX '"

Norfolk Island USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA (Hawaiian Is)
Achatinella decora
Family LITTORINIDIDAE Perdicella maniensis
EX '"
'"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX
Littoraria flammea
* USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX Achatinella dimorpha
Perdicella zebra
China EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) EX '"

Family NEOCYCLOTmAE USA (Hawaiian Is)

Achatinella elegans
Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis EX '" Perdicella zebrina
EX ^ USA (Hawaiian Is) EX '"

Guadeloupe Achatinella juddii

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Incerticyclus cinereus EX '" Tornelasmias capricomi

"«
EX ^ USA (Hawaiian Is) EX
Martinique Australia
Achatinella juncea
Incerticyclus martinicensis EX '"
Family AMASTRIDAE
EX ^ USA (Hawaiian Is)
Amastra albolabris
Martinique Achatinella lehuiensis
EX '" EX '"

Family PLEUROCERIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Anculosa formanii Achatinella livida

Amastra cornea
Interrupted Rocksnail EX '" EX '"

EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)

USA Achatinella papyracea Amastra crassilabrum

Elimia hartmanniana EX '" EX '"

High-spired Elimia USA {Hawaiian Is)

USA (Hawaiian Is)

EX '"
Achatinella spaldingi Amastra elongata
USA EX '" EX '"

Leptoxis anthonyix USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

Anthony's River Snail Achatinella thaanumi Amastra forbesi

EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

USA USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)

188
 Molluscs: snails

Amastra pellucida Carelia mirabilis Helenoconcha polyodon

EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena

Amastra porcus Carelia necra Helenoconcha pseustes

EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena

Amastra reticulata Carelia olivacea Helenoconcha sexdentata

EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena

Amastra subrostrata Carelia paradoxa Helenodiscus bilamellata
EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena

Amastra subsoror Carelia periscelis Helenodiscus vernoni
'"
EX '"
EX '"
EX
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena
Amastra tenuispira Carelia pilsbryi Libera subcavemula
EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Cook Islands

Amastra umbilicata Carelia sinclairi Libera tumuloides

EX '"
EX '" EX "
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Cook Islands

Carelia anceophila Carelia tenebrosa Mautodontha acuticosta

EX "=
EX '" EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) French Polynesia

Carelia bicolor Carelia turricula Mautodontha consimilis
EX '"
EX '" EX '»

USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) French Polynesia

Carelia cochlea Family ARIOPHANTIDAE Mautodontha consobrina

EX '" EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Vitrinula chaunax French Polynesia
EX '"
Mautodontha maupiensis
Carelia cumingiana
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) '"
EX '" EX
Vitrinula chichijimana
USA (Hawaiian Is)
'"
French Polynesia
EX Mautodontha parvidens
Carelia dolei
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) "'
EX '" EX
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Vitrinula hahajimana French Polynesia
EX '"
Mautodontha punctiperforata
Carelia evelynae
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
EX '" EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Family CAMAENIDAE French Polynesia

Carelia glossema Pleurodonte desidens Mautodontha saintjohni

""
EX "=
EX ^ EX
USA (Hawaiian Is) Martinique French Polynesia

Carelia hyattiana Family CERASTUIDAE Mautodontha subtilis

EX '" EX "
Rhachis comorensis French Polynesia
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
Mautodontha unilamellata
Carelia kalalauensis Mayotte ""
EX '" EX
Rhachis sanguineus Cook Islands
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
Sinployea canalis
Carelia knudseni Mauritius
EX '" EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Family CHAROPIDAE Cook Islands

Carelia lirata Helenoconcha leptalea Sinployea decorticata

'"
EX '" EX '' EX
USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena Cook Islands

Carelia lymani Helenoconcha minutissima Sinployea harveyensis

EX '" EX '" EX '"

USA (Hawaiian Is) St Helena Cook Islands

189
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild

Sinployea otareae Colparion madgei Family ORTHALICmAE

EX '" EX " Leucocharis loyaltiensis
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Cook Islands EX '"

Sinployea planospira Ctenoglypta newtoni New Caledonia

'" EX "
EX Leucocharis porphyrocheila
Mauritius
Cook Islands EX '"

Sinployea proxima Dupontia proletaria New Caledonia

EX '" EX ™ Placostylus cuniculinsulae
Cook Islands Mauritius, Reunion "»
EX
Sinployea rudis Pachystyla rufozonata Australia
'" EX ™
EX Family PARTULmAE
Cook Islands Mauritius

Sinployea tenuicostata Family HELICARIONIDAE Partula affinis

'"
EX '" EX
Advena campbelli French Polynesia
Cook Islands
EX '"

Sinployea youngi Norfolk Island Partula approximata

EX '"
Diastole matafaoi
EX '"

Cook Islands French Polynesia

EX '"

Taipidon anceyana American Samoa Partula arguta

'"
EX ""
Erepta nevilli
EX
French Polynesia French Polynesia
EX '"

Taipidon marquesana Mauritius Partula atilis

EX '»
Harmogenanina linophora EX '"

French Polynesia ™ French Polynesia

EX
Taipidon octolamellata Mauritius, Reunion Partula attenuata
"'
EX Harmogenanina subdetecta EX '"

French Polynesia '" French Polynesia

EX
Thaumatodon multilamellata Reunion Partula aurantia
EX '"
Nancibella quintalia EX '"

Cook Islands '" French Polynesia

EX
Family DISCIDAE Norfolk Island Partula auriculata
Discus guerinianus Panulena perrugosa EX '"

'" French Polynesia

EX '"
EX
Portugal (Madeira) Norfolk Island Partula bilineata
Family ENDODONTIDAE Quintalia flosculus EX '"

'"
Hirasea planulata
EX French Polynesia
Norfolk Island Partula callifera
EX '"
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Quintalia stoddartii EX
Mautodontha zebrina
EX '" French Polynesia
Norfolk Island Partula Candida
EX '"

Cook Islands Family HELICIDAE EX '"

French Polynesia
Pseudocampylaea dianae Pseudocampylaea loweii
EX '"
EX '" Partula castanea
St Helena Portugal (Madeira) EX "=

French Polynesia
Pseudocampylaea laetissima Family HYGROMimAE
EX '"
Trochoidea picardi
Partula cedista
St Helena EX '"
EX " French Polynesia
Pseudocampylaea persoluta Israel
'"
EX Partula citrina
St Helena
Family MEGALOBULIMIDAE EX '"

Pseudocampylaea spurca Megalolulimus cardosoi French Polynesia

EX '" EX '»»
Partula compacta
St Helena Brazil EX '"

Family EUCONULIDAE Family OLEACINIDAE French Polynesia

Caldwellia philyrina Oleacina guadeloupensis Partula crassilabris

EX " EX ^''
EX '"

Mauritius Guadeloupe French Polynesia

190
 Molluscs: snails

Partula cuneata Partula microstoma Partula umbilicata

EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia French Polynesia

Partula cytherea Partula mirabilis Partula variabilis
EX '"
EW ">
EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia French Polynesia

Partula dentifera Partula mooreana Partula vittata
EW « EW '"
EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia French Polynesia

Partula dolichostoma Partula nodosa Family PUPILLmAE
EX '" EX '"
Gastrocopta chichijimana
French Polynesia French Polynesia
EX '"

Partula dolorosa Partula planilabrum Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

EX '" EX '"
Gastrocopta ogasawarana
French Polynesia French Polynesia
EX '"

Partula eremita Partula producta Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

EX '" EX '"
Leiostyla lamellosa
French Polynesia French Polynesia
EX '"

Partula exigua Partula protea Portugal (Madeira)

EX '" EX '"
Lyropupa perlonga
French Polynesia
French Polynesia EX '-

Partula protracta USA (Hawaiian

Partula faba Is)

EW " EX '"
Nesopupa turtoni
French Polynesia
French Polynesia EX '"

Partula radiata St Helena

Partula formosa
EX '" EX '"
Pupilla obliquicosta
French Polynesia
French Polynesia EX '"

Partula raiatensis St Helena

Partula fusea
EX '" EX '"
Family STREPTAXmAE
French Polynesia
French Polynesia
Partula remota
Gibbus lyonetianus
Partula garretti
EX '" EX ™
EW '"
French Polynesia
Mauritius
French Polynesia Gonidomus newtoni
Partula robusta
Partula hebe EX "
EX '"
EW '"
French Polynesia
Mauritius
French Polynesia Gonospira nevilli
Partula rustica
Partula imperforata
EX '" EX "
EX '"
French Polynesia
Mauritius
French Polynesia Gulella mayottensis
Partula sagitta
Partula jackieburchi EX '" EX '"

EX '"
French Polynesia
Mayotte
French Polynesia Gulella thomasetti
Partula salifana
Partula labrusca Mount Alifana Partula EX '"

EW '"
EX '" Seychelles
French Polynesia Guam Family SUBULEVroAE
Partula leptochila Partula thalia Chilonopsis blofeldi
EX '"
EX '"
EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia St Helena

Partula levilineata Partula tohiveana Chilonopsis exulatus
EX ' EW '"
EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia St Helena

Partula levistriala Partula tristis Chilonopsis helena
EX '"
EW '"
EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia St Helena

Partula lutea Partula turgida Chilonopsis melanoides

EX '"
EX '" EX '"

French Polynesia French Polynesia St Helena

191
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild

Chilonopsis nonpareil Chilonopsis turtoni Class TURBELLARIA

EX •" EX "
St Helena St Helena
Order TRICLADIDA
Chilonopsis subplicatus
EX '" Family KENKIIDAE
St Helena Family VERTIGINIDAE
Romankenkius pedderensis
Chilonopsis subtruncatus Campolaemus perexilis Lake Pedder Planarian
EX '" EX '" EX "
St Helena St Helena Australia

192
 "

Lists

Data Deficient

Class MAMMALIA Echymipera davidi " Pseudocheirus schlegeli "

David's Echymipera Arfak Ringtail
Order DIDELPHIMORPHIA Papua New Guinea Indonesia

Echymipera echinista " Pseudochirulus caroli "

Family DIDELPHIDAE Weyland
Menzies' Echymipera Ringtail
"'
Gracilinanus kalinowskii Papua New Guinea Indonesia
Peru
Microperoryctes murina "
Gracilinanus longicaudis '^'
Mouse Bandicoot Order XENARTHRA
Colombia Indonesia
'-'
Family MEGALONYCHIDAE
Gracilinanus perijae Microperoryctes papuensis "
Colombia Choloepus didactylus "
Papuan Bandicoot
Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Marmosa canescens '-'
Papua New Guinea
Guyana, Peru, Surinarae, Venezuela
Mexico Peroryctes broadbenti
Choloepus hoffmanni "
Marmosa tyleriana '^'
Giant Bandicoot
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,
Venezuela Papua New Guinea
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama,
Rhynchomeles prattorum " Peru, Venezuela
Order DASYUROMORPfflA Ceram Bandicoot
Indonesia Family DASYPODIDAE
Family DASYURIDAE
Cabassous centralis "
Antechinomys laniger " Order DIPROTODONTIA Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Kultarr
Family PHALANGERIDAE El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Australia Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Ailurops ursinus "
Antechinus habbema " Cabassous chacoensis "
Bear Phalanger
Habbema Antechinus Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Indonesia
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Phalanger alexandrae " Dasypus sabanicola "
Antechinus naso " Colombia, Venezuela
Gebe Cuscus
Long-nosed Antechinus
Indonesia Zaedyus pichiy "
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
" Spilocuscus papuensis " Argentina, Chile
Antechinus sp.
Waigeo Cuscus
Normanby Antechinus Order INSECTTVORA
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
" Strigocuscus celebensis " Family SORICroAE
Antechinus wilhelmina
Lesser Antechinus
Small Cuscus Crocidura armenica "
Indonesia Armenia
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Strigocuscus gymnotis " Crocidura minuta *
Murexia rothschildi "
Ground Cuscus Indonesia
Broad-striped Dasyure
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea Crocidura religosa *
Phascolosorex doriae " Family MACROPODroAE Egyptian Pygmy Shrew
Egypt
Red-bellied Dasyure Dendrolagus inustus "
Indonesia Crocidura shantungensis "
Grizzled Tree-kangaroo
China
Sminthopsis fuliginosus " Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Australia Dendrolagus spadix " Sorex excelsus *
China, Nepal?
Sminthopsis leucopus " Lowland Tree-kangaroo
White-footed Dunnart Papua New Guinea Suncus malayanus *
Malaysia, Thailand
Australia Dendrolagus ursinus "
VogeUcopTree-kangaroo
Order PERAMELEMORPfflA Indonesia Order CHIROPTERA
Family PERORYCTIDAE Family PSEUDGCHEnODAE Family PTEROPODIDAE
Echymipera clara " Pseudocheirus canescens " Pteropus argentatus "
Clara's Echymipera Lowland Ringtail Silvery Fruit Bat
Indonesia Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Indonesia

193
 " "" "

Data Deficient

Pteropus mearnsi *- Myotis australis " Family TARSimAE

Philippines Australia '"
Tarsius dianae
Myotis fimbriatus " Indonesia
Family RHINOLOPHIDAE China '"
Tarsius pelengensis
Coelops hirsutus * Myotis hermanni " Indonesia
Philippines Indonesia?
Tarsius pumilus '"
Hipposideros crumeniferus
"
Myotis insularum '- Lesser Spectral Tarsier
Indonesia American Samoa?, Western Samoa? Indonesia
Hipposideros doriae " Myotis longipes '-
Tarsius sangirensis '"
Malaysia Afghanistan, India, Viet Nam? Indonesia
Hipposideros lamottei '- Myotis oreias " Tarsius spectrum '"
Guinea Singapore Spectral Tarsier
'-
Hipposideros pomona
Myotis ozensis " Indonesia
China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Japan
Thailand
Myotis schaubi '- Family CALLITRICHmAE
Rhinolophus adami "
Armenia (ex?), Hungary (ex), Iran?
Callithrix saterei '"
Congo
'-
Pipistrellus aero Brazil
Rhinolophus anderseni
Philippines
Ethiopia?, Kenya
"
Rhinolophus deckenii - Pipistrellus endoi Family CEBIDAE
Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Japan
'"
Aotus hershkovitzi
Mozambique, Namibia, South Pipistrellus lophurus " Colombia
Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Myanmar, Thailand '"
Callicebus olallae
minahassae '
*-
Rhinolophus inops Pipistrellus
Philippines
Beni Titi Monkey
Indonesia
Bolivia
Rhinolophus mitratus '^ Pipistrellus peguensis
"
India Myanmar
Rhinolophus osgoodi Family CERCOPITHECmAE
Pipistrellus permixtus " '"
China Cercopithecus dryas
Tanzania
Rhinolophus subbadius " *-
Dryas Monkey
Pipistrellus societatis
India, Myanmar, Nepal, Viet Nam Malaysia
Zaire
'"
Macaco ochreata
Family PHYLLOSTOMmAE Scotomanes emarginatus " Booted Macaque
India?
Anoura luismanueli Indonesia
Scotophilus celebensis "
Venezuela Presbytis fredericae '"
Indonesia
Artibeus incomitatus
'-
Javan Fuscous Leaf Monkey
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua Indonesia

Family MOLOSSIDAE Presbytis frontata

'"

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Myopterus daubentonii *- White-fronted Leaf Monkey

Chalinolobus kenyacola '- Indonesia, Malaysia
Cote d'lvoire, Senegal, Zaire
Kenya '"
Trachypithecus geei
Eptesicus flavescens *^ Golden Langur
Angola, Burundi
Order PRIMATES Bhutan, India

Eptesicus kobayashii
' GALAGONffiAE Trachypithecus laotum ""
Family
North Korea, South Korea '"
Laos, Viet Nam
Galagoides granti
'"
Eptesicus tatei Grant's Dwarf Galago Trachypithecus phayrei
India Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Bangladesh?, China, India?, Laos,
Kerivoula aerosa " Zimbabwe Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
South Africa? Galagoides orinus '"

Kerivoula africana '-

Amani Dwarf Galago Family HYLOBATIDAE
Tanzania Tanzania
Hylobates gabriellae '"
Murinafusca*- ""
Galagoides rondoensis Buff-cheeked Gibbon
China Rondo Dwarf Galago Laos, Viet Nam
Murina tenebrosa " Tanzania
Hylobates hoolock ""
Japan Galagoides udzungwensis '*'
Hoolock Gibbon
Myotis abei " Matundu Dwarf Galago Bangladesh, China, India, Laos?,
Russia Tanzania Myanmar

194
 " "" "

Mammals ^
Hylobates leucogenys "'
Prionailurus rubiginosus " Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
China, Laos, Viet Nam Rusty-spotted Cat Heaviside's Dolphin
India, Sri Lanka Angola?, Namibia, South Africa
[Atlantic (southeast)]
Order CARNIVORA Family MUSTELmAE "'
Feresa attenuata
'"
Family CANIDAE Mustela africana Pygmy Killer Whale
Tropical Weasel [Atlantic (eastem central, southeast,
Dusicyon microtis "
Brazil, Colombia?, Ecuador, Peru southwest,westem central), Indian
Small-eared Zorro
Ocean (eastem, westem),
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Family PROCYONTOAE Mediterranean and Black Sea,
Venezuela
Pacific (eastem central, northwest,
Dusicyon sechurae ^ Nasuella olivacea '" southeast, southwest, westem
Sechuran Zorro Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela central)]
Ecuador, Peru
Family URSIDAE Grampus griseus "
Dusicyon vetulus " Risso's Dolphin
Hoary Zorro Helarctos malayanus " [Atlantic (eastem central, northeast,
Brazil Sun Bear northwest, southeast, southwest,
Brunei, Cambodia, China,
Fennecus zerda " India, westem central), Indian Ocean
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, (eastem, westem). Pacific (eastem
Fennec Fox
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali,
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam central, northeast, northwest,
southeast, southwest, westem
Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Saudi
Arabia?, Sudan, Tunisia? Family VIVERRIDAE central)]

Vulpes bengalensis "

'"
Genetta abyssinica Lagenodelphis hosei
Bengal Fox Abyssinian Genet Fraser's Dolphin
India, Nepal, Pakistan Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia [Atlantic (eastem central, southeast,

Genetta johnstoni '" southwest,westem central), Indian

Vulpes cana "
Ocean (eastem, western). Pacific
Blanford's Fox Johnston's Genet
(eastem central, northwest, southeast,
Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Cote d'lvoire, Guinea, Liberia
westem central)]
Jordan, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi '"
Mungos gambianus
Arabia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Gambian Mongoose Lagenorhynchus australis "
Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen? Cote d'lvoire, Gambia, Ghana, Peale's Dolphin

Vulpes corsac " Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands

Corsac Fox Leone, Togo [Atlantic (southwest). Pacific

'" (southeast)]
Afghanistan, China, India, Iran?, Osbornictis piscivora
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?, Mongolia, Zaire Lagenorhynchus obscurus *'

Pakistan?, Russia?, Turkmenistan?,

Dusky Dolphin
Uzbekistan?
Order CETACEA Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands,
Vulpes pallida ^ French Southem and Antarctic
Pale Fox Family BALAENOPTERroAE Territories (Kerguelen Is), New
Benin?, Burkina Faso?, Cameroon?, Balaenoptera edeni" Zealand (Auckland Is, Campbell Id),
Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Mali, Bryde's Whale Peru, South Africa
Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, [Atlantic (eastern central, northwest, [Atlantic (southeast, southwest).
Sudan southeast, southwest, western Pacific (southeast, southwest)]

Vulpes rueppelli ^ central), Indian Ocean (eastem,

Lissodelphis peronii
Ruppell's Fox westem). Pacific (eastem central,
Southem Right Whale Dolphin
northeast, southeast, southwest,
Afghanistan, Algeria, Chad, Egypt, [Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast,
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Libya,
westem central)]
southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, eastem, westem). Pacific (Antarctic,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia? Family DELPHINIDAE southeast, southwest)]

Cephalorhynchus commersonii Orcaella brevirostris "

Commerson's Dolphin
Family FELffiAE Irrawaddy Dolphin
Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands,
Australia, Bangladesh, Bmnei?,
Felisbieti" French Southem and Antarctic
Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos?,
Chinese Desert Cat Territories (Kerguelen Is)
Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New
China [Atlantic (southwest), Indian Ocean Guinea, Philippines?, Singapore?,
marmorata "
(Antarctic), Pacific (southeast)]
Pardofelis Thailand, Viet Nam
Marbled Cat Cephalorhynchus eutropia " [Indian Ocean (eastem). Pacific
Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Black Dolphin (westem central)]
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Chile [R. Brahmaputra, R. Ganges, R.
Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam [Pacific (southeast)] Irrawaddy]

195
 " " "

Data Deficient

" and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem Mesoplodon bowdoini"

Sotalia fluviatilis
Tucuxi central, northeast, northwest, Andrews' Beaked Whale
Bolivia?, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, southeast, southwest, western [Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific
French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, central)] (southwest)]
Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Mesoplodon carlhubbsi"
Tobago, Venezuela Hubbs' Beaked Whale
[Atlantic (southwest, western
Family MONODONTIDAE [Pacific (eastem central, northeast,
central)] northwest)]
[R. Amazon] Monodon monoceros "
Mesoplodon densirostris "'
Narwhal
Sousa chinensis " Canada, Greenland, Iceland?,
Blainville's Beaked Whale
Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin [Atlantic (eastem central, northeast,
Norway, Russia, USA
Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, northwest, southeast, southwest,
[Arctic Sea, Atlantic (northeast,
Brunei, Cambodia, China, Djibouti, western central), Indian Ocean
northwest)]
Egypt, Ethiopia, Hong Kong, India, (eastern, western), Mediterranean
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem
Kuwait, Madagascar, Malaysia, central, northwest, southeast,

Mozambique, Myanmar, Oman, Family PHOCOENIDAE southwest, western central)]

Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, *' Mesoplodon europaeus "
Australophocaena dioptrica
Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Gervais' Beaked Whale
Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Spectacled Porpoise
[Atlantic (northwest, westem
Argentina, Australia, Chile, Falkland
Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, central)]
United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Islands, French Southern and
Yemen Antarctic Territories (Kerguelen Is), Mesoplodon ginkgodens *'
[Atlantic (southeast), Indian Ocean New Zealand (Auckland Is), Uruguay Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale
[Atlantic (Antarctic, southwest), [Indian Ocean (eastem, westem).
(eastern, western). Pacific
(northwest, southwest, western Indian Ocean (Antarctic, eastem). Pacific (eastem central, northwest,

central)]
Pacific (southeast, southwest)] southwest, westem central)]

Neophocaena phocaenoides " Mesoplodon grayi "

Sousa teuszii
Gray's Beaked Whale
Finless Porpoise
Atlantic Hump-backed Dolphin [Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei?,
Angola?, Benin, Cameroon, Congo?, southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Cambodia, China, Hong Kong?,
Cote d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea?, eastem, westem). Pacific (southeast,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan,
Gabon?, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, southwest)]
Kuwait, Malaysia, Myanmar, North
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania,
Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Mesoplodon hectori •"
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore?, Hector's Beaked Whale
Togo, Zaire?
South Africa?, South Korea, Sri [Atlantic (southeast, southwest),
[Atlantic (eastern central, southeast)]
Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Indian Ocean (eastem). Pacific
StenelUi clymene
" Arab Emirates, Viet Nam (eastem central, southeast,
Clymene Dolphin [Indian Ocean (eastem, western). southwest)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northwest, Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Mesoplodon layardii
southeast, southwest, western [freshwater Indo-Pacific]
Strap-toothed Whale
central)]
Phocoena spinipinnis " [Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast,

Stenella frontalis" Burmeister's Porpoise southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,

Atlantic Spotted Dolphin Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, eastem, westem). Pacific (southeast,
Uruguay southwest)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
northwest, southeast, southwest, [Atlantic (southwest). Pacific Mesoplodon minis "
western central)] (southeast)] True's Beaked Whale
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest,
Steno bredanensis " southeast, westem central), Indian
Rough-toothed Dolphin
Family PLATANISXroAE
Ocean (eastern)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, "
Pontoporia blainvillei
southeast, southwest, western
Mesoplodon pacificus "
La Plata River Dolphin
central), Indian Ocean (eastern, Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale
Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
western), Mediterranean and Black Australia,Somalia
[Atlantic (southwest)]
Sea, Pacific (eastern central, Ocean (westem).
[Indian Pacific
[La Plata estuary and adjacent rivers]
northeast, northwest, southeast, (westem central)]
southwest, western central)] Mesoplodon peruvianas *'

*' Lesser Beaked Whale

TuTsiops truncatus
Family ZIPfflmAE [Pacific (southeast)]
Bottlenose Dolphin
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Mesoplodon bidens " Mesoplodon stejnegeri
northwest, southeast, southwest, Sowerby's Beaked Whale Stejneger's Beaked Whale
western central), Indian Ocean [Atlantic (eastem central, northeast, [Pacific (eastem central, northeast,
(eastem, western), Mediterranean northwest)] northwest)]

196
 "

Birds

Tasmacetus shepherdi Family MURffiAE Rhabdomys pumilio "'

Shepherd's Beaked Whale Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi,

Apodemus alpicola '

[Atlantic (southwest), Indian Ocean Mozambique, Namibia, South

Alpine Mouse
(eastern), Pacific (southeast, Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire,
Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland
southwest)] Zambia, Zimbabwe
'"
Ziphius cavirostris " Apodemus hyrcanicus
Cuvier's Beaked Whale Russia Family DASYPROCTIDAE
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Arborimus albipes '^
Dasyprocta cristata "
northwest, southeast, southwest,
White-footed Vole Suriname
western central), Indian Ocean
USA Dasyprocta kalinowskii "
(eastern, western), Mediterranean
and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern Arborimus porno *^ Peru
central, northeast, northwest, California Red Tree Mouse
southeast, southwest, western USA Family ECHIMYIDAE
central)]
Batomys dentatus ""
Echimys rhipidurus "
Philippines Peru
Order ARTIODACTYLA '^ Isothrix pictus "
Carpomys melanurus
Brazil
Family CERVmAE Philippines

Mesomys didelphoides "

Cervus mariannus '* Carpomys phaeurus "
Philippines Brazil
Philippine Brown Deer
Guam Japan [int]
[int], Mesomys obscurus "
Dicrostonyx exsul *-
(Ogasawara-gunto), Northern Brazil
St. Lawrence Id Collared Lemming
Marianas [int], Philippines
USA
Elaphodus cephalophus "
Order LAGOMORPHA
'-
Dicrostonyx nunatakensis
Tufted Deer
China, Myanmar Ogilvie Mtns Collared Lemming
Canada Family OCHOTONIDAE
Hippocamelus antisensis " '"
North Andean Deer Lemniscomys hoogstraali '" Ochotona gaoligongensis
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador Sudan Gaoligong Pika
(ex?), Peru China
'"
Lophuromys cinereus '"
Mazama chunyi " Zaire
Ochotona muliensis
Chunyi Muli Pika
'^
Microtus abbreviatus China
Bolivia, Peru
Insular Vole
Muntiacus feai " USA
Fea'sMuntjac Family LEPGRmAE
China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Mus mattheyi '" Lepus fagani ""
Viet Nam Ghana Ethiopian Hare
Muntiacus gongs hanensis " Oenomys hypoxanthus '" Ethiopia

Gongshan Muntjac Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo,

China, India, Myanmar? Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon,
Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan,
Class AVES
Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire
Order RODENTIA " Order TEVAMIFORMES
Oryzomys melanotis
Family SCIURIDAE Mexico Family TINAMmAE
Spermophilus townsendii '^ Oryzomys spodiurus * Tinamus osgoodi -'
Townsend's Ground Squirrel Ecuador Black Tinamou
USA '" Colombia, Peru
Praomys jacksoni
Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
Family DIPODIDAE African Republic, Gabon, Kenya,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Salpingotus thomasi "
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia
Afghanistan? Family HYDROBAXroAE
'"
Sicista kazbegica '^' Praomys montis
Oceanites gracilis -'
Kenya
Georgia, Russia White-vented Storm-petrel
"'
Sicista kluchorica "' Praomys peromyscus Chile, Ecuador

Russia Kenya
Oceanodroma hombyi ^'
Sicista pseudonapaea '
Rattus timorensis " Ringed Storm-petrel
Russia Malaysia Chile, Peru

197
 "

Data Deficient

Oceanodroma markhami ^' Order STRIGIFORMES Order CORACIIFORMES

Markham's Storm-petrel
Peru
Family TYTONIDAE Family ALCEDINTOAE
-' -'
^' Tyto inexspectata Clytoceyx rex
Oceanodroma matsudairae
Minahassa Masked-owl Shovel-billed Kookaburra
Matsudaira's Storm-petrel
Japan Indonesia Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Tyto sororcula -' Tanysiptera hydrocharis "
Lesser Masked-owl Little Paradise-kingfisher
Order PELECANBFORMES
Indonesia Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Family
PHALACROCORACIDAE Family STRIGIDAE Order PASSERIFORMES
-'
Phalacrocorax kenyoni Uroglaux dimorpha -'
Family FGRMICARimAE
Kenyon's Shag Papuan Hawk-owl -'
USA Clytoctantes atrogularis
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Rondonia Bushbird
Brazil
Order FALCONIFORMES Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES -'
Pithys castanea
Family ACCIPITRIDAE Family PODARGIDAE White-masked Antbird
Erythrotriorchis buergersi -'
-' Peru
Batrachostomus auritus
Chestnut-shouldered Goshawk Large Frogmouth
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Family HIRUNDINIDAE
-'
Spilornis kinabaluensis Thailand Progne sinaloae -'

Mountain Serpent-eagle Batrachostomus harterti -' Sinaloa Martin

Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Dulit Frogmouth Mexico
Indonesia, Malaysia

Order GALLIFORMES Batrachostomus mixtus " Family PYCNONOTIDAE

Bomean Frogmouth Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii -'
Family PHASIANffiAE Indonesia, Malaysia Blue-wattled Bulbul
-'
Francolinus nahani Batrachostomus poliolophus -'
Brunei, Indonesia
Nahan's Francolin Short-tailed Frogmouth
Uganda, Zaire Indonesia Family MUSCICAPmAE
Androphobus viridis
-'

Order GRUIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Papuan Whipbird

Family RALLIDAE Caprimutgus maculosus -' Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Cayenne Nightjar Apalis kaboboensis ^'

Coturnicops notatus -'

French Guiana Kabobo Apalis
Speckled Crake
Caprimulgus pulchellus -' Zaire
Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,
Guyana, Paraguay, Uruguay, Salvadori's Nightjar minima -'
Batis
Venezuela Indonesia Gabon Batis
Megacrex inepta ' Cameroon, Gabon
New Guinea Flightless Rail Order APODIFORMES Bradypterus grandis "
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Dja River Warbler
Family APODIDAE Cameroon, Gabon
Rallina leucospila -'
White-striped Forest-rail Apus sladeniae -' Cisticola restrictus -'

Indonesia Fernando Po Swift Tana River Cisticola

-'
Angola, Cameroon, Equatorial Kenya, Somalia?
Rallina mayri
Guinea, Nigeria
Mayr's Forest-rail Garrulax austeni ^'
-'
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Collocalia orientalis Brown-capped Laughingthrush
Mayr's Swiftlet India, Myanmar
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Order CUCULIFORMES Malurus campbelli -'
Cypseloides storeri -' Campbell's Fairywren
Family CUCULIDAE White-fronted Swift Papua New Guinea
Mexico
Cacomantis heinrichi Megalurulus grosvenori ^'
Moluccan Cuckoo Bismarck Thicketbird
Indonesia Family TROCHILroAE Papua New Guinea
Chrysococcyx nifomerus ' Popelairia letitiae -'
Megalurulus llaneae -'

Green-cheeked Bronze-cuckoo Coppery Thomtail Bougainville Thicketbird

Indonesia Bolivia'' Papua New Guinea

198
 Reptiles 5*

Monarcha menckei -'

Family FRINGILLmAE Hydrosaurus pustulatus '"
White-breasted Monarch Sail-fin Lizard
Carpodacus roborowskii^'
Papua New Guinea Philippines
Tibetan Rosefmch
Muscicapa segregata -'
China
Sumba Brown Flycatcher
Leucosticte sillemi -'
Family ANGUffiAE
Indonesia '"
Sillem's Mountain-finch Celestus duquesneyi
Petroica archboUi -'
China Jamaica
Snow Mountain Robin Loxia scotica -'
Celestus fowleri ^'

Indonesia Scottish Crossbill Jamaica

Poecilodryas placens -' United Kingdom Celestus microblepharis '*

Olive-yellow Robin Jamaica

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Family PLOCEroAE
Prinia fluviatilis ^' Ploceus victoriae -'
Family GEKKONIDAE
Phyllodactylus melanostictus ""
River Prinia Entebbe Weaver
Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Niger, Uganda Scarce Ground Gecko
Senegal Thailand

Rhipidura matthiae -' Family ORIOLIDAE Phyllodactylus peringueyi '"

Matthias Fantail Sphecotheres hypoleucus -' Peringueyi's Leaf-toed Gecko
Papua New Guinea South Africa?
Wetar Figbird
Zoothera dumasi " Indonesia
Moluccan Thrush
Family IGUANIDAE
Indonesia Family CRACTICIDAE Liolaemus constanzae '"

Cracticus louisiadensis ' Chile

Liolaemus cutis '"
Tagula Butcherbird
Family DICAEIDAE Papua New Guinea Chile
Melanocharis arfakiana -' Liolaemus donosoi '"

Obscure Berrypecker Family PARADISAETOAE Chile

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea ""
Loboparadisea sericea -'
Liolaemus fuscus
Yellow-breasted Bird-of-paradise Argentina, Chile
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Liolaemus gravenhorsti '"
Family ZOSTEROPmAE
Chile
Zosterops meeki -'
Class REPTILIA Liolaemus hellmichi ""
White-throated White-eye
Chile
Papua New Guinea Order CROCODYLIA
Liolaemus kuhlmanni '"'

Family CROCODYLIDAE Chile

Family MELIPHAGmAE Crocodylus cataphractus " Liolaemus lemniscatus '*'

Lichmera notabilis -'

African Slender-snouted Crocodile Argentina, Chile
Black-chested Honeyeater Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Liolaemus leopardinus '"

Indonesia Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile

Chad, Congo, Cote d'lvoire.
Meliphaga vicina " Liolaemus lorenzmuelleri '"
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia
Tagula Honeyeater Chile
(ex?), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau
Papua New Guinea Liolaemus lutzae '"
(ex?), Liberia, Mali, Mauritania,
Myzomela albigula ^'
Nigeria, Senegal (ex?). Sierra Leone, Brazil

White-chinned Myzomela Tanzania, Togo, Zaire, Zambia Liolaemus nitidus '"

Papua New Guinea Crocodylus moreletii " Chile

Morelet's Crocodile '"
Myzomela kuehni -'
Liolaemus paulinae
Crimson-hooded Myzomela Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Chile
Indonesia Tomistoma schlegelii " Liolaemus walkeri ""

Philemon brassi ^' False Gharial Chile

Brass's Friarbird Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar?, '"
Liolaemus zapallarensis
Thailand (ex?)
Indonesia Chile
Philemon fuscicapillus -'
Pristidactylus alvaroi ""
Order SAURIA
Dusky Friarbird Chile
Indonesia Family AGAMIDAE Pristidactylus valeriae ""
Philemon kisserensis -' "" Chile
Gonocephalus abbotti
Grey Friarbird Abbott's Crested Lizard Tropidurus tarapacensis ™
Indonesia Thailand Chile

199
 "" '

Data Deficient

Family LACERXmAE Pareas iwasakii '*'

Kachuga sylhetensis '™
" Iwasaki's Snail-eater Assam Roofed Turtle
Lacerta alpina Bangladesh, India
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Georgia, Russia
Philodryas chamissonis
'"
Mauremys iversoni '"
Chile Fujian Pond Turtle
Family SCINCroAE
Thamnophis hammondi " China
"'
Barkudia insularis "'
Two-striped Garter Snake Melanochelys trijuga
Legless Skink
Mexico, USA Indian Black Turtle
India
Xenocalamus transvaalensis '*' Bangladesh, British Indian Ocean
'"
Isopachys gyldenstolpei Territory, India, Maldives, Myanmar,
Transvaal Quillsnout Snake
Gyldenstolpe's Worm Skink Nepal, Sri Lanka
Mozambique, South Africa
Thailand '"
'"
Notochelys platynota
Lygosoma haroldyoungi Family ELAPffiAE Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle
Banded Supple Skink '" Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Naja oxiana
Thailand Myanmar?, Thailand, Viet Nam
"' Central Asian Cobra
Lygosoma koratense Ocadia glyphistoma '"
Afghanistan, India, Iran,
Korat Supple Skink China
Kyrgyzstan?, Pakistan, Tajikistan,
Thailand "'
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Ocadia philippeni
Oligosoma gracilicorpus " Philippen's Striped Turtle
Narrow-bodied Skink VIPERffiAE China
Family
New Zealand
Trimeresurus cornutus Sacalia pseudocellata "'
Phoboscincus bocourti
New Caledonia
Viet Nam Chinese False-eyed Turtle
China
Tribolonotus ponceleti "'
Solomon Islands
Order TESTUDINES Terrapene nelsoni
Spotted Box Turtle
Family CHELmAE Mexico
Family TEIIDAE
Chelodina reimanni ""
'"
Callopistes maculatus Reimann's Snake-necked Turtle
Family PELOMEDUSIDAE
Chile Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
'"
Cnemidophorus hyperythrus '" "' Pelusios upembae
Elseya sp. 2
Orange-throated Whiptail Manning River Snapping Turtle
Upemba Mud Turtle
Mexico, USA Australia
Zaire

"'
Elseya sp. 3
Order SERPENTES Bellinger River Snapping Turtle Family PLATYSTERNIDAE
Australia '™
Family ANILIIDAE Platysternon megacephalum
Anomochilus leonardi "" Big-headed Turtle
Leonard's Pipe Snake
Family EMYDIDAE China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
Viet Nam
Malaysia Chinemys nigricans '"
Red-necked Pond Turtle
Family COLUBRmAE China, Viet Nam? Family TESTUDINIDAE
Calamaria pfefferi "^ Cuora aurocapitata '" Kinixys erosa '"
Pfeffer's Reed Snake Yellow-headed Box Turtle Sertated Hinge-back Tortoise
Japan China Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central
Elachistodon westermanni "" Cuora mccordi "' African Republic, Congo, Cote
McCord's Box Turtle d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Indian Egg-eating Snake
Bangladesh, India, Nepal China Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia,
'" Nigeria, Rwanda?, Sierra Leone,
Elaphe situla " Cuora pani
Togo?, Uganda, Zaire
Leopard Snake Pan's Box Turtle
''"'

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, China Kinixys homeana

Malta, Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Cuora yunnanensis '™ Home's Hinge-back Tortoise
'" Benin?, Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire.
Oligodon nikhili Yunnan Box Turtle
Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea,
India China
Liberia, Nigeria, Togo?
"'
Opisthotropis spenceri '" Cuora zhoui
Smith's Mountain Keelback Zhou's Box Turtle
Thailand China Family TRIONYCHmAE
"" '™ '"
Parahelicops boonsongi Geoemyda yuwonoi Lissemys scutala
Boonsong's Keelback Sulawesi Forest Turtle Burmese Flapshell Turtle
Thailand Indonesia Myanmar

200
 Amphibians ^C

Class AMPfflBIA Telmatobius zapahuirensis '

Family PLETHODONTIDAE
Chile
Plethodon larselli "
'"
Order ANURA Telmatobufo australis Larch Mountain Salamander
Chile USA
Family BUTONroAE Telmatobufo buUocki '"
Typhlotriton spelaeus "
'" Chile Grotto Salamander
Bufo atacamensis
Chile Telmatobufo venustus '" USA
Chile
Bufo chilensis '"
Chile Family SALAMANDRIDAE
Family MICROHYLIDAE Neurergus crocatus "
Family HYLIDAE "" Turkey
Hyophryne histrio
'" Brazil Neurergus strauchi "
Hyla albolineata
Turkey
Brazil
'"
Family MYOBATRACHmAE Triturus dobrogicus "
Hyla izecksohni Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina?,
'"
Brazil Uperoleia orientalis
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Alexandra Toadlet
'" Romania, Russia?, Ukraine?,
Hyla langei Australia
Brazil Yugoslavia
'"
Hyla secedens
Brazil
Family RANIDAE
'" Class
Cacosternum poyntoni
Phrynomedusa fimbriata '*^

Poynton's Caco CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI

Brazil
South Africa
'"
Order
Rana aenea PETROMYZONTIFORMES
Family LEPTODACTYLroAE Doichang Frog
Alsodes barrioi '" Thailand Family PETRGMYZONTmAE
Chile "'
Rana fasciculispina Eudontomyzon mariae '"
Alsodes montanus '" Spiny-breasted Giant Frog Ukranian Brook Lamprey
Chile Thailand Austria, Belarus?, Bulgaria, Czech
Rana kohchangae '" Republic, Georgia?, Hungary,
'"
Alsodes nodosus Moldova?, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Chile
Kohchang Frog
Slovakia, Turkey?, Ukraine,
Thailand
"" Yugoslavia
Alsodes tumultuosos
Rana pyrenaica " '"
Chile Lampetra macrostoma
Spain
"" Lake Lamprey
Alsodes vanzolinii Rana tasanae '"
Canada
Chile
Smith's Wrinkled Frog '"
'"
Mordacia lapicida
Caudiverbera caudiverbera Thailand
Chile
Chile

Eleutherodactylus eneidae '"

Family RHINODERMATIDAE
Puerto Rico ""
Class ELASMOBRANCHII
Rhinoderma danvinii
""
Eleutherodactylus jasperi Darwin's Toad Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES
Golden Coqui Frog Chile
Puerto Rico
Rhinoderma rufum '" Family RHINCODONnDAE
"'
Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus '
Chile Rhincodon typus
Haiti Whale Shark

Eupsophus insularis '"

Order CAUDATA [Atlantic (eastern central, southeast,
southwest, western central), Indian
Chile
Family CRYPTOBRANCHroAE Ocean (eastern, western). Pacific
'" (eastern central, northwest, southeast,
Leptodactylus marambaiae Andrias davidianus "" southwest, western central)]
Brazil
Chinese Giant Salamander
Telmatobius halli '" China, Taiwan [int]
Chile Order RAJIFORMES
Telmatobius pefauri '"
Family HYNOBiroAE Family RAJffiAE
Chile
Hynobius stejnegeri ""
Bathyraja abyssicola "
Telmatobius peruvianus '" Amber-coloured Salamander Deepsea Skate
Chile Japan [Pacific (northeast, northwest)]

201
 Data Deficient

'"
Class ACTINOPTERYGII Acanthorutilus meandricus Hungary, Moldova, Romania,
Turkey Russia, Slovakia?, Ukraine,

Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES '" Yugoslavia

Alburnus heckeli
'"
Turkey Gobio kessleri
Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Kessler's Gudgeon
""
'" Aspius aspius
Arapaima gigas Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
Asp Republic, Hungary, Moldova,
Pirarucu
Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria,
Brazil, Guyana, Peru Poland?, Romania, Slovakia,
Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Slovenia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Order CLUPEIFORMES Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Gobio uranoscopus '"

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Danube Gudgeon

Family CLUPEffiAE Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
"" Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy?,
Alosa alosa Macedonia?, Moldova, Poland,
Allis Shad Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia?, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Algeria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Sweden, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Germany, Morocco,
Ireland, Italy?, Ukraine, Uzbekistan?, Yugoslavia [R. Danube]
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Barbus albanicus '" Hemitremia flammea''^
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Albania?, Greece Flame Chub
Switzerland (ex). United Kingdom USA
'"
"" Barbus cyclolepis
Alosa fallax Armenia?, Azerbaijan?, Georgia?, Leucaspius irideus ""
Twaite Shad Greece, Iran?, Russia?, Turkey?, Turkey
Albania, Algeria, Belgium, Croatia, Ukraine? '"
Leuciscus borysthenicus
Cyprus?, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
"" Black Sea Chub
France, Germany, Gibraltar?, Barbus graceus
Albania, Greece Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece?,
Greece, Ireland, Israel?, Italy, Latvia,
"" Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey,
Lebanon?, Lithuania, Malta?, Barbus peloponnesius
Ukraine
Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Albania?, Greece, Macedonia?
""
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, '"'
Leuciscus cephaloides
Capoeta antalyensis
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria?, Turkey
Turkey
Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom,
'"
Notropis hubbsi "
Yugoslavia Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Bluehead Shiner
Alosa maeotica '" Danube Bleak USA
Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova?, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina?,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Notropis jemezanus "
Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
Hungary, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia Rio Grande Shiner
'"'
Alosa pontica
[R. Danube] Mexico, USA
Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Chalcalburnus tarichi '" Notropis oxyrhynchus "
Georgia, Hungary, Iran?,
Turkey Sharpnose Shiner
Kazakhstan?, Moldova, Romania,
Russia, Slovenia?, Turkey, [L. Van] USA
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia '" Notropis semperasper "
Chondrostoma kneri
Clupeoides papuensis ' Roughhead Shiner
Dalmation Nase
Toothed River Herring Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Croatia
USA
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea "" Notropis welaka "
Chondrostoma phoxinus
Clupeonella abrau '" Bluenose Shiner
Minnow-Nase
Russia, Turkey Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Croatia
USA
"'
"" Pachychilon macedonicus
Clupeonella cultriventris Cyprinus carpio "'
Greece
Azerbaijan?, Bulgaria, Georgia, Wild Common Carp
'"
Iran?, Kazakhstan?,Moldova, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Paraphoxinus adspersus
Romania, Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia?, Romania, Croatia
Turkmenistan?, Ukraine Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Paraphoxinus epiroticus '"'
Turkmenistan?, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Albania, Greece, Macedonia
Family ENGRAULmAE Yugoslavia
Paraphoxinus minutus ""
'"
Thryssa scratchleyi '" Danio aequipinnulus Albania
Freshwater Anchovy Sri Lanka ""
Paraphoxinus pstrossi
Australia '"
Garra phillipsi Albania, Croatia
Philipps' Garra [R. Trebisnjica]

Order CYPRINIFORMES Sri Lanka '"

Pelecus cultratus
'"'
Gobio albipinnatus Ziege
Family CYPRINIDAE White-finned Gudgeon Austria, Azerbaijan?, Bulgaria,
""
Aaptosyax grypus Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Laos, Thailand Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic?, Estonia, Finland, Georgia?,

202
 Fishes: bony fishes

'"
Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Cobitis megaspila '" Cheirodon australe
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Bulgaria?, Moldova?, Romania Chile
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, romanica
Cobitis
"" Cheirodon galusdae "'
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Chile
Romanian Loach
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria?, Romania Cheirodon kiliani '"
'"
Phoxinellus crassus Cobitis stephanidisi
"" Chile
Turkey Greece '"'
Cheirodon pisciculus
""
Phoxinus percnurus Cobitis strumicae
'" Chile
Swamp Minnow Greece Stygichthys typhlops '*'

Belarus, Estonia, Germany, Latvia,

'"
Cobitis trichonica Brazil
Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine
Greece
""
Probarbus labeamajor '" Order SILURIFORMES
Cobitis vardarensis
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
Greece Family DIPLOMYSTIDAE
'"'
Probarbus labeaminor '"'
Leptobotia curta '"
Laos, Thailand Diplomystes camposensis
Ayumodoki Chile
'"'
Pseudophoxinus irideus China, Japan '*'
Turkey '"
Diplomystes nahuelbutensis
Sabanjewia aurata Chile
'*'
Puntius cataractae Goldside Loach
Philippines Albania, Armenia, Austria,
Family ICTALURTOAE
[L. Lanao] Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
'" Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Ictalurus australis "
Rutilus frisii
Greece, Hungary, Iran, Moldova, Eagre del Panuco
Black Sea Roach
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Mexico
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria,
Georgia, Iran?, Kazakhstan?,
Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Ictalurus lupus "
Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Bagre Lobo
Ukraine Family BALITORIDAE Mexico, USA
Rutilus pigus
'"'
Barbatula brandti "" Noturus furiosus "
Danube Roach Georgia, Turkey Carolina Madtom
Czech Republic,
Austria, Bulgaria, ""
USA
Barbatula bureschi
Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania,
Greece, Turkey
Slovenia, Ukraine?
""
Family BAGRmAE
[R. Danube] Barbatula pulsiz ""
Austroglanis sclateri
""
Turkey
Rutilus ylikiensis '"
Rock-catfish
Greece Indoreonectes evezardi South Africa
India
"" Pardiglanis tarabinii
'*'
Scardinius racovitzai ""
Turkey
Nemacheilus angorae Giant Catfish
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Somalia
Semotilus lumbee " Turkey [R. Jubba]
Sandhills Chub ""
Nemacheilus lendi
USA
'"
Turkey Family SELURTOAE
Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus ""
'"
Troglocobitis starostini Siluris aristotelis
Greece
Turkmenistan Aristotle's Catfish
'*'
Tropidophoxinellus spartiaticus '"
Greece
Turcinemacheilus kosswigi
Greece
Turkey Silurus furness ""
""
Tylognathus klatti Malaysia
Turkey
Family CATOSTOMIDAE
'" Family PANGASITOAE
Moxostoma congestum
Family COBITIDAE Gray Redhorse Pangasius sanitwongsei
'"'

Cobitis elongata
'" Mexico, USA Pla Thepa
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam
Balkan Loach Scartomyzon ariomus "
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bigeye Jumprock
Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, USA Family ARIIDAE
'"
Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Ancharius brevibarbus
Yugoslavia Vaona
Order CHARACITORMES
Cobitis hellenica
"" Madagascar
Greece Family CHARACIDAE Ancharius fuscus ""

'" Vaona
Cobitis marrocatia
"" Catabasis acuminatus
Morocco Brazil Madagascar

203
 Data Deficient

'"
Alius taylori ' Neochanna diversus Order OPHIDIIFORMES
Taylor's Catfish Black Mudfish
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea New Zealand Family BYTHITmAE
"' Ogilbia galapagosensis '"
Cinetodus froggatti
Froggatt's Catfish
Family SALMONmAE Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
'"
Australia Coregonus albula
Tetranesodon conorhynchus '
Vendace Order ATHEREVIFORMES
Lorentz Catfish Belarus?, Czech Republic [int],

Indonesia Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France Family ATHERINroAE

[int], Germany, Ireland, Latvia, ""
Atherina boyeri
Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia,
Family PIMELODIDAE Slovakia [int], Sweden, United
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus?,
"" Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy,
Caecorhamdella brasilensis Kingdom Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco,
Brazil ""
Coregonus baunti Slovenia?, Spain, Syria, Tunisia,
'"
Pimelodella kronei Russia Turkey, Yugoslavia
Brazil '" '"
Coregonus lavaretus Austromenidia gracilis
Austria, Belarus?, Czech Republic, Chile
Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Basilichthys microlepidotus "'
"" Germany, Latvia, Lithuania,
Bullockia maldonadoi Chile
Chile Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, "*
'" Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Bedotia geayi
Eremophilus mutisii Zona
United Kingdom
Colombia Madagascar
'" Coregonus nasus ""
Nematogenys inermis Bedotia longianalis "*
Large Bottom Whitefish
Chile
Austria, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Zona
'"
Phreatobius cistematum Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Madagascar
Brazil Poland, Russia, Sweden, '™
Bedotia madagascariensis
Trichomycterus areolatus '"'
Switzerland, USA Zona
Chile '"
Coregonus oxyrinchus Madagascar
'"
Trichomycterus chaberti Houting Chilatherina bulolo '"

Bolivia Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Bulolo Rainbowfish

"" Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Papua New Guinea
Trichomycterus chiUoni
Luxembourg?, Netherlands, Norway,
Chile Chirostoma regani *'
Poland, Russia, Sweden, United
Kingdom Charal del Valle de Mexico
Order SALMONIFORMES '" Mexico
Coregonus peled
"'
Family OSMERTOAE Northern Whitefish Craterocephalus marianae
'" Finland, Russia, Sweden Magela Hardyhead
Osmerus eperlanus Australia
'"
Smelt Coregonus pidschian
'
Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Bottom Whitefish Craterocephalus pimatuae
France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Canada, Finland, Russia, Sweden, Pima Hardyhead
Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, USA Papua New Guinea
Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Coregonus trybomi '"'
Glossolepis pseudoincisus '

United Kingdom Finland, Sweden Tami River Rainbowfish

Osmerus spectrum " Oncorhynchus iwame "" Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Pygmy Smelt Iwame Trout Glossolepis ramuensis ""
Canada, USA Japan Ramu Rainbowfish
Salmo dentex '" Papua New Guinea
Family GALAXITOAE Croatia, Yugoslavia Melanotaenia ajamaruensis '

'"
Aplochiton marinus Salmo marmoratus "" Ajamaru Lakes Rainbowfish
Chile Albania, Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Indonesia
'"
Brachygalaxias bullocki Yugoslavia Melanotaenia angfa '

Chile Salmo montenegrinus '" Yakati Rainbowfish

'" Indonesia
Brachygalaxias gothei Albania, Yugoslavia
Chile Salvelinus anaktuvukensis '' Melanotaenia corona '

'" Corona Rainbowfish

Galaxias globiceps Angayukaksurak Char
Chile USA Indonesia
"' "" '"
Galaxias parvus Stenodus leucichthys Melanotaenia exquisita
Swamp Galaxias Azerbaijan, Canada, Kazakhstan, Exquisite Rainbowfish
Australia Russia, Turkmenistan, USA Australia

204
 ™

Fishes: bony fishes

Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi ' Orestias cuvieri '" Hippocampus breviceps '™

Lake Tebera Rainbowfish Bolivia, Peru Short-headed Seahorse

Papua New Guinea [L. Titicaca] Australia

Melanotaenia monticola '"

Orestias parinacotensis "" [Indian Ocean (eastern), Pacific
(southwest)]
Mountain Rainbowfish Chile
Papua New Guinea [R. Lauca] Hippocampus minotaur ™
"" Australia
Melanotaenia ogilbyi
Ogilby's Rainbowfish Family POECILIIDAE [Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific

Indonesia '" (southwest)]

Gambusia aestiputeus
"" '
Melanotaenia pimanensis Colombia (San Andres Id) Microphis caudocarinatus
Slender Pipefish
Pima River Rainbowfish Gambusia speciosa "
Papua New Guinea Indonesia
USA
'
Melanotaenia praecox '
Poecilia vetiprovidentiae "" Microphis spinachoides
Dwarf Rainbowfish Colombia (Isla de Providencia) Spinach Pipefish
Indonesia Papua New Guinea
Poeciliopsis monacha "
Melanotaenia sexlineata ' Mexico Phycodorus eques
Fly River Rainbowfish Leafy Seadragon
Xiphophorus clemenciae "
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Australia
Espada de Clemencia
Melanotaenia vanheurni '" [Indian Ocean (eastern)]
Mexico
Van Heum's Rainbowfish Phyllopteryx taeniolatus ™
Indonesia
Order BELONIFORMES Weedy Seadragon
Poblana ferdebueni *' Australia

Mexico Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE [Indian Ocean (eastern), Pacific

(southwest)]
Pseudomugil paskai ' Nomoramphus celebensis '"'

Paska's Blue-Eye Poso Halfbeak Sygnathoides biaculeatus ™

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Indonesia Double-ended Pipefish
"* [L. Poso] [Indian Ocean (eastern, westem).
Rheocles lateralis
Pacific (northwest, southwest,
Zona Zenarchopterus alleni '
western central)]
Madagascar Allen's River Garfish
'"
[R. Nosivolo] Indonesia Syngnathus abaster

Rheocles pellegrini ™
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy,
Zona Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES
Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco,
Madagascar Family PEGASLDAE Saudi Arabia, Slovenia?, Spain,
"* Sudan?, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey,
Teramulus kieneri "*
Eurypegasus draconis
Vily Yugoslavia
Madagascar
Madagascar Syngnathus nigrolineatus '"
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Pacific (northwest, western central)] Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Iran,
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Eurypegasus papilio ™ Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania,
Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
APLOCHEILIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is)
Ukraine
Family
[Pacific (eastern central)]
Rivulus robustus " '™
Pegasus lancifer
Rivulus Almirante
Mexico
Australia Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES
[Indian Ocean (eastern)]

Pegasus volitans "' Family SYNBRANCHIDAE

Family CYPRBVODONTIDAE [Indian Ocean (eastern, western). '*'
Monopterus indicus
'" Pacific (northwest, southwest,
Aphanius fasciatus India
South European Toothcarp western central)] "'
Ophisternon candidum
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Blind Cave Eel
Egypt, France, Germany, Israel, Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Australia
Italy, Lebanon, Libya?, Malta?,
Morocco, Slovenia, Syria, Tunisia, Family SYNGNATHIDAE Typhlosynbranchus boueti '"

Turkey, Yugoslavia Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus '™ Liberia

""
Aphanius iberus Banded Pipefish
Spanish Toothcarp [Indian Ocean (eastern, westem).
Algeria, Morocco?, Spain, Tunisia? Pacific (northwest, westem central)] Family MASTACEMBELmAE
"" '"'
Kosswigichthys asquamatus "" Hippocampus bargibanti Macrognathus aral
Scaleless Killifish Australia, New Caledonia Spiny Eel
Turkey [Pacific (westem central)] India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (ex)

205
 '

Data Deficient

"'
Order SCORPAENIFORMES Scortum hilli Oxyeleotris wisselensis
Leathery Grunter Paniai Gudgeon
Family COTTIDAE Australia Indonesia
"
Cottus princeps Scortum parviceps '™
Klamath Lake Sculpin Small-Headed Grunter Family GGBimAE
USA Australia Awaous stamineus "
Cottus tenuis
" Oopu Nakea
Slender Sculpin Family CENTRARCHIDAE USA
USA Micropterus treculi " Bathygobius burtoni '"
Guadalupe Bass Sao Tome & Principe
Order PERCIFORMES USA [Atlantic (eastern centnral)]

Benthophiloides braunei ""

Family AMBASSIDAE Family PERCIDAE Bulgaria, Romania, Russia?, Ukraine
'"
Ambassis agassizi Etheostoma mariae " Glossogobius hoesei '

Agassiz's Perchlet
Pinewoods Darter Hoese's Goby
Australia
USA Indonesia
Parambassis altipinnis '
Gymnocephalus acerina '" Gobius tigrellus '

High-Finned Glass Perchlet Belarus?, Hungary?, Moldova, Tiger Goby

Indonesia
Poland?, Russia, Slovakia?, Ukraine Indonesia
'
Tetracentrum caudovittatus Gymnocephalus baloni '"
Knipowitschia goerneri "'
Kokoda Glass Perchlet
Balon's Ruffe Greece
Papua New Guinea Austria, Bulgaria?, Czech Republic, '"
Knipowitschia milleri
Germany, Hungary, Moldova?, Greece
Family PERCICHTHYIDAE Romania, Slovakia, Yugoslavia
'"'
'" [R. Danube]
Knipowitschia panizzai
Macquaria australasica Albania, Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia
""
Macquarie Perch Perca schrenki
Australia Balkhash Perch Lentipes concolor "
"" China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan? Oopu Alamoo
Nannatherina balstoni USA (Hawaiian Is)
""
Balston's Pygmy Perch Stizostedion marinum '"
Australia Azerbaijan, Bulgaria?, Iran,
Luciogobius albus
Kazakhstan?, Moldova?, Romania?, Japan
'"
Percichthys melanops '"'
Russia?, Turkmenistan, Ukraine Luciogobius pallidus
Chile
Stizostedion volgensis
'" Japan
""
Percilia gillissi '"
Chile
Volga Zander Mesogobius batrachocephalus
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia,
""
Percilia irwini Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Turkey, Ukraine
Chile Moldova, Romania, Russia, ""
Neogobius fluviatilis
Slovakia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova,
Family SERRANIDAE Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine,
Epinephelus exsul " Family BLENNIIDAE Yugoslavia
Ten-spine Grouper ""
Entomacrodus cadenati '" Neogobius gymnotrachelus
[Pacific (eastern central)] Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania,
Sao Tome & Principe
Mycteroperca rubra " [Atlantic (eastern central)]
Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia

Comb Grouper Neogobius kessleri ""

[Atlantic (eastern central),

Family ELEOTRIDAE Kessler's Goby
Mediterranean and Black Sea] and Herzegovina,
Austria, Bosnia
""
Bostrichthys aruensis Czech Republic, Hungary,
Croatia,
Island Gudgeon Moldova, Romania, Slovakia,
Family TERAPONTIDAE Indonesia Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Serbia)
'" Bostrichthys zonatus ' ""
Hannia greenwayi Neogobius melanostomus
Greenway's Grunter Barred Gudgeon Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova?,
Australia Indonesia Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
Hephaestus obtusifrons ""
Eleotris sandwicensis
" Neogobius syrman '"

Striped Grunter Oopu Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania,

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea USA Russia, Ukraine
'" ""
Hephaestus trimaculatus '
Milyeringa Veritas Pomatoschistus canestrini
Threespot Grunter Blind Gudgeon Canestrini's Goby
Papua New Guinea Australia Albania?, Croatia, Italy, Yugoslavia?

206
 Crustaceans ^f^~^

'" '" '"

Schismatogobius deraniyagalai Torguigener brevipinnis Hemidiaptomus kummerloewei
Redneck Goby [Pacific (western central)] Turkey
India, Sri Lanka [Pool near L. Ilgaz]

Sicyopterus halei
"' Class ARACHNIDA Idiodiaptomus gracilipes '*'

Red-tailed Goby Brazil

Order ARANEAE [Pool at Itapura]
Sri Lanka

Sicyopus jonklaasi '" Family CTENIZIDAE Mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis '"

Guatemala
Lipstick Goby Cyclocosmia torreya ""
[L. Amatitlan]
Sri Lanka Torreya Trap-door Spider
'"
USA Mastigodiaptomus montezumae
Zosterisessor opiocephalus '"
Mexico
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus,
France, Greece, Italy, Malta,
Family GNAPHOSmAE Neutrodiaptomus formosus '"

Morocco, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia, Cesonia irvingi '"' Japan

Ukraine, Yugoslavia Key Gnaphosid Spider Odontodiaptomus thomseni ""
Bahamas, USA Uruguay
[Pool near L. Chau]
Family GRADUNGULIDAE Onychodiaptomus louisianensis '"
Family XIPHimAE Spelungula cavemicola '*'
USA
Xiphiasgladius(C)'" Nelson Cave Spider '"
Skistodiaptomus bogalusensis
Swordfish
New Zealand USA
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, ""
Family HEXATHELmAE Skistodiaptomus sinuatus
northwest, western central),
""
USA
Mediterranean and Black Sea, Macrothele cretica '"
Pacific (eastern central, northwest, Greece
Spelaeodiaptomus rouchi
southeast, southwest, western France
'"
central)] Family LEPTONETEDAE Tropodiaptomus falcatus
'" Kenya
Neoleptoneta myopica
Family SCOMBRIDAE Tooth Cave Spider Tropodiaptomus madagascariensis
143
'" USA
Thunnus alalunga (C) Madagascar
Albacore Tuna
(Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Family LYCOSmAE Tropodiaptomus palustris '"

northwest, southeast, southwest, Lycosa ericeticola '*' Burundi, Zaire

western central), Mediterranean and '"
Rosemary Wolf Spider Tropodiaptomus purpureus
Black Sea, Pacific (eastern central, USA Burundi
northeast, northwest, western "'
Tropodiaptomus worthingtoni
central)]
Order PSEUDOSCORPIONroA Uganda, Zaire
Thunnus thynnus (C) '" Family PflEOBISiroAE
Northern Bluefin Tuna
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Tartarocreagris texana "" Family TEMORroAE
northwest, southwest, western Tooth Cave Pseudoscorpion Epischura massachusettsensis '"

central), Mediterranean and Black USA USA

Sea, Pacific (eastern central,
northwest)] Class CRUSTACEA
Order DECAPODA
Order ANOSTRACA
Family COENOBITroAE
Family STREPTOCEPHALIDAE Birgus latro '^
Order TETRAODONTIFORMES Streptocephalus kargesi
" Coconut Crab
Mexico American Samoa, Australia, British
Family TETRAODONTmAE Indian Ocean Territory, Christmas
Lagocephalus gloveri '"
Order CALANOIDA Island, Cook Islands, Federated

[Pacific (western central)] States of Micronesia, Fiji, French

Family DIAPTOMroAE Polynesia, Guam, India (Andaman &
'"
Takifugu niphobles '" Nicobar Is), Indonesia, Japan
Argyrodiaptomus neglectus
[Pacific (northwest)] (Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-gunto),
Brazil
'" Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands,
Takifugu poecilonotus Diaptomus rostripes '"
Mauritius (ex), Nauru, New
[Pacific (northwest)] Germany Caledonia, Nine, Northern
Takifugu xanthopterus '" Eudiaptomus chappuisi ""
Marianas, Palau, Papua New Guinea,
[Pacific (northwest)] Morocco Philippines, Seychelles, Solomon

207
 Data Deficient

Islands, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Parides coelus "

Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, LASIOCAMProAE French Guiana
Family
Western Samoa '" Parides hahneli "
Eriogaster catax
Hahnel's Amazonian Swallowtail
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech
Family PARASTACmAE Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Brazil

Astacoides betsileoensis
^ Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain, Parides klagesi "
Yugoslavia Venezuela
Orambanonga
Madagascar Parides pizarro "

Astacoides caldwelli
'* Family LYCAENIDAE Brazil, Peru

Madagascar Poecilmitis pan

" Parides steinbachi "
" South Africa Bolivia
Astacoides granulimanus
Orambato Teinopalpus aureus "
Madagascar Family NYMPHALmAE Golden Kaiser-I-Hind
" '"
China, Viet Nam?
Astacoides madagascariensis Hypodryas maturna
Madagascar Freshwater Crayfish Scarce Fritillary
Madagascar
Family SATURNIffiAE
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic?,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Graellsia isabelae '"
Cherax nucifraga "
Australia
Kazakhstan?, Lithuania, Spanish Moon Moth
Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, France, Spain
Cherax parvus ^ Russia, Sweden, Yugoslavia
Australia
Tirumala alba "" Family SPHINGmAE
China Hyles hippophaes '"
Order HARPACTICOIDA Afghanistan?, Armenia?,
Family PAPILIONIDAE Azerbaijan?, China, France,
Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE Georgia?, Germany, Greece, Iran,
'" Atrophaneura palu "
Thermomesochra reducta Indonesia
Iraq?, Kazakhstan?, Kyrgyzstan?,
Malaysia Mongolia, Pakistan?, Romania,
Bhutanitis mansfieldi
"
Spain, Switzerland, Syria,
Mansfield's Three-tailed Swallowtail Tajikistan?, Turkey, Turkmenistan?,
Order ISOPODA China Uzbekistan?, Yugoslavia
ARMADILLIDAE Graphium aurivilliusi " '"
Family Proserpinus proserpina
Echinodillo cavaticus
"" Zaire Willowherb Hawkmoth
" Armenia?, Austria, Azerbaijan?,
Australia Luehdorfia chinensis
Chinese Luehdorfia Belgium, Bulgaria, France,
China Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran,
Order THORACICA " Iraq?, Italy, Kazakhstan?, Lebanon,
Ornithoptera tithonus Morocco, Portugal, Spain,
Family BALANffiAE Indonesia
Switzerland, Syria?, Turkey,
Armatobalanus nefrens '" Papilio antimachus " Turkmenistan?, Uzbekistan
USA African Giant Swallowtail

Balanus aquila "<'

Angola, Benin?, Cameroon, Central Order ODONATA
African Republic, Congo, Cote
USA d' Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Family COENAGRIONIDAE
Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, '"
Aciagrion rarum
Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Togo?,
Angola
Class INSECTA Uganda, Zaire
'-'
Ceriagrion mourae
Papilio aristor "
HYMENOPTERA Mozambique
Order Scarce Haitian Swallowtail '^
Dominican Republic, Haiti Enallagma polychromaticum
Family MEGACHILIDAE " South Africa
Papilio caiguanabus '"
Chalicodoma pluto '" Poey's Black Swallowtail
Pseudagrion quadrioculatum
Wallace's Giant Bee Cuba Zaire
Indonesia
Papilio garleppi "
Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana,
Family LIBELLULIDAE
'^
Guyana, Peru, Suriname Aethiothemis watuliki
Order LEPIDOPTERA " Congo
Papilio maroni
Family HESPERIIDAE French Guiana Anectothemis apicalis '-'

'" Papilio morondavana

" Zaire
Dalla octomaculata
'"
Eight-Spotted Skipper Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail Congothemis longistyla
Costa Rica, Panama Madagascar Zaire

208
 Molluscs : snails

Orthetrum rubens '"

Class POLYCHAETA Family HYDROCENmAE
South Africa '"
Georissa biangulata
Urotkemis luciana '" Order EUNICIDA Guam
South Africa '"
'"
Family EUNICIDAE Georissa elegans
Urothemis thomasi Guam
Eunice viridis '"
Ethiopia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, '"
Somalia Palolo Worm Georissa laevigata
[Pacific (western central)] Guam
'"
Georissa rufula
Family PLATYCNEMIDroAE Federated States of Micronesia
'"
Class BIVALVIA
Metacnemis angusta
South Africa
Order OSTREOIDA Family NERITIDAE
'"
Family PECTEVIDAE Neritilia hawaiiensis
Order ORTHOPTERA Anchialine Pool Snail
Nodipecten magnificus *
Family GRYLLOTALProAE Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Neritina cristata "
Gryllotalpa major '-'
Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire, Gabon,
Prairie Mole Cricket Order UNIONOmA Sierra Leone
USA
Family UNIONTOAE Neritina manoeli "
Family STENOPELMAXmAE -'
Sao Tome & Principe (Principe)
Alasmidonta marginata
'" Canada, USA Neritina natalensis "
Deinacrida parva
Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, South
Kaikoura Weta Alasmidonta varicosa "
Africa, Tanzania
New Zealand Canada, USA
Theodoxus maresi "
Epioblasma florentina "
Algeria, Morocco
Order PLECOPTERA USA
'" Theodoxus numidicus "
Vnio turtoni
Algeria, Morocco
Family EUSTHENIIDAE France
'"
Eusthenia nothofagi "" Theodoxus transversalis
Germany,
Austria, Bulgaria,
Otway Stonefly Class GASTROPODA Hungary, Moldova, Romania,
Australia
Slovakia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia?
Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
Class MEROSTOMATA Family HELICINIDAE
'"
Family SKENETOAE
Order XIPHOSURA Ogasawarana arata
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Teinsotoma fernandesi "
Family LIMULIDAE '"
Sao Tome & Principe (Principe)
Ogasawarana capsula
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda '"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Teinsotoma funiculatum '"
Sao Tome & Principe (Principe)
Horseshoe Crab Ogasawarana comes '"
India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand '"
Ogasawarana discrepans Order BASOMMATOPHORA
""
Tachypleus gigas Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Horseshoe Crab '" Family GLACmORBIDAE
Ogasawarana hirasei
India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Glacidorbis pawpela '"
Singapore, Thailand
'" Australia
Tachypleus tridentatus '" Ogasawarana microtheca
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Glacidorbis pedderi '"
Horseshoe Crab
China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Ogasawarana nitida '" Australia
Philippines, Taiwan, Viet Nam Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
'"
Ogasawarana ogasawarana
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Family LYMNAETOAE
Class ONYCHOPHORA Ogasawarana optima '" Myxas glutinosa '"

Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech

Order ONYCHOPHORA '"
Republic, Estonia, Finland,
Sturanyella carolinarum Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
Family PERXPATOAE Federated States of Micronesia Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands,
'" Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden,
Mesoperipatus tholloni '-^
Sturanyella epicharis
Congo Federated States of Micronesia Ukraine, United Kingdom

209
 " '

Data Deficient

Family PHYSmAE Omphalotropis elegans '"

Family BATILLARmAE
'" Guam Batillaria mutata "
Physella natricina
'"
Snake River Physa Snail Omphalotropis elongatula Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
USA Guam
'"
Omphalotropis erosa Family CYCLOPHORIDAE
Family PLANORBIDAE Guam.
Cyathopoma nishinoi '"
'"
Camptoceras hirasei '" Omphalotropis fragilis Japan
Japan Federated States of Micronesia
'"
'"
Japonia hispida
Camptoceras rezvoji '" Omphalotropis gracilis Japan
Japan Guam '"
'"
Japonia shigetai
Omphalotropis guamensis
Japan
Order MESOGASTROPODA Guam
'"
Japonia striatula "
Omphalotropis howeinsulae
Family ACICULIDAE Japan
Australia
'"
Acicula hausdorfi '" '" Nobuea kurodai
Omphalotropis laevigata
Japan
Greece Guam
Platyla maaseni '" Omphalotropis laticosta '"
Yugoslavia Guam
Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE
'"
Platyla microspira '"
Omphalotropis latilabris
'" Diplommatina alata
Romania Palau
Italy, Guam
'"
Platyla orthostoma "^ Omphalotropis mutica '" Diplommatina aurea
Bulgaria Palau Palau
'"
Platyla peloponnesica '" Omphalotropis ochthogyra '" Diplommatina circumstomata
Greece Guam Japan

Omphalotropis picta '" Diplommatina crassilabris '"

Family AMPULLARIDAE Guam Palau

Lanistes graueri " Omphalotropis pilosa '" Diplommatina gibboni '"

Zaire Guam Palau

Omphalotropis quadrasi '" Diplommatina inflatula '"

Family ASSIMINEIDAE Guam Palau
'" '"
Assiminea patauensis Omphalotropis semicostata '" Diplommatina lamellata
Palau Guam Palau
'" '"
Conacmella vagans Omphalotropis striatapila '" Diplommatina lateralis
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Palau Japan
"' "'
Heteropoma fulva Omphalotropis submaritima '" Diplommatina lutea
Guam Guam Palau
'" '"
Heteropoma glabratum Omphalotropis suteri '" Diplommatina pyramis
Guam Norfolk Island Palau
'" '"
Heteropoma pyramis Omphalotropis suturalis '" Diplommatina ringens
Guam Guam Palau
'" '"
Heteropoma quadrasi Omphalotropis tumidula '" Hungerfordia pelewensis
Guam Federated States of Micronesia Palau
'" '"
Heteropoma tuberculatum Paludinella semperi '" Palaina albata
Guam Marshall Islands, Palau Palau
'" '"
Heteropoma turritum Ponapella pihapiha '" Palaina dimorpha
Guam Federated States of Micronesia Palau
'" '"
Kubaryia pilikia Quadrasiella clathrata '" Palaina dohrni
Palau Guam Palau
'" '" '"
Omphalotropis albocarinata Quadrasiella mucronata Palaina doliolum
Norfolk Island Guam Federated States of Micronesia
Omphalotropis carolinensis '" '" '"
Thaanumella angulosa Palaina kubaryi
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia
'" '"
Omphalotropis cheynei Thaanumella cookei '

Palaina moussoni
Palau Federated States of Micronesia Palau
Omphalotropis cookei '" '" '"
Wrayanna soluta Palaina ovatula
Guam, Northern Marianas Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia

210
 Molluscs: snails

'"
Palaina patula Paludinella minima '" Pyrgulopsis micrococcus '"
Palau Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Oasis Valley Springsnail
Palaina platycheilus '"
Paludinella vitrea '" USA
Palau Palau Pyrgulopsis montezumensis '"

Palaina pupa "' '" Montezuma Well Springsnail

Phrantela richardsoni
Palau Australia USA
'" Pyrgulopsis morrisoni '"
Palaina pusilla Pseudamnicola melUensis '"
Palau Malta Page Springsnail
Palaina rubella '" '"
USA
Pyrgulopsis agarhecta
Pyrgulopsis nanus '"
Palau Ocmulgee Marstonia
'" USA Distal-gland Springsnail
Palaina scalarina
Federated States of Micronesia '"
USA
Pyrgulopsis bacchus
Pyrgulopsis olivacea '"
Palaina strigata '" Grand Wash Springsnail
USA Olive Marstonia
Palau
USA
'" Pyrgulopsis bernardina '"
Palaina striolata '"
Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis
Palau San Bemadino Springsnail
USA Ozark Pyrg
'"
Palaina taeniolata USA
Guam Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis '"
'"
Pyrgulopsis pachyta
'" Bruneau Hot Springsnail
Palaina wilsoni Armored Marstonia
Palau
USA
USA
'" Pyrgulopsis castor '"
Palaina xiphidium Pyrgulopsis pecosensis '"
Federated States of Micronesia Beaver Pond Marstonia
Pecos Springsnail
USA
Pseudopalaina polymorpha '" USA
Pyrgulopsis chupaderae '"
Palau '"
Pyrgulopsis pisteri
Chupadera Springsnail
Median-gland Nevada Springsnail
USA
Family HYDROBimAE '"
USA
Pyrgulopsis conica
Avenionia brevis •* Pyrgulopsis robusta '"
Kingman Springsnail
Jackson Lake Springsnail
Belgium, France, Germany,
USA USA
Netherlands
'" Pyrgulopsis crystalis '" '"
Belgrandiella komenskyi Pyrgulopsis roswellensis
Crystal Spring Springsnail
Czech Republic Roswell Springsnail
USA USA
'"
Bythiospeum alpinum
Pyrgulopsis davisi '" '"
Switzerland Pyrgulopsis simplex
Davis County Springsnail Fossil Springsnail
Cochliopina compacta ""
USA USA
Mexico '"
Pyrgulopsis erythropoma Pyrgulopsis sola '"
'"
Fluminicola avemalis Ash Meadows Pebblesnail Brown Springsnail
Moapa Pebblesnail USA USA
USA '"
Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Pyrgulopsis thermalis '"
Fluminicola columbiana '"
Fairbanks Springsnail New Mexico Hotspring Snail
Columbia Pebblesnail USA USA
USA '"
Pyrgulopsis gilae Pyrgulopsis thompsoni '"
Fluminicola meniami '"
Gila Springsnail Huachuca Springsnail
Pahranagat Pebblesnail USA USA
USA '"
Pyrgulopsis glandulosa Pyrgulopsis triviaUs '"
Fantigens holsingeri '" Verde Rim Springsnail Three Forks Springsnail
Tapered Cavesnail USA USA
USA '"
Pyrgulopsis idahoensis Somatogyrus amnicoloides '"
Hauffenia minuta ^ Idaho Springsnail Oachita Pebblesnail
France, Switzerland
USA USA
Iglica gratulabunda "
Pyrgulopsis isolata '" Somatogyrus aureus '"
Austria
Elongate-gland Springsnail Goldend Pebblesnail
'"
Neohoratia minuta USA USA
Switzerland '" '"
Pyrgulopsis metcalfi Somatogyrus biangulatus
Paludinella conica '" Presidio County Springsnail Angular Pebblesnail
Guam, Northern Marianas USA USA

211
 "

Data Deficient

'" Somatogyrus tennesseensis

'
Family PLEUROCERIDAE
Somatogyrus constrictus
Knotty Pebblesnail Opaque Pebblesnail Elimia cahawbensis ™
USA USA Cahaba Elimia
Somatogyrus coosaensis
'" Somatogyrus wheeleri '" USA
Coosa Pebblesnail Channeled Pebblesnail Elimia gerhardti "'
USA USA Coldwater Elimia
Somatogyrus crassilabris
'"
Tryonia adamantina
'" USA
Thick-lipped Pebblesnail Diamond Y Springsnail Elimia variata '*'
USA USA Squat Elimia
Somatogyrus crassus
'"
Tryonia alamosae
'" USA
Stocky Pebblesnail Alamosa Springsnail
USA USA
'" "
Family POMATIASIDAE
Somatogyrus currierianus Tryonia angulata '"
Chondropoma callipeplum
Tennessee Pebblesnail Sportingoods Tryonia
Nicaragua
USA USA
'" -" Tropidophora carinata "
Somatogyrus decipiens Tryonia brunei
Mauritius, Reunion
Hidden Pebblesnail Brune's Tryonia
™
USA USA Tropidophora michaudi
'" Mauritius
Somatogyrus excavatus Tryonia cheatumi
-'

Ovate Pebblesnail Phantom Tryonia

USA USA POTEMffiAE
Family
'"
Somatogyrus hendersoni Tryonia clathrata
-'
'"
Kondoraphe kiyokoae
Fluted Pebblesnail Grated Tryonia Federated States of Micronesia
USA USA '"
'" Ostodes brazieri
Somatogyrus hinkleyi Tryonia elata
'*
Federated States of Micronesia
Granite Pebblesnail Point of Rocks Tryonia '"
USA USA Paramiella incisa
'" Federated States of Micronesia
Somatogyrus humerosus -*
Tryonia ericae '"
Atlas Pebblesnail Paramiella kondoi
Minute Tryonia
USA USA Federated States of Micronesia
'"
Somatogyrus nanus -*
Tryonia gilae Family PUPESHDAE
Dwarf Pebblesnail
Gila Tryonia
USA Pupina brenchleyi '"
'"
USA
Somatogyrus obtusus -'
Federated States of Micronesia
Tryonia imitator
Moom Pebblesnail Pupina complanata '"
USA Mimic Tryonia
USA Federated States of Micronesia,
'"
Somatogyrus parvulus Marshall Islands
Sparrow Pebblesnail Tryonia kosteri '"
Koster's Tryonia
Pupina difficilis
USA Palau
'" USA
Somatogyrus pilsbryanus -*
Tallapoosa Pebblesnail Tryonia quitobaquitae
USA Quitabaquito Tryonia Family STROMBmAE
'" USA "*
Somatogyrus pygmaeus Lambis violacea
Pygmy Pebblesnail Tryonia variegata ' Mauritius
USA Amargossa Tryonia
'" USA Family TRUNCATELLmAE
Somatogyrus quadratus
Quadrate Pebblesnail Taheitiaalata'"
USA Guam
'" Family LIAREIDAE
Somatogyrus sargenti Taheitia lamellicosta
'"
'"
Mud Pebblesnail Cytora hirsutissima Guam
USA New Zealand '"
'"
Taheitia mariannarum
Somatogyrus strengi Guam
Rolling Pebblesnail '"
USA Family MELANOFSmAE Taheitia parvula
Guam
Somatogyrus tenax '" Fagotia esperi '^
'"
Austria, Belarus, Hungary, Moldova, Truncatella guerinii
Savannah Pebblesnail
Slovakia, Ukraine Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
USA

212
 "

Molluscs: snails

Family VALVATIDAE Family TURRffiAE Perdicella carinella '"

Valvata utahensis '"

Agathothoma finalis " USA (Hawaiian Is)
Utah Valvata Sao Tome & Principe Perdicella kuhnsi '"
USA Crassispira sacerdotalis "
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome) Perdicella omata "'
Family VTVIPARIDAE Scaevatula amancicoi "
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Tulotoma magnifica '" Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome) Tomatellinops ponapensis '"

Federated States of Micronesia

Tulotoma Scaevatula peltisserpentis "
USA Sao Tome & Principe
Family ACHATEMIDAE
Order NEOGASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Achatina vignoniana '"

Gabon
Family BUCCINIDAE Family ACHATEVELLroAE '"
Archachatina knorri
Paradoxa confirmata " Auriculella ambusta "-'
Liberia
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is)
Paradoxa thomensis " Auriculella castanea '"
Family ALYCAEffiAE
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) '"
Awalycaeus akiratadai
'"
Auriculella crassula Japan
Family CONffiAE USA (Hawaiian Is) '"
Chamalychaeus expanstoma
Conus kohni " Auriculella malleata '" Japan
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Chamalychaeus miyazakii '"
'"
Auriculella perpusilla Japan
Family MARGINELLIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is) Chamalychaeus takahashii '"
'"
Cysticus gutta " Auriculella pulchra Japan
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) Chamalychaeus yanoshigehumii '"

Cysticus josephinae " Auriculella tenella '" Japan

Sao Tome & Principe (Principe) USA (Hawaiian Is) Cipangochalax placeonovitas '"

Gibberula cucuUata '' Elasmias jaurffreti ™ Japan

Sao Tome & Principe Mauritius (Rodrigues?)
Cipangocharax okamurai '

'"
Gibberula modica " Elasmias quadrasi Japan
Sao Tome & Principe Guam, Northern Marianas
Gibberula puntiUum " Lamellidea microstoma " '
Family ARIONIDAE
Sao Tome & Principe Guam, Northern Marianas Arion obesoductus '"
'" Austria
Granulina parilis " Lamellidea subcylindrica
Sao Tome & Principe Guam, Northern Marianas Arion simrothi '"

Marginella chalmersi " Partulina dolei '" Germany

Sao Tome & Principe (Principe) USA (Hawaiian Is) Arion vejdorskyi '"

Marginella gemma " Partulina dwightii "' Czech Republic

Sao Tome & Principe (Principe) USA (Hawaiian Is) Binneya notabilis '"

Marginella liparozona " Partulina jusoidea '" Santa Barbara Shelled Slug
Sao Tome & Principe (Principe) USA (Hawaiian Is) USA
Marginella melvilli " Partulina kaaeana '"
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) Family BRADYBAENTOAE
Volvarina insulana '" Partulina nattii '" Aegista inexpectata '"

Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan

"' '"
Partulina porcellana Aegista intonsa
Family MURICIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan
'"
Muricopsis mariangelae '' Partulina talpina "* Euhadra murayamai
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome) USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan
'"
Muricopsis matildae " Partulina terebra '" Euhadra nachicola
Sao Tom6 & Principe (Sao Tome) USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan
'"
Muricopsis Principensis " Partulina ustulata '" Euhadra sadoensis
Sao Tome & Principe (Principe) USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan

Partulina virgulata "

'"
Neorapana grandis * Paraegista apoiensis
Ecuador (Galdpagos Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Japan

213
Data Deficient

Family CAMAENIDAE Jokajdon tumidulus

'" Family CLAUSILimAE
"" Federated States of Micronesia Neophaedusa spelaeonis '"
Amplirhagada herbertena '"
Kubaryiellus kubaryi Japan
Australia
" Federated States of Micronesia
Cristigibba wesselensis
Australia Ladronellum mariannanim '"
Family COCHLICOPIDAE
'" Guam Hypnophila remyi "
Eximiorhagada asperrima '*"
Australia Letomola barrenensis France
'" Australia
Mandarina anijimana '"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Letomola contortus Family COELIAXIDAE
Australia
Mandarina aureola '"
Pyrgina umbilicata "
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Ngairea murphyi Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome)
Australia
Mandarina chichijimana
'"
Thomea newtoni "
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Oreokera cumulus Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome)
'" Australia
Mandarina exoptata
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Oreokera nimbus Family DISCTOAE
'" Australia ""
Mandarina hahajimana Anguispira picta
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Oreomava cannfluviatilus Painted Snake-coiled Forest Snail
Mandarina hirasei
'" Australia USA
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Palikirus cosmetus Discus engonata '
'" Federated States of Micronesia Spain (Canary
Mandarina luhuana Is)
'" '"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Palikirus ponapicus Discus macclintocki
'" Federated States of Micronesia Iowa Pleistocene Snail
Mandarina mandarina
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Palline micramyla
'" USA
'" Federated States of Micronesia
Mandarina polita
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Palline notera
'" Family ENDODONTIDAE
'" Palau '"
Mandarina ponderosa Aaadonta angaurana
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Planilaoma luckmanii Palau
'" Australia '"
Mandarina suenoae Aaadonta constricta
""
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Radiodiscus coppingers Palau
'" Argentina, Brazil, Chile '"
Noctepuna muensis Aaadonta fuscozonata
'""
Australia Radiodiscus iheringi Palau

Papustyla pulcherrima
'" Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Aaadonta irregularis
'"

Papua New Guinea Rhophodon kempseyensis '" Palau

Australia '"
Aaadonta kinlochi
Family CHAROPIDAE Rhophodon problematica "' Palau
'"
Bischoffena bischoffensis
'" Australia Aaadonta pelewana
'" Palau
Australia Roimontis tolotomensis
'"
'" Federated States of Micronesia Hirasea biconcava
Coenocharopa yessabahensis
Australia Russatus nigrescens '" Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
'"
Cralopa kaputarensis '" Federated States of Micronesia Hirasea eutheca
Australia Semperdon kororensis '" Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
'"
Dipnelix pertricosa '" Palau Hirasea goniobasis
Australia Semperdon rotanus '" Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
'"
Discocharopa mimosa '" Guam, Northern Marianas Hirasea hypolia
Australia '" Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Semperdon uncatus
Himeroconcha fusca '" Palau Hirasea major"'
Guam '" Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Semperdon xyleborus
'" '"
Himeroconcha lamlanensis Palau Hirasea mirabilis
Guam Japan
Sinployea kusaieana '"
'"
Himeroconcha quadrasi '" Federated States of Micronesia Hirasea nesiotica
Guam '^ Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Trochogyra leptotera
'"
Himeroconcha rotula '" Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Hirasea profundispira
Guam Uruguay Japan
'" '"
Jokajdon callizonus '" Trukcharopa trukana Hirasea sinuosa
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)

214
 " " " ' "

Molluscs: snails

Hirasiella clara '" Leptichnus bernardi "-

Family OLEACEVTOAE
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Tanzania
Streptostyla turgidula '"
"-
Sitala mazumbaiensis Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua
Family ENIDAE Tanzania
'"
'" Streptostyla want
Luchuena hachijoensis Thapsia grandis '"
Nicaragua
Japan Tanzania
Thapsia microsculpta "^
Family EUCONULmAE Tanzania Family ORCULmAE
'"
Dendrotrochus ponapensis Thapsia usambarensis "-
'"
Orcula austriaca
Federated States of Micronesia Tanzania Austria
'"
Kusaiea frivola Trichotoxon martensi "^
'"
Orcula pseudodolium
Federated States of Micronesia Tanzania
Austria
Lamprocystis denticulata '" Trochozonites usambarensis "-
Guam, Northern Marianas Tanzania
Lamprocystis fastigata '" Family ORTHALICIDAE
Guam, Northern Marianas
Family HELICIDAE Bulimulus adelphus "•'
'"
Lamprocystis hornbosteli '" Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Chilostoma ziegleri
Northern Marianas
'"
Austria Orthalicus reses '"
Lamprocystis misella '"
Codringtonia codringtonia Stock Island Tree Snail
Guam
Greece USA
'"
Liardetia tenuisculpta
Tacheocampylaea raspaili '"
Federated States of Micronesia
France
'"
Palaua babelthimpi "' Family PARTULffiAE
Palau
Tacheocampylaea tacheoides
Italy Samoana abbreviata '

'"
Palaua margaritacea American Samoa
Palau
'" Family
Palaua minor
Palau
HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE Family POLYGYRmAE
'"
Palaua ngarduaisi ' Micrarionta gabbi '"
Mesodon archeri
Palau San Clemente Island Snail
Archer's Toothed Land Snail
'" USA
Palaua straminea USA
Palau Monadenia troglodytes '" '"
Shasta Sideband
Mesodon jonesianus
'"
Palaua wilsoni Jones' Middle-toothed Land Snail
USA
Palau USA
'"
Ryssota pachystoma "
Family HYGROMIIDAE Mesodon magazinensis
Federated States of Micronesia Magazine Mountain Middle-toothed
"-
'" Halolimnohelix conradti
Tengchiena euroxestus Snail
Tanzania
Australia USA
'"
Petasina subtecta
Polygyriscus virginianus '

Austria
Family FERUSSACIIDAE Virginia Fringed Mountain Snail
Trichia biconica '

USA
Cecilioides nyctelia '"
Switzerland
Portugal (Madeira) Stenotrema hubrichti '"
'"
Trichia caelata USA
Switzerland
Family GEOMITRIDAE Stenotrema pilsbryi '"
Actinella laciniosa '" Trichia gramnicola '"
Pilsbry's Narrow-apertured Land
Portugal (Madeira)
Germany
Snail
'"
Lemniscia galeata '" Trichia oreinos USA
Portugal (Madeira) Austria
Triodopsis occidentalis '"
Western Three-toothed Land Snail
Family HELICARIONmAE Family LIMACIDAE USA
"^ '"
Atrichotoxon usambarense Deroceras fatrense Triodopsis platysayoides '"
Tanzania Slovakia Flat-spired Three-toothed Snail
Elisolimax rufescens "- USA
Tanzania Family MILACIDAE Vespericola karokorum '"

detecta ™
'"
Harmogenanina Tandonia nigra Karok Hesperion
Reunion Switzerland USA

215
 " '

Data Deficient

'"
Family PUNCimAE Nesopupa kauaiensis '-
Paryphanta hochstetteri
USA (Hawaiian Is) Hochstetter's Land Snail
Pasmaditta jungermanniae
'

Nesopupa limatula '- New Zealand

Australia
'"
USA (Hawaiian Is) Paryphanta lignaria
Nesopupa Utoralis '- Woodformed Land Snail
Family PUPILLIDAE New Zealand
™
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Leiostyla fuscidula '"
Paryphanta rossiana
Portugal (Azores)
Nesopupa newcombi '-
Ross' Land Snail
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Lyropupa anceyana '-
'-
New Zealand
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Nesopupa oahuensis '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Paryphanta traversi
'-
Lyropupa clathratula Travers' Land Snail
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Nesopupa plicifera New Zealand
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Lyropupa hawaiiensis '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Nesopupa quadrasi Family SAGDIDAE
'-
Guam '"
Lyropupa lyrata Xenodiscula taintori
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Nesopupa rodriguezensis " Guatemala, Nicaragua
'-
Mauritius (Rodrigues?)
Lyropupa microthauma '-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Nesopupa singularis Family STREPTAXmAE
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Lyropupa mirabilis " '-
Edentulina usambarensis "-

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Nesopupa subcentralis Tanzania
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
"-
Lyropupa prisca '-
Gonaxis usambarensis
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Nesopupa thaanumi Tanzania
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Lyropupa rhabdota " Gonaxis vosseleri "-
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Nesopupa waianensis Tanzania
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
"-
Lyropupa scabra Gulella alleni
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Nesopupa wesleyana Tanzania
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
"'
Lyropupa spaldingi Gulella amaniensis
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa acanthinula Tanzania
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Lyropupa spama " Gulella bomolensis "-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa boettgeri '- Tanzania
" USA (Hawaiian Is)
"-
Lyropupa striatula Gulella cuspidata
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa frondicella Tanzania
USA (Hawaiian Is)
"-
Lyropupa thaanumi '- Gulella foliifera
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa hystricella Tanzania
'- USA (Hawaiian Is)
"-
Lyropupa truncata Gulella greenwayi
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa incerta Tanzania
Nesopupa alloia '- USA (Hawaiian Is)
Gulella grossa "-

USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa lymaniana " Tanzania

Nesopupa anceyana "
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Gulella inconspicua "-

USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa molokaiensis '^ Tanzania

Nesopupa bacca '- USA (Hawaiian Is)
Gulella intrusa "-
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa orycta Tanzania
Nesopupa baldwini
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Gulella ludwigi "-

USA (Hawaiian Is) Pronesopupa sericata " Tanzania

Nesopupa bishopi '-
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Gulella ndamanyiluensis
"-
'-
USA (Hawaiian Is) Pupoidopsis hawaiensis Tanzania
Nesopupa dispersa " USA (Hawaiian Is) Gulella paucidens "
USA (Hawaiian Is) Tanzania
Nesopupa dubitabilis '- Family RHYXmroAE Gulella translucida "-

USA (Hawaiian Is)

Delos oualanensis " Tanzania
'" "-
Nesopupa eapensis Federated States of Micronesia Gulella unidentata
Palau Ougapia spaldingi '" Tanzania
Nesopupa forbesi '- Australia Gulella usambarica
"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Paryphanta gilliesi '" Tanzania
"-
Nesopupa infrequens '-
Gillies' Land Snail Ptychotrema usambarense
USA (Hawaiian Is) New Zealand Tanzania

216
 "

Nemertine worms

"'
Tayloria amaniensis Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Trochomorpha conoides '"
Tanzania Slovakia, Spain (Balearic Is, Canary Federated States of Micronesia
"- Is), Switzerland, Ukraine
Tayloria angustistriata Trochomorpha contigua '"
'"
Tanzania Vallonia suevica Federated States of Micronesia
Tayloria hyalinoides "- Germany '"
Trochomorpha kuesteri
Tanzania Federated States of Micronesia
Family VERTIGINIDAE Trochomorpha nigritella '"
Family SUBULDMroAE Nesopupa ponapica '" Federated States of Micronesia
"-
Hypolysia connollyana Federated States of Micronesia Videna electra '"
Tanzania Truncatellina atomus * Palau
"-
Hypolysia usambarica Spain (Canary Is) Videna oleacina '"

Tanzania Vertigo paradoxa '" Palau

"'
Pseudoglessula acutissima Canada, USA Videna pagodula '"
Tanzania Palau
"-
Pseudoglessula conradti Family ZONIXmAE Videna pumila '"

Tanzania Palau
'"
Brazieria entomostoma
"-
Subulina usambarica Federated States of Micronesia Vitrea inae '"
Tanzania Spain
'"
Brazieria erasa
Federated States of Micronesia Vitrea striata"^
Family SUCCIMEmAE Spain (Balearic Is)
Brazieria lutaria '"
Succinea chittenangoensis '"
Federated States of Micronesia
Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail
Brazieria minuscula '"
Class ENOPLA
USA
Federated States of Micronesia
Succinea guamensis '" Order HOPLONEMERTEA
Guam Brazieria obesa '"
'"
Federated States of Micronesia Family PROSORHOCHMIDAE
Succinea philippinica
"'
Palau Brazieria velata '" Argonemertes stocki
Federated States of Micronesia Australia
'" '"
Family THYROPHORELLroAE Glyphyalinia pecki Geonemertes rodericana
USA Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Thyrophorella thomensis "
'" ""
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome) Hongolua kondorum Pantinonemertes agricola
Federated States of Micronesia Bermuda
Family VALLONITOAE Kondoa kondorum '

Acanthinula spinifera ' Federated States of Micronesia Class ANTHOZOA

'"
Spain (Canary Is) Retinella stabilei
Italy
Order ACTEVIARIA
'"
Vallonia allamanica
Germany Trochomorpha approximata '" Family EDWARDSIIDAE
Federated States of Micronesia Edwardsia ivelli ""
Vallonia enniensis '"
'"
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Trochomorpha carolinae Ivell's Sea Anemone
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Federated States of Micronesia United Kingdom

217
 Lists

Subspecies and populations

Class MAMMALIA Order PERAMELEMORPHL^ Family PHALANGERIDAE

Family PERAMELIDAE Phalanger intercastellanus (S)
Order MONOTREMATA Southern Common Cuscus
Isoodon auratus auratus
Family TACHYGLOSSffiAE Golden Bandicoot LR " nt
Australia
Tachyglossus aculeatus VU " Bl-^2e
multiaculeatus Australia Trichosurus vulpecula hyopoleucus
Short-beaked Echidna Isoodon auratus barrowensis Common Brushtail Possum
LR " nt Golden Bandicoot LR " nt
Australia
Australia VU " D2
Australia
Order DASYUROMORPHIA Isoodon obesulus fusciventer
Quenda
Family POTOROroAE
Family DASYURmAE
LR " nt Bettongia gaimardi cuniculus
Antechinus minimus maritimus Australia Tasmanian Bettong
Swamp Antechinus LR " nt
Isoodon obesulus nauticus
LR " nt
Southern Brown Bandicoot
Australia
Australia
VU " D2 Bettongia gaimardi gaimardi
Antechinus swainsonii insulanus (S) Australia Eastern Bettong
Dusky Antechinus EX "
Isoodon obesulus obesulus
(Victoria population) Australia
Southern Brown Bandicoot
LR " nt
LR " nt Bettongia lesueur graii
Australia
Australia Burrowing Bettong
Dasyurus macuUuus gracilis EX '^
Isoodon obesulus peninsulae
Spotted-tailed Quoll Australia
Southern Brown Bandicoot
EN " C2a
LR " nt Bettongia lesueur lesueur
Australia
Australia Boodie
Dasyurus maculatus maculatus VU " D2
Perameles hougainville bougainville
Spotted-tailed Quoll
Western Barred Bandicoot Australia
VU " Cl+2a
EN " Bl+3a
Australia Bettongia leuser ssp.

Phascogale tapoatafa pirata

Australia VU " D2
Brush-tailed Phascogale
Perameles bougainville fasciata Australia (Barrow & Boodie Is)
Western Barred Bandicoot Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi
LR " nt
EX "
Australia Woylie
Australia
Phascogale tapoatafa tapoatafa
LR " cd
Perameles gunnii gunnii Australia
Brush-tailed Phascogale
Eastern Barred Bandicoot
LR " nt
(Tasmanian population)
Bettongia penicillata penicillata
Australia Brush-tailed Bettong
VU " Alb EX "
Sminthopsis archeri (S) Australia
Australia
Chestnut Dunnart
Perameles gunnii ssp. (S)
DD "
(mainland population)
Potorous tridactylus tridactylus
Australia Long-nosed Potoroo
CR " Bl+2c, Dl VU " C2a
Sminthopsis griseoventer ssp. Australia
Australia
Bollanger Id Dunnart
CR "
Order DIPROTODONTL^ Family MACROPODroAE
Bl+2e, C2b
Australia (Bollanger Id) Family VOMBATIDAE Lagorchestes conspicillatus
Sminthopsis murina tatei Vombatus ursinus ursinus conspicillatus
Common Dunnart Common Wombat Spectacled Hare-wallaby
LR " nt VU " D2 VU " D2
Australia Australia Australia

219
 Subspecies and populations

Lagorchestes conspicillatus Macropus giganteus tasmaniensis Order PRIMATES

leichardti Eastern Grey Kangaroo
Spectacled Hare-wallaby LR " nt Family CHEIROGALEIDAE
LR " nt Australia
Phaner furcifer electromontis
Australia Macropus robustus isabellinus VU " Bl-f2c,C2b
Lagorchestes hirsutus bernieri Barrow Island Euro Madagascar
Rufous Hare-wallaby VU " D2
Phaner furcifer furcifer
VU " D2 Australia

Australia Petrogale concinna concinna

LR '« nt

Nabarlek Madagascar
Lagorchestes hirsutus dorreae
LR " nt Phaner furcifer pallescens
Rufous Hare-wallaby
VU " D2
Australia VU "" Bl-h2bc,C2a

Australia Petrogale concinna monastria Madagascar

Nabarlek
Phaner furcifer parienti
Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus LR " nt
Rufous Hare-wallaby Australia
VU " B1-I-2C, C2b
EX " Madagascar
Petrogale lateralis (S)
Australia
Black-footed Rock- wallaby
Lagorchestes hirsutus ssp. (MacDonnell Ranges population)
Mala VU " Alab, B2ab-H3abc
CR " Ala, Bl-H3abcd, C2b, Dl Australia Family LEMURffiAE
Australia (central mainland) Petrogale lateralis (S)
Black-footed Rock- wallaby
Eulemur fulvus albocollaris
Lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis White-collared Lemur
(Western Kimberly population)
Banded Hare-wallaby EN "" Bl-H2bc
EX " VU " BI-(-2c,C2a
Madagascar
Australia
Australia
Petrogale lateralis hacketti Eulemur fulvus collaris
Lagostrophus fasciatus fasciatus Black- footed Rock- wallaby Collared Lemur
Banded Hare-wallaby VU " D2 VU '" Alcd, Bl-H2bc
VU " D2 Australia Madagascar
Australia
Petrogale lateralis lateralis Eulemur fulvus sanfordi
Macropus eugenii (S) Black-footed Rock-wallaby Sanford's Lemur
Tamar Wallaby VU " Bl-i-2abce, C2a VU '"
Bl-H2bc
(Western Australia population) Australia Madagascar
LR '^
nt Petrogale lateralis pearsoni
Australia Black-footed Rock-wallaby
Eulemur macaco flavifrons
Sclater's Lemur
Macropus eugenii (S) VU " D2
Australia
CR "" Alcd, Bl-i-2bc
Tamar Wallaby Madagascar
(Southern Australia population) Petrogale xanthopus celeris
LR ''
nt Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby Eulemur macaco macaco
Australia LR " nt Black Lemur
Australia VU '" Bl-f2bc
Macropus eugenii decres
Petrogale xanthopus xanthopus Madagascar
Tammar Wallaby
LR " nt
Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis
Australia VU '>
C2a Alaotran Gentle Lemur
Australia
Macropus eugenii derbianus
CR "" A2cd, B1-h2c
Madagascar
Tammar Wallaby
LR "
Family BURRAMYIDAE
nt Hapalemur griseus occidentalis
Australia Cercartetus caudatus macrurus Western Gentle Lemur
Long-tailed Pygmy-possum VU '" Alcd, Bl-H2abc
Macropus eugenii eugenii LR " nt Madagascar
Tammar Wallaby Australia
EW "
Varecia variegata rubra
Australia Family PETAURTOAE CR "" A2cd, Bl+2bc
Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus Madagascar
Petaurus australis australis
Western Grey Kangaroo Yellow-bellied Glider Varecia variegata variegata
LR '^
nt LR " nt EN '" Alcd,Bl-H2bc
Australia Australia Madagascar

220

i
 Mammals •n

Family EVDRIDAE Alouatta fusca clamitans Ateles geoffroyi omatus

PropUhecus diadema candidus VU '« Ale VU '" Ale, Bl+2c

Argentina, Brazil Costa Rica

CR '" A2cd, Bl+2bc
Madagascar Alouatta fusca fusca Ateles geoffroyi pan

PropUhecus diadema diadema Northern Brown Howling Monkey DD '"

EN '" A led CR '" Bl+2abede,C2a, Dl Guatemala

Madagascar Brazil Ateles geoffroyi panamensis

Propithecus diadema edwardsi Alouatta palliata mexicana EN "" Bl+2abcde, C2a

VU Costa Rica, Panama
EN '" Ale '« Ale,BI+2e
Madagascar Guatemala, Mexico Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis

Propithecus diadema perrieri Alouatta seniculus amazonica VU '" Ale, Bl+2c

CR "" A2cd, Bl+2c DD '" Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Madagascar Brazil Cacajao calvus calvus
PropUhecus verreauxi coquereli Alouatta seniculus insulans
EN '« Bl+2abcde
Brazil
EN '" A2c, Bl+2bc VU '«Ale,Bl+2e
Madagascar Trinidad and Tobago Cacajao calvus novaesi
PropUhecus verreauxi coronatus EN '" Bl+2abede
Alouatta seniculus juara
Brazil
CR '" Bl+2bc,C2a DD '"
Madagascar Brazil
Cacajao calvus rubicundus
PropUhecus verreauxi deckeni EN '" Bl-H2abcde
Alouatta seniculus puruensis Colombia
VU '« Ale DD '"
Brazil,

Madagascar Cacajao calvus ucayalii

Bolivia, Brazil
PropUhecus verreauxi verreauxi VU '" Ale
Aottis lemurinus griseimembra Brazil?, Peru
VU '" A2cd Night Monkey
Madagascar Callicebus cupreus omatus
EN '"
Bl+2abcde
Ornate Titi
Colombia
Family CALLITRICHIDAE VU '« A1c,B1-h2c

Aottis lemurinus lemurinus Colombia

Saguinus bicolor bicolor VU '" B1+2C, C2a
Callicebus personatus
Pied Tamarin Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama barbarabro wnae
EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a Northern Bahian Blond Titi
Ateles belzebuth belzebuth
Brazil
VU "" Ale CR '" Bl-H2abcde
Saguinus fuscicollis crandalli Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil, Brazil
DD '"
Venezuela Callicebus personatus melanochir
Peru?
Ateles belzebuth brunneus Southern Bahian Masked Titi
Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai
EN '" Bl+2abcde VU " Ale
DD '"
Colombia Brazil
Brazil?
Callicebus personatus nigrifrons
Ateles belzebuth hybridus
Saguinus imperator imperator Black-fronted Titi
Hybrid Spider Monkey
Black-chinned Emperor Tamarin
EN '"Bl-f2abede
VU '" Ale
VU '« Ale, Bl+2e Colombia, Venezuela
Brazil
Brazil, Peru
Callicebus personatus personatus
Ateles fusciceps fusciceps
Saguinus nigricoUis hemandezi Northern Masked Titi
VU "» Ale, Bl+2e CR '" Bl+2abcde, C2a
VU '" Ale, Bl-l-2e
Ecuador
Colombia Brazil
Ateles fusciceps robustus Callicebus torquatus medemi
Family CEBIDAE VU '"Ale, B1+2C
VU '*'
Bl+2e,C2a
Colombia, Panama Colombia
Alouatta belzebul ululata
Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis Cebus albifrons adustus
Red-handed Howling Monkey
CR "» Bl-H2abede,C2a CR '*"
Bl+2abede, C2a DD '"

Brazil
Panama Venezuela

Alouatta coibensis coibensis Ateles geoffroyi frontatus Cebus albifrons aequatorialis

EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a VU '" Ale, Bl-h2e
DD '"

Panama Costa Rica, Nicaragua Ecuador

Alouatta coibensis tt-abeata Ateles geoffroyi grisescens Cebus albifrons cesarae

CR '" Bl+2abcde,C2a EN ""Bl+2abcde,C2a DD '"

Panama Colombia, Panama Colombia

221
 Subspecies and populations

Cebus albifrons cuscinus Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus pogonias pogonias

White-fronted Capuchin Fernando Po Crowned Monkey
Cercocebus atys lunutatus
DD '"
White-collared Mangabey
VU '« A2c
Bolivia?, Brazil, Peru Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
EN '" A2c
Cebus albifrons hypoleucus Cote d'lvoire, Ghana Cercopithecus preussi insularis
DD '"
Cercocebus galeritus "sanjei"
Fernando Po Preuss's Monkey
Colombia EN '" Bl-i-2abce, CI
Sanje Mangabey
Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Cebus albifrons leucocephalus EN '" B1-H2C
DD '"
Tanzania Cercopithecus preussi preussi
Venezuela Mainland Preuss's Moiikey
Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster EN '" Alcd+2c
Cebus albifrons malitiosus Golden-bellied Mangabey Cameroon, Nigeria
DD '"
DD '"
Colombia Colobus angolensis palliatus
Congo
Cebus albifrons trinitatis Tanzanian Black-and-white Colobus
CR '" Bl+2abcde,C2a Cercocebus galeritus galeritus DD '"

Tana River Mangabey Tanzania

Trinidad and Tobago
EN '" Bl-(-2abcde,C2a
Colobus angolensis prigoginei
Cebus albifrons yuracus Kenya
Andean White-fronted Capuchin Prigogine's Black-and-white Colobus

DD '" Cercopithecus aethiops DD '"

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru djamdjamensis Zaire

Djam-djam Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii
Cebus apella margaritae
DD '"
Rwenzori Black-and-white Colobus
CR •"
Bl-H2abcde,C2a
Venezuela
Ethiopia VU '« B1+2C
Cercopithecus albogularis Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire
Cebus apella robustus
albotorquatus Colobus guereza gallarum
Robust Tufted Capuchin
Tana River Sykes Monkey Neumann's Black-and-white Colobus
VU '" B1-H2C
Brazil
DD '"
DD '«

Kenya, Somalia Ethiopia

Cebus capucinus curtus
VU '" B1+2C Cercopithecus albogularis Lophocebus aterrimus opdenboschi
Colombia zammaranoi Opdenbosch's Black Mangabey

Chiropotes satanas satanas

Somalia Sykes Monkey DD ""

Black Saki
DD '"
Angola, Zaire
Somalia Mandrillus leucophaeus
EN '" Bl+2abcde
Brazil Cercopithecus diana diana leucophaeus
Diana Monkey Mainland Drill
Chiropotes satanas utahicki
Uta Hick's Bearded Saki
VU '" Ala VU '« Alacd-f2b
Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Cameroon, Gabon?, Nigeria
VU '" Ale
Brazil Cercopithecus diana roloway Mandrillus leucophaeus
Roloway Monkey mundamensis
Lagothrix lagotricha cana
VU '" Ale EN " Ale Mainland Drill

Cote d'lvoire, Ghana EN '«

Alacd-H2cd,Cl+2a
Brazil, Peru
Cameroon, Gabon?, Nigeria
Lagothrix lagotricha lugens Cercopithecus erythrotis erythrotis
Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis
Colombian Woolly Monkey Fernando Po Red-eared Monkey
Fernando Po Drill
CR '"Bl-H2abcde,C2a EN '" Bl+2abce
EN '" Bl-h2abcde,Cl
Colombia, Venezuela Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii Cercopithecus hamlyni kahuziensis
Procolobus badius bouvieri
VU '« Ale Kahuzi Owl-faced Monkey Bouvier's Red Colobus
Brazil, Ecuador, Peru VU '« A2c EN '" B1-H2C
Pithecia monachus milleri Rwanda?, Zaire
Congo
VU "" Alc,Bl-f2c
Cercopithecus mitis elgonis Procolobus badius epieni
Colombia Elgon Blue Monkey Niger Delta Red Colobus
Saimiri oerstedi citrinellus DD '"
EN '" Bl+2ac
CR '" Bl-i-2abcde,C2a Kenya, Uganda Nigeria
Costa Rica
Cercopithecus mitis kandti Procolobus badius foai
Saimiri oerstedi oerstedi Golden Monkey Foa Red Colobus
EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a EN '« B1-H2C DD '"

Costa Rica, Panama Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire Zaire

222
 Mammals *n

Procolobus badius gordonorum Gorilla gorilla gorilla Felis silvestris grampia

Uhehe Red Colobus Western Lowland Gorilla Scottish Wildcat
EN '« Bl+2abc EN '« A2cd VU " Alde-H2e
Tanzania Angola, Cameroon, Centra] African United Kingdom
Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea,
Procolobus badius kirkii Herpailurus yaguarondi cacomitli
Gabon, Nigeria
Zanzibar Red Colobus Texas Jaguarundi
Gorilla gorilla graueri EN "
EN '" Bl+2c,C2a Dl
Grauer's Gorilla Mexico, USA
Tanzania
EN '" Alcd+2cd
Procolobus badius langi Leopardus pardalis albescens
Uganda?, Zaire
Maiko Red Colobus Texas Ocelot
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi EN " Dl
DD '"
Eastern Chimpanzee
Zaire
Mexico, USA
EN ""
Alcd+2cd
Burundi, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania,
Leptailurus serval constantinus
Procolobus badius lulindicus
Uganda, Zaire North African Serval
Kahuzi Red Colobus "
EN Dl
DD ""
Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Algeria (ex?), Morocco (ex?),
Zaire Central Chimpanzee
Tunisia (ex?)
Procolobus badius parmentierorum
EN '" A2cd
Angola, Cameroon, Central African Otocolobus manul ferrugineous
Lomami Red Colobus Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Red Manul
DD '"
Gabon, Nigeria LR * nt
Zaire Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Pan troglodytes vents
Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan,
Procolobus badius pennantii Western Chimpanzee
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Pennant's Red Colobus EN '" Alcd+2cd
EN '" Bl+2abcde, CI Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Panthera leo persica
Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Asiatic Lion
Nigeria?, Senegal, Sierra Leone EN " Dl
Procolobus badius preussi India
Preuss's Red Colobus
CARNIVORA Panthera pardus japonensis
EN "" Bl+2ac Order
North Chinese Leopard
Cameroon, Nigeria (ex?)
Family CANIDAE EN " C2a
Procolobus badius rufomitratus China
Canis lupus (S)
Tana River Red Colobus Grey Wolf Panthera pardus kotiya
EN '" Bl+2abcde,C2a EW "»
Sri Lankan Leopard
Kenya Mexico EN «>
C2a
Procolobus badius semlikiensis Canis lupus (S) Sri Lanka
Semliki Red Colobus Grey Wolf Panthera pardus melas
DD '"
LR "» cd Javan Leopard
Uganda?, Zaire Portugal, Spain EN « C2a
Procolobus badius temminckii Canis lupus (S) Indonesia
Temminck's Red Colobus Grey Wolf Panthera pardus nimr
EN '« Ale VU '" D2 South Arabian Leopard
Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Italy CR «>
C2a
Senegal Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,

Procolobus badius waldroni Family FELmAE Yemen

Miss Waldron's Bay Colobus Acinonyx jubatus hecki Panthera pardus orientalis
OR '" Ale Northwest African Cheetah Amur Leopard
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana EN " C2a, Dl CR " Ale, Dl
Algeria, Egypt (ex?), Libya (ex?), China, North Korea, Russia, South
Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara Korea
Family HOMEMroAE (ex?) Panthera pardus panthera
Gorilla gorilla (S) Acinonyx jubatus venatirus North African Leopard
Nigerian Gorilla Asiatic Cheetah CR " C2a
CR '" Alc,C2a CR " C2b, Dl Algeria (ex?), Morocco (ex?),
Cameroon, Nigeria Iran Tunisia (ex?)

Gorilla gorilla beringei Felis margarita scheffeli Panthera pardus saxicolor

Mountain Gorilla Pakistan Sand Cat North Persian Leopard
CR '" C2b LR " nt EN " C2a
Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire Pakistan Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan

223
Subspecies and populations

Panthera pardus tulliana Martes melampus tsuensis Phoca vitulina mellonae

Anatolian Leopard Tsushima Island Marten Ungava Seal
CR " C2a VU '" C2b DD '"

Turkey Japan Canada, Greenland

Panthera tigris altaica Martes zibellina brachyura

Amur Tiger Japanese Sable Family URSfflAE
CR " C2b DD '"
Ursus arctos nelsoni
China (ex?), North Korea (ex?), Japan Mexican Grizzly Bear
"
Russia Melogale personata orientalis EX
Panthera tigris amoyensis Javan Ferret-badger Mexico, USA
South China Tiger LR '" nt Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus
CR " Dl Indonesia Baluchistan Bear
China Mustela eversmanni amurensis CR " Bl-(-2abc, C2a
Panthera tigris sumatrae VU '" A2cd Iran, Pakistan

Sumatran Tiger China, Russia

CR " Cl+2a Vormela peregusna peregusna Family VIVERRTOAE
Indonesia European Marbled Polecat Arctictis binturong whitei
Prionailurus bengalensis VU '" Alcd Palawan Binturong
iriomotensis Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, VU " Bl+2c
Iriomote Cat Ukraine, Yugoslavia Philippines
EN " Dl Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Family ODOBENIDAE Javan Small-toothed Palm Civet
Puma concolor coryi Odobenus rosmarus laptevi EN '" C2a
Florida Panther Laptev Walrus Indonesia
CR " Dl DD '" Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei
USA Russia Angolan Cusiraanse
Puma concolor cougar DD '"

Eastern Puma Family OTARIIDAE Angola

CR " Dl Genetta genetta isabelae
Canada, USA Zalophus californianus japonicus
Ibiza Genet
Japanese Sealion
EX '" VU '" B1+2C
Family HERPESTmAE Japan, North Korea, South Korea
Spain (Balearic Is)

Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Zalophus californianus wollebaeki
Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose lignicolor
Galapagos Sea Lion
EN '" B1+2C Mentawai Palm Civet
VU '" A2d
VU '" A2c
Kenya, Tanzania Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Indonesia

Family HYAENmAE Family PHOCffiAE Poiana richardsoni liberiensis

Leighton's Linsang
Proteles cristatus (S)
Aardwolf
Halichoerus grypus (S) DD '"

Grey Seal Cote d'lvoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone

DD >'-

EN '" Dl
Burundi?, Central African Republic?,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Order CETACEA
Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Russia, Sweden Family BALAENIDAE
[Atlantic (northeast)]
Balaena mysticetus (S)
Family MUSTELffiAE Phoca hispida botnica Bowhead Whale
Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes Baltic Seal (Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort
Big Thicket Hog-nosed Skunk VU '" D2 Sea population)
EX '"
Estonia?, Finland, Russia, Sweden LR "'
cd
USA Phoca hispida ladogensis [Arctic Sea, Pacific (northeast,
Eira barbara senex Ladoga Seal northwest)]
Greyheaded Tayra VU '" D2 Balaena mysticetus (S)
VU '" CI Russia Bowhead Whale
Belize, Guatemala, Mexico [L. Ladoga] (Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin stock)
Martes flavigula robinsoni Phoca hispida saimensis VU *' Dl
Javan Yellow-throated Marten Saimaa Seal [Atlantic (northwest)]

EN '" B1+2C EN '" Bl+2ce Balaena mysticetus (S)

Indonesia Finland Bowhead Whale

224

I
 Mammals UK

(Okhotsk Sea population) Eschrichtius robustus (S) Equus hemionus hemippus

EN " Dl Gray Whale Syrian Wild Ass
[Pacific (northwest)] (Northwest Pacific stock) EX «
Balaena mysticetus (S) EN "'
Dl Iran, Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria
Bowhead Whale [Pacific (northwest)]
Equus hemionus khur
(Baffin Bay, Davis Strait stock) Indian Wild Ass
VU " Dl Family PHOCOENTOAE EN " A2c
[Atlantic (northwest)] India
Neophocaena phocaenoides (S)
Balaena mysticetus (S) Finless Porpoise Equus hemionus kulan
Bowhead Whale (R. Yangtze population) Kulan
(Spitzbergen stock) EN " C2b LR « nt
EN " Dl China Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
[Atlantic (northeast)] [Pacific (northwest)]
Equus hemionus luteus
Eubalaena glacialis (S) Phocoena phocoena (S) Gobi Kulan
Northern Right Whale Harbour Porpoise DD "
(North Pacific stock) (Black Sea stock) China, Mongolia
EN "'
Dl VU "'
Alc,Cl+2b
Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova,
Equus hemionus onager
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast,
northwest)] Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine Onager
[Mediterranean and Black Sea] EN " CI
Eubalaena glacialis (S)
Iran
Northern Right Whale Phocoena phocoena (S)
(North Atlantic stock) Harbour Porpoise Equus kiang kiang
Western Kiang
EN " Dl (Baltic Sea stock)
"
[Atlantic northwest, western central] VU *'
Alc,Cl+2b DD
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, India, Nepal
Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Equus kiang polyodon
Family BALAENOPTERBDAE Russia, Sweden Southern Kiang
Balaenoptera musculus (S) [Atlantic (northeast)]
DD "
Blue Whale China, India
(Antarctic stock) Order SIRENIA Equus zebra zebra
EN "'
Dl Cape Mountain Zebra
[Atlantic (Antarctic), Indian Ocean Family TRICHECHmAE
EN " C2a
(Antarctic), Pacific (Antarctic)] Trichechus manatus latirostris
South Africa
Balaenoptera musculus (S) Florida Manatee
Blue Whale VU '" A2d
(North Pacific stock) USA Family RHINOCEROTIDAE
LR "'
cd [Atlantic (western central)]
Ceratotherium simum cottoni
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast, Trichechus manatus manatus
Northern White Rhinoceros
northwest, western central)] Antillean Manatee
VU '" Alcd,C2a
CR ' Alabc, Dl
Balaenoptera musculus (S) Sudan (ex?), Zaire
Blue Whale Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
(North Atlantic stock) Cuba, Dominican Republic, French Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni
VU ' Dl Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, CR " Albcd, C2a, Dl
Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico,
northwest, western central)] Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis
Suriname, Venezuela
Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda [Atlantic (southwest, western
EX "

Pygmy Blue Whale Bangladesh, India, Myanmar

central)]
DD " Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
[Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast, sumatrensis
Order PERISSODACTYLA
southwest), Indian Ocean (Antarctic, CR " Albcd, C2a
eastern, western). Pacific (Antarctic, EQUIDAE Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
Family
southeast, southwest)]
Equusferus przewalskii Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus
Przewalski's Horse CR " Alcd, C2b,Dl
Family ESCHRICHTIIDAE EW " Cambodia (ex?), Laos (ex?),

Eschrichtius robustus (S) China, Kazakhstan?, Mongolia Thailand (ex), Viet Nam
Gray Whale Equus hemionus hemionus Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus
(Northeast Pacific stock) North Mongolian Kulan CR " C2b, Dl
LR *'
cd DD " Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar (ex),

[Pacific (eastern central, northeast)] MongoUa Thailand (ex)

225
Subspecies and populations

Rhinoceros unicornis (S) Family CAMELmAE Cervus duvauceli ranjitsinhi

Great Indian Rhinoceros
Lama guanicoe cacsilensis CR " C2b
EN " Bl+2cde,Cl VU '" C2a
India
Bhutan, India (Uttar Pradesh), Nepal Bolivia, Chile, Peru Cervus elaphus affinis
Rhinoceros unicornis (S) Shou
Lama guanicoe huanacus
Great Indian Rhinoceros DD "
EN '" Bl+2ce
EN " Bl+2cde, CI Chile Bhutan?, China
India (Assam, West Bengal)
Lama guanicoe voglii Cervus elaphus alashanicus
VU "" Albcd,C2a Alashan Wapiti
Order HYRACOIDEA Argentina DD »
Family PROCAVimAE Vicugna vicugna mensalis China
Dendrohyrax arboreus (S) LR '" cd
Cervus elaphus bactrianus
VU " B1+2C Bolivia, Chile, Peru
Bactrian Deer
South Africa Vicugna vicugna vicugna VU » Dl
LR '" cd Afghanistan, Turkmenistan,
Order ARTIODACTYLA Argentina, Bolivia, Chile Uzbekistan
[R. Amu Darya valley]
Family SUIDAE
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
Family TRAGULIDAE Cervus elaphus barbarus
Atlas Deer
ivoriensis Tragulus napu nigricans
Western Forest Hog Balabac Chevrotain LR " nt
EN " Bl+2ce Algeria, Morocco (ex), Tunisia
VU '" A2cd, Bl+2abde
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Philippines Cervus elaphus corsicanus
Liberia, Sierra Leone Corsican Red Deer
Phacochoerus aethiopicus Family MOSCHmAE EN " DI
aethiopicus France, Italy
Cape Warthog Moschus chrysogaster chrysogaster
Alpine Musk Deer Cervus elaphus hanglu
EX '«
Hangul
South Africa LR " nt
China, India EN " Dl
Phacochoerus aethiopicus delameri India
Somali Warthog Moschus chrysogaster leucogaster
VU '" A2cd, Bl+2acd Himalayan Musk Deer Cervus elaphus macneilli
Kenya, Somalia LR " nt McNeill's Deer

Phacochoerus africanus aeliani

Afghanistan, China, India, Nepal, DD "
Pakistan China
Eritrean Warthog
EN '" Alacd, Bl+2abd Cervus elaphus wallichi
Djibouti, Eritrea Family CERVmAE Tibetan Red Deer
Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus DD "
Alces alces cameloides
Palawan Bearded Pig Siberian Elk Bhutan?, China
LR '" nt LR " nt Cervus elaphus yarkandensis
Philippines China, Mongolia
Yarkand Deer
Sus barbatus oi Axis porcinus annamiticus EN " Ala
Western Bearded Pig Indo-Chinese Hog Deer China
LR '" nt DD "
Indonesia, Malaysia Cervus eldi eldi
Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand
Sus scrofa riukiuanus (ex), Viet Nam Manipur Brow-antlered Deer
Ryukyu Islands Wild Pig CR " Bl+2c,C2b
Axis porcinus porcinus
India
VU '« Alacde,Bl+2bd LR " nt
Japan (Nansei-shoto) [L. Loktak swamps]
Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India,
Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Cervus eldi siamensis
Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Lanka [int] Thailand Brow-antlered Deer
DD »
Hexaprotodon liberiensis heslopi Cervus duvauceli branderi
CR «' Dl Upland Barasingha Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand,
Nigeria EN » DI Viet Nam
Hippopotamus amphibius India Cervus eldi thamin
tschadensis Cervus duvauceli duvauceli Burmese Brow-antlered Deer
VU »'
Ala VU " CI LR " nt
Chad, Niger India, Nepal Myanmar, Thailand

226

i
 Mammals •n

Cervus nippon aplodontus Elaphodus cephalophus michianus Family BOVmAE

North Honshu Sika Michie's Tufted Deer
" Aepyceros melampus petersi
DD DD " Black-faced Impala
Japan China
VU ' Dl
Cervus nippon grassianus Hydropotes inermis argyropus Angola, Namibia
Shansi Sika DD »
Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus
CR " C2a North Korea, South Korea
Bubal Hartebeest
China Hydropotes inermis inermsis EX '

Cervus nippon keramae LR " nt Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia

Ryukyu Sika China
Alcelaphus buselaphus caama
CR " C2a Muntiacus feai feai Red Hartebeest
Japan (Nansei-shoto) DD " LR ' cd
Cervus nippon kopschi China, Myanmar, Thailand Angola, Botswana, Lesotho (ex?),
South China Sika Muntiacus feai rooseveltorum Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland,
EN " Dl DD " Zimbabwe
China China, Laos, Viet Nam Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei
Cervus nippon mandarinus Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Coke's Hartebeest
North China Sika Cedros Island Mule Deer LR ' cd
CR » Dl EN " Dl Kenya, Tanzania
China Mexico Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel
Cervus nippon mantchuricus Odocoileus virginianus clavium Lelwel Hartebeest
Mantchurian Sika Key Deer LR ' cd
DD » EN " Dl Central African Republic, Chad,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda,
Russia USA
Zaire
Cervus nippon pseudaxis Odocoileus virginianus leucurus
Tonkin Sika Columbian White-tailed Deer Alcelaphus buselaphus major
CR " Dl LR " nt
Westem Hartebeest
Viet Nam USA LR ' cd
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Cervus nippon pulchellus Ozotoccros bezoarticus bezoarticus Central African Republic, Chad,
Tsushima Sika LR " nt Cote d'lvoire, Gambia (ex?), Ghana,
DD " Brazil, Uruguay Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger,
Japan Nigeria, Senegal, Togo
Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer
Cervus nippon sichuanicus EN " Bl+2cde, C2a Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei
Shansi Sika Argentina S Wayne's Hartebeest
EN " Dl Ozotoceros bezoarticus leucogaster
EN' Ala, CI
China Ethiopia, Somalia (ex)
LR " nt
Cervus nippon taiouanus Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Alcelaphus buselaphus tora
Taiwan Sika Tora Hartebeest
Rangifer tarandus pearyi
CR " Dl Peary Caribou EN ' CI
Taiwan Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan
EN " Alb, CI
Cervus nippon yesoensis Canada Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi
Hokkaido Sika Golden Takin
DD » EN " A2cd,C2a, Dl
Japan Family ANTILOCAPRmAE China

Dama dama mesopotamica Antilocapra americana mexicana Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor

Persian Fallow Deer Mexican Pronghom Mishmi Takin
EN " Dl LR ' cd EN " A2cd
Iran, Iraq (ex?) Mexico, USA China, India, Myanmar
Elaphodus cephalophus Antilocapra americana veninsularis Budorcas taxicolor tibetana
cephalophus Raja California Pronghom Sichuan Takin
DD " CR ' C2b VU " A2cd
China, Myanmar Mexico China

Elaphodus cephalophus ichangensis Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Budorcas taxicolor whitei

Ichang Tufted Deer Sonoran Pronghom Bhutan Takin
DD " EN ' C2b VU " A2cde
China Mexico, USA Bhutan, China, India

227
Subspecies and populations

Capra aegagrus aegagrus Capricornis sumatraensis thar Damaliscus lunatus lunatus

VU " A2cde Himalayan Serow Tsessebe
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, VU " A2cd LR ' cd
Georgia, Iran, Lebanon (ex), Russia, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal Angola, Botswana, Mozambique
Turkey (ex), Namibia, South Africa,
Cephalophus nigrifrons rubidus Swaziland (ex), Zambia, Zimbabwe
Capra aegagrus blythi Ruwenzori Black-fronted Duiker
Sind Ibex EN ' Ale Damaliscus lunatus tiang
VU " A2cde Tiang
Uganda, Zaire?
Iran, Iraq?, Pakistan, Turkmenistan LR ' nt
Cephalophus ogilbyi crusalbum Central African Republic, Chad,
Capra aegagrus chialtanensis White-legged Duiker Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda
Chilian Goat
LR ' nt
Damaliscus lunatus topi
CR " C2b Congo?, Gabon
Pakistan Coastal Topi

Capra aegagrus cretica

Connochaetes taurinus albojubatus LR ' cd
Eastem White-bearded Wildebeest Kenya, Somalia
Cretan Goat
VU " Dl+2 LR ' cd Gazella dorcas pelzelni
Kenya, Tanzania Pelzeln's Gazelle
Greece
Capra falconeri falconeri Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni VU ' CI
Cookson's Wildbeest Djibouti, Somalia
Flare-homed Markhor
EN " C2a LR ' cd Gazella gazella acaciae
India, Pakistan Malawi, Zambia Acacia Gazelle

Capra falconeri heptneri Connochaetes taurinus johnstoni CR ' Ale, C2b

Israel
Tadjik Markhor Nyassa Wildebeest
CR " C2a LR ' cd Gazella gazella cora
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Malawi (ex), Mozambique, Tanzania Arabian Mountain Gazelle
Capra falconeri megaceros Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi
LR ' cd
Straight-homed Markhor Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab
Westem White-bearded Wildebeest
EN " C2a Emirates, Yemen
LR ' cd
Afghanistan, Pakistan Kenya, Tanzania Gazella gazella farasani
Farasan Gazelle
Capra pyrenaica hispanica Connochaetes taurinus taurinus
LR " cd
VU ' Dl
Blue Wildebeest
Saudi Arabia
Spain LR ' cd
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Gazella gazella gazella
Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Palestine Mountain Gazelle
Pyrenean Ibex
CR " Dl Zambia, Zimbabwe LR ' cd
Spain Israel, Jordan, Lebanon (ex), Syria
Damaliscus dorcas dorcas
Capra pyrenaica victoriae Bontebok Gazella gazella muscatensis
Gredos Ibex VU ' D2 Muscat Gazelle
VU " D2 South Africa CR ' C2a
Spain Oman
Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi
Capricornis sumatraensis maritimus Gazella rufifrons tilonura
Blesbok
Indochinese Serow Heuglin's Gazelle
LR ' cd
VU " A2cd Botswana [int], Lesotho, Namibia
VU ' CI
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan
[int]. South Africa, Swaziland,
Thailand, Viet Nam Zimbabwe [int] Gazella subgutturosa marica
Capricornis sumatraensis Arabian Sand Gazelle
Damaliscus lunatus jimela
milneedwardsii
Topi
VU ' C2a
Chinese Serow Bahrain, Iran?, Jordan, Kuwait,
LR ' cd
VU " A2cd Burundi (ex), Kenya, Rwanda,
Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria?, United
China Arab Emirates, Yemen?
Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire
Capricornis sumatraensis rubidus Gazella thomsonii albonotata
Damaliscus lunatus korrigum Mongalla Gazelle
Red Serow
Korrigum LR
EN " A2cd ' nt

Bangladesh, India, Myanmar

VU ' Ala Ethiopia, Sudan
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis Gambia (ex), Ghana (ex), Guinea Hippotragus niger variant
Sumatran Serow (ex?), Guinea-Bissau (ex), Mali (ex), Giant Sable Antelope
EN " A2cd Mauritania (ex), Niger, Nigeria, CR ' Ald-H2d,Cl+2b
Indonesia, Malaysia Senegal (ex), Togo (ex?) Angola

228
 Mammals 'n

Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa Naemorhedus baileyi cranbrooki Ovis ammon ammon

Defassa Waterbuck Red Goral Altai Argali
LR ' cd VU " A2cd VU " A2cde, CI
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, India, Myanmar China, Mongolia, Russia
Burundi, Cameroon, Central African
Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote Naemorhedus caudatus caudatus Ovis ammoncollium
d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia Long-tailed Goral VU "A2cde, CI
(ex?), Ghana, Guinea, VU " A2cd Kazakhstan
Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, China Ovis ammon darwini
Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Mongolian Argali, Gobi Argali
Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo,
Naemorhedus caudatus evansi
Evans' Long-tailed Goral EN " CI
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia
VU " A2cd China, Mongolia
Kobus ellipsiprymnus Laos?, Myanmar, Thailand Ovis ammon hodgsonii
ellipsiprymnus
Tibetan Argali
Ellipsen Waterbuck Naemorhedus caudatus griseus
LR ' cd South China Goral VU >'
A2cde
China, India, Nepal
Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, VU " A2cd
Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, China Ovis ammon jubata
South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Northern Chinese Argali
Zambia, Zimbabwe Naemorhedus caudatus raddeanus
Amur Goral EN " Cl+2a, Dl
Kobus koh kob China
VU " A2cd
Buffon's Kob China, North Korea, Russia, South Ovis ammon karelini
LR ' cd Korea Tien Shan Argali
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Naemorhedus goral bedfordi
VU " A2cde, Cl+2a
Central African Republic, Chad,
China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
Cote d'lvoire, Gambia (ex), Ghana, Western Himalayan Goral
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, LR " nt Ovis ammon nigrimontana
Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, India, Pakistan Kara Tau Argali
Sierra Leone (ex), Togo CR " C2b
Naemorhedus goral goral Kazakhstan
Kobus kob leucotis
Brown Himalayan Goral
White-eared Kob Ovis ammon polii
LR " nt
LR ' nt
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal Marco Polo Argali
Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda VU " A2cde, CI
Kobus kob thomasi Oreotragus oreotragus porteousi Afghanistan, China, Pakistan,
Uganda Kob Western Klipspringer Tajikistan

LR ' cd EN' Ale, CI

Ovis canadensis californiana
Nigeria
Kenya (ex), Sudan, Riinrock Bighorn
Tanzania (ex), Oryx gazella beisa LR " cd
Uganda, Zaire Beisa Oryx Canada, USA
Kobus leche kafuensis LR ' cd
Ovis canadensis cremnobates
Kafue Lechwe Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Peninsular Bighorn Sheep
VU ' D2 Somalia, Sudan, Uganda
EN " CH2a
Zambia Mexico, USA
Oryx gazella callotis
Kobus leche leche Fringe-eared Oryx
Ovis canadensis mexicana
Red Lechwe LR ' cd Mexican Bighorn Sheep
LR ' cd Kenya, Tanzania
VU " Dl
Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zaire,
Oryx gazella gazella Mexico, USA
Zambia
Gemsbok Ovis canadensis nelsoni
Kobus leche robertsi LR ' cd Nelson's Bighorn
Roberts' Lechwe
Angola, Botswana, Namibia, LR " cd
EX '
South Africa, Zimbabwe
Zambia
USA
Kobus leche smithemani Ourebia ourebi haggardi Ovis canadensis weemsi
Black Lechwe Haggard's Oribi Weems' Bighorn Sheep
VU ' D2 VU ' CI CR " C2a
Zambia Kenya, Somalia Mexico

Naemorhedus baileyi baileyi Ourebia ourebi keniae Ovis nivicola borealis

Tibetan Red Goral Kenya Oribi Putorean Snow Sheep
VU " A2cd EX ' VU " D2
China Kenya Russia

229
Subspecies and populations

Ovis nivicola nivicola Reduncafulvorufula adamauae Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus

LR " nt Western Mountain Reedbuck Westen Bongo
Russia EN ' CI LR ' nt
Cameroon, Nigeria Benin (ex?), Cameroon, Central
Ovis orientalis arkal African Republic, Congo, Cote
Transcaspian Urial Reduncafulvorufula chanleri d'lvoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,
VU " A2cde Chanler's Mountain Reedbuck Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo
Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan LR ' nt (ex), Zaire
Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania,
Ovis orientalis bocharensis Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci
Uganda
Bukhara Urial Eastern Bongo
EN " Alcde,Cl+2a Redunca fulvorufula fulvorufula EN ' Bl+2b
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Southern Mountain Reedbuck Kenya, Uganda (ex)
Uzbekistan LR ' cd
Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique,
Ovis orientalis cycloceros South Africa, Swaziland
Order RODENTIA
Afghan Urial Family APLODONTIDAE
VU " CI Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata
Afghanistan, Iran?, Pakistan, Apennine Chamois Aplodontia rufa nigra
Turkmenistan EN " Dl Point Arena Mountain Beaver
Italy VU «=
Bl+2de
Ovis orientalis gmelinii
USA
Armenian Mouflon Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica
Aplodontia rufa phaea
VU " A2cde Turkish Chamois
Point Reyes Mountain Beaver
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq?, DD "
Turkey Turkey VU »^
Bl+2e
USA
Ovis orientalis isphahanica Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana
Esfahan Mouflon Chartreuse Chamois
Family SCIURTOAE
VU " A2c CR " C2b, Dl
Iran France Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis
Arizona Black-tailed Prairie Dog
Ovis orientalis laristanica Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica DD »=

Laristan Mouflon Caucasian Chamois Mexico, USA

VU " A2c VU " CI Glaucomys sabrinus califomicus
Iran Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia
San Bernardino Flying Squirrel
Ovis orientalis musimon Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica DD ''-

European Mouflon Tatra Chamois USA

VU " A2cde, Dl+2 EN " CI Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
France, Italy Poland, Slovakia Carolina Flying Squirrel
Ovis orientalis ophion Saiga tatarica mongolica VU "^ A2c, B1-H2C
Cyprus Mouflon Mongolian Saiga USA
EN " Ala EN ' CI Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus
Cyprus Mongolia Virginia Flying Squirrel
Ovis orientalis punjabiensis Saiga tatarica tatarica
VU "- A2c, B1-H2C
Punjab Urial Russian Saiga
USA
EN " Alcde, Cl+2a VU ' Ala Glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons
Pakistan China (ex), Kazakhstan, Prince of Wales Island Flying
Mongolia (ex), Russia, Squirrel
Ovis orientalis severtzovi
Severtzov's Urial Turkmenistan EN "2
A1c-h2c, B1-I-2C

EN " A2cde,C2b USA

Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus
Uzbekistan Western Giant Eland Marmota caligata sheldoni
Montague Island Hoary Marmot
Ovis orientalis vignei EN ' Cl+2b
Cote d'lvoire (ex), Gambia (ex),
DD "
Ladahk Urial
Ghana Guinea USA
EN " A2cde,Cl+2a (ex?), (ex?),

India, Pakistan
Guinea-Bissau, Mali (ex?), Senegal, Marmota caligata vigilis
Togo (ex?) Glacier Bay Hoary Marmot
Pseudois nayaur nayaur DD '
Tragelaphus derbianus gigas
LR " nt USA
Eastern Giant Eland
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan
LR ' nt Sciurus niger avicennia
Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis Cameroon, Central African Republic, Big Cypress Fox Squirrel
LR " nt Chad (ex?), Nigeria (ex), Sudan, LR '- cd
China Uganda (ex?), Zaire USA

230
 Mammals •n

Sciurus niger cinereus Tamias minimus selkirki Thomomys mazama louiei

Delmarva Fox Squirrel Selkirk Least Chipmunk Cathlamet Pocket Gopher
LR ''-
cd VU »=
D2 CR »- Alc,C2b
USA Canada USA
Sciurus niger shermani Tamias quadrivittatus australis Thomomys mazama pugetensis
Sherman's Fox Squirrel Organ Mountains Chipmunk Olympia Pocket Gopher
LR »2
nt VU «=
C2a, D2 VU «^ Bl+2c
USA USA USA
Sciurus niger vulpinus
Tamias umbrinus nevadensis Thomomys mazama tacomensis
Eastern Fox Squirrel
Hidden Forest Chipmunk Tacoma Pocket Gopher
DD " CR «=
Ala EX "-

USA USA USA

Tamias umbrinus sedulus Thomomys mazama tumuli
Spermophilus brunneus brunneus Rocky Gopher
Henry Mountains Chipmunk Prairie Pocket
Norhem Idaho Ground Squirrel " VU
DD "'-
Bl+2c
CR »-
Bl+2d
USA USA
USA
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Thomomys mazama yelmensis
Spermophilus brunneus endemicus grahamensis Yelm Prairie Pocket Gopher
Southern Idaho Ground Squirrel Mount Graham Red Squirrel VU « Bl+2c
VU " Bl+3d CR «= C2b USA
USA USA Thomomys talpoides douglasi
Spermophilus elegans nevadensis Vancouver Pocket Gopher
Nevada Ground Squirrel Family CASTORIDAE VU "^ BI+2C
DD »^ USA
USA Castor canadensis phaeus
Admiralty Island Beaver
Family HETEROMYIDAE
Spermophilus lateralis wortmanni DD "
Green River Basin Golden-mantled USA Chaetodipus califomicus femoralis
Ground Squirrel Dalzura Pocket Mouse
DD « DD '-

USA Family GEOMYIDAE Mexico, USA

Geomys personatus maritimus Chaetodipus fallax fallax
Spermophilus parryii kodiacensis
Maritime Pocket Gopher San Diego Pocket Mouse
Kodiak Ground Squirrel
DD «^ VU '-
D2 DD '^

USA USA Mexico, USA

Geomys personatus streckeri Chaetodipus fallax pallidas
Spermophilus parryii lyratus
Carrizo Springs Pocket Gopher Mountain Spring Pocket Mouse
St. Lawrence Island Ground Squirrel
VU «=
D2 DD "
DD «=
USA USA
USA
Geomys pinetis cumberlandius Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis
Spermophilus parryii nebulicola Cumberland Island Picket Gopher Berkeley Hills Kangaroo Rat
Shumagin Ground Squirrel VU »^
D2 VU »^ BI+2c
DD ' USA USA
USA Geomys pinetis fontanelus Dipodomys heermanni morroensis
Spermophilus tereticaudus chlorus Sherman's Pocket Gopher Morro Bay Kangaroo-rat
Palm Springs Round-tailed VU '-
D2 CR »-
Bl+2c, Dl
Ground Squirrel USA USA
DD « Geomys pinetis goffi Dipodomys merriami collinus
USA Goff s Southeastern Pocket Gopher Earthquake Valley Kangaroo Rat
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus EX '-
DD «
alleni USA USA
Big Horn Thirteen-lined Ground Thomomys mazama couchi Dipodomys merriami parvus
Squirrel Puget Sound Pocket Gopher San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat
DD «^
VU «- Bl+2c DD "=

USA USA USA

Tamias minimus atristriatus Thomomys mazama glacialis Dipodomys microps alfredi
Pefiasco Least Chipmunk Roy Prairie Pocket Gopher Gunnison Island Kangaroo Rat
CR »- Ala, Dl VU »= Bl+2c DD "^

USA USA USA

231
 Subspecies and populations

Dipodomys microps leucotis Zapus trinotatus orarius Microtus longicaudus leucophaeus

House Rock Valley Kangaroo Rat Point Reyes Jumping Mouse Mount Graham Long-tailed Vole
VU "^ B1+2C LR «-
cd DD «=

USA USA USA

Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Microtus mogollonensis
Fresno Kangaroo Rat hualpaiensis
CR »- Bl+2c Family MURTOAE Huaiapai Vole
USA Clethrionomys gapperi solus VU «-
BI-f2c, D2
Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Revillagigedo Island Red-backed USA
Tipton Kangaroo Rat Vole Microtus montanus codiensis
CR "= Ale DD »^
Cody Mountain Vole
USA USA DD »=

Microdipodops megacephalus Dicrostonyx unalascensis stevensoni USA

atrirelictus Umnak Island Collared Lemming Microtus montanus fucosus
Owyhee River Kangaroo Mouse DD '- Pahranagat Valley Montane Vole
VU "2 D2 USA VU " D2
USA Dicrostonyx unalascensis
USA
Microdipodops megacephalus nexus unalascensis Microtus montanus nevadensis
Izenhood Kangaroo Mouse Unalaska Island Collared Lemming Ash Meadows Montane Vole
DD « DD «- VU »=
D2
USA USA USA
Microdipodops pallidas restrictus Microtus abbreviatus abbreviatus Microtus montanus zygomaticus
Soda Spring Valley Kangaroo Mouse Hall Island Insular Vole Big Horn Montane Vole
VU »^
D2 DD »' DD «=

USA USA USA

Perognathus alticola alticola Microtus abbreviatus fisheri Microtus oeconomus amakensis
White-eared Pocket Mouse St Matthew Island Insular Vole
Amak Tundra Vole
CR « Bl+2b DD «' DD «^

USA USA USA

Perognathus longimembris bangsi Microtus oeconomus elymocetes
Microtus californicus mohavensis
Palm Springs Pocket Mouse Montague Tundra Vole
Mojave River Vole
DD « VU '- Ald+2d, D2 DD «=

USA USA USA

Perognathus longimembris Microtus oeconomus innuitus
Microtus californicus scirpensis
brevinasus St Lawrence Island Tundra Vole
Amargosa Vole
Los Angeles Pocket Mouse VU »-
Bl-H3cd
DD "^

VU »^
B1+2C USA
USA
USA Microtus oeconomus popofensis
Microtus californicus stephensi
Perognathus longimembris Shumagin Islands Tundra Vole
Stephen's California Vole
internationalis DD «=

DD «=
USA
Jacumba Pocket Mouse USA
DD *=
Microtus oeconomus punukensis
Mexico, USA Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis Punuk Islands Tundra Vole
Southern Rock Vole
Perognathus longimembris pacificus DD «
Pacific Pocket Mouse
LR "=
nt
USA
USA
CR «- Bl+2c,Cl+2ab Microtus oeconomus sitkensis
USA Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus Alexander Islands Tundra Vole
Labrador Rock Vole DD «2

DD "=
USA
Family DIPODIDAE Canada
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Zapus hudsonius campestris Microtus longicaudus bemardinus dukecampbelli
Black Hills Meadow Jumping Mouse San Bernardino Long-tailed Vole Florida Saltmarsh Vole
VU " Bl+2c DD " VU " D2
USA USA USA
Zapus hudsonius preblei Microtus longicaudus coronarius Microtus pennsylvanicus kincaidi
Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse Alexander Islands Long-tailed Vole Potholes Meadow Vole
EN "- Bl+2c DD »^
LR " nt
USA USA USA

232

I
 Mammals •n

Microtus townsendii cowani Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Synaptomys cooperi paludis

Triangle Island Vole Key Largo Cotton Mouse Kansas Bog Lemming
LR »' cd VU ' D2 EX "
Canada USA USA
Neotomafloridana smalli Peromyscus gossypinus restrictus Synaptomys cooperi relictus
Key Largo Woodrat Chadwick Beach Cotton Mouse Nebraska Bog Lemming
EN ^-
C2b EX ''
EX "
USA USA USA
Neotoma fuscipes annectens Peromyscus leucopus ammodytes
San Francisco Dusky-footed Woodrat Monomy White-footed Mouse
DD "
DD '^-

Order LAGOMORPHA
USA USA
Neotoma fuscipes luciana Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Family OCHOTONIDAE
Monterey Dusky-footed Woodrat Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse
Ochotona alpina hoffmanni
DD <'-
EN »= Bl+2c VU '" D2
USA USA
Mongolia
Neotoma fuscipes riparia Peromyscus polionotus ammobates
Alabama Beach Mouse Ochotona census morosa
San Joaquin Valley Woodrat DD '"
CR «= B1+2C EN '=
Bl-^2c
China
USA USA
Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus Ochotona cansus sorella
Neotoma lepida intermedia
EN '" A2d
Ponce de Leon Beach Mouse
San Diego Desert Woodrat
« EX '- China
DD
Mexico, USA USA Ochotona pallasi hamica
Peromyscus polionotus leucocephabts CR ">* Ala+2d
Onchomys leucogaster durranti
China, Mongolia
Santa Rosa Beach Mouse
Durant's Northern Grasshoper Mouse
DD »= LR « nt Ochotona pallasi sunidica
USA USA EN '« A2d
Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis China
Onchomys torridus ramona
St Andrews Beach Mouse
Southern Grasshopper Mouse Ochotona princeps goldmani
DD '' EN Bl+2c
»"-

VU '» Dl
USA USA
Mexico, USA
Peromyscus polionotus phasma
Onchomys torridus tularensis Ochotona princeps lasalensis
Anastasia Island Beach Mouse
Tulare Grasshopper Mouse
EN "- Bl+2c VU "» Dl
DD '^
USA
USA
USA Ochotona princeps nevadensis
Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis
Ondatra zibethicus ripensis Perdido Key Beach Mouse
VU "» Dl
Rio Grande Muskrat
CR «- Bl+2c USA
DD "^
USA Ochotona princeps nigrescens
Mexico, USA VU '« Dl
Reithrodontomys raviventris
Onychomys leucogaster durranti halicoetes USA
Durrant's Northern Grasshopper Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse Ochotona princeps obscura
Mouse LR '-
cd VU '" B1+2C
DD "=
USA USA
USA
Reithrodontomys raviventris Ochotona princeps sheltoni
Onychomys torridus ramona raviventris VU '« Dl
Southern Grasshopper Mouse Red-bellied Harvest Mouse USA
DD «^
EN '- A2c, Bl+2c
Mexico, USA Ochotona princeps tutelata
USA
VU '" B1-I-2C
Onychomys torridus tularensis Sigmodon arizonae arizonae USA
Tulare Grasshopper Mouse Arizona Cotton Rat
DD *'-
EX '^- Ochotona thihetana huangensis
USA USA EN '" A2d
China
Oryzomys palustris natator Sigmodon fulviventer goldmani
Marsh Rice Rat Hot Springs Cotton Rat Ochotona thibetana sikimaria
DD « EX «^
CR "" Alac
USA USA India

233
Subspecies and populations

Family LEPORIDAE Cyclura rileyi cristata Family COLUBRmAE

San Salvador Rock Iguana Natrix natrix cetti
Sylvilagus palustris hefneri
CR » Bl+2e, C2b Sardinian Grass Snake
Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit
Bahamas CR " A ac, B 1 -l-2abcde, C2a
EN '" Alab, Bl+2cd, C2a, Dl 1

USA Cyclura rileyi nuchalis Italy

San Salvador Rock Iguana Natrix natrix schweizeri

EN " Bl+2c,C2a CR " A 1 bcd-H2bcd, B 1 -H2bce, C2a
Bahamas Greece
Class REPTILIA Cyclura rileyi rileyi
San Salvador Rock Iguana Family ELAPIDAE
Order SAURIA EN "
C2a Notechis ater ater
Bahamas Krefft's Tiger Snake
Family AGAMmAE VU '"
Bl+2c
Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla Australia
South-eastern Lined Earless Dragon Family LACERXmAE
VU "•
Ale, Bl+2c Lacerta vivipara pannonica Family VIPERTOAE
Australia VU « Bl+2bcd,C2a Vipera ursinii moldavica
Austria, Hungary CR " Bl+2abcde, Cl-H2a
Romania
Family IGUANTOAE
Family PYGOPODIDAE Vipera ursinii rakosiensis
Cyclura carinata bartschi Orsini's Viper
Booby Cay Ground Iguana Aprasia rostrata rostrata EN " Bl-H2bcde, C2a
CR " Bl+2bce, C2b Hermite Island Worm-lizard Austria (ex?), Hungary
Bahamas VU ''
D2
Cyclura carinata carinata Australia
Order TESTUDINES
Turks and Caicos Ground Iguana
CR " Bl+2abcde Family CHELONimAE
Family SCINCroAE
Turks and Caicos Islands Chelonia mydas
Egernia pulchra longicauda Green Turtle
Cyclura cornuta comuta
Jurien Bay Rock-skink (Mediterranean population)
VU '" Alacde
Dominican Republic, Haiti VU " D2 CR ' Ala, Bl+2ce, E
Australia Cyprus, Turkey
Cyclura comuta stejnejeri
Egernia stokesii aethiops [Mediterranean and Black Sea]
EN '»= Alcde+2ce
Puerto Rico
VU " D2
Australia Family TESTUDINIDAE
Cyclura cychlura cychlura Geochelone nigra abingdoni
Andros Island Rock Iguana Egernia stokesii badia
EN " Ale Abingdon Island Tortoise
VU " Alace, Bl+2b, CI EW '"
Australia
Bahamas Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Cyclura cychlura figginsi Eulamprus tympanum marnieae
Geochelone nigra becki
Exuma Island Rock Iguana EN " Bl+2c
Volcan Wolf Tortoise
Australia
EN " CI VU ''"•
D1-H2
Bahamas Ecuador (GalSpagos Is)

Cyclura cychlura inornata Order SERPENTES Geochelone nigra chathamensis

Allen's Cay Rock Iguana Chatham Island Tortoise
EN " Bl+2c Family BOmAE VU "< Dl+2
Bahamas Epicrates monensis granti Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Cyclura nubila caymanensis Virgin Islands Boa Geochelone nigra darwini

Cayman Island Ground Iguana EN '" Bl+2bcde James Island Tortoise
CR " Bl+2abcde Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British), EN " C2a
Cayman Islands Virgin Islands (US) Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Cyclura nubila tewisi Epicrates monensis monensis Geochelone nigra ephippium

Cayman IslandGround Iguana Mona Island Boa Duncan Island Tortoise
CR " BI+2bce,C2b EN '" C2b EW "'

Cayman Islands Puerto Rico Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Cyclura nubila nubila Morelia spilota imbricata Geochelone nigra galapagoensis

Cuban Ground Iguana Western Australian Carpet Python Charles Island Tortoise
'"
VU " Alacde+2ce LR '"
nt EX
Cuba Australia Ecuador (GalSpagos Is)

234
 Fishes: bony fishes

Geochelone nigra guntheri Class ACTINOPTERYGII Acipenser nudiventris (S)

Sierra Negra Tortoise Ship Sturgeon
EN "» C2a (R. Danube population)
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Order ACIPENSERIFORMES CR '™ Alcd+2cd

Geochelone nigra hoodensis Hungary, Romania

Family ACIPENSERIDAE
Hood Island Tortoise Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi
CR '" Dl Acipenser baerii baerii Gulf Sturgeon
Siberian Sturgeon
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) LR "» nt

Geochelone nigra microphyes

EN '™ A2d Mexico, USA
Russia
Volcan Darwin Tortoise [Atlantic (western central)]
[R. Ob, R. Taz]
VU '" Dl+2 Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Acipenser baerii baikalensis Atlantic Sturgeon
Baikal Sturgeon LR '™
Geochelone nigra porteri nt
Indefatigable Island Tortoise EN '™ A lace Canada, USA
Russia
EN '" C2a [Atlantic (northwest, western
[L. Baikal] central)]
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)

Geochelone nigra vandenburghi Acipenser baerii stenorrhynchus Acipenser persicus (S)

Volcan Alcedo Tortoise Lena River Sturgeon Persian Sturgeon
VU '" D2 VU '™ A2d (Black Sea stock)
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Russia EN '™ A lac
[R. Yenisei, R. Lena and east Georgia, Russia, Turkey
Geochelone nigra vicina
Siberian rivers] [Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Iguana Cove Tortoise
EN "« C2a Acipenser gueldenstaedti (S) Acipenser persicus (S)
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Russian Sturgeon Persian Sturgeon
(Caspian Sea stock) (Caspian Sea stock)
Testudo graeca nikolskii
CR " Alabcde+2bcde EN '™ A2d VU '™ Alacde
Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia
Georgia, Russia
Russia, Turkmenistan Acipenser ruthenus (S)
Sterlet
Family TRIONYCHmAE Acipenser gueldenstaedti (S)
Russian Sturgeon (Caspian and Black Sea drainage
Trionyx triunguis stock)
(Sea of Azov stock)
African Softshell Turtle
EN '™ Alacde+2d VU "" Alcd
(Mediterranean population) Hungary, Romania, Russia, Ukraine,
Russia
CR ' C2a
[Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Yugoslavia
Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey [Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Acipenser gueldenstaedti (S)
Acipenser ruthenus (S)
Russian Sturgeon
Class AMPHIBIA (Black Sea stock)
Sterlet

EN '" Alacde VU '™ Ale

Order ANURA Russia
Hungary, Romania, Ukraine,
[R. Irtysh, R. Ob, R. Yenisei]
Family HYLIDAE Yugoslavia
[Mediterranean and Black Sea] Acipenser stellatus (S)
Litoria verreauxii alpina
Stellate Sturgeon
Whistling Tree Frog Acipenser nudiventris (S) (Caspian Sea stock)
VU •"
A lac Ship Sturgeon
VU "° Alacde+2d
Australia (Black Sea stock)
Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan,
EN '™ Alacde+2d Russia, Turkmenistan
Family PELOBAXmAE Russia, Ukraine
Acipenser stellatus (S)
[Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Pelobates fuscus insubricus Stellate Sturgeon
Italian Spadefoot Toad Acipenser nudiventris (S) (Sea of Azov stock)
EN " Ale, Bl+2cd Ship Sturgeon EN '™ A2d

Italy, Switzerland (Caspian Sea stock) Russia

EN "° Alacde+2d [Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan
Order CAUDATA Acipenser stellatus (S)
Acipenser nudiventris (S) Stellate Sturgeon
Family SALAMANDRmAE Ship Sturgeon (Black Sea stock)
Salamandra atra aurorae (Aral Sea stock). EN '™ Alacde+2d
Golden Salamander EX '™ Hungary, Romania, Ukraine,
CR " Bl+2bc Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan Yugoslavia
Italy [Mediterranean and Black Sea] [Mediterranean and Black Sea]

235
Subspecies and populations

Acipenser transmontanus (S) Phoxinellus zeregii fahirae Pegasus volitans (S)

White Sturgeon Incilevrek Baligi (South China Sea stock)
EN "" Ala, Bl+2ce VU '«'
D2 VU "" A2d
USA Turkey [Pacific (northwest)]
[R. Kootenai] Phoxinellus zeregii meandri Pegasus volitans (S)
Huso huso (S) Ot Baligi (Philippines stock)
Beluga LR '" nt VU "« A2d
(Sea of Azov stock) Turkey [Pacific (northwest)]
CR '" Alacde+2d Puntius asoka
Russia Asoka Barb
[Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Order PERCIFORMES
EN '" Ale, Bl+2c
Huso huso (S) Sri Lanka Family PERCICHTHYIDAE
Beluga Rhodeus atremius suigensis Maccullochella peelii mariensis
(Black Sea stock) Suigen Zenitanago Mary River Cod
EN '" Alacde+2d DD ""
CR '" C2a
Hungary, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Japan Australia
Yugoslavia
Rhodeus oceUatus smithi [R. Mary]
[Mediterranean and Black Sea]
Nippon Baratanago
Huso huso (S)
CR "" Alae, Bl+2e Family CICHLIDAE
Beluga
Japan
(Caspian Sea stock) Cichlasoma urophtalmus ericymba
EN '™ Alacde+2d Mojarra de Bulha
Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Order CHARACIFORMES DD "
Russia, Turkmenistan Mexico
Family CHARACIDAE
Huso huso (S) Harpagochromis guiarti complex
Beluga Astyanax mexicanus jordani CR "''
Alace, Bl+2acd
(Adriatic Sea stock) Sardina Ciega Uganda
EX '™ VU '"
Alac+2c, Bl+2c, D2 [L. Victoria]

Italy
Mexico
Sarotherodon galileus "Ejagham"
[Mediterranean and Black Sea] VU "* D2
Order SALMONIFORMES Cameroon
Order CLUPEIFORMES [L. Ejagham]
Family PLECOGLOSSIDAE
Family CLUPEIDAE Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Family XIPHimAE
Clupeonella abrau muhlisi Ryukyu Ayu-fish
VU "» Bl+2c EN '»' Alac, B2abce+3abc Xiphias gladius (C)
Turkey (S)Times-Boldltalic"P9
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Swordfish
(North Atlantic stock)
Order CYPRINIFORMES Family SALMONmAE EN "' Albd
Family CYPRINIDAE Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Beloribitsa northwest, westem central)]
Carassius carassius (S)
Crucian Carp
EN '«'
CI
LR "" nt
Azerbaijan?, Kazakhstan, Russia Family SCOMBRIDAE
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Thunnus alalunga (C) (S)
and Herzegovina?, Bulgaria, Croatia, Order CYPRINODONTirORMES Albacore Tuna
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, (North Atlantic stock)
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Family POECILiroAE VU '" Albd
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poeciliopsis occidentalis sonorensis [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands,
Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
VU " Ala+2bc, Bl+2c northwest, westem central)]
Mexico Thunnus alalunga (C) (S)
Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Albacore Tuna
Yugoslavia (South Atlantic stock)
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES
Cyprinus carpio (S) CR '" Albd
Wild Common Carp Family PEGASIDAE [Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast,
southwest)]
CR '»'
A2ce Eurypegasus draconis (S)
Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, VU '™ A2d Thunnus obesus (C) (S)
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Madagascar Bigeye Tuna
Yugoslavia [Indian Ocean (eastern, westem). (Pacific stock)
[R. Danube] Pacific (northwest, westem central)] EN "' Albd

236
 Insects w
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast, Procambarus rogersi campestris Euploea algea schmeltzi
northwest, southeast, southwest, VU B1+2C
'
VU '" B1+2C
western central)] USA Western Samoa
Thunnus thynnus (C) (S) Procambarus rogersi expletus Euploea crameri albomaculata
Northern Bluefin Tuna CR Bl+2c
'
VU "" D2
(Western Atlantic stock) USA Indonesia
CR "' Albd
Procambarus rogersi ochlocknensis Euploea mulciber elwesii
[Atlantic (northwest, southwest,
western central)]
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
VU '»' B1+2C
USA Indonesia
Thunnus thynnus (C) (S)
Northern Bluefin Tuna Procambarus rogersi rogersi Euploea radamanthus schreiberi
(Eastern Atlantic stock)
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
VU '" B1+2C
EN '" Albd USA Indonesia

[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Paratica weiskei thalassina

southeast)] Order ISOPODA VU "" B1+2C
Indonesia
Family ASELLffiAE
Class CRUSTACEA Asellus aquaticus carniolicus
Tirumala choaspes tumanana
Sarangani Tiger
Order AMPHIPODA EN '" A2e, Bl+2c
VU "» D2
Slovenia
Family HADZIffiAE Philippines
Asellus aquaticus cavernicolus
Hadziafragilis stochi VU '" D2
VU D2 Italy, Slovenia Order ODONATA
Italy
Asellus aquaticus cyclobranchialis Family AESHNIDAE
Family NIPHARGIDAE EN '" Bl+2c Planaeschna ishigakiana
Slovenia
ishigakiana
Niphargus elegans zagrebensis
EN '" Bl+2bcde
Proasellus parvani orientalis EN '''
B1+2C
VU '» D2 Japan
Croatia, Slovenia
Slovenia Planaeschna ishigakiana nagaminei
Niphargus ilidzensis slovenicus
VU '" D2
EN '-' B1+2C
Family SPHAEROMATIDAE Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Slovenia
Monolistra racovitzai conopyge Planaeschna risi sakishimana
Niphargus orcinus orcinus
VU '" D2
EN '" B1+2C EN '-' Bl+2c
Slovenia Japan
Italy, Slovenia
Niphargus stygius stygius
VU '" D2
Family TRICHONISCroAE Family CALOPTERYGIDAE
Italy, Slovenia Androniscus stygius dentatus Matrona basilaris japonica
VU '" D2 EN '" Bl+2c
Order DECAPODA Slovenia Japan (Nansei-shoto)

Family CAMBARIDAE
Family COENAGRIONIDAE
Orconectes australis packardi Class INSECTA Coenagrion hylasfreyi
VU ' B1+2C
Frey's Damselfly
USA Order LEPIDOPTERA
CR '^ Bl+2c
Orconectes inermis testii
Family NYMPHALmAE Austria, Germany, Switzerland
VU ' B1+2C
USA Danaus affinis jimiensis Megalagrion amaurodytum peles

Orconectes meeki brevis

VU '»' D2 Pele Damselfly
Papua New Guinea CR '" Bl+2c
VU '
B1+2C
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA Danaus melanippus keteus
Procambarus lucifugus alachua VU "» B1+2C Seychellibasis alluaudi alluaudi
Indonesia CR '" Bl+2c
Alachua Light-fleeing Cave Crayfish
Seychelles
VU ' Bl+2c, Dl Euploea algea abjecta
USA Outcast Crow
VU "" B1+2C Family CORDULEGASTERTOAE
Procambarus lucifugus lucifugus
Withlocoochee Light-fleeing Cave Palau Chlorogomphus brevistigmata
Crayfish Euploea algea eleutho okinawanus
EN '
Bl+2c VU "« D2 EN '-' Bl+2c
USA Guam Japan (Nansei-shoto)

237
Subspecies and populations

Chlorogomphus brunneus brunneus Family PLATYCNEMIDAE Class GASTROPODA

EN '" Bl+2c Coeliccia Jlavicauda masakii
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Order
EN '" Bl+2c
Chlorogomphus brunneus Japan ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
keramensis Coeliccia ryakyuensis amamii Family HELICINIDAE
CR '" Bl+2c EN '" B1+2C Pleuropoma zigzac ponapense
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Japan (Nansei-shoto) DD '"

Coeliccia ryakyuensis ryukyuensis Federated States of Micronesia

Family CORDULIIDAE EN '" B1-I-2C Pleuropoma zigzac zigZac

Japan (Nansei-shoto) DD '"
Hemicordulia mindana nipponica
Federated States of Micronesia
EN '" Bl+2c Class BIVALVIA
Japan
Order MESOGASTROPODA
Order UNIONOTOA
Family CYCLOPHORIDAE
Family EUPHAEDOAE Family MARGARITITERIDAE
Maizania hildebrandti thikensis
Bayadera brevicauda ishigakiana Margaritifera margaritifera EN '" Bl-h2ac
EN '" Bl+2c durrovensis Kenya
Japan CR '" Alce-e2e
Ireland Family HYDROBIIDAE
GOMPHmAE Mexipyrgus churinceanus carranzae
Family Family UNIONmAE
Mexipyrgus de Carranza Snail
Asiagomphus amamiensis Epioblasma florentina curtisi VU '" D2
amamiensis CR -' Alee Mexico
EN '^' B1+2C USA Mexipyrgus churinceanus
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Epioblasma obliquata obliquata churinceanus
Asiagomphus amamiensis EN " A2c Mexipyrgus de Churince Snail
okinawanus USA VU '« D2
EN '" Bl+2c Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua Mexico
Japan (Nansei-shoto) CR -" Alee Mexipyrgus churinceanus
Erpetogomphus lampropeltis USA escobedae
lampropeltis Epioblasma torulosa gubemaculum Mexipyrgus de Escobeda Snail
EN '" Bl+2c CR -" Ale VU '" D2
USA USA Mexico
Ophiogomphus incurvatus Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Mexipyrgus churinceanus lugoi
alleghaniensis CR -* Ale Mexipyrgus de Lugo Snail
Alleghany Snaketail Dragonfly USA VU '" D2
VU '" A2c Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Mexico
USA CR -'
Ale Mexipyrgus churinceanus
Stylogomphus ryukyuensis asatoi USA mojarralis
EN '-'
Bl-h2c Lampsilis reeviana brevicula Mexipyrgus de West El Mojarral
Snail
Japan (Nansei-shoto) LR " nt
Stylogomphus ryukyuensis USA VU "" D2
Mexico
watanabei Lampsilis reeviana reeviana
EN '=' Bl+2c VU -" A2c Mexipyrgus churinceanus
Japan (Nansei-shoto) USA multilineatus
Mexipyrgus de East El Mojarral Snail
Lampsilis straminea claibomensis
VU '" D2
LR » nt
Family LIBELLULmAE USA
Mexico
Eleuthemis beuttikoferi quadrigutta Lampsilis straminea straminea
DD '" Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
LR » nt
Mozambique, Zimbabwe USA Family ACHATINELLIDAE
Leucorrhinia intermedia ijimai Lasmigona complanata alabamensis Achatinella apexfulva vittata
EN '" B1+2C LR '-'
nt EX '"

Japan USA USA (Hawaiian Is)

Orthetrum poecilops miyajimaense Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica Achatinella bulimoides rosea

EN '" B1+2C LR " nt EX '"

Japan USA USA (Hawaiian Is)

4
238

I
 Molluscs: snails

Family ALYCAEIDAE Helminthoglypta expansilabris Family ORTHALICIDAE

mattolensis
Chamalychaeus itonis nakashimai Placostylus bivaricosus etheridgei
DD '" Cape Shoulderband '»
DD '" EX
Japan Australia
USA
Family BRADYBAENIDAE Helminthoglypta nickliniana awania
Nicklin's Peninsula Snail Family PARTULffiAE
Chlorilis hungerfordiana rufopila
VU ""
D2
DD '"
Partula suturalis
USA Sutural Partula
Hong Kong
Helminthoglypta nickliniana EX '"
Euhadra scaevola mikawa French Polynesia
bridgesi
DD '"
DD '"
Japan Partula suturalis strigosa
USA EW '"

Helminthoglypta nickliniana French Polynesia

Family BULIMULroAE
contracosta Partula suturalis vexillum
Tomigenus gibberulus Digerus
EX ""
DD "
EW '"

USA French Polynesia

Brazil
Helminthoglypta sequoicola consors Partula taeniata
Tomigenus turbinatus Biolocus
DD '"
EX '"
EX '™
USA French Polynesia
Brazil
Helminthoglypta stiversiana miwoka Partula taeniata elongata
Family CAMAENIDAE Dented Peninsula Snail EW '"

DD '"
French Polynesia
Glyptorhagada wilkawillina USA Partula taeniata nucleola
umbilicata
LR '" nt
Helminthoglypta stiversiana EW '"

williamsi French Polynesia

Australia
DD '"
Partula taeniata simulans
USA EW '"
Family CLAUSILIIDAE
Monadenia fidelis minor French Polynesia
Alopia bielzii clathrata
DD '"
LR "' nt
USA
Slovakia Family POLYGYRmAE
Monadenia fidelis pronotis
Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana Mesodon clarki nantahala
Rocky Coast Sideband
LR " nt
DD '" Noonday Snail
France
USA DD "

USA
Family HELICmAE Monadenia mormonum buttoni
DD '" Mesodon clausus trossulus
Leptaxis erubescens portosancti USA Banded Mesodon
VU '" D2 DD '"
Monadenia mormonum hirsuta
USA
Portugal (Madeira)
DD '"

USA Stenotrema leai cheatumi

Family DD '"

HELMINTHOGLYPXroAE Monadenia yosemitensis USA

yosemitensis
Eremarionta indioensis cathedralis
Indian Yosemite Snail
Cathedral Desert Snail
DD '" Family STREPTAXIDAE
DD '"
USA
USA Gulella conradti reductidentata

Eremarionta rowelli bakerensis

DD '"

Baker Desert Snail Family OREOHELICmAE Tanzania

DD '" Gulella gouldi globulosa

Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis
USA Idaho Banded Mountain Snail
DD '"

Tanzania
Eremarionta rowelli mccoiana DD '"

McCoy Desert Snail USA Gulella gwendolinae mkusiensis

'"
DD '"
Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra
DD
USA Tanzania
Carinated Striate Banded Mountain
Helminthoglypta arrosa pomoensis Snail Gulella lomae lornae
DD '"
DD '" DD '"

USA USA Tanzania

239
Subspecies and populations

Gulella lornae major Tanzania Family SUBULINIDAE

DD '"
GulelUi usagarica satura Opeas nothapalinus crenatum
Tanzania DD "^
DD "-

Gulella subhyalina addita Tanzania Tanzania

DD "= TaylorUt urguessensis subangulata Pseudoglessula leroyi fascUUa
Tanzania EN '" Bl+2ac DD '"

T^enya. Tanzania
Gulella usagarica msambaa
DD '"

240
 List?

Taxa removed from the 1996 Red List

Part 1 : Taxa listed in 1994, now Lower Risk : least concern

Class MAMMALIA Order CHIROPTERA Family CEBmAE

Order DIPROTODONTIA
Family PTEROPODroAE Alouatta palliata aequatorialis
South Pacific Blackish Howling
Pteropus anetianus
Family PHALANGERffiAE Monkey
White Flying-fox
Phalanger lullulae Alouatta pigra
Woodlark Island Cuscus Guatemalan Howler
Order PRIMATES
Spilocuscus kraemeri Ateles geoffroyi
Family LEMURTOAE Geoffroy's Spider Monkey
Admiralty Cuscus
Eulemur fulvus albifrons Ateles paniscus
White-fronted Lemur
Family MACROPODIDAE Black Spider Monkey
Eulemur fulvus fulvus
Petrogale lateralis
Cacajao melanocephalus
Brown Lemur
Black-footed Rock-wallaby Black Uakari
Eulemur fulvus rufus
Callicebus torquatus lucifer
Red-fronted Lemur
Widow Monkey
Order INSECTIVORA Hapalemur griseus griseus
Grey Gentle Lemur Chiropotes albinasus
Family TENRECffiAE White-nosed Bearded Saki
Geogale aurita Family MEGALADAPmAE Lagothrix lagotricha
Large-eared Tenrec
Lepilemur edwardsi
Common Woolly Monkey
Microgale brevicaudata Milne-Edwards' Sportive Lemur Pithecia aequatorialis
Short-tailed Shrew-tenrec Equatorial Saki
Lepilemur leucopus
Microgale longicaudata White-footed Sportive Lemur
Lesser Long-tailed Shrew-tenrec
Lepilemur microdon
Light-necked Sportive Lemur Order CARNIVORA
Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE Lepilemur mustelinus Family CANTOAE
Amblysomus iris Greater Sportive Lemur
Canis lupus
Zulu Golden Mole Lepilemur ruficaudatus Grey Wolf
Calcochloris obtusirostris Red-tailed Sportive Lemur
Dusicyon griseus
Yellow Golden Mole
Grey Zorro
Family INDRTOAE
Family EREVACEEDAE Avahi laniger
Woolly Lemur Family FELffiAE
Atelerix frontalis
South African Hedgehog Felis margarita
Family GALAGONIDAE Sand Cat
Galagoides thomasi
Family SORICIDAE Thomas's Dwarf Galago
Leopardus wiedii
Margay
Crocidura crenata
Oncifelis colocolo
Crocidura grassei Family CALLITRICHIDAE
Pampas Cat
Crocidura lanosa Callithrix intermedia
Aripuana Marmoset Otocolobus manul
Crocidura manengubae Pallas's Cat
Callithrix kuhli
Crocidura maquassiensis
Wied's Marmoset Profelis aurata
Makwassie Musk Shrew African Golden Cat
Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys
Crocidura nimbae
Andean Saddle-back Tamarin
Paracrocidura maxima Family HYAENffiAE
Saguinus tripartitus
Sylvisorex ollula Golden-mantled Saddle-back Hyaena brunnea
Sylvisorex vulcanorum Tamarin Brown Hyaena

241
 Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List

Family OTARIIDAE Family GEOMYmAE Class AVES

Neophoca cinerea Thomomys umbrinus emotus
Australian Sea Lion Southern Pocket Gopher
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Family PHOCmAE Family HETEROMYroAE Milvus milvus
Phoca vitulina stejnegeri Red Kite
Perognathus inomatus
Western Pacific Harbour Seal
psammophilus
Salinas Pocket Mouse Family FALCGNTOAE
Order CETACEA Micrastur buckleyi
Family NEOBALAElVroAE Family DIPODmAE Buckley's Forest-Falcon

Caperea marginata Zapus hudsonius luteus

Pygmy Right Whale Meadow Jumping Mouse Order GRUIFORMES
Family OXroiDAE
Family DELPfflNmAE
Chlamydotis undulata
Delphinus delphis Family MURIDAE Houbara Bustard
Common Dolphin Aethomys silindensis
Globicephala melas Selinda Veld Rat Order PSITTACIFORMES
Long-fmned Pilot Whale
Batomys grand Family PSITTACroAE
Lagenorhynchus acutus Luzon Forest Rat
Atlantic White-sided Dolphin Pezoporus wallicus
Delanymys brooksi Ground Parrot
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Delany's Mouse
White-beaked Dolphin
Eliurus minor Order PASSERIFORMES
Lagenorhynchus cruciger
Hourglass Dolphin Gerbillus acticola
Family TYRANNBDAE
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gerbillus muriculus
Todirostrum senex
Pacific White-sided Dolphin
Gerbillus rosalinda Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher
Lissodelphis borealis
Northern Right Whale Dolphin Heimyscus fumosus
Family CAMPEPHAGmAE
Peponocephala electro Hylomyscus baeri
Coracina schistacea
Melon- headed Whale Hylomyscus parvus Slaty Cuckooshrike
Pseudorca crassidens Malacomys verschureni Coracina sula
False Killer Whale
Sula Cicadabird
Microtus breweri
Family PHYSETERIDAE Beach Vole
Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Kogia breviceps Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris
Southeastern Beach Mouse Amytornis goyderi
Pygmy Sperm Whale Eyrean Grasswren
Kogia simus Sigmodon arizonae plenus
Zoothera kibalensis
Dwarf Sperm Whale Colorado River Cotton Rat
Kibale Ground-Thrush
Thamnomys venustus
Order PERISSODACTYLA Wilfredomys oenax Family NECTARINIIDAE
Family EQUIDAE Zelotomys woosnami Nectarinia buettikoferi
Equus kiang holdereri Apricot-breasted Sunbird
Eastern Kiang Nectarinia prigoginei
Prigogine's Double-collared Sunbird
Order LAGOMORPHA
Order ARTIODACTYLA
Family OCHOTONIDAE Family ZOSTEROProAE
Family BOVmAE Zosterops sanctaecrucis
Ochotona alpina nitida
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica Nendo White-eye
Balkan Chamois Ochotona nubrica
Nubra Pika Class REPTILIA
Order RODENTIA Order CROCODYLIA
Family SCIURIDAE Family LEPORIDAE Family CROCODYLroAE
Pteromys momonga Lepus othus Crocodylus porosus
Small Japanese Flying-squirrel Alaskan Hare Estuarine Crocodile

242
 Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA Class AMPHIBIA Order ATHERINIFORMES
Family SPHENODONTTOAE Order ANURA Family ATHERINIDAE
Sphenodon punctatus Chilatherina axelrodi
Cook Strait Tuatara Family HYLffiAE Axelrod's Rainbowfish
Litoria castanea
Craterocephalus kailolae
Yellow-spotted Tree Frog
Order SAURIA Kailola's Hardyhead
Litoria dentata
Family GEKKONIDAE Glossolepis maculosus
Bleating Tree Frog
Spotted Rainbowfish
Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus Litoria lesueuri
Gold-striped Gecko Melanotaenia catherinae
Lesueur's Frog
Waigeo Rainbowfish
Hoplodactylus duvauceli Litoria verreauxii
Duvaucel's Gecko Melanotaenia iris
Whistling Tree Frog
Strickland Rainbowfish
Naultinus rudis
Melanotaenia maylandi
Rough Gecko Family HYPEROLiroAE
Mayland's Rainbowfish
Afrixalus aureus
Melanotaenia misoolensis
Family LACERXmAE Golden Dwarf Reed Frog
Misool Rainbowfish
Archaeolacerta monticola Melanotaenia papuae
Iberian Rock Lizard Family LEIOPELMATmAE Papuan Rainbowfish
Lacerta australis Leiopelma hochstetteri Pseudomugil connieae
Southern Rock Lizard Hochstetter's Frog Popondetta Blue-Eye
Pseudomugil furcatus
Family SCINCroAE Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE Forktail Blue-Eye
Cyclodina oliveri Paratelmatobius gaigeae Pseudomugil majusculus
Marbled Skink Cape Blue-Eye
Oligosoma notosaurus Family RANffiAE Rheocles alaotrensis
Southern Skink Katrana
Rana vertebralis
Water Frog Telmatherina bonti
Family VARANfflAE
Varanus flavescens Class ACTINOPTERYGH Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Yellow Monitor
Order CYPRINIFORMES Family APLOCHEILIDAE
Order SERPENTES Family CYPREVmAE Pachypanchax omalonotus
Chondrostoma wiltkommii Rivulus marmoratus
Family VIPERIDAE Rivulus
Discherodontus halei
Vipera raddei
Hemigrammocapoeta kemali
Armenian Viper
Leuciscus carolitertii
Family CYPRINGDONXroAE
Aphanius chantrei
Order TESTUDI>fES Dislisazancik Baligi
Family CATOSTOMIDAE
Cyprinodon atrorus
Family CHELIDAE Moxostoma atripinne
Perrito del Bolson
Emydura signata Blackfin Sucker
Cyprinodon bifasciatus
Brisbane Short-necked Turtle
Perrito de Cuatro Cienegas
Order SILURIFORMES Cyprinodon nazas
Family EMYDmAE Family MOCHOKmAE Cachorrito del Aguanaval
Mauremys annamensis Fundulus lima
Chiloglanis swierstrai
Annam Leaf Turtle Killifish
Lowveld Suckermouth

Family TESTUDINIDAE Order BELONIFORMES

Order SALMONIFORMES
Gopherus berlandieri
Texas Tortoise Family SALMONIDAE Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE
Testudo marginata Coregonus artedii Zenacrhopterus roberisi
Marginated Tortoise Cisco Robert's River Garfish

L 243
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List

Order SCORPAENIFORMES Order ISOPODA Family LIBELLULroAE

Family COTTmAE Family SPHAEROMATmAE Leucorrhinia albifrons

Thermosphaeroma subequalum Leucorrhinia caudalis

Myoxocephatus quadricornis
Fourhom Sculpin
Class INSECTA Class BIVAL VIA
Order PERCIFORMES
Order LEPIDOPTERA Order VENEROmA
Family AMBASSIDAE NYMPHALIDAE
Family
Atnbassis elongatus
Family TRmACNIDAE
Euploea configurata
Yellow-Fin Perchlet Tridacna crocea
Sulawesi Striped Blue Crow
Crocus Clam
Euploea dentiplaga
Family TERAPONTIDAE Seram Crow
Pingalla gilberti Euploea doretta Class GASTROPODA
Gilberts Grunter Pagenstecher's Crow
Euploea eboraci Order MESOGASTROPODA
Bismark Crow
Family KUHLIIDAE Family CYCLOPHORIDAE
Euploea eupator
Kuhlia murginata Sulawesi Pied Crow Craspedoma costata
Spotted Flagtail
Euploea latifasciata
Weymer's Crow
Family TGXOTIDAE Ideopsis klassika Family HYDRGBITOAE
Toxotes oligolepis Seram Small Tree-Nymph
Bythinella reyniesii
Big Scale Archerfish Parantica crowleyi
Bythiospeum bressanum
Crowley's Tiger
Parantica kirbyi Bythiospeum diaphanum
Family CICHLIDAE Kirby's Tiger Graziana lacheineri
Paratilapia polleni Parantica menadensis Graziana pupula
Marakely Manado Yellow Tiger
Moitessieria rolandiana
Parantica pumila
Least Tiger Moitessieria simoniana
Family MUGILCDAE Parantica rotundata
Myxus capensis Fat Tiger Family POMATIASroAE
Freshwater Mullet Parantica weiskei Pomatias raricosta
Weiske's Tiger
Tirumala gautama
Family ELEOTRIDAE Scarce Blue Tiger

Hypseleotris aurea
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
Golden Gudgeon Family PAPBLIONDDAE Family ARIONIDAE
Mogurnda lineata Bhutanitis thaidina Geomalacus maculosus
Kokoda Mogurnda Chinese Three-tailed Swallowtail
Mogurnda orientalis Ornithoptera paradisea
Eastern Mogurnda Paradise Birdwing
Family BULIMULroAE
Ratsirakia legendrei Papilio acheron
Napaeus pygmaeus
Papilio toboroi

Papilio weymeri
Class CRUSTACEA
Family CAMAENIDAE
Order ANOSTRACA Order ODONATA Amplirhagada elevata

Family BRANCHINECTIDAE Family GOMPHroAE Prymnbriareus nimberlinus

Erpetogomphus lampropeUis Setobaudinia collingii

Branchinecta gigas
Giant Fairy Shrimp Ophiogomphus cecilia Torresitrachia crawfordi 1

244

1
Family CHAROPIDAE Family GEOMITRIDAE Family PUPILLIDAE
Semperdon heptaptychius Disculella maderensis Leiostyla fusca

Leiostyla vincta
Family CHONDREMIDAE Family HELICARIONIDAE
Pupilla pupula
Solatopupa guidoni Helicarion australis

Family STREPTAXIDAE
Family COCHLICOPmAE Family HELICELLIDAE
Gonospira funicula
Cochlicopa nitens Cymotheba Corsica
Gulella plantii

Family ENIDAE Family HELICIDAE

Elona quimperiana
Family VERTIGEMDAE
'Napaeus' alabastrinus
GUtenbergeri turriplana Cylindrovertilla kingi

Hemicycla modesta
Family EUCONULIDAE
Hemicycla plicaria Family VITRINroAE
Ctenopkila salaziensis
Trissexodon constrictus Phenacolimax atlantica

Part II : Taxa listed in 1994, now Not Evaluated

Class MAMMALIA Procolobus badius tholloni Family CASTORroAE

Thollon's Red Colobus
Castor canadensis frondator
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Broad-tail Beaver
Order CARNIVORA Castor canadensis mexicanus
Lasiurus cinereus semotus
Hawaiian Hoary Bat Rio Grande Beaver

Myotis formosus bartelsi Family MUSTELmAE Castor fiber birulai

Barter sMyotis Mongolian Beaver
Lutra longicaudis longicaudis
La Plata Otter
Family MURffiAE
Order PRIMATES Lutra lutra lutra
Microtus mexicanus navaho
European Otter
Family LEMURIDAE Microtus pennsylvanicus
Eulemur fulvus mayottensis chihuahuensis
Mayotte Lemur Order ARTIODACTYLA Chihuahua Vole
Reithrodontomys megalotis limicola
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Family BOVIDAE Southern Marsh Harvest Mouse
Cercocebus albigena aterrimus Ammotragus lervia omatus
Black Mangabey Egyptian Barbary Sheep Order MACROSCELroEA
Cercocebus torquatus torquatus Ovis orientalis orientalis
Collared Mangabey Red Sheep
Family MACRGSCELmroAE
Macacafuscata yakui Petrodromus tetradactylus sangi
Four-toed Elephant-shrew
Yakushima Macaque Order RODENTIA
Macaca ochreata brunnescens Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei
Muna-Butung Macaque Family SCIURTOAE Chequered Elephant-shrew
Macaca pagensis pagensis Glaucomys volans goldmani Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni
Mentawai Macaque Mexican Flying Squirrel Henderson's Chequered
Glaucomys volans guerreroensis Elephant-shrew
Macaca tonkeana hecki
Heck's Macaque Guerrero Flying Squirrel

Procolobus badius ellioti Glaucomys volans oaxacensis Class AVES

Elliot's Red Colobus Oaxaca Rying Squirrel
Order STRIGIFORMES
Procolobus badius oustaleti Ratufa indica dealbata
Oustalet's Red Colobus Dangs Giant Squirrel Family STRIOmAE
Procolobus badius tephrosceles Ratufa indica elphinstoni Otus magicus albiventris
Uganda Red Colobus Maharashtra Giant Squirrel Flores Scops-Owl

245
Taxa removed from the 1996 Red List

stresemanni
Ottts spilocephalus Nerodia fasciata taeniata Class
Sumatran Scops-Owl Atlantic Saltmarsh Snake
CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
Nerodia harteri paucimaculata
Order CORACIIFORMES Concho Water Snake Order

Family ALCEDEVIDAE Nerodia sipedon insularum PETROMYZONTIFORMES

Lake Erie Water Snake
Todirhamphus cinnamominus Family PETROMYZONXroAE
miyakoensis Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia
San Francisco Garter Snake
Lampetra tridentata ssp.
Ryukyu Kingfisher Pacific Lamprey

Order PASSERIFORMES Family VIPERffiAE

Crotalus willardi obscurus
Class ACTINOPTERYGn
Family COTINGroAE New Mexican Ridge-nosed
Laniisoma elegans elegans Rattlesnake Order CYPRINIFORMES
Shrike-like Cotinga
Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana Family CYPRINmAE
Class REPTILIA Transcaucasian Long-nosed Viper
Cyprinella sp.
Sardinita Nazas
Order SAURIA
Order TESTUDEVES Dionda episcopa ssp.
Family AMELLffiAE Roundnose Minnow
Anniella pulchra nigra
Family EMYDTOAE
Gila bicolor ssp.
Black Legless Lizard Trackemys scripta callirostris
Tui Chub
Colombian Slider
Gila robusta ssp.
Family IGUANffiAE Trachemys stejnegeri malonei
Roundtail Chub
Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei Inagua Island Turtle
San Diego Homed Lizard
Lepidomeda mollispinis ssp.
Trachemys terrapen felis Virgin Spinedace
Cat Island Freshwater Turtle
Family LACERTTOAE Pseudorasbora pumila ssp.
Ushimotsugo
Podarcis filfolemis filfolensis
Filfola Lizard Family TESTUDINffiAE Rhinichthys cataractae ssp.
Longnose Dace
Testudo graeca graeca
Family SCINCIDAE Spur-thighed Tortoise Rhinichthys osculus ssp.
Speckled Dace
Eulamprus tympanum ssp. Testudo hermanni boettgeri
Dreeite Water Skink Eastern Hermann's Tortoise
Gongylomorphus bojerii fontenayi
Macabe Forest Skink Family CATOSTOMIDAE
Catostomus sp.
Class AMPfflBIA
Family VARANTOAE Salish Sucker

Varanus griseus caspius Catostomus catostomus lacustris

Order ANURA Jasper Longnose Sucker
Central Asian Desert Monitor
Family DISCOGLOSSroAE Catostomus clarki intermedius
Order SERPENTES Discoglossus jeanneae White River Sucker

Family BOmAE Catostomus dicobolus yarrowi

Family HYLffiAE Zuni Bluehead Sucker
Charina bottae umbratica
Rubber Boa Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis Catostomus occidentalis
Illinois Chorus Frog lacusanserinus
Epicrates striatus fosteri
Goose Lake Sucker
Bahamas Boa
Catostomus rimiculus ssp.
Order CAUDATA Jenny Creek Sucker
Family COLUBRroAE
Drymarchon corais couperi Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE Chasmistes liorus liorus
Eastern Indigo Snake June Sucker
Ambystoma dumerilii dumerilii
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Lake Patzcuaro Salamander Chasmistes liorus mictus
San Joaquin Coachwhip June Sucker
Ambystoma macrodactylum
Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus croceum Moxostoma sp.
Almeda Striped Racer Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Bighead Redhorse

246

J
Order SILURIFORMES Empetrichthys latos pahrump Mogurnda sp. 6
Pahrump Ranch Poolfish Malas Gudgeon
Family ICTALURIDAE
Mogurnda adspersa
Ictalurus sp.
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Purple Spotted Gudgeon
Bagre de Cuatro Cienegas
Family GASTEROSTEroAE
Family BAGRmAE Gasterosteus sp. 1 Family GOBimAE
Pseudobagrus sp. Giant Stickleback
Glossogobius sp. 1

Gibachi Gasterosteus sp. 2 Mountain Goby

Enos Stickleback
Glossogobius sp. 2
Family PLOTOSIDAE Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae Irian Goby
Neosilurus sp. 1 Santa Ana Stickleback
Glossogobius sp. 3
Dalhousie Catfish Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni
Robert's Goby
Neosilurus sp. 2 Unarmored Threespine Stickleback
Glossogobius sp. 4
Cooper Creek Tandan Pungitius sp.
Bluntsnout Goby
Neosilurus sp. 3 Musashitomiyo
False Spine Catfish Glossogobius sp. 5
Sentani Goby
Tandanus sp. Order PERCIFORMES
Belinger River Tandan Glossogobius sp. 6
Family TERAPGNXroAE Fly River Goby
Scortum sp.
Order SALMONIFORMES Angalarri Grunter
Glossogobius sp. 7
Kutubu Goby
Family SALMONIDAE
Glossogobius sp. 8
Coregonus sp. 1 Family CENTRARCHTOAE Bighead Goby
Opeongo Whitefish Lepomis megalotis ssp.
Glossogobius sp. 9
Coregonus sp. 2 Mojarra de Cuatro Cienegas
Ramu Goby
Squanga Whitefish Micropterus salmoides ssp.
Glossogobius sp. 10
Oncorhynchus sp. Robalo de Cuatro Cienegas
Mulgrave Goby
Trucha de Yaqui
Family ELASSOMATmAE Pseudogobiopsis sp.
Oncorhynchus clarki ssp.
Red-spotted Goby
Cutthroat Trout Elassoma sp.
Spring Pygmy Sunfish
Order OPHIDIIFORMES
Family BYTHITmAE
Family PERCTOAE Class CRUSTACEA
Etheostoma sp.
Typhliasina sp.
Dardo de Cuatro Cienegas Order ANASPmACEA
Nueva Dama Ciega
Family ANASPIDIDAE
Family CICHLIDAE
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Anaspides sp.
Oreochromis alcalicus grahami
Syncarid Shrimps
Family CYPRINODONTIDAE Lake Magadi Tilapia
Cyprinodon eximius ssp.
Conchos Pupfish Family EMBIOTOCroAE Order ISOPODA
Cyprinodon macularius ssp. Hysterocarpus traskipomo Family PHREATOICIDAE
Desert Pupfish Russian River Tule Perch
Mesacanthotelson setosis
Cyprinodon nevadensis ssp.
Amargosa Pupfish Family ELEOTRIDAE
Family STYLONISCIDAE
Cyprinodon salinus milleri Mogurnda sp. I

Cottonball Marsh Pupfish False-Spotted Gudgeon Styloniscus sp. 1

Cyprinodon salinus salinus Mogurnda sp. 2

Salt Creek Pupfish Flinders Ranges Gudgeon
Class INSECTA
Mogurnda sp. 3
Family GOODEroAE Karamui Gudgeon Order BLATTARIA
Empetrichthys latos concavus Mogurnda sp. 4
Raycraft Ranch Poolfish Wau Gudgeon Family BLATTIDAE
Empetrichthys latos latos Mogurnda sp. 5 Aspiduchus cavernicola
Pahnimp Poolfish Highlands Gudgeon Tuna Cave Roach

247
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List

Order COLEOPTERA Cicindela marginata Brown-tassel Weevil

Tiger Beetle Trigonoscuta dorothea dorothea
Family ANOBIIDAE Dorothy's El Segundo Dune Weevil
Cicindela nevadica olmosa
Holcobius pikoensis Los Olmos Tiger Beetle Trigonoscuta doyeni
Piko Anobiid Beetle Doyen's Dune Weevil
Cicindela nigrocoerula subtropica
Subtropical Blue-Black Tiger Beetle Unas piceus
Family ANTHICmAE
Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenalis
Anthicus antiochensis Neojuvenile Tiger Beede Family DYTISCIDAE
Antioch Dunes Beetle
Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima Agabus rumppi
Greenest Tiger Beetle Death Valley Agabus Diving Beetle
Family CARABIDAE
Aglymbus bimaculatus
Agonum belleri Family CURCULIONIDAE
Belief's Ground Beetle Aglymbus bromeliarum
Anagotus fairbumi
Aplothorax burchelli Colymbetes piceus
Flax Weevil
Mormolyce phyllodes Deronectes costipennis
Anagotus stephenensis
Ghost Walker Beetle Stephen's Island Weevil Deronectes wewatkai
Rhadine persephone Anagotus turbotti Desmopachria conchramis
Tooth Cave Ground Beetle Turbott's Weevil Fig Seed Diving Beetle
Sphaeroderus schaumi shenandoah Deinocossonus nesiotes Dytiscus lapponicus disjunctus
Schaum's Blue Ridge Ground Beetle Oahu Nesiotes Weevil Haideoporus texanus
Dysticheus rotundicollis Texas Cave Beetle
Family CERAMBYCIDAE Antioch Dune Weevil Hydaticus decorus
Aeschrithmysus dubautianus Hadramphus spinipennis Hydaticus okalehubyi
Aeschrithmysus swezeyi Coxella Weevil Hydroporus elusivus
Aeschrithmysus terryi Hadramphus stilbocarpae Elusive Diving Beetle
Crossidius mojavensis mojavensis Knobbled Weevil Hydroporus folkertsi
Mojave Rabbitbrush Longhom Beetle Heteramphus filicum Folkert's Diving Beetle
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Heterexis seticostatus Hydroporus hirsutus
Valley Elderberry Longhom Beetle Woolly Diving Beetle
Karocolens pittospori
Dryobius sexnotatus Hydroporus humilis
Lyperobius huttoni
Six-banded Longhom Beetle
Wellington Speargrass Weevil Hydroporus leechi
Necydalis rudei Leech's Skyline Diving Beetle
Megacolabus sculpturatus
Rude's Longhom Beetle
Microcryptorhynchus orientissimus Hydroporus mariannae
Nesithmysus bridwelli
Miloderes nelsoni Hydroporus oasis
Nesithmysus frobesi
Nelson's Weevil Hydroporus productus
Nesithmysus haasi
Miloderes rulieni Hydroporus spangleri
Nesithmysus swezeyi Rulien's Weevil Spangler's Diving Beetle
Nesotocus giffordi Hydroporus sulphurius
Family CHRYSOMELmAE Gifford's Weevil Sulphur Springs Diving Beetle
Donacia idola Nesotocus kauaiensis Hydroporus utahensis
Bog Idol Leaf Beetle Kauai Weevil Utah Diving Beetle
Nesotocus munroi Hygrotus curvipes
Family CICINDELIDAE Munro's Weevil Curved-foot Diving Beetle
Cicindela arenicola
Nothaldonis peaci Hygrotus diversipes
Idaho Dunes Tiger Beetle
Oclandius laeviusculus Narrow-foot Diving Beetle
Cicindela cazieri
Onchobarus langei Hygrotus fontinalis
Cazier's Tiger Beetle
Lange's El Segundo Dune Weevil Travertine Band-thigh Diving Beetle
Cicindela chlorocephala smythi
Pentarthrum obscura Hygrotus sylvanus
Smyth's Tiger Beetle
Obscure Weevil Sylvan Diving Beetle
Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis
Pentarthrum pritchardias Hyphydrus dani
North-eastern Beach Tiger Beetle
Rhyncogonus hendersoni Lacconectus birmanicus
Cicindela latesignata obliviosa
Oblivious Tiger Beetle Stenotrupis pritchardiae Lacconectus corayi

Cicindela limbata albissima

Coral Pink Dunes Tiger Beetle
Nihoa Weevil
Trigonoscuta brunnotesselata
Lacconectus heinertzi
Lacconectus javanicus
I

248

i
Lacconectus laccophiloides Optioservus browni Chaetarthria utahensis
Lacconectus minutus Brown's Riffle Beetle Utah Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus muluensis Optioservus canus Cymbiodyta arizonica
Pinnacles Riffle Beetle Arizona Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus oceanicus
Optioservus phaeus Hydrochara rickseckeri
Lacconectus pulcher
Scott Riffle Beetle Ricksecker's Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus punctatus
Stenelmis calida calida Paracymus seclusus
Lacconectus punctipennis Devil's Hole Warm Spring Riffle Seclusive Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus ritsemae Beetle

Lacconectus sabahensis Stenelmis calida moapa Family LAMPYRIDAE

Moapa Warm Springs Riffle Beetle
Platynectes buruensis Micronaspis floridana
Stenelmis douglasensis Florida Intertidal Firefly
Platynectes decastigma
Douglas Riffle Beetle
Pleurodytes dineutoides Photuris brunnipennis floridana
Zaitzeva thermae Everglades Browing Firefly
Potamonectes canariensis Warm Spring Riffle Beetle
Potamonectes cazorlensis Family LUCANIDAE
Potamonectes insignis Family EUCNEMIDAE
Apterocychus honoluluensis
Potamonectes lanceolatus Paleoxenus dohmi Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle
Dohm's Elegant Eucnemid Beetle
Potamonectes walkeri Dorcus auriculatus
Rhantus crypticus Dorcus ithaginis
Family GEOTRUPIDAE
Rhantus limbatus
Typhaeus hiostius
Sandracottus baeri Family MELOIDAE
Sandracottus bizonatus Lytta hoppingi
Family GYRINIDAE Hopping's Blister Beetle
Sandracottus chevrolati
Spanglerogyrus albiventris Lytta inseperata
Sandracottus maculatus Red Hills Unique Whirligig Beetle Mojave Desert Blister Beetle
Sandracottus rotundatus
Lytta mirifica
Family HALIPLmAE Anthony Blister Beetle
Family ELATERTOAE Brychius hungerfordi Lytta moesta
Amychus candezei Hungerford's Crawling Water Beetle
Moestan Blister Beetle
Chatham Island Amychus Haliplus nitens
Lytta molesta
Amychus granulatus Disjunct Crawling Water Beetle
Molestan Blister Beetle
Cook Strait Amychus Lytta morrisoni
Eanus hatchi Family HYDRAENmAE Morrison's Blister Beetle
Gymnochthebius maureenae
Family ELIVUNTHEDAE Maureen's Minute Moss Beetle Family PSEPHENTOAE
Atractelmis wawona Hydraena maureenae Acneus beeri
Wawawona Riffle Beetle Maureen's Moss Beetle Beer's False Water Penny Beetle

Cylloepus parkeri Limnebius aridus Acneus burnelli

Parker's Riffle Beetle Animas Minute Moss Beetle Bumell's False Water Penny Beetle
Dubiraphia brunnescens Limnebius texanus Alabamaubria starki
Brownish Riffle Beetle Texas Minute Moss Beetle Stark's False Water Penny Beetle

Dubiraphia giulianii Limnebius utahensis Dicranopselaphus variegatus

Giuliani's Riffle Beetle Utah Minute Moss Beetle Variegated False Water Penny Beetle

Dubiraphia parva Ochthebius crassalus Psephenus arizonensis

Little Riffle Beetle Wing-shoulder Minute Moss Beetle Arizona Water Penny Beetle
Dubiraphia robusta Ochthebius putnamensis Psephenus montanus
Robust Riffle Beetle Indiana Minute Moss Beetle White Mountains Water Penny Beetle
Heterelmis stephani Ochthebius recticulus
Stephan's Riffle Beetle Wilbur Springs Minute Moss Beetle Family SCARABAEIDAE
Huleechius marroni carolus Aegialia haroyi
Marron's San Carlos Riffle Beetle Family HYDROPHILIDAE Hardy's Scarab Beetle
Microcylloepus browni Chaetarthria leechi Aegialia magnifica
Brown's Riffle Beetle Leech's Water Scavenger Beetle Large Scarab Beetle

249
Taxa removed from the 1996 Red List

Anomala exigua Family TROGmAE Asaphomyia floridensis

Exiguous Scarab Beetle Florida Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly
Trox howelli
Anomala eximia Caracara Commensal Scarab Beetle Asaphomyia texanus
Archbold Scarab Beetle Texas Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly
Anomala tibialis COLLEMBOLA Merycomyia brunnea
Order
Tibial Scarab Beetle Brown Merycomyian Tabanid Fly
Aphodius fordi
Family NEANURIDAE
Ford's Beetle Acanthanura dendyi Order EPHEMEROPTERA
Aphodius troglodytes Acanthanura sp. Family BAETDDAE
Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle
Megalanura tasmaniae Heterocleon berneri
Ataenius superficialis Womersleymeria bicornis Bemer's Two- winged Mayfly
Big Pine Key Dung Beetle
Womersleymeria sp. I

Ataenius woodruffi
Womersleymeria sp.2 Family BEHNESGimAE
Woodruffs Dung Beetle
Dolania americana
Copris gopheri American Sand-burrowing Mayfly
Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle Order DIPTERA
Cyclocephala miamiensis Family ACROCERroAE Family CAENmAE
Miami Roundhead Scarab Beetle Eulonchus marialiciae Brachycercus flavus
Dynastes hercules glaseri Mary Alice's Small-headed Fly Yellow Mayfly
Dynastes hercules hercules
Hercules Beetle Family APIOCERIDAE Family EPHEMERELLmAE
Dynastes hercules reidi Raphiomydas triochilus Ceratella frisoni
Hercules Beetle Valley Mydas Fly Prison's Mayfly
Glaresis arenata Ceratella spiculosa
Kelso Dune Scarab Beetle Family ASILIDAE Spicluose Mayfly
Gronocarus multispinosus Cophura hurdi Ephemerella argo
Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab Beetle Antioch Robberfly Argo Mayfly
Lichnanthe albopilosa
Efferia antiochi
White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle Antioch Robberfly Family EPHEMERmAE
Lichnanthe ursina Metapogon hurdi Ephemera compar
Pacific Sand Bear Scarab Beetle Colorado Burrowing Mayfly
Hurd's Robberfly
Mycotrupes pedester Ephemera triplex
Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab ASTEIIDAE West Virginia Burrowing Mayfly
Family
Beetle
Bryania bipunctata
Onthophagus polyphemi Family HEPTAGENIIDAE
Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid Fly
Commensal Scarab Beetle
Tortoise
Pseudirion meridionalis
Oryctes chevrolati
Family EMPromAE Meridion Blackwater Mayfly
Peltotrupes youngi
Ocala Burrowing Scarab Beetle
Chersodromia hawaiiensis
Hawaiian Dance Fly
Family OLIGONEURIIDAE
Polylamina pubescens Homoeoneuria cahabensis
Woody Gulf Dune Scarab Beetle Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly
Family EPHYDRIDAE
Polyphylla anteronivea Homoeoneuria dolani
Paracoenia calida
Saline Valley Snow-front Scarab Blackwater Sand-filtering Mayfly
Wilber Springs Shore Fly
Polyphylla avittata
Spotted Warner Valley Dunes Scarab Family SIPHLONURIDAE
Family MYCETOPHILroAE
Polyphylla barbata Ameletus falsus
Barbate Scarab Beetle Arachnocampa tasmaniensis
False Mayfly
Polyphylla nubila Isonychia diversa
Atascodera Scarab Beetle Family SYRPHmAE
Diverse Mayfly
Serica frosti Mixogaster delongi
Frost's Spring Scarab Beetle Delong's Flower Fly
Order HEMIPTERA
Serica tantula
Tantula Scarab Beetle Family TABANIDAE Family BELOSTOMAXroAE
Trigonopelastes floridana Apatalestea rossi Belostoma saratogae
Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab Beetle Ross's Apatalestes Tabanid Fly Saratoga Springs Bug

250
Family LYGAEIDAE Nesidiolestes selium Family TETTIGARCXroAE
Metrarga obscura Selium Wingless Thread Bug
Tettigarcta tormentosa
Mauna Loa Seed Bug Siacella smithi

Neseis alternatus
Smith's Reduviid Bug
Kauai Band-legged Seed Bug Order HYMENOPTERA
Neseis haleakalae
Family RHOPALmAE Family ANDRENIDAE
Mount Haleakala Seed Bug Ithamar annectans
Perdita hirticeps luteocincta
Annectans Bug
Nesocryptias villosa Yellow Banded Andrenid Bee
Villosan Flightless Seed Bug Ithamar hawaiiensis
Hawaiian Bug Perdita scitula antiochensis
Nysius frigatensis Antioch Andrenid Bee
French Frigate Shoal Seed Bug
Nysius neckerensis
Order HOMOPTERA Family BETHYLIDAE
Necker Goosefoot Seed Bug Family APHIDmAE Sclerodermus nihoaensis
Nysius nihoae Ceriferella leucopogonis Nihoa Sclerodermus Wasp
Nihoae Seed Bug
Nysius sulfusus Family CICADELLIDAE Family EUPELMIDAE
Necker Bunchgrass Seed Bug
Felexamia rubranura Eupelmus nihoaensis
Oceanides bryani Red-veined Prairie Leafhopper Nihoa Eupelmus Wasp
Bryan's Seed Bug
Oceanides perkensi Family CICADIDAE Family MUTILLffiAE
Perkin's Oceanides Seed Bug
Maoricicada myersi
Myrmosula pacifica
Oceanides rugosiceps Myers' Cicada
Antioch Mutillid Wasp
Rough-headed Seed Bug
Family CIXimAE
Family MACROVELimAE Oliarus consimilis
Family SPHECIDAE
Oravelia pege Kauai Parti-coloured Planthopper Deinomimesa hawaiiensis
Dry Creek Cliff Strider Bug Oliarus discrepans
Hawaiian Sphecid Wasp
Wild Cotton Planthopper Deinomimesa punae
Family MESOVELIIDAE Oliarus lanaiensis Puna Sphecid Wasp
Lanai Planthopper Ectemnius curtipes
Cavaticovelia aaa
Aaa Water Treader-Bug Oliarus lihue Short-foot Sphecid Wasp
Lihue Planthopper Ectemnius fulvicrus
Oliarus myoporicola Brown Cross Sphecid Wasp
Family MIRIDAE
Barber's Point Planthopper Ectemnius giffardi
Cyrtopeltis phyllostegiae
Giffard's Sphecid Wasp
Mirid Leaf Bug
Family DELPHACmAE Ectemnius haleakalae
Kalania hawaiiensis
Nesorestias filicicola Haleakala Sphecid Wasp
Lanai Leaf Bug
Mt Tantalus Shortwing Fern Ectemnius nesocrabo bidecoratus
Planthopper Bidecoratus Sphecid Wasp
Family NAUCORIDAE Nesosydne acuta Eucerceris ruficeps
Ambrysus amargosus lao Valley Planthopper Redheaded Sphecid Wasp
Ash Meadows Bug Nesosydne bridwelli Nesomimesa kauaiensis
Pelocoris shoshone Bridewell's Planthopper
Wasp
Kauai Sphecid
Amargosa Bug Nesosydne cyrtandrae Nesomimesa perkins
Nahiku Planthopper
Family REDUViroAE Nesomimesa sciopteryx
Nesosydne cyrtandricola
Shade-winged Sphecid Wasp
Empicoris pulchrus Glenwood Planthopper
Philanthus nasalis
Pulchrus Thread Bug Nesosydne kuschei
Antioch Sphecid Wasp
Nesidiolestes ana Kusche's Planthopper
Ana Wingless Thread Bug Nesosydne leahi
Diamond Head Planthopper Family VESPTOAE
Nesidiolestes insularis
Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread Nesosydne longipes Odynerus niihauensis
Bug Long-footed Planthopper Niihau Vespid Wasp
Nesidiolestes roberti Nesosydne sulcata Odynerus soror
Robert's Wingless Thread Bug Keanae Planthopper Soror Vespid Wasp

251
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List

Order LEPIDOPTERA Rare Skipper Lepidochrysops methymna dicksoni

Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus Lepidochrysops areas areas
Family ACRAEIDAE
Wandering Skipper Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis
Acraea hova
Syrichtus cribrellum Lotis Blue
Acraea sambavae Spinose Skipper
Lycaeides melissa samuelis
Syrichtus tessellum Kamer Blue
Family CARPOSINTOAE Tessellated Skipper
Lycaena dorcas claytoni
Heterocrossa viridis Tsitana dicksoni Clayton's Copper
Green Carposinid Moth Dickson's Sylph
Maculinea teleius burdigalensis

Family COCHYLffiAE Scarce Large Blue

Family LYCAENTOAE
Carolella busckana Mitoura gryneus sweadneri
Aloeides dentatis dentatis
Busk's Gall Moth Sweadner's Hairstreak
Aloeides dentatis maseruna
Notarthrinus binghami
Family GELECHimAE Aloeides trimeni southeyae
Oreolyce dohertyi
Argyrocupha malagrida Naga Hedge Blue
Kiwaiajeanae
cedrusmontana
Lion's Head Copper Ornipholidotos peucetia penningtoni
Family GEOMETRmAE White Mimic
Argyrocupha malagrida malagrida
Acalyphes philorites Lion's Head Copper Panchala ganesa loomisi
Dirce aesiodora Tailless Blue
Argyrocupha malagrida maryae
Dirce lunaris Lion's Head Copper Phasis thero cedarbergae
Dirce oriplancta Argyrocupha malagrida paarlensis Philotiella speciosa bohartorum
Dirce Solaris Lion's Head Copper Bohart's Blue

Fletcherana ioxantha Bowkeria phosphor borealis Plebejus emigdionis

loxantha Looper Moth Bowkeria phosphor phosphor San Emigdio Blue

Callophrys mossii bayensis Plebejus icarioides missionensis

Family GRACILLARimAE San Bruno Elfin Mission Blue
Petrochroa neckerensis Cyclyrius mandersi Poecilmitis brooksi tearei
Necker Leaf-miner Moth
Durbania amakosa albescens Poecilmitis nigricans nigricans
Phildoria wilkesiella Blue Jewel Copper
Durbania amakosa flavida
Euphilotes battoides comstocki Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae
Family HEPIALIDAE Blue Jewel Copper
Comstock's Blue
Leto venus
Euphilotes bernardino allyni Poecilmitis pyroeis hersaleki
Silver Spotted Ghost Moth
El Segundo Blue Pseudalmenus chlorinda chlorinda
Zelotypia stacyi
Euphilotes enoptes smithi Pseudalmenus chlorinda conara
Bent Wing Swift Moth
Smith's Blue
Shijimiaeoides langstoni langstoni
Family HESPERIIDAE Euphilotes rita mattonii
Langston's Blue
Mattoni's Blue
Antipodia chaostola leucophaea Spindasis collinsi
Everes comyntas texanus
Epargyreus antaeus Strymon acis bartrami
Texas Tailed Blue
Epargyreus spana Bartram's Hairstreak
Glaucopsyche lygdamus
Euscheman rafflesia palosverdesensis Styx infernalis
Hesperia leonard montana Palos Verdes Blue Thestor dicksoni calviniae
Pawnee Montane Skipper Hemiargus thomasi bethune-bakeri Dickson's Thestor
Hesperilla mastersi marakupa Miami Blue Butterfly Thestor dicksoni dicksoni
Kedestes barerae bunta Icaricia icarioides missionensis Dickson's Thestor
Barber's Ranger Mission Blue Thestor montanus pictus
Kedestes chaca Icaricia icarioides moroensis
Tuxentius melaena griqua
Metisella syrinx Moro Bay Blue
Uranothauma usambarae
Bamboo Sylph Icaricia icarioides pheres

Oreisplanus tnunionga larana Pheres Blue

Panoquina panoquinoides errans lolaus diametra natalica Family MEGATH'VTVIIDAE

Salt Marsh Skipper Lepidochrysops jamesi classensi maculosus
Stallingsia
Problema bulenta Lepidochrysopsjamesijamesi Manfreda Giant Skipper

252
Family NOCTUTOAE Hypolimnas antevorta Troides aeacus kaguya
Catocala marmorata Hypolimnas dubius drucei
Marbled Underwing Moth Neptis manasa
Family PIERTOAE
Catocala pretiosa Pale Hockeystick Sailer Artogeia virginiensis
Precious Underwing Moth West Virginia White
Phalanta philiberti
Erythroecia hebardi Belenois orgygia
Neptis nycteas
Hebard's Noctuid Moth Euchloe hyantis andrewsi
Neptis sankara nar
Lithophane lemmeri Andrew's Marble Butterfly
Phyciodes batesi
Lemmer's Noctuid Moth Mylothris carcassoni
Tawny Crescent Butterfly
Pyreferra ceromatica Pieris krueperi devta
Salamis angustina
Ceromatic Noctuid Moth
Salamis Retrecie
Family PYRALIDAE
Salamis angustina angustina
Family NYMPHALIDAE Kupea electilis
Salamis Retrecie
Anaeafloridalis Margaronia cyanomichla
Salamis angustina vinsoni
Florida Leafwing Blue Margaronian
Sasakia charonda
Antanartia borbonica Margaronia exaula
Satyrodes eurydice fumosa
Antanartia borbonica mauritiana Green Margaronian
Smokey Eyed Brown Butterfly
Apaturopsis kilusa Oeoblia dryadopa
Smerina manoro Ohenaupaka Oeobian Moth
Apaturopsis pauliani
Speyeria adiaste atossa
Charaxes cowani Atossa Family RIODINIDAE
Charaxes druceanus entabeni Speyeria callippe callippe
Silver Barred Charaxes
Apodemia mormo langei
Callippe Silverspot
Lange's Metalmark
Charaxes druceanus williamsi Speyeria hydaspe conquista
Charaxes durnfordi nicholi Silverspot
Family SATYRIDAE
Chestnut Rajah Speyeria idalia
Cercyonis sthenele sthenele
Charaxes karkloof capensis Regal Fritillary
Sthenele Wood Nymph
Charaxes marieps Speyeria nokomis caerulescens
Erebia annada annada
Charaxes usambarae Blue Silverspot
Erebia gorgone
Charaxes xiphares desmondi Speyeria nokomis nokomis Gavamie Ringlet
Great Basin Silverspot
Charaxes xiphares xiphares Erebia narasingha narasingha
Western Forest Emperor Speyeria zerene behrensii
Erebia ottomana
Behren's Silverspot
Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda Ottoman Brassy Ringlet
Battling Glider Speyeria zerene hippolyta
Erebia scipio
Oregon Silverspot
Cymothoe amaniensis Larche Ringlet
Speyeria zerene myrtleae
Cymothoe aurivillii Erebia sthennyo
Myrtle's Fritillary
Cymothoe magambae False Dewy Ringlet

Cymothoe melanjae Family PAPILIONIDAE Erebia sudetica

Sudeten Ringlet
Cymothoe teita Eurytides lysithous harrisianus
Lethe distans
Doleschallia bisaltide andamana Harris' Mimic Swallowtail
Scarce Red Forester
Andaman Leafwing Graphium alebion chungianus
Lethe dura gammiei
Euphydryas editha bayensis Graphium antiphates ceylonicus
Bay Checkerspot Butterfly Lethe europa tamuna
Sri Lankan Five-bar Swordtail
Lethe gemina gafuri
Euphydryas editha monoensis Papilio aristodemus ponceanus
Mono Checkerspot Butterfly Schaus' Swallowtail Lethe margaritae
Euryphura achlys Papilio desmondi teita Lethe ocellata lyncus
Mottled Green Taita Blue-banded Papilio Lethe ramadeva
Euthalia malapana Papilio phorbanta nana Lethe satyavati
Euxanthe madagascariensis Pamassius apollo vinningensis Neonympha mitchelli mitchelli
Fabriciana elisa Mitchell's Satyr Butterfly
Pamassius clodius shepardii
Corsican Fritillary Shepard's Clodius Parnassian Pararge menava maeroides
Heliconius charitonius peruvianus Pamassius clodius strohbeeni Stygionympha dicksoni
Heteronympha cordacea comptena Strohbeen's Clodius Parnassian Dickson's Brown

253
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List

Ypthima dohertyi persimilis Family RHAPHIDOPHORroAE Order THYSANURA

Pristoceuthophilus sp. Family MACHILIDAE
Family SESITOAE Samwell Cave Cricket
Machiloides heteropus
Synanthedon castaneae Hawaiian Long-palp Bristletail
Chestnut Clearwing Moth Family STENOPELMATIDAE
Machiloides perkinsi
Deinacrida sp.
Perkin's Club-palp Bristletail
Family SPHESCroAE Mahoenui Giant Weta
Deinacrida carinata
Celerio wilsoni perkinsi Order TRICHOPTERA
Herekopare Island Weta
Euproserpinus euterpe
Deinacrida tibiospina Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE
Kem Primrose Sphinx Moth
Nelson Alpine Weta Agapetus artesus
Manduca blackburni
Hemiandrus sp. Artesian Caddisfly
Blackburn's Sphinx Moth
Tusked Weta Agapetus denningi
Hemidaina ricta Denning' s Caddisfly
Family TORTRICIDAE
Banks Peninsula Weta Agapetus medicus
Grapholitha edwardsiana Arkansas Caddisfly
San Francisco Tree Lupine
Order PLECOPTERA Protoptila area
Spheterista oheoheana San Marcos Caddisfly
Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth Family CAPNIIDAE
Spheterista pterotropiana Capnia lacustra Family HYDROPTILroAE
Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Lake Tahoe Benthic Stonefly
Moth Hydroptila decia
Knoxville Micro Caddisfly
Spheterista reynoldsiana Family EUSTHENimAE
Wallupe Leaf-Roller Moth Neotrichia kitae
Eusthenia reticulata Kite's Micro Caddisfly

Ochrotrichia alsea
Order MECOPTERA Family LEUCTRIDAE Alsea Micro Caddisfly
Family APTEROPANORPIDAE Leuctra szczytkoi Ochrotrichia contorta
Schoolhouse Springs Stonefly Contorted Micro Caddisfly
Apteropanorpa tasmanica
Ochrotrichia phenosa
Order NEUROPTERA Family NEMGURmAE Deschutes Micro Caddisfly
Lednia tumana Ochrotrichia provosti
Family HEMEROBimAE Meltwater Stonefly Provost's Micro Caddisfly
Nesothauma halakalae Nemours wahkeena Ochrotrichia vertreesi
Haleakala Spongillafly Wahkeena Falls Flightless Stonefly Vertree's Micro Caddisfly
Pseudopsectra cookeorum Oxyethira florida
Cooke's Spongillafly Family NOTONEMOURIDAE Florida Micro Caddisfly
Pseudopsectra lobipennis Kimminsoperla biloba
Lobe-wing Spongillafly Family KOKIRIIDAE
Kimminsoperla williamsi
Pseudopsectra swezeyi Taskiria mccubbini
Swezey's Spongillafly
Family PELTOPERLmAE Taskropsyche lacustris
Pseudopsectra usingeri
Soliperlafenderi
Usinger's Spongillafly
Fender's Stonefly Family LEPIDOSTOMATroAE
Lepidostoma fischeri
Family ITHONIDAE Family PERLIDAE Fischer's Caddisfly
Oliarces clara Beloneuria georgiana Lepidostotna goedeni
Georgia Stonefly Goeden's Caddisfly
Family MYRMELEONTIDAE Beloneuria jamesae
Eidoleon perjurus Cheaha Stonefly Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Molokai Antlion Hansonoperla appalachia Ceraclea floridana
Hanson's Appalachian Stonefly Florida Longhom Caddisfly
Order ORTHOPTERA Ceraclea vertreesi
Family TAENIOPTERYGroAE Vertree's Caddisfly
Family ACRmiDAE
Taeniopteryx starki Oecetis parva
Podismopsis transsylvanica Leon River Stonefly Little Longhom Caddisfly

254
Westriplectes pedderensis Rhyacophila haddocki Carunculina pullus
Haddock's Caddisfly Savannah Lilliput
Family LIMNEPHILIDAE Rhyacophila lineata Dysnomia brevidens
Castle Crags Caddisfly Cumberlandian Combshell
Apatania tavala
Cascades Caddisfly Rhyacophila mosana Dysnomia capsaeformis
Bilobed Caddisfly Oyster Mussel
Archaeophylax vernalis
Rhyacophila spinata Dysnomia Jlorentina curtisi
Cryptochia excella
Spiny Caddisfly Curtis Pearlymussel
Kings Canyon Caddisfly
Rhyacophila unipunctata Dysnomia Jlorentina florentina
Cryptochia neosa
One-spot Caddisfly Yellow-blossom
Blue Mountains Caddisfly
Dysnomia florentina walkeri
Ecclisomyia bilera
Family SERICOSTOMATIDAE Tan Riffleshell
King's Creek Caddisfly
Agarodes ziczac Dysnomia metastriata
Farula davisi
Zigzag Blackwater Caddisfly Upland Combshell
Green Springs Mountain Caddisfly
Dysnomia obliquata obliquata
Farulajewetti
Family STENOPSYCHIDAE Catspaw
Mount Hood Caddisfly
Stenopsychodes lineata Dysnomia obliquata perobliqua
Farula reaperi
White Catspaw
Tombstone Prairie Caddisfly

Glyphopsyche missouri
Order ZORAPTERA Dysnomia othcaloogensis
Southern Acomshell
Missouri Caddisfly Family ZOROT'iTIDAE
Dysnomia penita
Limnephilus alconura Zorolypus swezeyi Southern Combshell
Kiamath Caddisfly Swezey's Zoroapteran
Dysnomia torulosa gubemaculum
Limnephilus atercus
Green-blossom
Fort Dick Caddisfly Class ONYCHOPHORA Dysnomia torulosa rangiana
Neothramma andersoni Northern Riffleshell
Colombian Gorge Caddisfly Order ONYCHOPHORA
Dysnomia torulosa torulosa
Oligophlebodes mostbento Family PERIPATOPSmAE Tubercled-blossom
Tombstone Prairie Oligophlebodes
Tasmanipatus barretti Dysnomia triquetra
Philocasca oron Snuffbox
Clatsop Caddisfly
Class BIVALVIA Dysnomia turgidula
Turgid-blossom
Family ODONTOCERIDAE Order UNIONOmA Elliptio jayensis
Psilotreta hansoni Family HYRIIDAE Flat Spike

Hyridella moretonicus marsupiobesa

Elliptio
Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE Cape Fear Spike
Dolophilodes oregona Family MARGARITIFERIDAE Elliptio waccamawensis
Oregon Caddisfly Waccamaw Spike
Margaritifera monodonta
Spectacle Case Lampsilis australis
Family PHILORHEITHRIDAE Southern Sandshell
Ramiheithrus kocinus Family UNIONIDAE Lampsilis salinasensis
Salina Mucket
Alasmidonta arcula
Family PLECTROTARSmAE Altamaha Arcmussel Lampsilis subangulata
Nanoplectrus truchnasi Shinyrayed Pocketbook
Alasmidonta atropurpurea
Cumberland Elktoe Leguminaia compressa
Family POLYCENTROPODroAE Alasmidonta heterodon Nephronaias sloatianus
Tasmanoplegas spilota Dwarf Wedge Mussel Purple Bankclimber

Alismodonta varicosa Quadrula cylindrica strigillata

Family RHYACOPHILroAE Brook Floater Rough Rabbitsfoot

Anodonta californensis Quadrula intermedia
Rhyacophila alexandra
California Floater Cumberland Monkeyface
Alexander's Caddisfly
Carunculina cylindrellus Simpsoniconcha ambigua
Rhyacophila colonus
Pale Lilliput Salamander Mussel
Obrien Caddisfly
Carunculina lividus Truncilla cognata
Rhyacophila fenderi
Purple Lilliput Mexican Fawnsfoot
Fender's Caddisfly

b 255
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List

Unio elongatulus Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE Family GEOMITRIDAE

Villosa choctawensis Diplommatina hyalina Actinella armitageana
Choctaw Bean Palaina strigata kororensis Caseolus abjectus
Villosa fabalis Caseolus commixtus
Rayed Bean Family HYDROBIIDAE Caseolus consors
Villosaortmanni Antrobia breweri Caseolus hartungi
Kentucky Creekshell Apachecoccus arizonae
Villosa perpurpurea Bylas Springsnail Family HELICARIGNTOAE
Purple Bean Beddomeia hermansi Helicarion semoni
Villosa trabalis Coxiella striata Helicarion submissus
Cumberland Bean Mexithauma churinceanus Theskelomensor lizardensis
quadripaludium
Mexithauma de Cienegas Snail Family HELICffiAE
Order VENEROIDA Nymphophilus tninckleyi Hemicycla glyceia
Family PISIDIIDAE Nymphophilus de Minckley Snail

Pisidium sanguinichristi
Phrantela marginata Family HYGROMiroAE
Pseudotricula eberhardi Trochoidea spratti
Pisidium ultramontanum
Montane Peaclam Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
Socorro Snail Family ORTHALICIDAE
Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe Bothriembryon angasianus
Class GASTROPODA Royal Marstonia Bothriembryon tasmanicus
Order BASOMMATOPHORA Nanocochlea parva
Class TURBELLARIA
Family PLANORBIDAE Family PUPINIDAE
Helisomajacksonetise
Order TRICLADIDA
Pupina coxeni
Jackson Lake Snail Family KENKIIDAE
Pupina pfeifferi
Kenkia rkynchida
Order Malheur Cave Planarian
Order MESOGASTROPODA
STYLOMMATOPHORA Sphalloplana holsingeri
Family ASSIMINEmAE Holsinger's Groundwater Planarian
Family CAMAENIDAE
Omphalotropis exquisita Sphalloplana subtilis
Amplirhagada novella Biggers' Groundwater Planarian
Omphalotropis innesi
Turgenitubulus christenseni

256
 1 5 1

Index

"argens", Yssichromis 185 acacrianica, Codringtonia 174 Acrocephalus 49, 158

"backflash cryptodon", Lipochromis Acalyphes 252 ACROCERIDAE 250
85 Acanthaeshrw 105 acrocnema, Boloria 104
"black cryptodon", Lipochromis 85 Acanthanura 250 Acrodipsas 102
"dwarf bigeye scraper", Airalon/apia 84 Acanthidops 162 acrodonta, Pteralopex 9
"frogmouth", Harpagochromis 85 acanthinula, Pronesopupa 216 acroleucus, Chortippus 108
"jewel", Tilapia 86 Acanthinula 217 Acrolophitus 108
"Kyoga flameback", Xystichromis 86 Acanthiops 60 ACROLOXIDAE 112
"little black", Tilapia 86 Acanthiza 49, 132 Acroloxus 112
"long snout", Prognathochromis 85 Acanthobrarrui 183 acroi, Eremichthys 72
"parvidens-like", Lipochromis 85 Acanthochelys 62, 165 Actenoides 44, 153
"rainbow sheller", Ptyochromis 86 Acanthocobitis 132 acticola, Gerbillus 242
"red-eye guiarti", Harpagochromis 1 84 Acanthocyclops 92 Actinella 124, 174,215,256
"ruby", Haplochromis 85 Acantholingua 77 ACTINIARIA 128,217
"Rusinga oral sheller", Ptyochromis 86 Acanthometropus 186 Actinodura 158
"shovelmouth", Astatotilapia 84 Acanthomyops 99 Actinonaias 172
"small obesoid", Lipochromis 85 Acanthorutilus 202 actinophora, Actinella 174
"yellow-green", Tilapia 86 acarpicus, Insuetophrymus 67 ACTINOPTERYGII 70, 132, 167, 183,

(unknown) 110 ACAVIDAE 120 202, 235, 243, 246

Accentor, Yemen 158 aculabrum, Cambarus 93
'Alectroenas' 180 aculeatus multiaculeatus, Tachvglossus
accepta, Fonscochlea 116
'Athene' 181 219
Accipiter 32,33, 147, 148
'Lophopsitlacus' 180 aculeatus santaeannae, Gasterosteus
ACCIPITRIDAE 32, 147, 198, 242
'Nanocochlea' 256 aceramarcae, Gracitinanus 3 247
'Napaeus' 245 acerina, Gymnocephalus 206 aculeatus williamsoni, Gasterosteus 247
'Necropsittacus' 181 acuminata, Jardinella 116
Acerouon 8, 136, 177
'Scops' 181 acuminata, Solenopsis 101
Aceros 44
acerosus, Viviparus 173 acuminatus, Catabasis 203
aaa, Cavaticovelia 251
Orymaeus acumirmtus, Ophiogomphus 107
Aaadonta 214 acervatus, 121
Acestrura 43 acunhae, Nesospiza 55
/4ap/0ij'ax 202
acetabulosus, Mormopterus 13 acuta, Elimia 117
Aardwolf 224
abaster, Syngnathus 205 Achalinus 61 acuta, Nesosydne 251
abbotti, Gonocephalus 199 achates, Taphozous 10 acuticauda, Apus 43
Achatina 213 acuticauda, Sterna 38
abbotti, Papasula 30
Achatinella 120, 188,238 acuticeps, Etheostoma 169
abbreviate, Achatinella 1 88
abbreviata, Leiostyla 127 ACHATINELLIDAE 120,188,213,238 aculicosta, Mautodontha 189
ACHATINIDAE 121,213 acutidens, Pheidole 101
abbreviata, Samoana 215
Acheilognathus 71 acutifrons, Cephalaeschna 106
abbreviatus abbreviatus, Microtus 232
abbreviatus fisheri, Microtus 232 acheron, Papilio 244 acutirostris, Heteralocha 182
abbreviatus, Haplophthalmus 97 acherontis, Procambarus 94 acutirostris, Taudactylus 67
acheronytes, Gammarus 185 acutissima, Hirasea 124
abbreviatus, Microtus 197
achlys, Euryphura 253 acutissima, Pseudoglessula 217
abdominalis. Hippocampus 81
Aciagrion 208 acutissimus, Medionidus 1 1
afcei, Hynobius 68
acicula, Bythiospeum acutorostrata, Balaenoptera 141
afce;, Myotis 194 1 1

Acicula 113,210 acutum, Kinostemon 166

Orchesticus 162
abeillei,
ACICULIDAE 113,210 acutus, Crocodylus 58
abendanoni, Telmatherina 79
acidens, Psammochromis 85 acutus, Lagenorhynchus 242
aberrans, Niphargus 90
AciViHi 98 adalberti, Aquila 33
aberti, Cyprogenia 110
Acmofi>'j: 16,223 adamantina, Tryonia 212
afc(di, Petaurus 5
Acipenser 70, 167, 235, 236 adami, Rhinolophus 194
abjectus, Caseolus 256
ACIPENSERIDAE 70, 167, 235 adamsoni, Hephaestus 83
abnormis, Scolopendra 89
ACIPENSERIFORMES 70, 167, 235 adansoni, Hemicycla 133
abrasus, Molossops 139
acis bartrami, Strymon252 Addax 20
abrau muhlisi, Clupeonella 236
Acneus 249 AtWax 20
abrau, Clupeonella 202
Acomyj 23, 143 Adder, Namaqua Dwarf 62
Afcrawayaomyi 23
Acornshell 187 Adder, Plain Mountain 62
Abrocoma 28
Acornshell, Southern 255 addita, Rhinomyias 52
ABROCOMIDAE 28
adeia, Mugilogobius 87
Acraea 252
Abronia 59
Acraea lil adela, Oreotrochilus 153
abrupta, Lampsilis 1 1

abstrusus, Prosciurillus 22
ACRAEIDAE 252 adelaidensis, Tiliqua 61
acraeina, Erikssonia 102 Adelocosa 88
aburri, Aburria 149
Acrantophis 61 Adelopoma 114
Aburria 149
ACRIDIDAE 108, 133, 187,254 Adelotus 167
abyssicola, Bathyraja 201
Acridotheres 164 Adelphicos 61
abyssinica, Genetta 195

257
 3

adelphus, Bulimulus 215 rib Ailuroedus 164

adersi, Cephalophus 21 aethiops djamdjamensis, Ailuropoda 17
Adetomyrma 99 Cercopithecus 222 Ailurops 193
adiaste atossa. Speyeria253 Aethiothemis 208 Ailurus 18
Adjutant, Greater 31 /ler/jomyi 143,242 aimei. Hippocampus 81
Adjutant, Lesser 31 Aethopyga 53, 161 Aimophila 162
adlerzi, Epimymra 100 a/er, Pseudobarbus 168
aitkeni, Sminlhopsis 3
adolfi, Xerosecta 175 a/er, Strongylognathus 102 /4u: 147
adonis, Poecilmitis 103 affinis jimiensis, Danaus 237 ajamaruensis, Melanotaenia 204
ADRIANICHTHYIDAE 80 affinis. Ninox 152 ajanensis, Paludomus 119
Adrianichthys 80 affinis,Parapinnixa 96 Akalat, East Coast 52
adspersa, Mogurnda 247 o^inu, Partula 190 Akalal, Gabela 52
adspersus, Liomys 142 affinis, Penelopides 154 Akalat, Iringa 52
adspersus, Paraphoxinus 202 affinis, Sphaerolana 97 Akalat, Usambara 52
aduitrix, Trachemys 64 africana, Epimyrma 100 akamatus, Bulimulus 126
adustus, Raltus 26 africana, Kerivoula 194 Akekee 56
adustus, Tryphomys 27 africana, Loxodonta 19 Akepa 56
/Wvena 125, 190 africana. Mustela 195 Akialoa 181
adytum, Megalagrion 105 africanus aeliani, Phacochoerus 226 Akiapolaau 56
aeacus kaguya, Troides 253 africanus, Conus 120 Akikiki 56
aedium, Plagiodontia 28 africanus, Equus 19 aii/i, Albumus 71
aegagrus aegagrus, Capra 228 Afrithelphusa 95 akiratadai, Awalycaeus 213
aegagrus blythi, Capra 228 Afrixalus 243 A*odof! 23. 143
aegagrus chialtanensis, Capra 228 Afrocyclops 185 Akohekohe 56
aegagrus crelica, Capra 228 Afroedura 165 alabamae, Alosa 71
aegagrus, Capra 21 Afrogyrus 1 1 alabamae, Palaemonias 93
Aegialia 99, 249 Afropavo 34 Alabamaubria 249
Aegista 213 afzelii, Afrithelphusa 95 alabamensis, Amphigyra 113
AEGITHALIDAE 161 Agabus 98, 248 alabamensis, Elimia 117
Aegithalos 161 agami, Agamia 147 alabamensis, Pseudemys 64
aeglefmus Melanogrammus 77
, Agamia 147 alabamensis. Vertigo 175
Aegolius 152 AGAMIDAE 59, 199,234 alabastrinus, 'Napaeus' 245
Aegotheles 43 Agapetus 254 alachua, Branchinella 91
AEGOTHELIDAE 43 Agapornis 39, 151 Alaena 102
Aegypius 148 agarhecta, Pyrgulopsis 211 a/a/, Fulica 36
aelleni, Myotis 12 Agarodes 255 alaicus, Ellobius 24
ae//o, Nyctimene 136 agassizi, Ambassis 206 alalunga Thunnus 207
,

Psammochromis
aelocephalus, 85 agassizi, Salvelinus 183 alalunga, Thunnus 236
aemonae, Pseudocandona 98 agassizii, Gopherus 65 Alamoo, Oopu 206
aemula, Pillomena 174 Agathothoma 213 alamosae, Tryonia 212
aenea. Murina 1 38 Agelaius 56 a/an/, Cyclodirm 60
aenea, Rana 201 Agelastes 34 alaotrensis, Rheocles 243
aeneus, Aneides 67 1 agi/iX y4mazona 39 alaschanicus, Phoenicurus 160
aenigma, Hemitriccus 156 Gracilinanus 135
flgi/;.?, Alasmidonta 1 10, 209, 255
/te/jjiceroj 130,227 Hylobates 140
agi'/ij, a/ato, Diplommatina 210
Aepyomis 179 Aglaeactis 43 a/ara, Taheitia 212
AEPYORNITHIDAE 179 Aglaodiaptomus 91 Alauahio, Maui 163
Aepypodius 34 Aglymbus 248 Alauahio, Oahu 56
aequalorialis, Pithecia 241 agnella, Kerivoula 12 Alauda 47
aequatorianus, Molossops 13 agnewi, Roblinella 174 ALAUDIDAE 47, 157
aequipinnulus, Danio 202 agnus, Rhithrodytes 99 a/ia, Cacatua 40
Aeretes 142 Agonum 248 a//)a, Geocrinia 67
aero, Pipistrellus 194 agostinhoi, Oxychilus 128 a//)a, Peripatopsis 109
aerosa. Kerivoula 194 Agouti 145 a/6a, Tirumala 208
aerosus, Melomys 144 AGOUTIDAE 145 albanicus, Barbus 202
aesacus, Omithoptera 105 Agriades 102 albanyensis, Elimia 117
Aeschrithmysus 248 agricola, Pantinonemertes 217 albata, Palaina 210
Aeschrithmysus 248 Agriocharis 149 albata, Parantica 171
/lei/zna 105, 106, 171 agrioides, Amphipteryx 106 Albatross, Amsterdam 30
AESHNIDAE 171,237
105, AGRIOLIMACIDAE 121, 173 Albatross, Buller's 146
aesiodora, Dirce 252 Agriomis 47 Albatross, Grey-headed 146
aestiputeus, Cambusia 205 Agrotis 186 Albatross, Royal 146
Aelhalops 136 Aguanaval, Cachorrito del 243 Albatross, Short-tailed 29
aethesa, Arawacus 102 aguirrepequenoi, Notropis 73 Albatross, Sooty 146
aethiopicus aethiopicus, Phacochoerus ahenea. Elliptio 172 Albatross, Wandering 30
226 aheneus, Leiopotherapon 168 Albatross, Waved 146
aethiopicus delameri, Phacochoerus ailakeloae, Hedleyoconcha 123 albatrus, Diomedea 29

258
 1 3 1 1

alberti, Crax 34 albolineata, Hyla 201 allenbyi, Gerbillus 24

alberti, Menura 157 albolineatus, Fundulus 183 alleni, Galago 139
alberti, Prionops 49 alboniger, Hylopetes 22 aWeni, Grallaria 46
alberlinae, Streptocitta 164 albonotatus, Crocias 158 a//e/i(, Gulella 216
albertinum, Glaucidium 42 albopilosa, Lichnanthe 250 aWeni, Hodomys 143
albertisii, Pseudochirops 4 albopunctatus, Dasyurus 3 alleni, Rhogeessa 139
albicandatus, Myslromys 25 albopunctatus, Heleioporus 167 alleni, Zenarchopterus 205
albicauda, Alticola 143 albostriatus. Chlidonias 38 Allenopilhecus 140
albicauda. Olallamys 146 albula, Coregonus 204 aWej;, Crocidura 6
albicaudata, Eumyias 158 Albumus 71, 202 Alligator, Chinese 58
albicilla, Haliaeetus 148 a/fouj, Luciogobius 206 alligator, Ptilinopus 151
albicollis,Rynchops 38 a/iui. Porphyria 180 Alligator 58
albicosla, Euploea 104 a/fe«i, Scaphirhynchus 70 ALLIGATORIDAE 58
albidens, Coccymys 23 4/ca 180 allisonae, Antiponemertes 128
albidinuchus, Lorius 152 alcalicus grahami, Oreochromis 247 Allocebus 13
albidus, Albumus 71 ALCEDINIDAE 44, 153, 198, 246 Allocharopa 123, 174
albifacies, Myioborus 163 Alcedo 44, 153 Allochromis 84
albifacies, Poecilotriccus 156 Alcelaphus 130, 227 ALLOCRANGONYCTIDAE 89
albifacies, Sceloglaux 181 a/ce5 cameloides, Alces 226 Allocrangonyx 89
albifrons adustus, Cebus 221 /l/c« 226 Allodiaptomus 91
albifrons aequatorialis, Cebus 221 Alchichica, Charal de 78 Allognathus 174
albifrons cesarae, Cebus 22 alchichica, Poblana 78 alloia, Nesopupa 216
albifrons cuscinus, Cebus 222 ALCIDAE 38, 150 Alloperla 187
albifrons hypoleucus, Cebus 222 alcimeda alcimeda, Cymothoe 253 Allorhizucha 107
albifrons leucocephalus, Cebus 222 Alcippe 49, 158 Allotoca 80
albifrons malitiosus, Cebus 222 alcon, Maculinea 170 alluaudi alluaudi, Seychellibasis 237
albifrons trinitatis, Cebus 222 alconura, Limnephilus 255 allynsmithi, Helminthoglypta 125
albifrons yuracus, Cebus 222 alcorni, Pappogeomys 22 allynsmithi, Sonorella 174
albifrons, Henicophaps 151 alcyone, Rhinolophus 137 Almirante, Rivulus 205
albifrons, Leucorrhinia li^A aldabrana, Nesillas 181 Aloeides 102,252
albifrons, Palpopleura 107 aldabranus, Dicrurus 164 A Zona 90
albifrons, Platysteira 160 alebion chungianus, Graphium 253 /l/op;a 239
albigena aterrimus, Cercocebus 245 alecto, Aethalops 136 Alopochen 179
albigula, Myzomela 199 alecto, Cyttarops 136 a/o.9a, /1/o.sa 202
albigularis, Rhinomyias 52 Alectoris 149 /l/ora 71,202
albinasus, Chiropotes 241 Alectroenas 180 Alouatta 14, 221, 241
albinucha, Columba 151 Alectrurus 47, 156 alpenae, Coregonus 183
albipectus, Pyrrhura 41 alepidotus, Paraphoxinus 11, alpicola, Apodemus 1 97
albipennis, Penelope 34 Alethe, Thyolo 49 alpina hoffmanni, Ochotona 233
albipes, Arborimus 197 y4te//ic 49 alpina nitida, Ochotona 242
albipes, Conilurus 178 alethina, Rhinophylla 137 alpina, Lacerta 200
albipes, Myomys 144 alethorhytidus, Bulimulus 126 alpina, Rosalia 98
albipinnalus, Gobio 202 alexaruira, Rhyacophila 255 alpinum, Bythiospeum 21
albirostris, Cervus 20 alexandrae, Ornithoptera 105 alpinus, Anairetes 47
albirostris, Lagenorhynchus 242 alexaruirae, Phalanger 193 alpinus, Cuon 16
albispinus, Proechimys 146 alexandrae, Polytelis 41 alpinus, Gobiomorphus 87
albivallis, Lepidomeda 72 alexandri, Gulickia 120 alpinus, Strongylognathus 102
albiventris, Dacnis 162 alexandri, Lanistes 1 1 a/.sfa, Ochrotrichia 254
albiventris, Myiagra 51 alexandri, Paraxerus 142 Abodes 201
albiventris, Myiornis 156 alfredi,Cervus 20 Alsophis 61, 182
albiventris, Spanglerogyrus 249 a/gea abjecta, Euploea 237 alstoni,Micoureus 135
albizona, Vipera 62 a/gea eleutho, Euploea 237 altamirai, Suboestophora 175
albocarinata, Omphalotropis 210 a/gea schmeltzi, Euploea 237 alterrui, We.itraltrachia 122
albocaudata, Stenocephalemys 145 algeriana, Epimyrma 100 alternatus, Neseis 251
albocinctus, Acridotheres 164 Atgyroides 60 altiapica, Opanara 123
albofrontata, Gerygone 159 aliciae, Aglaeactis 43 alticola alticola, Perognalhus 232
albofuscus, Scotoecus 139 alienus, Histiotus 12 alticola, Belgrandiella 115
albogulare, Malacopleron 159 Alionycteris 8 alticola, Maxomys 24
albogularis albotorquatus, Alismodonta 255 alticola, Perognathus 142
Cercopithecus 222 Alisterus 151 alticola, Poospiza 55
albogularis zammaranoi, aZi'uj, Malaconotus 48 Alticola 23, 143
Cercopithecus 222 a/(x(i, Clytoctantes 45 alticorps, Onychostoma 73
albogularis, Zosterops 53 aljibensis, Deronectes 98 a/«(7(.r, Lampsilis 1 1

alboguttatus, Chalinolobus 12 Allactaga 23, 142, 143 altipinnis, Parambassis 206

alboini, Strongylognathus 102 allamanica, Vallonia 217 altirostre, Chrysomma 50
albolabris,Amastra 188 allanae, Lerista 60 altirostris, Turdoides 160
albolimbatus, Megalurus 51 Allanaspides 90 altivelis ryukyuensis, Plecoglossus 236

259
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altivelis, Lepidomeda 183 Amazon, Yellow-headed 40 amniculus, Craterocephalus 78

altonagai, Papilloderma 175 Amazon, Yellow-shouldered 40 amoenus, Phylloscopus 51
ahum, Pleurobema 1 1
AmazofW 39,40, 151 Amorphochilus 1

alutaceus, Rhantus 98 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 41 Ampelioides 156

alvareidelvillari, Cyprinella 71 ambagiosus, Placostylus 126 Ampelita 120
alvarezi, Cyprinodon 183 AMBASSIDAE 206, 244 ampeloni, Plagiolepis 101
alvarezi, Cambusia 80 /ImfeaiiU 206, 244 AMPHIBIA 66, 132, 166, 182, 201, 235,

aivaroi, Prislidactylus 199 ambigua, Simpsonaias 133 243, 246

alveare, Pleurocera 118 ambigua, Simpsoniconcha 255 amphibius tschadensis. Hippopotamus

Amblema 10 226
alveus, Lotlia 187 1

Ambloplites 83 amphichaenus, Potamilus 112

alvordensis, Gila 72
AMBLYCIPITIDAE 76 Amphicyclotulus 117, 188
ALYCAEIDAE 213,239
Alytes 66 AMBLYOPSIDAE 77 Amphidromus ll'i
Alzoniella 114 Amblyopsis 77 Amphigyra 113
amabilis, Charmosyna 40 Amblyomis 164 Amphipod, Alabama Well 90
Amblyrhiza 179 Amphipod, Arizona Cave 89
amabilis, Elaphoidella 96
Amblyrhynchus 59 Amphipod, Balcones Cave 89
amabilis, Rhyacophila 187
Amblysomus 5, 241 Amphipod, Barr's Cave 89
amadi, Weberogobius 87
amboimensis, Laniarius 48 Amphipod. Bath County Cave 89
Amakihi, Greater 181
amboinensis, Alisterus 151 Amphipod, Bifurcated Cave 89
Amakihi. Kauai 56
amboinensis, Cuora 165 Amphipod, Bousfield's 90
amakosa albescens, Durhania 252
Amfcry-S">s 251
Amphipod, Bowman's Cave 89
amakosa flavida, Durbania 252
ambusta, Auriculella 213
Amphipod, Burnsville Cove Cave 89
amaltheae, Oxychilus 128
Amphipod, Cascade Cave 89
amamiensis amamiensis, Asiagomphus Ambystonta 68, 246
Amphipod, Central Missouri Cave 89
238 AMBYSTOMATIDAE 68, 246
Amphipod, Clanton's Cave 89
amamiensis okinawanus, Asiagomphus amdenus, Radiodiscus 123
Amphipod, Cooper's Cave 89
238 y4meca 184
Amphipod, Devil's Sinkhole 89
amancicoi, Scaevatula 213 amecae, Notropis 183
Amphipod, Diminutive 90
Amandava 57 AMEIRIDAE 96
Amphipod, Elevated Spring 89
amaniensis, Cymothoe 253 Ameiva, Martinique Giant 182
Amphipod, Ephemeral Cave 89
amaniensis, Culella 216 /Imfiva 61, 182
Amphipod. Ezell's Cave 89
amaniensis, Tayloria 217 Ameletus 250
Amphipod, Florida Cave 89
Amanipodagrion 107 americana mexicana, Antilocapra 227
Amphipod, Grady's Cave 89
amargosus. Ambry sus 251 americana peninsularis, Antilocapra
Amphipod, Greenbrier Cave 89
amarus, Hybognathus 72 227
Amphipod, Hara's Cave 89
amarus, Puntius 73 americana sonoriensis, Antilocapra
Amphipod, Hay's Spring 89
AffMirra 121, 188, 189 227
Amphipod, Hobb's Cave 89
AMASTRIDAE 121, 188 americana, Dolania 250
Amphipod, Illinois Cave 185
amastroides, Bulimulus 126 americana, Grus 36
Amphipod, Kaui Cave 90
amatitlanensis, Mastigodiaptomus 207 americana, Monodelphis 135
Amphipod. Long-legged Cave 89
amatolica, Bufo 66 americana, Rhea 146 Amphipod, Mackenzie's Cave 89
Amauris 104 americanus, Driloleirus 109 Amphipod. Malheur Cave 89
amaurocephala, Nonnula 154 americanus, Nicrophorus 99 Amphipod, Minute Cave 89
Amaurocichla 49 americanus, Protomognathus 101 Amphipod, Morrison's Cave89
amaurodylum peles, Megalagrion 237 americanus, Siphonorhis 43 Amphipod, Mountain Cave 89
amauropterus, Pelargopsis 153 amherstiae, Chrysolophus 149 Amphipod, Noel's 185
Amaurornis 36 amiculus, Dolapex 125 Amphipod, Norton's Cave 89
Amaurospiza 162 amistadensis, Gambusia 184 Amphipod, Oklahoma Cave 89
amaurotis, Philydor 155 Ammodillus 23 Amphipod, Onondaga Cave 89
Amazilia 43 Ammodorcas 20 Amphipod, Ozark Cave 89
Amazon, Black-billed 39 Ammodramus 162 Amphipod, Peck's Cave 90
Amazon, Blue-cheeked 151 ammodytes transcaucasiana, Vipera Amphipod, Pecos 90
Amazon, Cuban 151 246 Amphipod, Pennsylvania Cave 89
Amazon, Green-cheeked 40 ammon ammon, Ovis 229 Amphipod, Pickle Springs 89
Amazon, Hispaniolan 151 ammon collium, Ovis 229 Amphipod, Pizzini's 90
Amazon, Imperial 40 ammon darwini, Ovis 229 Amphipod. Reddell's Cave 90
Amazon, Lilac-crowned 151 ammon hodgsonii, Ovis 229 Amphipod. Rubious Cave 185
Amazon, Puerto Rican 40 ammon jubata, Ovis 229 Amphipod, Spring Cave 90
Amazon, Red-browed 40 ammon karelini, Ovis 229 Amphipod, Stellmack's Cave 90
Amazon, Red-necked 39 ammon nigrimontana, Ovis ll'i Amphipod, Subtle Cave 90
Amazon, Red-spectacled 40 ammon polii, Ovis 229 Amphipod. Tidewater Interstitial 89
Amazon, Red-tailed 40 ammon, Ovis 21 Amphipod. Tidewater Stygonectid89
Amazon, St Lucia 40 Ammonitella 126 Amphipod. Wengeror's Cave90
Amazon, St Vincent 40 Ammopelmatus 108 Amphipod, Wisconsin Well 90
Amazon, Vinaceous 40 Ammospermophilus 22
AMPHIPODA 89, 185.237
Amazon, Yellow-billed 151 Ammotragus 20, 245 AMPHIPTERYGIDAE 106
Amazon, Yellow-faced 40 Amphipteryx 106
amnicoloides, Somatogyrus 21

260
 3 7 8 1 7 8

Amphorella 124 Andigena 154 Anhinga 147

ampla, Elimia 1 1 andinus, Phoenicopterus 31 ANHINGIDAE 147
ampla, Leptoxis 1 1 andinus, Podiceps 179 Anhydrophryne 167
Amplirhagada 121,173,214,244,256 ANDRENIDAE 251 Anianiau 56
amplus, Artibeus 137 andrewi, Barbus 71 ANIELLIDAE 246
amplus, Notomys 178 andrewsi, Fregata 31 anijimana, Mandarina 214
amplus, Perognathus 142 Andrias 68, 201 ANILIIDAE 200
AMPULLARIDAE 113, 173,210 andromache, Troides 171 Anisotremus 84
ampuUatus, Hyperoodon 130 Androniscus 237 ankaranensis, Glossogobius 87
amsterdamensis, Diomedea 30 Andropadus 157 ankoberensis, Serinus 56
Amychus, Chatham Island 249 Androphobus 198 ankoliae, Tachyoryctes 27
Amychus, Cook Strait 249 andruzzi, Phreatichthys 73 anna, Ciridops 181
Amychus 249 Anectothemis 208 annada annada, Erebia 253
Amyda 65 Aneides 167 annamarulae, Melaenomis 51
Amytomis 49, 158, 242 anelpislus, Diploglossus 59 annamensis, Mauremys 243
ana, Nesidiolestes 25 Anemone, Ivell's Sea 217 annamurrayae, Phrantela 116
ANABANTIDAE 88 Anemone, Starlet Sea 128 annandalii, Hieremys 64
Anaharilius 71 Anergates 99 annectans, Ithamar 251
anae, Paramorariopsis 96 anergismus, Pogonomyrmex 101 annectans, Myotis 138
Anaea 253 anerythra. Pitta 47 annectens, Ptyochromis 86
Anaecypris 71 Anetia, Jaeger's 170 anneclens, Samoana 127
anaglypUca, Actinella 124 Anetia, Salvin's 170 annectens, Tachyoryctes 27
Anagotus 248 /l/ier/a 170 annectidens, Haplochromis 85
Anairetes 47 anetianus, Pteropus 241 annettae, Elimia 1 1

a/wi, Uromys 145 Aneurelus 100 anniae, Draparnaudia 124

anaktuvukensis, Salvelinus 204 angasianus, Bothriembryon 256 Anniella 246
analis, Lutjanus 84 angasii, Tragelaphus 131 annulata, Rhinoclemmys 166
anaphiensis, Zonites 175 angaurana. Aaadonla 214 annulifera, Pleurocera 1 1

Anarhynchus 37 angeiae, Dendroica 163 Anoa, Lowland 20

Anaj 32, 147, 179 angelcabrerai, Mesocapromys 28 Anoa, Mountain 20
ANASPIDACEA 90, 247 Angelfish, Resplendent Pygmy 84 ANOBIIDAE 248
Anaspides 247 angelina, Libellula 107 anodonta, Angrobia 1 14
ANASPIDIDAE 90, 247 angelinae, Otus 42 Anodonta 255
Anastomus 147 angfa, Melanotaenia 204 Anodontoides 172
ANATIDAE 32, 147, 179 angolensis paliiatus, Colobus 222 Anodorhynchus 40, 180
anatirostris, Sinocyclocheilus 74 angolensis prigoginei, Colobus 111 Anoglypta 123
analoliae, Aphanius 79 angolensis ruwenzorii, Colobus 222 Anole, Roo.sevelt's Giant 59
anatolicus, Phoxinellus 73 angolensis, Epomophorus 136 Anolis 59
anceophila, Carelia 189 angolensis, Laephotis 138 Anomala 250
anceps, Pteralopex 9 angorae, Nemacheilus 203 ANOMALOPTERYGIDAE 179
Anceya 119 Angrobia 114, 188 Anomalopus 60
anceyana, Lyropupa 216 ANGUIDAE 59, 164, 182, 199 ANOMALURIDAE 145
anceyana, Nesopupa 216 anguinus, Proteus 68 Anomalurus 145
anceyana, Taipidon 190 Anguispira 214 anomalus, Eleothreptus 153
Ancharius 203 angularis, Sinocyclocheilus 74 anomalus, Ophiogomphus 171
anchietae, Otomys 144 angulata, Beddomeia 114 anomalus, Sciurus 142
anchietae, Plerotes 9 angulata, Tryonia 212 anomalus, Zosterops 161
anchietai, Pipistrellus 13 angulifer, Epicrates 165 Anomochilus 200
Anchovy, Freshwater 202 angulosa, Biomphalaria 173 ANOMOPODA 90
Anculosa 188 angulosa, Thaanumella 210 Anonymomvi 23
Ancylastrum 1 1 angusta, Metacnemis 209 anophthalmus, Oreonectes 75
Ancylid, Domed 1 13 angustata, Elliptio 172 anophthalmus, Sinocyclocheilus 74
Ancylid, Hood 113 angustatus, Claudius 166 anophthalmus, Tasmanipatus 109
Ancylid, Wicker 113 angustatus, Procambarus 94 anophthalmus, Troglocaris 93
ANCYLIDAE 113,173 angustina angustina, Salamis 253 Anoplolepis 100
/Incy/u,! 113, 173 angustina vinsoni, Salamis 253 ANOPLURA 98
Andalgalomys 23 angustina, Salamis 253 anops, Adelocosa 88
andamanensis, Cenlropus 152 angustior. Vertigo 133 Anorrhinus 154
andamanensis, Crocidura 6 angustipennis, Calopteryx 171 ANOSTRACA 91, 132, 169. 207, 244
andamanensis, Dicrurus 164 angustipluma, Chaetoptila 181 /4noromy5 23
andamanensis, Euploea 104 angustipons, Kinoslemon 64 Anoura 137, 194
anderseni, Rhinolophus 194 angustirostris, Marmaronetta 32 ansellorum, Crocidura 6
andersoni, Marmosa 3 angustirostris, Todus 154 Anjer 32
andersoni, Neothramma 255 angustistriata, Tayloria 217 ANSERIFORMES 32. 147. 179
andersoni, Phaulomys 26 angustus, Hippocampus 81 ansorgei ansorgei, Crossarchus 224
andersonii, Hyla 166 Angwantibo 139 ansorgei, Xenocopsychus 161
andicola, Agriomis 47 ANHIMIDAE 147 Ant, Australian 101

261
 6 1

Ant, European Red Wood 170 Antiiope 20 apalachicolae, Procambarus 94

Ant, Sri Lankan Relict 100 antimachus, Papilio 208 Apalis, Bamenda 49
Ant-blue, Illidge's 102 antimena, Hypogeomys 24 Apalis, Kabobo 198
Ant-tanager, Black-cheeked 55 antineae, Heterohyrax 20 Apalis, Karamoja 49
Ant-tanager. Sooty 162 antiochensis, Anthicus 248 Apalis, Kungwe 49
antaeus, Epargyreus 252 antiochi, Efferia 250 Apalis, Namuli 49
antalyensis, Capoeta 202 antiphates ceylonicus, Graphium 253 Apalis, Taita 49
Apalis, While-winged 49
Antanartia 253 antipodes, Megadyptes 29
antarcticus. Rallus 37 Antipodia 252 Apalis 49, 198
Antbird, Black-tailed 46 Antipodochlora 171 Apalone 65
Antbird, Grey-headed 46 Antiponemertes 128 Apalopteron 54
Antbird, Ochre-rumped 155 antisensis, Hippocamelus 197 Apatalestea 250
Antbird, Rio Branco 45 Antlion, Molokai 254 Apatania 255
Antbird, Rio de Janeiro 155 antongilii, Dyscophus 67 apatela, Proloploea 171
Antbird, Rufous-tailed 155 antoniae, Carpodectes 46 Apaturopsis 253
Antbird, Santarem 155 antoniae, Telmatherina 79 Apaturopsis 253
Antbird, Scalloped 46 Antpitta, Bicoloured 46 apella margaritae, Cebus 222
Antbird, Slender 46 Antpitta, Brown-banded 46 apella robustus, Cebus 222
Antbird, White-breasted 155 Antpitta, Chestnut 155 apexfulva vittata, Achatinella 238
Antbird, White-masked 198 Antpitta, Crescent-faced 155 apexfulva, Achatinella 120
Anteater, Giant 5 Antpitta, Cundinamarca46 Aphaenogaster 100
Anlechinomys 193 Antpitta, Elusive 155 Aphanapteryx 180
Antechinus, Atherton 135 Antpitta, Giant 46 Aphanius 79, 205, 243
Antechinus, Carpentarian 3 Antpitta, Great 155 Aphanotriccus 156
Antechinus, Cinnamon 135 Antpitta, Hooded 46 Aphaostracon 114
Antechinus, Dusky 219 Antpitta, Moustached46 Aphelocephala 50
Antechinus, Habbema 193 Antpitta, Ochre-fronted 155 APHIDIDAE 251
Antechinus, Lesser 193 Antpitta, Peruvian 155 aphnaeoides, lolaus 170
Antechinus, Long-nosed 193 Antpitta, Santa Marta 155 Aphodius 250
Antechinus, Normanby 193 Antpitta, Scallop-breasted 155 Aphrastura 45
Antechinus, Swamp 219 Antpitta, Tachira 46 aphrastus, Sigmodontomys 27
Antechinus 135, 193,219 Antpitta, White-browed 155 aphylla, Phyllonycteris 1
anteisensis, Pseudamnicola 1 1
Antriscopia 92 apia, Trochomorpha 128
antelmeana, Culella 128 Antrobia 1 14, 256 apicalis, Anectothemis 208
Antelope, Bates' Pygmy 141
Antrolana 97 apicalis, Lenoxus 143
Antelope, Beira 21 Antrorbis 114 apicalis, Leporillus 178
Antelope, Four-horned 22
antrorum, Palaemonetes 95 apicalis, Moho 181
Antelope, Giant Sable 228
Antrozous 11 apicalis, Parantechinus 3
Antelope, Hunter's 21
Antshrike, Cocha 155 APIOCERIDAE 250
Antelope. Roan 130
Antshrike, Speckled 46 APLOCHEILIDAE 79, 205, 243
Antelope, Royal 141
Antshrike, White-bearded 45 Aplochiton 204
Antelope, Sable 130
Antthrush, Rufous-fronted 45 Aplodontia 230
Antelope, Tibetan 21
Antvireo, Bicoloured 45 APLODONTIDAE 230
anteronivea, Polyphylla 250
Antvireo, Plumbeous 45 Aplonis 57, 164, 182
antesella, Percina 84
Antvireo, Spot-breasted 155
antevorta, Hypolimnas253 Aplothorax 248
Antwren, Alagoas 46
Anthias 82 apoda, Neochanna 168
Antwren, Ash-throated 46
ANTHICIDAE 98, 248 Apodemia 253
Antwren, Ashy 46
Anthicus 98, 248 Apodemus 23, 143, 197
Antwren, Band-tailed 46
Anthocephala 153 APODIDAE 43, 153, 198
Antwren, Black-capped 155
anthoides. Asthenes 45
APODIFORMES 43, 153, 181, 198
Antwren, Black-hooded 45
apoiensis, Paraegista 213
anthonyi, Dicaeum 161 Antwren, Klages's 155
apolinari, Cistolhorus 49
anthonyi, Neotoma 25 Antwren, Narrow-billed 46
anthonyi, Pipistrellus 13
apollinaris, Archon 171
Antwren, Orange-bellied 46
anthonyix, Leptoxis 188
Apollo 105
Antwren, Pectoral 46
apollo vinningensis, Pamassius 253
Anthops 10 Antwren, Restinga 46
ANTHOZOA 128,217
apollo, Pamassius 105
Antwren, Rio de Janeiro 46
Anthracoceros 44, 154 Antwren, Salvadori's 46
Apomys 23

Anthreptes apophysata, Branchinella 91

53, 161 Antwren, Serra 155
ANTHURIDAE 96 Antwren, Unicoloured 46 aporus, Megupsilon 183
Anthus 48, 157 Antwren, Yellow-rumped 46 appalachia, Hansonoperla ISA
Antichthonidris 100 ANURA 66, 132, 166, 182, 201, 235, 243, Appalachia 108
Antidorcas 130 246 apperti, Phyllastrephus 48

antigone, Grus 149 Anurophasis 149 approximata, Partula 190

aniiguae, Alsophis 61 Aonyx 140 approximata, Trochomorpha 217
antHlensis, Heteropsomys 178 Aotus 14, 194, 221 Aprasia 60, 165, 234
Antilocapra 227 apache, Oncorhynchus 77 apricans, Chtorolestes 108
ANTILOCAPRIDAE 227 Apachecoccus 256 Apron 84

262

J
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Aprosmictus 151 Archboldomys 23 ARGYRESTHIIDAE 186

Aproteles 8 Archerfish, Big Scale 244 Argyrocupha 252
aptera, Apteromantis 1 7 archeri, Heteromirafra 48 Argyrodiaptomus 207
Apterocychus 249 archeri. Mesodon 215 argyrognomon lotis, Lycaeides 252
Apteromantis 171 archeri, Pseudochirops 135 ARHYNCHOBDELLAE 171
Apteropanorpa 254 archeri, Sminthopsis 219 ariadne, Orachrysops 103
APTEROPANORPIDAE 254 archeyi, Leiopelma 167 Ariakehimeshirauo 76
APTERYGIDAE 29 archipelagicus. Indicator 154 aricomae, Cinclodes 45
APTERYGIFORMES 29 Archon 171 aridus, Batrachoseps 68
Apteryx 29 arcigerens. Pleuroxia 174 aridus, Limnebius 249
/lp«j 43. 198 Arcmussel, Altamaha 255 ar/c/, Pipistrellus 139
Aquadulcaris 90 Arcmussel, Ochlockonee 10 1 ARIIDAE 76, 203
aquali, Etheostoma 83 /4rcricr(5 224 arimalius, Meriones 25
aquatica, Fonscochlea 1 1 /ircrocefcui 139 arinagae. Theba 125
aquaticus carniolicus, Asellus 237 Arctocephalus 17 ariomus, Scartomyzon 203
aquaticus cavemicolus, Asellus lYI Arctodiaptomus 91 arion, Maculinea 170
aquaticus cyclobranchialis, Asellus 237 Arctogalidia 224 Anof! 213
aquaticus, Hyemoschus 141 arctoides, Macaca 15 ARIONIDAE 213,244
aquila, Balanus 208 arctos nelsoni, Ursus 224 arionides, Maculinea 170
aquila, Fregata 31 arcuatus, Taeromys 27 ARIOPHANTIDAE 189
A^ui/a 33, 148 arcula, Alasmidonta 255 aristodemus ponceanus, Papilio 253
aquilo, Notomys 144 arcyensis, Truncatellina 128 aristophontes, Papilio 105
aquilonia, Formica 170 ,4rrfea 31, 147 aristor, Papilio 208
Ara 40, 180 ARDEIDAE 31, 147, 179 aristotelis, Siluris 203
arabica, Cazella 178 ardens, Arborophila 34 Ariteus 1

arabicus, Pipistrellus 13 ardens, Selasphorus 43 Arm.r 76, 204

ARACHNIDA 88, 169, 207 Ardeola 147 arizonae arizonae, Sigmodon 233
Arachnocampa 250 Ardeotis 37 arizonae plenus, Sigmodon 242
arachnoides, Brachyteles 14 ardesiaca, Rhopornis 46 arizonae, Apachecoccus 256
arachnoides, Pyxis 65 Ardops 137 arizonae, Sigmodon 27
Arachnothera 161 areaensis. Opanara 123 arizonae, Sorex 7
araea, Falco 33 arenaria, Catinella 175 arizonensis, Daihinibaenetes 108
araeum, Plagiodontia 179 arenarius, Spalax 27 arizonensis, Psephenus 249
araeus, Stygobromus 89 arenata, Glaresis 250 arizonensis, Sciurus 142
ara/, Macrognathus 205 arenicola, Cicindela 248 arizonensis, Stygobromus 89
arambourgi, Subuliniscus 28 1 areolatus, Trichomycterus 204 arizonica, Cymbiodyta 249
Aramides 36 arfakensis, Melanotaenia 78 Arkansia 110
Aramidopsis 36 arfakiana, Melanocharis 199 ARMADILLIDAE 208
ARANEAE 88, 169,207 Argali 21 Armadillo, Brazilian Three-banded5
Arapaima 202 Argali, Altai 229 Armadillo, Giant 5
arala, Ogasawarana 209 Argali, KaraTau 229 armandvillei, Papagomys 25
aratathomasi, Sturnira 137 Argali, Marco Polo 229 Armalobalanus 208
Ararmga 40, 152 Argali, Mongolian Argali, Gobi 229 armatus, Euastacus 96
araucana, Columba 151 Argali, Northern Chinese 229 armenica, Crocidura 193
arausiaca, Amazona 39 Argali, Tibetan 229 armenica, Sicista 23
Arawacus 102 Argali, Tien Shan 229 armigera, Lithasia 118
arborea, Dendrocygna 32 Arganiella 114 armitageana, Actinella 256
arborea, Hyla 166 "argens", Yssichromis 185 Armsia 121

arboreus , Dendrohyrax 226 argentata, Alcedo 44 arnoldii, Strongylognathus 102

Arborimus 197 argentatus, Pteropus 193 arnuxii, Berardius 130

Arborophila 34, 149
argentea, Apalis 49 arremonops, Oreothraupis 55
area, Elliptio 110 argentea, Harmogenanina 125 arrosa pomoensis, Helminthoglypta
area, Protoptila ISA argenteocinereus, Heliophobius 145 239
arcaeformis, Epioblasma 1 10
argenteus, Galaxias 76 artaxerxes, Harpagochromis 184
arcaeformis?, Dysnomia 187 argenteus, Prognalhochromis 184 artedii, Coregonus 243
arcaei, Bangsia 162 argentina, Columba 38 /Irtemi'a 132

Arcanator 50 argentina, Pheidole 101 ARTEMIIDAE 132

arcanus, Progrmthochromis 184 argentina, Pseudoatta 101 artesus, Agapetus 254

argentissimus, Plagopterus 73 Arthroleptides 182
arcanus, Ptilinopus 39
Argiagrion 106 arthuri. Vertigo 175
arcena, Appalachia 108
Argiocnemis 106 Artibeus 11, 137, 194
Archachatina 121,213
ARCHAEOGASTROPODA 112,173, argc, Ephemerella 250 articense,Bythiospeum 115
187, 209, 238 Argonemertes 175, 217 aniculala, Tropidophora 1 1

Archaeolacerta 243 Argus, Crested 35 ARTIODACTYLA 20, 130, 141, 178,

arguta, Partula 190 197,226,242,245

Archaeophylax 255
argynnis, Casinycters 136 Artogeia 253
archboldi, Petroica 199
Argyresthia 186 artuj, Hygrotus 185
Archboldia 58

263
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amboides, Bermudalana 97 atacamensis, Bufo 201 atropurpurea, Alasmidonta 255

Arubolana 97 atacamensis, Myotis 12 atropurpurea, Xipholena 46
aruensis, Bostrichthys 206 atacamensis, Telmatobius 67 atrorus, Cyprinodon 243
arundinum. Redunca 131 Ataeniobius 80 atrosuperciliaris, Paradoxomis 160
Arvicola 143 A/aeniui- 250 attenuata, Feresa 195
Asaphomyia 250 atanuiensis, Rhysoconcha 123 attenuata, Partula 190
asaphrombra, Hedylepta 1 86 Atelerix 241 attenuata, Samoana 127
ascanius, Parides 105 ylre/c5 14, 221, 241 attenuata, Stenella 129
ascensa, Austrochloritis 173 Atelognathus 66 atlenuatus, Hobbseus 94
ascensionis, Thalassoma 87 Atelomis 44, 154 Attheyella 132
Aie/Zifl 10 /\(en/a 174 attiguus, Procambarus 94
ASELLIDAE 96, 237 alf r arer, Notechis 234 arti/a, Crocidura 6
Asellus 237 a<fr,Alsophis 61 Attila, Ochraceous 47
ashangiensis, Ancylus 113 aWr, Apalone 65 Am7a 47
ai/ji, Mirafra 48 a!er, Dromaius 179 ATYIDAE 93, 185
Ashmunella 175 a/er, Merulaxis 155 afyj lunulatus, Cercocebus 222
Asiagomphus 07, 238 1 arer, Suncus 8 afy,r, Cercocebus 140
ASILIDAE 250 atercus, Limnephilus 255 aubryana, Gymnomyza 54
Asity, Schlegel's 157 aterina, Elimia 1 1 aucklandica. Anas 32
Asity, Yellow-bellied 47 aterrima. Pterodroma 30 aucklandica, Coenocorypha 150
askewi, Fusconaia 172 aterrimus opdenboschi, Lophocebus audax, Aphanotriccus 156
Aslauga 102 222 audax, Characodon 80
aslini, Turgenitubulus 122 aterrimus, Lophocebus 140 audax, Tachyoryctes 27
asoka, Puntius 236 aterrimus, Probosciger 152 audouinii, Larus 131
asomatus, Lagorchestes 177 Athene 42 Augastes 153
Asp 202 Atherina 204 augustaensis, Hesperodiaptomus 92
aspasma, Chloaeltis 108 ATHERINIDAE 78, 168. 183, 204, 243 Auk, Great 180
asper, Pseudobarbus Ti ATHERINIFORMES 78, 168, 183, 204, Aulacorhynchus 154
asper, Zingel 84 243 aulidion, Notropis 183
asperata, Quadrula 172 atilanica, Crematogaster 100 Aulopyge 71
asperrima, Eximiorhagada 214 ar/7«. Partula 190 aurantia, Partula 190
asperrimus, Coitus 82 ATLANTASELLIDAE 97 aurantia, Rhinonicteris 1

Aspideretes 65, 166 Atlantasellus 97 aurantia, Tyto 42

Aspidites 61 atlantica, Phenacolimax 245 aurantiaca, Mantella 67
Aspiduchus 247 atlanticus, Larus 38 aurantiaca, Pyrrhula 163
aspius, Aspius 202 Atlantisia 36, 180 aurantius, Chaetops 158
/4ipiui 202 Atlapetes 54, 162 aurantius, Melonycteris 9
asprella, Crystallaria 83 atomus, Truncatellina 217 aurarius, Platyrrhinus 137
Asprete 84 Atossa 253 aurata, Murina 138
asquamatus, Kosswigichthys 205 a(ra aurorae, Salamandra 235 aurata, Profelis 241
Ass, African Wild 19 o/ra, Myiagra 159 aurata, Sabanjewia 203
Ass, Indian Wild 225 a/ra, Porzana 36 auratus auratus, Isoodon 2 1

Ass, Syrian Wild 225 a?ra, Pyriglena 46 auratus barrowensis, Isoodon 219
assamensis, Macaco 15 arra, Tijuca 156
auratus, Isoodon 4
assimilis, Onychogomphus 107 Atractelmis 249 auratus, Mesocricetus 25
Assiminea, Pecos 114 atramentaria, Victaphanta 175 auratus, Trachypithecus 15
Assiminea 114, 210 atrata, Dorcopsis 4 aurea, Diplommatirui 210
ASSI1V1INEIDAE 114, 187,210,256 atrata, Emballonura 10 aurea, Hypseleotris 244
ASTACIDAE 93 atrata, Pteralopex 9 aurea, Litoria 166
Astacoides 95, 208 atratulus, Anergates 99 aurea, Tominanga 79
Astacopsis 95 atremius suigensis, Rhodeus 236 aureocincta, Bangsia 54
astacus, Astacus 93 atricapilla, Heteronetta 147
aureodorsalis, Buthraupis 54
y4irac«.s 93 atricapiUus, Vireo 56 aureola,Mandarina 214
Astalotilapia 84, 184 atriceps. Carduelis 163 aureonucha, Ploceus 57
ASTEIIDAE 250 atriceps, Echiopsis 62 aureospinula, Podogymnura 6
asthenes, Aphaoslracon 1 1
Atrichornis 47 aureus, Afrixalus 243
Asthcnes 45, 155 ATRICHORNITHIDAE 47 aureus, Arctocebus 139
asticla, Mecistogaster 108 Atrichotoxon 215 aureus, Euplectes 164
Astraea 1 1 atrifrons, Odontophorus 149 aureus, Hapalemur 14
Astrapia, Arfak 164 atrimaxillaris, Habia 55 aureus, Poecilmitis 170
Aslrapia, Ribbon-tailed 58 atripinne, Moxostoma lATi
aureus, Somatogyrus 211
Astrapia 58, 164 atrocaerulea, Hirundo 48 aureus, Teinopalpus 208
astrifer, Sanopus 78 atrocaudata, Terpsiphone 160 auricapilla, Aratinga 40
ajlur, Eutriorchis 33 atrogutaris, Arborophila 149 auriceps, Cyanoramphus 152
asturiensis, Cryptosaccus 174 atrogularis, Clytoclantes 198 auricularia, Margaritifera 110
astuta, Amplirhagada 121 Atrophaneura 105,208 auricularis, Pujfmus 30
A,rfyanaAr 236 atropos, Atrophaneura 105
auriculata, Partula 190

264
 1 1 5

auriculatus, Dorcus 249 avalona, Strymon 103 bacchus, Pyrgulopsis 211

Auriculella 188, 213 avalonense, Radiocentrum 126 bachmanii. Vermivora 56
aurita, Aprasia 60 avellanarius, Muscardinus 145 bactrianus, Camelus 20
aurita, Callithrix 14 avellanum, Pleurobema 1 1 badeigularis, Spelaeomis 52
aurita, Ceogale 241 /lve«iO«M 211 badensis, Bythinella 1 1

aurita, Myzopoda 1 avemalis, Fluminicola 211 Badger, Palawan Stink 17

aurita, Nycteris 1 36 averni, Beddomeia 1 14 badhami, Lepidochrysops 103
auritum, Crossoptilon 149 AVES 29, 131, 146, 179, 197, 242, 245 badia, Catopuma 16
auritus, Batrachostomus 198 aviator, Nyctalus 138 badius kirkii. Procolobus 223
auritus, Mesocapromys 28 Aviceda 148 badius bouvieri, Procolobus 222
aurivillii, Cymothoe 253 avittata, PolyphyUa 250 badius ellioti, Procolobus 245
aurivilliusi, Graphium 208 Avocettula 153 badius epieni, Procolobus 222
aurocapitata, Cuora 200 avunculus, Rhinopithecus 15 badius foai. Procolobus 222
aurolineata, Percina 84 Awalycaeus 213 badius gordonorum, Procolobus 223
aurorae, Ducula 39 >4waouj 206 badius langi, Procolobus llJi
aurulentus, Piculus 155 Awlbill, Fiery-tailed 153 badius lulindicus, Procolobus 223
austeni, Garrulax 198 axelrodi, Chilatherina 243 badius oustaleti, Procolobus 245
australasia, Todirhamphus 154 axillaris, Pterodroma 30 badius parmentierorum, Procolobus
australasica, Macquaria 206 axillimentus, Sicyopus 87 223
australe, Cheirodon 203 /Ijtw 20, 226 badius pennantii, Procolobus 223
australe, Etheostorrm 83 Axolotl 68 badius preussi. Procolobus 223
australica, Calamoecia 91 Aye-aye 14 badius rufomitratus, Procolobus 223
australiensis, Rhynchochydorus 90 Sarothrura 37
ayresi, badius semlikiensis, Procolobus 223
australis australis, Petaurus 220 Avr/iya 32 badius temminckii. Procolobus 223
australis packardi, Orconectes 131 Ryukyu 236
Ayu-fish, badius tephrosceles, Procolobus 245
australis, Lacerta 243 Ayumodoki 203 badius tholloni, Procolobus 245
australis, Apleryx 29 azarae, Dasyprocta 28 badius waldroni, Procolobus 223
australis, Aslauga 102 azoreum, Nyctalus 13 badius, Procolobus 140
australis, Austrogammarus 1 85 aztecus, Molossus 139 baeodon, Maxomys 24
australis, Basilichthys 168 Azul, Cachorrito de Charco 80 fcaeW, Aythya 32
australis, Crateromys 23 azurea, Cochoa 50 fcaeri, Hylomyscus 242

australis, Dryococelus 187 azurius, Poecilmitis 103 feaeri, Poospiza 55

australis, Dusicyon 177 Babax. Giant 158 fcaeri, Sandracottus 249

australis, Engaeus 95 Babax, Tibetan 158 baerii baerii, Acipenser 235

Eubalaena 129 Bafcox 158 baerii baikalensis, Acipenser 235
australis,
australis, Callirallus 149
Babbler, Bagobo 53 baerii stenorrhynchus, Acipenser 235
Babbler, Black-browed 51 baerii,Acipenser 70
australis, Helicarion 245
Babbler, Chestnut-faced 160 Baetica 109
australis, Ictalurus 203
Babbler, Deignan's 52 baeticus, Dussartius 92
australis, Lagenorhynchus 195
Babbler, Ferruginous 160 BAETIDAE 250
australis, Lampsilis 255
Babbler. Hame-tempied 52 Bagangan 72, 73
australis, Megascolides 110
Babbler, Golden-crowned 160 BAGRIDAE 76, 203, 247
australis, Mergus 179
Babbler, Grey-breasted 159 Baiji 19
australis, Myotis 194
Babbler, Iraq 160 baikalensis, Epischura 92
australis, Ningbingia 122
Babbler, Jerdon'sSO baileyi baileyi, Naemorhedus 229
australis, Ordtrachia 174 Babbler, Marsh 51
australis, Petaurus 135 baileyi cranbrooki, Naemorhedus 229
Babbler, Melodious 51
australis, Phalcoboenus 149 baileyi, Crenichthys 79
Babbler, Pygmy 160
australis, Pseudomys 26 baileyi, Crocidura 6
Babbler, Rufous-tailed 158
australis, Pseudophryne 167 baileyi, Naemorhedus 21
Babbler, Rusty-crowned 160
australis, Tadarida 139
baileyi, Noturus 75
Babbler, Slender-billed 160
australis, Taphozous 136
baileyi, Thermophis 61
Babbler, Snowy-throated 52
australis, Telmatobufo 201
baileyi, Xenospiza 55
Babbler, Sooty 52
bailleui, Loxioides 56
Australophocaena 196 Babbler, Vanderbilt's51
bailloni, Baillonius 154
Austretaps 61 Babbler, White-breasted 52
Baillonius 154
austriaca, Orcula 215 Babbler, White-chested 160
bainsii, Sandelia 88
austriana, Belgrandiella 115 babelis, Latiaxis 173
bairdi, Oreomystis 56
Austroassiminea 114 babelthuapi, Palaua 215
bairdii, Acanthidops 162
Austrochloritis 173 baberi. Hylopetes 142
bairdii, Berardius 130
Austrocordulia 106 Babirusa 20
bairdii, Tapirus 19
Austrogammarus 185 Baboon, Gelada 140
Baboon, Guinea 140 bairdii, Trogon 153
Austroglanis 76, 203
Baboon, Hamadryas 140 baiulus, Schayera 108
Austromenidia 204
Babyrnusa 20 bakeri, Ducula 39
Austropotamobius 93
babyrussa, Babyrousa 20 bakeri, Sericulus 58
Austrosaga 109
bacca. Nesopupa 216 bakossiorum, Tilapia 86
autocrator, Parrmssius 105
Baccalena 173 Balaena M'i.llA.lli
Avadavat, Green 57
bacchus, Lepidochrysops 170 balaenarum. Sterna 150
Ava/ii 14,241

265
 3 1 1 1 9

Balaeniceps 147 Barb, Shortfin 71 Basilichthys 168,204

BALAENICIPITIDAE 147 Barb, Side Striped 132 basilicus, Basileuterus 163
BALAENIDAE 18, 129,224 Barb, Treur River 132 basilii, Hybomys 143
Balaenoptera 18, 129, 141, 195, 225 Barb, Two
Spot 132 Basilomis 164
BALAENOPTERIDAE 18, 129, 141, barbadensis. Amazona 40 basimi, Caecocypris 71
195, 225 barbara senex. Eira 224 basispina, Branchinella 91
BALANIDAE 208 barbarae, Astatotilapia 84 baska, Batagur 64
Balantiocheilos 71 barbarus, Otus 152 BASOMMATOPHORA 112, 173, 187,
Balanliopteryx 10, 136 Barbastella 11 209, 256
Balanus 208 barbastellus, Barbastella 1 Bass, Giant Sea 82
balbus, Mixophyes 67 barbata, Penelope 34 Bass, Guadalupe 206
balconis, Stygobromus 89 barbata, Polyphylla 250 Bass, Roanoke 83
baldwini, Nesopupa 216 Barbatula 203 Bass, Suwannee 169
baliensis, Rasbora 74 barbatus ahoenobarbus, Sus 226 Bassaricyon 17, 140
Baligi, Dislisazancik79, 243 barbatus oi, Sus 226 Bassariscus 140
Baligi, Gokce 71 barbatus, Amytornis 158 Bat, Angolan Epauletted Fruit 136
Baligi, Incilevrek 236 barbatus, Dendrortyx 34 Bat, Big Long-nosed 1
Baligi, Ot 236 barbatus, Xenuromys 145 Bat, Bonin Fruit 9
Baligi, Siraz 167 Barbel, Iberian 71 Bat, Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruitl36
Baligi, Yag 73 Barbel-gudgeon, Dalmatian 71 Bat, Buettikofer's Epauletted Fruit8
Balik, Ala 77 Barbet, Black-banded 154 Bat.Bulmer's Fruit 8
Batistes 88 Barbet, Brown-throated 154 Bat, Cuban Flower 137
BALISTIDAE 88 Barbet, Chaplin's 154 Bat, Cusp-toothed Fruit 9
BALITORIDAE 74, 132,203 Barbet, Five-coloured 44 Bat, d'Anchieta's Fruit 9
balli, Lepidochrysops 103 Barbet, Orange-fronted 154 Bat, Dyak Fruit 136
balli, Otus 152 Barbet, Red-crowned 154 Bat, East African Collared Fruit9
balli, Poecilmitis 103 Barbet, Red-faced 154 Bat, Fischer's Pygmy Fruit
ballmanni, Malimbus 57 Barbet, Scarlet-hooded 154 Bat, Geelvinck Bay Leaf-nosed 10
ballochi. Kiunga 78 Barbet, Toucan 154 Bat, Geelvink Bay Fruit 9
baloni, Gymnocephalus 206 Barbet, White-mantled 44 Bat, Ghost 10
balsetensis, Siettitia 185 barbiger, Procambarus 94 Bat, Golden-capped Fruit 8
balstoni, Nannatherina 206 Barbopsis 71 Bat, Greater Mouse-eared 138
baluensis, Rattus 26 barbouri, Graptemys 165 Bat, Greater Sheath-tailed 10
Bamboowren, Spotted 155 barbouri, Petromyscus 26 Bat, Grey 12
bamendae, Apalis 49 Barbouria 95 Bat, Guam Fruit 177
banalica, Imnadia 92 Barbtail, White-throated 45 Bat, Hawaiian Hoary 245
banatica, Zubovskia 108 Barbus 71, 132, 167,202
Bat, Hayman's Epauletted Fruit9
Bandicoot, Ceram 193 Bat, Indiana 12
barerae bunta, Kedestes 252
Bandicoot, Desert 177 Bat, Jamaican Flower 11
bargibanti. Hippocampus 205
Bandicoot, Eastern Barred 219 Bat, Javan Mastiff 13
4, Barkudia 200
Bandicoot, Giant 193 Bat, Javan Tail-less Fruit 9
barnardi, Austroglanis 76
Bandicoot, Golden 4, 219 Bat, Javan Thick-thumbed 138
barnardi. Colophon 99
Bandicoot, Mouse 193 Bat, Kitti's Hog-nosed 10
barnardi, Kapcypriodopsis 97
Bandicoot, Papuan 193 Bat, Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit8
barnardi, Paramelita 90
Bandicoot, Pig-footed 177 Bat, Lesser Naked-backed Fruit 136
bamesiana, Fusconaia 172
Bandicoot, Southern Brown 219 Bat, Lesser Tube-nosed 9
baroni, Metallura 43
Bandicoot, Western Barred4, 219 Bat, Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit 136
Baronia, Short-horned 171
bandula, Pimtius 73 Bat, Long-fingered 12
Baronia 171
bangsi, Grallaria 155 Bat, Long-tailed Fruit 9
barreimiae, Garra 11
Bangsia 54, 162 Bat, Malaita Tube-nosed 9
barrenensis, Letomola 214
bangwaensis, Bradypterus 158 Bat, Moss-forest Blossom 10
barrerae, Tympanoctomys 28 Bat, New Britain Naked-backed 136
Bankclimber, Purple 255
barretti, Tasmanipatus 255 Bat, New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed 13
Banksula 88
barri, Caecidotea 96
bannermani, Ploceus 57 Bat, Orange Fruit 9
barri, Stygobromus 89 Bat, Orange Leaf-nosed
bannennani, Tauraco 42 1

barrioi, Alsodes 201 Bat, Palau Fruit 177

Banteng 20
bartelsi, Hylopetes 142 Bat, Panany Giant Fruit 177
Banza 109
bartelsi, Spizaetus 33 Bat, Philippine Bare-backed Fruit 177
Baolan 73
barthi, Biomphalaria 1 1 Bat, Philippines Tube-nosed Fruit9
baoulan. Punlius Ti
Barasingha, Upland 226
barthi, Bulinus 173 Bat, Pond 12
bartoni, Chirostoma 78 Bat, Puerto Rican Flower 177
Baratanago, Nippon 236
baraui. Pierodroma 30
bartoni, Cichlasoma 85 Bat, Pygmy Fruit 136
bartoni, Prognathochromis 184 Bat, Raffray's Sheath-tailed 129
Barb, Asoka 236
Barwing, Streaked 158 Bat, Ridley's Leaf-nosed 10
Barb, Black Ruby 132
basajauna, Oxychilus 175 Bat, Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit 136
Barb, Border 71
basilanica, Ficedula 50 Bat, Sao Tome Collared Fruit 9
Barb, Cherry 132
Barb, Marico 71 basilaris japonica, Matrona 237 Bat, Seram Fruit 9
Basileuterus 55, 163 Bat, Seychelles Sheath-tailed 10
Barb, Namaquab 167

266
 1 59

Bat, Short-palate Fruit 136 Bear, Mexican Grizzly 224 Beetle Fig Seed Diving 248
Bat, Silvery Fruit 193 Bear, Polar 129 Beetle Folkert's Diving 248
Bat, Small-toothed Fruit Bear, Sloth 18 Beetle Ford's 250
Bat, Sucker-footed 1 Bear, Spectacled 18 Beetle Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid
Bat, Sulawesi Fruit 136 Bear, Sun 195 99
Bat, Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit 136 beatrix, Chalinolobus 137 Beetle. Frost's Spring Scarab 250
Bat, Swift Fruit 136 beatus, Crocidura 6 Beetle Gammon's Riffle 99
Bat, Talaud Fruit 8 beauforti,Dobsonia 8 Beetle. Ghost Walker 248
Bat, Townsend's Big-eared 13 beaumonti, Hemistoma 116 Beetle Giuliani's Dune Scarab 99
Bat, Western Naked-backed Fruits Beaver, Admiralty Island 231 Beetle. Giuliani's Riffle 249
Bat, Wroughton's Free-tailed 13 Beaver, Broad-tail 245 Beetle Globose Dune 99
Batagur 64 Beaver, Eurasian 142 Beetle. Greenest Tiger 248
batchi, Cambarus 93 Beaver, Mongolian 245 Beetle Hardy's Scarab 249
batesi, Neotragus 141 Beaver, Point Arena Mountain 230 Beetle Hercules 250
batesi, Phyciodes 253 Beaver, Point Reyes Mountain 230 Beetle Hermit 99
batesi, Ploceus 57 Beaver, Rio Grande 245 Beetle. Hopping's Blister 249
batesi, Prionomys 144 Bebrornis 50 Beetle Hungerford's Crawling Water249

Bathanalia 119 Becard, Slaty 156 Beetle Idaho Dunes Tiger 248
Balhmocercus 50 beccarii, Cochoa 50 Beetle. Indiana Minute Moss 249
Beetle. Kauai Flightless Stag 249
BATHYERGIDAE 145 beccarii, Crocidura 6
Bathyergus 145 bechsteini, Myotis 12 Beetle Kelso Dune Scarab 250
Beetle Large Scarab 249
Bathygobius 206 Pterodroma 30
becki,
Beetle Leech's Skyline Diving248
Bathyraja 201 Beckianum 175
Beetle Leech's Water Scavenger249
bathysciodes, Glacicavicola 99 beddardi, Bassaricyon 140
Beetle Little Riffle 249
Batillaria 210 Beddomeia 114, 115, 188,256
Beetle Los Olmos Tiger 248
BATILLARIDAE 210 bedfordi, Proedromys 144
Beetle Marron's San Carlos Riffle249
Batis, Gabon 198 bedfordi, Terpsiphone 160
Beetle Maureen's Minute Moss249
Batis 198 bednalli, Sinumelon 122
Beetle Maureen's Moss 249
Batomys 197, 242 Bedot.a 204
Beetle Miami Roundhead Scarab 250
batrachocephalus, Mesogobius 206 Bee, Anlioch Andrenid 251
Beetle Moapa Warm Springs Riffle249
Batrachoides 78 Bee, Wallace's Giant 208
Beetle Moestan Blister 249
BATRACHOIDIDAE 78 Bee, Yellow Banded Andrenid 251
Beetle Mojave Desert Blister 249
BATRACHOIDIFORMES 78 beeri. Acne us 249
Beetle Mojave Rabbitbrush Longhorn
Batrachophrynus 67 Beetle, Caracara Commensal Scarab250
248
Batrachoseps 68 Beetle, American Burying 99
Beetle Molestan Blister 249
Batrachostomus 153, 198 Beetle, Animas Minute Moss 249
Beetle Mono Lake Diving 185
Batrachuperus 68 Beetle, Anthony Blister 249
Beetle Morrison's Blister 249
battoides comslocki, Euphilotes 252 Beetle, Antioch Dunes 248 Beetle Narrow-foot Diving 248
Battus 105 Beetle, Archbold Scarab 250 Beetle Neojuvenile Tiger 248
batty i, Leptotila 151 Beetle, Arizona Water Penny 249 Beetle North-eastern Beach Tiger248
Beetle, Arizona Water Scavenger 249
baudii. Pitta 156 Beetle Oblivious Tiger 248
Beetle, Atascodera Scarab 250 Beetle Ocala Burrowing Scarab 250
Baudinella 173
Beetle, Barbate Scarab 250 Beetle Pacific Sand Bear Scarab 250
baudinensis, Baudinella 173
Beetle, Beer's False Water Penny249 Beetle Parker's Riffle 249
baudinianus, Dromaius 179
Beetle, Beller's Ground 248
baudinii, Calyptorhynchus 40 Beetle Perrin's Cave 185
Beetle, Big Pine Key Dung 250 Beetle Piko Anobiid 248
baumanni, Phyllastrephus 157
Beetle, Blind Cave 99 Beetle Pinnacles Riffle 249
baunti, Coregonus 204
Beetle, Blue Ground 169 Beetle Puritan Tiger 98
bavarica, Bythinella 1 1
Beetle, Bog Idol Leaf 248 Beetle, Red Hills Unique Whirligig249
bavaricus, Microtus 178
Beetle, Brown's Riffle 249 Beetle, Ricksecker's Water Scavenger
Bavispe, Matalote del 75
Beetle, Brownish Riffle 249 249
Bay-owl, Congo 42
Beetle, Burnell's False Water Penny249 Beetle,Robust Riffle 249
Bayadera 238 Beetle, Cazier's Tiger 248 Beetle,Rude's Longhorn 248
bayleyi, Dendrocitta 164
Beetle, Ciervo Scarab 99 Beetle Sacramento 98
bayoni, Prognathochromis 184 Beetle, Cobblestone Tiger 169 Beetle San Joaquin Dune 99
bayoni, Xystichromis 1 85 Beetle, Columbia River Tiger 98 Beetle Schaum's Blue Ridge Ground248
Baza, Jerdon's 148 Beetle, Coral Pink Dunes Tiger 248 Beetle. Scott Riffle 249
Bdeogale 16,224 Beetle, Cresent Dune Scarab 99 Beetle. Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab
beadlei, Paralabidochrumis 85 Beetle, Curved-foot Diving 248 250
beadleianum, Pleurobema ill Beetle, Death Valley Agabus Diving248 Beetle Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab 250
bealei, Sacalia 64 Beetle, Delta Green Ground 98 Beetle Seclusive Water Scavenger249
Beamy s 23, 143 Beetle, Devil's Hole Warm Spring Riffle Beetle Six-banded Longhorn 248
Bean, Choctaw 256 249 Beetle Smyth's Tiger 248
Bean, Cumberland 256 Beetle, Disjunct Crawling Water249 Beetle Spangler's Diving 248
Bean, Purple 256 Beetle, Dohrn's Elegant Eucnemid249 Beetle. Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab250
Bean, Rayed 256 Beetle, Douglas Riffle 249 Beetle. Stark's False Water Penny249
Bear, Asiatic Black 18 Beetle, Elusive Diving 248 Beetle Stephan's Riffle 249
Bear, Baluchistan 224 Beetle, Exiguous Scarab 250 Beetle. Subtropical Blue-Black Tiger248

267
 1 3 1 1

Beetle, Sulphur Springs Diving 248 benneti, Meridolum 122 biangulatus, Samatogyrus 21
Beetle, Sylvan Diving 248 bennelti, Casuarius 146 Biotas 45
Beetle, Tantula Scarab 250 bennetti, Cazella 130 bibikoffi, Myrmica 101
Beetle, Texas Cave 248 bennettianus, Dendrolagus 135 Bibimys 143
Beetle, Texas Minute Moss 249 bennettii, Cynogale 18 bibrani, Pelachelys 66
Beetle, Tibial Scarab 250 benschi. Manias 35 bibranii, Pseudaphryne 167
Beetle, Tiger 248 bensoni. 'Lophopsittacus' 180 bicarinata, Archachalina 121
Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground 248 bensoni, Pseudocossyphus 52 bicarinata, Bythinella 115
Beetle, Tortoise Commensal Scarab 250 Benthophiloides 206 bicarinata, Discula 124
Beetle, Travertine Band-thigh Diving248 beoticus, Pseudophoxinus 73 bicarinatus, Lanistes 1 1

Beetle, Utah Diving 248 Berardius 130 bicolor bicolor, Saguinus 221
Beetle, Utah Minute Moss 249 berezovskii, Moschus 141 bicalar ssp., Gila 246
Beetle, Utah Water Scavenger 249 bergeri, Homopus 65 bicolor, Carelia 189
Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn248 bergi, Gymnocharacinus 75 bicolor, Caracina 157
Beetle, Variegated False Water Penny249 Hemicycla 174 bicolor, Epalzeorhynchos 183
berkeleyi,
Beetle, Warm Spring Riffle 249 berlandieri, Gopherus 243 bicolor, Macropleurodus 85
Beetle, Wawawona Riffle 249 berlepschi, Acestrura 43 bicolor, Rhyacamis 52
Beetle. White Mountains Water Penny
berlepschi, Asthenes 45 bicolor, Trichastama 160
249
berlepschi, Dacnis 54 bicancava, Hirasea 214
Beetle, White Sand Bear Scarab 250
berlepschi, Thripophaga 155 biconica, Trichia 215
Beetle, Wilbur Springs Minute Moss249
Bermudalana 97 bicornis, Diceras 19
Beetle, Wing-shoulder Minute Moss249
Bermudamysis 97 bicamis, Womersleymeria 250
Beetle, Woodruffs Dung 250
bermudensis, Bogidiella 89 biddulphi, Podoces 58
Beetle, Woody Gulf Dune Scarab 250
bermudensis, Currassanthura 96 bidenalus, Muscacyclops 132
Beetle, Woolly Diving 248
behnii, Micronycteris 1
bermudensis, Spelaeoecia 96 bidens, Mesoplodon 196
bermudensis, Speleoithona 92 bidens, Rousettus 136
BEHNINGIIDAE 250
beldingi, Geothlypis 55 berrmrdi, Epimyrma 100 bidens, Sturnira 137

Belenois 253 bernardi, Leptichnus 215 bidens, Vampyressa 137

bernardina, Pyrgulopsis 211 bidentatus, Antichthonidris 100
Belgrandiella 115, 188, 211
belki, Branchinecta 91 bernardini, Catostomus 75 bidentatus,Aphaenogaster 100
belkini, Brennania 99 bernardina allyni, Euphilotes 252 bidwilli,Papuexul 174
bella, Goethalsia 153 bernardus, Macropus 135 bidyanus, Bidyanus 83

Bellamya 119, 120 berneri, Heteraclean 250 Bidyanus 83

Bellbird, Bare-throated 156 bernieri. Anas 32 bielzii clathrata, Alopia 239
Bellbird, Three-wattled 46 bernieri, Orialia 49 biemarginata, Dysnomia 187
bellei, Progomphus 107 bernsteini. Sterna 38 biemargirmta, Epiablasma 110
belleri, Agonum 248 bernsteinii, Megapodius 149 Bienkotetrix 109
belli, Mathewsoconcha 125 berrisfardi, Colophan 99 bierzona, Helicella 126
bellii, Beddomeia 14 1
Berryeater, Black-headed 46 fciVri, Fe/ii 195

bellula, Achatinella 120 Berryeater, Hooded 156 Garrulax 50

/;(>?(,

bellula, Elimia 117 Berrypecker, Obscure 199 Rhinopithecus 15

fe/eJi,

bellulus, Margarornis 155 bertha, Cyanophrys 102 bifasciata, Saxicola 160

Belocephalus 109 BETHYLIDAE 251 bifasciatus, Cyprinodon lAI

Belomys 142 belpakdalaensis, Selevinia 28 bifurcatus, Stygobramus 89
Beloneuria 254 betsileanus, Ptychochromaides 86 bifurcus, Chilaglanis 76

BELONIFORMES 80, 168, 205, 243 betsileaensis, Astacoides 208 Bighorn, Nelson's 229
Belontia 132 betsileoensis, Brachyuramys 143 Bighorn, Rimrock 229
BELONTIIDAE 88, 132 Betta 88 bikolanus, Redigobius 169
Beloribitsa 236 Bettong, Brush-tailed 219 bilamellata, Helenodiscus 189
Belostoma 250 Bettong, Burrowing 219 Bilby 4
BELOSTOMATIDAE 250 Bettong, Eastern 219 Bilby, Lesser 177
belphegor, Nirodia 103 Bettong, Northern 4 bilensis, Gerbillus 24

beltrani, Cyprinodon 79 Bettong, Tasmanian 135, 219 bilera, Ecclisomyia 255

Beluga 70, 236 Bettongia 4, 129, 135.219 bilineata, Partula 190

belvica, Chalcalburnus 167 betulina, Sicista 143 ii/itij, Cazella 21

belzebul ululata, Alouatta 221 betulanensis, Trachoidea 175 billakalina, Fonscochlea 1 16
betzebuth belzebuth, Ateles 221 beuttikaferi quadrigutta, Eleuthemis biloba, Kimminsaperla 254
belzebulh bnmneus, Ateles 221 238 bimaculatus, Aglymbus 248
belzebuth hybridus, Ateles 221 bezaarticus bezoarticus, Ozotoceras bindal,Euastacus 96
227 binghami, Notarthrinus 252
belzebuth, Ateles 14
bezoarticus celer, Ozataceras 227 Binneya 213
bemini, Tilapia 86
bezaarticus leucogaster, Ozataceras binominata, Lampsilis 1 1
bengalensis iriomotensis, Prionailurus
227 binturong whitei, Arctictis 224
224
bezoarticus, Ozatoceros 141 Binturong, Palawan 224
bengalensis, Eupodotis 11
Bhutanitis 105,208,244 biocellatus, Glossogobius 169
bengalensis. Gyps 148
biaculeatus, Sygnathoides 205 Biamphalaria 113, 173
bengalensis, Vulpes 195
biangulata, Ceorissa 209 biplicata, Lamellidea 120
benguetanus, Papilio 171

268
 3 1 5
1

bipunctata, Bryonia 250 Blacksnake, St Vincent 61 Blue-eye, Honey 78

Bird-of-paradise, Biue 58 blainvillei, Echimys 146 Blue-Eye, Paska's 205
Bird-of-paradise, Emperor 164 blainvillei, Pontoporia 196 Blue-Eye, Popondetta 243
Bird-of-paradise, Goldie's58 blainvillii, Mormoops 137 Blue-eye, Red-finned 79
Bird-of-paradise, Macgregor's58 blakei, Crallaria 155 Blue-flycatcher, Large-billed 158
Bird-of-paradise, Red 164 blakistoni. Ketupa 42 Blue-flycatcher, Malaysian 158
Bird-of-paradise, Wilson's 164 Blanca, Dama Ciega 77 Blue-flycatcher, Rueck'sSO
Bird-of-paradise, Yellow-breasted 199 blanci, Chitala 167 Blue-flycatcher, White-bellied 158
Birddrop, Insular 175 blandingii, Emydoidea 165 Bluebuck 178
Birdwing, Chimaera 171 Blanfordimys 143 Bluetongue, Pygmy 61
Birdwing, Paradise 244 blumenbachii, Crax 34
blarina, Myosorex 1
Birdwing, Queen Alexandra's 105 Blarinella 136 blythii, Tragopan 35
Birdwing, Rothschild's 105 Boa, Bahamas 246
Blarinomys 143
Birdwing, Talaud Black 105 Boa, Cuban 165
btasii, Rhinolophus 137
Birgus 207 Boa, Dumeril's 61
Blastocerus 20
birmanicus, Lacconectus 248 Boa, Jamaican 61
BLATTARIA 247
bisaltide andamana, Doleschallia253 Boa, Madagascar 61
BLATTIDAE 247
biscaiense, Zospeum 1 1
Bleak, Danube 202 Boa, Madagascar Tree 61
Bischoffena 214 Bleak, Italian 71 Boa, Mona Island 234
bischoffensis, Bischoffena 214 Bleda 48 Boa, Puerto Rican 165
bisectus, Orconectes 94 Bleeding-heart, Luzon 151
Boa, Round Island 182
bisetosus, Fibulacamptus 96 Bleeding-heart, Mindanao 39 Boa, Round Island Keel-scaled 61
Bishop, Golden-backed 164 Boa, Rubber 246
Bleeding-heart, Mindoro39
bishopi, Catharopeza 55 Bleeding-heart, Negros 39 Boa. Virgin Islands 234
bishopi, Clyomys 28 Bleeding-heart, Sulu 39 boanensis, Monarcha 5
bishopi, Moho 54 bleheri, Chilatherina 78 bobak, Marmota 131
bishopi, Nesopupa 216 BLENNIIDAE 206 bobrinskoi. Eptesicus 138
Bison, American 130 Blenny, Tayrona 87 bocagei, Bostrychia 31
bison, Bison 130 BLEPKAROCERIDAE 99 bocagii, Amaurocichla 49
Bison, European 20 Blesbok 228 bocagrande, Cyprinella 71
Bison 20, 130 blewitti, Athene 42 Bocagrande, Sardinita71
bispinosa, Boeckella 91 blighi, Myiophonus 51 Bocon, Guayacon 80
bispinosus, Euastacus 96 Blindcat, Toothless 75 bocourti, Phoboscincus 200
bistriata, Isothrix 146 Blindcat, Widemouth 75 bodenheimeri, Pipistrellus 139
bisulcus, Hippocamelus 20 Bloater 77 Boeckella 91
Biswamayopterus 22 blofeldi, Chilonopsis 191 boehlkei, Elassoma 169
biswasi, Biswamayopterus 22 blomberg', Bulimulus 126 boesemani, Melanotaenia 78
Bitis 62 blossomae, Euploea 170 boettgeri, Pronesopupa 216

bitorquatus, Rhinoptilus 37 Blossomcrown 153 Boettgeria 123

bitridentata, Opanara 123 Blue, Alcon Large 170 bofilliana, Montserratina 174
Bitterling, Itasenpara71 Blue, Bohart's 252 Bofilliella 123
Bitterling, Tokyo 74 Blue, Comstock's 252 Boga-Portuguesa 71
Bittern, Australasian 31 Blue, Dusky Large 170 bogalusensis, Skislodiaptomus 20V
Bittern, Black-backed 179 Blue, El Segundo 252 bogdanovi, Dinaromys 143
Bittern, Forest 147 Blue, Greater Large 170 Bogidiella 89
Bittern, Schrenck's 147 Blue, Higgin's Anomalous 103 BOGIDIELLIDAE 89
Bitungu 73 Blue, Karner 252 BOIDAE 61, 165, 182, 234, 246
BIVALVIA 110, 133, 172, 187, 209, 238, Blue, Langston's 252 boitonei, Cynolebias 79
244, 255 Blue, Large 170 bojerii fontenayi, Gongylomorphus 246
bivaricosus etheridgei, Placostylus 239 Blue, Lotis 252 bojnicensis. Belgrandiella 1 1

bivaricosus, Placostylus 126 Blue, Mattoni's 252 bokermanni, Lonchophylla 1

bivexilla, Speleophria 97 Blue, Mission 252 Bolborhynchus 40

bivittata, Buettikoferella 158 Blue, Moro Bay 252 bolei, Monolistra 97
biionatus, Sandracottus 249 Blue, Naga Hedge 252 boliviensis, Abrocoma 28
Black-cockatoo, Glossy 40 Blue, Palos Verdes 252 bollii, Columba 38
Black-cockatoo, Slender-billed40 Blue, Pheres 252 bollonsi, Placostylus 121
Black-cockatoo, White-tailed40 Blue, Piedmont Anomalous 103 Boloria 104
Black-tyrant, Hudson's 156 Blue, San Emigdio 252 Bolson, Perrito del 243
Blackbird, Forbes's 56 Blue, Scarce Large 170, 252
boltoni, Aethopyga 161
Blackbird, Jamaican 163 Blue. Sierra Nevada 103
Bolyeria 182
Blackbird, Saffron-cowled 56 Blue, Smith's 252
bombina, Bombina 132
Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered56 Blue, Tailless 252
Bombina 132
Blackbuck 20 Blue, Texas Tailed 252
bombinus, Myotis 138
blackbumi, Manduca 254 Blue, Wineland 170
bombus, Acestrura 43
blackbumi, Pentarthrum 185 Blue, Xerces 186
Bombycilla 157
Blackcap, Bush 159 Blue-Eye, Cape 243
BOMBYCILLIDAE 157
blacki, Cambarellus 93 Blue-Eye, Forktail 243
bomolensis, Gulella 216
Blue-eye, Glass 78
blacki, Orconectes 94

269
 3 3 1 1

bonaeriensis, Phyllotis 144 boucardi, Amazilia 43 Branchinella 91

bonana, Icterus 56 bouchardi, Cambarus 93 BRANCHIPODIDAE 91

bonarensis, Balaenoptera 129 boueti,Typhlosynbranchus 205 brandli, Barbatula 203

Bonasa 149 bougainville bougainville, Perameles branickii, Dinomys 28

bonasia, Aphanapteryx 180 219 branickii, Leptosittaca 41

bonasus. Bison 20 bougainville fasciata, Perameles 219 Branta 32

Bongo 141 bougainville, Melomys 144 brasilensis, Caecorhamdella 204
Bongo, Eastern 230 bougainville, Perameles 4 brasiliana, Cercomacra 155
Bongo, Westen 230 bougainvillei, Actenoides 44 brasiliensis, Amazona 40
bonhotei, Gerbillus 24 bourguigrujti, Gonospira 175 brasiliensis, Pteronura 17
bonillai, Arius 76 bourguignati, Paladilhiopis 116 brasiliensis, Tadarida 139

Boninagrion 106 bourguignatiana, Renea 1 1 brassi, Philemon 199

Boninena 121 boumianum, Pleurobema 1 1 braueri, Antipodochlora 171

boninensis. Gastrocopta 127 bousfieldi, Gammarus 90 braunei, Benthophiloides 206
boninensis, Indolesles 107 fcov/, Fissuria 116 brauni, Laniarius 48
boninensis, Liardetia 124 BOVIDAE 20, 130, 141, 178, 227, 242, brazieri, Bothriembryon 121
Boninosuccinea 128 245 brazieri, Ostodes 212
Boninthemis 107 bovinus, Cyprinodon 79 Brazieria 217
bonita, Priapella 184 bowdoini, Mesoplodon 196 brazoriensis, Procambarus 94
bonnali, Lacerta 60 Bowerbird, Archbold's 58 bredanensis, Steno 196
bonnevillensis, Stagnicola 1 1
Bowerbird, Fire-maned 58 bregullae, Chaerephon 139
bonlanus, Rattus 26 Bowerbird, Golden 132 brehmii, Monarcha 51
Bontebok 130,228 Bowerbird, Golden-fronted 164 brelichi, Rhinopithecus 15
bonthaina, Ficedula 50 boweri, Colluricincla 158 brenchleyi, Ducula 39
Telmatherina 243
fcon/i,
Bowkeria 252 brenchleyi, Pupina 212
Bonytongue, Asian 70 ftowmani, Stygobromus 89 Brennania 99
Boobook, Sumba 42 bowryensis, Beddomeia 1 14 bressanum, Bythiospeum 244
Booby, Abbott's 30 Boxeador, Cachorrito 80 brevibarbus, Ancharius 203
Boodie 4, 219 boyciana, Ciconia 31 brevicauda ishigakiana, Bayadera 238
boonsongi, Parahelicops 200 boyeri, Atherina 204 brevicaudata. Chinchilla 28
hoops, Harpagochromis 184 boykiniana, Elimia 117 brevicaudata, Microgale 241
boraborensis, Mautodontha 123 braccatus, Moho 54 brevicaudatus, Onchotelson 97
boraxobius, Gila 72 bracei, Chlorostilbon 181 breviceps, Blarinomys 143
borbonensis. Hippocampus 81 BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE 78
breviceps. Hippocampus 205
Borbonibis 179 Brachionichthys 78 breviceps, Hipposideros 10
borbonica mauritiana, Antanartia 253 brachycephala, Myonycteris 9 Kogia
breviceps, l/il
borbonica, Antanartia 253 Brachycercus 250 breviceps, Polyergus 101
borbonica, Cylindraspis 182 brachycerus, Thestor 170 Breviceps 67
borbonicus, Scotophilus 13 Brachygalaxias 204 brevicincta, Somatochlora 106
bordaensis, Glyptorhagada 122 Brachylagus 146 brevicomis, Baronia 171
borealis, Balaenoptera 18 brachylopha, Lophomis 43 brevidens, Dysnomia 255
borealis, Lissodelphis 242 Brachylophus 59 brevidens, Epioblasma 110
borealis, Numenius 37 Brachyphylla 137 brevipalmata, Litoria 166
borealis, Picoides 45 Brachypteracias 44 brevipennis, Acrocephalus 49
boreas, Bufo 66 brachypterus, Dasyornis 50 brevipennis, Vireo 163
bomeensis, Orlitia 166 Brachypteryx 50, 158 brevipes, Aratinga 40
bomeoensis, Callagur 64 Brachyramphus 150 brevipinnis, Barbus 71
bommuelleri, Vipera 62 brachyrhynchus. Hippocampus 81
brevipinnis, Torguigener 207
Boroda 87 Brachyleles 14 brevirostris, Chasmistes 75
Boromys 178 Brachythemis 107 brevirostris, Orcaella 195
borysthenicus, Leuciscus 202 brachyura, Hystrix 28 brevirostris, Rissa 38
Bo5 20 Brachyuromys 143
brevirostrum, Acipenser 70
boschungi, Etheostoma 83 brachyurus, Accipiter 32 brevis, Adelotus 167
boscoi, Ponticyclops 132 brachyurus, Crysocyon 140 brevis, Avenionia 21
Boselaphus 130 brachyurus, Ramphocinclus 49 brevis, Chetia 84
Bostrichthys 206 brachyurus, Setonix 4 brevis, Elimia 1 17
Boslrychia 31 Bracken-warbler, Cameroon 158
brevistigmala okinawanus,
Botaurus 3! bracteata, Lampsilis 172 Chlorogomphus 237
Bothriembryon 256 bradei, Holoaden 67 breweri, Antrobia 256
Bothriembryon 121, 256 bradshaweri, Bothriembryon 121 breweri, Antrorbis 114
Bothrops 62 BRADYBAENIDAE 121,213,239 breweri, Microtus 242
Bofia 74 BRADYPODIDAE 5
brewsteri, Siphonorhis 153
Boto 19 Bradypodion 59, 164, 165
breyeri, Tetradactylus 59
fcowwanae, Laephotis 138 Bradypterus 50, 158, 198
Briana 71
bottae umbratica, Charirw 246 Bradypus 5
briansmithi, Beddomeia 114
bottegoides, Crocidura 6 Branchinecta 91,244 briarea, Anetia 170
Boubou, Turati's 157 BRANCHINECTIDAE 91, 244
Bridouxiana 119

270
 1 8 1 1 1

bridwelli, Nesilhmysus 248 brunneus, Dromaeocercus 158 Bug, Robert's Wingless Thread251
bridwelli, Nesosydne 251 brunneus, Eptesicus 138 Bug, Rough-headed Seed 251
Brilliant, Pink-throated 153 brunneus, Paradoxornis 160 Bug, Saratoga Springs 250
Bristle-tyrant, Antioquia47 brunneus, Pteropus 177 Bug, Selium Wingless Thread 251
Bristle-tyrant, Southern 156 brunneus, Spcirops 53 Bug, Smith's Reduviid 251
Bristle-tyrant, Venezuelan 156 brunneus, Spermophilus 22 Bug, Villosan Flightless Seed 251
Bristlebill, Green-tailed 48 brunnipennis floridana, Photuris 249 buhleri, Coryphomys 178
Bristlebird, Eastern 50 brunnotesselata, Trigonoscuta 248 bulbicercus, Nanodectes 109
Bristlebird, Rufous 50 brunus, Hydromantes 68 Bulbul, Blue-wattled 198
Bristlebird, Western 50 Brush-finch, Dusky-headed 162 Bulbul, Grey-headed 157
Bristlefront, Slaty 155 Brush-finch, Pale-headed 54 Bulbul, Hook-billed 157
Bristlefront, Stresemann's46 Brush-finch, Rufous-eared 162 Bulbul, Mauritius 48
Bristlehead, Bornean 157 Brush-finch. White-riinmed 162 Bulbul, Nicobar 48
Bristletail, Hawaiian Long-palp254 Brush-finch, Yellow-headed 54 Bulbul, Spot-necked 48
Bristletail, Perkin's Club-palp254 Brush-turkey, Bruijn's34 Bulbul, Straw-headed 48
broadbenti, Dasyornis 50 Brush-warbler, Moheli 159 Bulbul, Streak-breasted 48
broadbenti, Peroryctes 193 bryani, Oceanides 251 Bulbul, Styan's 157
Broadbill, African Green 45 Bulbul, Yellow-eared 157
bryani, Rhyncogonus 185
Broadbill, Wattled 45 Bulbul, Yellow-throated 157
Bryania 250
broadleyi, Pelusios 65 Bulbul, Yellowish 157
bryantae, Philodice 153
brochus, Syntheosciurus 142 bryanti, Neotoma bulenta. Problems 252
25
brocki, Vampyressa bulgardaghica, Vipera 62
1
Brychius 249
bromeliarum, Aglymbus 248 Bulha, Mojarra de 236
Bubalus 20
bubalis,
Bronze-cuckoo, Green-cheeked 198 bulimoides rosea, Achatinella 238
Bubalus 20
Bronzewing, Flock 151 bulimoides, Achatinella 120
Bufco 42, 152
Bronzewing, New Britain 151 bubulum, Cristilabrum 121
BULIMULIDAE 121,133,239,244
Bronzewing, New Guinea 151 buccinator, Cygnus 147
Bulimulus 126,215
brookei, Sundasciurus 142 Bulinus 113, 173
BUCCINIDAE 173,213
Brookesia 59 bulla, Ningbingia 122
Bucco 154
brooksi tearei, Poecilmitis 252 bullaris, Tylomys 27
BUCCONIDAE 154
brooksi, Delanymys 242 bullata, Allactaga 142
buccula, Notropis 73
Brotogeris 152 bullatus, Peromyscus 26
bucculentus, Sus 178
Brotomys 178 bulleri, Diomedea 146
Buceros 154
broughami, Cupedora 173 bulleri, Puffinus 146
BUCEROTIDAE 44, 154
Brown, Dickson's 253 Bullfinch, Orange 163
bucharicus, Blanfordimys 143
Brown-dove, Dark-eared 39 Bullfinch, White-cheeked 163
buckleyi, Micrastur 242
brownae, Astatotilapia 84 bullocki, Brachygalaxias 204
buddii, Achatinella 188
browni, Bulinus 173 bullocki, Telmatobufo 201
Budorcas 21,227
browni, Microcylloepus 249 Bullockia 204
buergersi, Erythrotriorchis 198
browni, Monarcha 159 Bully, Tarndale 87
Buettikoferella 158
browni, Optioservus 249 bulmerae, Aproteles 8
buettikoferi, Epomops 8
brownii, Geocapromys 28 bulolo, Chilatherina 204
buettikoferi, Nectarinia 242
brownii, Thylogale 4 bulweri, Discula 124
buettneri, Leimacomys 24
brucei, Campellolebias 79
bulweri, Lophura 35
Buffalo, African 131
bruchi, Oxyepoecus 101 bungaroides, Hoplocephalus 62
Buffalo, Wild Water 20
bruijni, Pogonomelomys 26 Bungu, Peso 87
Buffetia 125
bunkeri, Neotoma 25
bruijni, Zaglossus 3 B«/o 66, 166, 201
bunnii, Nesokia 144
bruijnii, Aepypodius 34 BUFONIDAE 66, 166, 201
bruijnii, Epimachus 164
Bunolagus 28
Bug, Amargosa 251
brumbacki. Actus 14
Bunomys 23, 143
Bug, Ana Wingless Thread 25
Bunting, Cinereous 162
brumbyi, Pleurocera 1 1 Bug, Annectans 251
Bunting, Gough 55
bruneauensis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Bug, Ash Meadows 251
Bunting, Grosbeak 55
brunei, Tryonia 212 Bug, Bryan's Seed 251
Bunting, Ochre-rumped 162
brunii, Thylogale 4 Bug, Dry Creek Cliff Strider 251
Bunting, Rose-bellied 162
brunnea, Hyaena 241 Bug, French Frigate Shoal Seed 251
Bunting, Rufous-backed 54
brunnea, Merycomyia 250 Bug, Hawaiian 251
Bunting, Slaty 162
brunneata, Rhinomyias 52 Bug, Kauai Band-legged Seed 251
Bunting, Socotra 55
brunneicapilla, Aplonis 57 Bug, Lanai Leaf 251
Bunting, Tibetan 162
brunnescens, Dubiraphia 249 Bug, Mauna Loa Seed 251
Bunting, Tristan 55
brunnescens, Macaca 15 Bug, Mirid Leaf 251
Bunting, Yellow 55
brunneus brunneus, Chlorogomphus Bug, Mount Haleakala Seed 251
Buntingi 80
238 Bug, Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread
Buntingi, Black 80
251
brunneus brunneus, Spermophilus 23 Buntingi, Duck-billed 80
Bug, Necker Bunchgrass Seed 251
brunneus endemicus, Spermophilus 23 Buntingi, Egg-carrying 81
Bug, Necker Goosefoot Seed 251
brunneus keramensis, Chlorogomphus Buntingi, Popta's 81
Bug, Nihoae Seed 251
238 BUPRESTIDAE 98
Bug, Perkin's Oceanides Seed 251
brunneus, Chalepoxenus 100 Buprestis 98
Bug, Pulchrus Thread 251

271
buraensis, Thapsia 125 Bustard, Great 37 Caddisfly, Contorted Micro 254
burbidgei, Petrogale 135 Bustard, Great Indian 37 Caddisfly, Denning's 254
burchellanus. Parides 171 Bustard, Houbara 242 Caddisfly, Deschutes Micro 254
burchelli, Aplothorax 248 Bustard, Little 150 Caddisfly, Fender's 255
burchelli, Pseudobarbus 73 Bustard, Little Brown 150 Caddisfly, Fischer's 254
burdigala. Betta 88 Bustard, Nubian 150 Caddisfly, Florida Longhorn254
burduricus, Aphanius 79 Butastur 148 Caddisfly, Florida Micro 254

burduricus, Arctodiaptomus 91 Butcherbird, Tagula 199 Caddisfly, Fort Dick 255

Buteo 33, 148 Caddisfly, Goeden's 254
bureschi, Barbatula 203
Buthraupis 54 Caddisfly, Green Springs Mountain255
burgi. Pseudobarbus 73
bulls. Bulls 169 Caddisfly, Haddock's 255
Burmagomphus 107
Bulls 169 Caddisfly, Kiamath 255
burnetii, Acneus 249
bulleri, Accipiter 147 Caddisfly, King's Creek 255
burnesii, Prinia 52
butleri, Sminlhopsis 4 Caddisfly, Kings Canyon 255
feurni, Victodrobia 117
Butterfly, Andrew's Marble 253 Caddisfly, Kite's Micro 254
bumieri, Ploceus 57
Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot253 Caddisfly, Knoxville Micro 254
burra, Certhilauda 47
Butterfly, Miami Blue 252 Caddisfly, Little Longhorn254
BURRAMYIDAE 4, 220
Caddisfly, Missouri 255
Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr 253
Burramys 4
Butterfly, Mono Checkerspot253 Caddisfly, Mount Hood 255
burrisi,Fallicambarus 94
Butterfly, Smokey Eyed Brown 253 Caddisfly, Obrien 255
Burrower, Piedmont Blue 93
Butterfly, Tawny Crescent 253 Caddisfly, One-spot 255
burrowsius. Neochanna 77
Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillaryl04 Caddisfly, Oregon 255
burrus, Ratlus 26
Butterflyfish, Easter Island 84 Caddisfly, Provost's Micro 254
burloni, Bathygobius 206
Butterflyfish, Marley's84 Caddisfly, San Marcos 254
burtoni, Gerbillus 24
Butterflyfish, Yellow-crowned 84 Caddisfly, Spiny 255
burloni, Percina 84 Caddisfly, Three-tooth 187
Buttonquail, Black-breasted 35
buruensis, Platynectes 249 Caddisfly, Tobias' 187
Buttonquail, Buff-breasted 35
burundensis, Tropodiaptomus 92 Caddisfly, Tombstone Prairie 255
Buttonquail, Chestnut-backed 35
fouryi, Sy/via 52 Caddisfly, Vertree's 254
Buttonquail, Spotted 149
buryillum, Cristilabrum 121 Caddisfly. Vertree's Micro 254
Buttonquail, Sumba 35
busbyi, Paryphanta 175 Buttonquail, Worcester's 35 Caddisfly, Zigzag Blackwater255
buschingeri, Leptothorax 100 buxloni, Tragelaphus 22 caddoensis, Plelhodon 167
busckana, Carolella 252 Buzzard, Rufous-winged 148 cadenati, Entomacrodus 206
buselaphus buselaphus, Alcelaphus 227 byrnei, Dasycercus 3 cadomae, Piplslrellus 139
buselaphus caama, Alcelaphus 111 byronii, Achalinella 120 Caecidolea 96, 97
buselaphus cokei, Alcelaphus in Bylhtnella 115,173,188,244 caecilia, Slrongylognalhus 102
buselaphus lelwel, Alcelaphus 111 Bvlhiospeum Caecobarbus 71
1 15, 173, 21 1, 244
buselaphus major, Alcelaphus 111 bVtHITIDAE 77, 204, 247 Caecocypris 71
buselaphus swaynei, Alcelaphus 227 bylhobalhes, Tilapia 86 Caecorhamdella 204
buselaphus tora, Alcelaphus 227 Tangara 55
cabanisi, caelala, Trichia 215
buselaphus, Alcelaphus 130 Cabassous 136, 193 caelalura, Plegma 124
Bush-crow, Ethiopian 58 Cabezon, Cachorrito 79 CAENIDAE 250
Bush-quail. Manipur 35 caboti, Tragopan 35 CAENOLESTIDAE 3
Bush-robin, Rufous-breasted 160 caerulatus, Cyornis 158
cabrerae, Microlus 144
Bush-shrike, Bulo Burti48 caerulea, Cyprinella 71
Cacajao 14,221,241
Bush-shrike, Gabela 48 caerulea, Pilla 156
Cacalua 40, 152
Bush-shrike, Green-breasted 48 Loxops 56
caeruleiroslris,
cachinnans, Garrulax 159
Bush-shrike, Lagden's 157 caeruleosligmala, Chela 71
Cacicus 56
Bush-shrike, Monteiro's49
Cacique, Selva 56 caerulescens, Eupodolis 150
Bush-shrike, Mount Kupe49 caerulescens, Porphyrosplza 163
Caco, Cape 167
Bush-shrike, Orange-breasted 48
Caco, Poynton's 201 caeruleus, Cyanocorax 164
Bush-shrike, Uluguru 48
Cacomanlis 198 caesia, Achalinella 1 88
Bush-tanager, Yellow-green 54
Caconemobius 108 caespes, Euploea 104
Bush-tyrant, Rufous-bellied 155
Cacoslemum 167, 201 cajfer,Acrocephalus 49
Bush-tyrant, Santa Marta47
cactorum, Aslhenes 155 cajfer, Syncerus 131
Bush-warbler, Aldabra 181
cacuminis, Leploperla 109 caglei, Craplemys 64
Bush-warbler, Long-billed 50
Bush-warbler, Caddisfly, Alexander's 255 cahabae, Notropis 73
Long-tailed 158
Caddisfly, Alsea Micro 254 cahabensis, Clappia 115
Bush-warbler, Sri Lanka 158
Bush-warbler, Tanimbar 158 Caddisfly, Arkansas 254 cahabensis, Homoeoneuria 250
Caddisfly, Artesian 254 cahawbensis, Elimia 212
Bushbird, Recurve-billed45
Caddisfly, Athens 187 cahita, Calostomus 75
Bushbird, Rondonia 198
Bushchat, Jerdon's 160 Caddisfly. Bilobed 255 Cahita, Matalote 75
Bushchat, White-bellied 160 Caddisfly, Blue Mountains 255 cahni, Erimyslax 72
Bushchat, White-browed 52 Caddisfly, Cascades 255 cahow, Plerodroma 30
Bushchat, White-throated 52 Caddisfly, Castle Crags 255 cahuilaensls, Slenopelmalus 109
Caddisfly, Castle Lake 187 caiguanabus, Papilio 208
bustamantei, Evarra 183
Caddisfly, Clatsop 255 Caiman, Black 58
Bustard, Blue 150
Caddisfly, Colombian Gorge 255 Cairina 32

272 i
 1 3

Caimsichthys 78 calonotus, Simoselaps 165 cana, Vulpes 195

caissara, Leontopithecus 14 Caloprymnus 177 canadensis califomiana, Ovis 229
calabarensis, Arctocebus 1 39 CALOPTERYGIDAE 106, 171,237 canadensis cremnobates, Ovis 229
calabyi, Thylogale 4 Calopteryx 106, 171 canadensis frondator, Castor 245
Calamaria 200 calopyge, Monclistra 97 canadensis mexicana, Ovis 229
calamianensis, Axis 20 Calotes 59 canadensis mexicanus. Castor 245
Calamoecia 91 calura, Phascogale 3 canadensis nelsoni. Ovis 229
CALANOIDA 91, 185,207 Caluromys 3, 135 canadensis phaeus. Castor 231
calcaris, Boeckella 91 Caluromysiops 3 canadensis weemsi, Ovis 229
Calcochloris 1A\ ca/va, Lemniscia 133 canadensis, Harpagoxenus 100
Calconiscellus 97 calve ni, Somatochlora 171 canadensis, Ovis 131
calculus, Caseolus 124 calvus calvus, Cacajao 221 canaliculata, Newcombia 120
caldeirarum, Leptaxis 125 calvus novaesi, Cacajao 221 canalis, Sinployea 189
Caldera, Charal de la 78 calvus rubicundus, Cacajao 221 Canariella 133
calderoni, Cobitis 74 calvus ucayalii, Cacajao 221 canariensis, Crocidura 6
caldwelli, Astacoides 208 calvus, Bulimulus 126 canariensis, Potamonectes 249
caldwelli, Ctenophila 124 calvus, Cacajao 14 Canariomys 178
Caldwellia 124, 190 calvus, Geronticus 31 Canary, Protea 163
caledoni, Aloeides 102 calvus, Sarcogyps 148 Canastero, Austral 45
caliculata, Opanara 123 calypso, Partula 127 Canastero, Berlepsch's45
calida calida, Stenelmis 249 Calyptophilus 54 Canastero, Cactus 155
calida moapa, Stenelmis 249 Calyptorhynchus 40 Canastero, Chestnut 45
calida, Paracoenia 250 Calyptura, Kinglet 46 Canastero, Cip'^ 45
calidus, Barbus 71 Calyptura 46 Canastero, Line-fronted 155
califomensis, Anodonta 255 CAMAENIDAE 121, 173, 189, 214, 239, Canastero, Maquis 45
califomianus japonicus, Zalophus 224 244, 256 Canastero, Pale-tailed 45
califomianus wollebaeki, Zalophus 224 Camarhynchus 54, 162 cancellata, Prosobonia 38
califomianus, Gymnogyps 32 Cambarellus 93 candango, Juscelinomys 143
califomicus dimorphus, Desmocerus CAMBARIDAE 93, 237 candezei, Amychus 249
248 Cambarus 93, 94 candicans, Caprimulgus 43
califomicus femoralis, Chaetodipus 231 cambodiana, Arborophila 34 Candida, Partula 190
califomicus mohavensis, Microtus 232 Camel, Wild Bactrian 20 Candidula 126
califomicus scirpensis, Microtus 232 CAMELIDAE 20, 130, 226 candidum, Ophisternon 205
califomicus stephensi, Microtus Til camelopardalis, Ciraffa 130 CANDONIIDAE 185
califomicus, Macrotus 1 camelopardalis. Hippocampus 81 canescens, Bulinus 173
califomiense, Ambystoma 68 camelus. Epigomphus 107 canescens, Marmosa 193
califomiensis, Hesperodiaptomus 92 Camelus 20 canescens, Pseudocheirus 193
caligata sheldoni, Marmota 230 camensis, Beddomeia 114 canestrini. Pomatoschistus 206
caligata vigilis, Marmota 230 cameroni. Colophon 99 Cangrejero, Cachorrito 79
caliginca, Crocidura 6 camerunense, Enallagma 106 caniceps, Diplomys 146
Callaeas 58 camerunensis, Bulinus 1 1 caniceps, Geotrygon 151
CALLAEIDAE 58, 132, 182 camerunensis, Francolinus 34 caniceps, Peromyscus 26
Callagur 64 camerunensis, Hipposideros 136 caniceps, Psittacula 152
callathiscus, Leiostyla 127 campaneri, Canthocamptus 132 CANIDAE 16, 129, 140, 177, 195, 223,

Callicebus 14, 194, 221, 241 campani, Furcifer 59 241

Partula 190
callifera, campbelli, Advena 190 canifrons, Gallicolumba 151
Callimico 14 campbelli, Malurus 198 caninus, Barbus 167
CALLIONYMIDAE 87 campbelli, Mussonena 122 Canw 16,223,241
Callionymus 87 campbelli, Phalacrocorax 31 cannfluviatilus, Oreomava 214
callipeplum, Chondropoma 212 Campellolebias 79 canning!, Rallina 37
callippe callippe, Speyeria 253 Campeloma 120 canorus, Bufo 66
calliptera,Pyrrhura 41 Campephaga 48 cansulus, Sorex 7
callipygus, Cephalophus 141 CAMPEPHAGIDAE 48, 157, 242 cansus morosa. Ochotona ITi?!
callistoderma, Boninena 121 Campephilus 44, 181 cansus sorella, Ochotona 233
callistoderma, Helminthoglypta 125 campestris, Caloprymnus 111 cantons, Telespiza 56
callitaenia, Cyprinella 167 campestris, Metacyclops 132 cantator, Phylloscopus 160
Callithrix 14, 194, 241 Campethera 154 Canthigaster 88
CALLITRICHIDAE 14, 194, 221, 241 campi, Batrachoseps 68 CANTHOCAMPTIDAE 96, 132, 208
callizonus, Jokajdon 214 campioni, Allorhizucha 107 Canthocamptus 96, 132

callizonus, Xenotriccus 156 Campolaemus 192 cantonensis, Pericrocotus 157

Callophrys 252 Camponotus 100 cantorii, Pelochelys 66

Callopistes 200 camposensis, Diplomystes 203 canus, Eropeplus 24

Callorhinus 17 Campsicnemus 185 canus, Optioservus 249
Callosciurus 22 Camptoceras 210 canuti, Rhinolophus 137
Lepus 146
callotis, Camptorhynchus 179 capaccinii, Myotis 12
Caloenas 150 Campylopterus 43, 153 capax, Potamilus 112
Calomyscus 23, 143 Campylorhamphus 155 capellei, Treron 151

273
 1 3 1 3 6 1

capense, Cacosternum 167 cardosoi, Megalolulimus 190 carunculata, Paradigalla 164

Capensibufo 166 Carduelis 56, 163 carunculatus, Grus 36
capensis, Barbus 71 Carelia 189 carunculatus, Phalacrocorax 31
capensis, Beddomeia 114 caretta, Caretia 62 carunculatus, Philestumus 132
capensis. Hippocampus 81 Caretta 62 Carunculina 255
capensis, Metadiaptomus 92 CARETTOCHELYIDAE 62 CARYCHIIDAE 113
capensis, Microbalrachella 67 Carellochelys 62 CARYODIDAE 123
capensis, Morus 146 caribaea, Columba 38 caryophyllacea, Rhodonessa 32
capensis, Myxus lAA caribaeus, Vireo 56 Casarea 61
capensis, Pedetes 27 caribbaea, Pxerodroma 30 cascadae, Rana 67
capensis, Rhinolophus 10 Caribou, Peary 227 Case, Spectacle 255
capensis, Tumagra 181 cariei, Typhlops 182 Caseolus 256
Caperea 242 cariei, Unio 187 Caseolus 124, 133,256
capillaris, Elimia 117 carinata bartschi, Cyclura 234 Casinycters 136
capitalis, Aphanotriccus 156 carinata carinata, Cyclura 234 caspica, Phoca 17
capitalis, Slachyris 160 carinata, Deinacrida 254 cassida, Leiostyla 127
Capi'ro 44, 154 carinata, Cyclura 59 cassini, Gymnostinops 56
CAPITONIDAE 44, 154 carinata, Lantzia 1 1 cassini, Magicicada 170
Capnia 254 carinata, Tropidophora 212 cassius, Psammochromis 185
CAPNIIDAE 254 carinatum. Electron 154 cassoni.Colophon 99
capnodes, Otus 42 carinatus, Neoplanorbis 1 1 Cassowary, Dwarf 146
Capoeta 167,202 carinella, Perdicella 213 Cassowary, Northern 29
caporaphe, Iredaleoconcha 125 carinofausta, Actinella 174 Cassowary, Southern 29
Capra 21, 141,228 Carinotrachia 121 casta, Achatinella 188
capreolus, Pelea 131 carinulata, Bythinella 173 Castalia 110
capricorni, Tornelasmias 188 Carinurella 90 castanea, Auriculella 213
Capricornis 21, 130,228 cariosa, Lampsilis 1 1 castanea, Litoria 243
CAPRIMULGIDAE 43, 153, 198 carlhubbsi, Mesoplodon 196 castanea, Partula 190
CAPRIMULGIFORMES 43, 153, 198 camarvonensis, Jardinella 1 1 castanea, Pithys 198
Caprimulgus 43, 153, 198 CARNIVORA 16, 129, 140, 177, 195, castaneae, Ectodemia 186
Caprolagus 28 223,241,245 castaneae, Synanthedon 254
CAPROMYIDAE 28, 146, 178 carola, Ducula 39 castaneela, Argyresthia 186
Capromys 178 Carolella 252 castaneiventris, Amazilia 43
capsaeformis, Dysnomia 255 caroli, Polyonymus 153 castaneus, Lasiurus 12
capsaeformis, Epioblasma 110 caroli, Pseudochirulus 193 castanonotum, Glaucidium 152
Capshell, Rocky Mountain 112 caroli, Sarotherodon 86 castanota, Tumix 35
capsula, Ogasawarana 209 Carolina, Terrapene 166 castor, Pyrgulopsis 21
captivus, Xenoophorus 80 carolinae, Cettia 158 Cflifor 142,231,245
Capuchin, Andean White-fronted222 carolinae, Syconycteris 10 CASTORIDAE 142,231,245
Capuchin, Robust Tufted 222 carolinae, Trochomorpha 111 castroviejoi, Lepus 28
Capuchin, White-fronted 222 carolinarum, Sturanyella 209 castus, Monarcha 159
capucinus curtus, Cebus 222 carolinensis, Conuropsis 180 CASUARIIDAE 29, 146
Capvi 102 carolinensis, Omphalotropis 210 CASUARIIFORMES 29, 146, 179
CARABIDAE 98, 169, 185, 248 carolinensis, Papilio 105 casuarius, Casuarius 29
Carabus 98, 169 carolinensis, Skistodiaptomus 92 Casuarius 29, 146
Caracara, Guadalupe 179 Leuciscus243
carolitertii, Cat, African Golden 241
Caracara, Striated 149 carolynnae, Aloeides 102 Cat, Andean 16
Caracolera, Mojarra 85 Carp, Crucian 236 Cat, Asiatic Golden 140
caramba, Paludiscala 116 Carp, Wild Common 202, 236 Cat, Bay 16
carassius Carassius 236
,
carpio Cyprinus 236
,
Cat, Chinese Desert 195
CaraiiiUi 236 carpio, Cyprinus 202 Cat, Fishing 140
carbonaria, Cercomacra 45 Salmo 77
carpio, Cat, Flat-headed 16
Carbonera, Perrito de 79 Carpococcyx 42, 152 Cat, Iriomote 224
carcassoni, Mylothris 253 Carpodacus 199 Cat, Little Spotted 140
CARCHARHINIDAE 69 Carpodectes 46, 156
Cat, Marbled 195
Carcliarhinus 69 Cat, Pakistan Sand 223
Carpomys 197
carcharias, Carcharodon 69 Cat, Pallas's 241
Carpornis 46, 156
Carcharias 69 CARPOSINIDAE 252
Cat, Pampas 241
CARCHARINIFORMES 69 carrikeri, Ceotrygon 39
Cat, Rusty-spotted 195
Carcharodon 69 Cat,Sand 241
carrikeri, Tonatia 1

Carcinoscorpius 209 Catabasis 203

carruai, Diploglossus 59
Cardinal, Yellow 55
carruthersi, Funisciurus 22
catagius, Cambarus 93
Cardiocondyla 100 Cataglyphis 100
carsoniana, Carinotrachia 121
Cardiocranius 23
carteri, Westralunio 110
Catagonus 20
Cardioderma 136 catamene, Loriculus 41
Carterodon 145
cardium, Lampsilis 172 Catamenia 162
cartilaginea,Amyda 65
cardonai, Myioborus 56 cataphractus, Cordylus 59
cartilagonodus, Otopleropus 9

274
I
 1

cataphractus, Crocodylus 199 Cavesnail, Greenbrier 116 Cerambyx 98

cataractae Rhinichthys 246
ssp., Cavesnail, Mimic 116 CERAStuiDAE 189
cataractae, Puntius 203 Cavesnail, Phantom 115 Ceratella 250
catax, Eriogaster 208 Cavesnail, Tapered 21 ceratina. Helix 125
Catbird, Black 158 Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek 1 14 Ceratogymna 154
Catbird, Tooth-billed 164 cavicauda, Thermosphaeroma 97 Ceratophallus 113
Catfish, Aristotle's 203 cavicola, Pseudocandona 98 Ceratophora 59
Catfish, Cave 76 cavicola. Thaumatogryllus 108 Ceratotheriam 130, 225
Catfish, Dalhousie 247 cavifrons, AmblopUtes 83 Cercartetus 210
Catfish, False Spine 247 cavifrons, Harpagochromis 184 Cercocebus 140,222,245
Catfish, Froggatt's 204 CAVIIDAE 145 Cercomacra 45, 155
Catfish, Giant 76, 203 cavirostris, Ziphius 197 Cercomela 158
Catfish, Lorentz 204 cawstoni. Tomicha 188 CERCOPITHECIDAE 15, 129, 140, 194,
Catfish, New Grenada Sea 76 cazieri, Cicindela 248 222, 245
Catfish. Taylor's 204 cazorlensis, Potamonectes 249 Cercopithecus 15, 140, 194, 222
Catharopeza 55 CEBIDAE 14, 194,221,241 Cercyonis 253
CATHARTIDAE 32 cebifrons, Sus 20 cerdo, Cerambyx 98
calherina, Gyliotrachela 175 cebuensis, Copsychus 50 Ceriagrion 208
catherinae, Metanotaenia 243 C<fii«.s 15,221,222 Ceriferella 251
Calinella 175 cecconii, Strongylognathus 102 Cenon 123
Catocala 253 Cecilia,Ophiogomphus 244 CERIONIDAE 123
catodon, Physeler 18 ceciliae, Cyprinodon 183 cemicum, Elasmias 124
Catopuma 16, 140 ceciliae, Phylloscartes 47 cemicus, Bulinus 173
CATOSTOMIDAE 75, 168, 183, 203, Cecilioides 124,215 ceromatica, Pyreferra 253
243, 246 cedista, Partula 190 certans, Nyctimene 136
catostomus lacustris, Calostomus 246 celaeno, Nyctimene 9 Certhilauda 47, 157
Catoslomus 75, 168, 246 Celaenomys 143 cerverai, Cyanolimnas 36
Catreus 34 celaenops. Tardus 53 cerverai, Ferminia 49
Catspaw 255 celebensis, Acerodon 136 cervicalis, Pterodroma 30
Catspaw, Narrow 87 1
celebensis, Crunomys 23 cervicapra, Antilope 20
Catspaw, White 255 celebensis, Miratesta 187 cervicomis, Macrodontia 98
catta, Lemur 14
celebensis, Nomoramphus 205 CERVIDAE 20, 141, 178, 197, 226
caucasica, Capra 21
celebensis, Oryzias 80 cervinicauda, Myiagra 159
caucasica, Mertensiella 167 celebensis, Rhinolophus 137 cerviniventris, Bathmocercus 50
caucensis, Rhipidomys 145 celebensis, Scolopax 150 cervinus, Natomys 144
caudacuta, Culicivora 156 celebensis, Scolophilus 194 CervHi 20, 178, 197, 226, 227
caudalis, Leucorrhinia 244
celebensis, Strigocuscus 193 Cesonia IQl
CAUDATA 68, 132, 167, 201, 235, 246
celebensis, Telmatherina 79 cestus, Achatinella 120
caudata, Marmota 142
Ce/eno 254 CETACEA 18, 129, 141, 195, 224, 242
caudata, Sicista 23 Celestas 182, 199 CETORHINIDAE 69
caudatus caudatus, Naemorhedus 229 celticus, Metatrichoniscoides 97 Cetorhinas 69
caudatus evansi, Naemorhedus 229 Centipede, Serpent Island 89 Ccma 158
caudatus griseus. Naemorhedus 229 Caprimalgus 43
centralasicas, ceuthma, Mautodontha 123
caudatus macrurus, Cercartetus 220 centralis, Cabassous 193 Ceuthonectes 96
caudatus raddeanus, Naemorhedus 229 centralis, Cooperconcha 173 Cej;^ 44
caudatus, Bradypterus 158 centralis, Craterocephalus 168 chaberti, Trichomycterus 204
caudatus, Naemorhedus 21 CENTRARCHIDAE 83, 169, 206, 247 chaca, Kedestes 252
caudatus, Spelaeomis 52 CENTROPAGIDAE 91 chacei, Procaris 96
caudiverbera, Caudiverbera 201 Centropas 42, 152 Chachalaca, Rufous-headed 34
Caudiverbera 201 Centropyge 84 chacoensis, Acanthochelys 62
caudocarinatus, Microphis 205 cepasi, Conus 120 chacoensis, Anthus 157
caudovittatus, Tetracentrum 206 Cephalaeschna 106 chacoensis, Cabassous 193
Cauque 168 Cephalakompsus 71 CHAENOPSIDAE 87
caurinus, Eptesicus 138 CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI 69, 167, 183, Chaerephon 13, 139
caurinus, Notoryctes 4 201,246 Chaeropus 177
cavagnaroi, Bulimulus 126 cephaloides, Leuciscus 202 Chaetarthria 149
Cavaticovelia 251 cephalophus cephalophas, Elaphodus Chaetodipus 231
cavaticus, Echinodillo 208 in Chaetodon 84
Cave-chat, Angola 161 cephalophus ichangensis, Elaphodus CHAETODONTIDAE 84
Cavefish, Alabama 77 in Chaetomys 28
Cavefish, Northern 77 cephalophus michianus, Elaphodus 227 Chaetophractus 5
Cavefish, Ozark 77 cephalophus, Elaphodus 197 Chaetops 158
cavemicola, Aspiduchus 247 Cephalophas 21, 130, 141, 228 Chaetoptila 181
cavemicola, Clarias 76 Cephalopteras 46 Chaetomis 50
cavemicola, Eleutherodactylus 67 Cephalorhynchus 18, 195 Chafer, Cromwell 99
cavemicola, Spelungula 207 Ceractea 254 Chaffinch, Blue 132
cavemicolus, Atlantasellus 97 CERAMBYCIDAE 98, 185, 248 Chalcalbumus 167,202

275
 1

chalcoides, Chalcalbumus 202 Chat, Herero 159 Chimpanzee, Eastern 223

chalconotus, Phalacrocorax 31 Chat, Sombre 158 Chimpanzee, Pygmy 16
chalcurum. Polyplectron 149 Chat, Yellow 158 Chimpanzee. Western 223
chalcurus, Ptilinopus 39 Chat-lanager 54 Chinchilla, Long-tailed 28
Chalepoxenus 100 Chat-tyrant, Piura 156 Chinchilla, Short-tailed 28
Chalicodoma 208 chathamensis, Haematopus 37 Chinchilla 28
Chalinolobus 12, 137, 138, 194 chattanoogaense, Pleurobema 1 1 CHINCHILLIDAE 28, 145

chalmersi, Marginella 213 chaugaensis, Cambarus 93 Chinemys 200

chalumnae, Latimeria 88 Chauna 147 chinensis, Luehdorfia 208

chalybea, Euphonia 162 chaunax, Vitrinula 189 chinensis, Sousa 196

chalybeus, Centropus 152 Chaunoproclus 182 c/jini, BeKa 88
Chamaeleon, Natal Midland Dwarf 165 chavariu, Chauna 147 Chinkara 130
Chamaeleon, Setaro's Dwarf 59 cheatumi, Tryonia 212 Chioglossa 68
Chamaeleon, Smith's Dwarf 59 Cheetah 16 Chionomys 143
Chamaeleon, Zululand Dwarf 164 Cheetah, Asiatic 223 Chipmunk, Henry Mountains 231
CHAMAELEONIDAE 59, 164 Cheetah, Northwest African 223 Chipmunk, Hidden Forest 231
Chamaepetes 149 cheiligona, Leiostyla 127 Chipmunk, Organ Mountains 231
Chamalychaeus 213, 239 Cheilinus 87 Chipmunk, Palmer's 22
chamberlini, Formicoxenus 100 cheiranthicola, Discula 124 Chipmunk, Pefiasco Least 231
chamissonis, Philodryas 200 Cheirodon 203 Chipmunk, Selkirk Least 231
Chamois. Apennine 230 CHEIROGALEIDAE 13, 139, 220 chipolaensis, Elliptio 1 10
Chamois, Balkan 242 Cheiromeles 139 chiriquita, Palaemnema 108
Chamois, Caucasian 230 Chela 71 CHIROCEPHALIDAE 91
Chamois, Chartreuse 230 CHELIDAE 62, 165, 200, 243 Chirocephalus 91
Chamois, Southern 131 che lifer, Strongylognathus 102 Chiroderma 11

Chamois, Tatra 230 Chelodina 62, 165. 200 Chironectes 135

Chamois, Turkish 230 Chelonia 63, 234 Chironius 61
championi, Pogonomys 26 CHELONIIDAE 62, 234 Chiropodomys 23, 143
Aphanius 243
chantrei, CHELYDRIDAE 63 Chiropotes 222, 241
chaophraya, Himantura 70 chengi, Meriones 25 CHIROPTERA 8, 129, 136, 177, 193, 241
chaostola leucophaea, Antipodia 252 Cherax 95, 208 Chirostoma 78, 204
chapensis, Typhlomys 21 chermesina, Myzomela 54 chirurgica, Grylloblatta 99
chapini, Chaerephon 139 cherriei, Orthogeomys 142 Chitala \61
chapini, Helerohyrax 20 cherriei, Synallaxis 155 chitra, Chitra 65
chapini, Kupeomis 159 Thripophaga 45
cherriei, Chitra 65
chaptini, Lybius 154 Chersodromia 250 chittenangoensis, Succinea 217
chapmani, Dobsonia 177 Chetia 84 Chlamydogobius 87
chappuisi, Eudiaptomus 207 chevrolati, Oryctes 250 Chlamydotis 242
Char, Angayukaksurak 204 chevrolati, Sandracottus 249 Chlamyphorus 5
Char, Kirikuchi 77 Chevrotain, Balabac 226 Chlidonias 38
CHARACIDAE 75, 203, 236 cheynei, Omphalotropis 210 Chloaeltis 108
CHARACIFORMES 75, 203, 236 Chibchanomys 143 Chloebia 57
Characin, Naked 75 chichijimana, Gastrocopta 191 Chloephaga 147
Characodon, Bold 80 chichijimana, Hirasea 124 Chloridops 181
Characodon, Parras 184 chichijimana, Mandarina 214 Chlorilis 239
Characodon 80, 184 chichijimana, Ogasawarana 112 chlorinda chlorinda, Pseudalmenus 252
CHARADRIIDAE 37, 150, 180 chichijimana, Vitrinula 189 chlorinda conara, Pseudalmenus 252
CHARADRIIFORMES 37, 131, 150, 180 chicquera, Falco 149 Anthus 48
chloris,
Charadrius 37, 150 Chihuahua, Charalito 72 chlorocephala smythi, Cicindela 248
Charalito 168
chikae, Papilio 105 Chlorochrysa 54
Charaxes 253 Chilatherina 78, 204, 243 Chlorocichla 48
Charaxes, Silver Barred 253
chilensis, Bufo 201 CHLOROCYPHIDAE 106
Charaxes 253
chilensis, Diplomystes 75 Chlorogomphus 106, 237, 238
chariessa, Apalis 49
chilensis, Geochelone 65 chlorolepidota, Pipreola 156
Charina 246
chiloensis, Myotis 138 Chlorolestes 108, 171
charitonius peruvianas, Heliconius 253
Chiloglanis 76, 243 chloronothos, Zosterops 54
Charitospiza 162
Chilonopsis 191, 192 CHLOROPERLIDAE 187
charhonii, Arborophila 34
CHILOPODA 89 Chloropeta 50
ChartTwsyna 40, 152
Chilostoma 174,215 chloropharynx, Bena 88
charon, Advena 125
chilotes complex, Paralabidochromis Chloropipo 156
charonda, Sasakia ISli
85 Chloropsis 48, 157
CHAROPIDAE 123, 174, 189, 214, 245
Trichomycterus 204
chiltoni, chloroptera, Aratinga 40
Charpentieria 174
chimaera, Omithoptera 171 chlororhynchus, Centropus 42
Chaser, Purple 107
chimaera, Uratelomis 44 Chlorospingus 54
Chasmistes 75, 183,246
Chimarrogale 6 Chlorostilbon 181
Chat, Buff-streaked 160
Chimpanzee 16 Chlorotalpa 5
Chat, Fuerleventura 160
Chimpanzee, Central 223 choaspes tumanana, Tirumala 237

276
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chocoensis, Platyrrhinus 1 Chub, Tui 246 Cinclidium 158

chocoensis, Veniliomis 155 Chub, Umpqua 168 Cinclodes, Royal 45
Chocolate, Father Schoenig's 104 Chub, Yaqui 72 Cinclodes, White-bellied45
choctawensis, Villosa 256 Chuditch 3 Cinclodes 45
Choeroniscus 11, 137 chungarensis, Orestias 80 Cinclus 49
Choeronycleris 137 chungarensis, Trichomycterus 76 cincta, Notiomystis 54
choloensis, Alethe 49 chungchowensis, Pleclranthias 83 cinctus, Sallator 163
Choloepus 193 Chunyi 197 cineracea, Ameiva 182
CHONDRINIDAE 174, 245 chunyi, Mazama 197 cineracea, Ducula 39
Chondropoma 212 chupaderae, Pyrgulopsis 211 cineracea, Emberiza 162
Chondrostoma 71, 167, 202, 243 churinceanus carranzae, Mexipvrgus cinerascens, Aplonis 57
Chortippus 108 238 cinerea, Alcippe 158
chrislenseni, Sonorella 174 churinceanus churinceanus, cinerea, Aonyx 140
christenseni, Turgenitubulus 256 Mexipyrgus 238 cinerea, Callaeas 58
christi, Erebia 171 churinceanus escobedae, Mexipyrgus cinerea, Mycteria 31
Christianoconcha 127 238
cinerea, Neophoca 242
Christinus 59 churinceanus lugoi, Mexipyrgus 238
cinerea, Poospiza 163
christophi, Strongylognathus 102 churinceanus mojarralis, Mexipyrgus
cinerea, Zoothera 53
238
Chromis 86 cinereiceps, Phapitreron 39
churinceanus multilineatus, Mexipyrgus
chromogynos, Paralabidochromis 85 cinereiceps, Phyllastrephus 48
238
Chrotogale 18 cinereicollis, Basileuterus 163
churinceanus quadripaludium,
Chrotomys 23 cinereifrons, Garrulax 50
Mexithauma 256
chrotorrhinus carolinensis, Microtus cinereifrons, Heteromyias 159
232
CHYDORIDAE 90
cinereocapilla, Prinia 160
C/jyrra 119
chrotorrhinus ravus, Microtus Til cinereum, Etheostoma 83
Cicada, Cassini Periodical 170
CHRYSOCHLORIDAE 5, 241 cinereus semotus, Lasiurus 245
Cicada, Decim Periodical 170
Chrysochloris 5 cine reus, Eupetaurus 22
Cicada, Decula Periodical 170
Chrysococcyx 198 cinereus, Incerticyclus 188
Cicada, Myers' 251
chrysogaster chrysogaster, Moschus cinereus, Lophuromys 197
Cicadabird, Black-bibbed 48
226 cinereus, Phascolarctos 135
Cicadabird, Kai 157
chrysogaster leucogaster, Moschus 226 cinereus, Pseudochirulus 135
Cicadabird, Sula 242
chrysogaster, Moschus 141
Cicadabird, Sumba 157 cinereus, Vanellus 150
chrysogaster, Neophema 41
CICADELLIDAE 251 Cinetodus 204
chrysogaster, Oncorhynchus 77 CICADIDAE 170,251 cingulatum, Ambystoma 68
chrysogaster, Tupaia 8 cicatricosus, Plethobasus cingulellum, Chilostoma 174
1 1

chrysoleuca, Callithrix 14 cinnaberinus, Cucujus 98

Cifek 73
Chrysolophus 149 Cichlasoma 85, 236 cinnamomea, Sporophila 163
chrysomelas, Leontopithecus 14 Cichlherminia 158 cinnamomea, Terpsiphone 160
CHRYSOMELIDAE 248 CICHLIDAE 84, 132, 184, 236, 244, 247 cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 156
Chrysomma 50, 158 Cichlopsis 158 cinnamominus miyakoensis,
chrysoparia, Dendroica 55 Cicindela 98, 169, 248 Todirhamphus 246
chrysoproctus, Pteropus 136 CICINDELIDAE 98, 169, 248 Cinnyricinclus 57
chrysopterygius, Psephotus 41 Cicinnurus 164 cinyras, Libythea 186
chrysopygus, Leontopithecus 14 Ciconia 31, 179 Cipangochalax 213
chrysopygus, Rhynchocyon 29 CICONIIDAE 31, 147, 179 Cipangocharax 213
Chrysoritis 102, 170 CICONIIFORMES 31, 147, 179 Circaetus 148
chrysosireticus, Hoplodactylus 243 cidi, Mycteroperca 83 circumcarinata, Monadenia 121
Chrysospalax 5 Ciega, Anguila 82 circumstorrmta, Diplommatina 210
chrysostoma, Diomedea 146 Ciega, Nueva Dama 247 Circus 148
chrysurus, Echimys 28 Ciega, Sardina 236 Ciridops 181
chthonia, Grallaria 46 Ciego, Greater Pichi 5 cimei cimei, Rhynchocyon 245
chuana, Certhilauda 157 Ciego, Juil 76 cimei hendersoni, Rhynchocyon 245
Chub, Alvord 72 Ciego, Lesser Pichi 5 cimei, Rhynchocyon 29
Chub, Black Sea 202 Cienegas, Bagre de Cuatro 247 CIROLANIDAE 97
Chub, Bonytail 72 Cienegas, Dardo de Cuatro 247 Cisco 243
Chub, Borax Lake 72 Cienegas, Guayacon de Cuatro 80 Cisco, Blackfm 183
Chub, Flame 202 Cienegas, Mojarra Caracolera de Cuatro Cisco, Deepwater 1 83
Chub, Gila 167 85 Cisco, Longjaw 183
Chub, Humpback 72 Cienegas, Mojarra de Cuatro 247 Cisco, Shortjaw 77
Chub, Least 72 Cienegas, Perrito de Cuatro 243 Cisco, Shortnose 77
Chub, Oregon 73 Cienegas, Platy Cuatfo 80 ciscoides, Pogonichthys 183
Chub, Roundtail 246 Cienegas, Robalo de Cuatro 247 C(5ja 164
Chub, Sandhills 203 Cienegas, Sardinilla Cuatro 80 cisterciensorum, Bythiospeum 1 1

Chub, Sicklefin 168 ciliatus, Lanistes 173 cistematum, Phreatobius 204

Chub, Slender 72 cilicicus, Acomys 23 Cisticola, Churring 158
Chub, Sturgeon 72 Cincinnatia 115 Cisticola, Socotra 50
Chub, Thicktail 183 CINCLIDAE 49 Cisticola, Tana River 198

277
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Cisticola 50, 158. 198 Clibanomis 155 Cod, Atlantic 77

Cistothorus 49 Clidomys 179 Cod, Clarence River 82

cilellus, Spermophilus 22 clinias, Parantica 104 Cod, Mary River 236
cilrina,Partuta 190 CLINIDAE 87 Cod, Trout 82
Civet, Hose's Palm 18 C/mu.? 87 codringtonia, Codringtonia 215
Civet, Javan Small-toothed Palm224 clipeata, Leptoxis 1 1 Codringtonia 174. 215
Civet, Jerdon's Palm 18 clodius shepardii, Pamassius 253 codringtonii, Codringtonia 174
Civet, Malagasy 18 clodius strohbeeni, Pamassius 253 Coelacanth 88
Civet, Mentawai Palm 224 Cloeotis 136 COELACANTHIFORMES 88
Civet, Owston's Palm 18 Clubshell 111 coelata, Helminthoglypta 125
Civet, Sulawesi Palm 18 Clubshell, Blacklll coelestis, Bunomys 23
civettina, Viverra 18 Clubshell, Ovate 112 coelestis, Hypothymis 50
CIXIIDAE 251 Clubshell, Southern 172 COELIAXIDAE 214
Clam, Bear Paw 133 Clubshell, Tennessee 1 12 Coeliccia 238
Clam, China 133 Clubtail, Belle's Sand 107 Coeligena 43
Clam, Crocus 244 Clubtail, Diminutive 171 Coelops 136. 194
Clam, Giant 112 Clubtail, Gulf 171 coelus, Parides 208
Clam, Scaly Clam or Fluted 133 Clubtail, Hodges' 171 Coelus 99
Clam, Small Giant 133 Clubtail, Twin-striped 171 Coenagrion 106, 237
Clam, Southern Giant 1 12 Clubtail, Yellow-sided 107 COENAGRIONIDAE 106, 171, 187,208,
Clam, Tevoro 112 CLUPEIDAE 71,202,236 237
clamosus, Atrichomis 47 CLUPEIFORMES 71, 202, 236 coenensis, Petrogale 135
clanga, Aquila 33 Clupeoides 202 COENOBITIDAE 207
clantoni, Stygobromus 89 Clupeonella 202, 236 Coenocharopa 214
clappi, Paravitrea 175 clymene, Stenella 196 Coenocorypha 37, 150
Clappia 115 Clyomys 28 Coenonympha |71
clara, Echymipera 193 Agabus 98
clypealis, Coeranoscincus 165
clara, Hirasiella 215 C/ytoceyjc 198 coeruleoalba, Stenella 129
clara, Hypolestes 107 Clytoctantes 45, 198 coerulescens, Coracina 157
clara, Oliarces 254 Clytorhynchus 158 cognata, Truncilla 255
clara, Partula 127 Cnemidophorus 200 61, cognatus, Amphidromus 173
clarae, Arachnothera 161 Coachwhip, San Joaquin 246 cognatus, Rhinolophus 10
Claravis 38 coahuila, Mexistenasellus 97 coibae, Dasyprocta 28
Clarias 76 coahuila, Terrapene 64 coibensis coibensis, Alouatta 221
CLARIIDAE 76 coahuilae, Durangonella 1 1 coibensis trabeata, Alouatta 221
clarkei, Ammodorcas 20 Coahuilix 115 coibensis, Molossus 139
clarkei, Volemys 145 Coati, Cozumel Island 17 Coin, Tight 126
clarki intermedius, Catostomus 246 cobanensis, Myotis 12 coindemerensis, Nactus 182
clarki nantahala, Mesodon 239 cobbi. Troglodytes 49 Colaptes 44
clarki ssp., Oncorhynchus 247 COBITIDAE 74, 168, 203 colax, Myrmica 101
clarki,Rhytida 127 cobitis, Rhinichthys 74 co/ei, Pogonomyrmex 101
clarkorum, Lacerta 60 Cobitis 74, 168, 203 Phalacrocorax
colensoi, 31
clathrata, Quadrasiella 210 Cobra, Central Asian 200 Coleophora 186
clathrata, Tryonia 1\1 coccineus, Loxops 56 COLEOPHORIDAE 186
clathratula, Lyropupa 216 Cocc>'m>'S 23 COLEOPTERA 98, 169, 185, 248
claudinae, Trochoidea 175 Coccyzus 42 Coleura 10
Claudius 166 cochlea, Carelia 189 Collared-dove, White-winged 151
clausa, Elimia 1 17 Cochlicopa 245 collaria, Amazona 151
clausiliaeformis, Sculptiferussacia 124 COCHLICOPIDAE 123, 174. 214, 245 collaris, Accipiter 147
CLAUSILIIDAE 123, 174, 214, 239 Cochliopa 115 collei, Cyclura 59
clausus trossulus, Mesodon 239 Cochliopina 115,211 COLLEMBOLA 250
clava, Pleurobema 1 1 Cochoa, Green 158 collina, Pleurobema 1 1

Clavator 120 Cochoa. Javan 50 collingii. Setobaudinia 244

clavatus, Epigomphus 107 Cochoa, Purple 158 collinsi, Spindasis 252
Clavicoccus 186 Cochoa, Sumatran 50 Collisella 187
clavigera, Peripatopsis 187 Cochoa 50, 158 colliveri, Cralopa 123
cleberi, Oecomys 25 COCHYLIDAE 252 Collocalia 43. 153. 198
Clemencia, Espada de 205 Cockatoo, Palm 152 Colluricincla 158
clemenciae, Xiphophorus 205 Cockatoo, Philippine 40 colmani, Jardinella 1 16
clemensi, Puntius 73 Cockatoo, Pink 152 Colobus, Black 15
Clementina, Sterkia 175 Cockatoo, Salmon-crested 40 Colobus, Bouvier's Red 222
Clemmys 64 Cockatoo, Tanimbar 152 Colobus, Elliot's Red 245
Cockatoo, White 40 Colobus. Foa Red 222
Mesodon
clenchi, 175
Cockatoo, Yellow-crested 40 Colobus, Kahuzi Red 223
Cleopatra 173
cleophile, Danaus cockbumi, Gyraulus 1 1
Colobus, Lx)mami Red 223
170
Cleptomis 53 Cocoharpinia 90 Colobus, Maiko Red 223
coctei, Macroscincus 182 Colobus, Miss Waldron's Bay223
Clethrionomys 143, 232

278
 8 2 6 53 9

Colobus. Neumann's Black-and-white complanata alabamensis, Lasmigona connollyana, Hypolysia 217

222 238 connollyi, Cecilioides 124
Colobus, Niger Delta Red 222 complanata, Pseudanodonta 172 connus, Procambarus 94
Colobus, Olive 140 complanata, Pupirm 1\1 Conocephaloides 109
Colobus, Oustalet's Red 245 compressa, Bythinella 1 1 conoides,Trochomorpha 217
Colobus, Pennant's Red 223 compressa, Leguminaia 255 Conolophus 59
Colobus, Preuss's Red 223 compressa, Siphonaria 1 1 Conomyrma 100
Colobus, Prigogine's Black-and-white compunctus, Hydrotarsus 98 Conopophaga 155
222
comyntas texanus, Everes 252 CONOPOPHAGIDAE 155
Colobus, Red 140
Conacmella 210 conopsis, Helicopsis 174
Colobus, Rwenzori Black-and-white 222
concavospira, Achalinella 120 conorhynchus, Tetranesodon 204
Colobus, Semliki Red 223
conchorum, Menidia 168 Conothraupis 54, 162
Colobus, Tana River Red 223
conchas, Catostomus 75 conoveri. Leptotila 39
Colobus, Tanzanian Black-and-white222
Conchos, Dardo de 83 Conozoa 187
Colobus, Temminck's Red 223
Conchos, Matalote 75 conradi, Stygobromus 89
Colobus, Thollon's Red 245
Colobus, Uganda Red 245
CONCHOSTRACA 92 conradicus, Medionidus 172
conchramis, Desmopachria 248 conradti reductidentata, Gulella 239
Colobus, Uhehe Red 223
concinna concinna, Petrogale 220 conradti, Halolimnohelix 215
Colobus, Western Black-and-white 140
concinna monastria, Petrogale 220 conradti, Pseudoglessula 217
Colobus, White-thighed Black-and-white
concinna, Aegialia 99 Conraua 67
15
Colobus, Zanzibar Red 223 concinna, Leiostyla 127 consanguis, Gomphurus 107
Colobus 15, 140,222 concinna, Petrogale 135 conservatio, Branchinecta 91
colocolo, Oncifelis 241 concinna, Pitloconcha 125 consetti. Simulator 173
colombianus, Neocrex 150 concolor coryi. Puma 224 consimilis, Mautodontha 189
colombianus, Otus 152 concolor cougar. Puma 224 consimilis, Oliarus 251
concolor, Artibeus 137 consobrina, Mautodontha 189
colonus, Rhinomyias 160
coionus, Rhyacophila 255 concolor, Hylobates 16 consobrinorum, Zosterops 161
concolor, Lentipes 206 consorj, Caseolus 256
Colophon 99, 170
coloradensis, Acroloxus 1 1
concolor, Neospiza 56 conspicillatus conspicillatus,
coloria, Erythrura 57
concolor, Salanoia 17 Lagorchestes 219
Colparion 190 concolor, Scomberomorus 88 conspicillatus leichardti, Lagorchestes
Coluber 61 concolor, Simias 15 220
COLUBRIDAE 61, 165, 182, 200, 234,
concolor, Xenospingus 55 conspicillatus, Basileuterus 163

246 concretus, Caprimulgus 153 conspicillatus, Lagorchestes 135

Columba 38, 132, 151, 180 condita, Tijuca 46 conspicillatus, Paradoxomis 160
Columbiana, Fluminicola 211 conditor, Leporillus 24 constanciae, Cynolebias 79
columbianus, Crypturellus 146 Condor, California 32 constantiae, Micoureus 135
columbianus, Geocapromys 178 Conebill, Giant 162 constanzae, Liolaemus 199
Conebill, Pearly-breasted 163 constricta, Aaadonta 214
columbianus, Odontophorus 149
columbica, Cicindela 98
Tamarugo 55
Conebill, constricta, Bellamya 119
COLUMBIDAE 38, 132, 150, 180
Conepatus 224 coruitrictus, Somatogyrus 212

COLUMBIFORMES 38, 132, 150, 180

configurata, Euploea 244 coml rictus, Trissexodon 245
Columbina 38 confirmata, Paradoxa 213 contigua, Trochomorpha 217
Colymbetes 248 confluentus, Salvelinus 77 continuatalis, Hedylepta 185
comata, Presbytis 15 confusa, Helicoverpa 186 Contopus 156
Combshell, Cumberlandian255 confusa, Partulina 121 contorta, Ochrotrichia 254
Combshell, Round 187 congaraea, Elliptio 172 contort us, Letomola 214
Combshell, Southern 255 congensis, Afropavo 34 contracta, Bellamya 1 1

Combshell, Upland 255 congestum, Moxostoma 203 contracta, Parartemia 91

Combtaii 132 congica, Aonyx 140 Brotomys 178
contractus,
comes, Ogasawarana 209 congicus, Mops 139 Conuropsis 180
Comet, Bronze-tailed 153 congobelgica, Crocidura 6 Conui 120,213
Comet, Grey-bellied 44 Congosorex 6 cookei, Omphalotropis 210
cometes, Procambarus 94 Congothemis 208 cookei, Orangia 123
comizo, Barbus 71 conica, Fonscochlea 1 1 cookei,Thaanumella 210
commersoni, 'Scops' 181 conica, Paludinella 211 cookeorum, Pseudopsectra 254
commersonii, Cephalorhynchus 195 conica, Phrantela 116 cooki, Eleutherodactylus 67
commixtus, Caseolus 256 conica, Pyrgulopsis 211 cookii, Cyanoramphus 40
comorana, Amauris 104 conica, Samoana 127 cookii,Pterodroma 30
comorensis, Rhachis 189 CONIDAE 120,213 Cooperconcha 173
compacta, Cochliopina 211 conilis, Plagigeyeria 116 cooperi paludis, Synaptomys 233
compacta, Leptoxis 1 1
Conilurus 178 cooperi relictus, Synaptomys 233
compacta, Parlula 190 Conioptilon 156 cooperi, Orconectes 94
compacta, Victaphanta 127 Conirostrum 55, 163 cooperi, Paraxerus 11
compactus, Radiodiscus 123 connasaugaensis, Strophitus \11 cooperi, Stygobromus 89
compar, Ephemera 250 connieae, Pseudomugil 243 cooperianus, Plethobasus 111
compassbergae, Thestor 103 Connochaetes 130,228 coosaensis, Somatogyrus 212

279
 1 8 8

coosawaltae, Cambarus 93 corona, Melanotaenia 204 Coucal, Green-billed 42

Coot, Hawaiian 36 coronata, Daphnia 90 Coucal, Kai 152
Coot, Horned 36 coronatum blainvillei, Phrynosoma 246 Coucal, Rufous 152
Coot, Mascarene 80 1 coronatus, Anthracoceros 154 Coucal, Short-toed 152
Cooter, Rio Grande 166 coronatus, Eulemur 13 Coucal, Sunda 42
Cophura 250 coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus 33 couchiana, Quadrula 112
Copper, Bathurst 103 coronatus. Hippocampus 81 couchianus, Xiphophorus 80
Copper, Blue Jewel 252 coronatus, Hipposideros 136 courseni, Synallaxis 45
Copper, Clayton's 252 coronatus, Malurus 159 Courser, Jerdon's 37
Copper, Dickson's 103 coronatus, Phalacrocorax 147 Cow, Steller's Sea 178
Copper, Drakensburg 170 corozalus, Puertoricomys 178 cowani, Charaxes 253
Copper, Hermes 103 corpulenta, Pleurocera 1 1
coxeni, Pupina 256
Copper, Large 170 corroboree, Pseudophryne 67 coxi, Hipposideros 10
Copper, Lion's Head 252 Coxiella 256
corrugata, Jardinella 116
Copper, Tsomo River 103 coxingi, Niviventer 144
corrugatus, Aceros 44
Copper, Wallengren's 104 Crab, Californian Bay Pea 96
corsac, Vulpes 195
Copperhead, Pygmy 61 Crab, Coconut 207
Corsica, Cyrnotheba 245
coppingers, Radiodiscus 214 Crab, Horseshoe 171,209
Corsica, Epimyrma 100
Copris 250 Crab, Tree Hole 95
Corsica, Moilessieria 1 16
coprotheres. Gyps 33 cracens, Marmosops
CORVIDAE 58, 164 3
Copsychus 50 CRACIDAE 34, 149, 180
corvina, Aplonis 1 82
coquereli, Mirza 13 CRACTICIDAE 199
corvina, Megalaima 154
Coquette, Short-crested 43 Cracticus 199
corvina, Terpsiphone 53
Coquette, Spangled 153 cragini, Etheostoma 169
Corvus 58, 164
cor, Cardioderma 136 Crake, Andaman37
corynophyllus, Hipposideros 10
cor, Fusconaia 1 1 Crake, Ascension Flightless 180
Coryphaspiza 54
CORACIIDAE 44, 154 Crake, Band-bellied 150
Coryphomys 178
CORACIIFORMES 44, 153, 198, 246 Crake, Colombian 150
cosensis, Gerbillus 24
Coracina 48, 157, 242 Crake, Dot-winged 36
cosmetus, Palikirus 214
corais couperi, Drymarchon 246 Crake, Hawaiian 180
Cossypha 50
coralensis, Plilinopus 151 Crake, Henderson 36
costaricensis, Touit 152
Coralliozetus 87 Crake, Kosrae 180
costata, Craspedoma 244
corayi, Lacconectus 248 Crake, Laysan 180
costata, Namibocypris 185
cordacea comptena, Heteronympha 253 Crake, Ocellated 149
costatus. Xylotoles 185
cordatum, Pleurobema 172 Crake, Rufous-faced 36
costipennis, Deronectes 248
Cordelia, Euploea 104 Crake, Rusty-flanked 36
costulata, Bellamya 119 Crake, Speckled 198
Cordulegaster 106
costus, Turgenitubulus 122
CORDULEGASTERIDAE 106, 237 Cralopa 123,214
CORDULIIDAE 106, 171,238 cotiellae, Pyrenaeania 174 crameri albomaculata, Euploea 237
Cotinga, Banded 46
CORDYLIDAE 59, 165 crameri, Oregonichthys 73
Cotinga, Black-and-gold 156
Cordylus 59, 165 Crane, Black-necked 36
Cotinga, Black-faced 156 Crane, Blue 36
coreena, Jardinella 116
Cotinga, Black-tipped 156 Crane, Hooded 131
Coregonus 77, 183, 204, 243, 247
Cotinga, Chestnut-bellied 46
Corella, Western 152 Crane, Red-crowned 36
Cotinga, Grey-winged 46
Coreobagrus 16 Crane, Sarus 149
Cotinga, Purple-throated 156
Dermochelys 63
coriacea, Crane, Siberian 36
Cotinga, Shrike-like 46, 246
coriacea, Moapa 73 Crane, Wattled 36
Cotinga, Swallow-tailed 156
corinnae, Pseudochirops 5 Crane, White-naped 36
Cotinga, Turquoise 46
Cormorant, Bank 147 Crane, Whooping 36
Cotinga, White-cheeked 47
Cormorant, Crowned 147 CRANGONYCTIDAE 89, 185
Cotinga, White-winged 46
Cormorant, Galapagos 31 Crangonyx 89
Cotinga, Yellow-billed 46
Cormorant, Pallas's 179 Cranioleuca 155
Cotinga 46
Cormorant, Pygmy 147 CRASEONYCTERIDAE 10
Cormorant, Red-legged 147
COTINGIDAE 46, 156, 246
Craseonycteris 10
cotrelli, Chrysoritis 102
Cormorant, Socotra 147 Craspedoma 133, 244
Corncrake 36
COTTIDAE 82, 184, 206, 244
crassa, Aplonis 164
Cottontail, Dice's 29
cornea, Amastra 1 88 crassa, Leptoxis 1 1
Cottontail, Mexican 146
corneocostata, Leiostyla 127 crassa, Partulina 188
Cottontail, New England 29
comeovirens, Meridolum 122 crassalus, Ochthebius 249
Cottus 82, 184,206
Cornigomphus 107 crassicauda omnivora, Bdeogale 224
Cotumicops 36, 198
cornuta cornuta, Cyclura 234 crassicauda, Gila 183
Cotumix 180
cornuta stejnejeri, Cyclura 234 crassicauda, Salpingotus 23
Coua, Snail-eating 181
cornuta, Cyclura 60 crassicaudata, Manis 142
Coua, Verreaux's 152
cornuta, Fulica 36 crassidens, Pseudorca 242
Coua 152, 181
comutus, Eunymphicus 40 crassilabris, Diplommatina 210
Coucal, Biak 152
comutus, Rhinolophus 137 crassilabris, Paralabidochromis 85
Coucal, Black-hooded 42
comutus, Trimeresurus 200 crassilabris, Partula 190
Coucal, Brown 152
crassilabris, Somatogyrus 212 I

280

I
 7

crassilabrum, Amastra 188 Crayfish, Stone 93 cristata. Gubematrix 55

crassirosths, Oriolus 57 Crayfish, Strzelecki Burrowing96 cristata, Hystrix 145
crassirostris. Oryzoborus 162 Crayfish, Tennessee Cave 94 cristata, Imnadia 92
crassispinis, Hystrix 145 Crayfish, Tombigbee Riverlet94 cristata, Lophotibis 147
Crassispira 213 Crayfish, Valley Flame 93 cristata. Neritina 209
crassula, Auriculella 213 Crayfish, Warragul Burrowing 96 cristata, Tadoma 32
crassus, Euastacus 96 Crayfish, White-clawed 93
cristatus , Proteles 224
crassus, Phoxinellus 203 Crayfish, Withlocoochee Light-fleeing
cristatus, Amblyrhynchus 59
crassus, Somatogyrus 212 Cave 237
cristatus, Hobbseus 94
crassus, Unio 172 Crayfish, WoodvilleCave 95
cristatus, Trachypithecus 140
Craterocephalus 78, creaghi, Rhinolophus 137
168, 204, 243 cristatus, Triturus 132
Craterodiscus 173 creagra, Macropsalis 153
cristicauda, Dasycercus 3
Crateromys Ti crease ri, Kinostemon 166
Cri.'!tigibba 214
craveri, Synthliboramphus 150 creatopus, Puffinus 30
Cristilabrum 121. 122, 173
Creekshell, Kentucky 256
crawfordi, Torresitrachia 244 croatica, Knipowitschia 87
Creeper, Hawaii 56
crawshayi, Bellamya 1 19 croalicus, Chirocephalus 91
Creeper, Molokai 181
CroA: 34 croaticus, Paraphoxinus 73
creighloni. Crematogasler 100
Cray, Glenelg River 96 crocatus, Neurergus 201
Cray, Murray River 96 Crematogaster 100
crocea, Epthianura 158
Crayfish, Alachua Light-fleeing Cave237 Cremnomys 23
crocea, Tridacna 244
Crayfish, Apalachicola Cave 93 crenata, Crocidura 241
Crocias, Grey-crowned 50
Crayfish, Bearded Red 95 crenatella, Elimia 1 1
Crocias, Spotted 158
Crayfish, Big Blue Spring Cave 95 Crenichthys 79
Crocias 50, 158
Crayfish, Big South Fork 93 creon, Theskelomensor 125
Crocidura 241
Crayfish, Big-cheeked Cave 94 crepidus, Epigomphus 107
Crocidura 6, 7, 136. 193. 241
Crayfish, Black Creek 95 Crescent-chest, Maranon 155
crockeri, Laticauda 62
Crayfish, Bluegrass 93 crescenta, Aegialia 99
Crocodile, African Slender-snouted 199
Crayfish, Brazoria 94 Crested-tern, Chinese 38
Crocodile, American 58
Crayfish, Chickamanga 93 creticu,Macrothele 207
Crocodile, Cuban 58
Crayfish, Choctaw Riverlet94 crex, Crex 36
Crocodile, Estuarine 242
Crayfish, Coastal Lowland Cave 95 Crex 36 Crocodile, Morelet's 199
Crayfish, Conchas 94 cribrellum, Syrichtus 252 Crocodile, Orinoco 58
Crayfish, Corrollton 94 Cricetulus 143 Crocodile, Philippines 58
Crayfish, Crittenden 94 Cricket. Arizona Giant Sand TreaderlOS Crocodile. Siamese 58
Crayfish, Cypress 93 Cricket, Bay Area Ground 133 Crocodile. West African Dwarf 58
Crayfish, Furneaux Burrowing 95 Cricket, Black-headed Jerusalem 133 CROCOD'^LIA 242
58. 199.
Crayfish, Greenshorn Burrowing93 Cricket, Coachelia Giant Sand Treader CROCODYLIDAE 199.242 58.
Crayfish, Hatchie Burrowing 94 108
Crocodylus 58. 199. 242
Crayfish, Hell Creek 94 Cricket, Coachelia Valley Jerusaleml09
crocuta, Crocuta 129
Crayfish, Jackson Prarie 94 Cricket, Howarth's Cave 108
Crocuta 129
Crayfish, Kiamichi 94 Cricket, Kauai Thin-footed Bush 108
croesus,Omithoptera 105
Crayfish, Lagniappe 95 Cricket, Kaumana Cave 108
Croilia 169
Crayfish, Least 93 Cricket, Kelso Giant Sand Treader 108
Crombec. Short-billed 160
Crayfish, Lilly Pilly Burrowing95 Cricket, Kelso Jerusalem 108
crosnieri, Astacoides 95
Crayfish, Little Tennessee 93 Cricket, Keys Scaly 108
Crossarchus 224
Crayfish, Louisville 94 Cricket, Laricis Tree 108
Crossbill, Scottish 199
Crayfish, Madagascar Freshwater208 Cricket, Navajo Jerusalem 109
Crossidius 248
Crayfish, Mallacoota Burrowing95 Cricket, Oahu Deceptor Bush 187
crossleyi, Atelomis 44
Crayfish, Miami Cave 95 Cricket, Port Conception Jerusalem 108
crossleyi, Zoothera 161
Crayfish, Mississippi Flatwoods94 Cricket, ftairie Mole 209
Crossleyia 50
Crayfish, Mount Arthur Burrowing96 Cricket, Predatory Bush 109
crossoptilon, Crossoptilon 34
Crayfish, Narracan Burrowing 96 Cricket, Samwell Cave 254
Crossoptilon 34, 149
Crayfish, Nashville 94 Cricket, Schauinsland's Bush 108
Tanner's Black Camel 108 Crotalus 62, 246
Crayfish, Noble 93 Cricket,
Crayfish, Obey 93 Cricket, Volcanoes Cave 108 Crow, Andaman 104

Crimson-wing, Shelley's 57 Crow, Banggai 58

Crayfish, Oklahoma Cave 93
Crow, Biak Dark 104
Crayfish, Oktibbeha Riverlet94 crinifrons, Muntiacus 20
Crow, Biak Threespot 104
Crayfish, Orlando Cave 94 criniger, Callicolumba 39
Crow, Bismark 244
Crayfish, Panama City 95 criniger, Setomis 157
Crow, Bougainville 164
Crayfish, Phantom Cave 95 Criniger 48
Crow, Brown-headed 164
Crayfish, Putnam County Cave 95 crinigera, Agrotis 1 86
Crow, Cordelia's 104
Crayfish, Red-black 93 crispus, Capricomis 130
Crow. Flores 58
Crayfish, Santa Fe Cave 95 crispus, Pelecanus 30
Crow. Hawaiian 58
Crayfish, Scottsdale Burrowing 96 crissalis, Vermivora 163 Crow. Javan 170
Crayfish, Shasta 93 cristata, Calyptura 46
Crow. Mariana 58
Crayfish, Silver Glen Springs Cave94 cristata, Dasyprocta 197 Crow. Mascarene 104
Crayfish, Speckled Burrowing 94 cristata, Genetta 18 Crow. Murphy's 104
Crayfish, Spiny-tail 95 cristata, Goura 39

281
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Crow, Nicobar 104 Cuckoo-dove, Andaman 151 Currassanthura 96

Crow, Outcast 237 Cuckoo-dove, Black 39 currierlanus, Somatogyrus 212
Crow, Pagenstecher's 244 Cuckoo-shrike, Blackish 157 cursor, Llophis 61
Crow, Palm 164 Cuckoo-shrike, Buru 48 curta. Achatlnella 120
Crow, Schaus' 170 Cuckoo-shrike, Grauer's 157 curta, Echiopsis 62
Crow, Seram 244 Cuckoo-shrike, Mauritius 48 curta, Leptobotia 203
Crow, Seychelles 104 Cuckoo-shrike, McGregor's48 curta, Lithasia 1 1

Crow, Spartan 104 Cuckoo-shrike, Pied 157 curta, Pleurocera 118

Crow, Sulawesi Pied 244 Cuckoo-shrike, Reunion 48 curtipes,Ectemnius 251
Crow, Sulawesi Striped Blue 244 Cuckoo-shrike, Western Wattled48
Oxygastra 106
Curtis a,
Crow, Sumatran 171 Cuckoo-shrike, White-winged48
curtisoma, Encheloclarias 76
Crow, Swainson's 171 Cuckooshrike, Slaty 242
curtissima, Euonyma 128
Crow, Tobler's 171 CUCUJIDAE 98 curtum, Pleurobema 1 1
Crow, Weymer's 244 Cucujus 98
curtus, Hipposideros 136
Crow, White-billed 164 CUCULIDAE 42, 152, 181, 198
curvlpes, Hygrotus 248
Crow, White-necked 58 CUCULIFORMES 42, 152, 181, 198
curvisuturus, Engaeus 95
crowleyi, Parantica 244 cucullata, Andigena 154
curytibana, Hirinaba 128
Crowned-pigeon, Southern 39 cucullata, Carduelis 56
Cuscus, Admiralty 241
Crowned-pigeon. Victoria 39 cucullata, Crypsirina 58
Cuscus, Black-spotted 4
Crowned-pigeon, Western 39 cucullata, Gibberula 213
Cuscus, Gebe 193
cruciger, Lagenorhynchus 242 cucullata, Grallaricula 46
Cuscus, Ground 193
crudigularis, Arborophila 149 cucullatus, Carpornis 156
Cuscus, Obi 4
cruentata, Pyrrhura 41 cucullatus, Raphus 180 Cuscus, Small 193
crumeniferus, Hipposideros 194 Cui-ui 75 Cuscus. Southern Common 219
crumpi,Diomys 143 cujus, Chasmistes 75 Cuscus, Stein's 4
Crunomys 23 CuUcivora 156 Cuscus, Telefomin 4
CRUSTACEA 89, 132, 169, 185, 207, cultratus, Pelecus 202 Cuscus, Waigeo 193
237, 244, 247 cultriventris, Clupeonella 202 Cuscus, Woodlark Island 241
cryophilus, Megadontomys 144 culturatus, Niviventer 144 Cusimanse, Angolan 224
Crypsirina 58 culveri, Antrobia 114 Cusk-eel, New Providence 77
crypta, Ficedula 50 culvert, Lirceus 97 cuspldata, Gulella 216
Cryplazeca 123, 174 cumberlandensis, Phoxinus Ti cuvieri, Gazella 21
crypticus, Rhantus 249 cumingi, Newcombia 120 cuvleri, Orestias 205
CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE 68, 201 cumingi, Phloeomys 26 cyanea, Paratherlna 78
Cryptochia 255 cumingiana, Carelia 189 cyaneovlrldls, Tachyclneta 157
Cryplochloris 5 cumingianus, Ancylastrum 1 1 cyanescens, Terpslphone 160
cryplodytes, Cambarus 93 cumingil, Megapodius 149 cyanocephala, Starnoenas 39
Cryptomastix 127 cumingii, Puntius 132 Cyanocorax 164
Cryptomys 145 cummingi, Palaemonetes 95 cyanogenia, Eos 40
Cryptophaps 151 cumulus, Oreokera 214 Cyanolimnas 36
Cryptoprocta 18 cuneata, Partula 191 Cyanolyca 58, 164
Cryptosaccus 174 cuneolus, Fusconaia 1 1 cyanomichla, Margaronia 253
Cryptospiza 57 cunicularius, Sylvilagus 146 cyanopecta, Alcedo 153
Cryptotis 1 cuniculinsulae, Placostylus 190 cyanophrys, Eupherusa 43
Crypturellus 29, 146 cuniculus, Orthogeomys 22 Cyanophrys 102
Crysocyon 140 Cuon 16 cyanopls, Columblna 38
crystalis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Cuora 64, 165,200 Cyanopsitta 40
Crystallaria 83 Cupedora 122, 173 cyanoptera, Thraupls 163
crystallinus, Bulinus 173 cuppedius, Steatomys 145 cyanopterus, Lutjanus 84
CTENIZIDAE 207 cupreocauda, Lamprotomis 164 Cyanoramphus 40, 152, 180. 181
CTENODACTYLIDAE 27
cupreus omatus, Callicebus 221 cyanurus, Pslttlnus 152
Ctenoglypta 190
cuprosa, Kerivoula 138 Cyathopoma 210
CTENOMYIDAE 145
cuprosus, Pipistrellus 13 cychlura cychlura, Cyclura 234
Ctenomys 145
Curaeus 56 cychlura figginsi, Cyclura Ti/i
Ctenophila 124,245
curasoae, Leptonycteris 1 cychlura inomata, Cyclura 234
Ctenophorus 59 Curassow, Alagoas 180 cychlura, Cyclura 60
ctenopus, Tropodiaptomus 185 Curassow, Blue-billed 34 Cyclanorbls 166
Ctenotus, Hamelin 60
Curassow, Northern Helmeted34 Cycleptus 168
Ctenotus 60 Curassow, Red-billed 34 Cyclocephala 250
Cualac 79 Curassow, Southern Helmeted 34 Cyclocosmia IQl
cubana, Anetia 170 Curassow, Wattled 34 Cycloderma 166
cubanus, Solenodon 5 CURCULIONIDAE 98, 185, 248 Cyclodina 60, 243
cubensis, Barbouria 95 curls, Liolaemus 199 cyclolepis, Barbus IQil
cubensis, Tyrannus 47 Curlew, Bristle-thighed 37
Cyclonaias 172
Cuckoo, Cocos 42 Curlew, Eskimo 37
Cuckoo, Moluccan 198
CYCLOPHORIDAE 114, 133, 187,210,
Curlew, Far Eastern 1 50 238, 244
Cuckoo, Rufous-breasted 42 Curlew, Slender-billed 38
Cyclophorus 187

282
 5 2

CYCLOPIDAE 92, 132, 185 Cyfora 212 iian(, Hyphydrus 248

cyclopis, Macaca 15 Cyttarops 136 danielae, Fallicambarus 94
CYCLOPOIDA 92, 132, 185 daanidentata, Pyrenaearia 126 Danio, Barred 72
Cycloptilum 108 Dabchick. New Zealand 29 Damo 72, 202
cycloslomaformis, Lioplax 120 dabrerai, Parantica 104 danjoui, Jabouilleia 5 1

Cyctosurus 187 dabryanus, Acipenser 70 dannatti, Parantica 104

cyclotis, Nyctimene 136 Dace, Desert 72 danubialis, Lobaunia 116
Cyclura 59, 60, 234 Dace, Las Vegas 183 daphne, Poecilmitis 103
Cyclyrius 252 Dace, Longnose 246 Daphnia 90,91
cygnoides, Anser 32 Dace, Mexican 183 DAPHNIIDAE 90
Cygnui 147, 179 Dace, Moapa 73 DARCYTHOMPSONIIDAE 96
Cylichnidia 124 Dace, Mountain Blackside73 darevskii, Vipera 62
Cylindraspis 182 Dace, Relict 74 dariensis, Elliptio 172
cylindrella, Gonospira 128 Dace, Speckled 246 darlingloni, Riekoperla 109
cylindrellus, Carunculina 255 Dace, Tennessee 168 Darter. Amber 84
cylindrellus, Toxolasma 1 1
dachilleae, Nannopsittaca 152 Darter, Arkansas 169
cylindrica cylindrica, Quadrula 238 Dacnis, Black-legged 54 Darter, Ashy 83
cylindrica strigillata, Quadrula 255 Dacnis, Scarlet-breasted 54 Darter, Bayou 169
cylindrica, Amastra 121
Dacnis, Tit-like 163 Darter, Bluestripe 84
Dacnis, Turquoise 55 Darter, Boulder 83
cylindrica, Bythinella 1 1

Dacnis, Viridian 162 Darter, Coldwater 83

cylindricauda, Sorex 1
Dacnis, White-bellied 162 Darter, Coppercheek 83
cylindricomis, Capra 21
Dacnis 54, 162 Darter, Crystal 83
cylindricus, Ceratogymna 154
dacotae, Hesperia 102 Darter, Eastern Sand 83
Cylindroverlilla 245
dacotiae, Saxicola 160 Darter, Finescale Saddled 169
Cylindrus 174
dactyliophorus, Doryrhamphus 205 Darter, Fountain 83
Cylloepus 249
Dactylopsila 5 Darter, Freckled 84
cymatilis, Cambarus 93
daedalus, Nyctophilus 139 Darter, Goldline 84
Cymatium 173
daemcn, Tachyoryctes 145 Darter, Kanawha 169
cymatotaenia, Percina 84
daguerrei, Oxyepoecus 101 Darter, Leopard 84
Cymbiodyla 249
daguerrei, Solenopsis 101 Darter, Longhead 169
Cymothoe 253
dahli, Meriones 25 Darter, Longnose 169
CYNOCEPHALIDAE 8
t/a/i/i. Phrynops 62 Darter, Maryland 184
cynocephalus, Thylacinus 177
Daihinibaeneles 108 Darter, Mexican 83
Cynocephalus 8
Dalalias 69 Darter, Niangua 83
Cynogale 18 Darter, Okaloosa 83
dalhousiensis, Craterocephalus 78
Cynolebias 79 Darter, Oriental 147
Dfl/Za 203
Cynomji 22, 131,230 Darter, Paleback 83
Ja///, Phocoenoides 129
Cynopterus 136 Darter, Pinewoods 206
daltoni, Gerbiilus 24
Cyorm.r 50. 158 Darter, Redband 169
dalmaticus, Strongylognathus 102
cypha, Gila 72 Darter, Rio Grande 83
cyphotergous, Gibbibarbus 72
dama mesopolamica, Dama 227
Darter, Sharphead 169
dama, Gazella 21
cyphyus, Plethobasus 172 Darter, Slackwater 83
CYPRI NODONTIFORMES 243, 247
Dama 227
Darter, Snail 84
Damaliscus 21. 130,228
CYPRIDIDAE 97, 185 Darter, Spotted 169
CYPRIDINIDAE 97 Damba 85
Darter, Stargazing 169
dam/, Paretroplus 85
cypriensis. Coluber 61 Darter, Striated 83
damii, Xenopirostris 49
Cyprinella 71, 72, 167, 246 Darter, Trispot 83
CYPRINIDAE damrrmh. Oryx 21
71, 132, 167, 183,202, Darter, Tuscumbia 83
236, 243, 246 Damochlora 122
Darter, Watercress 83
CYPRINIFORMES 71, 132, 167, 183, damoni, Paramelania 119 Darter, Yellowcheek 83
202, 236, 243, 246 Damselfly, Adytum 106 darwini, Bulimulus 126
Cyprinodon 79, 80, 183, 243, 247 Damselfly. Barrens Bluet 106 darwini, Nesoryzomys 178
CYPRINODONTIDAE 79, 168, 183. 205, Damselfly, Black-lined 106
darwinii, Rhinoderma 201
243, 247 Damselfly, Prey's 237
daryi, Adelphicos 61
CYPRINODONTIFORMES 79, 168, Damselfly, Jugorum Megalagrionl87
Daska 168
183,205,236 Damselfly, Leptodemas 106
DASYATIDAE 70
Cyprinus 72, 183,202,236 Damselfly, Nigrohamatum 171
Dasycercus 3
Cyprogenia 110 Damselfly, Oahu 106
dasycneme, Myotis 12
Cypseloides 43, 153, 198 Damselfly, Oceanic 106
dasymallus, Pteropus 9
Cypsnagra 162 Damselfly, Orange-black 106
Dasymys 23, 143
Cymotheba 245 Damselfly, Pacific 106
Dasyomis 50
cyrtandrae, Nesosydne 251 Damselfly, Pele 237
DASYPODIDAE 5, 136, 193
Damselfly, San Francisco Forktail 106
cyrtandricola, Nesosydne 251 Dasyprocta 28, 145, 197
Damselfly, Southern 106
Cyrtonyx 149 DASYPROCTIDAE 28, 145, 197
Cyrtopeltis 251
Danaus 170,237
Dasypus 5, 193
Cysticus 213
Dancea 124
Dasyure, Broad-striped 193
danfordi, Eudontomyion 167
cytherea, Partula 191 Dasyure, Red-bellied 193

283
 1 1 8 1 2

DASYURIDAE 3, 135, 193, 219 Deer, Marsh 20 Dendrolagus 4, 135, 193

DASYUROMORPHIA 3, 135, 177, 193, Deer, McNeill's 226 Dendromus 23, 143
219 Deer, Michie's Tufted 227 dendrophorus, Streptocephalus 91
Dasyurus 3, 135, 219 Deer, North Andean 197 Dendropicos 154
Daubentonia 14 Deer, Pampas 141 Dendroprionomys 143
daubentonii, Myoplerus 194 Deer, Pere David's 20 Dendrortyx 34, 149
DAUBENTONl'iDAE 14 Deer, Persian Fallow 227 Dendrotrochus 215
dauricus, Huso 70 Deer, Philippine Brown 197 dendyi, Acanthanura 250
davidi, Arborophila 34 Deer, Phillipine Spotted 20
dendyi, Streptocephalus 91
davidi, Echymipera 193 Deer, Schomburgk's 178
deningeri, Lichmera 162
davidi, Niltava 159 Deer, Siberian Musk
20
Denisonia 62
davidi, Parantica 104 Deer, South Andean 20
denningi, Agapetus ISA
davidi, Strix 42 Deer, Swamp 20
dennistouni, Stachyris 160
davidianus, Andrias 20 Deer, Thailand Brow-antlered 226
densirostris, Mesoplodon 196
davidianw:, Elaphurus 20 Deer, Thorold's20
dentata, Litoria 243
davidianus, Paradoxornis 51 Deer, Tibetan Red 226
dentata, Stygicola 77
Deer, Tufted 197
daviesi, Micronycleris 137 dentatis dentatis, Aloeides 252
Deer, Yarkand 226
davisi, Farula 255 dentatis maseruna, Aloeides 252
defilippiana, Pterodroma 30
davisi, Pyrgulopsis 211 dentatis, Aloeides 102
degenerata, Leiostyla 127
davisoni, Pseudibis 31 dentatus, Batomys 197
degeni, Platytaeniodus 184
dayi, Hypseleotris 169 dentex, Prognathochromis 184
degodiensis, Mirafra 48
(ia>'(, Nyctimystes 65 dentex, Salmo 204
Deinacrida 108, 109, 209, 254
daj'i, Suncus 8 dcnri, Otomys 144
Deinocossonus 248
deaconi, Rhinichthys 183 denticulata, Branchinella 91
deanae, Orconectes 94
Deinomimesa 251
deiroleucus, Falco 149
denticulata, Geochelone 65
dearolfi, Crangonyx 89 denticulata, Lamprocystis 215
deburghiae, Tropidophora
dejectus, Stygobromus 89
1 1
denticulus, Eudiscopus 138
dekeyseri, Lonchophylla
decanipi, Campeloma 120
1

dentiens, Ningbingia 122

DECAPODA 93, 185, 207, 237
delacouri, Hapalomys 143
dentifera, Partula 191
delacouri, Trachypithecus 15
decastigma, Platynectes 249 dentiplaga, Euploea 244
decemlineata, Mungotictis 17
delalandei, Coua 181
dentirostris, Ailuroedus 164
deceptor, Leptogryllus 187 Delanymys 242
depasoapicata, Opanara 123
decia, Hydroptila 254
delcourti, Hoplodactylus 182
depressa, Geoemyda 64
delectus, Graptodytes 98
decipiens, Achalinella 120
delesserti, Garrulax 159
depressicollis, Deronectes 98
decipiens, Somatogyrus 212 depressicornis, Bubalus 20
delicata, Jacksonena 173
decisum, Pleurobema 172 depressum, Meridolum 122
delicatissima. Iguana 60
deckenii, Rhinolophus 194
depressus, Natator 63
deckerti, Tilapia 86 delicatulus, Pseudomys 144
depressus, Stemotherus 64
declivis, Vallonia 175
delicatus, Procambarus 94
depressus, Turgenitubulus 122
decora, Achalinella
Delma, Collared 60
1 88
Delma,Su-iped Tailed 60 deraniyagalai, Schismatogobius 207
decora, Paradisaea 58
Delma 60 derasa, Tridacna 1 1

decorata, Lasmigona 1 1

Deloneura 186 derbiana, Psittacula 152

decorata, Trachemys 64
delongi, Mixogaster 250 derbianus derbianus, Tragelaphus 230
decorticata, Sinployea 1 89
Delos 216 derbianus gigas, Tragelaphus 230
decorus, Hydaticus 248 derbianus, Caluromys 3
decticostoma, Prognathochromis 184
deloustali, Paramesotriton 68
DELPHACIDAE 251
derbianus, Oreophasis 34
dedeckkeri, Canthocamptus 96
Delphinapterus 18 derbianus, Taurotragus 141
dedecora, Ptychalaea 127
DELPHINIDAE derbyi, Eriocnemis 153
Deer, Alpine Musk 226
18, 129, 195,242
delphinuloides, Geomiira 124 DERMAPTERA 99
Deer, Atlas 226
Delphinus 242 DERMATEMYDIDAE 63
Deer, Bactrian 226
delphis, Delphinus 242
Dermatemys 63
Deer, Black Musk 141
Deltistes 75
DERMOCHELYIDAE 63
Deer, Burmese Brow-antlered 226
demersus, Spheniscus 146
Dermochelys 63
Deer, Calamian 20
demidoff, Percarina 84
Dermogenys 81, 168
Deer, Cedros Island Mule 227
demissus, Eptesicus 12
DERMOPfERA 8
Deer, Chinese Water 141
Deroceras 121, 173,215
Deer, Columbian White-tailed 227 demissus, Hipposideros 10
Deronectes 98, 248
Deer, Corsican Red 226 demonstrator. Mops 139
deserticola, Psychomastatix 108
Deer, Eld's 20 Dendragapus 149
deserticola, Spaniacris 133
Deer, Forest Musk 141 Dendrocitta 164
Deer, Himalayan Musk 226 DENDROCOLAPTIDAE desertor, Pseudomys 144
45, 155
Deer, Ichang Tufted 227 deshayesi, Gonospira 128
dendrocolaptoides. Clibanomis 155
Deer, Indo-Chinese Hog 226 desidens, Pleurodonte 189
Dendrocopos 154
Deer, Key 227 Dendrocygna 32 Desman, Pyrenean 8
Deer, Kuhl's 20 Desman, Russian 8
Dendrogale 8
Deer, Little Red Brocket 141 Dendrohyrax 19, 226
Desmana 8

Deer, Manipur Brow-antlered 226 Dendroica 55, 163

desmare.itii, Megalomys 178
desmazuresi, Tropidophora 188

284
 1

Desmocerus 248 Dicrostonyx 23, 197, 232 discicollis, Agabus 98

desmonda, Mesodontrachia 174 DICRURIDAE 57, 164 DISCIDAE 123, 174, 190. 214
desmondi teita, Papilio 253 Dicrurus 57. 58, 164 Discocharopa 214
Desmopachria 248 didactyius, Choloepus 193 DISCOGLOSSIDAE 66, 132, 182, 246
desperate, Crocidura 6 DIDELPHIDAE 3, 135, 193 Discoglossus 66, 1 82, 246
desperatus, Gammarus 185 DIDELPHIMORPHIA 3, 135, 193 discolor. Lathamus 41
despreauxii. Obelus 126 didelphoides, Mesomys 197 Disconaias 1 1

destefanii, Strongylognathus 102 didinus,Megalaperyx 179 discrepans. Ogasawarana 209

destructor, Cherax 95 Didunculus 38 discrepans, Oliarus 251
deteani, Nephrurus 59 dieffenbachii, Gallirallus 180 Discula 124
detecta, Harmogenanina 215 difficilis. Phylloscartes 156 Disculella 124,245
devecchi, Barbopsis 71 Pupina 212
difficilis. discurus, Prioniturus 152
devexus, Distocambarus 94 Digger. Rusty Grave 93 Oii-c«.r 123, 174, 190,214
dewaali, Redigobius 169 Diglossa 54, 162 disjunclicus. Engaeus 95
deweesae, Cambarus 93 Dikdik, Silver 21 dispar, Coracina 157
dewegeri, Paralabrax 168 Dikume 85 dispar, Lycaena 170
Dexteria 91 dikume, Konia 85 dispersa, Nesopupa 216
dhofarensis, Crocidura 6 dilatatum, Sympetrum 187 disposita, Ficedula 50
Dhole 16 dimidiata, Monodelphis 135 dissimilis,Psephotus 152
dhongoka, Kachuga 166 dimidiata, Pomarea 52 dissimilis.Turdus 161
diaboli, Dionda 72 dimidiatus, Oryzomys 144 dissita, Cranioleuca 155
diabolicus, Eurostopodus 43 dimidiatus, Philydor 155 distans, Amazilia 43
diabolis, Cyprinodon 79 diminutus. Cambarellus 93 distans. Lethe 253
diadema candidus, Propithecus 221 diminutus. Gomphus 171 distinguendus, Dryophthorus 185
diadema diadema, Propithecus 221 dimorpha, Achatinella 188 Distocambarus 94
diadema edwardsi, Propithecus 221 dimorpha. Palaina 210 ditaenia, Gila 72
diadema perrieri, Propithecus 221 dimorpha. Uroglaux 198 ditrema, Etheostoma 83
diadema, Charmosyna 40 Dinaromys 143 Dilropis 114
diadema, Helicodiscus 174 dinellianus, Pseudocolopteryx 47 diumus, Taudactylus 67
diadema, Propithecus 14 dineutoides, Pleurodytes 249 diutuma, Pardosa 88
dialeucos, Odontophorus 149 Dingiso 4 Divellomelon 122
diametra natalica, lolaus 252 dinniki, Vipera 62
diversa, Isonychia 250
rfiflna diana, Cercopithecus 212 DINOMYIDAE 28 diversipes. Hygrotus 248
diana roloway, Cercopithecus 222 Dinomys 28
diversus, Euastacus 96
diana, Cercopithecus 15 dinops, Hipposideros 136
diversus, Neochanna 204
dianae, Emballonura 10 Dinomis 179 Diving-petrel, Peruvian 30
dianae, Pseudocampylaea 190 diodon, Charpentieria 174 Djam-djam 222
dianae, Tarsius 194 Diomedea 29, 30, 146 dobrogicus, Triturus 201
dianchiensis, Sphaerophysa 75 DIOMEDEIDAE 29, 146 Dobsonia 8, 136, 177
diaphana, Samoana 127 Diomys 143 Dodo 180
diaphanum, Bythiospeum 244 Dionda 72, 246 Dog, African Wild 16
Diaphlebia 107 dioptrica, Australophocaena 196 Dog, Arizona Black-tailed Prairie230
DIAPTOMIDAE 91, 185, 207 Diphylla 137 Dog, Bush 16
Diaptomus 207 Diplodon 110 Dog, Mexican Prairie 22
diardi, Lophura 35 Diplogale 18 Dog, Utah Prairie 131
Diastole 125, 190 Dipioglossus 59, 164 dohertyi persimilis. Ypthima 254
i/iaz;, Romerolagus 29 Diplommalina 210, 256 dohertyi, Coracina 157
Dibatag 20 DIPLOMMATINIDAE 210, 256 dohertyi. Lophozosterops 161
Dibbler 3 diplomphalus, Hirasea 124 dohertyi, Oreolyce 252
DICAEIDAE 53, 161, 199 Diplomys 28, 146 dohertyi. Pitta 156
Dicaeum 53, 161 Diplomystes 75, 203 dohertyi, Ptilinopus 39
dicei, Sylvilagus 29 DIPLOMYSTIDAE 75, 203 dohertyi, Troides 105
Dicerorhinus 19, 225 Diplothrix 143 dohmi, Paleoxenus 249
Diceros 19 Dipnelix 1\A dohmi, Palaina 210
dichotomus, Blastocerus 20 DIPODIDAE 23, 142, 197, 232, 242 dohrnii, Ramphodon 43
dichroma, Dionda 72 Dipodomys 23, 131, 142, 231, 232 dolabelloides, Lexingtonia 172
dickeyi, Cyanocorax 164 Dipper, Rufous-throated 49 dolabraeformis, Lampsilis 1 1

dickeyi, Peromyscus 26 DIPROTODONTIA 4, 129, 135, 177, 193, dolani, Homoeoneuria 250
dickhilleni, Alytes
219.241 Dolania 250
66
dicksoni calviniae, Thestor252 DIPTERA 99, 185,250 Dolapex 125
dicksoni dicksoni, Thestor 252 Dirce 252 i/o/fi, Carelia 189
D/rcc 252 Palmeria 56
dicksoni, Oxychaeta 103 do/si,
dicksoni, Stygionympha 253
dirks i, Formica 100 do/e/, Partulina 213
Disa 74 Doleschallia 253
dicksoni, Tsitana 252
diifl, Puntius 74 DOLICHOPODIDAE 185
Diclidurus 10, 136
Disc, Marbled 123 dolichostoma, Partula 191
dicobolus yarrowi, Catostomus 246
Discherodontus 243 Dolichotis 145
Dicranopselaphus 249

285
 1 1

doliolum, Palaina 210 Dormouse, Japanese 28 Drongo, Sumatran 164

Doliomis 46 Dormouse, Mouse-tailed 28 Drosophila 185
dollmani, Maxomys 24 Doronomyrmex 100 DROSOPHILIDAE 185
Meta 88
dolloff. dorothea dorothea, Trigonoscuta 248 druceanus entabeni, Charaxes253
Dolomedes 88 dorothea, Marmosops 3 druceanus williamsi, Charaxes 253
Dolophilodes 255 dorolheae, Amytomis 49 drummondhayi, Epinephelus 82
Dolores, Guayacon de Hacienda 80 dorsalis dorsalis, Cicindela 248 dryadopa, Oeoblia 253
dolorosa, Partula 191 dorsalis, Cephalophus 141 dryanderensis, Offachloritis 122
Dolphin, Atlantic Spotted 196 dorsalis, Homoroselaps 165 dryas, Cercopithecus 194
Dolphin, Atlantic Hump-backed 196 dorsalis, Lepilemur 14 dryas, Gracilinanus 3
Dolphin, Atlantic White-sided242 dorsalis, Phacellodomus 155 dryas, Microgale 5
Dolphin, Black 195 Doryrhamphus 205 dryburghi, Thestor 103
Dolphin, Bottlenose 196 Dotterel, New Zealand 37 Drymaeus 121
Dolphin, Clymene 196 douglasensis, Stenelmis 249 Drymarchon 246
Dolphin, Commerson's 195 douglasi, Sminthopsis 4 Drymophila 155
Dolphin, Common 242 douglasorum, Eptesicus 138 Dryobius 248
Dolphin, Dusky 195 Dove. Brown-backed 151 Dryococelus 187
Dolphin, Fraser's 195 Dove, Cloven-feathered 38 Dryocopus 45, 154
Dolphin, Ganges River 19 Dove, Grenada 39 Dryomys 27, 145
Dolphin, Heaviside's 195 Dove, Ochre-bellied 39 Dryophthorus 185
Dolphin, Hector's 18 Dove, Socorro 80 1
Dryotribus 185
Dolphin, Hourglass 242 Dove, Tolima 39 dubautianus, Aeschrithmysus 248
Dolphin, Indo-Pacific Hump-backed 196 Dove, Whistling 151 dubia, Cercomela 158
Dolphin, Indus River 19 Dowitcher, Asian 150 dubia, Partulina 121
Dolphin, Irrawaddy 195 downiei, Elliptio 172 dubiaquercus, Anlrozous 1
Dolphin, La Plata River 196 doyeni, Trigonoscuta 248 Dubiraphia 249
Dolphin, Northern Right Whale242 dracomontana, Rana 167 dubitabilis, Nesopupa 216
Dolphin, Pacific White-sided 242 draconicus, Chlorolestes 171 dubius drucei, Hypolimnas 253
Dolphin, Pantropical Spotted 129 draconilla, Nyctimene 9 dubius, Callicebus 14
Dolphin, Peale's 195
draconis, Eurypegasus 205, 236 dubius, Leptoptilos 31
Dolphin, Risso's 195
Dragon, Komodo 61 dubius, Notodiaptomus 92
Dolphin, Rough-toothed 196
Dragon, South-eastern Lined Earless234 ducalis, Megadytes 185
Dolphin, Southern Right Whale 195 Dragon, Yinnietharra Rock 59
Dolphin, Spinner 129 Duck, Black-headed 147
Dragonet, St Helena 87
Dolphin, Striped 129 Duck, Blue 32
Dragonfly, Alleghany Snaketail238 Duck, Ferruginous 32
Dolphin, White-beaked 242
Dragonfly, Banded Bog Skimmer 106
Duck, Freckled 32
domicella, Lorius 41 Dragonfly, Big Thicket Emerald 106
dominicana, Heteroxolmis 47 Duck, Hawaiian 32
Dragonfly, Bronze Clubtail 107 Duck, Labrador 179
dominicensis, Myotis 12 Dragonfly, Cherokee Clubtail 107 Duck, Laysan 32
domogledi, Metrioptera 109 Dragonfly, Edmund's Snaketail 107
Duck, Mandarin 147
Donacia 248 Dragonfly, Florida Spiketail 106
Duck, Mauritian 179
donosoi, Liolaemus 199 Dragonfly, Howe's Midget Snaketail 107 Duck, Meller's 147
Doradito, Dinelli's 47 Dragonfly, Ohio Emerald 106 Duck, Philippine 147
dorae, Dendrocopos 154 Dragonfly, Relict Himalayan 106 Duck, Pink-headed 32
dorcas claytoni, Lycaena 252 Dragonfly, Septima's Clubtail 107
Duck, Spectacled 147
dorcas dorcas, Damaliscus 228 Dragonfly, Shining Macromia 106 Duck, White-headed 32
dorcas pelzelni. Gazelle 228 Dragonfly, Tennessee Clubtail 107
Duck, White-winged 32
dorcas phillipsi, Damaliscus 228 Drapamaudia 124 Ducula 39, 151
dorcas, Damaliscus 130 DRAPARNAUDIIDAE 124 dufresniana, Amazona 1 5
dorcas. Gazella 141 DREPANIDIDAE 56, 163, 181 dugesi, Thermosphaeroma 97
Dorcatragus 21 Drepanis 181
dugon, Dugong 19
Dorcopsis, Black 4 Drepanoptila 38
Dugong 19
Dorcopsis, Macleay's4 Drill 15
Dugong 19
Dorcopsis 4 Drill, Fernando Po 222
DUGONGIDAE 19, 178
Dorcopsulus 4 Drill, Mainland 222
Duiker, Abbott's 21
Dorcus 249 Driloleirus 109, 1 10
Duiker, Aders' 21
doretta, Euploea 244 drimica, Ohridohaujfenia 188 Duiker, Bay 141
doriae, Chiroderma 11 Dromaeocercus 158 Duiker, Black 141
doriae, Hesperoptenus 12 DROMAIIDAE 179 Duiker, Black-fronted 141
doriae, Hipposideros 194 Dromaius 179 Duiker, Harvey's Red 130
doriae, Megatriorchis 148 dramas, Dromus 1 10 Duiker, Jentink's 21
doriae, Mormopterus 13 Dromiciops 3 Duiker, Maxwell's 141
doriae, Phascolosorex 193 Dromus 110 Duiker, Natal Red 130
dorianus, Dendrolagus 4 Drongo, Aldabra 164 Duiker, Ogilby's 141
Dormouse, Common 145 Drongo, Andaman 164 Duiker, Peters' 141
Dormouse, Fat 145 Drongo, Grand Comoro 57 Duiker, Red-flanked 130
Dormouse, Forest 145 Drongo, Mayotte 58 Duiker, Ruwenzori Black-fronted228
Dormouse, Garden 27 Drongo, Principe 164 Duiker, Weyn's 141 i

286

I
 58 9 1

Duiker, White-bellied 141 Eagle, Harpy 148 edeni, Balaenoptera 195

Duiker, White-legged 228 Eagle, Imperial 33 Edentulina 216
Duiker, Yellow-backed 141 Eagle, New Guinea Harpy 33 edgbastonensis, Jardinella 116
Duiker, Zebra 21 Eagle, Philippine 33 editha bayensis, Euphydryas 253
Dulce, Tollo de Agua 75 Eagle, Solitary 148 editha monoensis, Euphydryas 253
duloticus, Leptothorax 100 Eagle, Spanish Imperial 33 edmitchelli, Collisella 187
dulvertonensis, Angrobia 1 88 Eagle, White-tailed 148 edmundo, Ophiogomphus 107
dumasi, Zoothera 199 Eagle-owl, Lesser 42
edwardii, Elephantulus 29
dumerili, Acrantophis 61 Eagle-owl, Philippine 42
edwardshilli, Hipposideros 136
dumerilianus, Peltocephalus 64 Eagle-owl, Spot-bellied 152
edwardsi, Lepilemur 241
dumerilii dumerilii, Ambysloma 246 Eagle-owl, Usambara 42
edwardsi, Lophura 35
dunckeri, Phnllostethus 79 Eanus 249
Edwards ia 217
dunckeri, Solegnathus 82 eapensis, Nesopupa 216
edwardsiana, Grapholitha 254
dunkeri, Bylhinella Eared-nightjar. Satanic 43
1 1
EDWARDSIIDAE 128, 217
dunkerianus, Diplodon 1 1 Eared-pheasant, Blue 149
Edwardsirui 99
dunmalli, Furina 62 Eared-pheasant, Brown 34
Eel, Blind Cave 205
Dunnart, Bollanger Id 219 Eared-pheasant, Tibetan 34
Eel, Spiny 205
Dunnart, Carpentarian 4 Eared-pheasant, White 34
Eelgoby, Bearded 169
Dunnart, Chestnut 219 Earthcreeper, Bolivian 155
£j9ena 250
Dunnart, Common 219 Earthworm, Giant Gippsland 1 10
effractor, Monomorium 101
Dunnart, Julia Creek 4 Earthworm, Oregon Giant 1 10
effugiens, Actinella 124
Dunnart, Kangaroo Island 3 Earthworm, Washington Giant 109
cga, Scleronycteris 1

Dunnart, Sandhill 4 Earwig, Saint Helena 99

egeria, Chalinolobus 137
Dunnart, White-footed 193 eastmani. Colophon 99
egerides, Aloeides 102
dunni, Hynobius 68 eastwoodae, Tetradactylus 182
Egemia 60, 234
dunni, Kinostemon 64 eatoni, Komarekiona 109
egregius, Lasiurus 138
dunsirei, Garra 72 ebenus, Lasiurus 12
Egret, Chinese 31
duplicidentata, Opanara 123 eherhardi, Pseudotricula 256
Egret, Slaty 31
duponti, Conospira 128 ebii, Epixerus 142
Egretta 31
Dupontia 124, 190
Ebonyshell, Round 172
egridiri, Phoxinellus Ti
Dupucharopa eboraci, Euploea 244
123 Eider, Spectacled 32
duquesneyi, Celestus 199 eboratum, Heteragrion 107
Eider, Steller's 32
dura gammiei, Lethe 253 ecaudala, Diphylla 137
Eidoleon 254
Durangonella 16 ecaudatus, Chaeropus 177
1
eigenmanni, Evarra 183
Durbania 252 Ecchlorolestes 108, 171
fira 224
durgadasi, Hipposideros 10 ecclesi, Bellamya 1 1
eisentrauti, Crocidura 6
dumfordi nicholi, Charaxes 253 Ecclisomyia 255
eisentrauti, Hybomys 24
Dusicyon 177, 195,241 Echidna, Long-beaked 3
eisentrauti, Konia 85
Echidna, Short-beaked 219
Dussartius 92 eisentrauti, Melignomon 44
dussumieri, Casarea 61
ECHIMYIDAE 28, 145, 178, 197
eisentrauti, Myosorex 7
duthieae, Chlorotalpa 5
Echimys 28, 146, 197
ejuncida, Hypseleotris 169
echinatus. Coitus 184
dutoiti,Arthroleptides 182 Elachistodon 200
echinatus, Procambarus 95
duttoniana, Lithasia 1 1 Eland, Common 131
echinatus, Tarsomys 27
duvauceli branderi, Cervus 226 Eland, Eastern Giant 230
duvauceli duvauceli, Cervus 225
ECHINIDAE 169
Eland, Giant 141
echinista, Echymipera 193
duvauceli ranjitsinhi, Cervus 226 Eland, Western Giant 230
Echinodillo 208
duvauceli, Cervus 20 £fci/7fte 200
ECHINOIDA 169
duvauceli, Hoplodactylus I'i'i elaphinus, Rattus 26
ECHINOIDEA 169
duvergeri, Acilius 98 Elaphodus 197, 227
echinopyge, Canthocamptus 96
duyvenbodei, Aethopyga 53 Elaphoidetla 96
echinulata, Discula 124
dwightii, Partulina 213 elaphra, Collocalia 43
Echinus 169
dwyeri, Chalinolobus 12 Elaphrus 98
Echiopsis 62
Dyacopterus 136 Elaphurus 20
echo, Psiltacula 41
dyeriana, Angrobia 114 elaphus affmis, Cervus 226
Echymipera, Clara's 193
Dynastes 250 elaphus alashanicus, Cervus 226
Echymipera, David's 193
Dyscophus 67 elaphus bactrianus, Cervus 226
Echymipera, Menzies' 193
Dysithamnus 45, 155 elaphus barbarus, Cervus 226
Echymipera 193
Dysnomia 187,255 elaphus corsicanus, Cervus 226
econfinae,Procambarus 95
Dysticheus 248 elaphus hanglu, Cervus 226
Economidichthys 87
DYTISCIDAE 98, 185, 248 elaphus macneilli, Cervus 226
Ectemnius 251
Dytiscus 98, 248 elaphus wallichi, Cervus 226
Ectodemia 186
eachamensis, Melanotaenia 78 elaphus yarkandensis, Cervus 226
Ectopistes 180
Eagle, Black-and-chestnut 148 ELAPIDAE 61, 165, 200,234
edax, Olallamys 146
Eagle, Crested 148 Elapognathus 165
eddystonensis, Placostylus 126
Eagle, Crowned 33 Elasmias 120. 124,213
edeaensis, Louisea 96
Eagle, Greater Spotted 33 ELASMOBRANCHII 69, 201
£de/ia 82
Eagle, Gumey's 148 Elasmodontomys 179

287
 3 1

Elassoma 83, 169, 247 Elimia, Hearty 117 emarginatus, Stygobromus 89

ELASSOMATIDAE 83, 169,247 Elimia, High-spired 188 Emballonura 10, 129
elata, Ceratogymna 154 Elimia, Knotty 117 EMBALLONURIDAE 10. 129, 136
Tryonia 212
elata, Elimia, Lacy 117 Emberizo 54, 55, 162
ELATERIDAE 249 Elimia, Lily Shoals 1 17 EMBERIZIDAE 54. 162
elatior, Rhodacme 1 1 Elimia, Mud 117 Emberizoides 162
elator, Dipodomys 23 Elimia, Pupa 1 17 Embernagra 162
elatus, Stygobromus 89 Elimia, Puzzle 117 EMBIOTOCIDAE 247
eldi eldi, Cervus 226 Elimia, Pygmy 1 17 Emerald, Calverts' 171
eldi siamensis, Cervus 226 Elimia, Ribbed 117 Emerald. Grace's 181
eldi ihamin, Cervus 226 Elimia, Rough-lined 1 17 Emerald. Honduran 43
Elimia, Round-rib 117 Emerald, Orange-spotted 106
eldi, Cervus 20
Elimia. Short-spired 117 Emerald, Tachira 43
elecebra, Pheidole 101
Elimia, Silt 117 emersa, Dobsonia 8
electilis, Kupea 253
Elimia, Slowwater 1 17 emersoni, Partulo 127
electro, Idea 104
Elimia, Spindle 17
electro, Peponocepholo 242
1
emery i, Strongylognathus 102
Elimia, Squat 212
electro, Videno 217 emigdionis, Plebejus 252
Elimia, Walnut 117
Electron 154 emiliae, Grocilinanus 3
Elimia 117, 188, 212
elegons elegons, Laniisoma 246 emilioe,Monodelphis 3
Eliomys 27, 145
elegons nevadensis, Spermophilus 231 empedonepia, Tettigideo 109
elisa, Fabriciana 253
elegons zogrebensis, Niphargus 237 Emperor, Western Forest 253
elisobeth, Myadestes 159
elegons, Achotinella 188 Empetrichthys 84, 247 1

Elisolimax 215
elegons, Cyclanorbis 166 emphanum, Polypleclron 35
Eliurus 24, 143, 242
elegons, Cyprinodon 79 Empicoris 251
Elk, Siberian 226
elegons, Georissa 209 EMPIDIDAE 250
elkensis, Combarus 93
Emu, Kangaroo Island 179
elegons, Gila 72
Elktoe, Appalacian 1 10
elegons, Laniisoma 46 Emu, King Island 179
Elktoe, Cardina 110
elegons, Leptomys 24 Emu-tail, Brown 158
Elktoe, Cumberland 255 Emuwren, Mallee 132
elegons, Leptopoecile 159
ellermani, Moyermys 24 EMYDIDAE 64, 165, 200, 243, 246
elegons, Macruromys 24 Ellinopyg%steos 81
elegons, Margoretomys 24 Emydoidea 165
ellioti, Syrmaticus 35
elegans, Omphalotropis 210 Emydura 243
elliotii. Pitta 156
elegons, Ordtrochia 122 emys, Monourio 65
Ellipsario 172
elegons. Sterna 150 Emys 165
ellipsiprymnus defosso, Kobus 229
elegontulus, Euoticus 139 Enallagma 106, 208
ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus, Kobus
Eleothreptus 153 Encheloclarios 76
229
ELEOTRIDAE 87, 169, 206, 244, 247 endersi, Cryptotis 1
ellipsiprymnus, Kobus 130
Eleotris 169,206 ENDODONTIDAE 124, 190, 214
elliptico, Litthabitello 116
Elephant, African 19 endoi, Pipistrellus 194
Elliptic 110, 172,255
Elephant, Asian 19 endymion, Poecilmitis 103
Elliptoideus 110
Elephant-Shrew, Black-and-rufous29 eneidae, Eleutherodactylus 201
elliptus, Lanistes 173
Elephant-shrew, Chequered 245 Engoeus 95, 96
Ellobius 24
Elephant-shrew, Four-toed 245 Engoewo 96
ELMINTHIDAE 99, 249
engonus, Rottus 26
Elephant-shrew, Golden-rumped29
Elona 245
Elephant-shrew, Henderson's Chequeredn engonata, Discus 214
elongato, Amastro 88
245
1
ENGRAULIDAE 202
elongoto, Calamoecia 91
Elephantbird, Great 179 Enicognathus 152
ELEPHANTIDAE elongato, Cobitis 203
19 ENIDAE 124,215,245
Eleplwntulus 29 elongata, Cryptazeco 123
enigma, Todirhomphus 154
Elephas 19 elongoto, Hemisoga 109
enniensis, Vollonia 217
elongata, Indotestudo 65
Eleuthemis 238 ENOPLA 128, 175, 217
elongata, Victodrobia 117
Eleutherodactylus 67, 201 enoptes smithi, Euphilotes 252
elevoto, Amplirhogado 244
elongatula, Omphalotropis 210
ensipennis, Campylopterus 43
Elfin, San Bruno 252 elongatulus, Unio 256
entellus, Semnopithecus 140
e/gmi, Spilomis 148 elongotus, Acheilognathus 7
Enterochromis 85
elongatus, Ambassis 244
elgonius, Crociduro 6 Entomacrodus 206
Eliinia, Banded elongotus, Cycleptus 168
117 entomostoma, Brazieria 1\1
Elimia, Black-crest 117 elpenor, Atlontisia 180
Eodidptomus 92
Elimia, Cahaba212 elphinstonii, Columbo 151
Eoglaucomys 142
Elimia, Caper 117 elseri, Bythiospeum 173
Eologurus 131
Elimia, Closed 117 Elseya 62, 200 Eoleptestheria 92
Elimia, Cobble 117 eludens, Grallaria 155
eoi, Bulimulus 126
Elimia, Coldwater 212 elusivus, Hydroporus 248 foj 40. 152
Elimia, Constricted 117 Elusor 62 Eozapus 23
Elimia, Flaxen 117 elvira,Cremnomys 23 EPACTERISCIDAE 92
Elimia, Fusiform 117 emarginatus, Myotis 12
Epalzeorhynchos 183
Elimia, Gladiator 117 emarginatus, Scotomanes 194
epominondas, Grophium 105

288
 1 1 6

Epargyreus 252 Eriocnemis 43. 153 Eudiscopus 138

Epargyreus 252 Eriogaster 208 Eudontomyzon 69. 167. 201
eperlanus, Osmerus 204 eriophora, Kerivoula 12 Eudyptes 29
Ephemera 250 Erithacus 158 eugeniae, Ptiiinopus 151
Ephemerella 250 ernsti, Graptemys 166 eugenii Macropus 220
,

EPHEMERELLIDAE 250 Eropeplus 24 eugenii decres, Macropus 220

EPHEMERIDAE 186,250 erora, Kinixys 200 eugenii derbianus. Macropus 220
EPHEMEROPTERA 99, 186,250 erosa, Omphalotropis 210 eugenii eugenii, Macropus 220
ephemerus, Stygobromus 89 Erpelogomphus 238. 244 eugenii, Macropus 220
EPHYDRIDAE 250 errans, Panoquina 170 euglypta, Glyptorhagada 122
epicentra, Hedylepta 186 erskinensis, Allocharopa 123 Euhadra 213.239
epicharis, Sturanyella 209 erubescens portosancti, Leptaxis 239 Eulamprus 60, 234, 246
Epicrates 61, 165, 234, 246 erubescens, Barbus 71 Eulemur 13, 14, 220, 241, 245
Epigomphus 107 Erymnochelys 64 Eulidia 43
Epimachus 58, 164 erythrocephala, Podocnemis 65 eulima, Cecilioides 124
Epimymra 100 erythrocephalus, Hylocryptus 45 eu/o, Jardinella 1 1

Epimyrma 100 Erythroecia 253 Eulonchus 250

Epinephelus 82, 83, 168, 206 erythrogaster, Cercopithecus 15 eulophotes, Egretta 31
Epioblasma 1 10, 1 1 1, 209, 238 erythrogenys, Aratinga 152 EUMASTACIDAE 108
Epiophlebia 106 erythronota, Zoothera 161 Eumeces 60. 165
EPIOPHLEBIIDAE 106 erythronolos, Formicivora 45 Eumetopias 17
epiroticus, Paraphoxinus 202 erythrophthalma, Lophura 35 Eumops 13. 139
epirrhinos, Hephaestus 168 erythropoma, Pyrgulopsis 211 Eumorsea 108
Epischura 92, 207 erythrops, Procambarus 95 Eumyias 158
episcopa ssp., Dionda 246 erythroptera, Gallicolumba 39 eungella, Euastacus 96
Epixerus 142 erythroptera, Onalis 34 eungellensis, Taudactylus 67
epomophora, Diomedea 146 erythropus, Anser 32 Eunice 209
Epomophorus 8, 136 erythropygius, Pericrocotus 157 Eunicella 128
Epomops 8 erythropygius, Stumus 164 EUNICIDA 209
epsilanus, Myospalax 144 erythrotis erythrotis. Cercopithecus 222 EUNICIDAE 209
Eptesicus 12, 138, 194 erythrotis, Cercopithecus 15 eunus eunus, Pseudocopaeodes 252
Eplhianura 158 Erythrotriorchis 33, 198 Eunymphicus 40
e^MM, Phycodorus 205 Erythrura 57 Euonyma 128
EQUIDAE 19,178,225,242 escambia, Fusconaia 1 1 euops, Aratinga 40
equinus, Hippotragus 130 escambiensis, Procambarus 95 Euoticus 139
£?Ui« 19, 178, 225, 242 eschariferus, Bulimulus 126 eupator, Euploea 244
erasa, Brazieria 217 ESCHRICHTIIDAE 129,225 EUPELMIDAE 251
EreAi'a 171,253 Eschrichtius 129,225 Eupelmus 251
Erebonectes 92 esculentus. Echinus 169 Eupetaurus 22
e rectus. Hippocampus 81 esculentus, Oreochromis 85 EUPHAEIDAE 238
Eremarionta 125, 174, 239 esperania, Papilio 105 Eupherusa 43
eremiana, Perameles 177 esperi, Fagotia 212 Euphilotes 252
Eremichthys 72 espiritosantensis, Tadarida 139 euphon, Euploea 104
eremita, Geronticus 31 «(or, Prognathochromis 184 Euphonia. Green-chinned 162
eremita, Nesocichla 159 Estrilda 57, 163 Euphonia 162
eremita, Osmoderma 99 ESTRILDIDAE 57, 163 euphralica. Allactaga 143
eremita, Partula 191 ethelae, Phylolestes 108 euphralicus, Rafetus 66
eremita, Sonorella 174 Etheostoma 83. 169, 184, 206, 247 Euphydryas 253
Eremitalpa 5 er/go, Mogera 8 Euplectes 164
eremitus, Leiocephalus 182 £«a 127 Eupleres 18
Eremomela, Turner's 50 euacanthus, Arctodiaptomus 9 Euploea 104. 170. 171. 237. 244
Eremomela 50 Euastacus 96 euploeomorpha, Tirumala 105
Eremophilus 204 Euathlus 169 Eupodotis 37. 150
£repra 125, 190 Eubalaena 18. 129. 225 Euproctus 68
ereptrix, Myrmica 101 euboicus, Barbus 71 Euproserpinus 105, 254
ERETHIZONTIDAE 28, 178 Eubucco 154 Eupsophus 67, 201
Eretmochelys 63 Eucerceris 251 Euptilotis 44
Ergaticus 163 Euchloe 253 Eurapteryx 179
ergatogyna, Leptothorax 100 Euchondrus 124 eurasius, Stenobothrodes 108
erica, Crocidura 6 Euchoreutes 23 eurhythmus, Ixobrychus 147
ericae, Tryonia 212 euchrysea, Tachycineta 157 Euro, Barrow Island 220
ericeticola, Lycosa 207 EUCNEMIDAE 249 europa tamuna, Lethe 253
Erikssonia 102 EUCONULIDAE 124. 190. 215. 245 europaeus, Mesoplodon 196
Erimystax 72 eucosma, Charitospiza 162 europaeus, Phyllodactylus 59
ERINACEIDAE 6, 136. 241 Eucrenonaspides 90 Euroscaptor 8
erinaceus, Clavicoccus 186 Eucyclogobius 87 Eurostopodus 43
erinaceus. Hippocampus 81 Eudiaptomus Iffl euroxestus, Tengchiena 215

289
 1 1

euryale, Rhinolophus 10 exoptata, Mandarina 214 Fallicambarus 94

Eurycea 68 expansa, Auriculella 188 Falniowskia 173
Euryceros 157 expansa, Podocnemis 132 falsus, Ameletus 250
eurycerus eurycerus. Tragelaphus 230 expansilabris mattolensis, familiare, Apalopteron 54
eurycerus isaaci, Tragelaphus 230 Helminthoglypta 239 familiaris, Acrocephalus 49
eurycerus, Tragelaphus 141 expanstoma, Chamalychaeus 213 famulus, Mus 25
eurydice fumosa, Satyrodes253 expansus, Diplodon 1 1 Fan, Broad Sea 128
EURYLAIMIDAE 45 expatria, Boroda 87 Fan-shell, Western 110
Eurylaimus 45 exquisita, Melanotaenia 204 fanalensis, Lauria 127
Eurynorhynchus 37 exquisita, Omphalotropis 256 faniensis, Myrmica 101
eurynotus, Neoneniobius 133 exquisitus, Cotumicops 36 fanovanae, Newtonia 51
Eurypegasus 205, 236 e;ciw/, Bm/o 66 Fanshell 110
Euryphura 253 ejciu/, Dicrostonyx 197 Fantail, Cinnamon-tailed 160
euryprora, Hedylepta 186 ex?«/, Epinephelus 206 Fantaii, Dusky 160
eurystoma, Gambusia 80 ^a:.™/, Psittacula 181 Fantail, Kadavu 160
eurystomus, Satan 75 extensa, Menidia 78 Fantail, Long-tailed 160

Eurytides 105,253 extensus, Cottus 82 Fantail, Malaita 52

euryura, Rhipidura 160 extincta,Neduba 187 Fantail, Manus 52

Euscarthmus 47 extraneus, Cambarus 93 Fantail, Matthias 199

Euscheman 252 exulans, Diomedea 30 Fantail, Tawny-backed 160

Fantail, White-bellied 160
Eusthenia 209. 254 exulatus, Chilonopsis 191
EUSTHENIIDAE 209, 254 Eye, Higgin's 111 fardoulisi, Melonycteris 9

euterpe, Euproserpinus 254 ezoOT, Boninagrion 106 farleri, Lanistes 114

Euthalia 253 /aia, Partula 191 farquhari, Todirhamphus 44

eutheca, Hirasea 214 fabalis, Villosa 256 Fara/a 255
Eutrichomyias 50 faberi, Leptothorax 100 fasciata taeniata, Nerodia 246
Eutriorchis 33 Fabriciana 253 fasciata, Agrotis 1 86
eutropia, Cephalorhynchus 195 fabula, Pegias 1 1
fasciata, Galidictis 16

Euxanthe 253 facta, Micrarionta 125 fasciata, Neothraupis 162

euzyga, Semotrachia 122 fagani, Lepus 197 fasciatum, Tigrisoma 147

evandaleana, Cupedora 122 fagani, Prunella 158 fasciatus albipilis, Lagostrophus 220
Evarra 183 Fagotia 212 fasciatus fasciatus, Lagostrophus 220
evelynae, Carelia 189 fairbanksensis, Pyrgulopsis 211 fasciatus, Aphanius 205
Everes 252 fairbumi, Anagotus 248 fasciatus, Brachylophus 59
everetti, Aceros AA Fairy wren. Broad-billed 159 fasciatus, Cambarus 93
everetti, Dicaeum 161 Fairy wren, Campbell's 198 fasciatus, Lagostrophus 4

everetti, Ixos 157 Fairywren, Purple-crowned 159 fasciatus, Myrmecobius 3

everetti, Melogale 17 Falanouc 18 fasciatus, Sebastes 82

everetti, Monarcha 51 falcata, Ptilocichla 52 fascicularis, Macaca 140
everetti, Tumix 35 falcatus, Phyllops 137 fasciculispina, Rana 201
everetti, Urogale 8 falcatus, Tropodiaptomus 207 fasciinucha, Falco 33
everetti,Zoothera 161 falcipennis, Dendragapus 149 fascinans, Elimia 117
eversmanni amurensis, Mustela 224 falcirostris, Sporophila 55 fasciolatus, Circaetus 148
eversmanni, Columba 38 falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 45 fasciolatus, Mixophyes 167
evezardi, Indoreonectes 203 FaZco 33, 34, 149, 179 fastigata, Lamprocystis 215
evoronensis, Microtus 25 Falcon, Grey 33 fasluosa, Tangara 55
evotis, Tonatia 137 Falcon, New Zealand 149 fastuosus,Epimachus 58
exanimus, Kimboraga 122 Falcon, Orange-breasted 149 Fatmucket, Arkansas 1 1
exaula, Margaronia 253 Falcon, Red-necked 149 Fatmucket, Waccamaw 172
excavatus, Somatogyrus 212 Falcon, Taita 33 fatrense, Deroceras 215
excella, Cryptochia 255 Falcon, White-rumped 149 faunulus, Pteropus 9
excellens, Campylopterus 153 falconeri falconeri, Capra 228 fausta, Actinella 174
excellens, Lovenula 92 falconeri heptneri, Capra 228 Fawnsfoot, Mexican 255
excelsa, Grallaria 155 falconeri megaceros, Capra 228 /eac, Pterodroma 30
excelsus, Sorex 193 falconeri, Capra 21 /eae, Turdus 53
excisa, Gyrotoma 117 Falconet, Pied 149 feaifeai, Muntiacus 227
Falconet, White-fronted 149 /eai rooseveltorum, Muntiacus 227
exigua, Anomala 250
exigua, Jardinella 116
FALCONIDAE 33, 149, 179, 242 /eai, Muntiacus 197
exigua, Partula 191
FALCONIFORMES 32, 147, 179, 198, featherstoni, Phalacrocorax 31
242 federensis, Tropocyclops 92
exiVij, Arganiella 1 14
/a/fcti, Deinacrida 108 fedtschenkoi, Pseudoscaphirhynchus 70
eximia, Anomala 250
/aWai, Oligosoma 165 Felexamia 251
eximia, Bleda 48
fallax fallax, Chaetodipus 231 feliceus, Rattus 26
Eximiorhagada 214
fallax pallidus, Chaetodipus 231 FELIDAE 16, 140, 195, 223, 241
eximius ssp., Cyprinodon 247
/oHox, y4ZoM 202 felina, Lutra 17
eximius, Phylloscartes 156
fallax, Beddomeia 14 1
felipei, Mustela 17
exocoeti, Ramphotyphlops 62
fallax, Crunomys 23 Fc/u 195,223,241
exoleta, Dobsonia 136

290

(
 3 3 1 6 1
1 1

fellowsgordoni, Suncus 8 Finch, Gouldian 57 flavicapilla, Chloropipo 156

fellowsi. Melomys 25 Finch, Laysan 56 flavicauda masakii, Coeliccia 238
Felovia 27 Finch. Mangrove 54 flavicauda, Lagothrix 15
feltini, Microtus 144 Finch, Nihoa 56 flaviceps, Atlapetes 54
femoralis, Cinnyricinclus 57 Finch, Peg-billed 162
flaviceps, Callithrix 14
femoralis, Presbytis 140 Finch, Slender-billed 55
flaviceps, Rhodacanthis 181
fenderi, Rhyacophila 255 Finch, St Lucia Black 162
flavicollis,Macronyx 157
fenderi, Soliperla 254 Finch, Star 57
flavidulum, Pleurobema 1 1

Fennecus 195 Finch, Townsend's 182

flavifrons, Amblyomis 164
Fenouilia 118 Finch, Yellow-billed Blue 163
flavifuscus, Puntius 74
feralis,Micrarionta 125 Finch, Yellow-green 55
flavigula robinsoni. Manes 224
ferdebueni, Poblana 205 findleyi, Myotis 12
flavigula, Serinus 57
Feresa 195 Finfoot, Masked 37
flavigularis, Lepus 28
Ferminia 49 fmschi, Amazona 1 5
flavimaculata, Graptemys 64
femandensis, Sephanoides 43 finschii, Ducula 151
flavipennis, Chloropsis 48
Fire-eye, Fringe-backed 46
femandesi, Teinsoloma 209 flavipes, Ketupa 152
Fireback, Crested 35
femandezi, Lonchorhina 1
flavipes, Malimbus 57
Fireback, Crestless 35
femandinae, Colaples 44 flavipinnis, Glossgobius 87
Fireback, Siamese 35
femandinae. Nesoryzomys 178 flavipinnis, Noturus 75
Firecrown, Juan Fernandez 43
Fernwren 159 flavipinnis, Prognathochromis 184
Firefinch, Mali 163
feroculus, Feroculus 7 flavipinnis, Stupidogobius 87
Firefly, Everglades Browing 249
Feroculus 7 flaviprymna, Lonchura 163
Firefly, Florida Intertidal249
/erox, Cryptoprocla 18 flavipunctata, Litoria 66
Firetail, Red-eared 163
ferraria, Leiostyla 127 flavirostris, Humblotia 50
Firethroat 159
ferreorostris, Chaunoproctus 182 flavirostris, Paradoxomis 51
firouzi, Allactaga 23
Ferreret 66 flavirostris, Phibalura 156
fischerae, Rhinophylla 137
Ferret, Black-footed 177
fischeri, Agapomis 151 flaviventris, Saccolaimus 136
Ferret-badger, Javan 224 flavocoronatus, Chaetodon 84
fischeri. Crocidura 6
Ferret-badger, Kinabalu 17
fischeri, Haplonycteris 9 flavomarginata, Cuora 64
Ferrissia 1 1
flavomarginatus, Gopherus 65
fischeri, Lepidostoma 254
ferrugineifrons, Bolborhynchus 40 flavovelata, Geothlypis 163
fischeri, Somateria 32
ferrugineus , Pleuronectes 88 flavovirens, Chlorospingus 54
fischeri, Tauraco 152
ferrugineus, Coccyzus 42 flavoviridis, Neomixis 159
Fish, African BlindBarb 71
ferrugineus, Deronectes 98 flavus, Agelaius 56
Fish, Orange Lake Cave 95
ferrugineus, Phaenomys 26 flavus, Brachycercus 250
Fish-eagle, Grey-headed 148
ferrugineus, Procambarus 95 flavus, Speleomantes 68
Fish-eagle, Lesser 148
ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus 129 flavus, Zosterops 161
Fish-eagle, Madagascar 33
ferus przewalskii, Equus 225 Fish-eagle, Sanford's 33 Flea, Water 90, 91
FERUSSACIIDAE 124,215 Fish-owl, Blakiston's42 fleayi, Mixophyes 67
/ifeer birulai. Castor 245 Fish-owl, Tawny 152 fleckeri, Euastacus 96
/ifccr. Castor 142 fisheri, Labeo 72 fleclocercus, Ixalodectes 109
fibratus, Placostylus 126 Rana 182 Fletcherana 252
fisheri,
Fibulacamptus 96 Fishing-owl, Rufous 42 fletcheri,Lechriodus 167
Ficedula 50, 158 fiskii, Lamprophis 61 yZexa, Paramelita 90
ficedulinus, Zosterops 54 Fissi 86 flexicolumella, Hemisloma 116
ficulnea, Pupilla 175 Fissilicreagris 89 flexuosa, Dysnomia 187
fidelis minor, Monadenia 239 Fissuria 1 1 flexuosa, Epioblasma 110
fidelis pronotis, Monadenia 239 fitzpatricki, Procambarus 95 Flicker, Cuban 44
fieldi, Pseudomys 26 fitzroyana, Mesodontrachia 174 Floater, Brook 255
Fig-parrot, SaIvadori's41 flagellatus, Stygobromus 89 Floater, California 255
Figbird, Wetar 199 flagellum ruddocki, Masticophis 246 Floater, Green 172
fdfolensis filfolensis, Podarcis 246 Flagtail, Spotted 244 florensis, Corvus 58
filiceti, Philonesia 125 Flamingo, Andean 31 florensis, Spelaeomys 178
filicicola, Nesorestias 251 Flamingo, Lesser 147 florentina curtisi, Dysrwmia 255
filicum, Heteramphus 248 Flamingo, Puna 31 florentina curtisi, Epioblasma 238
filicum, Leiostyla 127 flammea, Hemitremia 202 florentina florentina, Dysnomia 255
^/o5a, Partula 127 flammea, Littoraria 188 florentina walkeri, Dysnomia 255
filosa, Rhodacme 1 1 fiammea, Paroreomyza 181 florentina, Epioblasma 209
fimbriata, Phrynomedusa 201 Flatback 63 Florican, Bengal 37
fimbriatus, Artibeus 1 37 flava, Monardithemis 107 Florican, Lesser 37
fimbriatus, Eoglaucomys 142 flava, Tilapia 86 floriceps, Anthocephala 153
fimbriatus, Myotis 194 flavescens, Ariteus 1 florida, Oxyethira 254
finalis, Agathothoma 213 flavescens, Crocidura 6 floridalis,Anaea 253
Finch, Black-masked 54 flavescens, Eptesicus 194 floridana smalli, Neotoma 233
Finch, Canary-winged 162 flavescens, Varanus 243 floridana, Ceraclea 254
Finch, Coal-crested 162 flavicans, Foudia 57 floridana, Dexteria 91
Finch, Cocos 55 flavicans, Prioniturus 152 floridana, Micronaspis 249

291
 1 8 8

floridana, Trigonopelastes 250 Flycatcher, Ochre-tailed 159 formanii, Leptoxis 1 1

floridanus, Podomys 26 Hycatcher, Orange-banded 156 Formica 100, 170

floridensis, Asaphomyia 250 Flycatcher, Pacific Royal 47 FORMICARIIDAE 45, 155, 198

floris,Treron 151 Flycatcher, Palawan 50 Formicarius 45

flosculus, Loriculus 41 Flycatcher, Pileated 156 FORMICIDAE 99, 170
Flycatcher, Rufous-throated 158 Formicivora 45,46, 155
flosculus, Quintalia 190
Flounder, Yellowtail 88 Flycatcher, Samoan 51 Formicoxenus 100
Flower-piercer, Chestnut-bellied 162
Flycatcher, Sumba 158 formosa, Amandava 57
floweri, Crocidura 6
Flycatcher, Sumba Brown 199 formosa. Anas 32
Hycatcher, Tawny-chested 156 formosa, Cyprinella 71
floweri, Eptesicus 138
Flycatcher, Ward's 160 formosa, Leptoxis 118
floweri, Gerbillus 24
Rowerpecker, Brown-backed 161
FHying-fox, Ambon 136 formosa, Nilssonia 66
Flowerpecker, Cebu 53
Flying-fox, Chuuk 9 formosa, Partula 191
Flowerpecker, Flame-crowned 161
Flying-fox, Comoro Black 9 formosa, Sitta 53
Flying-fox, Gilliard's 9
Flowerpecker, Scarlet-colIared53 formosae, Treron 151
Flying-fox, Greater Mascarene9
Flowerpecker, Visayan 53 formosanus, Oncorhynchus 77
Flying-fox, Lesser 9
Flowerpecker, Whiskered 53 formosus bartelsi, Myotis 245
Rying-fox, Little Golden-mantled9
Flowerpecker, White-throated 161 formosus, Garrulax 159
Flying-fox, Marianas 9
Flowerpiercer, Venezuelan 54 formosus, Neutrodiaptomus 207
Flying-fox, Mortlock Islands 9
Flufftail, Slender-billed 37 formosus, Otomops 13
White-winged 37 Flying-fox, Okinawa 177
Flufftail, formosus, Scleropages 70
Flying- fox. Pemba 10
fluminea, Melanatria 173 formosus, Spelaeornis 160
Flying-fox, Pohnpei 9
fluminensis, Myrmotherula 46 Forpus 40
Flying-fox, Rodrigues 9
Fluminicola 211 forresti, Leggadina 143
Flying-fox, Ryukyu 9
fluvialis, /o 118
Flying-fox, Samoa 9 for rest i, Ochotona 146
fluviatilis, Lampetra 167 forresti, Sciurotamias 22
Flying-fox, White 241
fluviatilis, Neogobius 206 forstenii, Indotestudo 65
Flying-squirrel, Small Japanese242
fluviatilis, Prinia 199 forthensis, Beddomeia 114
Hyrobin, Golden-bellied 159
fluviatilis, Sotalia 196 fortidens, Myotis 138
Fody, Mauritius 57
Craterocephalus 78
fluviatillis, Coracirui 48
Fody, Reunion 182 fortis,
Fluviopupa 173 Fody, Rodrigues 57 fortis, Pacifastacus 93
Fly, Belkin's Dune Tabanid 99 Opanara
Fody, Seychelles 57 fosbergi, 123
Fly, Brown Merycomyian Tabanid 250
foersteri,Henicophaps 151 fosbergi, Tubuaia 125
Fly, Delong's Flower 250
Foliage-gleaner, Alagoas45 Fossa 18
Fly, Horida Asaphomyian Tabanid 250
Foliage-gleaner, Chestnut-capped 155 fossa. Fossa 18
Fly, Hawaiian Dance 250
Foliage-gleaner, Henna-hooded 45 Fossa 18
Fly, Mary Alice's Small-headed 250
Foliage-gleaner, Rufous-necked45 fossilis, Misgumis 168
Fly, Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid250
Foliage-gleaner, Russet-mantled 155 Foudia 57, 182
Fly, Ross's Apatalestes Tabanid 250
Foliage-gleaner, White-browed 155 fourchensis, Plethodon 167
Fly, Sugarfoot Moth 99
foliifera. Culella 216 fowleri, Celestus 199
Fly, Texas Asaphomyian Tabanid 250
foliniana, Platyla 113 Fox, Bengal 195
Fly, Valley Mydas 250
folkertsi, Hydroporus 248 Fox, Blanford's 195
Fly, Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid 185
folliculata, Elliptio 172 Fox, Corsac 195
Fly, Wilber Springs Shore 250
Fonscochlea 116,173 Fox, Fennec 195
Flycatcher, Ashy-breasted 51
fontaineanus, Diplodon 110 Fox, Island Grey 129
Flycatcher, Atlantic Royal 47
fontanierii, Myospalax 25 Fox, Pale 195
Flycatcher, Belted 156
fontanus, Galaxias 76 Fox, Ruppell's 195
Flycatcher, Biak 159
fonticola, Etheostoma 83 Fox, Swift 129
Flycatcher, Black-and-rufous 158
Fontigens 116,211 foxi, Crocidura 6
Flycatcher, Black-banded 158
fontinalis, Cyprinodon 79 foxi, Cryptomys 145
Flycatcher, Black-billed 156
Flycatcher, Blue-breasted 158 fontinalis, Hygrotus 248 foxi, Dasymys 143

Flycatcher, Brown-breasted 159 foramcnus, Turgenitubulus 122 fraenata, Onychogalea 4

Flycatcher, Chapin' s 5 foramineus, Rattus 144 fragilion, Megalobulimus 126
Flycatcher, Cocos 47 forbesi, Amastra 88 1
fragilis stochi, Hadzia lYI
Hycatcher, Cryptic 50 forbesi, Curaeus 56 fragilis, Omphalotropis 210
Flycatcher, Damar 50 forbesi, Nesopupa 216 fragilis, Samoana 127
Flycatcher, Dull-blue 158 fordi, Aphodius 250 fragosa, Quadrula 112
Flycatcher, Furtive 50 foreli, Strongylognalhus 102 francesae, Skiffla 184
Flycatcher, Grand Comoro 50 foremani, Pleurocera 1 1 franci, Elaphoidella 96
Flycatcher, Grey-breasted 47 Forest-Falcon, Buckley's 242 francica, Collocalia 153
Flycatcher, Guam 181 Forest-falcon, Plumbeous 34 francoisi, Trachypithecus 15
Flycatcher, Kashmir 50 Forest-partridge, Udzungwa35 Francolin, Djibouti 35
Flycatcher, Little Slaty 50 Forest-rail, Mayr's 198 Francolin, Grey-striped 34
Flycatcher, Lompobattang 50 Forest-rail, White-striped 198 Francolin, Harwood's 35
Flycatcher, Matinan 50 Forester, Scarce Red 253 Francolin, Mount Cameroon 34
Flycatcher, Nilgiri 158 Forkshell 187 Francolin, Nahan's 198
Flycatcher, Nimba 51 formanii, Anculosa 1 88 Francolin, Swamp 35

292
 1 1

Francolin, Swierstra's 35 Frog. Hochstetter's 243 Fruit-dove, Atoll 151

FrancoUnus 34, 35, 198 Frog, Hogsback 167 Fruit-dove, Black-banded 151
franklandensis, Beddomeia 114 Frog, Hoist's 67 Fruit-dove, Blue-capped 151
franzi, Procambarus 95 Frog, Illinois Chorus 246 Fruit-dove, Carunculated 39
fraseri, Oreomanes 162 Frog, Ishikawa's 67 Fruit-dove, Cook Islands 151
frater, Myolis 138 Frog, Israel Painted 182 Fruit-dove, Cream-bellied 151
frater, Onychognathus 57 Frog, Italian Agile 167 Fruit-dove, Flame-breasted 39
fraterculus, Artibeus 1
Frog, Kohchang 201 Fruit-dove, Henderson 39
fraterculus, Melomys 144 Frog, Lake Junin 67 Fruit-dove, Makatea 39
fraterculus, Miniopterus 138 Frog, Lesueur's 243 Fruit-dove, Mariana 151
fratemum, Elliptio 110 Frog, Liem's 67 Fruit-dove, Negros 39
fratrorum, Bunomys 143 Frog, Long-toed Tree 66 Fruit-dove, Rapa 39
Frog, Micro 67 Fruit-Dove, Red-moustached 180
fredericae, Presbytis 194
Fregata 31
Frog, Mt Glorius Torrent 67 Fruit-dove, Red-naped 39
Frog, Namiye's 68 Fruit-dove, Tanna
FREGATIDAE 31 151
Frog, Nyakala 66 Fruit-dove, White-headed 151
Fregitupus 182
Frog, Otton 68 Fruiteater, Black-chested 156
frenatum, Cycloderma 166
Frog, Pearson's 66 Fruiteater, Fiery-throated 156
frenatus, Chaetops 158
Frog, Peppered Tree 66 Fruiteater, Scaled 156
frenatus, Lichenostomus 162
Frog, Pickersgill's Reed 66 Fruiteater, Scarlet-breasted 156
freycineti, Myiagra 181
Frog, Pine Barrens Tree 166 fuchsi, Belgrandiella 115
Friar, Comoro 104
Frog, Pleione's Torrent 67 fuchsi, Orcula 175
Friar, Madagascan 104
Frog, Relict Leopard 68 fucosa, Tangara 163
Friar, Mauritian 104
Frog, Seychelle Islands Tree 66 fuerlesi, Hapalopsittaca 41
Friarbird, Brass's 199
Frog, Seychelles 68 fulgens, Achatinella 120
Friarbird, Dusky 199
Frog, Sharp-nosed Torrent 67 fulgens, Ailurus 18
Friarbird, Grey 199
Frog, Smith's Wrinkled 201
Friarbird, Plain 162 fulgida, Meda 72
Frog, Somuncura 67 fulgidus, Psittrichas 41
Frigatebird, Ascension 31
Frog, Southern Barred 67
Frigatebird, Christmas Island 3 fulgurans, Perdicella 188
Frog, Southern Bell 66
frigatensis. Nysius 251 futgurata, Ampelita 1 20
Frog, Southern Gastric Breeding67
Fringilla 132 Fulica 36, 180
Frog, Spiny-breasted Giant201
fringillaris, Spizocorys 48 fuliginosa, Psalidoprocne 157
Frog, Spotted 56
FRINGILLIDAE 56, 132, 163, 182, 199 fuliginosus fuliginosus, Macropus 220
Frog, Stuttering 67
fringillinus, Parus 161 fuliginosus, Aegithalos 161
Frog. Table Mountain Ghost 66
frisii, Rutilus 203 fuliginosus, Hipposideros 136
Frog, Thomasset's Seychelles68
frisoni, Ceratella 250 fuliginosus, Larus 38
Frog, Tinkling 67
Fritillary, Corsican 253 fuliginosus, Otus 42
Frog, Torrent Tree 66
Fritillary, False 170 fuliginosus, Sminthopsis 193
Frog, Tusked 167
Fritillary, Lesser False 170 fullawayi, Hedylepta 186
Frog, Vegas Valley Leopard 182
Fritillary, Myrtle's 253 fullerkati, Lampsilis 172
Frog, Water 243
Fritillary, Regal 253 Frog, Western Spotted 167 fulminans, Tadarida 139
Fritillary, Scarce 208 Frog, Whistling Tree 235. 243 fultoni, Beddomeia 114
frivola, Kusaiea 215 Frog, White-bellied 67 fultoni,Pisidium 173
frobesi, Nesithmysus 248 Frog, Yellow-bellied 67 fulva, Heteropoma 210
Frog, Amoured 66 Frog, Yellow-spotted Tree 66, 243 fulva, Vemaya 27
Frog, Archey's 167 froggatti, Cinetodus 204 fulvescens, Acipenser 70
Frog, Baw-baw 67 Frogmouth, Bornean 198 fulvescens, Picumnus 45
Frog, Bleating Tree 243 Frogmouth, Dulit 198 Fulvetta, Gold-fronted 49
Frog, Cape Rain 67 Frogmouth, Javan 153 Fulvetta, Rufous-throated 158
Frog, Corroboree 67 Frogmouth, Large 198 Fulvetta, Spectacled 158
Frog, Desert Rain 67 Frogmouth, Short-tailed 198 Fulvetta, Yellow-throated 158
Frog, Doichang 201 Frogmouth, Sri Lanka 153 fulvicollis, Treron 151
Frog, Drakensberg 167 fromensis, Beddomeia 114 fulvicrus, Ectemnius 251
Frog, Eungella Torrent 67 frondicella, Pronesopupa 216 fulviventer goldmani, Sigmodon 233
Frog, European Tree 166 frontale, Cinclidium 158 fulviventer,Tylomys 145
Frog, Fijian Ground 67 frontalis, Anarhynchus 37 fulvorufula adamauae, Redunca 230
Frog, Fleay's 67 fulvorufula chanleri, Redunca 230
frontalis, Atelerix 241
Frog, Fletcher's 167 fulvorufula fulvorufula,Redunca 230
frontalis. Bos 20
Frog, Gardiner's Seychelles 68 fulvorufula, Redunca 131
frontalis, Pipreola 156
Frog, Gastric Brooding 67 fulvus albifrons, Eulemur 241
frontalis, Sporophila 55
Frog, Golden Coqui 201 fulvus albocollaris, Eulemur 220
frontalis, Stenella 196
Frog, Golden Dwarf Reed 243
frontata, Presbytis 194 fulvus collaris, Eulemur 220
Frog, Goliath 67 fulvus fulvus, Eulemur 1A\
fronto, Kunsia 24
Frog, Great Barred 167
frosti, Neopteryx 9 fulvus mayottensis, Eulemur 245
Frog, Green and Golden Bell 166
frosti, Philoria 67 fulvus rufus, Eulemur 241
Frog, Green-thighed 166
frosti, Serica 250 fulvus sanfordi, Eulemur 220
Frog, Hamilton's 66
frugivorus, Calyptophilus 54 fumeus, Pseudomys 26
Frog, Hewitt's Ghost 66

293
 1 1 7 5

fumosa, Crocidura 6 fuscorufus, Myiotheretes 156 GALBULIDAE 44

fumosus, Heimyscus 242 fuscozonata, Aaadonta 214 galeata, Ducula 39
fumosus, Pappogeomys 142 fuscus insubricus, Pelobates 235 galeata, Lemniscia 215
fundalus, Pteropus 9 fuscus, Ancharius 203 galeatus, Basilomis 164
Fundulus 80, 183,243 fuscus, Eleutherodactylus 67 galeatus, Dryocopus 45
funebris, Todirhamphus 154 fuscus, Galaxias 76 galeboides, Thermodiaptomus 92
funerea, Drepanis 181 fuscus. Hippocampus 81 Galemys 8

funerea, Rhinoclemmys 166 fuscus, Lamprophis 165 galericulata, Aix 147

funereus, Morimus 98 fuscus, Lasiopodomys 143 galeritus "sanjei", Cercocebus 222

funicula, Gonospira 245 fuscus, Liolaemus 199 galeritus chrysogaster, Cercocebus 111
funiculalum, Teinsotoma 209 fuscus, Miniopterus 12 galeritus galeritus, Cercocebus 111
Funisciurus 22. 142 fuscus, Moschus 141 galeritus, Cercocebus 140
funium, Torresitrachia 174 fuscus, Neohydromys 25 Galidictis 16, 17
furax, Emballonura 10 fuscus, Notomys 25 galilaea, Pene 124
furcatus, Hemitriccus 47 fusea, Partula 191 galileus "Ejagham ", Sarotherodon 236
furcalus, Pseudomugil 243 fusiformis, Elimia 1 1 gallagheri, Chaerephon 13
furcifer electromontis, Phaner 220 fusoidea, Partulina 213 gallardoi, Podiceps 146

furcifer fiircifer, Phaner 220 gabbi, Micrarionta 215 gallarum, Galago 139
furcifer pallescens, Phaner 220 gabbii, Bassaricyon 140 Gallicolumba 39, 151

furcifer parienti, Phaner 220 gabela, Prionops 49 GALLIFORMES 34, 149, 180, 198

furcifer, Phaner 139 gabela, Sheppardia 52 Gallinago 37, 150

Furcifer 59 gabriellae, Hylobates 194 Gallinula 36

furculus, Triaenops 1 GADIDAE 77 Gallirallus 36, 149, 180
Furina 62 GADIFORMES 77 Galliwasp, Jamaica Giant 182
furiosus, Noturus 203 Gadus 77 Galliwasp, Monsterrat 59
FURIPTERIDAE 11 Gag 83 galloi, Polyommatus 103
FURNARIIDAE 45, 155 gaigeae, Paratelmatobius 243 Gallotia 60
fumess, Silurus 203 gaigeae, Trachemys 64 Ga//uj 149
furnessi, Pentalagus 29 gaigei, Gambusia 80 galusdae, Cheirodon 203
furva, Leptaxis 125 gaimardi cuniculus, Bettongia 219 Gambelia 60
furva, Mogurnda 87 gaimardi gainujrdi, Bettongia 219 gambianus, Mungos 195
furvum, Pleurobema 1 1 gaimardi, Bettongia 135 gambieri, Todirhamphus 44
furvus, Patawanomys 25 gaimardi, Phalacrocorax 147 Gambusia, Amistad 184
^Mica clamitans, Alouatta 221 Galago, Allen's 139 Gambusia, Big Bend 80
fusca fusca, Alouatta 221 Galago, Amani Dwarf 194 Gambusia, Clear Creek 80
fusca, Alouatta 14 Galago, Grant's Dwarf 194 Gambusia, Pecos 80
/ujca, Aplonis 1 82 Galago, Lesser Needle-clawed 139 Gambusia, San Marcos 184
fusca, Himeroconcha 214 Galago, Matundu Dwarf 194 Gambusia 80, 168, 184, 205
fusca, Leiostyla 245 Galago, Rondo Dwarf 194 gamelia, Euploea 170
fusca, Murina 194 Galago, Small-eared Greater 139 GAMMARIDAE 90, 185

fusca, Phoebetria 146

Galago, Somali 139 Gammarus 90, 185

Macaca 245 Galago, Thomas's Dwarf 241 gammoni, Stenelmis 99

fuscata yakui,
Galago, Western Needle-clawed 139 ganesa loomisi, Panchala 151
fuscata, Macaca 15
Galago, Zanzibar 139 gangetica, Platanista 19
fuscata, Newnhamia 98
Galago 139 gangeticus, Gavialis 58
fuscata, Padda 163
Galagoides 194, 241 gangeticus, Glyphis 69
fuscatus, Marmosops 135
fuscicapillus, Corvus 164
GALAGONIDAE 139, 194, 241 Gannet, Cape 146
galapagoensis, Arctocephalus 17 ganslmayri, Belgrandiella 115
fuscicapillus, Philemon 199
galapagoensis, Buteo 33 ganteri, Palaemonias 93
fusciceps fusciceps, Ateles 221
galapagoensis, Oryzomys 25 gaoligongensis, Ochotona 197
fusciceps robustus, Ateles 221
galapagosensis, Ogilbia 204 gapperi solus, Clethrionomys 232
fusciceps, Ateles 14
Galaxias, Barred 76 garamantis, Parantica 104
fuscicollis crandalli, Saguinus 221
Galaxias, Cape 168 Garda, Carpione del 77
fuscicollis cruzlimai, Saguinus 221
Galaxias, Chathams 76 gardineri, Sooglossus 68
fuscicollis leucogenys, Saguinus 241
Galaxias, Clarence 76 Garfish, Allen's River 205
fuscidula, Leiostyla 216
Galaxias, Dwarf 77 Garfish, Robert's River 243
fuscigularis, Apalis 49
Galaxias, Flat-Headed 76 garlcppi, Papilio 208
fuscipennis, Dicrurus 57
Galaxias, Redder 76 garleppi, Poospiza 55
fuscipes annectens, Neotoma 233 Galaxias, Saddled 77 garmani, Characodon 184
fuscipes luciana, Neotoma 233 Swamp
Galaxias, 204 gamettii, Otolemur 139
fuscipes riparia, Neotoma 233 Galaxias, Swan 76 gamieri, Bythiospeum 1 1
fuscipes, Neotoma 25
Galaxias 16,11. 168,204 gamotii, Pelecanoides 30
fuscobasis, Achatinella 120 Galaxiella 11. 168 Garra, Philipps' 202
Fusconaia 111, 172 GALAXIIDAE 76, 168, 204
fuscoolivaceus, Atlapetes 162
Garra 72, 202
galbanus, Garrulax 159 Partula 191
garretti,
fuscopalliata, Brachythemis 107
galbinifrons, Cuora 165
garridoi, Mysateles 28
fuscorufa, Rhipidura 160 Galbula 44 Garrulax 50, 159, 198
fuscorufa, Synallaxis 155

294
 8 1 1 1

garrulus, Lorius 41 Gecko, Muller's Velvet 165 GEOMITRIDAE 124, 133, 174,215,245,
Garrulus 58 Gecko, Namaqua Day 165 256
gaskelli, Hesperoptenus 12 Gecko, Paraguanan Ground 59 GEOMYIDAE 22, 142, 231, 242
gasparoi, Metacyclops 92 Gecko, Peringueyi's Leaf-toed 199 Geomys 22,231
GASTEROSTEIDAE 81,247 Gecko, Rodrigues Day 182 Geonemertes 217
GASTEROSTEIFORMES 81, 205, 236, Gecko, Rough 243 Geophaps 151
247 Gecko, Round Island Day 59 Geopsittacus 41
Gasterosteus 247 Gecko, Scarce Ground 199 georgei, Gambusia 184
Gaslrocopta 127. 191 Gecko, Serpent Island 59 georgiae, Cambarus 93
GASTROPODA 112, 133, 173, 187,209, Gecko, Small-scaled Leaf-toed 165
georgiana, Beloneuria 254
238, 244, 256 Gecko, Standing's Day 59
georgiana, Occirhenea \T1
gasulli, Helicella 174 Gecko, Stephen's Island 59
georgianum, Pleurobema 1 1
gatliffi, Pernagera 123 geei, Trachypithecus 194
Georissa 112,209
gaudichaudii, Littoridina 188 geelvinkiana, Micropsitta 152
Geothlypis 55, 56, 163
Gaur 20 geertsi, Caecobarbus 71 GEOTRUPIDAE 249
Gaurochromis 85, 184 gejiuensis, Triplophysa 75
Geotrygon 39, 151
gautama, Tirumala 244 Gekko, European Leaf-toed 59
Gerbillus 242
GAVIALIDAE 58 GEKKONIDAE 59, 165, 182, 199,243 Gerbillus 24, 143, 242
Gavialis 58 gelada, Theropithecus 140
Gerenuk 131
gazella acaciae, Gazella 228 GELECHIIDAE 252 gerhardti, Elimia 212
gazella beisa, Oryx 229 gellda, Macrhybopsis 72
gerhildae, Afrithelphusa 95
gazella callotis, Oryx 229 gemina gafuri, Lethe 253
germaini, Polyplectron 35
gazella cora, Gazella 228 gemina, Ischnura 106
Geronticus 31
gazella farasani. Gazella 228 geminatus, Hylogomphus 171
Gerrhonotus 59
gazella gazella, Gazella 228 Gemlnoropa 123
Gerrhosaurus 165
gazella gazella. Oryx 229 gemma, Hemistoma 173 Gerygone, Biak 50
gazella muscatensis, Gazella 228 gemma, Marginella 213 Gerygone, Lord Howe 181
gazella, Gazella 130 Gemsbok 131,229 Gerygone, Norfolk Island 50
gazella. Oryx 131 genei, Chondrostoma 167
Gerygone 50, 159, 181
Gazella 21, 130, 141, 178, 228 genei, Drymophila 155 Bythiospeum 1 15
geyeri,
Gazelle, Acacia 228 genei, Speleomantes 167
geyerii. Vertigo 133
Gazelle, Arabian 178 genesii. Vertigo 133 Gharial 58
Gazelle, Arabian Mountain 228 Genet, Abyssinian 195 Gharial, False 199
Gazelle, Arabian Sand 228 Genet, Crested 18 gharlapsi, Trochoidea 126
Gazelle, Cuvier's 21 Genet, Ibiza 224 ghetaldi, Paraphoxinus 73
Gazelle, Dama 21 Genet, Johnston's 195
ghigii,Ladigesocypris 72
Gazelle, Dorcas 141 genetta isabelae, Genetta 224 Ghizani 72
Gazelle, Farasan 228 Genetta 18, 195,224 Giant-petrel, Northern 146
Gazelle, Goitred 141 geniculata, Boeckella 91 Gibachi 247
Gazelle, Grant's 130 geniculata, Llthasia 1 1
gibba, Beddomeia 114
Gazelle, Heuglin's 228 Genophantis 186 gibba, Leiostyla 127
Gazelle, Mongalla 228 genovensium, Platalina 1
gibba. Partula 1 27
Gazelle, Mongolian 141 genowaysi, Rhogeessa 139 gibbensis, Rhagada 122
Gazelle, Mountain 130 Geocapromys 28, 178, 179 Gibberula 213
Gazelle, Muscat 228 Geochelone 65, 234, 235 gibberulus Digerus, Tomigenus 239
Gazelle, Palestine Mountain 228 Geoclemys 165 gibberum, Pleurobema 1 1
Gazelle, Pelzeln's 228
Geocolaptes 154 Gibbibarbus 72
Gazelle, Przewalski's 21
Geocrinia 67 Gibbon, Black 16
Gazelle, Queen of Sheba's 21
Geoemyda 64, 200 Gibbon, Buff-cheeked 194
Gazelle, Red 178
geoffrensis, Inia 19 Gibbon, Hoolock 194
Gazelle, Red-fronted 21
geoffroii, Dasyurus 3 Gibbon, Mentawai 16
Gazelle, Saudi 178
geoffroyi azuerensis, Ateles 221 Gibbon, Pileated 16
Gazelle, Slender-horned 21
geoffroyi frontatus, Ateles 221 Gibbon, Silvery 16
Gazelle, Soemmerring's 21
geoffroyi grisescens, Ateles 221 gibboni, Diplommatina 210
Gazelle, Speke's 21
geoffroyi ornatus, Ateles 221 gibbonsi, Graptemys 166
Gazelle, Thomson's 130
geoffroyi pan, Ateles 221 gibbosa, Pyganodon 172
Gazelle, Tibetan 141
geoffroyi panamensis, Ateles 221 gibbosus, Breviceps 67
geata, Myosorex 7
geoffroyi yucatanensis, Ateles 221 gibbus, Procambarus 95
geayi, Bedotia 204
geoffroyi, Ateles 241 Gibbus 191
GECARCINUCIDAE 95
geoffroyi, Callithrix 14 giffardi, Ectemnius 251
Gecko, Black-eyed 165
Geogale 1A\ giffordi, Nesotocus 248
Gecko, Duvaucel's 243
Geomalacus 244 Gigante, Cachorrito 79
Gecko, Gold-striped 243
Geomalia 159 gigantea, Edwardsina 99
Gecko, Harlequin 165
Geomalia 159 gigantea, Geochelone 65
Gecko, Hawequa Flat 165
Gecko, Kuroiwa's Ground 59 geometricus, Psammobates 65 gigantea, Grallaria 46

Gecko, Methuen's Dwarf 59 GEOMETRIDAE 186,252 gigantea, Pseudibis 31

Gecko, Monito 59 Geomitra 124 giganteus tasmaniensis, Macropus 220

295
 1 3

giganteus, Cordylus 59 glaucus, Anodorhynchus 1 80 Goby, Kessler's 206

giganleus, Spalax 27 glaucus, Pseudomys 26 Goby, Kutubu 247
giganlula, Palaemnema 108 glauerti, Bolhriembryon 121 Goby, Lipstick 207

gigas, Arapaima 202 g/en(, Chalinolobus 137 Goby, Mountain 247

gigas, Branchinecta 244 Glider, Battling 253 Goby, Mulgrave 247
gigas, Grammomys 24 Glider, Mahogany 5 Goby, Naked 169
gigas, Hydrochrous 153 Glider, Northern 5 Goby, Ramu 247
Glider, Squirrel 135 Goby, Red-spotted 247
gigas, Hydrodamalis 178
Glider, Yellow-bellied 135, 220 Goby, Red-tailed 207
gigas, Mac rode rma 10
gliroides, Dromiciops 3 Goby, Redneck 207
gigas, Pangasianodon 76
Glironia 3 Goby, Robert's 247
gigas, Phelsuma 182
Glirulus 28 Goby, Sarasin's 87
gigas, Podilymbus 179
g/i's, Myoxus 145 Goby, Sentani 247
gigas, Stereolepis 82
Glischropus 138 Goby, Sibayi 169
gigas, Tachypleus 209
Globicephala 129,242 Goby, Sleepy 169
gigas, Thamnophis 61
Goby, Tidewater 87
gigas, Tridacna 112 globiceps, Galaxias 204
Goby, Tiger 206
G;7a 72, 167, 183,246 Globonautes 95
Goby, Tropical Sand 169
gi'/ae, Oncorhynchus 77 globosa, Hirthia 119
godeffroyi, Monarcha 159
g(7ae, Pyrgulopsis 21 globosus, Coelus 99
godeffroyi, Todirhamphus 44
giVae, Tryonia 212 globulosa, Crax 34
godefrida, Claravis 38
gilberti, Kupeornis 51 gtoriosissima, Diglossa 162
godetiana. Helix 174
gilberli, Noturus 75 glossema, Carelia 189
godini, Eriocnemis 43
gilberti, Pingalla 244 Glossgobius 87
godmani, Antechinus 135
gilberti, Prognathochromis 184 Glossogobius 87, 169, 206, 247
godmani, Choeroniscus 137
gilbertii, Potorous 4 Glossolepis 78, 204, 243
Godwit, Hudsonian 150
gi'//;', Austroglanis 76 Glossophaga 137
goedeni, Lepidostoma 254
giV/i, Xenopus 67 GLOSSOSOMATIDAE 254
goeldi, Radioconus 123
gilliardi, Pteropus 9 Glossy-starling, Copper-tailed 164
goeldii, Callimico 14
gilliesi, Amanipodagrion 107 gloveralleni, Procyon 178
goeringi, Hemispingus 55
gilliesi, Paryphanla 216 gloveri, Chlamydogobius 87
goerneri, Knipowitschia 206
gillissi, Percilia 206 gloveri, Craterocephalus 78
gloveri, Lagocephalus 207
goesswaldi, Doronomyrmex 100
gilpini, Fallicambariis 94
Goethalsia 153
giluwensis, Rattus 144 glutinosa, Myxas 209
glyceia, Hcmicycla 256 goffini, Cacatua 152
Xenicus 57
gilviventris, 1
goisagi, Gorsachius 31
gingica, Arborophila 34 Glyphis 69
golandi, Ploceus 57
ginkgodens, Mesoplodon 196 glyphistoma, Ocadia 200
golasi, Hygromia 126
Giraj^a 130 Glyphopsyche 255
goldmani, Geotrygon 151
Giraffe 130 Glyphyalinia 217
goldmani, Heteromys 142
GIRAFHDAE 130 Glyptophysa 1 1

Goldstreifiger 98
giramica, Actinella 174 Ghptorhagada 122, 173. 239
golgus, Polyommatus 103
Girardinichthys 80 GNAPHOSIDAE 207
Gnatcatcher, Creamy-bellied 160
goliath, Conraua 67
giraudi, Anceya 1 19
goliath, Ducula 39
giraudi, Bridouxiana 119 Gnatcatcher,Cuban 160
Gnateater,Hooded 155 GOMPHIDAE 107, 171,238,244
Gittenbergeri 245
gnou, Connochaetes 130 Gomphurus 107, 171
giulianii, Dubiraphia 249
Goat, Chiltan 228 Gomphus 107, 171
giulianii, Pseudocotalpa 99
Goat, Cretan 228 Gonaxis 216
glabratum, Heteropoma 210
Goat, Wild 21 gongshanensis, Muntiacus 197
glabricollis, Cephalopterus 46
GOBIIDAE 87, 132, 169, 206, 247 Gongylomorphus 246
glabrirostris, Melanoptila 158
Gofoio 72, 202 Gonidomus 128, 191
glacialis , Eubalaena 225
Gobiomorphus 87 goniobasis, Hirasea 214
glacialis, Eubalaena 18
Goi)i«5 206 Goniosaurus 59
Glacicavicola 99
Goby, Arno 87 Gonocephalus 199
GLACIDORBIDAE 113,209
Gonolek, Papyrus 157
Goby, Bighead 247
Glacidorbis 113,209
Goby, Bigmouth 169 Gonospira 128, 175, 191, 245
gladiator, Malaconotus 48
Goby, Blackthroat 169 gonyostomus, Gonyostomus 128
giadius Xiphias 236
,

Goby, Bluntsnout 247 Gonyostomus 128

gladius Xiphias 207
,

Goby, Canestrini's 206 Chrotomys 23

gonzalesi,
giadius, Psephurus 70
Goby, Checked 169 Goodea 80
gtandulosa, Pyrgulopsis 211
Goby, Dalhousie 87 Goodeid 184
Glareola 150
Goby, Dwarf Pygmy 87 Goodeid, Opal 80
GLAREOLIDAE 37, 150
Goby, Edgbaston 87 Goodeid, Rainbow 80
Glaresis 250
Goby, Elizabeth Springs 87 Goodeid, Striped 80
glassi,Crocidura 6 Goby, Fly River 247 GOODEIDAE 80, 184, 247
Claucidium 42, 152
Goby, Hoese's 206 Goodeido, Solo 80
glaucogularis, Ara 40 Goby, Irian 247 goodfellowi, Dendrolagus 4
Glaucomys 230, 245 Goby, Kei 169 goodfellowi, Rhinomyias 52
Glaucopsyche 186,252

296
 2

Goose, Lesser White-fronted 32 goudoli. Myotis 138 grarulis,Bradypterus 198

Goose, Orinoco 147 goudotii, Eupleres 18 grandis, Crocidura 6
Goose, Red-breasted 32 goughensis, Rowettia 55 grandis, Epomophorus 8
Goose, Ruddy-headed 147 gouldi globulosa, Gulella 239 grandis, Heosemys 166
Goose, Swan 32 gouldi, Astacopsis 95 grandis, Lavigera 119
Gopher, Carrizo Springs Pocket231 gouldiae, Chloebia 57 grandis. Liocypris 185
Gopher, Cathlamet Pocket 231 gouldii, Mesembriomys 144 grandis, Megalobulimus 126
Gopher, Cumberland Island Picket231 gouldii, Pseudomys 178 grandis, Neorapana 213
Gopher, Goff s Southeastern Pocket231
goundae, Mus 25 grandis, Peromyscus 144
Gopher, Maritime Pocket 231
Goura 39 grandis, Rhabdomis 161
Gopher, Michoacan Pocket 23
gowerensis, Monterissa 1 1 grandis, Thapsia 215
Gopher, Olympia Pocket 231
gowersi, Prognathochromis 184 grandisonae, Atelognathus 66
Gopher, Puget Sound Pocket 231
goyderi, Amytornis 242 grandituberculatum, Granulomelon 173
Gopher, Rocky Prairie Pocket 231
graceus, Barbus 202 granti, Batomys 242
Gopher, Roy Prairie Pocket 231
gracilicorpus, Oligosoma 200 granti, Eremitalpa 5
Gopher, Sherman's Pocket 231
Gracilinanus 3, 135, 193 granti, Galagoides 194
Gopher, Southern Pocket 242
Gopher, Tacoma Pocket 231 gracilior, Fibulacamptus 96 granti, Gazella 130
gracilipes, Crocidura 6 granti, Ptyochromis 86
Gopher, Vancouver Pocket 231
Gopher, Yelm Prairie Pocket 231 gracilipes, Idiodiaptomus 207 Grantiella 54
gopheri, Copris 250 gracilirostris, Apomys 23 granulalus, Amychus 249
Gopherus 65, 243 gracilirostris, Chloropela 50 granulatus, Engaeus 95
gracilirostris, Vireo 56 granulifrons, Ptilinopus 39
goral bedfordi, Naemorhedus 229
goral goral, Naemorhedus 229 gracilis, Austromenidia 204 granulimanus, Astacoides 208
Goral, Amur 229 gracilis, Coelus 99 Granulina 213
Goral, Brown Himalayan 229 gracilis, Cryptotis 7 Granulomelon 173
Goral, Evans' Long-tailed 229 gracilis, Fluviopupa 173 Craphium, Meek's 105
Goral, Himalayan 141 gracilis, Galaxias 76 Graphium 105, 171, 208, 253
Goral, Long-tailed 21, 229 gracilis, Coodea 80 Graphiurus 28
goral, Naemorhedus 141 gracilis, Heterophasia 159 Grapholitha 254
Goral, Red 21,229 gracilis, Melanotaenia 168 Graptemys 64, 165, 166
Goral, South China 229 gracilis, Microgale 5 Graptodytes 98
Goral, Tibetan Red 229 gracilis, Oceanites 197 graslini, Gomphus 107
Goral, Western Himalayan 229 gracilis, Omphalotropis 210 Grass-finch, Grey-cheeked 162
gordiagini, Myrmecoxenus 101 gracilis, Petaurus 5 Crass-tyrant, Sharp-tailed 156
gordoni, Fallicambarus 94 gracilis, Rhogeessa 39 1 Grass-warbler, Bristled 50
gordoni, Xiphophorus 80 gracilis, Streptocephalus 91 Grassbird, Broad-tailed 160
gorganensis, Batrachuperus 68 gracilis, Symolopsis 119 Grassbird, Buff -banded 158
gorgasi, Oryzomys 25 gracilis, Troglohyphantes 88 Grassbird, Fly River 51
GORGON ACEA 128 GRACILLARIIDAE 252 Grassbird, Marsh 51

gorgonae, Proechimys 146 Crackle, Mountain 163 grassei, Crocidura 241

gorgone, Erebia 253 Crackle, Nicaraguan 163 grassei, Plagiolepis 101

goridaghini, Epimyrma 100 Crackle, Red-bellied 56 Grasshopper, Central Valley 187

Gorilla 16 Crackle, Slender-billed 182 Grasshopper, Desert Monkey 108
gorilla , Gorilla 223 GRADUNGULIDAE 207 Grasshopper, Idaho Point-headed 108
gradyi, Stygobromus 89 Grasshopper, Lompoc 08 1
gorilla beringei. Gorilla 223
graeca graeca, Testudo 246 Grasshopper, Michigan Bog 108
gorilla gorilla. Gorilla 223
graeca nikolskii. Testudo 235 Grasshopper, Pinaleno Monkey 108
gorilla graueri, Gorilla 223
graeca, Testudo 65 Grasshopper, Santa Monica Mountains
gorilla. Gorilla 16
108
Gorilla, Grauer's 223 graecus, Scardinius 74
Grasshopper, Sierra Pygmy 109
Gorilla, Mountain 223 graecus, Spalax 27
Grasshopper, Siskiyou ChloealtislOS
Gorilla, Nigerian 223 Graellsia 208
Grasshopper, Spanistic Desert 133
Gorilla, Western Lowland 223 graellsianus, Allognathus 174
Grasshopper, Torreya Pygmy 109
Gorilla 16,223 grahamensis, Sonorella 174
Grasshopper, Zyantc Band-winged 108
gormonti, Renea 113 grahami, Etheostoma 83
Crasswren, Black 158
Gorsachius 31 Grallaria 46, 155
Crasswren, Carpenlarian 49
gorzugi,Pseudemys 166 Grallaricula 46, 155
Crasswren, Eyrean 242
Goshawk, Chestnut-shouldered 198 gramineus, Tanygnathus 41 Crasswren, Grey 158
Goshawk, Doria's 148 grammiceps, Stachyris 52 Crasswren, Thick-billed 49
Goshawk, Grey-bellied 148 Grammomys 24, 143 Crasswren, White-throated 158
Goshawk, Henst's 147 gramnicola, Trichia 215 graiulabunda, Iglica 211
Goshawk, New Britain 148 grampianensis, Angrobia 1 14 graueri, Bradypterus 50
Goshawk, Red 33 Grampus 195 graueri, Coracina 157
gossypinus allapaticola, Peromyscus grande, Oligosoma 60 graueri, Lanistes 210
233 grandidieri, Cleopatra 173 graueri, Paracrocidura 1
gossypinus restrictus, Peromyscus 233 grandidieri, Galidictis 17 graueri, Pseudocalyptomena 45
gothei, Brachygalaxias 204 grandimanus, Crangonyx 89 gravenhorsti, Liolaemus 199
gotscheensis, Calconiscellus 97 grandimanus, Pseudoniphargus 90

297
 2

gravipes, Dipodomys 23 griseocapilla, Phyllomyias 156 GRUIFORMES 35, 131, 149, 180, 198,

gravis, Eurapteryx 179 griseostriatus, Francolinus 34 242

gravis, Quemisia 179 griseoventer ssp., Sminthopsis 219 grunniens. Bos 20
grayi. Crocidura 6 griseovirescens, Zosterops 54 Grunt, Brownstriped 84
grayi, Malurus 159 grisescens, Myotis 12 Grunter, Adamson's 83

grayi, Mesopiodon 196 griseus alaotrensis, Hapalemur 220 Grunter, Angalarri 247

grayi, Zosterops 161 griseus caspius, Varanus 246 Grunter, Drysdale 169

Grayling, Australian 76 griseus griseus, Hapalemur 241 Grunter, Fortesque 168

Grayling, New
Zealand 183 griseus occidentalis, Hapalemur 220 Grunter, Gilberts 244

graysoni, Mimodes 49 griseus, Dusicyon 241 Grunter, Greenway's 206

Grunter, Kimberley 169
graysoni, Sylvilagus 29 griseus. Grampus 195
Grunter, Large-scale 169
graysoni, Turdus 161 griseus, Hexanchus 69
Grunter, Leathery 206
graysoni, Zenaida 180 griseus, Ocyceros 154
Grunter, Long-nose Sooty 168
Graziana 116,244 grobbeni, Gerbillus 24
Grunter, Midgley's 169
Grebe, Alaotra 29 Gronocarus 250
Grunter, Small-Headed 206
Grebe, Atitlan 179 gronovii, Scelotes 165
Grunter, Striped 206
Grebe, Colombian 179 Grosbeak, Bonin 182
Grunter, Threespot 206
Grebe, Hooded 146 Grosbeak, Kona 181
Grunter, Yamur Lake 83
Grebe, Juni'n 29 Grosbeak, Sao Tome 56
Grus 36, 131, 149
Grebe, Madagascar 29 grosesmithi, Papilio 171
Green, Mottled 253
GRYLLIDAE 108, 133, 187
grossa, Gulella 216
Grylloblatta 99
Green-blossom 255 grossum, Cristilabrum 121
Green-pigeon, Cinnamon-headedl51
GRYLLOBLATTARIA 99
grosvenori, Megalurulus 198
Green-pigeon, Flores 151
Grylloblattid, Mount St. Helens' 99
Ground-cuckoo, Banded 42
Green-pigeon, Large 151
GRYLLOBLATTIDAE 99
Ground-cuckoo, Coral-billed 152
Green-pigeon, Pemba 151 Gryllotalpa 209
Ground-cuckoo, Scaled 152
Green-pigeon, Sumatran 151 GRYLLOTALPIDAE 209
Ground-cuckoo, Sunda 42
Green-pigeon, Sumba 151
gryneus sweadneri, Mitoura 252
Ground-dove, Blue-eyed 38
Green-pigeon, Timor 39 grypus Halichoerus 224
,

Ground-dove, Carohne Islands 39

Green-pigeon, Whistling 151 grypus, Aaptosyax 202
Ground-dove, Marquesan 39
Green-pigeon, White-bellied 151 Grysbok, Cape 131
Ground-dove, Palau 151
Green-pigeon, Yellow-vented 151 Grysbok, Sharpe's 131
Ground-dove, Polynesian 39
Greenbul, Appert's 48 guacamaia, Scarus 87
Ground-dove, Purple-winged 38
Greenbul, Baumann's 157 guadaloupensis, Eptesicus 12
Ground-dove, Santa Cruz 39
Greenbul, Cameroon 157 Ground-dove, Shy 151 guadeloupensis, Amphicyclotulus 188
Greenbul, Dusky 48 Ground-dove, Thick-billed 39 guadeloupensis, Oleacina 190
Greenbul, Grey-crowned 48 Ground-dove, Wetar 39 guamensis, Omphalotropis 210
Greenbul, Grey-headed 157 Ground-dove, White-throated 151 guamensis, Partula 127
Greenbul, Liberian 48 Ground-jay, Xinjiang 58 guamensis, Succinea 217
Greenbul, Prigogine's 48 Ground-pigeon, Thick-billed 151 Guan, Baud^4 34
Greenbul, Sassi's 157 Ground-roller, Long-tailed 44 Guan, Bearded 34
Greenbul, Yellow-throated 01ive48 Ground-roller, Pitta-like 154 Guan, Black 149
greenei. Coitus 82 Ground-roller, Rufous-headed 44 Guan, Cauca 34
greenfieldorum, Sanopus 78 Ground-roller, Scaly 44 Guan, Chestnut-bellied 34
Greenfinch, Vietnam 163 Ground-roller, Short-legged 44 Guan, Horned 34
greenii, Ptychobranchus 1 1
Ground-thrush, Crossley's 161 Guan, Wattled 149
Greenshank, Nordmann's 38 Ground-thrush, Forest 161 Guan, White-browed 149
greenwayi, Gulella 216 Ground-Thrush, Kibale 242 Guan, White-crested 149
greenwayi, Hannia 206 Ground-thrush, Kivu 161 Guan, White-winged 34
greenwoodi, Crocidura 6 Ground-thrush, Spotted 53 guanicoe cacsilensis. Lama 226
gregarius, Vanellus 37 Groundcreeper, Canebrake 155 guanicoe huanacus. Lama 226
Gregorio, Guayacon de San 80 Grouper, 10-spine206 guanicoe voglii. Lama 226
grevyi, Equus 19 Grouper, Bacalao 83 guardia, Peromyscus 144
Grey-hornbill, Malabar 154 Grouper, Brown 168 guarouba, Aratinga 40
greyi, Macropus 177 Grouper, Comb 206 Gubernatrix 55
Greytail, Equatorial 155 Grouper, Giant 82 gud, Chionomys 143
Griffon, Cape 33 Grouper, Gulf 83 Gudgeon, Barnett River 169
grimwoodi, Macronyx 157 Grouper, Leopard 83 Gudgeon, Barred 206
GRIPOPTERYGIDAE 109 Grouper, Marbled 82 Gudgeon, Blind 206
grisea, Murina 12 Grouper, Nassau 83 Gudgeon, Danube 202
grisea, Myrmotherula 46 Grouper, Sawtail 83 Gudgeon, Drysdale 169
griseicauda, Stenocephalemys 145 Grouper, Snowy 82 Gudgeon, False-Spotted 247
griseiceps, Basileuterus 55 Grouper, Venezuelan 83 Gudgeon, Rinders Ranges 247
griseiceps, Myrmeciza 46 Grouper, Warsaw 82 Gudgeon, Golden 244
griseiceps, Piprites 156 Grouse, Caucasian 149 Gudgeon, Highlands 247
griseipectus, Lathrotriccus 47 Grouse, Chinese 149 Gudgeon, Island 206
griseiventris, Taphrolesbia 44 Grouse, Siberian 149 Gudgeon, Karamui 247
griseldis, Acrocephalus 158 GRUIDAE 36, 131, 149 Gudgeon, Kessler's 202
r

298

1
 3 1 1 1

Gudgeon, Malas 247 gutturosa, Procapra 141 hahajimana, Lamprocystis 124

Gudgeon, Mitchell 169 gutturosa, Tilapia 86 hahajimana, Mandarina 214
Gudgeon, Paniai 206 guzmani, Streptocephalus 91 hahajimana, Vitrinula 189
Gudgeon, Prince Regent 169 gwatkinsii, Martes 17 hahneli, Parides 208
Gudgeon, Purple Spotted 247 gwendolinae mkusiensis, Gulella 239 Haideoporus 248
Gudgeon, Slender 169 gyldenstolpei, Isopachys 200 hainaldi, Rattus 144
Gudgeon, Wau 247 Gyliotrachela 175 hainanensis, Hylomys 6
Gudgeon, White-finned 202
Gymnobelideus 5 hainanus. Lepus 28
gueldenstaedti Acipenser 235
,
gymnocephala. Pityriasis 157 hainanus, Phylloscopus 51
Guenon, Red-eared 15
gymnocephalus, Picathartes 51 Hairstreak, Avalon 103
Guenon, Sclater's 15
Gymnocephalus 83. 206 Hairstreak, Bartram's 252
guentheri, Christinus 59
Gymnocharacinus 75 Hairstreak, Sweadner's252
guentheri, Microtus 144
Gymnochthebius 249 halakalae, Nesothauma 254
guentheri, Phelsuma 59
Gymnocrex 36 haleakalae, Ectemnius 251
guentheri, Scelotes 61
Gymnogyps 32 haleakalae, Neseis 251
guereza gallarum, Colobus 222
Gymnomyza 54 /ifl/e;', Discherodontus 243
guerinianus. Discus 190
Gymnophaps 151 /ja/ei, Sicyopterus 207
guerinii, Truncatella 212
Gymnopholus 98 Halfbeak, Poso 205
guianensis, Morphnus 148
gymnops, Rhegmatorhina 155 Haliaeetus 33, 148
guiarti complex, Harpagochromis 236 Gymnostinops 56 Halibut, Atlantic 88
guidoni, Solatopupa 245 Halichoerus 224
gymnotis, Strigocuscus 193
guigna, Oncifelis 16 HALIPLIDAE 249
gymnotrachelus, Neogobius 206
guildingii, Amazona 40
gymnura, Saccopteryx 136 Haliplus 249
guilielmi, Paradisaea 164 Gymnure, Dwarf 6 hallae, Beddomeia 114
guinasana, Tilapia 86 Gymnure, Hainan 6 /ja//i, Lestodelphys 3
Guineafowl, White-breasted 34 Gymnure, Mindanao 6 Macronectes 146
/la///',
guineensis, Cornigomphus 107 Gymnuromys 24 /laWi,Telmatobius 201
guineensis, Eptesicus 138 hallucatus, Dasyurus 135
gyorensis. Coluber 61
guineensis, Rhinolophus 137 HALOCYPRIDA 96
Gvp.5 33, 148
guiraonis, Barbus 71 Gyraulus 1 1 HALOCYPRIDIDAE 96
gularis, Heliodoxa 153 GYRINIDAE 249 Halolimnohelix 215
gularis, Francolinus 35 Gyrotoma 117, 118 halope, Mictocaris 97
guldenstaedti, Acipenser 70 Barbus 71
haasi, halophyllus, Hipposideros 136
Gulella 128, 191, 216, 239, 240, 245 haasi, Nesithmysus 248 hamadryas, Papio 140
Gulickia 120 Apteryx 29
haastii, hamatus, Taeromys 27
Gull, Audouin's 131 habbema, Antechinus 193 hamiltoni, Leiopelma 66
Gull, Heermann's 150 habbema, Hydromys 143 hamiltoni, Moxostoma 168
Gull, Lava 38 habei, Ogasawarana 112 hamiltoni, Taphozous 10
Gull, Olrog's 38 hamiltonii, Geoclemys 165
//aiia 55, 162
Gull, Pacific 150 Hamlet, Masked 83
Habromys 24, 143
Gull, Relict 150 hamlini, Clytorhynchus 158
Habroptila 36
Gull, Saunders's 38 hamlyni kahuziensis, Cercopithecus 222
habroplilus, Strigops 181
Gull, White-eyed 38 hamlyni, Cercopithecus 140
Luchuena 215
hachijoensis,
gulo, Gulo 17
hammondi, Thamnophis 200
Hacrochlamys 124
Gulo 17
Hampala 72
haddletoni, Lampsilis 172
Gundi, Felou 27 Hamster, Grey 143
Haddock 77
gundlachi, Accipiter 33 Hamster, Romanian 25
haddocki, Rhyacophila 255
gundlachi, Mysateles 28 Hamster-rat, Greater 143
hadenoecus, Stygobromus 89
gunnii gunnii, Perameles 219 Hamster-rat, Lesser 23
hadithaensis, Rhinopoma 10
gunnii ssp. Perameles 219
,
Handfish, Spotted 78
//arfra 122
gunnii, Perameles 4 handleyi, Lonchophylla
Hadramphus 185,248 1

gunningi, Amblysomus 5 handleyi, Marmosops 3

hadrourus, Uromys 145
gunningi, Sheppardia 52 handlirschi, Phoxinellus Ti
//arfzjij 237
guntheri,Sphenodon 58 Hanging-parrot, Green-fronted 152
hadzii, Niphargus 90
gunung, Mallomys 24 Hanging-parrot, Sangihe41
HADZIIDAE 90, 237
gurneyi, Aquila 148 Hanging-parrot, Wallace's41
haemastica, Limosa 150
gurneyi, Mimizuku 42 HAEMATOPINIDAE 98 Hanging-parrot, Yellow-throated 152
gurneyi. Pitta 47 Hangul 226
Haematopinus 98
gutta, Cysticus 213 hanleyianum, Pleurobema
HAEMATOPODIDAE 37, 150
1 1

guttata, Clemmys 64 hannae, Cataglyphis 100

Haematopus 37, 150, 180
guttata, Zoolhera 53 Hannia 206
haerruitostictum, Dicaeum 53
guttatum, Toxostoma 158 hansoni, Psilotreta 255
haematuropygia, Cacatua 40
guttatus, Psilorhamphus 155 Hansonoperla 254
HAEMULIDAE 84
gultifer, Tringa 38 hantu, Chimarrogale 6
Haeromys 24
gutturalis, Habia 162 Hapalemur 14, 220, 241
haesitatus, Cisticola 50
gutturalis, Oreoscopus 159 Hapalomys 143
hageni, Rhinocypha 106
gutturalis, Saxicola 160 Hapalopsittaca 41
hagleri, Pleurobema 1 1

299
 1 7 2
1

Haplochromis 85, 184 hartfieldi, Orconectes 94 Heelsplitter. Alabama 112

haplochrous, Turdus 161 hani, Cambarus 93 Heelsplitter, Carolina 1 1

Haplonycteris 9 harti, RImgada 122 Heelsplitter, Tennessee 172

Haplophaedia 153 hartlaubi, Otus 153 Heelsplitter. Texas 112
Haplophlhalmus 97 hartlaubi, Pseudodacnis 55 heermanni berkeleyensis, Dipodomys
HAPLOTAXIDA 109. 172 hartmanniana, Elimia 188 231
Stygobromus 89
harai, hartungi, Caseolus 256 heermanni morroensis, Dipodomys 231
Harapgoxenus 100 hartwigi, Praomys 26 heermanni, Larus 150
Hardella 166 hartwigi, Trilhemis 107 Heimyscus 242
hardwickii, Gallinago 150 hartwigschuetti, Alzoniella 114 heinertzi, Lacconectus 248
hardwickii, Solegnathus 82 Harvestman, Melones Cave 88 heinrichi, Bunomys 143
Hardyhead, Dalhousie 78 harveyensis, Sinployea 189 heinrichi, Cacomantis 198
Hardyhead, Darling River 78 harveyi, Cephalophus 130 heinrichi, Cossypha 50
Hardyhead. Drysdale 168 harveyi, Parosphromenus 88 heinrichi, Geomalia 159
Hardyhead, Finke River 168 harwoodi, Francolinus 35 heinrichi, Hyosciurus 22
Hardyhead, Glovers 78 harzi, Isophya 109 heinrothi, Puffinus 30
Hardyhead, Kailola's 243 hasitata, Pterodroma 30 helanshanensis, Ochotona 28
Hardyhead, Kutubu 78 hatchi, Eanus 249 Helarctos 195
Hardyhead, Magela 204 hatinensis, Lophura 35 Heleia 161
Hardyhead, Murray 78 Heleioporus 167
Hauffenia 116,211
Hardyhead, Pima 204
haughtoni. Colophon 99 helena, Chilonopsis 191
Hardyhead, Prince Regent 168
hausdorfi, Acicula 210 helena, Perdicella 121
Hare, Alaskan 242
hawaiensis, Pupoidopsis 216 hetenae, Cralerocephalus 168
Hare, Broom 28
hawaiiensis, Chersodromia 250 helenae, Hypothymis 159
Hare, Ethiopian 197
hawaiiensis, Corvus 58 helenae, Leucocythere 98
Hare, Hainan 28
hawaiiensis, Deinomimesa 251 helenae, Mellisuga 153
Hare, Hispid 28
hawaiiensis, Ithamar 251 helenaensis, Physiculus 77
Hare, Yarkland 146
Hare-wallaby, Banded
hawaiiensis, Kalania 251 Helenoconcha 189
4. 220
hawaiiensis, Lyropupa 216 Helenodiscus 189
Hare-wallaby, Central 177
Hare-wallaby, Eastern 177 hawaiiensis, Neritilia 209 Heleophryne 66
Hare-wallaby, Rufous 4. 220 hawequensis, Afroedura 165 HELEOPHRYNIDAE 66
Hare-wallaby, Spectacled 135, 219, 220 Hawk, Galapagos 33 heliaca, Aquiia 33

harenna, Crocidura 6 Hawk, Grey-backed 33 Heliangelus 43

harmani, Crossoptilon 34 Hawk, Gundlach's 33 Helicarion 125,245,256
Harniogenanina
Hawk. Hawaiian 148 HELICARIONIDAE 125,190,215,245,
125, 190, 215
Hawk, Hispaniolan 33 256
haroldyoungi, Lygosonm 200
Hawk, Mantled 148 Helicella 126, 174
haroyi, Aegiaiia 249
Hawk, Plumbeous 148 HELICELLIDAE 245
Harpactes 44
Hawk, Rufous-tailed 148 HELICIDAE 125, 133, 174, 190, 215, 239,
HARPACTICOIDA 96, 132,208
Hawk, Semicollared 147 245, 256
Harpagochromis 85. 184.236
Hawk, Semiplumbeous 148 heliciformis, Tropidoptera 121
Harpagoxenus 100
Hawk. White-necked 33 Helicina 112
harpi, Fallicambarus 94
Hawk-eagle, Black-and-white 148 HELICINIDAE 112,209,238
Harpia 148
Hawk-eagle, Javan 33 HELICODISCIDAE 125, 174
Harpiocephalus 138
Hawk-eagle, Philippine 33 Helicodiscus 174
Harpyhaliaetus 33, 148
Hawk-eagle, Sulawesi 148 helicogyra, Cincinnatia 115
harpyja, Harpia 148
Hawk-eagle, Wallace's 33 Heliconius 104, 253
Harpyopsis 33 Hawk-owl. Papuan 198 Helicopsis 174
Harrier, Black 148
Hawkmoth, Willowherb 208 Helicostyla 121
Harrier, Madagascar 148 hayi, Stygobromus 89 Helicoverpa 186
Harrier, Pallid 148
haysiana, Dysnomia 187 heliobates, Camarhynchus 54
harrisi, Plialacrocorax 31
haysiana, Elimia 1 1
Heliodiaptomus 92
harrisii, Aegolius 152
haysiana, Epioblasma 110 Heliodoxa 153
harrisoni, Musonycteris 1
heaneyi, Crateromys Ti Heliopais 37
Hartebeest, Bubar227
heavisidii, Cephalorhynchus 195 Heliophobius 145
Hartebeest, Coke's 227
hebardi, Erythroecia 253 HELIORNITHIDAE 37
Hartebeest, Common 130
hebardi. Vertigo 175 heliosylus,Zonerodius 147
Hartebeest, Leiwel 227
hebe, Partula 191 heliotropium, Astraea 1
Hartebeest, Lichtenstein's 130 1

heckeli, Alburnus 202 Helisoma 256

Hartebeest, Red 227
Hartebeest, Swayne's 227
hecki, Macaca 140 //e/w 125, 174
Hartebeest, Tora 227
hectori, Cephalorhynchus 18 hellenica, Cobitis 203
Hartebeest, Western 227
hectori, Mesoplodon 196 hellenicus, Eudontomyzon 69
harteri paucimaculata, Nerodia 246
Hedgehog, Hugh's 6 hellenicus, Pungitius 81
Hedgehog, South African 241 hellenicus, Tropidophoxinellus 203
harterti, Batrachostomus 198
hanerti, Ficedula 158
Hedleya 119 helleri, Turdus 53
Hedleyoconcha 123 hellmayri, Synallaxis 45
harterti, Phlogophilus 153
Hedylepta 186 hellmichi, Liolaemus 199
harterti, Upucerthia 155

300
 1 1 1

Helmet-shrike, Gabela49 herberti, Stachyris 52 Heterophasia 159

Helmet-shrike, Grey-crested 49 hercegovinae, Alona 90 Heteropneustes 76
Helmet-shrike, Yellow-crested49 herculeana, Labidura 99 HETEROPNEUSTIDAE 76
Helminthoglypta 125,174,239 herculeanus, Polposipus 99 heteropodus, Stygobromus 89
HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE 125, 174, hercules glaseri, Dynastes 250 Heteropoma 210
215,239 hercules hercules, Dynastes 250 Heteropsomys 178
Heloderma 59 hercules reidi, Dynastes 250 heteropus, Machiloides 254
HELODERMATIDAE 59 hercules, Alcedo 44 Heteroxolmis 47
helonomus, Allanaspides 90 herero, Namibornis 159 heterura, Asthenes 45
hembeli, Margaritifera 1 10
herioti, Cyomis 158 hettitorum, Gobio 72
HEMEROBIIDAE 254 hermanni boettgeri, Testudo lAb heudci, Paradoxomis 160
Hemiandrus 254 hermanni, Myotis 194 hewilsonii, Ideopsis 104
Hemiargus 252 hermanni, Pseudoscaphirhynchus 70 hewitti, Heleophryne 66
Hemibelideus 135 hermanni, Testudo 166 HEXANCHIDAE69
Hemiboeckella 91
hermansi, Beddomeia 256 HEXANCHIFORMES 69
Hemicordulia 106, 238 herrrmphroditus lignicolor, Hexanchus 69
hemictenus, Punlius 74 Paradoxurus 224 hexaploidus, Bulinus 173
Hemicycla 125, 133, 174, 245, 256 hermes, Lycaena 103 Hexaprotodon 22620,
Hemidaina 254 herminae, Opheodrys 165 HEXATHELIDAE 207
Hemidiaptomus 207 herminieri, Leiocephalus 182 hexodon, Helicodiscus 174
Hemignathus 56, 181 herminieri, Melanerpes 155 Hexolobodon 179
Hemigrammocapoeta 243 Hermit, Hook-billed 43 hickmani, Allanaspides 90
hemileucurus, Phlogophilus 153 Hermit, Koepcke's 153 hidamontanus, Hynobius 68
Hemimyzon 74 Hermit, Saw-billed 153 Hieremys 64
hemionus cerrosensis, Odocoileus 227 hermonensis, Apodemus 23 hieroglyphica, Omphalotropis 114
hemionus hemionus, Equus 225 Heron, Agami 147 hieroglyphicum, Isomma 107
hemionus hemippus. Equus 225 Heron, Great-billed 147 higginsii, Lampsilis 1 1

hemionus Equus 225

khur, Heron, Madagascar 31 hildebrandti thikensis, Maizania 238
hemionus Equus 225
kulan, Heron, White-bellied 31 hildergardeae, Taphozous 10
hemionus luteus, Equus 225 Heron, Zigzag 147 /jiWi, Scortum 206
hemionus onager, Equus 225 Herpailurus 223 hillieri, Dasycercus 3
hemionus, Equus 19 HERPESTIDAE 16, 224 hillieri, Divellomelon 111
Hemiphlebia 107 Herpsilochmus 46, 155
hillii, Argonemertes 175
HEMIPHLEBIIDAE 107 herrei, Puntius 74 Hillstar, Wedge-tailed 153
HEMIPTERA 250 Herring, Toothed River 202 Himantopus 37
HEMIRAMPHIDAE 81, 168, 205, 243 Herring, Venezuelan 71 Himantura 70
Hemisaga 109 hershkovitzi, Aotus 194 Himeroconcha 214
Hemispingus, Rufous-browed 162 hesperia, Lonchophylla 1
himeros, Papilio 171
Hemispingus, Slaty-backed 55 Hesperia 102,252 Hind, Speckled 82
Hemispingus 55, 162 hespericum, Craspedoma 133 hindei, Beamys 23
Hemislena 1 1 HESPERIIDAE 102, 170, 208, 252 hindei, Turdoides 53
Hemistoma 116, 173 Hesperilla 252 hindwoodi, Lichenostomus 132
Hemitragus 21 Hesperion, Karok 215 hineana, Somatochlora 106
Hemitremia 202 Hesperodiaptomus 92 hinkleyi,Somatogyrus 111
Hemitriccus 47, 156 Hesperoptenus 12 hinpoon, Niviventer 144
hemixantha, Microeca 159 Hetaerina 106 hinsbyi, Pleuroxia 111
hendersoni, Rhyncogonus 248 heteracantha, Deinacrida 108 Typhaeus 249
hiostius,
hendersoni, Somatogyrus 111 Heteragrion 107 Hippocamelus 20, 197
Henicopemis 148 Heteralocha 182 hippocampus. Hippocampus 81
Henicophaps 151 Heteramphus 248 Hippocampus 81, 82, 205
Henicorhina 158 Heterelmis 249 hippocrepis, Polygyra 175
henningi, Poecilmitis 103 Heterexis 248 hippoglossus, Hippoglossus 88
henrici, Ficedula 50 heterochir. Cambusia 80 Hippoglossus 88
henseli, Drymaeus 121 Heterocleon 250 HIPPOLYTIDAE 95
henslowii, Ammodramus 162 Heterocrossa 151 hippophaes, Hyles 208
henslii, Accipiter 147 Heterocyclus 116 HIPPOPOTAMIDAE 20, 226
Heosemys 64, 166 heterodon, Alasmidonta 255 Hippopotamus, Pygmy 20
Hephaestus 83, 168, 206 heterodon, Leiostyla 127 Hippopotamus 226
HEPIALIDAE 252 heterodus, Orthogeomys 22 hippopus, Hippopus 133
HEPTAGENIIDAE 250 Heterohyrax 20 Hippopus 133
heptaptychius, Semperdon 245 Heteromirafra 48 hipposideros. Betta 88
HEPTAXODONTIDAE 179 Heteromunia 163 hipposideros, Rhinolophus 10
heptneri, Salpingotus 143 Heteromyias 159 Hipposideros 10, 136, 137, 194
he ran, Nyctophilus 13 HETEROMYIDAE 23, 131, 142,231,242 Hippotragus 130, 178, 228
herbertaxelrodi, Melanotaenia 205 Heteromys 23, 142 Hi rosea 124, 190,214
herbertena, Amplirhagada 214 Heteronetta 147 hiraseana, Boninena 121
herbertensis, Pseudochirulus 135 Heteronympha 253 hirasei, Camptoceras 210

301
 1 1 1 8

hirasei, Mandarina 214 holsingeri, Fontigens 211 Hornbill, Narcondam 44

hirasei, Ogasawarana 209 holsingeri, Sphalloplana 256 Hornbill, Plain-pouched 44
Hirasiella 215 holsti, Parus 161 Hornbill, Rufous 154
Hirinaba 128 holsti, Rana 67 Hornbill, Rufous-necked 44
hirosei, Mortonagrion 106 holstonia, Lasmigona 172 Hornbill, Samar 154
hirsuta. Myrmica 101 /lo/ri, Orconectes 94 Hornbill, Sulu 44

hirsulissima, Cytora 212 holtzi, Rana 67 Hornbill, Sumba 44

hirsutus bemieri, Lagorchestes 220 homalonotum, Oligosoma 60 Hornbill, Visayan 44

Homaloptera 74 Hornbill, Wrinkled 44

hirsutus dorreae, Lagorchestes 220
hombroni, Actenoides 44 Hornbill, Writhed 44
hirsutus hirsutus, Lagorchestes 220
Hornbill, Writhed-billed44
hirsutus ssp., Lagorchestes 220 homeana, Kinixys 200
Hornbill, Yellow-casqued 154
hirsutus, Artibeus 1 homerus, Papilio 105
hornbosteli, Lamprocystis 215
hirsutus, Brachionichthys 78 HOMINIDAE 16, 223
hirsutus, Bulimulus 126 homochroa, Oceanodroma 146 hornbyi, Oceanodroma 197
Hornsnail, Corpulent 118
hirsutus, Coelops 194 Homoeoneuria 250
Hornsnail, Ringed 118
hirsutus, Hydroporus 248 Homopholis 165
HOMOPTERA Hornsnail, Rough 118
hirsutus, Lagorchestes 4 170, 186, 251
Hornsnail, Rugged 118
hirsutus, Reithrodontomys 145 Homopus 65, 166
Hornsnail, Shortspire 118
//irt/iia 119 Homoroselaps 165
Hornsnail, Skirted 18 1

hirticeps luteocincta, Perdita 25 hondurensis, Cryptotis 7

Hornsnail, Spiral 118
HIRUDINEA 171 Honey-buzzard, Black 148
Hornsnail, Telescope 1 1
HIRUDINIDAE 171 Honeyeater, Black-chested 199
Hornsnail, Upland 118
//irwdo 171 Honeyeater, Bonin 54
horridulum, Cyclophorus 187
hirundinacea, Cypsnagra 162 Honeyeater, Bridled 162
horridum, Heloderma 59
hiruruiinaceus, Caprimulgus 153 Honeyeater, Buru 162
Horse, Przewalski's 225
HIRUNDINIDAE 48, 157, 198 Honeyeater, Crow 54
Horse, Przewalski's Wild 178
Hirundo 48 Honeyeater, Eungella 132
Honeyeater, Kadavu 162
horsfieldii, Testudo 65
/jiite, OArymycrerui 25
Honeyeater, Painted 54
horsti, Procambarus 95
hispanica, Anaecypris 7
hortoni, Fallicambarus 94
hispanica, Suboestophora 175 Honeyeater, Regent 54
Honeyeater, Streaky-breasted 162 /!05C(, Diplogale 18
hispanica, Valencia 80
Honeyeater, Tagula 199 ftojei, Lagenodelphis 195
hispida botnica, Phoca 224
Honeyguide, Dwarf 154 ftoje/, Lariscus 22
hispida ladogensis, Phoca 224
Honeyguide, Malaysian 154 ftojci, Suncus 8
hispida saimensis, Phoca 224
Honeyguide, Yellow-footed 44 Oriolus 164
/io5/(,
hispida, Crocidura 6
Honeyguide, Yellow-rumped 154 hosonoi, Myotis 138
hispida, Japonia 210
hongii, Placostylus 121 hosonoi, Sorex 7
hispidus, Caprolagus 28
hongkongensis, Kaliella 125 hospes, Barbus 167
Histiotus 12, 138
Hongolua 217 hospiton, Papilio 105
histrio, Eos 40
honoluluensis, Apterocychus 249 hospitum, Monomorium 101
histrio, Hyophryne 201
hoogerwerfi, Lophura 35 hotsoni, Calomyscus lli
histrionica, Phaps 151
hoogerwerfi, Rattus 26 housei, Amytomis 158
histrix. Hippocampus 81
hoogstraali, Gerbillus 24 houstonensis, Bufo 66
hiwasseensis, Cambarus 93
hoogstraali, Lemniscomys 197 houstonensis, Quadrula 172
hobbit, Syconycteris 10
hookeri, Phocarctos 17 Houting 204
Hobbseus 94
hoolock, Hylobates 194 /jova,Acraea 252
hobbsi, Crangonyx 89
hopetonensis, Elliptio 172 howardi, Cambarus 93
hochstetteri, Leiopelma 243
hopkei, Carpodectes 156 howarthi, Caconemobius 108
hochstetteri, Paryphanta 216
hopkinsi,Pelomys 25 howei, Ophiogomphus 107
hodgei, Dryocopus 154
Hoplocephalus 62 howeinsulae, Omphalotropis 210
hodgesi, Gomphus 171
Hoplodactylus 59. 165, 182, 243 howelli, Sylvisorex 8
hodgsoni, Tickellia 160
hodgsonii, Pantholops 21
HOPLONEMERTEA 128,175,217 howelli, Trox 250
Hoplotilapia 184 howensis, Nyctophilus 177
Hodomys 143
Hopping-mouse, Dusky 25 howensis, Pteropus 9
hoedtii, Gallicolumba 39
Hopping-mouse, Northern 144 howesi, Balhanalia 1 19
hoeschi, Anthus 157
hoppingi, Lytta 249 howesi, Prognathochromis 85
hoesei, Glossogobius 206
Horaglanis 76 Howler, Brown 14
hoffmanni, Choloepus 193
horai, Hippocampus 81 Howler, Guateinalan 241
hoffinannsi, Rhegmatorhina 155
horei, Reymondia 119 /toyi, Coregonus 77
Hog, Pygmy 20
/lore;,Tiphobia 119 hozgargantae, Agabus 98
Hog, Western Forest 226
Hornbill, Black 154 hrabei,Niphargus 90
/iogei, Phrynops 62
Hornbill, Brown 154 huacahuasicus, Liolaemus 60
Hogfish 87
Hornbill, Brown-cheeked 154 huallagae, Aulacorhynchus 154
Holcobius 248
Hornbill, Helmeted 154 huancavelicae, Asthenes 45
holmwoodii, Chondrostoma 71
Hornbill, Luzon 154 hubbsi, Coahuilix 115
Holoaden 67
Hornbill, Mindanao 154 hubbsi, Lampetra 167
holosericea, Drepanoptila 38
Hornbill, Mindoro 44 hubbsi, Moxostoma 75
holostoma, Gonospira 128

302

I
 6

hubbsi, Notropis 202 Hutia, Hispaniolan 28 HYLIDAE 66, 166, 201, 235, 243, 246
hubbsi, Novumbra 168 Hutia, Isla de la Juventud Tree 146 Hylobates 16, 140, 194, 195
hubbsi, Stygobromus 89 Hutia, Jamaican 28 HYLOBATIDAE 16, 140. 194
Hubbsina 80 Hutia, Large-eared 28 Hylochoerus 226
huberi, Strongylognathus 102 Hutia, Little Earth 28 hylocrius, Hemitragus 21
hubrichti, Allocrangonyx 89 huttoni, Lyperobius 248 Hylocryptus 45, 155
hubrichli, Phaeognathus 68 huttoni, Murina 138 Hylodes 67
hubrichti, Plethodon 68 huttoni, Ptilinopus 39 Hylogomphus 171
hubrichti, Stenotrema 215 huttoni, Puffinus 30 hylomyoides, Maxomys 144
hubricti. Vertigo 175 Anodorhynchus 40
hyacinthinus, Hylomys 6, 136
Huchen 77 Hyaena, Brown 241 Hylomyscus 242
hucho, Hucho 11 Hyaena, Spotted 129 Hylonympha 43
Hucho 11 Hyaena 241 Hylopetes 22, 142
hucucha, Oxymycterus 25 HYAENIDAE 129, 224, 241 Hylopezus 155
hudsoni, Knipolegus 156 hyalelloides, Gammarus 90 Hylorchilus 49
hudsonicus grahamensis, Tamiasciurus hyalina, Conozoa 187 Hymenolaimus 32
231 hyalina, Diplommatirui 256 HYMENOPTERA 99, 170, 208, 251
hudsonius campestris, Zapus 232 hyalina, Partula ill HYNOBIIDAE 68, 201
hudsonius luteus, Zapus 242 hyalinoides, Tayloria 217 Hynobius 68, 201
hudsonius preblei, Zapus 232 hyalinus, Sinocyclocheilus 74 Hyophryne 201
hugeli, Aulopyge 71 hyantis andrewsi, Euchloe253 Hyosciurus 22
hughi, Mesechinus 6 hyattiana, Carelia 189 Hypena 186
Huia 182 Hybognathus 72 hyperion, Poecilmitis 103
Huleechius 249 Hybomys 24, 143 HYPEROLIIDAE 66, 243
hutensis, Acanthobrama 1 83 hydaspe conquista, Speyeria 152i Hyperolius 66
hullii, Beddomeia 114 Hydaticus 248 Hyperoodon 130
humbloti, Ardea 31 hydei, Elimia 1 17 hyperythra, Brachypteryx 50
Humblotia 50 Hydraena 249 hyperythrus, Cnemidophorus 200
humboldti, Spheniscus 146 HYDRAENIDAE 249 hyperythrus, Odontophorus 149
humedasae, Polyommatus 103 hydrobates, Ichthyomys 143 hyperythrus, Tarsiger 160
humei, Sphenocichla 160 HYDROBATIDAE 30, 146, 197 Hyphydrus 248
humerosus, Somatogyrus 212 Hydrobe, Blue Spring 114 Hypnophila 214
humiae, Syrmaticus 35 Hydrobe, Dense 14 1
hypochondriacus, Siptomopsis 155
humilis, Ichthyophaga 148 Hydrobe, Fenney Spring 114 hypochroma, Sporophila 163
humiiis, Acerodon 8
Hydrobe, Wekiwa 1 14
Hypodryas 208
humilis, Eupodotis 150
Hydrobia 1 1
Hypogeomys 24
humilis, Hydroporus 248 HYDROBIIDAE 114, 173, 188,211,238,
hypogeus, Acanthocyclops 92
244, 256
humilis, Yuhina 161 hypoglauca, Andigerui 154
Hummingbird, Bee 153
HYDROCENIDAE 112,209
hypogrammica, Stachyris 52
Hydrochara 249
Hummingbird, Chestnut-bel!ied43 hypolais, Zosterops 162
hydrocharis, Tanysiptera 198
Hummingbird, Glow-throated 43 Hypolestes 107
Hummingbird, Mangrove 43 Hydrochrous 153
hypoleuca, Cissa 164
hydrocorax, Buceros 154
Hummingbird, Oaxaca 43 hypoleucos, Falco 33
Hummingbird, Rufous-cheeked 153 Hydrodamalis 178
hypoleucus. Capita 44
Hummingbird, Sapphire-bellied43 hydrodromus, Sorex 1
hypoleucus, Sphecotheres 199
Hummingbird, Scissor-tailed43 Hydromantes 68
hypoleucus, Synthliboramphus 150
Hummingbird, White-tailed43 Hydromedusa 62
hypolia, Hirasea 214
hungarica, Paladilhia 173 Hydromys 24, 143 Hypolimnas 253
hungerfordi, Brychius 249 HYDROPHIIDAE 62 Hypolimnas 253
Hungerfordia 210 HYDROPHILIDAE 249 Hypolysia 217
hungerfordiana rufopila, Chlorilis 239 Hydroporus 248
Hypomesus 76
hunteri, Damaliscus 21
Hydropotes 41.221 \
hypomicrus, Nesophontes 111
huntsmani, Coregonus 11 Hydropsyche 187
hypophyllus, Hipposideros 136
hurdi, Cophura 250 HYDROPSYCHIDAE 187
Hypoplectrus 83
Hydroptila 254
hurdi, Metapogon 250 hypopolia, Lepidochrysops 186
hurtadoi, Gambusia 80
HYDROPTILIDAE 254
Hypopyrrhus 56
Hydrosaurus 199
ftura , //».so 236 Hypothymis 50, 159
Hydrotarsus 98
/lUio, //uio 70 hypowattan, Parantica 104
Hyemoschus 141
Wuio 70, 236 hypoxantha, Gerygone 50
Hyetornis 42
hussoni, Hydromys 143 hypoxanthus, Brachyteles 14
Hygromia 126
hutchinsi, Kimberleyeleotris 169 hypoxanthus, Neodrepanis 47
Hutia, Bahamian 28
HYGROMIIDAE 126, 133, 174, 190,215.
hypoxanthus, Oenomys 197
256
Hutia, Bushy-tailed 146 hypoxanthus, Ploceus 164
Hygrotus 185,248
Hutia, Cabrera's 28 Hypseleotris 169, 244
//y/a 66, 166, 201
Hutia, Chapman's Prehensile-tailed28 Hypsipetes 48, 181
hylasfreyi, Coenagrion 237
Hutia, Dwarf 28 HYRACOIDEA 19,226
Hutia, Garrido's 28 //y/« 208
Hyrax, Eastern Tree 19

303
 1 1

hyrcanicus, Apodemus 197 Iguana, Barrington Land 59 Imperial-pigeon, Mindoro39

Hyridella 255 Iguana, Booby Cay Ground 234 Imperial-pigeon, New Caledonian39
HYRIIDAE 110,255 Iguana, Cayman Island Ground 234 Imperial-pigeon, Polynesian 39
Hysterocarpus 247 Iguana. Cuban Ground 60, 234 Imperial-pigeon, Spotted 39
hystricella, Pronesopupa 216 Iguana, Exuma Island Rock 234 Imperial-pigeon, Timor 39
hystricelloides, Thaumatodon 124 Iguana, Fiji Banded 59 Imperial-pigeon, Vanuatu 39
HYSTRICIDAE 28, 145 Iguana, Fiji Crested 59 imperialis, Amazona 40
hystricosus, Euastacus 96 Iguana, Galapagos Land 59 imperialis, Campephilus 44
Hystrix 28, 145 Iguana, Galapagos Marine 59 imperialis, Fissilicreagris 89
Iguana, Jamaican 59 imperialis, Gallinago 150
la 138
Iguana, Lesser Antillean60 imperialis, Lophura 35
iasonia, Idea 171
Iguana, Rhinoceros 60 Speleomantes 167
ibadanensis, Malimbus 57 imperialis,
Iguana, Ricord's 60 imperialis, Teinopalpus 171
Iberocypris 72
Iguana, San Salvador Rock 60, 234 implicata, Harmogenanina
iberus, Aphanius 205 125
Iguana, Turks and Caicos Ground 234 implicata, Pachycephala 159
Iberus 174
Iguana 60 impressa, Elimia 117
Ibex, Credos 228
Ibex, Nubian 21
IGUANIDAE 59, 182, 199, 234, 246 impressa,Manouria 65
Iguanognathus 61 improvisum, Chiroderma
Ibex, Pyrenean 228 11
iheringi, Formicivora 46
Ibex, Sind 228 imula, Arubolana 97
iheringi, Monodelphis 135
Ibex, Spanish 141 inae, Vitrea 217
Walia 21 iheringi, Radiodiscus 214
Ibex, Inanga, Dwarf 76
Ibis, Black-headed 147 ijimae, Phylloscopus 51 Inca, Black 43
Crested 31 ikei, Maccullochella 82
Ibis, Inca-finch, Grey-winged 162
Ibis, Dwarf Olive 31 ileile, Hyosciurus 22 Inca-finch, Little 162
Ibis, Ciant 31 ilicifolia, Phyllodesma 102 incanus, Marmosops 135
Ibis, Madagascar Crested 147 ilidzensis slovenicus, Niphargus Til Incaspiza 162
Ibis, Northern Bald 31 iliensis, Ochotona 28 incerta, Pronesopupa 216
Ibis, Red-naped 147 iliffei, Cocoharpinia 90 incerta, Pterodroma 30
Ibis, Reunion Flightless 179 iliffei, Typhlatya 93 Incerticyclus 188
Ibis, Southern Bald 31 Illadopsis, Rufous-winged 159 incisa, Paramiella 212
Ibis, White-shouldered 31 llladopsis 159 incisus, Glossolepis 78
Icaricia 252 illidgei, Acrodipsas 102 incomitatus, Artibeus 194
icarioides missionensis, Icaricia 252 illyricus, Leuciscus 72 incomptus, Orconectes 94
icarioides missionensis, Plebejus 252 Ilydon 80 inconspicua, Gulella 216
icarioides moroensis, Icaricia 252 imaizumii, Rhinolophus 1
incurvata, Somatochlora 171
icarioides pheres, Icaricia 252 imbellis,Ammodillus 23 incurvatus alleghaniensis,
ichikawai, Coreobagrus 76 imberbis, Muriculus 25 Ophiogomphus 238
ichthyaetus, Ichthyophaga 148 imberbis, Tragelaphus 131 incurvatus, Ophiogomphus 171
Ichthyomys 24, 143 imbricata, Eretmochelys 63 indefessus, Nesoryzomys 25
Ichthyophaga 148 imbricata, Meladema 98 indica dealbata, Ratufa 245
ICTALURIDAE 75, 168, 203, 247 imbriferna, Tilapia 86 indica elphinstoni, Ratufa 245
Ictalurus 75, 203, 247 imeldae, Notropis 73 indica, Chitra 65
ICTERIDAE 56, 163, 182 imitata, Phreatodrobia 116 indica, Cylindraspis 182
icterolis, Ognorhynchus 41 imitator, Accipiter 33 indica, Eupodotis 37
Icterus 56, 163 imitator, Tryonia 212 indica, Ratufa 22
idae, Ardeola 147 imitratix, Lampedusa 123 Indicator 154
idaeoides, Craphium 105 imitratrix, Lutilodix 125 INDICATORIDAE 44, 154
idahoensis idahoensis, Oreohelix 239 immaculata, Deloneura 186 indicus. Gyps 148
idahoensis, Brachylagus 146 immaculata, Eremarionta 125 indicus, Melanobatrachus 67
idahoensis, Pyrgulopsis 2 immaculata, Pnoepyga 160
1
indicus, Monopterus 205
idalia, Speyeria 253 Imnadia 92 indicus, Tapirus 19
Idea 104, 171 imogene, Pharotis 13 indigo, Peripatoides 109
identatus, Stygobromus 89 Impala 130 indioensis cathedralis, Eremarionta
Ideopsis 104, 244 Impala, Black-faced 227 239
Idiodiaptomus 207 impar, Delma 60 Indolestes 107
Idiomela 125 impavidus, Marmosops 135 Indoreonectes 203
Idiostatus 109 impennis, Alca 1 80 Indotestudo 65
Idiurus 145 imperator imperator, Saguinus 221 Indri 14
irfo/a, Donacia 248 imperator, Uromys 27 iWri, //li/n 14
Idunella 90 imperfecta, Caldwellia 124 /nt/ri 14
/g/;ca 116,211 imperforata, Partula 191 INDRIDAE 14,221,241
ignila, Lophura 35 Imperial-pigeon, Bismarck 151 inepta, Cylindraspis 182
ignotus, Basileuterus 163 Imperial-pigeon, Chestnut-bellied39 inepta, Megacrex 198
Iguana, Allen'sCay Rock 234 Imperial-pigeon, Christmas Island39 inermis argyropus, Hydropotes 227
Iguana, Andres Island Rock 234 Imperial-pigeon, Finsch's 151 inermis inermsis, Hydropotes 227
Iguana, Anegada Rock 60 Imperial-pigeon, Grey 39 inermis testii, Orconectes 237
Iguana, Bahama Island Rock 60 Imperial-pigeon, Marquesan39 inermis, Epinephelus 82

304

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 2 1

nermis, Hydropotes 141 insonus, Sylvilagus 29 72

nermis, Nematogenys 204 Insuetophrymus 67 ioxantha, Fletcherana 252
nexpectala, Aegisia 213 insulana, Volvarina 213 ip/i!5, Pomarea 52
nexpeclala, Torreomis 55 insulans, Heteropsomys 178 iphitas, Eurytides 105
nexpectatus, Hipposideros 10 insulanus, Psacadonotus 109 ipnaeum, Plagiodontia 179
nexspectata, Tyto 198 insularis, Aplonis 164 iracunda, Metallura 153
nfantilis, Trimerolropis 108 insularis. Barkudia 200 Iranocypris 72
Monarcha 159
nfetix, insularis, Boninthemis 107 iredalei, Acanthiza 49
nfemale, Ophistemon 82 insularis, Bothrops 62 Iredaleoconcha 125
nfemalis, Styx 252 insularis, Dipodomys 23 I'rena, Miramella 108

nfirma, Assiminea 1 14 insularis, Eupsophus 201 i'rene, Poecilmitis 103

Inflata, Beddomeia 114 insularis, Gerygone 181 ireneae, Otus 42
nflata, Trochidrobia 117 insularis, Gonyostomus 128 IRENIDAE 48, 157

nflatula, Diplommatina 210 insularis, Junco 55 iridescens, Amphorella 124

nflalus, Potamilus 1 1 insularis, Lepus 146 Leucaspius 202
irideus,
Infrapunctatum, Oligosoma 165 insularis, Macroperipatus 109 Pseudophoxinus 203
irideus,

Infrequens, Nesopupa 216 insularis, Nesidiolestes 251 Iridosomis 162

Infucata, Quincuncina 172 insularis, Otus 42 Chlorogomphus 106
iriomotensis,
Infusca, Balantiopteryx 10 insularis, Procyon 17 (m, Amblysomus 241
Infuscata, Synallaxis 45 insularis, Pteropus 9 (m, Melanotaenia 243
Infuscatus, Henicopemis 148 insularis, Ptilinopus 39 i'm, /'ipra 156

•nfuscus, Platyrrhinus 137 insularis, Strongylognathus 102 (m, Psitteuteles 41

ngens, Diclidurus 10 insularum, Myotis 194 ir?7M,Macropus 135
'ngens,Dipodomys 23 insulata, Sporophila 55 irregularis, Aaadonta 214

•ngens.Hippocampus 81 insulatus, Platymantis 67 irregularis, Cycloptilum 108

ngens, Macrotarsomys 24 insulensis, Mesocyclops 92 irridescens, Levuana 187
Ingolfiella 90 Insulivitrina 128, 175 irridescens, Paramelania 119
INGOLHELLIDAE 90 intercastellanus , Phalanger 219 irrorata, Diomedea 146
ingrahami, Geocapromys 28 inter,,, isa, Xerarionta 125 irrupta, Caluromysiops 3
/nia 19 interioris, Lucania 80 irvineanus, Bothriembryon 121
inmemoriam, Cyprinodon 183 intermedia ijimai, Leucorrhinia 238 irvingi, Cesonia 207
innesi, Omphalotropis 256 intermedia, Belgrandiella 188 irwini, Percilla 206

innotata, Aythya 32 intermedia, Bylhinella 188 isabelae, Graellsia 208

innoxius, Eptesicus 12 intermedia, Callithrix 241 Isabella, Funisciurus 142

inopinala, Thaumatoneura 107 intermedia, Gila 167 Isabella, Sylvisorex 8

inopinata, Westraltrachia 122 intermedia, Kerivoula 138 isabellae, Oriolus 57

inopinatum, Polyplectron 35 intermedia, Nycteris 136 isabellus, Diclidurus 136

inopinatus, Artibeus 137 intermedia, Psittacula 41 isarogensis, Rhynchomys 27

inops,Rhinolophus 194 intermedia, Quadrula 255 Ischnura 106
inomata, Bitis 62 intermedius, Choeroniscus 137 ishidai, Macromia 106
inomata, Columba 38 intermedius, Crocodylus 58 ishigakiana ishigakiarm, Planaeschna
inomata, Lophura 35 intermedius, Glossogobius 87 Til
inomata, Pinaroloxias 55 intermedius, Micropteropus 9 ishigakiana ruigaminei, Planaeschna
237
inomata, Uma 60 intermedius, Neodiaptomus 92
inomatus psammophilus, Perognathus intemigrans, Perisoreus 58
ishikawae, Rana 67

242 interparietalis, Peromyscus 26 ishikawai, Oncorhynchus 11

inomatus, Epicrates 165 ishmaeli, Labrochromis 184
interrupta, Elimia 117
isidori, Oroaetus 148
inomatus, Philemon 162 interstitialis, Sphaerolana 97
isletae, Napaeus 121
inquilina, Myrmecia 101 interveniens, Elimia 117
isolata, Jardinella 116
inquilina, Oxyepoecus 101 intonsa, Aegista 213
inquilina, Pheidole 101
isolata, Pyrgulopsis 21
intortus, Lanistes 114
isolatum, Cristilabrum 122
inquilina, Serrastruma 101 intricatus, Carabus 169
isolatum, Tasmanoplectron 108
inquilinum, Monomorium 101 intrusa, Gulella 216
insculpta, Carettochelys 62 inundata, Amblyrhiza 179
Isolobodon 28, 179
insculpta, Clemmys 64 inunguis, Trichechus 19
Isomma 107

INSECTA Isonychia 250

98, 133, 169, 185, 208, 237. inustus, Dendrolagus 193
244, 247 Hemicycla 133 Isoodon 4, 219
inutilis,
INSECTIVORA 5, 136, 177, 193, 241 Isopachys 200
investigator, Uropsilus 8
inseperata, Lytta 249 Isophya 109
invictus, Marmosops 135
insignis, Ardea 31 Isopod, Bat Cave 97
10, Balantiopteryx 136
insignis, Hirasea 124 Isopod, Clifton Cave 96
lo, /a 138
insignis, Polihierax 149
Isopod, Lee County Cave 97
/o 118
Isopod, Madison Cave 97
insignis, Potamonectes 249 lodopleura 46
Isopod, Nickajack Cave 97
insignis, Rhinomyias 52 /oZau,r 103, 170,252
Isopod, Rye Cove Cave 97
insignis, Saxicola 52 /omyi 22
Isopod, Socorro 185
insignis, Zenkerella 145 (ora, Norfolcioconch 123
ISOPODA 96, 185, 208, 237, 244, 247
insolita, Newnhamia 98 lotichthys

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Isothrix 146, 197 japonicus, Glirulus 28 Joiceya 103

Pelomys 25
isseli, japonicus. Hippocampus 81 Jokajdon 214
istapantap, Mallomys 143 japonicus, Salvelinus 11 joilyi, Daphnia 90
Isthmomys 143 Jardinella 116 jonesi, Elimia 117
isura, Lophoictinia 33 jarutanini, Schistura 75 jonesi, Hipposideros 136
ilajara, Epinephelus 82 jasperi, Eleutherodactylus 201 jonesi, Orconectes 94
italicus, Strongylognathus 102 jaurffreti, Elasmias 213 jonesi, Ptychobranchus 1 1

italowiana, Pleuroxia 174 javanica, Manis 142 jonesianus, Mesodon 215

iteratus, Mixophyes 67 javanica, Nycteris 10 jonklaasi, Lepidocephalichthys 74
ithaginis, Dorcus 249 javanicus, Bos 20 jonklaasi, Sicyopus 207
Itliamar 251 javanicus, Charadrius 150 jonquillaceus, Aprosmictus 151
ITHONIDAE 254 javanicus, Lacconectus 248 jophon, Atrophaneura 105
i'toni'.! nakashimai, Chamalychaeus 239 javanicus, Leptoptilos 31 jordani, Mycteroperca 83
iVcWi, Edwardsia 217 javanus, Glischropus 138 jordani, Papilio 105
iversoni, Mauremys 200 javensis, Batrachostomus 153 josephi, Tyrrheniella 126
iwame, Oncorhynchus 204 javensis, Megalaima 154 josephinae, Cysticus 213
iwasakii, Pareas 200 Jay, Azure 164 josephinae, Hemitriccus 156
Ixalodecles 109 Jay, Beautiful 164 jouyi, Columba 180
Ixobrychus 147, 179 Jay. Dwarf 58 jubata, Neochen 147
/j:o5 48. 157 Jay. Lidth's 58 jubatus hecki, Acinonyx 223
izardi.Colophon 170 Jay, Sichuan 58 jubatus venaticus, Acinonyx ITi
izecksohni, Hyla 201 Jay, Tufted 164 jubatus, Acerodon 8
Jabouilleia 51 Jay, White-throated 58 jubatus, Acinonyx 16
Jacamar, Coppery-chested 44 jayakari, Hemitragus 21 jubatus, Eumetopias 17
Jacamar, Three-toed 44 jayakari. Hippocampus 81 jubatus, Rhynochetos il
Jacamaralcyon 44 jayana, Lithasia 1 1
jucunda, Bellamya 119
jaccetanicus, Zonitoides 128 jayensis, Elliptio 255 juddii, Achatinella 1 88
Jack, Deepwater 82 jeanae, Kiwaia 252 jugalis, Oreohelix 126
jackieburchi, Partula 191 jeanneae, Discoglossus 246 jugorum, Megalagrion 187
Jackrabbit, Black 146 jeanneli, Elaphoidella 96 jugularis, Mormopterus 13
Jackrabbit, Tehuantepec 28 jeeba, Phasmodes 109 julianae, Amblysomus 5
Jackrabbit, White-sided 146 jeffersoni, Orconectes 94 7u/i(, Ampelita 20 1

Jacksonena 173 jefferyi, Lepidochrysops 103 julisia, Fundulus 80

jacksonense, Helisoma 256 jejferyi, Pithecophaga 33 jullieni, Probarbus 73
jacksoni, Bdeogale 16 jejfreysi, Bellamya 119 Jumprock, Bigeye 203
jacksoni, Euplectes 164 jemezanus, Notropis 202 juncea, Achatinella 1 88
jacksoni, Praomys 197 jemlahicus, Hemitragus 21 Junco, Guadalupe 55
jacksoni, Sorex 1 jenkinsi, Percina 84 Junco 55
jacksoni, Steatomys 21 Jenkins ia 71 juneae, Murunducaris 133
jacksoni, Taenioides 169 jenkinsii, Crocidura 6 jungermanniae, Pasmaditta 216
jacksoniana, Obovaria 172 jentinki, Cephalophus 21 Jungle-flycatcher, Brown-chested52
jacobi, Bulimulus 126 jentinki, Sundasciurus 22 Jungle-flycatcher, Henna-tailed 160
jacobita, Oreailurus 16 jerdoni, Aviceda 148 Jungle-flycatcher, Russet-backed 1 60
jacquinoti, Pachycephala 159 jerdoni, Garrulax 159 Jungle-flycatcher, Slaty-backed52
jacucaca, Penelope 149 jerdoni, Paradoxurus 18 Jungle-flycatcher, Streaky-breasted52
Jaculus 143 jerdoni, Saxicola 160 Jungle-flycatcher, White-browed52
jacutinga, Pipile 34 jeresae, Suboestophora 126 Jungle-flycatcher, White-throated52
jaegeri, Anelia 170 Jery, Wedge-tailed 159 Junglefowl, Grey 149
jagara, Euastacus 95 jesseana, Libellula 107 junoniae, Columba 38
Jaguar 140 jesswiseae, Jardinella 1 16 junori, Eleutherodactylus 67
Jaguarundi, Texas 223 jewetti, Farula 255 Juscelinomys 24, 143
jamaicensis, Plicatoperipatus 171 Jewfish 82 juvencus, Sundasciurus 22
jamesae, Beloneuria 254 jimenensis, Trochoidea 175 juvenisanguis, Moitessieria 1 16
jamesi classensi, Lepidochrysops 252 jobiensis, Rattus 145 kaaeana, Partulina 213
jamesi jamesi, Lepidochrysops 252 joffrei, Pipistrellus 13 kaapori, Cebus 15
jamesi, Phoenicopterus 31 johannae, Coregonus 183 kaboboensis, Apalis 1 98
jamoerensis, Varia 83 johannae, Tangara 163 kabylica,Myrmica 101
janaslini, Glyptorhagada 173 johannis, Carduelis 56 kachuga, Kachuga 64
janetta, Bathyergus 145 johannis, Pleurobema 1 1 Kachuga 64, 166, 200
jankowskii, Emberiza 54 johnii, Trachypithecus 15 Kadarsanomys 143
janthina, Columba 151 johnsoni, Pseudomys 144 kaempferi, Hemitriccus 47
japonensis, Grus 36 johnstonei, Otomops 13 kaestneri, Grallaria 46
Japonia 210 johnstoni, Galaxias 76 Kagu 37
japonica, Bombycilla 157 johnstoni, Genetta 195 kahularae, Hoplodactylus 165
japonica, Geoemyda 64 johnstoni, Okapia 141 kahuziensis, Dendromus 143
japonica, Luehdorpa 171 johnstoniae, Trichoglossus 41 kailolae, Craterocephalus lAi
japonicus, Andrias 68 johorensis, Chaerephon 139 Kaiser-I-Hind 171

306
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1

Kaiser-I-Hind, Golden 208 Keelback, Boonsong's200 Kingfisher, Blue-capped 44

Kaka, New Zealand 41 Keelback, Smith's Mountain 200 Kingfisher, Blyth's44
Kaka, Norfolk Island 181 keiensis, Oligolepis 169 Kingfisher, Brown-winged 153
Kakapo 181 kelioides, Encheloclarias 76 Kingfisher, Chestnut-bellied 44
kalalauensis, Carelia 189 kelleyi, Macronous 159 Kingfisher, Cinnamon-banded 154
Kalania 251 kelsoensis, Ammopelmatus 108 Kingfisher, Indigo-banded 153
kalawatseti, Oregonichthys 168 kelsoensis, Macrobaenetes 108 Kingfisher, Lazuli 44
Kaliella 125 kemali, Hemigrammocapoeta 243 Kingfisher, Mangaia44
kalimna, Zonocypretta 97 kempi, Pedostibes 66 Kingfisher, Marquesan 44
kalinowskii, Dasyprocta 197 kempii, Lepidochelys 63 Kingfisher, Moustached44
kalinowskii, Gracilinanus 193 kempseyensis, Rhophodon 214 Kingfisher, Philippine 44
kalinowskii, Mormopterus 13 A'^nfaa 256 Kingfisher, Rufous-lored44
kalinowskii, Nothoprocta 29 KENKIIDAE 192,256 Kingfisher, Ryukyu 246
Kaluga 70 kentuckiensis, Orconectes 94 Kingfisher, Silvery 44
Kamao 51 kenyacola, Chalinolobus 194 Kingfisher, Sombre 154
kamtschaticus, Arctodiaptomus 91 Kingfisher, Spotted 153
kenyoni, Phalacrocorax 198
kanabense, Oxyloma 128 Kingfisher, Talaud 154
Keppe, Leka 86
kanawhae, Etheostoma 169 ten, Sericomis 132
Kingfisher, Tuamotu 44
Kandar 74 kingi, Cylindrovertilla 245
Kerivoula 12, 138, 194
Kangaroo, Eastern Grey 220 kingsburyae, Aglaodiaptomus 91
kermanensis, Microlus 25
Kangaroo, Western Grey 220 Kinixys 166, 200
icrri, Agrotis 186
Kangaroo-rat, Morro Bay 231 kerriae, Crypturellus 29
kinlochi, Aaadonta 214
kapalgensis, Taphozous 10 kerschneri. Hauffenia 116
KINOSTERNIDAE 64, 166

Kapcypriodopsis 97 Kinostemon 64, 166

kershawi, Beddomeia 1 1

kaplani, Aloeides 102 kintorei, Egernia 60

kervillei, Strongylognathus 102
kaplani, Poecilmitis 103 Kioea 181
kessleri, Gobio 202
kaplani, Thestor 103 kirbyi, Parantica 14A
kessleri, Neogobius 206
kaputarensis, Cralopa 214 kirki, Chytra 119
kessneri, Beddomeia 114
karamojae, Apalis 49 kinlandii, Dendroica 55
Kestrel, Lesser 33
karawajevi, Strongylognathus 102 Kestrel, Mauritius 34
kishinouyei, Eumeces 165
karenae, Sphaerolana 97 Kestrel, Seychelles 33
kisserensis, Philemon 199
kargesi, Streptocephalus 207 ATerupa 42, 152
kissi, Tropodiaptomus 92
kitae, Neotrichia 254
karkloof capensis, Charaxes 253 keyensis, Rhinolophus 1

karlkoopmani, Chiropodomys 23 kitaiwojimanum, Elasmias 120

fa'ang holdereri,Equus 242
karlschmidtii, Eleutherodactylus 67 kitcheneri, Pipistrellus 139
fa'ang kiang, Equus 225
Karocolens 248 Kite, Jamaican 105
ii'ang polyodon, Equus 225
karokorum, Vespericola 215 Kite, Red 242
Kiang, Eastern 242
Kite, Square-tailed 33
kasaicus, Mus 25 Kiang, Southern 225
Kittiwake, Red-legged 38
kasneri, Scelotes 61 Kiang, Western 225
Kiunga 78
katalo, Puntius 74 kibalensis, Zoothera 242
kivuana, Crocidura 6
Katapa-tapa 74 Kidneyshell, Southern 112
Kiwaia 252
Katechonemertes 128 Kidneyshell, Triangular 1 12
Kiwi, Brown 29
katherina, Acanthiza 32 1 kieferi, Elaphoidella 96
Kiwi, Great Spotted 29
Katolo 74 kieferi, Stygodiaptomus 92
Kiwi, Little Spotted 29
Katrana 243 kieneri, Paretroplus 85
Kiyi 77
Katria 86 kieneri, Teramulus 205
kiyi,Coregonus 77
Katydid, Antioch Dunes Shieldbackl87 kikuchii, Volemys 27
Katydid, Big Pine Key Conehead 109
kiyokoae, Kondoraphe 212
kikuzatoi, Opisthotropis 61
klagesi, Myrmolherula 155
Katydid, Keys Short-winged Conehead kiliani, Cheirodon 203
109 klagesi, Parides 208
kilimensis, Tropodiaptomus 92
Katydid, Middlekaufs Shieldbackl09 klassika, Ideopsis 244
KJllifish 243
Katydid, Nihoa Banza Conehead 109 klatti, Tylognathus 203
Kjllifish, Ash Meadows 184
Katydid, Remote Conehead 109 klazenfurtensis, Graziana 116
Killifish, Caprivi 79
Katydid, Santa Monica Shieidbackl09 kleinmanni, Testudo 65
205
Killifish, Scaleless
Kauai, Fabulous Green Sphinx of 186 kleinschmidti, Erythrura 57
Killifish, Waccamaw 80
kauaiensis, Nesomimesa 251 kleinzellensis, Iglica 116
kiloana, Spelaseorchestia 90
kauaiensis, Nesopupa 216 klemmi, Pseudamnicola 116
kilusa, Apaturopsis 253
kauaiensis, Nesotocus 248 Klipfish, Bot River 87
Kimberleyeleotris 169
kaufmanni, Pseudoscaphirhynchus 70 Klipspringer 131
kimberleyensis, Barbus 71
Kawanphila 109 Klipspringer, Western 229
kimberleyensis, Hypseleotris 169
Kayasi, Dere 72 klossii, Hylobates 16
kimberleyensis, Syncomistes 169
kazbegica, Sicista 197 kluchorica, Sicista 197
Kimboraga 122
kaznakovi, Vipera 62 kneri, Chondrostoma 202
Kimminsoperla 254
Kea 152 Knipolegus 156
kinabaluensis, Spilomis 198
keadicus, Leuciscus 72 Knipowitschia 87, 206
King-parrot, Moluccan 151
keayi,Gallicolumba 39 knorri, Archachatina 213
Kingbird, Giant 47
Kedestes 252 knudseni, Carelia 189
Kingfisher, Blue-black 154

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Koa-finch. Greater 181 kraemeri, Spilocuscus 241 LABIDURIDAE 99

Koa-finch, Lesser 181 krameri. Umbra 76 labiosa, Paratherina 78
Koala 135 kratochvilli. Strongylognalhus 102 labiosus. Cyprinodon 79
koarona, Ruatara 123 kraussei, Epimyrma 100 labordi, Furcifer 59
Kob 131 krefftii. Lasiorhinus 4 labradorius, Camptorhynchus 179
kob kob. Kobus 229 kreitneri, Fenouilia 1 1 LABRIDAE 87
kob leucotis. Kobus 229 kretseri. Malpulutta 132 labridens, Cichlasoma 85
kob thomasi. Kobus 229 krishnai, Horaglanis 76 Labrochromis 184
Kob, Buffon's 229 kronei, Phylloscartes 47 labrusca. Partula 191
kob.Kobus 131 kronei, Pimelodella 204 Lacconectus 248, 249
Kob. Uganda 229 krueperi devta. Pieris 253 Lacconectus 248, 249
Kob, White-eared 229 krumholzi, Gambusia 80 laccophiloides. Lacconectus 249
kobayashii. Eptesicus 194 kruyti. Adrianichthys 80 Lace-lid, Australian 66
kobelti. Cryptazeca 123 krybetes. Beddomeia 114 lacera. Lagochila 183
Kobus 130, 131. 141,229 kubaryi. Palaina 210 lacemulata. Leucoptemis 33
kochi, Pitta 47 kubaryi. Corvus 58 Lacerta 60, 165, 200, 234, 243
kocinus, Ramiheithrus 255 kubaryi. Gallicolumba 39 LACERTIDAE 60, 165, 200, 234, 243, 246
Kodkod 16 kubaryi. Kubaryiellus 1\A lacertosa. Woodfordia 161
koepckeae, Cacicus 56 Kubaryia 210 lacheineri, Graziana 244
koepckeae. Phaethomis 153 Kubaryiellus 214 lachneri, Noturus 75
Kogia 242 kubokaiya, Macromia 106 Lachnolaimus 87
kohchangae. Rana 201 A:uda, Hippocampus 81 laciniosa. Actinella 215
kohni.Conus 213 Kudu, Greater 131 lacon. Euploea 104
Kokako 58 Kudu, Lesser 131 lactea. Polioptila 160
KOKIRIIDAE 254 kuehni. Myzomela 199 lacus-coerulei, Tasmanophlebia 99
Kokopu, Giant 76 kuehni, Zosterops 162 lacustra. Capnia 254
Kokopu, Shortjawed 76 kuekenthali. Parantica 104 Lacustrelix 173
kollari. Synallaxis 45 kuesteri. Trochomorpha 217 lacustris. Craterocephalus 78
kolleruensis, Heliodiaptomus 92 iuft/i, Aai/j 20 lacustris. Melanotaenia 78
komadori. Erilhacus 158 tuWi, Callithrix 241 lacustris, Paranaspides 90
Komarekiona 109 ^uA/w 244 lacustris, Symolopsis 119
KOMAREKIONIDAE 109
kuhlii. Vini 41 lacustris, Taskropsyche 254
komenskyi. Belgrandiella 211 KUHLIIDAE 244 ladigesi. Telmatherina 79
komodoensis. Varanus 61 kuhlmanni. Liolaemus 199 Ladigesocypris 72
Komodomys 24 kuhni. Liberiictis 17 Ladronellum 214
A:omJ,Chloridops 181 kuhnsi. Perdicella 213 Laephotis 12, 138
kondana, Millardia 25 kulalensis, Zosterops 54 /ae/o, Elimia 117
Kondoa 217 Kulan 225 laetissima, Pseudocampylaea 190
Kondoconcha 123 Kulan, Gobi 225 laevigata. Georissa 209
kondoi. Paramiella 212 Kulan, North Mongolian 225 laevigata. Leiostyla 127
Kondoraphe 212 Kultarr 193 laevigata. Omphalotropis 210
kondorum. Hongolua 217 Kululu 86 laeviusculus, Oclandius 248
kondorum. Kondoa 217 kummerloewei. Hemidiaptomus 207 lafresnayanus. Gallirallus 36
Konia 85 kunigamiensis. Oligoaeschna 106 lagdeni. Malaconotus 157
Konye 85 jtunii, Monodelphis 3 Lagenodelphis 195
Kookaburra, Shovel-billed 198 Kunsia 24 Lagenorhynchus 195, 242
koolanensis. Kimboraga 122 ^upea 253 Lagidium 145
koopmani. Ratlus 145 kupeensis. Telophorus 49 lagniappe. Procambarus 95
kooringensis. Glyplorhagada 122 Kupeomis 51, 159 Lagocephalus 207
koratense. Lygosoma 200 Nobuea 210
kurodai, Lagochila 183
koreanus. Strongylognalhus 102 jfewroivvae, Goniosaurus 59 LAGOMORPHA 28, 146, 179, 197,233,
kororensis. Semperdon 214 Kusaiea 215 242
Korrigum 228 kusaieana, Sinployea 214 Lagonosticta 163
koslowi, Babax 158 kuschei, Nesosydne 251 Lagorchestes 4, 135, 177, 219, 220
koslowi. Emberiza 162
kusnotoi. Megaerops 9 Lagostrophus 4, 220
koslowi. Ochotona 28 kutikina. Phrantela 116 Lagothrix 15,222,241
kosswigi. Turcinemacheilus 203 kutteri, Chalepoxenus 100 lagotis. Macrotis 4
Kosswigichthys 205 kulteri. Doronomyrmex 100 lagotricha cana, Lagothrix 222
kosteri. Tryonia 212
kutteri, Teleutomyrmex 102 lagolricha lugens. Lagothrix 222
Kotso 85 Kyidris 100 lagotricha poeppigii. Lagothrix 222
Kotsovato 85
labeamajor. Probarbus 203 lagotricha. Lagothrix 241
kottae. Tilapia 86
labeaminor. Probarbus 203 laidlawi, Epiophlebia 106
Tondanichthys
kottelati. 81
Labeo, Green 72 Neodiaptomus 92
/ail,
Kouprey 20
Lafceo 72 lakedownensis. Leggadina 143
Kowari 3 I

labialis, Austrelaps 61 Lalage 157

kozlovi. Salpingolus 143
labialis, Delma 60 Lama 226
kozlovi. Sorex 1
Labidura 99 Lamb is 212

308 I
 1 1 1 2 1

lamellata, Diplommatina 210 laniger, Avahi 241 lateralis, Rheocles 205

lamellicosta, Taheitia 212 laniger, Dryomys 145 Laterallus 36, 149
Lamellidea 120, 188,213 lanigera. Chinchilla 28 laternarius, Pegasus 81
lamellosa, Leiostyla 191 LANIIDAE 48, 157 latesignata obliviosa, Cicindela 248
Laminella 121 Laniisoma 46, 246 lathami, Calyptorhynchus 40
laminirostris, Andigena 54 1 lanio, Meladema 98 Lathamus 41
lamlanensis, Himeroconcha 214 lanioides, Lipaugus 46 Lathrotriccus 47
Lamna 69 Lanistes 113, 114, 173,210 Latiaxis 173
LAMNIDAE 69 Lanius 48, 157 Laticauda 62
Lamnifera 123 lankae, Labeo 72 laticincta, Platysteira 52
LAMNIFORMES 69 lanosa, Crocidura 241 lalicosta, Omphalotropis 210
lamonei, Hipposideros 194 Lantzia 113 latidens, Anoura 137
Micropotamogale 5
lamottei, lanuginosa, Pheidole 101 Latidens 9
Lamottemys 24 lanyoni, Phylloscartes 47 latifasciata, Astatotilapia 84
Lampadia 125 lanzai, Salamandra 69 latifasciata, Euploea 244
Lampedusa 123 laotum, Trachypithecus 194 latifasciatus, Cyprinodon 183
Lampetra 167, 183, 201, 246 laperouse, Megapodius 34 latifii, Vipera 62
Lampmussel, Alabama 1 1 lapicida, Mordacia 201 latifolius, Phyllostomus 137
Lampmussel, Yellow 1 1 lapponicus disjunctus, Dytiscus 248 latifrons, Microhierax 149
lampra, Myrmica 101 Lapwing, Grey-headed 150 latifrons, Mugilogobius 87
Lamprey, Brook 167 Lapwing, Javanese 180 latilabris, Omphalotropis 210
Lamprey, Carpathian Brook 167 Lapwing, Sociable 37 latimaculata, Rhinocypha 106
Lamprey, Greek Brook 69 /ar, Hylobates 140 Latimeria 88
Lamprey, Kern Brook 67 Larga, Cachorrito de Dorsal 80
1
LATIMERIIDAE 88
Lamprey, Lake 201 Largemouth, Lowveld 132 latipes, Acanthomyops 99
Lamprey, Lombardy Brook 69 Largemouth, Orange-fringed 84 latipes, Borbonibis 179
Lamprey, Miller Lake 183 laricis, Oecanthus 108 latipleurum, Procambarus 95
Lamprey, Non-parasitic 69 LARIDAE 38, 131, 150, 180
latipunctata, Poecilia 80
Lamprey, Pacific 246 Larisi-us 22, 142 latirostris, Calyptorhynchus 40
Lamprey, River 167 Lark, Archer's 48
latissimus, Dytiscus 98
Lamprey, Ukranian Brook 201 Lark, Ash's 48
latistriata, Stachyris 52
Lamprey, Vladykov's 167 Lark, Botha's 48
latona, Crocidura 6
Lamprocystis 124,215 Lark, Degodi 48
/a/05 concavus, Empetrichthys 247
lamproides, Tasmaphena 127 Lark, Friedmann's 157
/aro5 /aIo.s, Empetrichthys 247
Lamprolia 51 Lark, Obbia 157
pahrump, Empetrichthys 247
latos
lampropeltis lampropeltis, Lark, Raso 47
Latoucheomis 162
Erpetogomphus 238 Lark, Red 47
/arro, Birgus 207
lampropeltis, Erpetogomphus 244 Lark, Rudd's 48
/a/TO, Ctenomys 145
Lamprophis 61, 165 Lark, Sclater's 157
laucaensis, Orestias 168
Lamprotomis 164 Lark, Short-clawed 157
laucaensis, Trichomycterus 168
Lampsilis 1 1 1, 172, 238, 255 Lark, Sidamo 48
laudabilis. Icterus 163
LAMPYRIDAE 249 Lark, Williams's 157
Laughingthrush, Ashy-headed 50
lanaiensis, Drosophila 185 larselli, Plethodon 201
Laughingthrush, Barred 159
lanaiensis, Myadestes 51 Larus 38, 131, 150
Laughingthrush, Black-hooded 50
lanaiensis, Oliarus 251 larvata, Sabanjewia 168
Laughingthrush, Brown-capped 198
lananensis, Fusconaia 172 larvatus, Nasalis 15
Laughingthrush. Chestnut-backed 159
lanaoensis, Puntius 74 laseroni, Georissa 1 1
Laughingthrush, Collared 50
lanatus,Caluromys 135 LASIOCAMPIDAE 102, 208
Laughingthrush, Grey 159
Lance, Altamaha 172 Lasiopodomys 143
Laughingthrush, Grey-breasted 159
Lance, Yellow 172 lasiopterus, Nyctalus 138
Laughingthrush, Red-tailed 159
Lancehead, Golden 62 Lasiorhinus 4
Laughingthrush, Red-winged 159
lancelini, Ctenotus 60 Lasiurus 12, 138, 245 Laughingthrush, Rufous-breasted 159
lanceolata, Elliptio 172 lasius, Bassaricyon 17 Laughingthrush, Rufous-fronted 159
lanceolata, Micromonacha 154 Lasius 100 Laughingthrush, Snowy-cheekedSO
lanceolatus, Epinephelus 82 Lasmigona 111, 172,238 Laughingthrush, Spot-breasted 159
lanceolatus, Potamonectes 249 lata, Hemistena 1 1 Laughingthrush, Striped 159
lanceolatus, Spizaetus 148 latastei, Rana 167 Laughingthrush, White-speckledSO
lancifer, Pegasus 205 latens, Spirorbula 125 Laughingthrush, Wynaad 159
langbianis. Crocias 50 lateralis , Petrogale 220 Laughingthrush, Yellow-throated 159
langei, Hyla 201 lateralis euryxanthus, Masticophis 246 launcestonensis, Anoglypta 123
langei, Onchobarus 248 lateralis hacketti, Petrogale 220 launcestonensis, Beddomeia 1 14
langfordi, Partula 127 lateralis lateralis, Petrogale 220 laurae, Myrmica 101
langi, Pseudocordylus 165 lateralis pearsoni, Petrogale 220 Lauria 127
langstoni langstoni, Shijimiaeoides252 lateralis wortmanni, Spermophilus 23 laurina, Ningbingia 122
Langur, Golden 194 lateralis, Characodon 80 laurinea, Leiostyla 133
Laniarius 48, 157 lateralis, Diplommatina 210 lavali, Thyroptera 11
laniger, Antechinomys 193 lateralis, Petrogale 241 lavaretus, Coregonus 204

309
 1 1 3

Lavigera 119 Leiostyla 127, 133, 191,216,245 lentiginosus, Craterocephalus 168

lawrencei, Cordylus 165 Leipoa 34 Lentipes 87, 206
layardi, Megapodius 34 leisleri, Nyctalus 138 leo persica, Panthera 223
layardi, Ptilinopus 151 leitheuseri, Procambarus 95 leo,Antechinus 1 35
layardii, Mesoplodon 196 leithii, Aspideretes 166 leo,Panthera 16
laysanensis, Agrotis 186 lekaguli, Hipposideros 136 leonard montana, Hesperia 252
laysanensis, Anas 32 lemasnei, Myrmica 101 leonardi, Anomochilus 200
laysanensis, Hedylepta 186 lembeyei, Polioptila 160 leonardi, Austrocordulia 106
laysanensis, Hypena 1 86 Lemiox 1 1 leonensis, Afrithelphusa 95
laysanensis, Oedemasylus 185 lemkei, Rhizoplagiodonlia 179 leonina, Peripatopsis 187
lazuli, Todirhamphus 44 lemmeri, Lithophane 253 leoninum, Argiagrion 106
leacockiana, Discula 124 Lemming, Kansas Bog 233 leontica, Prinia 52
leadbeateri, Cacatua 152 Lemming, Nebraska Bog 233 Leontopithecus 14
leadbeateri, Gymnobelideus 5 Lemming, Ogilvie Mountains Collared Leopard, Amur 223
Leaf-warbler, Hainan 51 197 Leopard, Anatolian 224
Leaf-warbler, Ijima's51 Lemming, St. Lawrence Island Collared Leopard, Clouded 16
Leaf-warbler, San Cristobal 160 197 Leopard, Javan 223
Leaf-warbler, Sombre 5 Lemming, Umnak Island Collared 232 Leopard, North African 223
Leaf-warbler, Tytler's 160 Lemming, Unalaska Island Collared232 Leopard, North Chinese 223
Leafbird, Blue-masked 157 lemmingii, Rutilus 74 Leopard, North Persian 223
Leafbird, Philippine 48 lemniscatus, Liolaemus 199 Leopard, Snow 16
Leafhopper, Red-veined Prairie251 Lemniscia 125, 133,215 Leopard, South Arabian 223
Leafshell 187 Lemniscomys 24, 143, 197 Leopard, Sri Lankan 223
Leafshell, Cumberland 187 lemosi, Cypseloides 43 leopardina, Helicarion 125
Leafwing, Andaman 253 Lemur, Alaotran Gentle 220 leopardinus. Liolaemus 199
Leafwing, Rorida 253 Lemur, Black 13,220 Leopardus 140, 223, 241
leahi, Cenophantis 186 Lemur, Broad-nosed Gentle 14 Leopoldamys 24
leahi, Nesosydne 251 Lemur, Brown 241 leopoldi, Catostomus 75
leai cheatumi, Stenotrema 239 Lemur, Collared 220 leopoldvillensis, Bellamya 120
leander, Anolomys 23 Lemur, Crowned 1
lepida intermedia, Neotoma 233
leari, Anodorhynchus 40 Lemur, Flying 8
lepida, Leptachatina 121
Leatherback 63 Lemur, Fork-marked 139
lepida, Marmtssa 135
leche kafuensis, Kobus 229 Lemur, Golden Bamboo 14
Lepidoblepharis 59
leche leche, Kobus 229 Lemur, Greater Sportive 241
Lepidocephalichthys 14
leche robertsi, Kobus 229 Lemur, Grey Gentle 241
Lepidochelys 63
leche smithemani, Kobus 229 Lemur, Grey-backed Sportive 14
Lepidochrysops 252
leche, Kobus 131 Lemur, Hairy -eared Dwarf 13
Lepidochrysops 103, 170, 186,252
Lechriodus 167 Lemur, Light-necked Sportive241
Lepidodactylus 59
Lechwe 131
Lemur, Mayotte 245
Lepidogalaxias 168
Lechwe, Black 229 Lemur, Milne-Edwards' Sportive 241
Lemur, Mongoose 13
LEPIDOGALAXIIDAE 168
Lechwe, Kafue 229
Lemur, Northern Sportive 14
Lepidomeda 72, 183, 246
Lechwe, Nile 141
lemur, Peltophryne 66
LEPIDOPTERA 102, 170, 186, 208, 237,
Lechwe, Red 229 244, 252
Lechwe, Roberts' 229 Lemur, Red-bellied 14
Lepidopyga 43
ledanli, Sitta 53 Lemur, Red-fronted 241
Lepidostoma 254
Lednia 254 Lemur, Red-tailed Sportive 241
Lemur, Ring-tailed 14 LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE 254
Leech, Medicinal 171
lepidothorax, Schizothorax 74
leechi, Chaetarthria 249 Lemur, Ruffed 14
Lemur, Sanford's 220 Lepidurus 97
leechi,Hydroporus 248 lepidus, Natalus 137
Lemur, Sclater's 220
Dysnomia 187
lefevrei,
Lepilemur 14, 241
Lemur, Western Gentle 220
lefkodemonaki, Niphargobates 90
Lemur, White-collared 220 Lepomis 247
legatus, Diplothrix 143
Lemur, White-footed Sportive241 LEPORIDAE 28, 146, 197, 234, 242
legendrei, Ratsirakia 244
Lemur, White-fronted 241 leporides, Lagorchestes 177
Leggadina 143
Lemur, White-rumped Black 15 Leporillus 24, 178
leguati, Aphanapteryx 1 80
Lemur, Woolly 241 leprosa, Canariella 133
Leguminaia 255
Lemur 14 Leptachatina 121
lehuiensis, Achatinella 188
LEMURIDAE 13,220,241,245 Leptailurus lli
leichhardti, Scleropages 167
lemurinus griseimembra. Actus 221 leptalea, Helenoconcha 189
Leimacomys 24 Leptasthenura 45, 155
lemurinus lemurinus, Aotus 221
Leiocephalus 182
lemurinus, Aotus 14 Leptaxis 125, 239
LEIODIDAE 99
LEPTESTHERIIDAE 92
lemuroides, Hemibelideus 135
Leiolopisma 60, 182
lendi, Nemacheilus 203 Leptichnus 215
Leiopelma 66, 167,243
lendu, Muscicapa 51 Leptinaria 175
LEIOPELMATIDAE 66, 167, 243
Leptobotia 203
lenior, Dysnomia 187
leiopomus, Coitus 82
Epioblasma 110
lenior, Leptocaris 96
Leiopotherapon 168, 169
Lenoxus 143 LEPTOCERIDAE 187,254
Leiostyla 245
lenticula, Percina 84 leptoceros, Gazella 21

310

t
 9 8 8

leptochila, Partula 191 leucochrysella, Coleophora 186 Levuarm 187

LEPTODACTYLIDAE 66. 201, 243 Leucocythere 98 Lewinia 36
Leptodactylus 201 leucodon, Nannospalax 25 lewisi, Prodontria 99
Leptodea 172 leucodon, Spalax 27 lewisii, Epioblasma 110
leplodemas, Megalagrion 106 leucogaster durranti, Onchomys 233 Gyrotoma 117
lewisii,
leplodon, Leptodea \11 leucogaster durranti, Onychomys 233 Dysnomia 187
lewisii?,
Leplogomphus 107 leucogaster, Cephalophus 141 lewyana, Podocnemis 65
Leptogryllus 187 leucogaster. Sorex 1 Lexingtonia 111, 172
Leptomys 24 leucogastra. Dendrocitta 164 leytensis, Ceoemyda 64
LEPTONETIDAE 207 leucogenis. Pyrrhula 163 leytensis, Micromacronus 51
Leptonycteris II leucogenys, Cichlopsis 158 Iherminieri, Cichlherminia 158
Leptopelis 66 leucogenys, Hylobates 195 Ihoesti, Cercopithecus 140
Leptoperla 109 leucogeranus, Grus 36 Ihuysii, Lophophorus 35
Leptopoecile 159 leucognaphalus, Corvus 58 Liardetia 124, 215
Leptoptilos 31 leucogrammica, Ptilocichla 160 LIAREIDAE 212
leptorhynchus, Enicognathus 152 leucolaemus, Odontophorus 149 Libellula 107
Leptosittaca 41 leucolepis, Phyllastrephus 48 LIBELLULIDAE 107, 187, 208, 238, 244
leptosomus, Brachypteracias 44 Leucopeza 56 Libellulosoma 106
leptostictus, Caseolus 133 leucophaeus leucophaeus, Mandrillus Li6cra 189
leptosus, Pseudomyrmex 101 111 liberatus, Laniarius 48
Trochogyra 214
leptotera, leucophaeus mundamensis, Mandrillus liberiana, Bellamya 120
Leptothorax 100 111 liberiensis heslopi,Hexaprotodon lib
Leptotila 39, 151 leucophaeus poensis, Mandrillus 111 liberiensis, Brachythemis 107
Leptoxis 118, 188 leucophaeus, Collocalia 43 liberiensis, Hexaprotodon 20
lepturus, Habromys 143 leucophaeus, Hippotragus 178 Liberiictis 17
LepHi 28, 146, 197,242 leucophaeus, Mandrillus 15 Libythea 186
Lepyrium 116 leucophaeus, Speirops 53 LIBYTHEIDAE 186
Lerista, Allan's 60 leucophthalmus, Larus 38 /(c/ta, Dalatias 69
Lerista, Mount Cooper Striped 60 leucopis, Attapetes 162 lichenifer, Gymnopholus 98
Lerista 60 leucopogonis, Ceriferella 251 lichenigera, Oligosoma 61
lermaense, Ambystoma 68 Leucopsar 57 Lichenostomus 132, 162
leroyi fasciata, Pseudoglessula 240 leucoptera, Henicorhina 158 Lichmera 162, 199
lervia omatus, Ammotragus 245 leucoptera, Prosobonia 180 Lichnanthe 250
lervia, Ammotragus 20 Leucoptemis 33, 148 lichtensteinii, Alcelaphus 130
leseuri, Myotis 12 leucopterus, Dendrocopos 154 /W//zi, Garrulus 58
lesliei, Cambarellus 93 leucopterus, Platysmurus 164 /('emi, Taudactylus 67
LESTIDAE 107 leucopterus, Pteropus 9 lievreana, Westraltrachia \11
Lestodelphys 3 leucopterus, Serinus 163 ligata, Leptoxis 1 1

lesueur graii, Bettongia 219 leucopus ammodytes, Peromyscus 233 lignaria, Paryphanta 216
lesueur lesueur, Bettongia 219 leucopus, Lepilemur 241 Ligumia Ml
lesueur, Bettongia 4 leucopus, Saguinus 14 lihue, Oliarus 251
lesueuri, Litoria 243 leucopus, Sminthopsis 193 Wa, Achatinella 120
letha, Austroassiminea 114 leucoraphe, Bridouxiana 1 1 lilfordi, Podarcis 60
Lethe 253 leucorrhaphe, Achatinella 120 LILJEBORGIIDAE 90
Lef/ie 253 Leucorrhinia 238, 244 lilliae, Lepidopyga 43
Lethenteron 69 leucoryphus, Haliaeetus 33 Lilliput, Pale255
letholepis, Poblana 78 leucoryphus, Platyrinchus 47 Lilliput, Purple255
letitiae, Popelairia 198 leucoryx. Oryx 21 Lilliput, Savannah 255

letnica, Salmo 11 leucospila, Rallina 198 //ma, Fundulus 243

Leto 252 leucostephes, Melidectes 162 //ma, Lithasia 1 1

Letomola 214 Leucosticte 199 LIMACIDAE 175,215

letoumeuxi, Valencia 80 leucotaenia, Papilio 105 limae, Picumnus 45
lettiensis, Solegnathus 82 leucothoe, Partula 111 lirrmtula,Nesopupa 216
leucas, Delphinapterus 18 leucotis, Acerodon 8 limbata albissima, Cicindela 248
Leucaspius 202 Leuctra 254 limbatus, Carcharhinus 69
Leuchocharis 126 LEUCTRIDAE 254 limbatus, Rhantus 249

leucichthys leucichthys, Stenodus 236 leucura, Macrotis 177 LIMNADIIDAE 92

leucichthys, Stenodus 204 leucurus, Monarcha 159 Limnebius 249
leucippe, Callithrix 14 leukops, Rheodytes 62 LIMNEPHILIDAE 255
Leuciscus 243 leuraensis, Eulamprus 60 Limnephilus 255
Leuciscus 72, 167, 183, 202 leuserssp., Bettongia 219 Limnocythere 98
leucocephala, Amazona 151 levassori, Graphium 105 LIMNOCYTHERIDAE 98

leucocephala, Mycteria 147 levilineata, Partula 191 Limnodromus 150

leucocephala, Oxyura "il levipes, Oryzomys 144 Limnogale 5

leucocephalus, Aceros 44 /evii, Dupontia 124 Limnomis 155

leucocephalus, Tachyeres 147 levistriata, Partula 191 Limnotrochus 119

levraudi. Laterallus 36 Lirrwsa 150
Leucocharis 190

311
 8 1 1

Limpet, Australian Freshwater 13 1 lithaca, Branchinella 91 locardi. Moitessieria 116

Limpet, Eelgrass 187 Lithasia 118 lodderae, Beddomeia 114

LIMULIDAE 171,209 Lilhoglyphus 188 Loddigesia 43
Limulus 171 lithognathus, Lithognatus 132 Lodero, Cachonito 79
lindberghi, Akodon 23 Lithognatus 132 loewensteini, Lepidochrysops 103
Linderiella, California 169 Lithophane 253 Loggerhead 62
Under iella 169 Litocranius 131 Logperch, Blotchside 84
LINDERIELLIDAE 91, 169 litoralis, Nesopupa 216 Logperch, Conasauga 84
Lindog 74 Z,(7on<2 66, 166, 235, 243 Logperch, Roanoke 84
lindog, Puntius 74 Litthabilella 116 lohbergeri, Sarotherodon 86
lindsayi, Actenoides 153 littoralis, Formicivora 46 lomii, Typhlosaurus 61

linearis,Macrancylus 185 litloralis, Lepidochrysops 103 Lonchophylla 1

lineata pinguicolla, Tympanocryptis littoralis, Urocyon 129 Lonchorhina 11, 1 37
234 Littoraria 188 Lonchura 57, 163
lineata, Mogurnda 244 Littoridina 188 Longbill, Pulitzer's 51
lineata, Paratherina 78 littorina, Hirthia 119 Longclaw, Abyssinian 157
lineata, Rhyacophila 255 LITTORINIDIDAE 188 Longclaw, Grimwood's 157
lineata, Stenopsychodes 255 /i'mj, Chaetodon 84 Longclaw, Sharpe's 157
lineatus, Acanthiops 60 longianalis, Bedotia 204
liventer, Butastur 148
lineifrons, Grallaricula 155 //vrt/fl, Achalinella 1 88 longiantenna, Branchinecta 91
lineolata euzieriana, Macrogastra 239 /iViVfa, Be/ra 88 longicauda, Embemagra 162
lineolata, EUipsaria 172 Carunculina 255 longicaudata, Microgale 241
lividus,
lineolata, Moitessieria 173 lividus, Haplochromis 184 longicaudatus, Hapalomys 143
lineolatus, Hacrochlamys 124 livingstonii, Pteropus 9 longicaudatus, Myosorex 7
lineoiatus, Oxychilus 128 Lfea 86
longicaudatus, Notomys 178
Linh-duong 22 Lizard, Abbott's Crested 199 longicaudatus, Spelaeornis 52
linnellii, Sarotherodon 86 Lizard, Armadillo Girdled 59 longicaudis longicaudis, Lutra 245
Linnet, Warsangli 56 Lizard, Beaded 59 longicaudis, Gracilirmnus 193
linophora, Harmogenanirm 190 Lizard, Black Legless 246 longicaudus bernardinus, Microtus Til
Linsang, Leighton's 224 Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard 60 longicaudus coronarius, Microtus 232
lintneri, Williamsonia 106 Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed60 longicaudus leucophaeus, Microtus 232
lintoni, Myiophobus 156 Lizard, Filfola 246 Longicorn, Cerambyx 98
LINYPHIIDAE 88 Lizard, Giant Girdled 59 Longicorn, Rosalia 98
Liobagrus 76 Lizard, Hierro Giant 60 longicomis, Otus 42
liocephalus, Calotes 59 Lizard, Iberian Rock 243 Cyprinodon 183
longidorsalis.
Liocichla, Omei Shan 51 Lizard, Ibiza Wall 60 longimembris bangsi, Perognathus 232
Liocichla 51 Lizard, Island Night 61 longimembris brevinasus, Perognathus
Liocypris 185 Lizard, Lang's Crag 165 232
Liolaemus 60, 199 Lizard, Lawrence's Girdled 165 longimembris intemationalis,
Liomys 142 Lizard, Lilford's Wall 60 Perognathus 232
Lion 16 Lizard, McLachlan's Girdled 59 longimembris pacificus, Perognathus
Lion, Asiatic 223 Lizard, Namaqua Plated 165 Til
Lion, Australian Sea 242 Lizard, Panamint Alligator 59 longimembris, Perognathus 23
Lion, Galapagos Sea 224 Lizard, Sail-fin 199 longipennis, Neduba 109
Lion, Hooker's Sea 17 Lizard, Saint Croix Ground 61 longipes, Canthocamptus 96
Lion, Steller's Sea 17 Lizard, San Diego Horned 246 longipes, Crocidura 6
Liophis 61 Lizard, Southern Rock 243 longipes, Ingolfiella 90
Lioplax, Cylindrical 120 Lizard, Soutpansberg Flat 165 longipes, Myotis 194
Lioplax 120 Lizard, Soutpansberg Rock 165 longipes, Nesosydne 251
Lioptilus 159 Lizard, Spineless Forest 59 longipes, Potorous 4
liorus liorus, Chasmistes 246 Lizard, Spiny Crag 165 longipes, Stygobromus 89
liorus mictus, Chasmistes 246 Lizard, Striped Legless 60 longipes, Tupaia 8
Liosaccus 88 Lizard, Tennent's Leaf-nosed59 longipes, Xenicus 1 8
Liparia 71 lizardensis, Theskelomensor 256 longipinnis, Acheilognathus 71
liparozona, Marginella 213 llaneae, Megalurulus 198 longipinnis, Garra 72
Lipaugus 46 Loach, Balkan 203 longirostra, Rukia 161
Lipochromis 85, 184 Loach, Banded Mountain 132 longirostris, Dasyomis 50
Loach, Goldside 203
Lipotes 19 longirostris, Eumeces 60
Loach, Italian 168
/ira, Antrolana 97 longirostris. Hippocampus 81
Loach, Romanian 203
/i>a(a, Carelia 189 longirostris, Prognathochromis 184
Loach, Spotted 74
lirata, Leptoxis 1 1 longirostris, Stenella 129
lobata, Campephaga 48
lirata, Newcombia 121 longirostris, Turdoides 160
lobata, Tadarida 13
liratus, Amphicyclotulus 117 longispinis, Gambusia 80
Lobaunia 116
Lirceus 97 longistyla,Congothemis 208
lobipennis, Pseudopsectra 254
Lissemys 200 Longwing, Natterer's 104
Lobo, Bagre 203
Lissodelphis 195, 242 loochoensis, Pteropus 177
Loboparadisea 199
listeri, Lepidodactylus 59 lopesi, Megalobulimus 126
Lobster, Giant Tasmanian 95

312
 3

lopezi, Hampala 72 Lucania 80 /urea, Partula 191

LOPHIIFORMES 78 LUCANIDAE 99, 170,249 luteirostris, Zosterops 54
Lophocebus 140, 222 luchti, Atrophaneura 105 luteocephala, Sicalis 163
Lophoictinia 33 Luchuena 215 luteofusca, Cupedora 173
Lophophorus 35 luciae, Amazilia 43 luteoschistaceus, Accipiter 148
Lophopsittacus 181 luciae, Liza 86 luteovinctum, Etheostoma 169
Lophomis 43, 153 luciae, Megalomys 178 luteoviridis, Pselliophorus 55
Lophotibis 147 luciana, Urothemis 209 lutescens, Aloeides 102
Lophozosterops 161 lucidus, Hemigimthus 56 luteus, Eolagurus 131
Lophura 35, 149 lucidus, Polyergus 101 Lutilodix 125
Lophuromys 143, 197 lucifer, Acerodon 77 1 LUTJANIDAE 84
lophurus, Pipistrellus 194 lucifer, Hemisaga 109 Lutjanus 84
lorata, Achatinella 120 Lucifuga 11 LUTODRILIDAE 172
lorenzi, Phyllastrephus 157 lucifugus alachua, Procambarus 237 Lutodrilus 172
lorenzmuelleri, Liolaemus 199 lucifugus lucifugus, Procambarus Til lulosus, Polyborus 179
lorica, Litoria 66 lucifugus, Stygobromus 185 /uira /urra, Z-urra 245
loricata, Grallaricula 155 lucina, Crocidura 6 Lurra 17, 245
loricatus, Monarcha 159 Luciogobius 206 lutreola, Mustela 17
Loriculus 41, 152 lucionensis, Tanygnalhus 41 lutreolina, Mustela 17
LORIDAE 14, 139 lucius, Ptychocheilus 73 lutzae, Liolaemus 199
Lorikeet, Blue 41 luckmanii, Planilaoma 214 /urzi, Thoropa 67
Lorikeet, Blue-fronted 40 luconensis, Prioniturus 41 /«rz(!, Paratelmatobius 67
Lorikeet, Duchess 152 lucumontis, Leuciscus 167 luxatus, Deltistes 75
Lorikeet, Henderson 42 Crocidura 6
/u^ia, luzonensis, Archboldomys 23
Lorikeet, Iris 41 ludlowi, Bhutanitis 105 luzonensis, Mistichthys 132
Lorikeet, Kuhl's 41 ludoviciae, Turdus 53 luzonica. Anas 147
Lorikeet, Mindanao 41
ludovicianus arizonensis, Cynomys 230 luzonica, Gallicolumba 151
Lorikeet, New Caledonian 40 ludwigi, Gulella 216 /^aWi, Xenicus 181
Lorikeet, Palm 152 Luehdorfia, Chinese 208 Lybius 154
Lorikeet, Red-throated 40
Luehdorfia, Japanese 171 Lycaeides 252
Lorikeet, Su-iated 152
Luehdorfia 171,208 Lycaena 103, 170, 252
Lorikeet, Ultramarine 42
lugens, Haplophaedia 153 LYCAENIDAE 102, 170, 186, 208, 252
Loris, Pygmy 14
lugens, Petinomys 142 Lycaon 16
Loris, Slender 14
lugubris, Formica 170 lycodus, Bulimulus 126
Loris 14
luhuana, Mandarirm 214 Lycosa 207
Lorius 41, 152
luismanueli, Anoura 194 LYCOSIDAE 88, 207
lomae lomae, Gulella 239
luizae, Asthenes 45 lyelliana, Discula 124
lomae major, Gulella 240
lukolelae, Malacomys 143 LYGAEIDAE 251
Lory, Black-winged 40
lullulae, Phalanger 241 lygdamus palosverdesensis,
Lory, Blue-eared 152
/u/«a, lolaus 103 Glaucopsyche 252
Lory, Blue-streaked 152
lumachellus, Augastes 153 Lygodactylus 59
Lory, Chattering 41
lumbee, Semotilus 203 Lygosoma 200
Lory, Purple-naped 41
lumholtzi, Deiuirolagus 135 /v'ei, Hipposideros 136
Lory, Red-and-blue 40
lumholtzi,Eodiaptomus 92 lymani, Carelia 189
Lory, White-naped 152
Luna, Cachorrito de Media 79 lymaniana, Pronesopupa 216
lotana, Lepidochrysops 103
Lottia 187
lunaris, Dirce 252 LYMNAEIDAE 113,209
lunata, Onychogalea 177 lymphatus, Neodiaptomus 92
LOTTIDAE 187
lunatus jimela, Damaliscus 228 lynchi, Branchinecta 91
Louisea 96
lunatus korrigum, Damaliscus 228 lyncurium, Poecilmitis 103
louisiadensis, Cracticus 199
lurmlus lunatus, Damaliscus 228 lyndseyae, Poecilmitis 103
louisianensis, Onychodiaptomus 207
lunatus tiang, Damaliscus 228 lynesi. Apalis 49
Louse, Pygmy Hog Sucking 98
lunatus Damaliscus 228
topi, lynnae, Gomphurus 107
lovati, Dendromus 143
lunatus, Damaliscus 130 Lynx, Iberian 16
Lovebird, Black-cheeked 39
lundbergi, Prietella 75 Lynx 16
Lovebird, Fischer's 151
lunulatus,Garrulax 159 lyonetianus, Gibbus 191
Lovenula 92
Lupine, San Francisco Tree 254 lyonnetianum, Craspedoma 133
loveridgei, Nectarinia 161
/«p«j , Canw 223 Lyperobius 248
lowei, Gerbillus 24
lupus, Canis 241 lyrata, Lyropupa 216
lowei, Sheppardia 52
lupus, Ictalurus 203 Lyrebird, Albert's 157
loweii, Pseudocampylaea 190
luschani, Mertensiella 68 Lyrefin, Brasilia 79
loweryi, Xenoglaux 153
luscinia, Acrocephalus 49 Lyriothemis 107
Loxia 199
Luscinia 51, 159 Lyropupa 191, 216
Loxioides 56
lusitanica, Chioglossa 68 lysithous harrisianus, Eurytides 253
Loxodonta 19
lusitanica, Platyla 1 1
Lythrurus 11
Loxops 56
lusitanicum, Chondrostoma 71 Lytta 249
loyaltiensis,Leucocharis 190
lutaria, Brazieria 217 maaseni, Platyla 210
lubomirskii, Pipreola 156
/uKo, Diplommatina 210 Macaca 15, 129, 140, 194, 245

313
 1

macaco flavifrons, Eulemur 220 72, 168 macroura, Thripophaga 45

macaco macaco, Eulemur 220 Macroagelaius 163 macrourus. Circus 148
macaco, Eulemur 13 Macrobaenetes 108 MACROVELIIDAE 251
Macaque, Assamese 15 macrobullatus, Hipposideros 136 Macrovipera 62
Macaque, Barbary 15 macrocephala, Acanthochelys 165 macrura, Thermosphaeroma 97
Macaque, Booted 194 macrocephala, Percina 169 macrura, Thylamys 135
Macaque, Celebes Black 15 Macrocephalon 34 Macruromys 24
Macaque, Crab-eating 140 macrocerca, Hylonympha 43 macrurus, Elusor 62
Macaque, Dumoga-bone 129 macrocercus, Tateomys 27 macrurus, Mesembriomys 25
Macaque, Heck's 140, 245 Macroclemys 63 macularius ssp., Cyprinodon 247
Macaque, Japanese 15 macrodactyla, Napothera 159 maculata, Allotoca 80
Macaque, Lion-tailed 15 macrodactyla, Oceanodroma 30 maculata, Cotinga 46
Macaque, Mentawai 15, 245 macrodactylum croceum, Ambystoma maculata, Denisonia 62
Macaque, Moor 15 246 maculata, Paroreomyza 56
Macaque, Muna-buton 15 macrodactylus, Myotis 138 maculatum, Etheostoma 169
Macaque, Muna-Butung 245 Macroderma 10 maculatus gracilis, Dasyurus 219
Macaque, Pig-tailed 15 macrodon, Onychogomphus 107 maculatus maculatus, Dasyurus 219
Macaque, Rhesus 140 macrodon, Sorex 136 maculatus, Callopistes 200
Macaque, Slumptail 15 Macrodontia 98 maculatus, Dasyurus 3
Macaque, Taiwan 15
Macrogalidia 18 maculatus, Paretroplus 85
Macaque, Tibetan 129
macrogaster, Yunnanilus 75 maculatus, Sandracottus 249
Macaque, Tonkean 140 Macrogastra 239 Maculinea 170,252
Macaque, Toque 140
macrognalhus, Prognathochromis 184 maculipinna, Harpagochromis 184
Macaque, Yakushima 245
Macrognathus 205 maculosus, Caprimulgus 198
Macaw, Blue-throated 40
macrolepidotus, Pogonichthys 73 maculosus, Ceomalacus 244
Macaw, Blue-winged 40
macrolepidotus, Rutilus lA maculosus, Glossolepis 243
Macaw, Cuban Red 180
macrotepis, Cyprinodon 79 maculosus, Stallingsia 252
Macaw, Glaucous 180
macrolepis, Leiopotherapon 169 mada, Gymnophaps 151
Macaw, Hyacinth 40
Macaw, Lear's 40
Macromia 106, 171 mada, Prioniturus 152
Macaw, Military 40
Macronectes 146 madagascarensis, Melanatria 173
Macaw, Red-fronted 40 Macronous 159 madagascariensis, Accipiter 148
Macaw, Spix's 40 Macronyx 157 madagascariensis, Acrantophis 61
macclintocki, Discus 214 Macroperipatus 109 rruidagascariensis, Astacoides 208
maccoyii Thunnus 88
,
macrophallus, Sonorella 174 madagascariensis, Bedotia 204
Maccullochella 82, 236 Macropleurodus 85 madagascariensis, Daubentonia 14
macdonaldi, Toloaba 84 macropoda, Caecidotea 97 madagascariensis, Erymnochelys 64
macdonaldii, Notopteris 9 MACROPODIDAE 4, 135, 177, 193, 219, madagascariensis, Euxanthe 253
241 madagascariensis, Numenius 150
macedonia, Alosa 71
macrops, Breviceps 67 madagascariensis, Pantanodon 80
macedonicus, Pachychilon 202
macrops, Nothomyrmecia 101 madagascariensis, Rousetlus 10
macedonicus, Rutilus 168
macetfreshi, Driloleirus
Macropsalis 153 madagascariensis, Sanzinia 61
1 10
macropterus, Vanellus 180 madagascariensis, Tropodiaptomus 207
macgillivrayi, Pterodroma 30
macgregori, Cyclodina 60 macropus, Clobonautes 95 Madanga 53
Macgregoria 58 Macropus 135, 177,220 madeira, Pterodroma 30
machadoi, Insutivitrina 175 Macropygia 151 maderensis, Disculella 245
machiki, Zoothera 161
macrorhyncha, Saxicola 52 maderensis, Pipistrellus 13
MACHILIDAE 254 macrorhynchus, Clobicephala 129 madgascarensis, Typhleotris 87
Machiloides 254 MACROSCELIDEA 29, 245 madgei, Colparion 190
macinnesi, Rhinopoma 10
Macroscelides 29 madgei, Gonospira 128
mackayi, Anomalopus 60
MACROSCELIDIDAE 29, 245 madgei, Nesopupa 127
mackenziei, Stygobromus 89
Macroscincus 182 Madoqua 21
Mackerel, Monterrey Spanish 88
Macrosphenus 51 madrensis, Peromyscus 26
maclareni, Clarias 76
macrostoma, Betta 88 rrmdrensis, Spermophilus 142
maclareni, Pungu 86
macrostoma, Lampeira 201 Madlom, Caddo 75
maclaudi, Rhinolophus 137 macrostoma, Muticaria 174 Madtom, Carolina 203
rrmcleari, Rattus 178
macrostomus, Batrachophrynus 67 Madtom, Frecklebelly 168
macleayi, Dorcopsulus 4 Macrotarsomys 24 Madtom, Neosho 168
macleayi, Hedleya 119 macrotarsus, Myotis 138 Madtom, Orangefm 75
macleayi, Pteronotus 1 Macrothele 207 Madtom, Ouachita 75
macleayi, Sphaerospira 174 macrotis, Idiurus 145 Madtom, Pygmy 75

macmasterae, Phallodrilus 110 macrotis, Notomys 178 Madtom, Scioto 75

macmillani, Crocidura 6 macrotis, Pipistrellus 139 Madtom, Smoky 75

macowi, Crocidura 6 Macrotis 4, 177 Madtom, Yellowfin 75

Macquaria 206 macrotus, Histiotus 138 madurae, Hipposideros 136

macquariensis, Maccullochella 82 Macrotus 11 maeotica, Alosa 202

Macrancylus 185 macroura, Dendrortyx 149 maesi, Garrulax 159

Macrhybopsis macroura, Ratufa 22 magambae, Cymothoe 253

314
 35

magazinensis, Mesodon 2 1 Malami'da 74 Manica 100

magentae, Pterodroma 30 inalapana, Euthalia 253 MANIDAE 142
maghrebi, Gerbillus 24 malayana, Crocidura 6 maniensis. Perdicella 188
Magicicada 170 malayanus, Anlhracoceros 1 54 manillae, Penelopides 154
magicus albiventris, Otus 245 malayanus, Helarctos 195 manipurensis, Perdicula 35
magister, Neotoma 144 malayanus, Suncus 193 Manis 142
magna, Alectoris 149 maldonadoi, Bullockia 204 manlius, Papilio 171
magna, Sitta 53 Maleo 34 manoeli, Neritilia 173
magna, Sturnira 137 maleo, Macrocephalon 34 manoeli. Neritina 209
magnidentata, Cryplomastix 127 maletae, Orconectes 94 Manorina 54
magnifica, Aegialia 249 Malimbe, Gola 57 manoro. Smerina 253
magnifica, Planorbella 1 1 Malimbe, Ibadan 57 Manouria 65
magnifica, Tulotoma 213 Malimbus 57 mansfieldi, Bhutanitis 208
magnificus, Corsachius 31 Malkoha, Red-faced 42 mansuetus, Sylvilagus 146
magnificus, Nodipeclen 209 mallacoola, Engaeus 95 mantchuricum, Crossoptilon 34
magnificus, Petaurista 142 malleata, Auriculella 213 Mantella 67
magou, Euploea 104 mallee, Slipiturus 132 mantelli, Porphvrio 36
Magou, the 104 Malleefowl 34 MANTIDAE 171
Magpie, Black 164 Mallomys 24, 143 MANTODEA 171
Magpie, Short-tailed 164 Malpuluna 132 manul ferrugineous, Otocolobus 223
Magpie, Sri Lanka 58 maluroides, Spartonoica 155 manul, Otocolobus 241
Magpie, White-winged 164 Malurus 159, 198 Manul, Red 223
Magpie, Yellow-breasted 164 MAMMALIA 3, 129, 135, 177, 193, 219, manusi, Tyto 42
Magpie-robin, Seychelles 50 241,245 Mao 54
mahaganus, Pteropus 9 mammillifurca, Canthocamptus 96 Maoricicada 251
maidae, Euastacus 96 Mamo, Black 181 Mapleleaf, Winged 112
maillardi. Circus 148 Mamo, Hawaii 181 maquassiensis. Crocidura 241
Mainty, Trondo 86 mana, Oreomystis 56 maracaibensis, Notodiaptomus 92
mailuatensis, Orangia 123 Manakin, Black-capped 47 maracana, Ara 40
Maizania 238 Manakin, Golden-crowned 47 maraena, Prototroctes 76
major, Ameiva 182 Manakin, Opal-crowned 156
maraho, Papilio 171
major, Beamys 143 Manakin, Yellow-headed 156 Marakely 244
major, Brachypteryx 158 Manalak 74
marambaiae, Leptodactylus 201
major, Bradyplerus 50 manalak, Punlius 74
maranonica, Melanopareia 155
major, Gryllolalpa 209 manasa, Neptis 253
maraxina, Monodelphis 3
major, Hirasea 214 Manatee, African 19
marcanoi, Solenodon 177
major, Macruromys 24 Manatee, Amazonian 19
marcellinus, Eurytides 105
Manatee, Antillean 225
major, Nycteris 1 marchandi, Orconectes 94
Manatee, Caribbean 19
major, Phyllonycteris 177 marchantii, Powelliphanta 175
Manatee, Florida 225
major, Spermophilus 142 rrmrchei, Cleptomis 53
manatus latiroslris, Trichechus 225
major, Zoothera 53 marchei, Mydaus 17
manatus manalus. Trichechus 225
majori, Eliurus 24 rrmrchei, Ptilinopus 39
manatus, Trichechus 19
majusculus, Pseudomugil 243 marchi, Algyroides 60
mandarina, Mandarirm 214
makawai, Pogoniulus 44 marcia, Parantica 104
Mandarina 214
makirensis, Phylloscopus 160 marcidum, Cupedora 173
mandellii, Arborophila 34
Mala 220 marecula. Anas 179
mandersi, Cyclyrius 252
malabarica. Idea 171 maresi, Theodoxus 209
Mandibularca 72
malacense, Polyplectron 35 margaretae, Zoothera 161
mandibularis, Dioruia 72
malachitacea, Triclaria 41 Margaretamys 24
mandibularis, Prognathochromis 184
Malaclemys 166 margarethae, Charmosyna 152
Mandrill 140
Malacochersus 65 margarettae, Haeromys 24
Mandrillus 15, 140,222
Malacocincla 51 margarita scheffeli. Felis 223
Manduca 254
Malacolimax 175 margarita, Felis 241
manengubae, Crocidura 241
Malacomys 143, 242 margarita, Macromia 171
Mangabey, Black 140, 245
Malaconotus 48, 49, 157 margarita, Somatochlora 106
Mangabey, Collared 245
Malacopteron 51, 159 margaritacea, Alaena 102
Mangabey, Crested 140
malacoptilus, Rimator 160 margarilacea, Palaua 215
Mangabey, Golden-bellied 222
malacorhynchus, Hymenolaimus 32 Mangabey, Opdenbo.sch's Black222 margaritae, Conirostrum 163
malagrida cedrusmontana, margaritae, Dipodomys 23
Mangabey, Red-capped 140
Argyrocupha 252 Mangabey, Sanje 222 margaritae, Lethe 253
malagrida malagrida, Argyrocupha Mangabey, Sooty 140 margaritifera durrovensis,
252 Margaritifera 238
Mangabey, Tana River 222
malagrida maryae, Argyrocupha 252 Mangabey, White-collared 222 margaritifera, Margaritifera 110
malagrida paarlensis, Argyrocupha manglae, Batrachoides 78 Margaritifera 1 10, 238, 255
252
mangoura, Papilio 105 MARGARITIFERIDAE 110,238,255
malaitae, Rhipidura 52 Margaronia 253
mangshanensis, Trimeresurus 62
malaitensis, Nyctimene 9 Margaronia 253
manguaoensis, Punlius 74

315
 1 1 11 1 1 1

Margaronian, Blue 253 Marmot, Montague Island Hoary 230 mattheyi, Mus 197
Margaronian, Green 253 Marmot, Vancouver Island 22 matthiae, Rhipidura 199
Margaromis 155 Marmota 22, 131, 142,230 mattogrossensis, Molossops 139
Margay 241 maroni, Papilio 208 maturna, Hypodryas 208
marginata. Phrantela 256 marquesana, Taipidon 190 mauleanum, Cauque 168
marginata, Alasmidonta 209 marrianae, Margaritifera 110 maupiensis, Mautodontha 189
marginata, Caperea 242 marrocana, Cobitis 203 maura. Macaco 15
marginata, Cicindela 248 Marron 95 maureenae, Gymnochthebius 249
marginata, Kuhlia 244 marroni carolus, Huleechius 249 maureenae, Hydraena 249
marginata, Testudo 243 tnarshalli,Meridolum 173 Mauremys 200, 243
marginatus, Ateles 14 marshalli, Pleurobema 112 mauriciana, Platycnemis 108
marginatus, Epinephelus 168 marshianus, Aglaodiaptomus 9 maurilaniae, Gerbillus 24
Marginella 213 Marstonia, Armored 21 mauritiana, Leiolopisma 182
MARGINELLIDAE 213 Marstonia, Beaver Pond 21 maurilianus, Alopochen 179
marginipennis, Cicindela 169 Marstonia, Ocmulgee 21 mauritianus, Cyraulus 113
Maria, Sardinita de Santa 72 Marstonia, Olive 21 maurilianus, Lophopsittacus 181
mariae, Elheostorrm 206 Marstonia, Royal 256 mauritianus, Nycticorax 179
mariae, Eudonlomyzon 201 marsupialis, Antidorcas 130 maurus. Circus 148
mariae, Helicella 126 marsupiobesa, Elliptio 255 maurus, Eumops 13
mariae, Nesillas 159 Martelia 119 Mautodontha 123, 189, 190
mariae, Stomatepia 86 Marten, Javan Yellow-throated 224 mavornata, Aplonis 182
marialiciae, Eulonchus 250 Marten, Nilgiri 17
mawii, Dermatemys 63
marianae, Crateroceplialus 204 Marten, Tsushima Island 224
majri, Sundamys 27
mariangelae, Muricopsis 213 martens Castalia 110
i,
maxillaris, Lipochromis 85
inariannae, Hydroporus 248 martensi, Trichotoxon 215
maxillosus, Saltator 163
mariannarum, Ladronellum 214 martensiana, Partula 127
maxima, Paracrocidura241
mariannarum, Taheitia 212 martensii, Padogobius 169 maxima, Tridacna 133
mariannus, Cervus 197 martenstyni, Puntius 74
maximiliani, Hydromedusa 62
mariannus, Pteropus 9 Manes 17, 224
maximiliani, Oryzoborus 162
marica, Gracilinanus 135 martiensseni, Otomops 13
maximus, Aepyomis 179
mariei, Cyclosurus 187 martigener, Engaeus 95
maximus, Cetorhinus 69
marieps, Charaxes 253 Martin, Sinaloa 198
maximus, Elephas 19
Lonchorhina
marinkellei, 1
martinensis, Neotoma 25
maximus, Lachnolaimus 87
marinum, Stizostedion 206 martini, Astatotilapia 1 84
maximus, Priodontes 5
marinus, Aplochiton 204 martinicensis, Incerticyclus 188
Maxomys 24, 144
marisae, Hipposideros 10 martinii,Euploea 171
Cephalophus 141
rrtaxwellii,
maritimus, Ursus 129 martiniquensis, Myotis 138
maya, Cyprinodon 79
markhami, Oceanodroma 198 masafuerae, Aphrastura 45
mayensis, Peromyscus 26
Markhor 21 masalai, Nyctimene 9
mayeri, Astrapia 58
Markhor. Flare-horned 228 mascaensis, Hemicycla \74
Columba
mayeri, 38
Markhor, Straight-horned 228 mascaensis, Insulivitrina 175
Mayermys 24
Markhor, Tadjik 228 mascarinus, Mascarinus 181
Mayfly, American Sand-burrowing250
marleyi, Chaetodon 84 Mascarinus 181 Mayfly, Argo 250
Marmaronetta 32 Masked-owl, Bismarck 42 Mayfly, Berner's Two-winged 250
marmorata, Napothera 159 Masked-owl, Lesser 198 Mayfly, Blackwater Sand-filtering250
marmorata, Catocala 253 Masked-owl, Manus 42 Mayfly, Cahaba Sand-filtering 250
marmorata, Clemmys 64 Masked-owl, Minahassa 198 Mayfiy, Colorado Burrowing 250
marmorata, Pardofelis 195 Masked-owl, Taliabu 42 Mayfly. Diverse 250
marmorata, Uperoleia 182 masoni, Fusconaia 1 1
Mayfly, False 250
marmoratus, Brachyramphus 150 massachusettsensis, Epischura 207 Mayfl.y, Prison's 250
marmoratus, Cynolebias 79 MASTACEMBELIDAE 205 Mayfly, Large Blue Lake 99
marmoratus, Oryzias 80 mastersi marakupa, Hesperilla 252 Mayfly, Meridion Blackwater 250
marmoratus, Rivulus 243 Masticophis 246 Mayfly, Pecatonica River 186
marmoratus, Salmo 204 Mastigodiaptomus 92, 207 Mayfly, Robust Burrowing 186
marmorensis. Discus 123 Mastomys 24, 144 Mayfly, Spicluose 250
Marmosa 3, 135, 193 matacus, Tolypeutes 136 Mayfly, West Virginia Burrowing250
Marmoset, Aripuana 241 matafaoi. Diastole 190 Mayfly, Yellow 250
Marmoset, Black-headed 14 matanensis, Glossogobius 87 maylandi, Melanotaenia 243
Marmoset, Buffy-headed 14 matanensis, Oryzias 80 maynardi, Procyon 17
Marmoset, Buffy-tufted-ear 14 matanim, Phalanger 4 mayor Musi, 144
Marmoset, Geoffroy's Tufted-ear 14 mathewsi, Penescosta 123 mayottensis, Gulella 191
Marmoset, Goeldi's 14 Mathewsoconcha 125 mayri, Rallina 198
Marmoset, Golden-white Tassel-ear 14 matildae, Muricopsis 213 mayri, Rhoptromyrmex 101
Marmoset, Wied's 241 Matrona 237 Mayromis 51, 159
Marmosops 3, 135 matschiei, Dendrolagus 4 mazama yelmensis, Thomomys 231
Marmot, Glacier Bay Hoary 230 matschiei, Galago 139 mazama couchi, Thomomys 231
Marmot, Menzbier's 22 matsudairae, Oceanodroma 198 mazama glacialis, Thomomys 231

316
 3 1 1 1 1

mazama louiei. Thomomys 23 MEGALOBULIMIDAE 126. 190 melanogaster, Sporophila 163

mazama pugetensis, Thomomys 231 Megalobulimus 126 melanogaster, Tumix 35
mazama tacomensis, Thomomys 23 megalocephala, Natrix 61 Melanogrammus 77
mazama tumuli, Thomomys 231 Megalolulimus 190 melanoides, Chilonopsis 191
Mazama 141, 197 Megalomyrmex 100 melanoidus, Leptoxis 118
mazumbaiensis, Sitala 215 Megalomvs 178 melanoleuca, Ailuropoda 17
mbaiso, Dendrolagus 4 MEGALONYCHIDAE 193 melanoleucus, Microhierax 149
mccordi, Aiasmidonta 1 1 megalophylla, Scotorythra 1 86 melanoleucus, Spizastur 148
mccordi. Chelodina 62 megalops, Astatotilapia 84 1
melanomycter, Saccogaster 11
mccordi, Cuora 200 megalotis limicola, Reithrodontomys melanonota, Touit 41
mccubbini, Taskiria 254 245 melanonotus, Odontophorus 149
mcglameriae, Medionidus 1 1 megalotis Lepomis 247
ssp.,
melanonyx, Lophuromys 143
mcgregori, Coracina 48 megalotis, Dorcatragus 21 Melanopareia 155
mcilhennyi, Conioptilon 156 megalotis, Paracoelops 10 Melanoperdix 149
mckenziei, Pipistrellus 13 megalura, Dactylopsila 5 melanops, Percichthys 206
mclachlani, Cordylus 59 Megalurulus 159, 198 melanops, Scolomys 27
mcleodii, Nyctiphrynus 153 Megalurus 51 melanops, Sporophila 55
mcmichaeli, Elliptio 172 MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE 107 melanops, Vimba 74
mcneili, Ferrissia 1 1
MEGAPODIIDAE 34, 149 MELANOPSIDAE 212
meadewaldoi, Haematopus 180 Megapodius 34, 149 melanopterus complex, Lipochromis 85
Meadowlark, Pampas 56 Megaptera 18 melanopterus, Aeretes 142
meandricus, Acanthorutilus 202 megarhyncha, Pitta 156 melanopterus, Balantiocheilos 71
meamsi, Pteropus 194 megarhynchus. Ploceus 57 melanopterus, Stumus 164
Mecistogaster 108 megarramphus, Dermogenys 168 ' Melanoptila 158
Mecodema 185 MEGASCOLECIDAE 109 melanosoma, Eleotris 169
MECOPTERA 254 Megascolides 110 Meianospiza 162
Merfa 72 megaspila, Cobitis 203 melanoslictus, Phyllodactylus 199
medeis, Conomyrma 100 MEGATHYMIDAE 252 melanostomus, Neogobius 206
media, Gallinago 150 Megatriorchis 148 melanostomus, Notropis 73
media, Kyidris 100 Megaxenops 45 Melanosuchus 58
medianalis, Pseudobargus 76 Megazosterops 161 melanota, Palaemnema 108
medicaudatus, Lophuromys 143 megomphala, Opanara 123 Melanotaenia 78, 168, 204, 205, 243
medicinalis, Hirudo 171 MEGOMPHICIDAE 126
melanotis, Coryphaspiza 54
medicus, Agapetus 254 Megupsilon 183 melanotis, Manorina 54
Medionidus 111. 172 mehelyi, Rhinolophus 1
melanotis, Oryzomys 197
medirostris, Acipenser 70 meidingeri, Rutilus 74
melanotis, Raphicerus 131
Mediterraneo, Barbo71 meinertzhageni ivoriensis, Hylochoerus
melanura, Dendrogale 8
mccti brevis, Orconectes 237 226
melanurus, Carpomys 197
meeki, Corvus 164 mekistocholas, Notropis 73
melanurus, Ceyx 44
meeki, Cyprinodon 79 mekisturus, Peromyscus 26
melanurus, Eliomys 145
meeki, Graphium 105 Meladema 98
melanurus, Myrmoborus 46
meeki, Macrhybopsis 168 melaena griqua, Tuxentius 252
melanurus, Mysateles 146
meeki, Microgoura 180 Melaenornis 5!
melanurus, Peromyscus 26
meeki, Zoslerops 199 melampoides, Amphorella 124
melanurus. Pithecheir 144
megacephalum, Platystemon 200 Melamprosops 56
melas, Globicephala 242
megacephalus atrirelictus, melampus petersi, Aepyceros 227
Melasmothrix 24
Microdipodops 111 melampus tsuensis, Maries 224
meleagrides, Agelastes 34
megacephalus nexus, Microdipodops melampus, Aepyceros 130
Melidectes, Long-bearded 54
232 Melanatria 173 Melidectes, Vogelkop 162
megacephalus, Nycticorax 179 Melanerpes 155 Melidectes 54, 162
megaceros, Kobus 141 melanippus keteus, Danaus 237 Melignomon 44
MEGACHILIDAE 208 melanjae, Cymothoe 253 melindae, Anthus 157
Megacolabus 248 Melanobatrachus 67 Meliobba 173
Megacrex 198 melanobranchus, Papillogobius 169 Meliphaga 162, 199
Megadendromus 24 melanocephalus, Cacajao 241 MELIPHAGIDAE 54, 132, 162, 181, 199
MEGADERMATIDAE 10, 136 melanocephalus, Carpomis 46 melissa samuelis, Lycaeides 252
Megadontomys 144 melanocephalus, Speirops 53 melissa, Vampyressa 137
Megadyples 29 melanocephalus, Threskiomis 147 melitensis, Lampedusa 123
Megadytes 185 melanocephalus, Tragopan 35 melitensis, Pseudamnicola 211
megaensis, Hirundo 48 Melanocharis 199 melitophrys, Vireolanius 163
megaera, Graphium 105 Melanochelys 64, 200 melleri. Anas 147
Megaerops 9 melanochlamys, Bangsia 54 mellianus, Oriolus 57
MEGALADAPIDAE 14,241 melanochroa, Ducuia 151 mellis,Pseudomugil 78
Megalagrion 106.171,187,237 melanochrous, Serinus 163 Mellisuga 153
Megalaima 154 melanodera, Melanodera 162 melodus, Charadrius 37
Megalanura 250 Melanodera 162 Melogale 17,224
Megalaperyx 179 melanogaster, Anhinga 147 MELOIDAE 249

317
 2 3 1

Melomys, White-toothed 23 MESOGASTROPODA 113, 133, 173, Micrarionta 125,215

Melomys 25, 144 187,210,238,244,256 Micrastur 34, 242
melones, Banksula 88 Mesogobius 206 micristius, Cyprinus 72
Melonycteris 9 mesoleuca, Conothraupis 54 Microbatrachella 67
Melursus 18 mesoleucus telmalestes, Conepatus 224 MICROBIOTHERIA 3
melvillensis, Trochomorpha 175 Mesomys 197 MICROBIOTHERIIDAE 3
Marginella 213
melvilli, Mesonerilla 110 microblepharis, Celestus 199
menachensis, Tardus 53 Mesoperipatus 209 Microcebus 13
menadensis, Parantica 244 Mesoplodon 196 microcephalus, Barbus 71
menae, Orconectes 94 mesotes, Paragalaxias 77 micrococcus, Pyrgulopsis 211
menagei, Gallicolumba 39 MESOVELIIDAE 251 Microcryptorhynchus 248
menava maeroides, Pararge 253 iWeto 88 Microcylloepus 249
menckei,Monarcha 199 Metabolus 51 Microdillus 144
mendana, Graphium 171 Metacnemis 209 Microdipodops 232
mendiculus, Spheniscus 29 Metacyclops 92, 132 microdon, Lepilemur 241
mendozae, Pomarea 52 Metadiaptomus 92 microdon, Lipochromis 184
Menidia 78, 168 Metallura 43, 153 microdon, Nyctophilus 13
mento, Prognathochromis 85 Metalmark, Lange's 253 microdon, Pristis 69
memo, Silurus 76 Metaltail, Neblina 153 microdon, Reithrodontomys 145
Menura 157 Metaltail, Perija 153 Microeca 159
MENURIDAE 157 Metaltail, Violet-throated 43 Microgale 5, 241
menzbieri, Marmota 22 metamorpha, Ogasawarana 1 1
Microgoura 180
mephistophiles, Pudu 141 Metapogon 250 microgyria, Pheidole 101
merces, Aloeides 102 metastriata, Dysnomia 255 microgyna, Tetramorium 102
mercierii, Ptilinopus 180 metastriata, Epioblasma 110 Microhierax 149
mercuriale, Coenagrion 106 Metatrichoniscoides 97 Microhydromys 144
Merganser, Auckland Islands 179 metcalfi, Pyrgulopsis 211 Microhylid, Black 67
Merganser, Brazilian 32 metcalfi, Sonorella 174 MICROHYLIDAE 67, 201
Merganser, Scaly-sided 32 methueni, Lygodactylus 59 microlepidotus, Basilichthys 204
mergulus, Limnogale 5 methymna dicksoni, Lepidochrysops252 microlepidotus, Phyllodactylus 165
Mergus 32, 179 Metisella 252 microlepis, Leuciscus 72
meridianus, Scrranochromis 132 metohiensis, Paraphoxinus 13 microlepis, Mycteroperca 83
meridionalis, Cobitis 168 Metrarga 251 microlepis, Oligosoma 61
meridionalis, Mysateles 146 Metrioptera 109 microlepis, Tachygia 182
meridionalis, Nestor 41 Mexclapique 80 Microrrmcronus 51
meridionalis, Omithoptera 105 mexicana, Branchinecta 91 micromegas, Nesoctites 155
meridionalis, Pseudirion 250 mexicana, Choeronycteris 137 Micromonacha 154
Meridolum 122, 173 mexicana, Dasyprocta 145 micromphala, Kimboraga 122
Meriones 25 mexicanum, Ambystoma 68 Micromys 144
merlini, Arborophila 34 mexicanus jordani, Astyanax 236 Micronaspis 249
MEROSTOMATA 171,209 mexicanus navaho, Microtus 245 Micronycteris 11, 137
merriami collinus, Dipodomys 231 mexicanus, Cynomys 22 Microperoryctes 193
merriami parvus, Dipodomys 231 mexicanus, Ictalurus 75 Microphis 205
merriami, Empetrichthys 184 mexicanus, Microtus 25 microphthalmus, Sinocyclocheilus 74
merriami, Fluminicola 211 mexicanus, Rheomys 145 microphthalmus, Spalax 27
merrilli, Ptilinopus 151 mexicanus, Xenotriccus 156 microphylla, Tritocleis 186
mertensi, Suncus 8 Mexico, Charal del Valle de204 micropithecus, Sphaerodactylus 59
Mertensiella 68, 167 Mexilana 97 Micropotamogale 5
meruensis, Aeshna 105 Mexipyrgus 238 microps alfredi, Dipodomys 23
Merulaxis 46, 155 Mexistenasellus 97 microps leucotis, Dipodomys 232
merulinus, Garrulax 159 Mexithauma 256 microps, Catostomus 75
Merycomyia 250 meyerdeschauenseei, Tangara 55 microps, Heteropneustes 76
Mesacanthotelson I'^l meyeri, Pachycephala 160 Micropsitta 152
Mesechinus 6 meyeri, Xiphophorus 80 Micropteropus 9
Mesembriomys 25, 144 meyricki, Hedylepta 186 micropterus, Chlamydogobius 87
mesibovi, Beddomeia 1 14 Mezquital, Cachorrito de79 Micropterus 169, 206, 247
Mesite, Brown 35 miamiensis, Cyclocephala 250 Micropygia 149
Mesite, Subdesert 35 mica, Cincinnatia 115 microsculpta, Thapsia 215
Mesite, White-breasted 35 micanopy, Belocephalus 109 microspira, Platyla 210
Mesitomis 35 micans, Amastra 121 microstoma, Lamellidea 213
MESITORNITHIDAE 35 michaeli, Arctodiaplomus 91
microstoma, Partula 191
Mesocapromys 28 michaeli, Harpagochromis 184 microstriata, Physella 1 1

Mesocricetus 25 michaudi, Lemniscia 125 Microstrophia 128

Mesocyclops 92 michaudi, Tropidophora 212 microtarsus, Graciliruznus 135
Mesodon, Banded 239 miconax, Aotus 14
microthauma, Lyropupa 216
Mesodon 175,215,239 Micoureus 135
Mesodontrachia 174 micramyla, Palline 214
microtheca,
microtis,
Ogasawarana 209
Dusicyon 195
4

318
 75 8 1 1 1 1

Microtus 25, 144, 178, 197, 232, 233, 242, minima, Paludinella 211 mirabilis, Carelia 189
245 minima, Stormsia 119 mirabilis. Cyanolyca 58
micrus, Nesophontes \11 minimus atristriatus, Tamias 231 mirabilis, Eriocnemis 43
MICTACEA 97 minimus maritimus, Antechinus 219 mirabilis, Hemiphlebia 107
MICTOCARIDIDAE 97 minimus selkirki, Tamias 23 mirabilis, Hirasea 214
Mictocaris 97 minimus, Chironectes 135 mirabilis. Loddigesia 43
middlekaufi, Idioslatus 109 minimus. Cynolebias 79 mirabilis. Lyropupa 216
Midge, Giant Torrent 99 minimus, Spilomis 148 mirabilis, Partula 191
Midge, Tasmanian Torrent 99 miniopinna, Betta 88 Mirafra 48, 157
midgleyi. Pingalla 169 Miniopterus 12, 138 Miramella 108
mighetsiana, Partulina 121 Minivet, Brown-rumped 157 miranda, Basilomis 164
migratorius, Cricetulus 143 Minivet, White-bellied 157 mirandae, Hemitriccus 47
migratorius, Ectopistes 180 Mink, European 17 Miratesta 187
migueli, Eupsophus 67 minnae, Grammomys 143 MIRIDAE 251
mikado, Syrmaticus 149 Minnow, Black-striped 168 mirifica, Lytta 249
mikadoi, Acipenser 70 Minnow, Devil's River 72 mirificus, Lewinia 36
MILACIDAE 215 Minnow, Kanawha 73 mirus, Mesoplodon 196
milagros, Parantica 104 Minnow, Loach 74 mirus, Otus 42
milensis, Podarcis 60 Minnow, Maluti 73 Mirza 13
militaris, Ara 40 Minnow, Rio Grande 72 misella, Lamprocystis 215
militaris, Stumella 56 Minnow, Roundnose 246 Misgumis 168
Millardia 25 Minnow, Stumptooth 183 misoolensis, Melanotaenia 243
millepalmarum, Eremarionta 125 Minnow, Swamp 203 MISOPHRIIDAE 97
millepunctata, Damochlora 122 Minnow, Western Mud 168 MISOPHRIOIDA 97
millerae, Victodrobia 1 1
Minnow-Nase 202 mississippiensis, Orconectes 94
Millerbird 49 minor, Dobsonia 136 missouri, Glyphopsyche 255
milleri, Cochliopina 115 minor, Elapognathus 165 Mistfrog, Common 66
milleri, Grallaria 46 minor, Eliurus 242 Mistichthys 132
milleri, Knipowitschia 206 minor, Furcifer 59 mitchellae, Thersites 122
milleri, Myotis 177 minor, Lacustrelix 173 mitchelli mitchelli, Neonympha 253
milleri, Procambarus 95 minor, Leptoxis 1 1
mitchelli, Quincuncina 112
milleri, Sorex 1 minor, Miniopterus 138 mitchellii, Phegomis 150
milleri, Thermosphaeroma 97 minor, Myrmotherula 46 mir/j elgonis, Cercopithecus 222
millestriala, Dupucharopa 123 minor, Nothura 29 mirii kandti, Cercopithecus 212
milleti,Garrulax 50 minor, Palaua 215 Mitoura 252
milnei, Garrulax 159 minor, Phoenicopterus 147 mitra, Euploea 104
Miloderes 248 minor, Platalea 31 mitratus, Rhinolophus 194
miltus, Cambarus 93 minor, Platanista 19 mitteruiorfi, Lemniscomys 24
milvus, Milvus 242 minor, Praomys 26 miru, M/ru 180
Milvus 242 minor. Procyon 17 A/il« 180
Milyeringa 206 minotaur. Hippocampus 205 Mixogaster 250
mimeticus, Dryotribus 185 minous, Acomys 23 Mixophyes 67, 167
Mimic, White 252 minuchae, Rossomyrmex 101
mixtus, Batrachostomus 198
MIMIDAE 49, 158 minuscula, Brazieria 217 mixtus, Saccolaimus 10
Mimizuku 42 minuta, Crocidura 193 m/ya, Crocidura 6
Mimodes 49 minuta, Hauffenia 211 miyazakii, Chamalychaeus 213
mimosa, Discocharopa 214 minuta, Helicoverpa 186 mizura, Euroscaptor 8
mimula, Belgrandiella 1 1
minuta, Kerivoula 138 mlokosiewiczi, Tetrao 149
mimulus, Pseudantechinus 3 minuta, Libellulosoma 106 Moa, Brawny Great 179
minahassae, Pipistrellus 194 minuta, Nanocopia 92 Moa, Burly Lesser 179
mincklcyi, Cichlasoma 85 minuta, Neohoratia 21 Moapa Ti
minckleyi, Nymphophilus 256 minuta, Symolopsis 119 Moccasinshell, Alabama 1 1

mindana nipponica, Hemicordulia 238 minuta, Trochidrobia 117 Moccasinshell, Coosa 1 1

mindanensis, Coracina 48 minutilla, Rhogeessa 139 MOCHOKIDAE 76, 243
mindanensis, Ptilocichla 160 minutissima, Helenoconcha 189 mocinno, Pharomachrus 153
mindorensis, Anonymomys 23 minutissima, Hemistorrm 116 Mockingbird, Floreana49
mindorensis, Bubalus 20 minutissimus, Leptothorax 100 Mockingbird, Socorro 49
mindorensis, Crocodylus 58 minutus, Lacconectus 249 modesta, Gerygone 50
mindorensis, Ducula 39 minutus, Micromys 144 modesta, Gila 72
mindorensis, Otus 42 minutus, Mormopterus 13 modesta, Hemicycla 245
mindorensis, Penelopides 44 minutus, Nyctimene 9 modesta. Microstrophia 128
mindorensis, Rattus 26 minutus, Paraphoxinus 202 modesta, Turacoena 39
mindorus, Crocidura 6 minutus, Strongylognathus 102 modestus, Dicrurus 164
Miner, Black-eared 54 Mipentina, Damba 85 modestus, Gallirallus 180
minima, Balis 198 mi'ra, Rhogeessa 139 modestus, Gomphurus 171
minima, Beddomeia 114 mira, Scolopax 38 modestus, Zosterops 54
minima, Lampetra 183 mirabilis, Campsicnemus 185 modica, Gibberula 213

319
moellendorffi, Sundasciurus 142 Monarch, Biak 51 Monkey, Dryas 194
moemeri, Papilio 105 Monarch, Black-bibbed 159 Monkey, Elgon Blue 222
moesla, Amaurospiza 162 Monarch, Black-chinned 51 Monkey, Fernando Po Preuss's222
moesta, Lylta 249 Monarch, Black-tipped 159 Monkey, Fernando Po Crowned 222
Mogera 8 Monarch, Celestial 50 Monkey, Fernando Po Red-eared 222
mogollonensis hualpaiensis, Microtus Monarch, Fatuhiva 52 Monkey, Francois' Leaf 15
232 Monarch, Flores 51 Monkey, Geoffroy's Spider241
Mogurnda, Black 87 Monarch, Iphis 52 Monkey, Golden 222
Mogurnda, Blotched 87 Monarch, Jamaican 170 Monkey, Golden Snub-nosed 15
Mogurnda, Eastern 244 Monarch, Kolombangara 159 Monkey, Grizzled Leaf 15
Mogurnda, Kokoda 244 Monarch, Loetoe 159 Monkey, Guizhou Snub-nosed 15
Mogurnda, Striped 87 Monarch, Manus 159 Monkey, Hybrid Spider 221
Mogurnda, Variegated 87 Monarch, Marquesan52 Monkey, Javan Fuscous Leaf 194
Mogurnda 87, 244, 247 Monarch, Ogea 51 Monkey, Ka'apor Capuchin 15
mohaveana, Helminthoglypta 174 Monarch, Rarotonga 52 Monkey, Kahuzi Owl-faced 222
mohavensis, Spermophilus 22 Monarch, Short-crested 159 Monkey, L'Hoest's 140
Moho 54, 181 Monarch, Tahiti 52 Monkey, Long-haired Spider 14
Mohoua 51 Monarch, Tinian 51 Monkey, Mainland Preuss's222
Moitessieria 244
Monarch, Truk 51 Monkey, Mentawai Leaf 15

Moitessieria 116,173,244
Monarch, Vanikoro 159 Monkey, Night 221
Mojarra 85 Monarch, White-breasted 199 Monkey, NilgiriLeaf 15
Monarch, White-tailed 159 Monkey, Northern Brown Howling 221
mojavensis mojavensis, Crossidius 248
molae, Pyrenaearia 126
Monarch, White-tipped 51 Monkey, Owl-faced 140
Monarch,Yap 159 Monkey, Pig-tailed Snub-nosed 15
Mole, De Winton's Golden 5
Mole, Duthie's Golden 5
Monarcha 51, 159, 199 Monkey, Preuss's 15

Mole, Giant Golden 5 monardi, Bellamya 120 Monkey, Proboscis 15

Mole, Grant's Golden 5 Monardithemis 107 Monkey, Red-handed Howling 221

Mole, Gunning's Golden 5 monas, Aphaostracon 114 Monkey, Roloway 222
Mole, Japanese Mountain 8 monasa, Porzana 180 Monkey, Somalia Sykes 222
Mole, Juliana's Golden 5 monax, Crocidura 6 Monkey, South Pacific Blackish Howling
monensis granti, Epicrates 234 241
Mole, Northern Marsupial 4
monensis monensis, Epicrates 234 Monkey, Sun-tailed 15
Mole, Persian 8
monensis, Typhlops 62 Monkey, Tana River Sykes 222
Mole, Rough-haired Golden 5
Mongo 86 Monkey. Tonkin Snub-nosed 15
Mole, Ryukyu 8
mongo, Slomatepia 86 Monkey, White-fronted Leaf 194
Mole, Sado 8
Mongoose, Broad-striped 16 Monkey, White-throated 15
Mole, Sclater's Golden 5
Mole, Somali Golden 5 Mongoose, Brown-tailed 17 Monkey, Widow 241

Mongoose, Gambian 195 Monkey, Yellow-tailed Woolly 15

Mole, Southern Marsupial 4
Monkey, Yunnan Snub-nosed 15
Mole, Van Zyl's Golden 5 Mongoose, Giant-striped 17
Mongoose, Jackson's 16 Monkeyface, Appalachian 112
Mole, Visagie's Golden 5
Mongoose, Liberian 17 Monkeyface, Cumberland 255
Mole, Yellow Golden 241
Monklet, Lanceolated 154
Mole, Zulu Golden 241 Mongoose, Narrow-striped 17
Mongoose, Sokoke Bushy-tailed 224 monoceros, Monodon 196
molesta, Lylta 249
mongoz, Eutemur 13 monoceros, Rhinolophus 137
molinae, Trochoidea 126
mollicomulus, Rattus 26 monguilloti, Carduelis 163
monochromos, Thomasomys 145
Manias Monodelphis 3, 135
mollispinis ssp., Lepidomeda 246 35
moloch, Hylobates 16 monica. Anemia 132 monodon, Cristilabrum 122
molokaiensis, Pronesopupa 216 moniliger, Batrachostomus 153 Monodon 196

MOLOSSIDAE Monitor. Central Asian Desert246 monodonta, Cryptazeca 123

13, 139, 194
Monitor, Gray's 61 monodonta, Lamellidea 188
molossinus, Pteropus 9
Molossops 13, 139 Monitor, Yellow 243 monodonta, Margaritifera 255
Molossus 139 moniziana, Geomitra 124 MONODONTIDAE 18, 196
Monjita, Black-and-white 47 monodosus, Afrithelphusa 95
moluccensis, Cacatua 40
Monjita, Salinas 156 Monolistra 97, 237
molurus. Python 165
momonga, Pteromys 242 Monjon 135 Monomorirm 100

MOMOTIDAE 154 Monkey, Allen's Swamp 140 Monomorium 101

monacha, Cyprinella 167 Monkey, Andean Night 14 Monophyllus 137

monacha, Grus 131
Monkey, Andean Titi 14 Monopterus 205
monacha, Poeciliopsis 205 Monkey, Beni Titi 194 manor his, Oceanadroma 146

monacha, Ptilinopus 151

Monkey, Black Spider 241 monorthonyx, Anurophasis 149
monachus milleri, Pithecia 222
Monkey, Blackish Squirrel 15 MONOTREMATA 3, 219
monachus, Aegypius 148
Monkey, Brown-headed Spider 14 monroensis, Cincinnatia 115
monachus, Monachus 17
Monkey, Brumback's Night 14 Monster, Gila 59
Monkey, Central American Squirrel 15 montagui, Partulina 188
Monachus 17, 178
Monkey, Colombian Woolly 222 montalentii, Discaglossus 66
Monadenia 121,215,239
Monkey, Common Woolly 241 montalivetensis, Amplirhagada 173
monae, Typhlatya 93
Monkey, Diana 15, 222 Montana, Odontopodisma 108
Monal, Chinese 35
Monkey, Douc 15 montana, Paroreomyza 163
Monal, Sclater's 35

320
montana, Sheppardia 52 moricandi, Anisotremus 84 Moth, Prairie Sphinx 105
montana, Tricula 119 MORIDAE 77 Moth, Precious Underwing 253
montana, Xenoligea 56 Morimus 98 Moth, Silver Spotted Ghost 252
montani, Anthracoceros 44 morio, Praomys 26 Moth. Small Lappet 102
montanus codiensis, Microtus 232 morio, Sylvisorex 8 Moth, Spanish Moon 208
montanus fucosus, Microtus 232 mormo langei, Apodemia 253 Moth, Wallupe Leaf-Roller 254
montanus nevadensis, Microtus 232 Mormolyce 248 Motmot, Keel-billed 154
montanus pictus, Thestor 252 mormonum buttoni. Monadenia 239 Mouflon, Armenian 230
montanus zygomaticus, Microtus 232 mormonum hirsuta, Monadenia 239 Mouflon, Cyprus 230
montanus, Psephenus 249 MORMOOPIDAE 11, 137 Mouflon, Esfahan 230
montanus, Alsodes 201 Mormoops 137 Mouflon, European 230
montanus, Andropadus 157 Mormopterus 13 Mouflon, Laristan 230
montanus, Charadrius 37 morondavana, Papilio 208 Mouldingia 122
montanus, Dasymys 23 morongoana, Eremarionta 174
moulinsiana. Vertigo 133
montanus, Isolobodon 179 Morphnus 148 Mountain-babbler, Chapin'sl59
montanus, Nyctalus 138 morrisi, Myotis 12 Mountain-babbler, Red-collared 159
Mountain-babbler, White-throated51
montanus, Prioniturus 41 morrisi, Procambarus 95
Mountain-finch, Cochabamba55
montanus, Rattus 26 morrisoni, Lytta 249
Mountain-finch, Sillem's 199
montanus, Stygobromus 89 morrisoni, Pyrgulopsis 211
Mountain-finch, Tucuman 55
montanus, Suncus 8 morrisoni, Stygobromus 89
Mountain-pigeon, Long-tailed 151
montecanoensis, Lepidoblepharis 59 Mortonagrion 106
Mountain-robin, Dappled 50
montecristoi, Abronia 59 Morus 146
Mountain-tanager, Golden-backed54
monteiri, Malaconotus 49 mosana, Rhyacophila 255
Mountain-tanager, Masked 54
monteithorum, Euastacus 96 moschata, Desmana 8
Mountain-toucan, Black-billed 154
montenegrinus, Salmo 204 moschatus, Neotragus 131
Mountain-toucan, Grey-breasted 154
Monte rissa 112 MOSCHIDAE 20, 141, 226 Mountain-toucan, Hooded 154
Monterrey, Platy 80 moschiferus, Moschus 20 Mountain-toucan, Plate-billed 154
montezumae, Mastigodiaptomus 207 Moschus 20, 141, 226 mourae, Ceriagrion 208
montezumensis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Moserius 97 mouroniensis, Zosterops 54
monticola, Archaeolacerta 243 mossambica, Croilia 169 Mouse, Alabama Beach 233
monticola, Leiostyla 127 mossii bayensis, Callophrys 252 Mouse, Alpine 197
monticola, Melanotaenia 205 mostbento, Oligophlebodes 255 Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach 233
monticola, Nanocochlea 1 16 MOTACILLIDAE 48, 157 Mouse, Black Hills Meadow Jumping232
monticola, Zoothera 161 motebensis, Barbus 71 Mouse, California Red Tree 197
monticularis, Bunolagus 28 Moth, American Chestnut 186 Mouse, Chadwick Beach Cotton 233
monticularis, Petromyscus 144 Moth, Bent Wing Swift 252 Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach 233
montis, Praomys 197 Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx 254 Mouse, Dalzura Pocket 231
montisatris. Colophon 99 Moth, Busk's Gall 252 Mouse, Delany's 242
montisserrati, Diploglossus 59 Moth, Ceromatic Noctuid 253 Mouse, Dollman's Tree 144
montivagus, Myotis 138 Moth, Chestnut Clearwing 186, 254 Mouse, Durant's Northern Grasshoper
Moth, Chestnut Ermine 186 233
montosa, Alticola 23
Moth, Confused 186 Mouse, Durrani's Northern Grasshopper
montserratensis, Trochoidea 175
Moth, Green Carposinid 252 233
Montserratirm 174
Moth, Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Mouse, Florida 26
Moonrat, Dinagat 6
254 Mouse, Harvest 144
mooreana, Partula 191
Moth, Hawaiian Hopseed Looper 186 Mouse, Hastings River 26
moorei, Etheostoma 83
Moth, Hebard's Noctuid 253 Mouse, Izenhood Kangaroo 232
moorei, Streptocephalus 91
Moth, Hilo Noctuid 186 Mouse, Jacumba Pocket 232
Moorhen, Gough 36
Moth, loxantha Looper 252 Mouse, Key Largo Cotton 233
Moorhen, Samoan 36
Moth, Kaholuamano Noctuid 186 Mouse, Lakeland Downs 143
Moorhen, San Cristobal 36
Moth, Kern Prirm-ose Sphinx 254 Mouse, Los Angeles Pocket 232
Mopi 13, 139
Moth, Kerr's Noctuid 186 Mouse, Meadow Jumping 242
moquini, Haematopus 150
Moth, Ko'olau Giant Looper 186 Mouse, Monomy White-footed 233
moralesi, Notropis Ti Moth, Kona Giant Looper 186 Mountain Spring Pocket231
Mouse,
Mordacia 69, 201 Moth, Laysan Dropseed Noctuid 186 Mouse, Northern Birch 143
mordax, Harpiocephalus 138 Moth, Laysan Noctuid 186 Mouse, Owyhee River Kangaroo 232
mordax, Notomys 178 Moth, Lemmer's Noctuid 253 Mouse, Pacific Pocket 232
mordax, Pipistrellus 139 Moth, Levuana 187 Mouse, Palm Springs Pocket 232
mordax, Stumira 137 Moth, Lovegrass Noctuid 186 Mouse. Perdido Key Beach 233
moreaui, Nectarinia 161 Moth, Marbled Underwing 253 Mouse, Pilliga 26
moreaui, Orthotomus 51 Moth, Midway Noctuid 186 Mouse, Point Reyes Jumping 232
moreleti, Clavator 120 Moth, Minute Noctuid 186 Mouse, Ponce de Leon Beach 233
moreletii, Crocodylus 199 Moth, Necker Leaf-miner 252 Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping232
Morelia 234 Moth, Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller 254 Mouse, Red-bellied Harvest 233
Morenia 166 Moth, Ohenaupaka Oeobian253 Mouse, Salinas Pocket 242
morenoi, Glossophaga 137 Moth, Ola'a Peppered Looper 186 Mouse, Salt-marsh Harvest 26, 233
moretonicus, Hyridella 255 Moth, Phleophagan Chestnut 186 Mouse, San Diego Pocket 231
morhua Gadus
, 77 Moth, Poko Noctuid 186 Mouse, Santa Rosa Beach 233

321
 1 1 3 2 1

Mouse, Shark Bay 26 163 mutata, Batillaria 210

Mouse. Smoky 26 Munia, Pictorella 163 mutica, Omphalotropis 210
Mouse, Soda Spring Valley Kangaroo232 Munia, Yellow-rumped 163 Muticaria 174
Mouse, Southeastern Beach 242 munionga larana, Oreisplanus 252 mulicus, Pavo 35
Mouse, Southern Birch 143 tnunitus, Noturus 168 MUTILLIDAE 251
Mouse, Southern Grasshopper 233 munroi, Nesotocus 248 mutisii, Eremophilus 204
Mouse, Southern Marsh Harvest245 Muntiacus 20, 197. 227 mutoni, Praomys 144
Mouse, Spiny 23 Muntjac, Black 20 muttui, Muscicapa 159
Mouse, St Andrews Beach 233 Muntjac, Fea's 197 muwu, Ammopelmatus 108
Mouse, Steppe 144 Muntjac, Gongshan 197 Muzquiz, Bagre de 75
Mouse, Tulare Grasshopper 233 mupinensis. Turdus 161 Muzquiz, Platy de 80
Mouse, Western 26 murayamai, Euhndra 213 mweruensis, Bellamya 120
Mouse, White-eared Pocket 142, 232 Murexia 193 Myadestes 51, 159
Mouse-lemur, Coquerel's 13 MURICIDAE 173,213 myadestinus, Myadestes 51
moussoni, Palaina 210 Muricopsis 213 Myaka, Myaka 85
moutoni, Renea 113 muriculus, Gerbillus 242 myaka, Myaka 85
Moxostoma 75, 168, 203, 243, 246 Muriculus 25 Myaka 85
Mucket, Neosho 1 1 MURIDAE 23, 131, 143, 178. 197, 232, MYCETOPHILIDAE 250
Muckel, Orangenacre 172 242, 245
Mycotrupes 250
Mucket, Pink 1 1 muriei, Chasmistes 183 Mycteria 31, 147
Mucket, Salina 255 murina tatei, Sminthopsis 219
Mycteroperca 83, 206
mucronala, Quadrasiella 210 murina, Microperorycles 193 mydas, Chelonia 63, 234
Mud-minnow, European 76 Murina 12, 138, 194 Mydaus 17
Mudalia, Black 118 murinus, Pseudohydromys 26 myersi, Maoricicada 25
Mudalia, Knob 118 Muriqui 14
Mudfish, Black 204
Myiagra 51, 159, 181
murivora, 'Athene' 181
Mudfish, Brown 168 Myioborus 56, 163
muroides. Chiropodomys 143 Myiophobus 156
Mudfish, Canterbury 77
murphyi, Acanthomyops 99
Mudminnow, Olympic 168
Myiophonus 51, 159
murphyi, Ngairea 214
muelleri, Heleia 161 Myiomis 156
murrayense, Pieurobema 1 1
Myiotheretes 47, 156
muelleri, Hylobates 140
Murrelet, Craveri's 150
muelleri, Lewinia 36 mvlergates, Labrochromis 184
Murrelet, Japanese 38
muellerianus, Chalepoxenus 100 MYLIOBATIFORMES 70
Murrelet, Marbled 150
muenninki, Tokudaia 27 Mylothris 253
Murrelet, Xantus's 150
muensis, Noctepurm 214 Myna, Apo 164
Murunducaris 133 Myna, Bare-eyed 164
mufumbiri, Laniarius 157 Mus 25, 144, 197
Mugger 58 Myna, Collared 164
Musashitomiyo 247 Myna, Helmeted 164
MUGILIDAE 86, 244 Muscardinus 145
Mugilogobius 87
MYOBATRACHIDAE 67, 167, 182,201
Muscicapa 51, 159, 199 MYODOCOPIDA 97
miihlenbergii, Clemmys 64 MUSCICAPIDAE 49, 132, 158, 181, 198, myoides, Xeromys 27
mujanensis, Microtus 25 242
mulatla. Macaca 140
Myomimus 28
musciculus, Pipislrellus 139
mulciber elwesii, Euploea 237 Myomys 25, 144
muscina, Kerivoula 12
mulelensis, Alytes 66
Myonycleris 9
muscinus, Hipposideros 10
Muigara 3 myopica, Neoleptoneta 207
Muscipipra 156
myoporicola. Oliarus 251
muliensis, Ochotona 197 Muscocyclops 132
mulleri, Homopholis 165
Myopterus 194
muscosa, Rana 68
Mullet, Freshwater 244 Myopus 144
musculus Balaenoptera 225
,

Mullet, Saint Lucia 86 Myosciurus 22

musculus brevicauda, Balaenoptera
multilamellala, Thaumalodon 190
Myosorex 7
225
multipunctam, Tyto 152 Myospalax 25, 144
musculus, Balaenoptera 18
multiradiatus. Girardinichthys 80 Myotis, Barters 245
musicola, Hedylepta 186
multispinosus, Gronocarus 250 myotis, Myotis 138
Muskrat, Rio Grande 233
muitistriala, Charmosyna 152
Mvotis 12, 13, 138, 177, 194, 245
Musonycteris 11
muhisulcata, Mysorelloides 119 mVoXIDAE 27, 145
MUSOPHAGIDAE 42, 152
myoxinus, Microcebus
multivesiculatus, Lutodrilus 172 13
musschenbroekii, Macrogalidia 18
multivolvis, Planorbella Myoxocephalus 244
1 1
Mussel, Dromedary Pearly 1 10
muhocarinata, Bolyeria 182 Myoxus 145
Mussel, Dwarf Wedge 255
muluensis, Lacconeclus 249 myrella, Kerivoula 12
Mussel, Oyster 255
munda, Galaxiella 168 Myrmecia 101
Mussel, Salamander 255
mundaus, Stygobromus 89 Myrmeciza 46
mussoi, Neusticomys 25
mundus, Monarcha 159 Mussonena 122
MYRMECOBIIDAE 3

munggai, Pachysaga 109 Myrmecobius 3

Mustela 17, 177, 195, 224
Mungos 195 MUSTELIDAE Myrmecophaga 5
17, 140, 177, 195, 224,
Mungotictis 17 245
m'yrmecophagidae 5

Munia, Black 163 mustelina, Achatinella 120

Myrmecoxenus 101

Munia, Grey-banded 57 mustelinus, Lepilemur 1A\

MYRMELEONTIDAE 254
Munia, Grey-crowned mustersi, Batrachuperus 68
Myrmica 101

322
 1 1 79 4 8

myrmicoxena. Myrmica 101 nanus, Accipiter 48 1 Neacomys 144

Myrmoborus 46 nanus, Cerion 123 NEANURIDAE 250
Myrmosula 251 nanus, Mesocapromys 28 nearcticus, Nemapalpus 99
Myrmotherula 46, 155 nanus, Pseudomys 144 neavei, Lanistes 114
Mysateles 28, 146 nanuj, Pyrgulopsis 211 nebulosa, Neofelis 16
MYSIDACEA 97 nanus, Somalogyrus 212 nebulosus, Picumnus 155
MYSIDAE 97 nanus, Spizaetus 33 nebulosus, Pseudocordylus 59
Mysorelloides 119 nanus, Taoniscus 29 nechesae, Procambarus 95
mysorensis, Zoslerops 162 Napaeus 121, 133,244 neckerensis, Nysius 251
mystacea, Aplonis 164 Napolhera 51, 159 neckerensis, Petrochroa 252
mystacea, Geotrygon 151 napu nigricans, Tragulus 226 necra, Carelia 189
Mystacina 13, 177 narasingha narasingha, Erebia 253 Necrospar 182
MYSTACINIDAE 13, 177 narcondami, Aceros 44 Nectarinia 53, 161, 242
mystax, Calomyscus 143 Narwhal 196 NECTARINIIDAE 53, 161, 242
mysticetus , Balaena 224, 225 nasalis, Philanthus 251 Nectomys 25
mysticetus, Balaena 129 Nasalis 15 Nectophrynoides 66
Mystromys 25 nasarovi, Microtus 144 Necydalis 248
Myjrai 209 Nase, Dalmation 202 Neduba 109, 187
Myxus 244 Nase, South European 167 Needle-clawed, Northern 139
Myzomela, Crimson-hooded 199 na,so, Antechinus 193 neergaardi, Nectarinia 161
Myzomela, Red-rumped 162 naTO, Euchoreutes 23 nefrens, Armatobalanus 208
Myzomela, Rotuma 54 najo, MelasmothrLx 24 neglectissimum, Falniowskia 173
Myzomela, White-chinned 199 na.90, Paulamys 178 neglectus, Argyrodiaptomus 207
Myzomela 54, 162, 199 nasomaculatus, Addax 20 neglectus, Molossops 13
Myzopoda 1
nassa, Lavigera 1 1 neglectus, Pappogeomys 23
MYZOPODIDAE 11 nassula, Elimia 1 1 neglectus, Phalacrocorax 147
mzymlae, Cordulegaster 106 WaiHa 17 negrina, Crocidura 6
Nabarlek 135,220 Nasuella 195 Nehalennia 106
naccarii, Acipenser 70 na.r«i, Coregonus 204 neiWi, Leopoldamys 24
NACELLIDAE 187 nasus, Lamna 69 neislerii, Amblema 1 10
nachicola, Euhadra 213 nasuta, Ligumia 172 Nekogigi 76
Nadus 59, 182 nasuta, Percina 169 ne/i, Colophon 99
Naemorhedus 21, 141,229 nasuta, Rhinoclemmys 166 nelsoni, Ammospermophilus 22
naessi, Paracyclopia 92
nasutus, Eptesicus 12 nelsoni, Bufo 66
naevius, Ramphodon 153 nasutus, Lanistes 1 1 nelsoni, Heteromys 23
naevoja, Stictonetta 32 natalensis, Cephalophus 130 nelsoni, Miloderes 248
nahani, Francolinus 198 natalensis, Kinixys 166 nelsoni, Nasua 17
nahuelbutensis, Diplomysles 203 nalalensis, Neritina 209 nelsoni, Neotoma 25
naivashae, Tachyoryctes 27 Paradiaptomus 92
natalensis, nelsoni, Oryzomys 178
/Va/a 200 natalensis, Tomicha 1 1 nelsoni, Terrapene 200
nakadai, Lamellidea 188 NATALIDAE II, 137 nelsoni, Vireo 163
Nakea, Oopu 206 natalis, Zosterops 162 nelsoni, Xenomys 145
namibensis, Laephotis 12 Natalus 11, 137 Nemacheilus 74, 203
Namibocypris 185 Natator 63 nemaeus, Pygathrix 15
Namibomis 159 nationi, Chaetophractus 5 Nemapalpus 99
namiyei, Rana 68 nativitatis, Rattus 178 Nematogenys 204
nana, Brachyphylla 137 natricina, Physella 210 Nematostella 128
nana, Cyanolyca 58 narru: ce«;, Natrix 234 nemestrina, Macaca 15
nana, Eurycea 68 natrix schweizeri, Natrix 234 nemorale, Bradypodion 164
nana, Microstrophia 128 A^arrM 61,234 nemoricola, Gallinago 37
nana, Stiobia 116 nattereri, Anthus 48 Nemosia 55
nana, Stumira 1
nattereri, Ctenomys 145 NEMOURIDAE 254
nananae, Tropocyclops 92 nattereri, Heliconius 104 Nemours 254
Nancibella 190 naHii, Partulina 213 Nene 32
nancillus, Cerbillus 143 NAUCORIDAE 251 NEOBALAENIDAE 242
Nannatherina 206 Naultinus 243 NEOBISIIDAE 89, 207
Nannoperca 82 naumanni, Falco 33 neobrittanicus, Hydromys 24
Nannopsittaca 152 nausithous, Maculinea 170 neocaledonicus, Chalinolobus 12
Nannospalax 25 navai, Hylorchilus 49 Neochanna 77, 168, 204
nannotis, Litoria 66 navajo, Stenopelmatus 1C9 Neochen 147
Nanocochlea 116 navasi, Pyrenaearia 175 Neochmia 57
Nanocopla 92 nayaur nayaur, Pseudois 230 Neocrex 150
Nanodectes 109 nayaur szechuanensis, Pseudois 230 NEOCYCLOTIDAE 117,188
nanodes, Napaeus 133 nayaur, Pseudois 141 Neodiaptomus 92
Nanogovi'/is 87 nazas, Cyprinodon 243 neodiversus, Euastacus 96
Nanoplectrus 255 Nazas, Sardinita 246 Neodrepanis 47
nanoserranus, Prognathochromis 184 ndamanyiluensis, Gulella 216 Neofelis 16

323
 3 1 1 1 1

NEOGASTROPODA 120,173,213 Nesokia 144 nickliniana contracosta,

Neogobius 206 Nesolagus 29 Helminthoglypta 239
Neohoratia 211 Nesomanlis 68 nicobarica, Caloenas 150
Neohydromys 25 Nesomimesa 251 nicobarica, Crocidura 6
neokohli, Pheidole 101 Nesomimus 49 nicobarica, Tupaia 8
Neoleptoneta 207 Nesophontes, Atalaye 177 nicobariensis, Hypsipetes 48
Neolissochilus 73 Nesophontes, Haitian 177 nicobariensis, Megapodius 34
neomexicana, Pyrgulopsis 256 Nesophontes, Saint Michel 177 nicolli,Ploceus 57
neomexicanus, Plethodon 68 Nesophontes,Western Cuban 177 Nicrophorus 99
Neomixis 159 Nesophontes 177 nidipendulus, Hemitriccus 156
Neomorplms 42, 152 NESOPHONTIDAE 177 nieuwenhuisii, Pycnonotus 198
Neonemobius 133 nesopolus, Myotis 138 nigella, Elliptio 110
Neonympha 253 Nesopsar 163 niger avicennia, Sciurus 230
Neophaedusa 214 Nesopupa 127,191,216,217 n/ger cinereus, Sciurus 23
Neophema 41, 152 Nesorestias 251 n/ger shermani, Sciurus 23
Neophoca 242 Nesoryzomys 25, 178 n/ger variani, Hippotragus 228
Neophocaena 196, 225 Nesospiza 55 fji'ger vulpinus, Sciurus 23

Neoplanorbis 1 1
Nesosydne 251 nige/',Cephalophus 141
Neopteryx 9 Nesothauma 254 n(ger, Hippotragus 130
Neorapana 213 Nesotocus 248 n/ger, Melanosuchus 58
neosa, Cryptochia 255 Nesotriccus 47 niger, Pteropus 9
Neosalanx 76 W«ror 41, 152, 181 niger, Yunnanilus 75
Neoscaptor 8 netscheri, Nesolagus 29 nigerrimus, Nesopsar 163
Neoseps 60 nettingi, Plethodon 68 nigerrimus, Polyergus 101
Neosilurus 247 neumanni, Tropodiaptomus 92 Night-heron, Japanese 31
Neospiza 56 neumoegeni, Papilio 105 Night-heron, Mauritius 179
Neothauma 120 Neurergus 201 Night-heron, Rodrigues 179
Neothramma 255 NEUROPTERA 254 Night-heron, White-eared 31
Neothraupis 162 Neusticomys 25 nightingaleensis, Katechonemertes 128
Weorw 150 Neulrodiaptomus 207 Nightjar, Bonaparte's 153
Neotoma 25, 144, 233 nevadae, Crenichthys 79 Nightjar, Cayenne 198
Neotragus 131, 141 nevadensis ssp., Cyprinodon 247 Nightjar, Itombwe 43
Neotrichia 254 nevadica olmosa, Cicindela 248 Nightjar, Long-trained 153

neoxenus, Euptilotis 44 nevermanni, Lonchura 163 Nightjar, Puerto Rican 43

Nephronaias 255 nevilli, Erepta 190 Nightjar, Pygmy 153

Nephrurus 59 nevilli, Gonospira 191 Nightjar, Roraiman 153

Nightjar, Salvadori's 198
NEPTICULIDAE 186 newberryi, Eucyclogobius 87
Neptis 253 newcombi, Nesopupa 216 Nightjar, Sickle-winged 153

Newcombia 120, Nightjar, Vaurie's 43

Weprw 253 121, 188
newelli, Hypena Nightjar, White-winged 43
nequam, Hipposideros 10 186
newelli, Puffinus 30 nigra abingdoni, Geochelone 234
nereis, Rhinolophus 137
nereis. Sterna 38 Newnhamia 98 mgra fcec<:i, Geochelone 234

nigra chathamensis, Geochelone 234

NERILLIDAE 110 Newt, Great Crested 132
NERITIDAE 112, 173,209 newtoni, Coracina 48 nigra darwini, Geochelone 234
Neritilia 173,209 newtoni, Ctenoglypta 190 nigra ephippium, Geochelone 234
Neritina 112,209 newWni, Fulica 180 nigra galapagoensis, Geochelone 234
neritinoides, Stanleya 119 newloni, Gonidomus 191
nigra guntheri, Geochelone 235
neritoides, Lanistes 114 newtoni, Lanius 48 nigra hoodensis, Geochelone 235
Nerodia 246 newtoni, Mesocricetus 25 nigra microphyes, Geochelone 235
nerterius, Cambarus 93 newtoni, Thomea 214 nigra porteri, Geochelone 235
Nesasio 42 Newtonia, Red-tailed 5 nigra vandenburghi, Geochelone 235
Neseis 251 Newtonia 51 nigra vicina, Geochelone 235
Nesidiolesles 251 newtoniana, Prionodura 132 nigra, Astrapia 164

Nesillas 159, 181 Ngairea 214 nigra, Geochelone 65

nesiotes, Acomys 143 ngarduaisi, Palaua 215 nigra, Macaca 15

nesiotes, Deinocossonus 248 nghetinhensis, Pseudoryx 22 nigra, Melanoperdix 149

nesiotes, Scotorythra 186 niangarae. Mops 13
nigra, Pomarea 52
nesiotica, Hirasea 214 nianguae, Etheostoma 83 nigra, Tandonia 215
nesioticus, Bulimulus 126 nicaraguensis, Quiscalus 163 nigra, Trithemis 107

nesioticus, Erebonectes 92 nicefori, Thryothorus 49 nigrescens, Gila 72

nesiotis, Gallinula 36 nichollsi, Ardops 137 nigrescens, Macaca 129
Nesithmysus 248 nickajackensis, Caecidotea 97 nigrescens, Pacifastacus 93
Nesocichla 159 nickliniana awania, Helminthoglypta nigrescens, Prognathochromis 184
Nesoclopeus 36, 180 239 nigrescens, Russatus 214
nesocrabo bidecoratus, Eclemnius 25 nickliniana bridgesi, Helminthoglypta nigrescens, Thoopterus 136
Nesocryptias 251 239 nigricans nigricans, Poecilmitis 252
Nesoctites 155 nigricans zwartbergae, Poecilmitis 252

324
 1 3

nigricans, Aspideretes 65 niofce, Lariscus 142 nolthenii, Vandeleuria 27

nigricans,Chinemys 200 n/ofce,Orachrysops 103 Nomoramphus 205
nigricans, Padogobius 87 nipalensis, Aceros 44 Nomorhamphus 81
nigricapillus, Lioptilus 159 nipalensis. Bubo 152 Nonnula 154
nigricauda, Liobagrus 76 nipalensis. Pitta 156 nonpareil, Chilonopsis 192
nigriceps, Ardeotis 37 NIPHARGIDAE 90, 237 Nopili, Oopu 169
nigriceps, Callithrix 14 Niphargobates 90 norae, Sudisorex 8
nigriceps, Orthotomus 159 Niphargus 90, 237 nordmanni, Glareola 150
nigricollis hernandezi, Saguinus 221 niphobles, Takifugu 207 norfolcensis, Petaurus 135
nigricollis, Grus 36 nippon aplodontus. Cervus 227 Norfolcioconch 123
nigrifrons rubidus. Cephalophus 228 nippon grassianus, Cervus 227 norfolkensis, Norfolcioconch 123
nigrifrons, Cephalophus 141 nippon keramae, Cervus 227 norfolkensis, Posticobia 188
nigrigenis, Agapomis 39 nippon kopschi, Cervus 227 noricum, Bythiospeum 115
nigriloris, Estrilda 57 nippon mandarinus, Cervus 227 norrisi, Acicula 1 1
nigrimas, Oryzias 80 nippon mantchuricus, Cervus 227 nortoni, Stygobromus 89
nigrimentum, Ploceus 57 nippon pseudaxis, Cervus 111 nossima, Amauris 104
nigrinoda, Graptemys 166 nippon pulchellus, Cervus 227 notabilis, Binneya 213
nigripes, Dacnis 54 nippon sichuanicus, Cervus 227 notabilis, Lichmera 199
nigripes, Hylopeles 142 nippon taiouanus, Cervus 111 Nestor 152
notabilis,
nigripes, Muslela 177 nippon yesoensis. Cervus 227 Notarthrinus 252
nigripinnis, Coregonus 183 nippon, Nipponia 31 notata, Campethera 154
nigrirostris, Andigena 54 1 Nipponia 31 notata, Kimberleyeleotris 169
nigrita, Scotophilus 139 Nirodia 103 notatus, Cotumicops 198
nigritella, Trochomorpha 217 nishinoi, Cyathopoma 210 notatus, Thomasomys 145
nigritus, Epinephelus 82 niledula. Dryomys 145 Notechis 234
nigriventer, Discogiossus 182 nilella, Dupontia 124 notera, Palline 214
nigrivestis, Eriocnemis 43 nitendiensis, Pteropus 9 Nothaldonis 248
nigrobrunnea, Tyto 42 nitens, Cochlicopa 245 nothapalinus crenatum, Opeas 240
nigrocapillus, Nothocercus 146 nitens, Haliplus 249 Nothobranchius 79
nigrocapitatus, Stenopelmatus 133 nitida, Ogasawarana 209 Nothocercus 146
nigrocinctus, Procambarus 95 nitidissima, Alectroenas 180 nothofagi, Eusthenia 209
nigrocoerula subtropica, Cicindela 248 nitidissima, Chlorochrysa 54 Nothomyrmecia 101
nigrocyaneus, Todirhamphus 154 nitidulus, Formicoxenus 100 Nothoprocta 29
nigrofasciatus, Puntius 132 nitidus, Liolaemus 199 Nothura, Lesser 29
nigrogularis, Clytorhynchus 158 Nitocreila 96 Nothura 29
nigrogularis, Phalacrocorax 147 f!ito(, Atelognathus 66 Notiomystis 54
nigrogularis, Psophodes 52 nitratoides exilis,Dipodomys 232 notius,Micropterus 169
nigrohamatum, Megalagrion 171 nitraloides nitratoides, Dipodomys Til Notochelys 200
nigrolineatum, Megalagrion 106 nitratoides, Dipodomys 142 Notodiaptomus 92
nigrolineatus, Syngnathus 205 nivalis, Chionomys 143 NOTODROMADIDAE 98
nigromaculatus, Yunnanilus 75 nivalis, Daphnia 91 Notomys 25, 144, 178
nigropectus, Biatas 45 nivalis, Leptonycteris 1 NOTONEMOURIDAE 254
nigropunctatus, Ponlinus 82 niveatus, Epinephelus 82 Notopala 120
nigrorufa, Ficedula 158 niveogularis, Aegithalos 161 NOTOPTERIDAE 167
nigrorufa, Sporophila 55 Niveoscincus 60 Notopteris 9
nigrorufus, Centropus 42 nivicola borealis, Ovis 229 NOTORYCTEMORPHIA 4
nigrorum, Stachyris 52 nivicola nivicola, Ovis 230 Notoryctes 4
nigrostriata, Galaxiella 168 nivicola, Ovis 131 NOTORYCTIDAE 4
nigroviridis, Allenopithecus 140 Niviventer 144 notosaurus, Oligosoma 243
nihoae, Banza 109 njombe, Cisticola 158 notosticta, Aimophila 162
nihoae, Nysius 251 noanamae, Bucco 154 NOTOSTRACA 97
nihoaensis, Eupelmus 251 nobilis, Gambusia 80 Notropis 73, 168, 183, 202
nihoaensis, Sclerodermus 251 nobilis, Moho 181 nottensis, Cupedora 122
niihauensis, Odynerus 251 nobilis, Petaurista 142 Noturus 75, 168,203

ni'Ar/jiZi, Oligodon 200 nobrei, Conus 120 noualhieri, Monomorirm 100

Nobuea 210 novacaledoniae, Rhantus 185
nikolausi, Megadendromus 24
Nilgai 130 Noctepuna 214 novacapitalis, Scytalopus 46

nilgiriensis, Parantica 171 noctitherus, Caprimulgus 43 novaeangliae, Megaptera 18

Nilssonia 66 noctivagus, Crypturellus 146 novaeguineae, Harpyopsis 33
Niltava, Fujian 159 NOCTUIDAE 186,253 novaeguineac, Planigale 3
Niltava 159 Nodipecten 209 novaehebudorum. Hippocampus 81

nimbae, Crocidura 241 nodosa, Partula 191 novaeseelandiae, Falco 149

nimherlinus, Prymnbriareus 244 nodosus, Alsodes 201 novaeseetandiae, Thinomis 37
nimbus, Oreokera 214 noguchii. Sapheopipo 45 novaesi, Philydor 45

njnae, Zaprochilus 109 nokomis caerulescens, Speyeria 253 novaezelandiae, Cotumix 180
Ningbingia 122 nokomis nokomis, Speyeria 253 novaezelandiae, Himantopus 37
novaezelandiae, Ixobrychus 179
Mnox 42, 152 nollothi, Aloeides 102

325
 8

novelta, Amplirhagada 256 nyroca, Aythya 32 occidentalis, Avahi 14

Novumbra 168 Nysius 251 occidentalis, Daphnia 91
Nsess 86 Lanistes 1 14
ny-5io««-r, occidentalis, Dysithamnus 45
nuba, Neotis 150 oahuense, Megalagrion 106 occidentalis, Geopsittacus 41
nubiana, Capra 21 oahuensis, Nesopupa 216 occidentalis, Glacidorbis 113
nubila caymanensis, Cyclura 234 oahuensis, Phyllococcus 186 occidentalis, Leucoptemis 33
nubila lewisi, Cyclura 234 oaii5,Hydroporus 248 occidentalis, Linderiella 169
nubila nubila, Cyclura 234 oaxacae, Kinostemon 166 occidentalis, Mouldingia 122
nubila, Cyclura 60 oaxacensis, Microtus 144 occidentalis, Nectophrynoides 66
nubila, Polyphylla 250 obbiensis, Spizocorys 157 occidentalis, Onychorhynchus 47
nubilus, Aloeides 102 Ofce/ui 126 occidentalis, Otomys 25
nubrica, Ochotona 242 oberi. Icterus 163 occidentalis, Pila 173
nuchale, Etheostorrm 83 oberlaenderi, Zoothera 161 occidentalis, Poeciliopsis 168
nuchalis, Garrulax 159 oberthueri, Pyrenaearia 175 occidentalis, Pseudocheirus 4
nuchalis, Parus 53 oberthurii, Ideopsis 104 occidentalis, Pseudohydromys 26
nuchisquamulatus, Xystichromis 86 obesa, Brazieria 217 occidentalis, Pseudomys 26
nucifraga, Cherax 208 obesiuscula, Boettgeria 123 occidentalis, Ptychobranchus 172
nucleopsis, Pleurobema 112 obesoductus, Arion 213 occidentalis, Strix 153
nudicollis, Procnias 156 obesulus fusciventer, Isoodon 219 occidentalis, Triodopsis 215
nudicostata, Setomedea 174 obesulus nauticus, Isoodon 219 occidentaloides, Trimerotropis 108
nudiventris Acipenser 235
, obesulus obesulus, Isoodon 219 occiduus, Celestus 182
nudiventris, Acipenser 70 obesulus peninsulae, Isoodon 219 occiduus, Gerbillus 24
nudiventris, Typhlobarbus 74 obesus , Thunnus 88 Occirhenea 127
Procambarus 95
nueces, obesus, Thunnus 236 occulens, Trimerotropis 108
Nukupuu 56 obeyensis, Cambarus 93 occulta, Vertigo 175
nulemex, Mexistenasellus 97 obiensis,Melomys 144 occullata, Leptoxis 1 1

nulloporius, Engaeus 95 obliquata obliquata, Dysnomia 255 oceanicum, Megalagrion 106

Numbat 3 obliquata obliquata, Epioblasma 238 oceanicus, Lacconectus 249
Numenius 37, 38, 150 obliquata perobliqua, Dysnomia 255 Oceanides 251
numidicus, Theodoxus 209 obliquata perobliqua, Epioblasma 238 Oceanites 197
nunatakensis, Dicrostonyx 197 obliquicosta, Pupilla 191 Oceanodroma 30, 146, 197, 198
Nunlet, Chestnut-headed 154 obliquidens, Haplochromis 85 ocellata lyncus, Lethe 253
nuptialis,Anoplolepis 100 obliquidens, Lagenorhynchus 242 ocellata. Agriocharis 149
nusatenggara, Cynopterus 136 obliquus, Chaetodon 84 ocellata, Leipoa 34
Nuthatch, Algerian 53 obliquus, Elasmodontomys 179 ocellata, Morenia 166
Nuthatch, Beautiful 53 obliviosus, Rousettus 136 ocellata, Phelsuma 165
Nuthatch, Corsican 161 oblonga, Chelodina 165 ocellata, Rheinardia 35
Nuthatch, Giant 53 Obovaria 111, 172 ocellata, Tumix 149
Nuthatch, Snowy-browed 161 obruta, Helix 125 ocellatus smithi, Rhodeus 236
Nuthatch, White-browed 53
obscura, Edelia 82 ocellatus, Cyrtonyx 149
Nuthatch, Yellow-billed 53
obscura, Luscinia 51 Ocelot, Texas 223
Nuthatch, Yunnan 53 Ochotona
obscura, Metrarga 251 28, 146, 197, 233, 242
nux, Bulimulus 126
obscura, Pentarthrum 248 OCHOTONIDAE 28, 146, 179, 197, 233,
nyakalensis, Litoria 66 242
obscura, Telmatherina 79
Nyala 131
ochracea, Leptodea 172
obscurus, Lariscus 142
Nyala, Mountain 22
obscurus, Artibeus 137 ochraceifrons, Grallaricula 155
nyanzae, Harpagochromis 184
obscurus, Carcharhinus 69 ochraceiventris, Leptotila 39
nyassanus, Bulinus 113
obscurus, Charadrius 37 ochraceus, Contopus 156
Nyctalus 13, 138
obscurus, Hemignathus 181 ochreata brunnescens, Macaca 245
n.vcrea5, Neptis 253
obscurus, Hipposideros 136 ochreata, Macaca 194
nvctelia, Cecilioides 215
obscurus, Lagenorhynchus 195 ochrocephala, Mohoua 5 1

NYCTERIDAE 10, 136

ochrogaster, Penelope 34
obscurus, Mesomys 197
Nycteris 10, 136
obscurus, Tetraophasis 149 ochrogaster, Rhipidomys 145
Nycticebus 14
obserata, Actinella 174 ochroleucus, Hylopezus 155
Nycticeius 139
obsoleta neojuvenalis, Cicindela 248 ochropectus, Francolinus 35
Nycticorax 179
obtecta, Spirorbula 174 ochropyga, Drymophila 155
Nyctimene 9, 136, 177
obtusidens, Gaurochromis 184 Ochrotrichia 254
Nyctimystes 66
obtusifrons, Hephaestus 206 ochsneri, Bulimulus 126
Nyctiphrynus 153
obtusirostris, Calcochloris 241 Ochthebius 249
Nyctophilus 13, 139, 177
obtusirostris, Salmothymus 11 Ochthoeca 156
nylephtha, Ecchlorolestes 171
obtusus, Cylindrus 174 ochthogyra, Omphalotropis 210
Nymph, Sthenele Wood 253
obtusus. Sorruitogyrus 212 Oclandius 248
nympha. Pitta 47
Ocarfia 166,200 oconnori, Rhytida 127
NYMPHALIDAE 104, 170, 208, 237,
octaploidus, Bulinus 173
244, 253
occidentalis lacusanserinus,
Catostomus 246 octava, Ningbingia 122
Nymphophilus 256
occidentalis sonorensis, Poeciliopsis Octodon 28
nyoraensis, Boeckella 91
236 OCTODONTIDAE 28

f
326

I
octolamellata, Taipidon 190 oinotheke, Eucrenonaspides 90 Oncifelis 16,241
octomaculala, Dal la 208 Ojiazul, Guayacon 184 Onconotus 109
oclosetaceus, Mergus 32 okalehubyi, Hydaticus 248 Oncorhynchus 11, 204. 247
ocularis, Graphiurus 28 okaloosae, Etheostoma 83 Ondatra 233
ocularis, Pteropus 9 okamurai, Cipangocharax 213 oniscus, Oryzomys 144
oculata, Stagonopleura 163 Okapi 141 onondagaensis, Stygobromus 89
oculifera, Graptemys 64 Okapia 141 Ofii/owi, Phalacrocorax 31
oculta, Parapheidole 101 okatie, Elassoma 83 Onthophagus 250
Ocyceros 154 okeana, Allocharopa 174 Onychodiaptomus 207
ODOBENIDAE 224 okiensis, Hynobius 68 Onychogalea 4, 177
Odobenus 224 okinawae, Gallirallus 36 Onychognathus 57
Odocoileus 227 okinawanus, Rhipidolestes 107 Onychogomphus 107
odomae, Memllura 153 okinawensis, Hemicordulia 106 Onychomys 233
ODONATA 105, 171, 187. 208, 237, 244 oklediensis, Melanotaenia 78 ONYCHOPHORA 109, 171, 187, 209, 255
ODONTASPIDIDAE 69 okuensis, Lamottemys 24 Onychorhynchus 47
odontina, Erepta 125 okuensis, Myosorex 7 Onychostoma 73
ODONTOCERIDAE 255 olailae, Callicebus 194 Oo, Bishop's 54
Odontodiaptomus 207 Olallamys 146 Oo, Hawaii 181
Odontophorus 35, 149 oleacina, Videna 217 Oo, Kauai 54
Odontopodisma 108 Oleacina 190 Oo, Oahu 181
Odynerus 251 OLEACINIDAE 190, 215 oophorus, Xenopoecilus 81
Oecanthus 108 oleagineus, Zosterops 54 Oopu 206
Oecetis 254 olearia, Ranella 173 oosthuizen, Lepidochrysops 103
Oecomys 25 oZ/ox, Mycteroperca 83 opalescens, Cynolebias 79
oeconomus amakensis, Microtus 232 Oliarces 254 Opanara 123
oeconomus elymocetes, Microtus 232 Oliarus 251 oparica, Ruatara 123
oeconomus innuilus. Microtus 232 Oligoaeschna 106 Opata. Malalote 75
oeconomus popofensis, Microtus 232 OLIGOCHAETA 109. 172 Opea.! 240
oeconomus punukensis, Microtus lil Oligodon 200 Openbill, Asian 147
oeconomus sitkensis, Microtus 232 oligolepis, Toxotes 244 operculina, Hirasea 124
oeconomus, Microtus 144 Oligolepis 169 Opheodrvs 165
Oedemasylus 185 OLIGONEURIIDAE 250 OPHIDIIFORMES 77, 204. 247
oedippus, Coenonympha 171 Oligophlebodes, Tombstone Prairie255 Ophidiocephalus 60
oedipus, Saguinus 14 Oligophlebodes 255 Ophiogomphus 244
oedipus, Schistura 75 Oligoryzomys 25, 144 Ophiogomphus 107. 171. 238
oenanthe, Callicebus 14 Oligosoma 60, 61, 165, 200, 243 Ophisternon 82, 205
oen<3A:, Wilfredomys 242 olivacea, Carelia 189 Ophrvsia 35
Oenomys 197 olivacea, Lepidochelys 63 OPILIONES 88
oenops, Columba 38 olivacea, Nasuella 195 opiocephalus, Zosterisessor 207
Oeobia 186 olivacea, Pyrgulopsis 211 opiranus, Turgenitubulus 122
Oeoblia 253 olivaceofuscus, Turdus 161 opislherythra, Rhipidura 160

oerstedi citrinellus, Saimiri 222 olivaceus, Criniger 48 opisthomelas, Puffinus 30

oerstedi oerstedi, Saimiri 222 olivaceus, Geocolaptes 154 Opisthopatus 187
oerstedii, Saimiri 15 olivaceus, Hypsipetes 48 Opisthotropis 61,200
Oestophora 174 olivaceus, Varanus 61 Opsaridium 73
Offachloritis 122 Olive-pigeon, Comoro 151 optima, Ogasawarana 209
offella, Boromys 178 oliveri, Cyclodina 243 Optioservus 249
ogasawarae, Boninena 121 oliveri, Haematopinus 98 opudi, Telmatherina 79

ogasawarae, Boninosuccinea 128 oliviae, Columba 38 opuntia, Micrarionta 125

ogasawarana, Gastrocopta 191 olivieri, Amaurornis 36 Orachrysops 103

ogasawarana, Lamellidea 120 o/i'viV, Tumix 35 Pseudomys 26
oralis,

ogasawarana, Ogasawarana 209 olivula, Elimia 117 Orambanonga 208

ogasawarana, Trochochlamys 124 ollula, Sylvisorex 241 Orambato 208
Olm 68 Orang-utan 16
Ogasawarana 112,209
Olomao 51 Orangia 123
ogasawarensis, Hemicordulia 106
Oloplotosus 76 oratrix, Amazona 40
ogasawarensis, Rhinocypha 106
olrogi,Andalgalomys 23 Oravelia 251
OgiVfcifl 204
olympiae, Carabus 98 orbicularis, Emys 165
ogilbyi crusalbum, Cephalophus 228
omalonotus, Pachypanchax 243 orbignyi, Rhantus 185
ogilbyi, Melanotaenia 205
omeiensis, Liocichla 51 orbitalus, Hemitriccus 156
ogilbyi, Cephalophus 141
Omphalotropis 114, 187,210,256 orca, Notropis 183
og/ei, Stachyris 52
Onager 225 orca, Orcinus 129
Ogmodon 62
onca, Panthera 140 Orcaella 195
ogmoraphe, Pyrgulopsis 256
onca, /fa/Ml 68 orcesi, Pyrrhura 41
Ognorhynchus 41
Onchobarus 248 Orchesticus 162
oheoheana, Spheterista 254
Onchomys 233 ORCHESTIIDAE 90
ohridana, Acantholingua 11
Onchotelson 97 orcinus orcinus, Niphargus lYl
Ohridohauffenia 188

327
orcinus, Procambarus 95 orientalis, Uperoleia 201 osborni, Clidomys 179
Orcinus 129 orientalis, Vespertilia 13 Osbornictis 195
Orconectes 94, 237 orientissimus, Microcryptorhynchus248 osbumi, Etheostoma 169
orconectoides, Hobbseus 94 Origma 159 osburni, Vireo 163
orcula, Pupisoma 133 Origma 159 oscillans, Rhinomyias 160
Orcula 175,215 oWi, Crocidura 7 oscitans, Anastomus 147
ORCULIDAE 175,215 orinocensis, Lonchorhirta 137 oscitans, Potamopyrgus 173
Ordtrachia 122, 174 orinus, Galagoides 194 osculus ssp., Rhinichthys 246
Oreailurus 16 Oriole, Black 164 osgoodi, Monodelphis 3
orea.? oreai, Lepidochrysops 252 Oriole, Isabela 57 osgoodi, Rhinolophus 194
areas, Chrysoritis 170 Oriole, Martinique 56 osgoodi, Tinamus 197
areas, Dendromus 23 Oriole, Montserrat 163 osimensis, Tokudaia 11
areas, Picathartes 52 Oriole, Sao Tome 57 osmana, Papilio 105
ORECTOLOBIFORMES 201 Oriole, Silver 57 OSMERIDAE 76, 204
aregona, Dolophilodes 255 Oriole, St Lucia 163 Osmerus 204
Oregonian, Mission Creek 127 Oriolia 49 Osmoderma 99
Oregonichthys 73, 168 ORIOLIDAE 57, 164, 199
osorio, Crocidura 7
oreias, Myatis 194 Ono/»i 57, 164
Ospatulus 73
oreinos, Trichia 215 oriplancta, Dirce 252 ostenta,Coracina 48
Oreisplanus 252 oriundus, Sylvisorex 8 OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 70, 167, 202
Oreochromis 85, 247 OWi/w 166 OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES 70, 167, 202
Oreoglanis 76 omata, Terrapene 166 Osteolaemus 58
OREOHELICIDAE 126,239 ornata, Lampsilis 172 Ostodes 212
Oreohelix 126,239 ornata, Perdicella 213 OSTREOIDA 209
Oreokera 214 ornata, Urocissa 58 otagense, Oligosoma 61
Oreolyce 252 omatus, Scotomanes 139 otaheitana, Partula 127
Oreomanes 162 ornatus, Anthops 10 otareae, Sinployea 190
Oreomava 123, 214 omatus, Liophis 61 OTARIIDAE 17,224,242
Oreomystis 56 ornatus, Pteropus 9 othcaloogensis, Dysnomia 255
Oreonecles 75 ornatus, Tremarctos 18 othcaloogensis, Epioblasma 110
Oreophasis 34 Ornipholidotos 252 othnius, Kondoconcha 123
areophila, Catamenia 162 Ornithoptera 105, 171, 208, 244 othus, Lepus 242
oreopolus, Sorex 136 Oroaetus 148 OTIDIDAE 37, 150, 242
Oreoscapus 159 oron, Philocasca 255 0/1.S 37
Oreothraupis 55 Oropendola, Baud% 56 Otocolobus 223, 241
oreotragus parteousi, Oreotragus 229 orophobata, Niphargobates 90 Otolemur 139
oreotragus, Oreatragus 131 orostruthus, Arcanator 50 Otomops 13
Oreotragus 131, 229 Orpheus, Pachycephala 160 Otomys 25, 144
Oreotrochilus 153 orramakunna, Engaeus 96 Otopteropus 9
oresterus, Heteramys 142 Ortalis 34 European 245
Otter,
Orestias 80, 168, 205 ORTHALICIDAE 126, 190, 215, 239. 256 Otter, Giant 17
organiaca, Pyrenaearia 175 Orthalicus 215 Otter, Hairy-nosed 17
orgygia, Belenois 253 Orthetrum 209, 238 Otter, La Plata 245
Oribi 131 Onhogeomys 22, 142 Otter, Marine 17
Oribi, Haggard's 229 orthognathus, Oryzias 80 Otter, OrientalSmall-clawed 140
Oribi, Kenya 229 ORTHOPTERA 108, 133, 187, 209, 254 Otter, Smooth-coated 17
oriensis, Srilankamys 145 orthostoma, Platyla 210 Otter, Southern River 17
orientalis aphion, Ovis 230 orthostoma, Pyxichromis 86 Otter-civet 18
orientalis arkal, Ovis 230 Orthotomus 51, 159 Otter-shrew, Nimba 5
orientalis bocharensis, Ovis 230 ort(Z(, Incaspiza 162 Otter-shrew, Ruwenzori 5
orientalis cyclaceros, Ovis 230 oO(Z(, Oestophora 174 ottomana, Erebia 253
orientalis gmelinii, Ovis 230 ortmanni. Villosa 256 Om.r 42, 152, 153,245,246
orientalis isphahanica, Ovis 230 ortoni, Penelope 34 o(waven.?ii, Oreomava 123
orientalis laristanica, Ovis 230 orycta, Pronesopupa 216 Ou 56
orientalis musiman, Ovis 230 Oryctes 250 ouachitae, Plethodon 167
orientalis orientalis, Ovis 245 Orymaeus 121 oualanensis, Delos 216
orientalis punjabiensis, Ovis 230 Oryx, Arabian 21 oubanguii, Mus 25
orientalis severtzovi, Ovis 230 Oryx, Beisa 229 Ougapia 216
orientalis vignei, Ovis 230 Oryx, Fringe-eared 229 ourebi haggardi, Ourebia 229
orientalis, Collocalia 198 Oryx, Scimitar-horned 21 ourebi keniae, Ourebia 229
orientalis, Crocidura 7 orv,)i:, Tragelaphus 131 ourebi, Ourebia 131

orientalis, Jaculus 143 Ory^: 21, 131,229 Ourebia 131,229

Oryzias oustaleti, Phylloscartes 156
orientalis, Magurnda IM 80, 81

orientalis, Mouldingia 122 oryzivora, Padda 57 outeniqua, Lepidochrysops 103

orientalis, Ovis 21 Oryzoborus 162 ovata. Lampsilis 172
orientalis, Paradelma 60 Oryzomys 25, 144, 178, 197, 233 ovata. Vertigo 175
orientalis, Poecilmitis 103 orza/, Helicella 174 ovatula, Palaina 210

328
 1 3

oviforme, Pleurobema 112 pachysloma, Ryssota 215 pallialus, Cinclodes 45

Ovis 131,229,230,245
21, Pachystyla 190 palliatus, Paraxerus 22
ovuliformis, Cylichnidia 124 pachyta, Pyrgulopsis 211 pallida, Jardinella 116
owenii, Apteryx 29 Pacifastacus 93 pallida, Vulpes 195
Owl, Andaman Hawk 152 pacifica. Drepanis 181 pallidiceps. Atlapetes 54
Owl, Andaman Scops 152 pacifica, Gallinula 36 pallidiceps, Columba 38
Owl, Buff-fronted 152 pacifica, Myrmosula 251 pallididorsum, Etheostoma 83
Owl, Fearful 42
pacifica, Syncaris 93 pallidigaster, Anthreptes 53
Owl, Laughing 181
pacificum, Megalagrion 106 pallidipectoris,Acanthochelys 62
Owl, Madagascar Red 42
pacificus, Gallirallus 180 pallidistylus,Diaphlebia 107
Owl, Mauritian 181
pacificus, Larus 150 pallidula, Nehalennia 106
Owl, Powerful 42
pacificus, Mesoplodon 196 pallidus restrictus, Microdipodops 232
Owl, Rodrigues Little 181
pacificus, Octodon 28 pallidus, Conolophus 59
Owl, Spotted 153
pacij, Doronomyrmex 100 pallidus, Euoticus 139
Owl, Unspotted Saw-whet 152
packardi, Lepidurus 97 pallidus, Luciogobius 206
Owlet, Albertine 42
fafida 57, 163 pallidus, Phloeomys IA4
Owlet, Chestnut-backed 152
Paddlefish 70 pallidus, Sphiggurus 178
Owlet, Forest 42
Paddlefish, Chinese 70 fa//i«e 214
Owlet, Long-whiskered 153
Pademelon, Calaby's4 Austropotamobius 93
Owlet-nightjar, New Caledonian 43 pallipes,
Pademelon, Dusky 4 pallipes, Cyornis 158
owstoni, Chrotogale 18
Pademelon, New Guinea 4
owstoni, Gallirallus 180 palliseri,Bradypterus 158
padiraci, Bythinella 115 Palmal, Cachorrito de Charco 83
Ox, Vu Quang 22 1

Padogobius 87, 169 palmarum, Charmosyna 152

oxiana, Naja 200
pagensis pagensis, Macaca 245 palmar um, Corvus 164
oxleyana, Nannoperca 82
pagensis, Macaca 15 palmarum, Rattus 26
Oxychaeta 103
pagensis, Maxomys 144 palmeri, Myadestes 51
Oxychilus 128, 175
pagoda, Gyrotoma 117 palmeri, Porzana 180
Oxyeleotris 206
pagodiformis, Bellamya 120 palmeri, Rhodacanthis 181
Oxyepoecus 101
pagodula, Turgenitubulus 122 palmeri, Tamias 22
Oxyethira 254
pagodula, Videna 2\7 Palmeria 56
Oxygastra 106
pagrus, Pagrus 84 Palpopleura 107
Oxylapia 85
Pagrus 84 pa/«, Atrophaneura 208
Oxyloma 128
pagurus, Isothrix 146 paludica, Cobitis 168
Oxymycterus 25
paillona, Renea 113 paludicola, Acrocephalus 49
oxyrhynchus, Notropis 202
Pait 73
oxyrhynchus, Prototroctes 183 Paludinella 210,211
Palacanthilhiopsis 116 Paludiscala 116
oxyrinchus desotoi, Acipenser 235
palaciosi, Iberocypris 72 Paludomus
oxyrinchus oxyrinchus, Acipenser 235 119
Paladilhia 116, 173 palumboides, Columba 151
oxyrinchus, Acipenser 167
Paladilhiopis 116 palustre, Pellomeum
oxyrinchus, Coregonus 204 51
Palaemnema 108 palustris hefiieri, Sylvilagus 234
oxytropis, Discula 124
Palaemoneles 95 palustris natator, Oryzomys 233
oxyura, Treron 151
Palaemonias 93 palustris, Crocodylus 58
Oxyura 32
PALAEMONIDAE 95 palustris, Quiscalus 182
oyapocki, Neusticomys 25
palaemophagus, Ospatulus 73 palustris, Sporophila 55
Oystercatcher, African 150
palaestinensis, Acicula 1 1
Oystercatcher, Canary Islands 180 palustris,Tropodiaptomus 207
palaestinensis, Slrongylogrmthus 102 Pampa-finch, Pale-throated 162
Oystercatcher, Chatham Islands 37
Palaina 210,211,256 pa«, Poecilmitis 208
ozarkensis, Fusconaia 172
Palata 74 fan 16,223
ozarkensis, Pyrgulopsis 21
palata, Spratellicypris 74 panamensis, Tylomys 27
ozarkensis, Somatochlora 171
palatilis, Zyzomys 27 panamintus, Gerrhonotus 59
Stygobromus 89
ozarkensis,
palatina, Neoloma 144 panarcys, Cyprinella 71
Myotis 194
ozensis,
Pa/a«a 215 Panchala 252
Ozotoceros 141,227
palauensis, Assiminea 210 pancheri, Leuchocharis 126
Pacarana 28
palauensis, Megazoslerops 161 Panda, Giant 17
pachomai, Kawanphila 109
palawanense, Malacopteron 51 Panda, Lesser 18
Pachycephala 132, 159, 160
palawanensis, Crocidura 1 Pandaka 87
pachycephalus, Cyprinodon 79
palawanensis, Tupaia 8 Pangasianodon 76
pachycephalus, Harpagochromis 184
Palawanomys 25 PANGASIIDAE 76, 203
pachycheilus, Cephalakompsus 71
fa/ra 166 Pangasius 203
Pachychilon 168,202
Paleoxenus 249 pang lima, Maxomys 144
pachygaster, Liosaccus 88
palfreymani, Niveoscincus 60 Pangolin, Chinese 142
pachyotis, Eptesicus 138
Palikirus lU Pangolin, Indian 142
Pachypanchax 79, 243
Palila 56 Pangolin, Malayan 142
Pachyramphus 156
pallasi hamica, Ochotona 233 Pangolin, Temminck's Ground 142
pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta 41
pallasi sunidica, Ochotona 233 pani, Cuora 200
pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes 29
palliata aequatorialis, Alouatta 241 panini, Penelopides 44
Pachysaga 109
palliata mexicana, Alouatta 221 paniscus, Ateles 241

329
 1

paniscus, Pan 16 paradiseus, Ptiloris 164 paraplagiostoma, Harpagochromis 184

panizzai, Knipowitschia 206 paradoxa. Vertigo 217 Pararge 253
pannonico, Sadleriana 116 paradoxa, Carelia 189 Pararlemia 91
panonica, Imnadia 92 paradoxa, Carinurella 90 parasitica, Manica 100
Panoquina 170, 252 Paradoxa 213 parasitica, Pheidole 101
panoquinoides errans, Panoquina 252 paradoxolophus, Rhinolopfius 1 parasiticum, Tetramorium 102
Pantagenia 186 Paradoxornis 51. 160 PARASTACIDAE 95, 208
Pantanodon 80 paradoxura, Crocidura 7 PARASTENOCARIDIDAE 133
Panther, Florida 224 Paradoxurus 18.224 paratactis, Scotorythra 186
Panthera 16, 140, 223, 224 paradoxus, Cardiocranius 23 Paralelmatobius 67, 243
pantheratus, Anetia 170 paradoxus, Reithrodontomys 145 Paratherina 78
pantherina, Percina 84 paradoxus, Solenodon 5 Paratica 237
Pantholops 21 Paraegista 213 Paratilapia 244
Pantinonemertes 217 parafragilior, Megalobulimus 126 Paravitrea 175
pantostictum. Cichlasoma 85 Paragalaxias. Arthurs 77 Paraxerus 22. 142
Panuco, Bagre del 203 Paragalaxias 11 pardalis albescens, Leopardus 223
Panulena 190 Paragomphus 107 Pardalote. Forty-spotted 53
Papagomys 25, 178 paraguiarti, Prognathochromis 184 Pardalotus 53
Papasula 30 Parahelicops 200 Pardiglanis 203
Papilio 244 Parakeet. Antipodes 40 pardinus. Lynx 16
papilio, Eurypegasus 205 Parakeet. Black-fronted 181 Pardofelis 195
Papilio, Taita Blue-banded 253 Parakeet, Blue-chested 41 Pardosa 88
Papilio 105, 171, 208, 244, 253 Parakeet. Carolina 180 pardus japonensis, Panthera 223
PAPILIONIDAE 105, 171,208,244,253 Parakeet, Cuban 40 pardus kotiya, Panthera 223
Papillodenna 175 Parakeet, Derbyan 152 pardus melas, Panthera 223
PAPILLODERMIDAE 175 Parakeet, EI Oro 41 pardus nimr, Panthera 223
Papillogobius 169 Parakeet, Ranie-winged41 pardus orientalis, Panthera 223
papulosa, Pseudibis 147 Parakeet, Golden 40 pardus panthera, Panthera 223
papio, Papio 140 Parakeet, Golden-capped 40
pardus saxicolor, Panthera 223
Pap/o 140 Parakeet, Golden-plumed 41 pardus tulliana, Panthera 224
Pappogeomys 22. 23, 142 Parakeet, Grey-cheeked 152
Pareas 200
papua, Hipposideros 10 Parakeet, Hispaniolan40
parens, Cettia 158
papuae. Melanotaenia 243 Parakeet. Horned 40
Paretroplus 85
papuanus, Pipistrellus 139 Parakeet, Intermediate41
pariae, Myioborus 56
papuanus, Rhantus 185 Parakeet, Mauritius 41
PARIDAE 53. 161
papuensis, Archboldia 58 Parakeet, Newton's 181
Parides 105, 171,208
Parakeet. Nicobar 152
papuensis, Clupeoides 202 parilis,Granulina 213
Parakeet. Norfolk Island 40
papuensis, Microperoryctes 193 parina, Xenodacnis 163
Parakeet. Raiatea 180
papuensis, Otomops 13 parinacotensis, Orestias 205
papuensis, Spilocuscus 193
Parakeet, Red-masked 152
parkeri, Chelodina 62
Parakeet, Rose-headed 152
Papuexul 174 parkeri, Cylloepus 249
Parakeet, Rufous-fronted 40
Papustyla 214 parkeri, Herpsilochmus 46
Parakeet. Santa Marta 41
papyracea, Achatinella 1 88 parkinsoni, Procellaria 30
Parakeet. Slender-billed 152
Paracoelops 10 parma, Macropus 135
Parakeet. Socorro 40
Paracoenia 250 Parmacella 127
Parakeet. White-necked 41
Paracrocidura 241 PARMACELLIDAE
Parakeet, Yellow-fronted 152 127
Paracrocidura 1 pamaguae, Megaxenops 45
Paralabidochromis 85
Paracyclopia 92 Parnassian, Shepard's CIodius253
Paralabrax 168
Paracymus 249 Parnassian. Strohbeen's CIodius253
Paraleptomys 25
Paradelma 60 Pamassius 105, 253
Paralucia 103
Paradiaptomus 92 paropius, Enterochromis 85
Parambassis 206
Paradigalla, Long-tailed 164 Paroreomyza
Paramelania 119 56, 163, 181
Paradigalla 164 parorthostoma, Pyxichromis 185
Paramenia 90
Paradisaea 58, 164 Parosphromenus 88
PARAMELITIDAE 90, 185
PARADISAEIDAE 58, 164, 199 Parotia, Wahnes's 58
Paramesotriton 68
Paradise-flycatcher, Annobon53 Parotia 58
paramicrus, Nesophontes 111
Paradise-flycatcher, Bedford's 160 Parras, Perrito de 183
Paramiella 212
Paradise-flycatcher, Blue 160
Paramorariopsis 96 parreyssi, Belgrandiella 1 15
Paradise-flycatcher, Cerulean 50
Paranaspides 90 parrishi, Cambarus93
Paradise-flycatcher, Japanese 160
Parrot, Olive-shouldered 151
Paradise-flycatcher. Rufous 160
Parantechinus 3
Parrot, Alexandra's 41
Paradise-flycatcher, Seychelles53
Parantica 104, 171,244
Parrot, Black-Iored 41
Paradise-kingfisher, Biakl54 Paranyctimene 136
Parrot, Blue-beIIied41
Paradise-kingfisher, Little 198 Parapheidole 101
Parrot. Blue-naped 41
paradisea, Crus 36 Paraphlebia 107
Parrot, Blue-rumped 152
paradisea, Omithoptera 244 Paraphoxinus 13, 202
Parrot. Fuertes's 41
Paradisefish, Ornate 132 Parapinnixa 96
Parrot, Golden-shouldered 41

330
 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 2 11 1

Parrot, Ground 242 Partulina 121, 188.213 pauliani, Typhleotris 87

Parrot, Hooded 152 PARUUDAE 55, 163 paulicoba, Palaemnema 108
Parrot, Maroon-fronted 41 Paruromys 25 paulinae, Liolaemus 199
Parrot, Mascarene 8 1
Parus 53, 161 paulistana, Zilchogyra 125
Parrot, Mauritius 181 parva. 'Nanocochlea' 256 paulistus, Phylloscartes 47
Parrot, Mauritius Grey 180 pan/a, Cincinnatia 115 paulsoni, Epigomphus 107
Parrot, Night 41 parva, Deinacrida 209 paulus, Crateromys 23
Parrot, Orange-bellied 41 parva, Dubiraphio 249 pauper, Camarhynchus 162
Parrot, Paradise 1 8 parva, Melanotaenia 78 Pauraque. Jamaican 43
Parrot, Pesquet's 41
parva, Oecetis 254 pauxi, Pauxi 34
Parrot, Pileated 152
parva, Pyrenaearia 175 Pauxi 34
Parrot, Red-faced 41 parva, Viridonia 56 Pavo 35
Parrot, Rodrigues 181
parvani orientalis, Proasellus 237 pawpela, Glacidorbis 209
Parrot, Rusty-faced 41
parviceps, Scortum 206 paykullii, Porzana 150
Parrot, Scarlet-chested 41
parvidens, Cheiromeles 139 peaci, Nothaldonis 248
Parrot, Seychelles 181
parvidens, Cynomys 131 Peaclam, Montane 256
Parrot, Superb 41
parvidens, Euroscaptor 8 Peacock-pheasant, Bomean 35
Parrot, Swift 41
parvidens, Hylogomphus 171 Peacock-pheasant, Bronze-tailed 149
Parrot, Thick-billed 41
Parrot, Turquoise 152
parvidens, Marmosops 135 Peacock-pheasant, Germain's35
parvidens, Mautodontha 189 Peacock-pheasant, Malayan 35
Parrot, Yellow-eared 41
parvipes, Ncctomys 25 Peacock-pheasant, Mountain 35
Parrotbill, Black-breastedSl
parvula, Jenkinsia 71 Peacock-pheasant, Palawan 35
Parrotbill, Black-browed 160
parvula, Microgale 5 Peafowl, Congo 34
Parrotbill, Brown-winged 160
parvula, Rhogeessa 139 Peafowl. Green 35
Parrotbill, Grey-hooded 51
parvula, Taheitia 212 Pearlfish, Ginger 79
Parrotbill, Maui 56
parvulus, Medionidus Pearlfish, Minute 79
Parrotbill, Reed 160 1 1

Pearlfish. Opalescent 79
Parrotbill, Rufous-headed 160 parvulus, Proasellus 97
Pearlfish. Splendid 79
Parrotbill, Rusty-throated 51 parvulus, Somatogyrus 212
Pearlshell, Louisiana 110
Parrotbill, Short-tailed51 parvus, Burramys 4
Pearlymussel, Birdwing 1 1
Parrotbill, Spectacled 160 parvus, Cherax 208
Pearlymussel, Cracking 1 1
Parrotfinch, Green-faced 57 parvus, Clidomys 179
Pearlymussel, Curtis 255
Parrotfinch, Pink-billed 57 parvus, Galaxias 204
Pearlymussel, Littlewing 1 1
Parrotfinch, Red-eared 57 parvus, Hylomys 6
Pearlymussel, Slabside 172
Parrotfinch, Royal 57 parvus, Hylomyscus 242
pearsei, Typhliasina 11
Parrotfish, Rainbow 87 parvus, Margaretamys 24
pearsoni, Solisorex 1
Parrotlet, Amazonian 152 parvus, Stygobromus 89
pearsoni, Uramphisopus 97
Parrotlet, Brown-backed 41 parvus, Thennocyclops 132
pearsoniana, Litoria 66
Parrotlet, Golden-tailed 41 Paryphanta 175,216
pearsonii, Belomys 142
Parrotlet, Red-fronted 152 parzefalli, Mexistenasellus 97
Pebblesnai , Angular 211
Parrotlet, Spot-winged 41 pasadenas, Syncaris 185
Pebblesnai , Ash Meadows 211
Parrotlet, Yellow-faced 40 Pask?4viza 73
Pebblesnai , Atlas 212
parryii kodiacensis, Spermophilus 231 paskai, Pseudomugil 205
Pebblesnai , Cahaball5
parryii lyralus, Spermophilus 23 Pasmaditta 216 Pebblesnai , Channeled 212
parryii nebulicola, Spermophilus 23 pasonis, Ashmunella 75
1
Pebblesnai , Columbia 211
parthenopaeum, Cymatium 173 PASSERIFORMES 45, 132, 155, 181, Pebblesnai , Coosa 212
parthenopaeum, Ranella 173 198, 242, 246 Pebblesnai , Dwarf 21
Partridge, Annam 34 Passer ina 162 Pebblesnai , Flat 116
Partridge, Black 149 pastazae, Galbula 44 Pebblesnai , Ruted212
Partridge, Buff-throated 149 Cacatua 152
pastinator, Pebblesna , Goldend211
Partridge, Chestnut-breasted 34 patagonum, Dolichotis 145 Pebblesnai , Granite 212
Partridge. Chestnut-headed 34 paterculus, Pipistrellus 139 Pebblesnai , Hidden 212
Partridge, Chestnut-necklaced34 pathirana, Danio 72 Pebblesnai , Knotty 212
Partridge. Chestnut-throated 149 Pseudomys 26
patrius, Pebblesnai , Moapa 21
Partridge, Hainan 34 patrizii, Asellia 10 Pebblesna , Moom212
Partridge, Orange-necked 34 Pebblesnai Mud 212
patlersoni, Trogloglanis 75
Partridge, Rusty-necklaced 149 Pebblesnai Oachita 21
patula, Palairm 211 ,

Partridge, Sichuan 34 Opaque 212

Pature, Papillon La 105 Pebblesnai ,

Partridge, Taiwan 149 Pebblesnai .Ovate 212

paucidens, Gulella 216
Partridge. White-cheeked 149 Pebblesnai Pahranagat21l
paucidentata, Alionycteris 8 .

Partridge, White-necklaced34 Pebblesnai .Pygmy 212

paucispinus, Sebastes 82
Partula, Fat Guam 127
PAUCITUBERCULATA 3 Pebblesnai .Quadrate 21
Partula, Mount Alifana 191 Pebblesna: .Rolling 212
Paulamys 178
Partula, Radiolate 127 Pebblesna: Savannah 212
pauli, Bassaricyon 17 ,

Partula, Sutural 239 Pebblesna: Sparrow 212

pauli, Lamnifera 123 .

Partula 127,190, 191,239 Pebblesna .Stocky 212

pauliani, Afrocyclops 185
PARTULIDAE 127, 190, 215, 239 Pebblesna Tallapoosa 212
,
pauliani, Apaturopsis 253
Partulina, Splendid 121 Pebblesna: Tennessee 212
,
pauliani, Otus 42

331

I
 1 1 1 1

Pebblesnail, Thick-lipped212 PELOBATIDAE 235 Perch, Oxleyan Pygmy 82

Pebblesnail, Umbilicate 188 Pelochelys 66 Perch, Russian River Tule 247
pecatonica, Acanthometropus 186 Pelocoris 251 Perch, Silver 83
Peccary. Chacoan 20 PELOMEDUSIDAE 64, 132, 200 Perch, Variagated Pygmy 82
pechumani, Tachysphex 170 Pelomys 25 Perch, Yarra Pygmy 82
pecki. Glyphyalinia 217 peloponnesica, Platyla 210 Perchlet, Agassiz's 206

pecki, Procambarus 95 peloponnesius, Barbus 202 Perchlet, High-Finned Glass 206

pecki, Stygobromus 90 peltastes, Cylindraspis 182 Perchlet, Kokoda Glass 206

Peltocephalus 64 Perchlet, Yellow-Fin 244
pecos, Assiminea 114
pecos, Gammarus 90 PELTOPERLIDAE 254 PERCICHTHYIDAE 82, 206, 236
Peltophryne 66 Percichthys 206
pecosensis, Cyprinodon 79
pecosensis, Pyrgulopsis 21 Peltotrupes 250 PERCIDAE 83, 169, 184, 206, 247

pectardens, Luscinia 159 pelurus, Rattus 26

PERCIFORMES 82, 132, 168, 184, 206,
236, 244, 247
pectinata, Prislis 69 Pelusios 65, 200
Percilia 206
PECTINIDAE 209 pelzelni, Aplonis 57
Percilla 206
pectoralis, Aphelocephala 50 pelzelnii, Tachybaptus 29
Percina 84, 169
pectoralis, Harpagochromis 184 pembae, Nectarinia 161
percivali, Cloeotis 136
pectoralis, Herpsilochmus 46 pembaensis, Otus 153
percnurus, Phoxinus 203
pectoralis, Heteromunia 163 pembaensis, Treron 151
percoi, Moserius 97
pectoralis, Polystictus 156 pembertoni, Peroinyscus 178
percoides, Prognathochromis 184
pectorosa, Actinonaias 1 72 penduliger, Cephalopterus 46
pedderensis, Galaxias 76 Pene 124
PERCOPSIFORMES 77
Perdicella 121, 188, 213
pedderensis, Romankenkius 192 Penelope 34, 149
Perdicula 35
pedderensis, Westriplectes 255 Penelopides 44, 154
perdita, Hirundo 48
pedderi, Glacidorbis 209 Penescosta 123
Perdita 251
pedester, Mycotrupes 250 Penguin, Erect-crested 29
perdix, Partulina 121
Pedetes 27 Penguin. Fiordland 29
peregrina, Polygyra 175
PEDETIDAE 27 Penguin, Galapagos 29
peregusna peregusna, Vormela 224
PEDIONOMIDAE 36 Penguin, Humboldt 146
Pedionomus 36 Penguin, Jackass 146 perexilis, Campolaemus 192

Penguin, Snares Islands 29 perfuscus, Liophis 61

perfo, Saga 109
Pedostibes 66 Penguin, Yellow-eyed 29 pergandei, Monomorium 101

penicillata ogilbyi, Bettongia 219 pergrisea, Crocidura 1

pedunculatus, Zyzomys 27
penicillata penicillata, Bettongia 219 Pericrocotus 157
pce/i, Microdillus 144
penicillata, Bettongia 129 periglenes, Bufo 66
peelii mariensis, Maccullochella 236
penicillata, Petrogale 4 perijae, Gracilinanus 193
pefauri, Telmatobius 201
PEGASIDAE 81,205,236 penicillatus, Eliurus 24 perijana, Schizoeaca 155

Pegasus 81, 205, 236 penicillatus, Medionidus 1 1

peringueyi, Ecchlorolestes 108

pege, Oravelia 251 penicillatus, Pycnonotus 157 peringueyi, Opsaridium 73

Pegias 1 1 peninsularis, Myotis 12 peringueyi, Phyllodactylus 199

peguensis, Pipistrellus 194 penita, Dysnomia 255 periosus, Choeroniscus 1

pelagicus, Haliaeetus 33 penita, Epioblasma 110 PERIPATIDAE 109, 171, 209

pelagonicus, Chirocephalus 91 pennata, Rhea 146 Peripatoides 109

Pelargopsis 153 penningtoni, Capys 102 PERIPATOPSIDAE 109, 187,255

penningtoni, Lepidochrysops 103 Peripatopsis 109, 187

PeZea 131
periscelis, Carelia 189
PELECANIDAE 30 penningtoni, Poecilmitis 103
PELECANIFORMES 30, 146, 179, 198 pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis, Perisoreus 58
Pelecanoides 30 Microtus 245 PERISSODACTYLA 19, 130, 141, 178,
225, 242
PELECANOIDIDAE 30 pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli,
Microtus 232 perjurus, Eidoleon 254
Pelecanus 30
pennsylvanicus kincaidi, Microtus 232 perkensi, Oceanides 251
Pelecus 202
peled, Coregonus 204 pentadactyla, Manis 142 perkins, Nesomimesa 251
Pentalagus 29 perkinsi, Machiloides 254
pelengensis, Tarsius 194
pelerei, Belgrandiella 115 Pentarthrum 185,248 perkinsi, Newcombia 121

pelewana, Aaadonta 214 pephredo, Lepidochrysops 103 PERLIDAE 254

Peponocephala 242 perlonga, Lyropupa 191
pelewensis, Hungerfordia 210
pequinius, Myotis 138 perlucida, Dupontia 124
pe/i, Saccolaimus 136
perahuensis, Opanara 123 permixtus, Pipistrellus 194
Pelican, Dalmatian 30
Pelican, Spot-billed 30 peramata, Brookesia 59 Pemagera 123

pe/i';', Anomalurus 145 PERAMELEMORPHIA 4, 177, 193, 219 pernanus, Mastomys 24

Pellegrini, Rheocles 205 Perameles 4, 177, 219 pernix, Myiotheretes 47

pellisserpentis, Scaevatula 213 PERAMELIDAE 4, 177, 219 perobesus, Bothriembryon 121

Pellomeum 51 Perca 206 Perognathus 23, 142, 232, 242
pellucida,Amastra 1 89 Percarina 84 peromyscus, Praomys 197
pellucidum, Etheosloma 83 Perch, Balkhash 206 Peromyscus 26, 144, 178, 233, 242
pellucidus, Allocrangonyx 89 Perch, Balston's Pygmy 206 peronii, Charadrius 150

Pelobales 235 Perch, Macquarie 206 peronii, Dobsonia 8

332
 2 1 1 1 3

peronii, Lissodelphis 195 periri, Corms 82 Phalanger 4, 193, 219, 241

peronii, Zoothera 161 pe(i/i, Clyptophysa 1 1 PHALANGERIDAE 4, 193, 219, 241
Peroryctes 193 petiti, Heterocyclus 116 PHALANGODIDAE 88
PERORYCTIDAE 193 pcnri, Paretroplus 85 Phalanta 253
perotensis, Spermophilus 142 petkovskii, Stygodiaptomus 92 Phalcoboenus 149
perotteti, Pristis 69 Petrel, Atlantic 30 Phallodrilus 110
perovalis, Lampsilis 172 Petrel, Barau's 30 PHALLOSTETHIDAE 79
perovatum, Pleurobema 1 1 Petrel, Beck's 30 Phallostethus 79
perpallidus, Notropis 168 Petrel, Bermuda 30 P/wfier 139,220
perplexa, Tischeria 186 Petrel. Black 30 Phapitreron 39
perplexus, Amphicyclotulus 117 Petrel, Black-capped 30 P/wp5 151
perpurpurea, Villosa 256 Petrel, Chatham Islands 30 Pharomachrus 153
perpusilla, Auriculetla 213 Petrel, Cook's 30 Pharotis 13
Petrel, Defilippe's 30 pharyngomylus, Labrochromis 184
perrieri, Prognathochromis 185
Petrel, Fea's 30 Phascogale, Brush-tailed 219
perroquini, Heterocyclus 116
Petrel, Fiji 30 Phascogale, Brush-tailed 135, 219
perrugosa, Panulena 190
Petrel, Galapagos 30 Phascogale, Red-tailed 3
persephone, Aeshna 105
Petrel, Hawaiian 30 Phascogale 3, 135, 219
persephone, Betta 88
Petrel, Jamaica 30 PHASCOLARCTIDAE 135
persephone, Petrogale 4
Petrel, Magenta 30 Phascolarctos 135
persephone, Rhadine 248
Petrel, Mascarene Black 30 Phascolosorex 193
persicus , Acipenser 235
Petrel, Providence 30 phasianetla, Beddomeia 1 14
persicus, Acipenser 70
Petrel, Pycroft's 30 PHASIANIDAE 34, 149, 180, 198
persicus, Batrachuperus 68
Petrel, Westland 30 P/ia«i 103,252
persoluta,Pseudocampylaea 190 White-necked 30
personata Melogale 224
orientalis,
Petrel, PHASMATIDAE 187
Petrel, Zinc's 30 PHASMATOPTERA 187
personata, Dysnomia 187 Petrochroa 252 Phas modes 109
personata, Epioblasma 110 Petrodromus 245 Phaulomys 26
personata, Heliopais 37 Petrogale 4, 135,220,241 phayrei, Trachypithecus 194
personata, Prosopeia 152 Pelroica 51, 199 Pheasant, Bulwer's 35
personata, Rhipidura 160 Petromyscus 26, 144 Pheasant, Cheer 34
personatus barbarabrownae, PETROMYZONTIDAE 69, 167, 183, Pheasant, Copper 149
Callicebus 111 201, 246 Pheasant, Edwards's 35
personatus maritimus, Geomys 23 PETROMYZONTIFORMES 69, 167,
Pheasant, Elliot's 35
personatus melanochir, Callicebus 221 183,201,246 Pheasant, Golden 149
personatus nigrifrons, Callicebus 221 petropolitana, Thoropa 67 Pheasant, Hume's 35
personatus personatus, Callicebus 221 Petropsaro 7 Pheasant, Imperial 35
personatus streckeri, Geomys 23 petterdi, Angrobia 114 Pheasant, Lady Amherst's 149
personatus, Callicebus 14 petterdi, Beddomeia 114 Pheasant, Mikado 149
personatus, Myomimus 28 peucetia penningtoni, Ornipholidotos Pheasant, Reeves's 35
perspicax, Penelope 34 252 Pheasant, Salvadori's 35
perspicillata, Lutra 17 Pewee, Ochraceous 156 Pheasant, Sumatran 35
perspicillata, Malacocincla 51 Pezophaps 180 Pheasant, Swinhoe's 149
perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax 179 Pezoporus I'il Pheasant, Vietnamese 35
pertricosa, Dipnelix 214 pfefferi, Calamaria 200 Phegornis 150
peruncus, Orconectes 94 pfeifferi, Bythiospeum 115 Pheidole 101
peruviana, Grallaricula 155 pfeifferi, Diplodon 110 Phelsuma 59, 165, 182
peruviana, Tangara 55 pfeifferi, Newcombia 121 Phenacobius Ti
peruviana, Vini 41 Phacellodomus 155 Phenacolimax 245
peruvianus, Mesoplodon 196 Phacochoerus lib phenax, Hexolobodon 179
peruvianus, Telmatobius 201 Phaenicophaeus 42 phenosa, Ochrotrichia 254
peruviensis, Neusticomys 25 Phaenomys 26 pheronyx, Aquadulcaris 90
pcji, Pseudochromis 83 phaeocephalus, Pteropus 9 Phibalura 156
pestai, Capoeta 167 Phaeognathus 68 philander, Caluromys 135
Petalura 107 phaeopygia, Pterodroma 30 Philanthus 251
PETALURIDAE 107 phaeosoma, Melamprosops 56 Phildoria 252
Petasina 215 phaeozona, Achatinella 120 Philemon 162, 199
petasus, Armsia 121 Phaethornis 153 Philepitta 157
PETAURIDAE 5, 135, 220 phaeura, Chimarrogale 6 PHILEPITTIDAE 47, 157
Petaurista 142 phaeura, Crocidura 7 Philesturnus 132
Petaurus 5, 135, 220 phaeurus, Carpomys 197 philiberti, Phalanta 253
petersi, Morenia 166 phaeus, Optioservus 249 philippae. Sylvietta 160
petersi, Rhynchocyon 29 phainopeplus, Campylopterus 153 philippeni, Ocadia 200
petersoni. Mops 139 phalacris, Triaenodes 187 philippensis. Bubo 42
petilicarpus, Fallicambarus 94 PHALACROCORACIDAE 31, 147, 179, philippensis, Pelecanus 30
petilus, Hobbseus 94 198 philippensis, Spizaetus 33
Petinomys 142 Phalacrocorax 31, 147, 179, 198 philippensis, Stumus 164
perili, Astacoides 95 Phalanger, Bear 193

333
 8 11 11 1 1 1

philippensis, Sus 141 p/i>/e, Parantica 104 Picumnus 45, 155

philippiana, Newcombia 188 Phyilastrephus 48, 157 f icui 45
philippii, Arctocephalus 17 phyllocercus, Engaeus 96 pidschian, Coregonus 204
philippinensis, Rhinolophus 137 Phyllococcus 186 Pied-babbler, Hinde's 53
philippinica, Succinea 217 Phyllodactylus 59, 165, 199 Pied-Hornbill, Malabar 154
phillipsi, Garra 202 phyllodes, Mormolyce 248 Ecuadorian 153
Piedtail,
phillipsi, Tangara 163 Phyllodesma 102 Peruvian 153
Piedtail,

phillipsii, Dipodomys 142 Phytlodiaplomus 92 PIERIDAE 253

philo, Parantica 104 Phyllomyias 156 /"('cm 253
Philocasca 255 Phyllonycteris 11, 137, 177 Pig, Javan Warty 20
Philodice 153 Phyllops 137 Pig, Palawan Bearded 226
Philodryas 200 Phyllopteryx 205 Pig, Philippine Warty 141
Philonesia 125 Phylloscartes 47, 156 Pig, Ryukyu Islands Wild 226
PHILOPOTAMIDAE 255 Phylloscopus 51, 160
Pig, Vietnam Warty 178
PHILORHEITHRIDAE 255 phyllostegiae, Cyrtopeltis 251 Pig, Visayan Warty 20
Philoria 67 PHYLLOSTOMIDAE 11, 137, 177, 194
Pig, Western Bearded 226
philoriles, Acalyphes 252 Phyllostomus 137 Pigeon, Bonin Wood 180
Philotieila 252
Pigeon, Chilean 151
Phyllotis 144
Pigeon, Choiseul 180
Philydor 45, 155 Phylolestes 108
Pigeon, Dark-tailed Laurel 38
philyrinq, Caldwellia 190 Physa, Cave 113
Pigeon, Madeira Laurel 132
phlegetfion, Pseudobarbus 73 Physa, Fish Lake 113
physa, Partulina 121
Pigeon, Maroon 38
phlegethontis, lotichthys 11
Pigeon, Mauritius Blue 180
phleophaga, Ectodemia 186 Physa, Utah 113
Pigeon, Nicobar 150
Phloeomys 26, 144 Physa, Wet Rock 113
Pigeon, Pale-backed 38
Phlogophilus 153 physalipus, Neodiaptomus 92
Pigeon, Pale-capped 38
Phoboscincus 200 physalus, Balaenoptera 18
Pigeon, Partridge 151
f/joca 17, 140,224,242 Physella 113,210
Pigeon, Passenger 180
phocaenoides Neophocaena 225
, Physeter 18
Pigeon, Peruvian 38
phocaenoides, Neophocaena 196 PHYSETERIDAE 18, 242
Pigeon, Pink 38
Phocarctos 17 Physiculus 77
Pigeon, Plain 38
PHOCIDAE 17, 140, 178, 224, 242 PHYSIDAE 113,210
Pigeon, Ring-tailed 38
phocoena Phocoena 225 phytophagus, Xystichromis 86
,
Pigeon, Rodrigues 180
phocoena, Phocoena 18 Phytotoma 47 Pigeon, Ryukyu 180
Phocoena 18, 196,225 PHYTOTOMIDAE 47
Pigeon, Somali 38
PHOCOENIDAE 18, 129, 196,225 piacentinii, Madoqua 21
Pigeon, Sombre 151
Phocaenoides 129 picardi, Trochoidea 190
Pigeon, Tooth-billed 38
Phodilus 42 Picathartes 51,52 Pigeon, White-naped 151
Phoebetria 146 picatus, Chalinolobus 137 Pigeon, White-tailed Laurel 38
phoedon, Amauris 104 picea, Crocidura 1 Pigeon, Yellow-legged 38
PHOENICOPTERIDAE 31, 147 piceala, AstatoUlapia 84 /Jfgra, Alouatta 241
Phoenicopterus 31, 147 piceus, Colymbetes 248 Pigtoe, Atlantic 1 1

Phoenicurus 160 piceus, Unas 248 Pigtoe, Cumberland 1 1

PHOLIDOTA 142 pichiy, Zaedyus 193 Pigtoe, Dark 1 1

phorbanta nana, Papilio 253 PICIDAE 44, 154, 181 Pigtoe, Fine-rayed 1 1

phorbanta, Papilio 105 PICIFORMES 44, 154, 181 Pigtoe, Flat 112
phosphor borealis, Bowkeria 252 pickeringii, Ducula 39 Pigtoe, Heavy 112
phosphor phosphor, Bowkeria 252 pickersgilli, Hyperolius 66 Pigtoe, Narrow 1 1

pholophila, Agrotis 1 86 Picoides 45 Pigtoe, Oval 172

Photuris 249 /7(c(a, Anguispira 214 Pigtoe, Pyramid 172
Phoxinellus 73, 168, 203, 236 picra, Grantiella 54 Pigtoe, Rough 112
phoxinus, Chondrostoma 202 picto, Leptoxis 1 1 Pigtoe, Shiny 1 1

Phoxinus 73, 168, 203 picM, Omphalotropis 210 Pigtoe, Southern 1 1

PHOXOCEPHALIDAE 90 picucaudata, Procapra 141 Pigtoe, True 112

Phrantela 116,211,256 pictum, Pachychilon 168 Pigtoe, Warrior 112
Phreatichthys 73 pictus, Chrysolophus 149 pigus, Rutilus 203
Phreatobius 204 pictus, Echimys 146 Piha, Cinnamon-vented 46
Phreatodrobia 116 pictus, Isothrix 197 pihapiha, Ponapella 210
PHREATOICIDAE 97, 247 pictus, Lycaon 16 Pika, Forrest's 146
phrealophila, Prietella 75 pictus, Neacomys 144 Pika, Gaoligong 197
phrudus, Mormopterus 13 pictus. Procambarus 95 Pika, Helan Shan 28
phrygia, Xanthomyza 54 Pika, Hi 28
Piculet, Antillean 155
Phrynomedusa 201 Piculet, Fine-barred 155
Pika, Koslov's 28

Phrynops 62, 165 Piculet, Mottled 155 Pika, Muli 197

Phrynosoma 246 Piculet, Ochraceous 45

Pika, Nubra 242
Piculet, Speckle-chested 155 Pika, Sardinian 179
phthinotropis, Bellamya 120
Piculet, Tawny 45 Pika, Steppe 28
Phyciodes 253
Phycodorus 205 Piculus 155 Pika, Thomas' 146

334
 1 1 1

pikoensis, Holcobius 248 Pipreola 156 planiceps, Myotis 177

Pila 114, 173 PIPRIDAE 47, 156 planiceps, Prionailurus 16
pileata, Penelope 149 Piprites, Grey-headed 156 planifrons. Hippocampus 81
pileata, Pionopsitta 152 Piprites 47, 156 planifrons, Hyperoodon 130
pileatus, Herpsilochmus 155 Pirarucu 202 Planigale, Papuan 3
pilealus, Hylobates 16 piratarum, Succinea 128 Planigale 3
pileatus, Piprites 47 pirrensis, Isthmomys 143 planilabrum, Partula 191
pileatus, Trachypithecus 15 pisarskii, Strongylognalhus 102 Planilaoma 214
pilikia, Kubaryia 210 PISAURIDAE 88 Planorbella 113
pilligaensis, Pseudomys 26 pisciculus. Cheirodon 203 PLANORBIDAE 113, 173, 187,210,256
Pillomena 174 piscivora, Osbomictis 195 planospira, Sinployea 190
Pilon, Sardinita del 73 PISIDIIDAE 256 plantarius, Dolomedes 88
pilosa, Omphalotropis 210 Pisidium 256 Plantcutter, Peruvian 47
pilosus, Dasypus 5 Pisidium Ml, 156 Planthopper, Barber's Point251
pilosus, Hydrotarsus 98 pisteri,Pyrgulopsis 211 Planthopper, Bridewell's 251
pilosus, Pteropus 177 pitcaimensis, Philonesia 125 Planthopper, Diamond Head 251
pilsbryanus, Somatogyrus 212 pitcaimensis, Sinployea 123 Planthopper, Glenwood 251
Pilsbrycharopa 123 Pithecheir 144 Planthopper, lao Valley 251
pilsbryi, Carelia 189 Pithecia 111, 241 Planthopper, Kauai Parti-coloured251
pilsbryi, Elimia 117 Pithecophaga 33 Planthopper, Keanae 251
pilsbryi, Slenotrema 215 Pithys 198 Planthopper, Kusche's 251
f(7«/a 123 pitmani, Crocidura 1 Planthopper, Lanai 251
pimanensis, Melanotaenia 205 Pitta, Azure-breasted 47 Planthopper, Lihue 251

pimatuae, Craterocephalus 204 Pitta, Bar-bellied 156 Planthopper, Long-footed 251

Pitta, Black-faced 47 Planthopper, Mt 'Tantalus Shortwing Fern
Pimelodella 204
Blue-headed 156 251
PIMELODIDAE 76, 204 Pitta,
Pitta, Blue-naped 156 Planthopper, Nahiku 251
Pimpleback, Orangefoot 1 1

Pitta, Blue-rumped 157 Planthopper, Wild Cotton 251

pinaleno, Eumorsea 108
Pitta, Fairy 47 plantii, Gulella 245
Pinaroloxias 55
Pitta, Giant 156 planulata, Hirasea 190
pinchaque, Tapirus 19
Pitta, Gurney's 47 Platalea 31
Pindu 86
Pitta, Mangrove 156 Platalina II
pindu, Stomatepia 86
Pitta, Schneider's 47 Platanista 19
pinetis cumberlandius, Geomys 231
Pitta, Sula 156 PLATANISTIDAE 19, 196
pinetis fontanelus, Geomys 231
Pitta, Superb 47 Platanna, Cape 67
pinetis goffi, Geomys 23
Pitta, Whiskered 47 platenae, Ficedula 50
Pingalla 169,244
Pitta 47, 156, 157 platenae, Gallicolumba 39
pinguis, Cyclura 60
PITTIDAE 47, 156 platenae, Prioniturus 41
Pink, Ring 1 1
Ichthyomys 24
pittieri, plateni, Aramidopsis 36
PINNOTHERIDAE 96
Pittoconcha 125 plateni, Stachyris 160
Pinto, Guayacon 168
pittoides, Atelornis 154 platorynchus, Scaphirhynchus 70
Pionopsitta 152
pittospori, Karocolens 248 platycephalus, Euproctus 68
Piopio 181
Pityriasis 157 platycephalus, Salmo 77
Pipefish, Banded 205
pityusensis, Podarcis 60 platycheilus, Palaina 211
Pipefish, Double-ended 205
Pipefish, River 82
piurae, Ochthoeca 156 PLATYCNEMIDAE 238
Pipefish, Slender 205 pizarro, Parides 208 PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 108, 209
pizzinii, Stygobromus 90 Platycnemis 108
Pipefish, Spinach 205
Pipehorse 82 placens, Poecilodryas 199 PLATYCOPIIDAE 92
placeonovitas, Cipangochalax 213 Platyla 113,210
Pipehorse, Duncker's 82
Pipehorse, Gunther's 82 placidus, Charadrius 150 Platymantis 67
Pipehorse, Robust 82 placidus, Noturus 168 Platynectes 249
Pipehorse, Spiny 82 placidus, Sosippus 88 platynota, Geochelone 65

piperata, Litoria 66 Placostylus 121, 126, 127, 190, 239 platynota, Notochelys 200

PIPIDAE 67 Plagigeyeria 116 platyops, Eptesicus 12

pipile, Pipile 34 Plagiodontia 28, 179 platyops, Potorous 177
Pipile 34 Plagiolepis 101 Platyops 97
Piping-guan, Black-fronted 34 plagiostoma, Harpagochromis 85 Platyrinchus 47
Piping-guan, Trinidad 34 plagiola, Hypena 186 Platyrrhinus 11, 137

Pipistrellus 13, 139, 194 Plagopterus 73 Platysaurus 165

Pipit, Chaco 157 Plains-wanderer 36 platysayoides, Triodopsis 215
Pipit, Malindi 157 Planaeschna lYl Platysmurus 164
Pipit, Mountain 157 Planarian, Biggers' Groundwater 256 Platysteira 52, 160
Pipit, Ochre-breasted 48 Planarian, Holsinger'sGroundwater256 PLATYSTERNIDAE 200
Pipit, Sokoke 48 Planarian, Lake Pedder 192 Platystemon 200
Pipit, Yellow-breasted 48 Planarian, Malheur Cave 256 PLATYSTICTIDAE 108
pipra, lodopleura 46 planeri, Lampetra 167 Platytaeniodus 184
Pipra 47, 156 planicauda. Pyxis 65 platyura, Schoenicola 160

335
 8 8 1 21 1 1

plebejus, Barbus 167 Podarcis 60, 246 polleni, Xenopirostris 49

Plebejus 252 PODARGIDAE 153, 198 pollenii, Columba 151

PLECOGLOSSIDAE 236 Podiceps 29, 146, 179 poZ/i, Congosorex 6
Plecoglossus 236 PODICIPEDIDAE 29, 146, 179 ;7o///, Oxylapia 85
PLECOPTERA 109, 187, 209, 254 PODICIPEDIFORMES 29, 146, 179 polops, Ameiva 61
Plecotus 13 Podilymbus 179 Polposipus 99
Plectranthias 83 Podismopsis 254 polulus, Sudisorex 8
PLECTROTARSIDAE 255 Podoces 58 Polyborus 179
Plegma 124 Podocnemis 65, 132 POLYCENTROPODIDAE 255
pleione, Taudactylus 67 PODOCOPIDA 97, 185 POLYCHAETA 110,209
Plentusia 174 Podogymnura 6 polychromaticum, Enallagma 208
plenum, Pleurobema 1 1 Podomys 26 polyctena, Formica 170
Plerotes 9 Podoxymys 144 Polyergus 101
Plethobasus 111, 172 Poecilia 80,205 Polygyra 175
plethodon, Monophyllus 137 POECILIIDAE 80, 168, 184, 205, 236 POLYGYRIDAE 127, 175, 215, 239
Plethodon 68, 167,201 Poeciliopsis 168, 205, 236 Polygyriscus 215
PLETHODONTIDAE 68, 167, 201 Poecilmitis 103, 170, 208, 252 polykomos, Colobus 140
Pleurobema 111, 112, 172 Poecilodryas 199 Polylamina 250
pleurobipunctatus, Phoxinellus 168 poecilonotus, Takifugu 207 polylepis, Anabarilius 71
Pleurocera 1 1 poecilops miyajimaense, Orthetrum 238 polylepis, Leuciscus 72
PLEUROCERIDAE 117, 188,212 poecilops, Gerbillus 143 polymorpha, Pseudopalaina 21
Pleurodonte 189 poecilopterus, Nesoclopeus 180 polyodon, Helenoconcha 189
Pleurodytes 249 poecilorrhoa, Cryptophaps 151 Polvodon 70
Pleuronectes 88 poecilotis, Chrysomma 158 POLYODONTIDAE 70
PLEURONECTIDAE 88 Poecilotriccus 156 Polyommatus 103
PLEURONECTIFORMES 88 poensis, Chalinolobus 138 Polyonymus 153
Pleuropoma 238 poeyi, Phyllonycteris 137 polyphemi, Onthophagus 250
pleurotaenia, Puntius 132 pogonias pogonias, Cercopithecus 222 polyphemus, Gopherus 65
pleurotoma, Paladilhla 116 Pogonichthys 73, 183 polyphemus, Limulus 171
Pleuroxia 122, 174 Pogoniulus 44 Poiyphylla 250
PLEXAURIDAE 128 Pogonomelomys 26 Polvptectron 35, 149
plicaria, Hemicycla 245 Pogonomyrmex 101 POLYPRIONIDAE 82
plicala, Leptoxis 1 1 Pogonomys 26 Polysticta 32
Plicatoperipatus 171 pogum, Procambarus 95 Polystictus 156
plicifera, Nesopupa 216 pohlei, Pteropus 9 Polytelis 41
plicosa, Omphalotropis 187 Poiana 224 POMACANTHIDAE 84
PLOCEIDAE 57, 164, 182, 199 poiciloplilus,Botaurus 31 POMACENTRIDAE 86
Ploceus 57, 164, 199 Polecat, European Marbled 224 Pomarea 52
PLOTOSIDAE 76, 247 po/ia, Crocidura 7 Pomatias 244
Plover, Hooded 37 Polihierax 149 POMATIASIDAE 118,188,212,244
Plover, Javan 150 poliocephalus, Phyllastrephus 157 POMATIOPSIDAE 118, 188
Plover, Long-billed 150 polioceplialus, Trachypithecus 15 Pomatoschistus 206
Plover, Madagascar 37 Poliocephalus 29 porno, Arborimus 197
Plover, Magellanic 150 pomona, Hipposideros 194
poliocerca, Eupherusa 43
Plover, Malaysian 150 Ponapella 210
poliogaster, Accipiter 148
Plover, Mountain 37
poliolophus, Batrachostomus 198 ponapensis, Dendrotrochus 215
Plover, Piping 37
poHolophus, Prionops 49 ponapensis, Tomatellinops 213
Plover, Shore 37
polionota, Leucoptemis 148 ponapica, Nesopupa 217
Plover, St Helena 37
polionotus allophrys, Peromyscus 233 ponapicus, Palikirus 214
plumbea, Leucoptemis 148
polionotus ammobates, Peromyscus poncebensis, Pyrenaearia 175
plumbeus, Carcharhinus 69
233 ponceleti, Solomys 27
plumbeus, Dysithamnus 45
polionotus decoloratus, Peromyscus ponceleti, Tribolonotus 200
plumbeus, Micrastur 34 233 Pond-heron, Madagascar 147
plumimanus, Procambarus 95 polionotus leucocephalus, Peromyscus ponderosa, Cincinnatia 115
p/«(o, Clwlicodoma 208 233 ponderosa, Mandarina 214
Pluvianellus 150 polionotus niveiventris, Peromyscus Pondsnail, Thickshell 1 13
Pnoepyga 160 242 Pongo 16
Poblana 78, 205 polionotus peninsularis, Peromyscus ponsonbyi, Bridouxiana 119
pocahontas, Doronomyrmex 100 233 pontica, Alosa 202
Pochard, Baer's 32 polionotus phasma, Peromyscus 233 pontica, Vipera 62
Pochard, Madagascar 32 polionotus trissyllepsis, Peromyscus Ponticyclops 132
Pocketbook, Fat 112 233
Ponlinus 82
Pocketbook, Fine-lined 1 1 poliopareia, Estrilda 57
Pontoporia 196
Pocketbook, Lined 1 1 Polioptila 160
Poo-uli 56
Pocketbook, Ouachita Rock 1 10 polita, Mandarina 214 Poolfish, Pahrump 247
Pocketbook, Shinyrayed 255 polius, Peromyscus 26 Poolfish, Pahrump Ranch 247
Pocketbook, Speckled 1 1 polleni, Paratilapia 244 Poolfish, Raycraft Ranch 247

336
 28 1

Poorwill, Choco 153 Potto, Golden 139 pringlei, Lepidochrysops 103

Poorwill, Eared 153 pottsi, Etheostoma 83 pringlei, Phasis 103
Poorwill, Least 153 potulentus, Stylurus 107 pringlei, Thestor 104
Poospiza 55, 163 pouchet, Hemicycla 125 Prinia, Grey-crowned 160
popeii, Popenaias 1 1 poulsoni, Speoplatyrhinus 77 Prinia, River 199
Popelairia 198 powellensis, Hemiboeckella 91 Prinia, Rufous-vented 52
Popenaias 112 powellii, Lampsilis 1 1 Prinia, White-eyed 52
poptae, Xenopoecilus 81 Powelliphanta 175 Prmia 52, 160, 199
Porbeagle 69 poweri, Dupontia 124 priocephalus, Pycnonotus 157
porcata, Westraltrachia 122 poynloni, Cacosternum 201 Priodontes 5
porcellana, Partulina 213 praecelcus, Bothriembryon 121 Priolepis 169
porcellanus, Hippopus 133 praeclara, Bridoitxiana 119 Prionailurus 16, 140, 195, 224
porcinus annamiticus, Axis 226 praeciarus, Joiceya 103 Prioniturus 41, 152
porcinus porcinus, Axis 226 praeconis, Pseudomys 26 Prionodura X'il
Porcupine, Crested 145 praecox, Melanotaenia 205 Prionomys 144
Porcupine, Thin-spined 28 praecox. Mordacia 69 Prionops 49
porcus, Amastra 1 89 praecox. Thamnophilus 155 prionura, Mycteroperca 83
Porgy, Red 84 praedalrix, Dobsonia 136 Priotelus 153
Poropuntius Ti praerosa, Leptoxis 118 prisca, Lyropupa 216
porosus, Crocodylus 242 praetumida, Pilula 123 Pristidactvlus 199
porphyretica, Limnocythere 98 Praomys 26, 144, 197 PRISTIDAE 69
Porphyrio 36, 180 pratensis/nigricans. Formica 170 PRISTIFORMES 69
porphyrocephala, Iridosomis 162 Pratincole, Black-winged 150 pristinus, Cambarus 93
porphyrocheila, Leucocharis 190 pratti, Hipposideros 136 pristis, Pristis 70
porphyrolaema, Porphyrolaema 156 prattorum. Rhynchomeles 193 /rwlii 69, 70
Porphyrolaema 156 prattorum, Troides 105 Pristoceuthophilus 254
Porphyrospiza 163 Preciosa, Charal de la 78 pritchardi, Chelodina 62
porphyrostomus, Placostylus 127 prehensilis, Antriscopia 92 pritchardiae, Stenotrupis 248
Porpoise, Burmeister's 196 Premnoplex 45 pritchardias, Pentarthrum 248
Porpoise, Dall's 129 Presa, Cachorrito de la 183 pritchardii, Megapodius 34
Porpoise, Finless 196, 225 Presbytis 15, 140, 194 Proasellus 97, 237
Porpoise, Harbour 18, 225 prespensis, Barbus 71 Probarbus 73, 203
Porpoise, Spectacled 196 prespensis, Chondrostoma Problems 252
167
porrecta, Elimia 117 pretiosa, Catocala 253 problematica, Rhophodon 214
porrectus, Helicarion 125 pretneri, Pseudocandona 98 PROBOSCIDEA 19
portoricensis, Isolobodon 28 pretrei, Amazona 40 proboscideus, Macroscelides 29
portosanctana, Pseudocampylaea 174 preussi insularis, Cercopithecus 222 Probosciger 152
Porzana 36, 150, 180 preussi preussi, Cercopithecus 222 Procambarus 94, 95, 237
poseidon, Lepidochrysops 103 preussi, Cercopithecus 15 Procapra 21, 141
Posorites 174 prevostii, Euryceros 157 PROCARIDIDAE 96
Possum, Common Brushtail 219 Priapella 184 Procaris 96
Possum, Daintree River Ringtail 135 pricei, Craterodiscus 173 PROCAVIIDAE 19,226
Possum, Green Ringtail 135 Procellaria 30
pricei, Ictalurus 75
Possum, Herbert River Ringtail 135 PROCELLARIIDAE 30, 146, 179
Prietella 75
Possum, Leadbeater's 5 PROCELLARIIFORMES 29, 146, 179,
prigoginei, Caprimulgus 43
Possum, Lemuroid Ringtail 135 197
prigoginei, Chlorocichla 48
Possum, Scaly-tailed 135 procellaris, Agrotis 1 86
prigoginei, Nectarinia 242
postelli, Pleurocera 1 1
procles, Graphium 105
prigoginei, Phodilus 42
Posticobia 188 proctivis, Megalobulimus 126
PRIMATES 13, 129, 139, 194, 220, 241,
postojnae, Metacyclops 92 Procnias 46, 156
245
postvectis, Galaxias 76 Procolobus 140,222,223,245
primosi, Colophon 99
Potamilus 112 primum, Cristilabrum 122 Procyon \1.\1%
Potamogale 5
princeps goldmani, Ochotona 233 PROCYONIDAE 17, 140, 178. 195
POTAMONAUTIDAE 96
princeps lasalensis, Ochotona 233 Prodontria 99
Potamonectes 249 producta, Amphorella 124
princeps nevadensis, Ochotona 233
Potamonectes 249 producta, Elliptio 172
princeps nigrescens, Ochotorm 233
Potamopyrgus 173 producta, Partula 191
princeps obscura, Ochotona 233
potenziani, Presbytis 15 productus, Hydroporus 248
princeps sheltoni, Ochotona 233
POTERIIDAE 212
princeps tutelata, Ochotona 233 productus, Nestor 181
POTOROIDAE 4, 129, 135, 177, 219
princeps, Accipiter 148 Proechimys 146
Potoroo, Broad-faced 177 Proedromys 144
princeps, Cottus 206
Potoroo, Gilbert's 4 Profelis 241
princeps, Melidectes 54
Potoroo, Long-footed 4 proformicarum, Rossomrymex 101
principalis, Campephilus 181
Potoroo, Long-nosed 219 profundicola, Oryzias 81
principensis, Muricopsis 213
Polorous 4, 177, 219 profundispira, Hirasea 214
principula, Microgale 5
Potosi, Cachorrito Enano de 1 83 prognatha, Telmatherina 79
principulus, Gerbillus 24
Potosi, Perrito de 183 Prognathochromis 85. 184. 185
pringlei, Aloeides 102

337
 1 1

prognathus, Prognathochromis 1 85 Pseudagrion 208 pseudotrolli, Vitrea 128

Progne 198 Pseudalmenus 252 pseudozosterops, Randia 160
Progomphus 107 Pseudamnicola 16, 1 21 Helenoconcha 189
pseustes,
Prolagus 179 Pseudanodonta 172 Psilorhamphus 155
prolatus, Bunomys 23 Pseudantechinus 3 Psilotreta 255
prolatus, Encheloclarias 76 Pseudanthias 83 psittacea, Psittirostra 56
Dupontia 190
proletaria, Pseudemydura 62 psittacea, Treron 39
Pronesopupa 216 Pseudemys 64, 166 PSITTACIDAE 39, 151, 180, 242
Pronghorn, Baja California 227 Pseudibis 31, 147 PSITTACIFORMES 39, 151, 180,242
Pronghorn, Mexican 227 Pseudirion 250 Psittacula 41, 152, 181
Pronghorn, Sonoran 227 Pseudoatta 101 Psittaculirostris 41
pronoli, Mecistogaster 108 Pseudobagrus 247 Psitteuteles 41
propinqua, Dysnomia 187 Pseudobarbus 73, 168 Psittinus 152
propinqua, Epioblasma 1 1 Pseudobargus 76 Psittirostra 56
Propithecus 14, 221 Pseudobias 160 Psittrichas 41
proprium, Dicaeum 53 Pseudocalyptomena 45 Psophodes 52
Prosciurillus 22, 142 Pseudocampylaea 190 Paraphoxinus 202
pstrossi,
proserpina, Cyprinella 71 Pseudocandona 98 PSYCHODIDAE 99
proserpina, Proserpinus 208 pseudocellata, Sacalia 200 Psychomastatix 108
Proserpinus 208 PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE 4, 135, 193 psychopompus, Scytalopus 46
Prosobonia 38, 180 Pseudocheirus 4, 193 plaritepui, Crypturellus 29
Prosopeia 152 Pseudochelidon 48 Ptchochromoides 86
PROSORHOCHMIDAE 128, 175,217 Pseudochirops 4, 5, 135 Pteralopex 9
prospera, Mesonerilla 110 Pseudochirulus 135, 193 Pterodroma 30, 179
protea, Partula 191 PSEUDOCHROMIDAE 83 Pteromys 142, 242
PROTEIDAE 68 Pseudochromis 83 Pteromyscus 142
Proteles 224 PSEUDOCOCCIDAE 186 Pteronotus 11, 137
Protemblemaria 87 Pseudocolopteryx 47 Pteronura 17
Proteus 68 Pseudocopaeodes 252 PTEROPODIDAE 8, 136, 177, 193, 241
Protocobitis 74 Pseudocordylus 59, 165 Pteropus 9, 10, 136, 177, 193, 194, 241
Prolomognathus 101 Pseudocossyphus 52, 160 pterotropiana, Spheterista 254
Protoploea 171 Pseudocotalpa 99 Pteruthius 160
Protoptila 254 pseudocrinitus, Peromyscus 26 pthonera, Canariella 133
Prototrachia 122 PSEUDOCYCLOPIIDAE 92 Ptilinopus 39, 151, 180
Prototroctes 76, 1 83 Pseudodacnis 55 Ptilocichla 52, 160
protracta, Partula 191 pseudodolium, Orcula 215 PTILONORHYNCHIDAE 58, 132, 164
protuberata, Beddomeia 115 Pseudoglessula 217, 240 Ptiloris 164
provancheri, Formicoxenus 100 Pseudogobiopsis 247 Ptychalaea 127
providencianus, Hypoplectrus 83 Pseudohydromys 26 Ptychobranchus 112, 172
provocator, Xanthotis 1 62 pseudoincisus, Glossolepis 204 Ptychocheilus Ti
provocax, Lutra 17 Pseudois 21, 141,230 Ptychochromoides 86
provosti, Ochrotrichia 254 pseudojacosta, Trochoidea 126 Ptychodon 123
proxima, Partulina 121 pseudomelaneus, Parantica 171 Ptychotrema 216
proxima, Sinployea 190 Pseudomoraria 96 Ptyochromis 86
pruinosus, Myotis 12 Pseudomugil 78, 205, 243 Puaiohi 51
Prunella 158 Pseudomyrmex 101 pubescens, Polylamina 250
prunellei, Coeligena 43 Pseudomys 26, 131, 144, 178 pucherani, Campylorhamphus 155
PRUNELLIDAE 158 pseudonapaea, Sicista 197 puiia,Pudu 20
pryeri, Megalurus 51 Pseudonestor 56 Pudu, Northern 141
Prymnbriareus 244 Pseudoniphargus 90 Pudu, Southern 20
przewalskii, Equus 178 Pseudonovibos 22 Pi«/« 20, 141
przewalskii, Paradoxomis 51 Pseudopalaina 211 Puertoricomys 178
przewalskii, Procapra 21 pseudopeilegrini, Prognathochromis Puffbird, Sooty-capped 154
Psacadonotus 109 185 Puffinus 30, 146
Psalidoprocne 157 Pseudophoxinus 73, 168, 203 Puffleg, Black-breasted 43
PSAMMASPIDIDAE 90 Pseudophryne 67, 167 Puffleg, Black-thighed 153
Psammobates 65 Pseudopsectra 254 Puffleg, Colourful 43
Psammochromis 85, 185 pseudopulchella, Aprasia 165 Puffleg, Hoary 153
psammophila, Sminthopsis 4 Pseudorasbora 246 Puffleg, Turquoise-throated 43
psarolena, Solatopupa 174 Pseudorca 242 Puku 131
pselaphon, Pteropus 9 Pseudoryx 22 pulchella, Neophertm 152
Pselliophorus 55 Pseudoscaphirhynchus 70 pulchellus, Acrolophitus 108
PSEPHENIDAE 249 Pseudoscorpion, Empire Cave 89 pulchellus, Caprimulgus 198
Psephenus 249 Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave 207 pulcher, Heliodiaptomus 92
Psephotus 41, 152, 181 PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA 89, 207 pulcher, Lacconectus 249
Psephurus 70 PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE 108 pulcherrima, Achatinella 120
Pseudacris 246 Pseudotricula 256 pulcherrima, Papustyla 214

338
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pulcherrima, Petalura 107 pupoidea, Nanocochlea 116 pyrenaica hispanica, Capra 228
pulcherrimus. Psephotus 181 pupoides, Bythinella 173 pyrenaica orruita, Rupicapra 230
pulchra longicauda, Egemia 234 Pupoidopsis 216 pyrermica pyrenaica, Capra 228
pulchra nigra, Anniella 246 Pupuharakeke 121 pyrenaica victoriae, Capra 228
pulchra, Auriculella 213 pupukanioe, Achatinella 120 pyrenaica, Belgrandiella 115
pulchra, Cyanolyca 164 pupula, Graziana 244 pyrenaica, Capra 141
pulchra, Macgregoria 58 pupula, Pupilla 245 pyrenaica, Rana 201
pulchra, Pteralopex 9 purcelli, Metadiaptomus 92 pyrermica, Rupicapra 131
pulchrus, Empicoris 251 puritana, Cicindela 98 pyrenaicus, Galemys 8
puliensis, Sinogastromyzon 75 Purpletuft, Buff-throated 46 pyrenella, Pleurocera 1 1

pulitzeri, Macrosphenus 51 purpurea, Cochoa 158 Pyrg, Ozark 211

puZZa, Microgale 5 purpurea, Gila 11 Pyrgina 214
pullus, Carunculina 255 purpureus, Mastigodiaptomus 92 Pyrgulopsis 211, 256
pulpa, Mirafra 157 purpureus, Tropodiaptomus 207 pyriforme, Pleurobema 172
puZiiz, Barbatula 203 pusilla, Austrochloritis 173 Pyriglena 46
pulveratus, Pipistrellus 139 pusilla, Chaerephon 13 pyroeis hersaleki, Poecilmitis 252
pulverulentus, Pteromyscus 142 pusilla, Coenocorypha 37 pyrohypogaster, Hypopyrrhus 56
Puma, Eastern 224 pusilla, Galaxiella 77 pyronotus, Cambarus 93
Puma 224 pusilla, Micronycteris 11 pyrrhocephalus, Phaenicophaeus 42
pumila ssp., Pseudorasbora 246 pusilla, Ochotona 28 pyrrhocephalus, Yssichromis 86
pumila, Gyrotoma 1 1 pusilla, Palaina 211 pyrrhops, Hapalopsittaca 41
pumila, Parantica 244 pusillior, Hemisloma 116 pyrrhopterus, Brotogeris 152
pumila, Videna 217 pusillus, Haeromys 24 Pyrrhula 163
pumilio, Indicator 154 pusillus, Loriculus 152 Pyrrhura 41, 152
pumilio, Myosciurus 22 pustulatus, Hydrosaurus 199 Python, Indian 165
pumilio, Rhabdomys 197 pufa, Murirm 12 Python, Western Australian Carpet234
pumilus, Pteropus 9 putealis, Stygobromus 90 Pyr/ion 165
pumilus, Tarsius 194 putnamensis, Ochthebius 249 Pyxichromis 86, 185
punae, Deinomimesa 251 pybnsi, Elimia 1 1 Pyjri'j 65
punctata, Protemblemaria 87 PYCNONOTIDAE 48, 157, 181, 198 quadragintus, Pardalotus 53
punctatissima, Knipowitschia 87 Pycnonotus 48, 157, 198 quadrani, Atenia 174
punctatus, Falco 34 pycnum, Aphaostracon 14 1 quadrasi, Elasmias 213
punctatus, Lacconectus 249 pycrofti, Pterodroma 30 quadrasi, Heteropoma 210
punctatus, Sphenodon 243 Pyganodon 172 quadrasi, Himeroconcha 214
punctellum, Mecodema 185 Pygathrix 15 quadrasi, Nesopupa 216
PUNCTIDAE 127,216 Pygeretmus 143 quadrasi, Omphalotropis 210
punctipennis, Lacconectus 249 pygerythrus, Callosciurus 22 quadrasi, Succinea 128
punctiperforata, Mautodontha 189 pygmaea, Elimia 1 1 Quadrasiella 210
punclulispira, Boninosuccinea 128 pygmaea, Melanotaenia 168 quadratus, Somatogyrus 212
Pungitius 81, 247 pygmaea, Pandaka 87 quadricarinatus, Cherax 95
Pungu 86 pygmaeus. Coitus 82 quadricolor, Dicaeum 53
Pungu 86 pygmaeus, Economidichthys 87 quadricomis, Myoxocephalus 244
punicans, Taeromys 145 pygmaeus, Hipposideros 136 quadricomis, Tetracerus 22
punicea, Columba 38 pygmaeus, Napaeus 244 quadridens, Pteronotus 137
punicea, Trochidrobia 173 pygmaeus, Neotragus 141 quadrimaculatus, Gerbillus 24
puntillum, Gibberula 213 pygmaeus, Nycticebus 14 quadriocellata, Sacalia 64
Puntius 73, 74, 132, 203, 236 pygmaeus, Pongo 16 quadrioculatum, Pseudagrion 208
;7Hpa,Palaina 211 pygmaeus, Procyon 17 quadrivittatus australis, Tamias 23
pupaeformis, Elimia 1 1 pygmaeus, Somatogyrus 212 Quadrula 112, 172, 238, 255
Pupfish, Amargosa 247 pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus 37 quadruncus, Orconectes 94
Pupfish, Comanche Springs 79 pygmeus, Phalacrocorax 147 Quagga 178
Pupfish, Conchos 247 Pygmy-parrot, Geelvink 152 quagga, Equus 178
Pupfish, Cottonball Marsh 247 Pygmy-possum, Lxing-tailed 220 Quail, Himalayan 35
Pupfish, Desert 247 Pygmy-possum, Mountain 4 Quail, New Zealand 180
Pupfish, Devils Hole 79 Pygmy-tyrant, Fork-tailed 47 Quail, Ocellated 149
Pupfish, Largescale 79 Pygmy-tyrant, Rufous-sided47 Quail,Snow Mountain 149
Pupfish, Leon Springs 79 Pygmy-tyrant, White-bellied 156 Quail-dove, Blue-headed 39
Pupfish, Owens 80 PYGOPODIDAE 60, 165, 234 Quail-dove, Bridled 151
Pupfish, Pecos 79 PYRALIDAE 186,253 Quail-dove, Crested 151
Pupfish, Salt Creek 247 pyramidalis, Reymondia 119 Quail-dove, Grey-headed 151
Pupfish, White Sands 80 pyramidata, Gyrotoma 1 1 Quail-dove, Russet-crowned 151
pupiformis, Phrantela 116 pyramis, Diplommatina 210 Quail-dove, Veracruz 39
Pupilla 175, 191,245 pyramis, Heteropoma 210 qualtieranus, Iberus 174
PUPILLIDAE 127, 133, 175. 191, 216, 245 pyramus, Poecilmitis 103 Bubalus 20
quarlesi,
Pup/na 212, 256 Pyreferra 253 quathlambae, Pseudobarbus 73
PUPINIDAE 119,212,256 Pyrenaeania 174 quebecensis. Formicoxenus 100
Pupisoma 133 Pyrenaearia 126, 175 quebecensis, Myrmica 101

339
 1

Quechulac, Charal de 78 Radioconus 123 Rainbowfish, Pima River 205

Quemisia 179 Radiodiscus 123. 214 Rainbowfish, Pygmy 168
Quenda 219 radiolata, Acanthochelys 165 Rainbowfish, Ramu 204
quenstedti, Bythiospeum 115 radiolata, Partula 127 Rainbowfish, Red 78
quercinus, Eliomys 27 radiolata. Zing is 125 Rainbowfish, Sentani 78

questroana, Amplirhagada 121 radiolosus, Neomorphus 42 Rainbowfish. Slender 168

Quetzal, Eared 44 radiosus, Cyprinodon 80 Rainbowfish. Spotted 243
Quetzal, Resplendent 153
Rainbowfish. Strickland 243
Rafetus 66
quickelbergei, Lepidochrysops 103 rafflesia, Euscheman 252 Rainbowfish, Tami River 204
Quijarrona, Sardinita72 Megalaima 154 Rainbowfish, Van Heurn's205
raffle sii,
quimperiana, Elona 245 Rainbowfish, Waigeo 243
raffrayana, Emballonura 129
Rainbowfish, Yakati 204
Quincuncina 112,172 rafinesqueana, Lampsilis 1 1

raineyi, Crocidura 1
quinquestriatus, Callosciurus 22 rafmesquii, Plecotus 13
Rajah, Chestnut 253
quintalia, Christianoconcha 127 rahmi, Lophuromys 143
quinlalia, Nancibella 190
raji. Hippocampus 81
raiatensis, Partula 191
Quintalia 190 Auckland Islands 36
RAJIDAE 201
Rail.
quinlicolor, Capita 44 Rail. Austral 37
RAJIFORMES 201
rakiurae, Hoplodactylus 165
Quiscalus 163, 182 Rail. Bald-faced 36
quitobaquitae, Tryonia 212 Rail. Bar-winged 180
RALLIDAE 36, 149, 180, 198
Rallina 37. 198
Quokka 4 Rail. Bogota 37
Brown-banded 36 Rallus 37
QuoU, Bronze 3 Rail.
Chatham Islands 180 ramadeva, Lethe 253
Quoll, Eastern 135 Rail.
Quoll, New Guinea 3 Rail. Dieffenbach's 180
Ramiheithrus 255
Quoll, Northern 135 Rail. Galapagos 149 ramirohitra, Brachyuromys 143
Quoll, Spotted-tailed 3, 219 Rail. Guam 180 ramonensis, Euchondrus 124
Rabbit, Amami 29 Rail. Inaccessible 36 RAMPHASTIDAE 154
Rabbit. Lower Keys Marsh 234 Rail. Invisible 36 ramphastinus, Semnomis 154
Rabbit, Omiltemi 29 Rail. Junin 36 Ramphocinclus 49
Rabbit, Pygmy 146 Rail. Lord Howe 36 Ramphodon 43. 153

Rabbit, Riverine 28 Rail. New Caledonian 36 Ramphotyphlops 62

Rabbit, San Jose Brush 146 Rail. New Guinea Flightless 198 ramsayi, Aspidites 61
Rabbit, Sumatran 29 Rail, Okinawa 36 ramsayi, Fluviopupa 173
Rabbit, Tres Marias 29 Rail, Plain-Hanked 37 Ramshorn, Acorn 113
Rabbit, Volcano 29 Rail. Red 180 Ramshorn. Magnificent 113
Rabbitsfoot, Rough 255 Rail, Rodrigues 180 ramuensis, Glossolepis 204
rabieri, Picas 45 Rail. Rougefs 150 ramulosus. Hippocampus 81
rabinoi, Liolaemus 60 Rail. Roviana 149 Rana 67. 68. 167, 182, 201. 243
rabori, Napothera 51 Rail. Sakalava 36 randi,Muscicapa 51
rabori, Nyctimene 9 Rail. Snoring 36 Randia 160
rabori, Sundasciurus 22 Rail. Swinhoe's 36 Ranella 173
Raccoon, Barbados 178 Rail. Tahiti 180 RANELLIDAE 173
Raccoon, Cozumel Island 17 Rail. Wake Island 180 ranfurlyi, Phalacrocorax 31
Racer, Almeda Striped 246 Rail. Woodford's 36 Ranger. Barber's 252
Racer, Antiguan 61 Rail. Zapata 36 Rangifer 227
Racer, Barbados 61 raimondii, Phytotoma 47 RANIDAE 67. 167. 182. 201, 243
Racer, Black 61 Rainbow. Celebes 79 raniformis, Litoria 66
Racer, Leeward Island 61 Rainbowfish, Ajamaru Lakes 204 ranjiniae, Rattus 26
Racer. Red-bellied 61 Rainbowfish. Arfak 78 Ranodon 68
Racer, Saint Croix 182 Rainbowfish. Axelrod's 243
rapaensis, Canthigaster 88
Racer, St Lucia 61 Rainbowfish. Bleher's78
raphanurus, Rhyncholestes 3
racovitzai conopyge, Monolistra 237 Rainbowfish. Boeseman's 78
Raphicerus 131
racovitzai, Scardinius 203 Rainbowfish. Bulolo 204
RAPHIDAE 180
Racquet-tail, Blue-crowned 152 Rainbowfish. Cairns 78
Raphiomydas 250
Racquet-tail, Blue-headed41 Rainbowfish. Corona 204
Raphus 180
Racquet-tail, Blue-winged41 Rainbowfish, Dwarf 205
raptor, Paranyctimene 136
Racquet-tail, Buru 152 Rainbowfish, Exquisite 204
raricosta, Pomatias 244
Racquet-tail. Green 41 Rainbowfish. Hy River 205
rarotongensis, Ptilinopus 151
Racquet-tail. Luzon 41 Rainbowfish. Lake Eacham 78
rarum, Aciagrion 208
Racquet-tail. Mindanao41 Rainbowfish. Lake Kurumoi 78
Rasbora. Valeria Flower 132
Racquet-tail. Yellowish-breasted 1 52 Rainbowfish, Lake Kutubu 78
Rainbowfish, Lake Tebera 205
Rasbora 74. 132
radamanthus schreiberi, Euploea 237
Rainbowfish. Lake Wanam78
raspaili, Tacheocampylaea 215
raddei, Vipera 243
Rainbowfish. Mayland's243 rastellus, Syncomistes 169
radiata, Geochelone 65
Rat. Arizona Cotton 233
radiala, Partula 191 Rainbowfish. Misool 243
Rainbowfish. Mountain 205 Rat. Berkeley Hills Kangaroo 231
radiatus, Anodontoides 172
Rainbowfish, Ogilby's 205 Rat. Colorado River Cotton 242
radiatus, Erythrotriorchis 33
Rainbowfish, Oktedi 78 Rat, Dinagat Island Cloud 23
Carpococcyx 42
radiceus,
Rat, Earthquake Valley Kangaroo 231
Rainbowfish, Papuan 243
Radiocentrum 126

340
 1 1 1 1

Rat, Fresno Kangaroo 232 reddelli, Stygobromus 90 relictus. Platysaurus 165

Rat, Giant Bushy-tailedCloud 23 redfieldi,Partulina 121 Relictus 74
Rat, Giant Kangaroo 23 Redfin, Berg River 73 religosa. Crocidura 193
Rat, Giluwe 144 Redfin, Burchell's 73 remota. Partula 191
Rat, Greater Mole 27 Redfin, Clanwilliam 71 remotus. Conocephaloides 109
Rat, Greater Stick-nest 24 Redfin, Eastern Cape 168 remseni, Doliomis 46
Rat, Gunnison Island Kangaroo 23 Redfin, Fiery 73 remyi, Hypnophila 214
Rat, Heath 131 Redfin, Slender 73 remyi. Suncus 8
Rat, Hot Springs Cotton 233 Redfin, Smallscale 73 renauldi, Carpococcyx 152
Rat, House Rock Valley Kangaroo 232 Redfin, Twee River 71
Renea 113
Rat, Lesser Mole 27 Redfish 82
rennellianus. Zosterops 162
Rat, Luzon Forest 242 Redhorse, Bighead 246
REPTILIA 58, 132, 164, 182, 199, 234,
Rat, Marsh Rice 233 Redhorse, Copper 75
242, 246
Rat, Mindoro Climbing 23 Redhorse, Gray 203
res. Ningbingia 122
Rat, Mt Isarog Striped 23 Redigobius 169 reses. Orthalicus 215
Rat, Poncelet's Giant 27 redimita, Xerarionla 125
resinus. Mandibularca 72
Rat, Red Vizcacha 28 Redstart, Ala Shan 160
resplendens. Centropyge 84
Rat, Rock-dwelling 145 reducta, Thermomesochra 208 respublica, Cicinnurus 164
Rat, Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant 143 redunca, Redunca 131
restrictus, Cisticola 198
Rat, San Bernardino Kangaroo 231 Redunca 131,230
Rat, San Joaquin Kangaroo 142
reticulata. Amastra 1 89
REDUVIIDAE 251
reticulata. Eos 152
Rat, San Quintin Kangaroo 23 Reed-warbler, Basra 158
Rat, Selinda Veld 242 reticulata, Eusthenia 254
Reed-warbler, Nauru 49
Rat, Southern Giant Slender-tailed Cloud reticulata, Insulivitrina 128
Reed-warbler, Nightingale 49
26 reticulata, Meliphaga 162
Reed-warbler, Pitcairn 49
Rat, Stephens' Kangaroo 131 reticulatus. Coeranoscincus 165
Reed-warbler, Streaked 49
Rat, Tawitawi Lsland 26 reticulatus. Sanopus 78
Reed-warbler, Tahiti 49
Rat, Texas Kangaroo 23 retiformis, Bufo 166
Reedbuck, Bohor 131
Rat, Tipton Kangaroo 232 retinaculum, Buffetia 125
Reedbuck, Chanler's Mountain230
Rat, Western Small-toothed 24 Retinella 217
Reedbuck, Mountain 131
Rat-kangaroo, Desert 177 Retrecie, Salamis 253
Reedbuck, Southern 131
rathbunae, Procambarus 95 Reedbuck, Southern Mountain 230
retrocinctum, Dicaeum 53
rathbuni, Typhlomolge 68 retrodens, Hoplotilapia 184
Reedbuck, Western Mountain 230
Ratsirakia 244 Reedhaunter, Straight-billed 155 RETROPINNIDAE 76, 183
Rattlesnake, Aruba Island 62 Syrmaticus 35
reevesii,
retusa, Obovaria 1 1

Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-nosed reeviana brevicuia, Lampsilis 238 retusus, Chlamyphorus 5
246 reventazoni, Palaemnertm 108
reeviana reeviana. Lampsilis 238
rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 167 refulgens, Quadrula 172 reverberii, Atelognathus 66
Rattus 26, 144, 145, 178, 197 revoili, Elephantulus 29
regalis, Heliangelus 43
Ratufa 22, 245 regalis, Hypseleotris 169
rex, Balaeniceps 147
raveneliana, Alasmidonta 110 rex, Clytoceyx 198
regalis.Pseudanlhias 83
ravidus, Tardus 181 rex, Ogasawarana 112
regani. Chirostoma 204
raviventris halicoetes, Reithrodontomys rex, Percina 84
regani. Neosalanx 76
233 rex, Rhinolophus 1
regia, Erythrura 57
raviventris raviventris, rex, Tachyoryctes 21
regiruie. Lasius 100
Reithrodontomys 233 rex, Uromys 27
reginicola. Conomyrma 100
raviventris, Reithrodontomys 26 Reymondia 119
regis. Plagiolepis 101
ravouxi, Epimyrma 100 reyniesii, Bythinella 244
regularis, Ancylus 173
ravus, Tomopeas 13 reynoldsi, Neoseps 60
rehbinderi, Strongylognathus 102
Rayadito, Mas Afuera 45 reynoldsiana, Spheterista 254
rehsei, Acrocephalus 49
rayi, Moitessieria 173 rezvoji, Camptoceras 210
reibischi, Bulimulus 126
razae, Alauda 47 Rhabdomys 197
reichei, Papillogobius 169
reaperi, Farula 255 Rhabdornis, Long-billed 161
reichenowi, Anthreptes 161
reburrus, Cambarus 93 Rhabdornis 161
reichenowi, Streptopelia 151
recifinus, Platyrrhinus 1
reidi,Hippocampus 81
RHABDORNITHIDAE 161
recta, Ligumia 172 rhabdota, Lyropupa 216
reighardi. Coregonus 77
recta, Westraltrachia 122 Rhachis 189
reimanni, Chelodina 200
recticulus, Ochthebius 249 Rhadine 248
reimeri. Procambarus 95
rectirostris, Hylocryptus 155
reisalpense. Bythiospeum 115
Rhagada 122
rectirostris, Limnomis 155 Rhagomys 27
reiseri, Chirocephalus 91
rectum, Cristilabrum 122 Rhamdia 76
reiseri, Phyllomyias 156
rectunguis, Centropus 152 Rhantus 249
Reithrodontomys 26, 27, 145, 233, 245
recurvatum, Enallagma 106 Rhantus 98, 185, 249
rekohua, Galaxias 76
Recurvebill, Bolivian 45
relevata, Leiostyla 127
RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE 108, 254
Recurvebill, Peruvian 155 Rhea, Greater 146
relicta, Amaurospiza 162
RECURVIROSTRIDAE 37 Rhea, Lesser 146
relicta, Myonycteris 9
recurvirostris, Avocettula 153 Rhea 146
relictus, Larus 150
reddelli, Rhamdia 76 Rhebok, Grey 131

341
 1 1 1

Rhegmatorhina 155 RHYNCHOPIDAE 38 Wto manonii, Euphilotes 252

RHEIDAE 146 Rhynchopsitta 41 ritsemae, Lacconectus 249
RHEIFORMES 146 Rhyncogonus 248 River-martin, White-eyed 48
Rheinardia 35 Rhyncogonus 185 riversiana, Xantusia 61
Rheobatrachus 67 RHYNOCHETIDAE 37 rivulatus, Trichomyclerus 168
Rheocles 78. 183,205,243 Rhynochetos 37 Rivulus 243
rheocola, Litoria 66 Rhysoconcha 123 Rivulus 205, 243
Rheodytes 62 Rhytida 127 Roach, Albanian 168
Rheomys 145 RHYTIDIDAE 127,175,216 Roach, Black Sea 203
rheophilus, Taudactylus 67 richardsoni liberiensis, Poiana 224 Roach, Danube 203
Rhincodon 201 richardsoni, Melanospiza 162 Roach, Tuna Cave 247
RHINCODONTIDAE 201 richardsoni, Microhydromys 144 roachi, Myomimus 28
Rhinichthys 74, 183,246 richardsoni, Phrantela 211 Robberfly, Antioch 250
Rhinoceros, Black 19 richmondi, Sciurus 142 Robberfly, Hurd's 250
Rhinoceros, Great Indian 19, 226 ricketti, Myolis 138 roberti, Alloperla 187

rhinoceros, Haplophlhalmus 97 rickseckeri, Hydrochara 249 roberti, Chionomys 143

Rhinoceros, Javan 19 ricordi, Cyclura 60 roberti, Conopophaga 155
Rhinoceros, Northern White 225 ricto, Hemidaina 254 roberti, Gymnuromys 24
Rhinoceros, Sumatran 19 riddellii, Pleurobema 172 roberti, Nesidiolestes 251
Rhinoceros, White 130 ridgwayi, Aegolius 152 robertsi,Euastacus 96
Rhinoceros 19,225,226 ridgwayi, Buteo 33 robertsi,Zenacrhopterus 243
RHINOCEROTIDAE 19, 130,225 ridgwayi, Cotinga 46 robertsoni, Bellamya 120
Rhinoclemmys 64, 166 ridgwayi, Nesotriccus 47 Robin, Black-throated Blue 51
RHINOCRYPTIDAE 46, 155 ridgwayi, Thalurania 44 Robin, Blue-fronted 158
Rhinocypha 106 Ridley, Kemp's 63 Robin, Chatham Islands 51
Rhinoderma 201 Ridley, Olive 63 Robin, Grey-headed 159
RHINODERMATIDAE 201 ridleyi, Hipposideros 10 Robin, Olive-yellow 199
rhinogradoides, Tateomys 27 ridleyi, Myotis 138 Robin, Rufous-headed 51
RHINOLOPHIDAE 10, 129, 136, 194 riedelii, Tanysiptera 154
Robin, Ryukyu 158
Rhinolophus 10, 11, 129, 137, 194 Riekoperla 109 Robin, Snow Mountain 199
Rhinomyias 52, 160 Riffleshell, Angled 187 Robin, Swynnerton's 52
Rhinonicteris 1
Riffleshell, Northern 255
Robin-chat, White-headed 50
Rhinophylla 137 Riffleshell, Tan 255 robinsi, Priolepis 169

Rhinopithecus 15 Riffleshell, Tennessee 187 robinsoni, Coelops 136

Rhinopoma 10 Riffleshell, Wabash 187 robinsoni, Myiophonus 159
RHINOPOMATIDAE 10 Riflebird, Paradise 164 Roblinella 174
Rhinoptilus 37 riggenbachi, Gerbillus 143 roborowskii, Carpodacus 199
Rhipidolestes 107 rijersmai, Alsophis 61 robusta ssp., Gila 246
Rhipidomys 27, 145 n'/ey/ cristata, Cyclura 234 robusta, Actinella 174
Rhipidura 52, 160, 199 n'/eyi nuchalis, Cyclura 234 robusta, Alasmidonta 110
rhipidurus, Echimys 197 n/ej'/ n7e>'i, Cyclura 234 robusta, Dubiraphia 249
Rhithrodytes 99 n/cyi, Cyclura 60 robusta, Mystacina 177
Rhizoplagiodonua 179 n/eyi, Poecilmitis 103 robusta, Pantagenia 186
Rhizosomichthys 183 Rimator 160 robusta, Partula 191
Rhodacanthis 181 rimiculus Catostomus 246
ssp., robusta, Pyrgulopsis 21
Rhodacme 113 rimosus, Lemiox 1 1 robustior, Miniopterus 12
Rhodeus 236 ringens, Diplommatina 210 robustus Eschrichtius 225
,

rhodocephala, Pyrrhura 152 Ringlet, False 171 robustus isabellinus, Macropus 220
rhodocorytha, Amazona 40 Ringlet, False Dewy 253 robustus, Chaetodon 84
Rhodonessa 2il Ringlet, Gavarnie 253 robustus, Eschrichtius 129
Rhogeessa 139 Ringlet, Larche 253 robustus, Eudyptes 29
rhombifer, Crocodylus 58 Ringlet, Ottoman Brassy 253 robustus, Rivulus 205
rhombosomoides, Caimsichthys 78 Ringlet, Raetzer's 171 robustus, Scotophilus 139
RHOPALIDAE 251 Ringlet, Sudeten 253 robustus, Solegnathus 82
Rhophodon 214 Ringtail, Arfak 193 rochussenii, Scolopax 38
Rhopomis 46 Ringtail, D'Albertis 4 Rock-catfish 203
Rhoptromyrmex 101 Ringtail, Lowland 193 Rock-catfish, Barnard's 76
Rhyacophila 187,255 Ringtail, Plush-coated 5 Rock-catfish, Clanwilliam 76
RHYACOPHILIDAE 187,255 Ringtail, Western 4 Rock-rat, Central 27
Rhyacomis 52 Ringtail, Weyland 193 Rock-skink, Jurien Bay 234
rhynchida, Kenkia 256 rintjanus, Komodomys 24 Rock-thrush, Benson's 52
RHYNCHOCEPHALIA 58, 243 riochcoensis, Radioconus 123 Rock-thrush, Forest 160
Rhynchochydorus 90 RIODINIDAE 253 Rock-wallaby, Black-footed 220, 241
Rhynchocyon 29, 245 ni( sakishimana, Planaeschna 237 Rock-wallaby, Brush-tailed4
Rhyncholestes 3 mi, Progomphus 107 Rock-wallaby, Cape York 135
Rhynchomeles 193 risora, Alectrurus 47 Rock-wallaby, Mountain Claro 135
Rhynchomys 27 fiiija 38 Rock-wallaby, Prosperine4

342
 8 5 3 1 22 1

Rock-wallaby, Yellow-footed 135, 220 Rose, Sri Lankan 105 rubens, Orthetrum 209
rockefelleri, Nectarinia 53 rosea, Partula 127 ruicr, Myotis 12
Rockfish, Boccacio 82 Rosefinch, Tibetan 199 rubescens, Gallicolumba 39
Rockfowl, Grey-necked 52 rosei, Capensibufo 166 rubicola, Melomys 25
Rockfowl, White-necked 51 rosei, Heleophryne 66 rubicunda, Bellamya 120
rockhamptonensis, Sphaerospira 174 roseicapilla, Ptilinopus 151 rubicundus, Helicarion 125
Rockjumper, Orange-breasted 158 roseigaster, Priotelus 153 rubida, Monodelphis 3
Rockjumper, Rufous 158 rosenbergi, Nyctiphrynus 53
1 rubida, Rhinoclemmys 64
Rocksnail, Agate 118 rosenbergii, Gymnocrex 36 rubidiceps, Chloephaga 147
Rocksnail, Armored 118 roseus, Opislhopatus 187 rubiginosus, Prionailurus 195
Rocksnail, Bigmouth 118 roseveari, Lemniscomys 143 rufcra, Foudia 57
Rocksnail, Helmet 118
rosewateri, Tridacna 1 1
ruira, Mycteroperca 206
Rocksnail, Interrupted 188
rositae, Passerina 162 rubra, Paradisaea 164
Rocksnail, Knobby 118
rosmarus laptevi, Odobenus 224 rubranura, Felexamia 251
Rocksnail, Lyrate 118
rosseti, Myotis 138 rubricollis, Charadrius yi
Rocksnail, Maiden 118
rossi, Apatalestea 250 rubrifacies, Lybius 154
Rocksnail, Muddy 118
rossi, Trigonoscuta 185 rubripes, Odontopodisma 108
Rocksnail, Oblong 118
rossiana, Paryphanta 216 rubritorques, Anthreptes 53
Rocksnail, Onyx 118
rossmaessieri, Chilostoma 174 rubriventer, Eulemur 14
Rocksnail, Ornate 118
Rossomrymex 101 rubriventris, Pseudemys 166
Rocksnail, Painted 118
Rocksnail, Plicate 118
Rossomyrmex 101 rubrogenys, Ara 40
rossouwi, Aloeides 102 rubrum, Etheostoma 169
Rocksnail, Rotund 118
rossouwi, Thestor 104 rubrum, Pleurobema 111
Rocksnail, Round 117
Rocksnail, Rugose 118 rostrata rostrata, Aprasia 234 ruckii, Cyornis 50

Rocksnail, Smooth 118 rostrata, Helicina 112 Rudd, Greek 74

Rocksnail, Spotted 118 rostratum, Trichastoma 160 ™ddi, Heteromirafra 48
Rocksnail, Striped 118 rostratus, Galaxias 76 rude;, Necydalis 248
Rocksnail, Varicose 118 rostripes, Diaptomus 207 rut/ii, Hetaerina 106

Rocksnail, Warty 118 rostrogaleatus, Engaeus 96 rarfi5, Jacksonena 173

Rocky, Eastern Province 88 roswellensis, Pyrgulopsis 21 r«t/(.5, Naultinus 243

RODENTIA 22, 131, 142, 178, 197, 230, rotanus, Semperdon 214 rwdij, Sinployea 190
242, 245 rotensis, Zosterops 54 rudolfi, Ninox 42
rodericana, 'Alectroenas' 180 rothschildi, Cypseloides 153 rudolphi, Paradisaea 58
rodericana, Geonemertes 217 rothschildi, Leucopsar 57 rueppelli, Vulpes 195
rodericanus, 'Necropsittacus' 181 rothschildi, Murexia 193 rueppellii, Nycticeius 139
rodericanus, Bebrornis 50 rothschildi, Myospalax 144 ru/a nigra, Aplodontia 230
rodericanus, Necrospar 182 rothschildi, Ornithoptera 105 ru/a phaea, Aplodontia 230
rodolphei, Stachyris 52 rothschildi, Phalanger 4 r«^, Formica 170
rodricensis, Pteropus 9 rotula, Himeroconcha 214 r«/a, Trichocichla 53
rodriguezensis, Afrogyrus 1 1 rotulata,Obovaria 172 rufescens, Atrichornis 47
rodriguezensis, Dancea 124 rotundata, Bridouxiana 119 rufescens, Elisolimax 215
rodriguezensis, Nesopupa 216 rotundata, Parantica liH rufescens, llladopsis 159
rodriguezi, Reithrodontomys 27 rotundatus, Sandracottus 249 rufescens, Rhagomys 27
rogersi campestris, Procambarus 237 rotundicauda, Carcinoscorpius 209 Ruffe, Balon's 206
rogersi explelus, Procambarus 237 rotundicollis, Dysticheus 248 Ruffe, Striped 83
rogersi ochlocknensis, Procambarus rouchi, Ceuthonectes 96 ruficapilla, Alcippe 158
237 rouchi, Spelaeodiaptomus IQil ruficauda, Myrmeciza 46
rogersi rogersi, Procambarus 237 rougetii, Rougetius 150 ruficauda, Neochmia 57
rogersi, Atlantisia 36 Rougetius 150 ruftcaudatus, Lepilemur 241
rogersi, Tomicha 1 1 rourei, Nemosia 55 ruficeps, Eucerceris 251
Roimonlis 214 Rousette, Madagascar 10 ruficeps, Luscinia 51
Roja, Barbo de Cola 71 Rousettus 10, 136 ruficeps, Paradoxomis 160
rolandiana, Moitessieria244 rousseloti, Dendroprionomys 143 ruficollaris, Todirhamphus 44
rorrmnica, Cobitis 203 rovianae, Gallirallus 149 ruficollis, Branta 32
Romanichthys 84 rowelli bakerensis, Eremarionta 239 ruficollis, Madanga 53
Romankenkius 192 rowelli mccoiana, Eremarionta 239 ruficollis, Sporophila 163
Romerolagus 29 Rowettia 55 ruficollis, Syndactyla 45
ronaldi, Beddomeia 1 1 rowleyi, Eutrichomyias 50 rufifrons tilonura, Gazella 228
rondoensis, Galagoides 194 roxellana, Rhinopithecus 15 rufifrons, Formicarius 45
roosevelti, Anolis 59 roylei, Alticola 143 rufifrons, Garrulax 159
roquettei, Phylloscartes 47 rozendaali, Murina 138 rufifrons, Gazella 21
roraimae, Podoxymys 144 ruatanica, Dasyprocta 28 rufigenis, Atlapetes 162
rosacea, Mycteroperca 83 Ruatara 123 rufigula, Ficedula 158
rosae, Amblyopsis 77 rubecula, Poospiza 55 rufigularis, Hemitriccus 156
rosalia, Leontopithecus 14 rubella, Palaina 21 rufigularis, Hyetornis 42
Rosalia 98 rubellum, Pleurobema 1 1 rufilatus, Cephalophus 130
rosalinda, Gerbillus 242 rubens, Amastra 121 rufina, Gazella 178

343
 1 9 1

rufina, Mazama 141 Sable, Japanese 224 Salamander. Red Hills 68

rufipectus, Arborophila 34 Sabrefin, Santa Catarina79 Salamander. San Marcos 68
rufipennis, Macropygia 151 Sabrewing, Long-tailed 153 Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed246
rufipennis, Nectarinia 53 Sabrewing, Napo 153 Salamander, Sardinian Brook68
rufipes, Phrynops 165 Sabrewing, Santa Marta 153 Salamander, Sardinian or Brown Cave
rufiventer, Pteruthius 160 Sabrewing, White-tailed 43 167

rufiventris, Alsophis 61 sabrinus califomicus, Glaucomys 230 Salamander, Semirechensk68

rufivenlris, Saltator 55 sabrinus coloratus, Glaucomys 230 Salamander, Shasta 68
rufocinctus, Kupeornis 159 sabrinus fuscus, Glaucomys 230 Salamander, Shenandoah 68
rufocinerea, Grallaria 46 sabrinus griseifrons, Glaucomys 230 Salamander, Siskiyou Mts68
Sacalia 64, 200 Salamander, Tehachapi Slender68
rufodorsalis, Diplomys 28
Saccogaster 77 Salamander, Texas Blind 68
rufofilosa, Tanganyicia 1 1

Saccolaimus 10, 136 Salamander. Vietnamese 68

rufogularis, Alcippe 158
rufogularis, Pachycephala 132 Saccopteryx 136 Salamandra 69. 235

rufolavalus, Tachybaptus 29 sacerdotalis, Crassispira 213 SALAMANDRIDAE 68, 132, 167, 201,

sacerdotum, Monarcha 5 235

rufomarginatus, Euscarthmus 47
sachalinensis, Microtus 144
salamandroides, Lepidogalaxias 168
rufomerus, Chrysococcyx 198
sacobianus, Apomys 23 Salamis 253
rufoniger, Spilocuscus 4
sacramenti, Meriones 25 salamonis, Gallicolumba 39
rufopectus, Poliocephalus 29
Sacramento, Anthicus 98 salamonis, Solomvs 27
rufosuperciliaris, Hemispingus 162
Saddleback 132 SALANGIDAE 76
rufozonata, Pachystyla 190
Sadleriana 116 Salanoia 17
rufula, Georissa 209
salaziensis, Ctenophila 245
rufum, Rhinodentm 201 sadoensis. Euhadra 213
sadonis, Sorex 1 salebrosa, Lithasia 118
rufum, Stenoderma 1

saeronius, Bulimulus 126 salebrosus, Solomys 145

th/wj, Canis 16
salenskii, Soriculus 8
ru/w5, Rhinolophus 137 5aga 109
SAGDIDAE 216 salifana, Partula 191
rugensis, Metabolus 51
sagitta, Partula 191
salimalii, Latidens 9
mgiferus. Bulimulus 126
sagittatus, Otus 42 salinarum, Biomphalaria 173
rugosa, Deinacrida 109
sagittirostris. Viridonia 181
salinarum, Xolmis 156
rugosiceps, Oceanides 251
Saguinus 14,221,241 salinasensis, Disconaias 110
Ruivaco 74
Saiga 22 salinasensis. Lampsilis 255
raA:;, Sufaa 53
Saiga, Mongolian 230 salinicola, Dolichotis 145
Rufaa 53, 161
Saiga, Russian 230 salinus milleri, Cyprinodon 247
rulieni, Miloderes 248
Sa/ga 22, 230 salinus salinus, Cyprinodon 247
rumphiana, Quadrula 172
Sailer, Pale Hockeystick 253 Salmanderfish 168
rumpii, Myosorex 7
Saimiri 15,222 Salnw 77, 204
rumppi, Agabus 248
saintjohni, Mautodontha 189 saimoides ssp., Micropterus 247
Elephantulus 29
rupestris.
sakaramyi, Pachypanchax 79 Salmon, Satsukimasu 77
rupicapra asiatica, Rupicapra 230
rupicapra balcanica, Rupicapra 242 Saki, Black 222 SALMONIDAE 77, 183. 204, 236, 243,

Saki, Equatorial 241 247

rupicapra cartusiana, Rupicapra 230
Saki, Uta Hick's Bearded 222 SALMONIFORMES 76, 168, 183, 204,
rupicapra caucasica, Rupicapra 230
Saki, White-nosed Bearded 241 236, 243, 247
rupicapra tatrica. Rupicapra 230
Salado, Sardinita de 183 salmonis. Beddomeia 115
Rupicapra 131,230,242
saladonis, Notropis 1 83
salmopunctatus, Anthias 82
rupicola, Lacerta 165
Salamander, Abe's 68 Salmothymus 11
ruppj, Myomys 25
Salpingotus 23, 143, 197
Salamander, Amber-coloured 201
ruschii, Abrawayaomys 23 Saltator, Masked 163
Salamander, Caucasian 167
ruspolii, Tauraco 42 Saltator, Rufous-bellied 55
Salamander, Cheat Mountain 68
Russatus 214 Saltator, Thick-billed 163
Salamander, Chinese Giant 201
rustica, Partula 191
Salamander, Desert Slender 68 Saltator 55, 163
ruthenus Acipenser 235
,
Saltillo, Charalito 72
Salamander, Gold-striped 68
ruthenus, Acipenser 70 saltuarius, Crypturellus 29
Salamander, Golden 235
Rutilus 74, 168, 203 saluposi, Mexilana 97
Salamander, Green 167
ruwenzorii, Micropotamogale 5 salvadorii, Psittaculirostris 41
Salamander, Grotto 201
Ruwenzorisorex 7 Salamander, Hakuba 68 Salvadorina 32
ruweti, Ploceus 57
Salamander, Hokuriku 68 salvanius, Sus 20
ruzskyi, Strongylognathus 102 Salamander. Japanese Giant 68 Salvelinus 11, 183,204
rva<rv«eni(;s amamii, Coeliccia 238 Salamander, Jemez Mountains 68 Salvethymus 11
rya^yufnju o'"*?'"^"^", Coeliccia 238 Salamander, Kern Canyon Slender68 salvini, Ochthoeca 156
Rynchops 38 Salamander, Lake Lerma 68 salvinii, Staurotypus 166
Ryssota 215 Salamander. Lake Patzcuaro246 samarensis, Orthotomus 159
ryukyuensis asatoi, Stylogomphus 238 Salamander. Larch Mountain 201 samarensis, Penelopides 154
ryukyuensis watanabei, Stylogomphus Salamander, Large Alpine 69 samarensis, Sundasciurus 22
238 Salamander, Limestone 68 sambavae, Acraea 252
sabahensis, Lacconectus 249 Salamander, Lycian 68 samnitica, Myrmica 101
sabanicola, Dasypus 193 Salamander, Oita 68 Samoana 127, 215
Sabanjewia 168,203 Salamander, Oki 68 samoensis, Gymnomyza 54

344
 1 5 1 1

samoensis, Pteropus 9 Sarotherodon 86, 236 Schayera 108

samoensis, Zosterops 54 Sarothrura 37 scheepmakeri, Goura 39
sampsoni, Dysnomia 187 Sasakia 253 scherzeri, Euploea 104
sampsonii, Epioblasma 1 1 Satan 75 Schismatogobius 207
samurai, Polyergus 101 satanas satanas, Chiropotes 222 schistacea, Coracirm 242
sanbomi, Sciurus 142 satanas utahicki, Chiropotes 222 schistacea, Zoothera 161
sanctacrucis, Nyctimene 177 satanas, Allodiaptomus 91 schistaceus, Hipposideros 136
sanclacrucis, Pieropus 9 satanas, Colobus 15 schistaceus, Mayromis 159
sanctaecrucis. Gallicolumba 39 saterei, Callithrix 194 schisticolor, Myopus 144
sanctaecrucis. Zosterops 242 satura, Lampsilis 172 Schislura 75
sanctaehclenae. Callionymus 87 SATURNIIDAE 208 Schizoeaca 155
sanctaehelenae, Charadrius 37 satyavati, Lethe 253 Schizothorax 74
sanctaehclenae, Chromis 86 satyra, Tragopan 149 schlegeli, Philepitta 157
sanctaehelenae, Stegastes 86 SATYRIDAE 171, 253 schlegeli, Pseudocheirus 193
sanctaehelenae, Succinea 175 Satyrodes 253 schlegelii,Tomistoma 199
sancticrucis, Alsophis 182 saudiya, Gazella 178 schleiermacheri, Polyplectron 35
Akodon
sanctipaulensis, 143 saulcyi, Hemicycla 125 schmitzi, Rhoptromyrmex 101
sandawanum, Graphium 105 saurulersi, Larus 38 schnablii, Amorphochilus 1

sandbergeri, Bythiospeum 1 1 saundersiae. Otomys 144 schneideri, Bitis 62

Sandelia 88 SAURIA 59, 164, 182, 199, 234, 243, 246 schneideri. Pitta 47
Sandfish, Clanwilliam 72 sauvagei, Ptyochromis 86 schneideri, Teleutomyrmex 102
Sandia, Perritos de 183 sauveli. Bos 20 schneideri, Tiradelphe 105
sandiegonensis, Branchinecta 91 Sauzieri 181 Schoenicola 160
Sandpiper, Spoon-billed 37 savesi, Aegotheles 43 schoenigi, Parantica 104
Sandpiper, Tahitian 180 Sawfin 71 schomburgki, Cervus 178
Sandpiper, Tuamotu 38 Sawfish, Common
70 schomburgkii, Micropygia 149
Sandpiper-plover, Diademed 150 Sawfish, Freshwater 69
schottlaenderi, Monolistra 97
Sandracottus 249 Sawfish, Largetooth 69
Schoutedenapus 43
sandrius, Gomphus 107 Sawfish, Smalltooth 69
schoutedeni, Schoutedenapus 43
Sandshell, Southern 255 sawtelli, Collocalia 43
schraetzer, Gymnocephalus 83
sandvicensis, Branta 32 Sawwing, Mountain 157
schreiberi, Lacerta 165
sandwicensis, Eleotris 206 Orconectes 94
saxatilis,
schreibersi, Miniopterus 138
sandwichensis, Porzana 180 Saxicola 52, 160
schrencki, Acipenser 70
sandwichensis, Pterodroma 30 iav(, Zoraena 106
schrenki, Perca 206
sanfelipensis, Mesocapromys 28 saypani, Zosterops 162
schulzi, Cinclus 49
sanfordi, Cyomis 50 sazirrmi, Hylodes 67
schulzi, Dryocopus 154
sanfordi, Haliaeetus 33 scabro, Lyropupa 216
schulzi, Tonatia 1

sangirensis, Tarsius 194 Scaevatuta 213

schuppi, Ptychodon 123
sanguicauda, Tominanga 79 scaevola mikawa, Euhadra 239
schweizeri, Macrovipera 62
sanguinea, Laminella 111 scalarina, Palairm 211
SCIAENIDAE 84
sanguineus, Rhachis 189 Scaleshell 172
Scimitar-babbler, Short-tailed51
sanguinichristi, Pisidium 256 scalops, Monodelphis 3
Scimitar-babbler, Slender-billed 161
sanitwongsei, Pangasius 203 Scaly-foot, Brigalow 60
SCINCIDAE 60, 165, 182, 200, 234, 243,
Sanjika, Dwarf 73 scamandri, Hydrobia 116 246
sankara nar, Neptis 253 scandens, Rhipidomys 27 scindocataracta, Geminoropa 123
Sanopus 78 SCANDENTIA 8 sciopteryx, Nesomimesa 251
santaanae, Catostomus 75 Scaphirhynchus 70 scipio, Erebia 253
santamariae, Cyprinella 72 Scarab, Saline Valley Snow-front250
scitula antiochensis. Perdita 251
Scarab, Spotted Warner Valley Dunes250
santipaulae, Stegastes 86 SCIURIDAE 22, 131, 142, 197, 230, 242,
santovestris, Aplonis 57 SCARABAEIDAE 99, 249 245
santschii, Monomorium 101 Scardinius 74, 203 Sciurotamias 22
Sanzinia 61 SCARIDAE 87 Sciurus 142,230,231
Sapheopipo 45 Scartomyzon 203 sclateri, Austroglanis 203
sapidus, Arvicola 143 Scarus 87 sclateri, Barbus 167
sapientis,Solomys 27 Scaturiginichthys 79 sclateri, Cercopilhecus 15
Sapphire, White Spotted 103 Sceloglaux 181 sclateri, Chlorotalpa 5
sarasinorum. Mops 139 Scelotes 61, 165 sclateri, Eudyptes 29
sarasinorum, Tamanka 87 Scepomycter 52 sclateri, Lophophorus 35
sarasinorum, Telmatherina 79 schadenbergi, Atrophaneura 105 sclateri, Myosorex 1
sarasinorum, Xenopoecilus 81 schadenbergi, Crateromys 23 Sorex 7
sclateri,
Saratoga, Southern 167 schaeferi, Pseudois 21 Spizocorys 157
sclateri,
saratogae, Belostoma 250 schalleri, Myosorex 7 Sclerodermus 251
Sarcogyps 148 schaubi, Myotis 194 Scleronycteris II
SARCOPTERYGII 88 schauinslandi, Caconemobius 108 Scleropages 70, 167
sardus, Prolagus 179 schauinslandi, Monachus 17
Chondrostoma
scodrensis, 71
sargenti, Somatogyrus 212 schaumi Shenandoah, Sphaeroderus Scolomys 27
Saroglossa 164 248 SCOLOPACIDAE 37, 150, 180

345
Scolopax 38, 150 Scythebill, Greater 155 semicarinata, Partulina 121
Scolopendra 89 Sea-eagle, Pallas's 33 semicaudata, Emballonura 10
SCOLOPENDRIDAE 89 Sea-eagle, Steller's33 semicostata, Omphalotropis 210
SCOLOPENDROMORPHA 89 seabrai, Myotis 12 semilarvata, Eos 152
Scomberomorus 88 Seadragon, Leafy 205 semilarvatus, Parus 161
SCOMBRIDAE 88, 207, 236 Seadragon, Weedy 205 semilineata, Tropidophora 188
Scops-owl, Anjouan 42 Seahorse, Big-bellied 81 Semioptera 164
Scops-Owl, Flores 245 Seahorse, Dwarf 82 semipalmatus, Eleutherodactylus 201
Scops-owl, Grand Comoro 42 Seahorse, Giant 81 semipalmatus, Limnodromus 150
Scops-owl, Javan 42 Seahorse, Knysna 81 semiplumbea, Leucoptemis 148
Scops-owl, Luzon 42 Seahorse, Lined 81 semiplumbeus, Rallus 37
Scops-owl, Mindanao 42 Seahorse, Long-snouted 81
semirubra, Rhipidura 52
Scops-owl, Mindoro 42 Seahorse, Short-headed 205
Semnopithecus 140
Scops-owl, Palawan 42 Seahorse, Short-snouted 81
Semnomis 154
Scops-owl, Pemba 153 Seahorse, Slender 81
semoni, Helicarion 256
Scops-owl, Sao Tome 153 Seahorse, Three-spotted 82
semoni, Hipposideros 136
Scops-owl, Seychelles 42 Seahorse, White's 82
Semotilus 203
Scops-owl, Sokoke 42 Seal, Baikal 140
Semotrachia 122, 174
Scops-Owl, Sumatran 246 Seal, Baltic 224
Seal, Caspian 17
semotus, Apodemus 143
Scops-owl, Wallace's 153
semperasper, Notropis 202
Scops-owl, White-fronted 42 Seal, Galapagos Fur 17
Semperdon 214, 245
SCORPAENIDAE 82 Seal, Grey 224
semperi, Leucopeza 56
SCORPAENIFORMES 82, 184, 206, 244 Seal, Guadalupe Fur 17
Seal, Hawaiian Monk 17 semperi, Paludinella 210
Scortum 206, 247
Seal, Juan Fernandez Fur 17 senegalensis, Cyclanorbis 166
scotica,Loxia 199
Seal, Ladoga 224 senegalensis, Trichechus 19
Scotoecus 139
Scotomanes Seal, Mediterranean Monk 17 senex, Stumus 164
139, 194
Seal, Northern Fur 17 senex, Todirostrum 242
Scotopelia 42
Scotophilus 194 Seal, Saimaa 224 senicula, Hypena 186
13, 139,
Seal, Ungava 224 seniculus amazonica. Alouatta 221
Scotorythra 186
scottae, Dendrotagus 4 Seal, West Indian Monk 178 scniculus insulans, Alouatta 221
Seal, Western Pacific Harbor 242 seniculus juara, Alouatta 221
scotti, Cambarus 93
Seal ion, Japanese 224 seniculus puruensis, Alouatta 221
scotti,Myotis 12
scottodicarloi, Speleophria 97
Sebastes 82 senilis, Gambusia 168
secedens, Hyla 201 sentaniensis, Chilatherina 78
scratchleyi, Thryssa 202
sechellarum, Copsychus 50 Sephanoides 43
Screamer, Northern 147
Screech-owl, Colombian 152 sechellarum, Foudia 57 Seps, Breyer's Long-tailed 59
sechellensis, Bebromis 50 Seps, Eastwood's Longtailed 182
Screech-owl, Santa Barbara 152
sechellensis, Sooglossus 68 septendecim, Magicicada 170
scripta callirostris, Trachemys 246
sechurae, Dusicyon 195 septendecula, Magicicada 170
scripta, Trachemys 166
scrofa riukiuanus, Sus 226 seclusus, Paracymus 249 septentrionalis, Lepilemur 14
Scrub-bird, Noisy 47 secundus, Otomops 13 septentrionalis, Ordtrachia 174

Scrub-bird, Rufous 47 sedula, Prototrachia 122 septima, Gomphus 107

Scrubfowl, Micronesian 34 seeberi, Labeo 72 sequoicola censors, Helminthoglypta
Scrubfowl, Moluccan 34 Seed-finch, Great-billed 162 239
Scrubfowl, Niaufoou 34 Seed-finch, Large-billed 162 seriatus, Psacadonotus 109
Scrubfowl, Nicobar 34 Seedeater, Black-and-tawny55 Serica 250
Scrubfowl, Sula 149 Seedeater, Black-bellied 163 sericata, Pronesopupa 216
Scrubfowl, Tabon 149 Seedeater, Blackish-blue 162 sericea, Loboparadisea 199
Scrubfowl, Vanuatu 34 Seedeater, Buffy-fronted 55 sericeus, Stumus 164
Scrubwren, Atherton 132 Seedeater, Chestnut 163 Sericomis 132
Sculpin, Bear Lake 82 Seedeater, Dark-throated 163 SERICOSTOMATIDAE 255
Sculpin, Fourhorn 244 Seedeater, Entre Ri'os 55 Sericulus 58
Sculpin, Klamath Lake 206 Seedeater, Grey-and-chestnutl63 Serin, Ankober 56
Sculpin, Pygmy 82 Seedeater, Hooded 55 Serin, Salvadori's 57
Sculpin, Rough 82 Seedeater, Kipengere 163 Serin, Yellow-throated 57
Sculpin, Shoshone 82 Seedeater, Marsh 55 Serinus 56, 57, 163
Sculpin, Slender 206 Seedeater, Santa Marta !62 Serow, Chinese 228
Sculpin, Utah Lake 184 Seedeater, Slate-blue 162 Serow, Formosan 21
Sculpin, Wood
River 82 Seedeater, Temminck's 55 Serow, Himalayan 228
Scutptiferussacia 124 Seedeater, Tumaco 55 Serow, Indochinese 228
sculpturatus, Bulimulus 126 segregata, Muscicapa 199 Serow, Japanese 130
sculpturatus, Megacolabus 248 seimundi, Treron 151 Serow, Mainland 21
scutata, Lissemys 200 Selasphorus 43 Serow, Red 228
scutatus, Augastes 153 Selevinia 28 Serow, Sumatran 228
scutula, Discus 174 selina, Crocidura 7 serpensinsula, Nactus 59
scutulata, Cairina 32 selium, Nesidiolestes 251 Serpent-eagle, Andaman 148
Scytalopus 46 sellare, Etheostoma 184 Serpent-eagle, Madagascar 33

346
 7

Serpent-eagle, Mountain 198 160 shoshone, Pelocoris 251

Serpent-eagle, Nicobar 148 sharpei, Raphicerus 131 Shou 226
SERPENTES 61, 165, 182, 200, 234, 243, sharpei, Terenura 46 Shoulderband, Cape 239
246 shastae, Hydromantes 68 Shoulderband. Kern 125
serra, Barbus 71 shawmayeri. Hydromys 143 Shoulderband, Merced Canyon 125
serrana, Formicivora 155 Shearwater, Black-vented 30 Shoulderband, Mesa 125
SERRANIDAE 82, 168, 206 Shearwater, Buller's 146 Shoulderband, Morro 125
Serranochromis 132 Shearwater, Heinroth's 30 Shoulderband, Victorville 174
Serrastruma 101 Shearwater, Mutton's 30 shoupi, Orconectes 94
serval constantinus, Leptailurus 223 Shearwater, Newell 's 30 showalteri, Lepyrium 116
Serval, North African 223 Shearwater, Pink-footed 30 showalteri, Pleurocera 118
servillei, Onconotus 109 Shearwater, Townsend's 30 showatterii, Leptoxis 118
SESIIDAE 254 Sheep, Barbary 20 Shrew, Andaman 6
setaria, Leptasthenura 155 Sheep, Bighorn 131 Shrew, Azumi 7
setaroi,Bradypodion 59 Sheep, Blue 141 Shrew, Black 8
setchuanus, Eozapus 23 Sheep, Dwarf Blue 21 Shrew, Bornean Smooth-tailed TreeS
seticostatus, Heterexis 248 Sheep, Egyptian Barbary 245 Shrew, Bornean Tree 8
Xenomis 46
setifrons, Sheep, Mexican Bighorn 229 Shrew, Borneo Water 6
Ctenophila 124
setiliris, Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn 229 Shrew, Dusky 8
Setobaudinia 244 Sheep, Putorean Snow 229 Shrew, Egyptian Pygmy 193
Setobaudinia 174 Sheep, Red 245 Shrew, Rores 8
Selomedea 174 Sheep, Snow 131 Shrew, Flower's 6
Setonix 4 Sheep, Weems' Bighorn 229 Shrew, Gabon Dwarf 8
Shelduck, Crested 32 Shrew, Gansu 7
Setomis 157
Shelduck, Mauritian 179 Shrew, Golden-bellied TreeS
setosa, Monadenia 121
Shell, Alabama Pearl 110 Shrew, Greater Stripe-backed 7
setosis,Mesacanthotelson 247
Cryptospiza 57
shelleyi, Shrew, Kelaart's Long-clawed 7
setosus, Euastacus 96
Shenandoah, Plelhodon 68 Shrew, Kozlov's 7
setubalensis. Candidula 126
shepardiana, Elliptio 172 Shrew, Long-tailed Forest 7
setzeri, Myomimus 28
shepherdi, Tasmacetus 197 Shrew, Makwassie Musk 241
jciverzowi, Bonasa 149
Sheppardia 52 Shrew, Malayan Water 6
sexdentata, Helenoconcha 189
sherrini, Nyctophilus 139 Shrew, Nicobar 6
sexlineata, Melanotaenia 205
shieli, Boeckella 91 Shrew, Nicobar Tree 8
sexnotatus, Dryobius 248
shigetai, Japonia 210 Shrew, Orii's 7
sexluberculata, Podocnemis 65
shihi, Eodiaptomus 92 Shrew. Palawan Tree 8
seychellensis, Coleura 10
Shijimiaeoides 252 Shrew, Pale Grey 7
seychellensis, Pelusios 65
Shiner. Ameca 183 Shrew, Paramushir 7
seychellensis, Tachycnemis 66 Shrew, Pearson's Long-clawed
Shiner, Beautiful 71
Seychellibasis 237 Shrew. Philippine Tree 8
Shiner, Blackmouth 73
Shad, Alabama 71 Shrew. Pribilof 7
Shiner, Blue 71
Shad, Allis 202 Shrew, Sado 7
Shiner, Bluehead 202
Shad, Twaite 202 Shrew, Salenski's 8
Shiner, Bluenose 202
shajferyi, Meliobba 173 Shrew, Southern Short-tailed 136
Shiner. Bluestripe 167
Shag, Auckland Islands 31 Shrew, Sri Lankan Long-tailed 6
Shiner, Bluntnose 73
Shag, Bounty Islands 31 Shrew, St Lawrence 7
Shiner, Cahaba 73
Shag, Campbell Island 31 Shrew, Sumatra Water 6
Shiner, Cape Fear 73
Shag, Chatham Islands 31 Shrew-Mole, Chinese 8
Shiner, Colorless 168
Shag, Kenyon's 198 Shrew-mouse, Mt Isarog 23
Shiner, Conchos 71
Shag, New Zealand King 31 Shiner, Cuatro Cienegas 72 Shrew-rat, Mt Isarog 27
Shag, Pitt Island 31 Shrew-tenrec, Dusky 5
Shiner, Durango 183
Shag, Stewart Island 31 Shrew-tenrec, Gracile 5
Shiner, Ouachita Mountain 72
Shama, Black 50 Shrew-tenrec, Greater Long-taiIed5
Shiner, Phantom 183
shameli, Rhinolophus 137 Shrew-tenrec, Lesser Long-tailed241
Shiner, Proserpine 71
shantungensis, Crocidura 193 Shiner, RioGrande 202 Shrew-tenrec, Pygmy 5
Shark, Basking 69 Shiner, Roughhead 202 Shrew-tenrec, Short-tailed241
Shark, Blacktip 69 Shiner, Sharpnose 202 Shrew-tenrec, Thomas's 5
Shark, Bluntnose Sixgill 69 Shiner, Smalleye 73 Shrike, Mountain 157
Shark, Dusky 69 Shiner, Turquoise 167 Shrike, Sao Tome Fiscal 48
Shark, Ganges 69 Shining-parrot, Crimson 152 Shrike-babbler, Black-headed 160
Shark, Great White 69 Shining-parrot, Masked 152 Shrike-thrush. Bower's 158
Shark, Kitefm 69 shitkovi, Pygeretmus 143 Shrike-tyrant, White-tailed47
Shark, Sand tiger 69 Shoebill 147
Shrike-vireo, Chestnut-sided 163
Shark, Sandbar 69 Sao Tome 49 Shrikebill, Black-throated 158
Short-tail,
Shark, Silver 71 Shrikebill, Rennell 158
shortridgei, Pseudomys 131
Shark, Whale 201
shortridgei, Thallomys 145
Shrimp, Alabama Cave 93
sharmani, Petrogale 135 Shrimp, Balcones Cave 95
Shortwing, Gould's 158
sharpei, Anthus 157 Shrimp. Brine 91
Shortwing, Rusty-bellied 50
sharpei, Lalage 157 Shrimp, California Freshwater93
Shortwing, White-bellied 158
sharpei, Pseudocossyphus

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Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy 91 Sika, Tsushima 227 simulatus, Habromys 24

Shrimp, Fairy 91 sikkimensis, Rattus 26 simulus, Peromyscus 144
Shrimp, Florida Fairy 91 sikorae, Rheocles 183 simum cottoni, Ceratotherium 225
Shrimp, Giant Fairy 244 sikotanensis, Clethrionomys 143 simum, Ceratotherium 130
Shrimp, Great Lake 90 silaceus, Celaenomys 143 simus, Cyprinodon 80
Shrimp, Kentucky Cave 93 silenus, Macaca 15 simus, Hapalemur 14
Shrimp, Longhorn Fairy 91 Silhouettea 169 simus, Kogia 242
Shrimp, Mona Cave 93 silindensis, Aethomys 242 simus, Notropis 73
Shrimp, Mono Lake Brine 132 Silktail 51 sinaiticus, Paragomphus 107
Shrimp, Pasadena Freshwater 185 sillemi, Leucosticte 199 sinalis, Sorex 8
Shrimp, Peninsula Fairy 91 SILPHIDAE 99 sirxaloae, Progne 198
Shrimp, Riverside Fairy 91 Siltsnail, Crystal 115 Sinarapan 132
Shrimp, San Diego Fairy 91 Siltsnail, Enterprise 1 15 sinclairi, Carelia 189
Shrimp, Seed 97, 98 Siltsnail, Ichetucknee 115 sindonis. Hippocampus 81
Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave 95 Siltsnail, Ponderous 115 sinensis, Acipenser 70
Shrimp, Stone Mountain Fairy 91 Siltsnail, Pygmy 115 sinensis. Alligator 58
Shrimp, Syncarid 90 Siltsnail, Seminole 15
1
sinensis, Hylomys 136
Shrimp, Vernal Pool Fairy 91 Wekiwa 115
Siltsnail, sinensis, Ocadia 166
Shrimps, Syncarid 247 SILURIDAE 76, 203 singularis, Nesopupa 216
Siacella 251 SILURIFORMES 75, 168, 183, 203, 243,
singularis, Renea 3 1
siamensis, Crocodylus 58 247
singularis, Xenerpestes 155
siamensis, Oreoglanis 75 Siluris 203
sinica, Macaca 140
sibayi, Silhouettea 169 Silurus 76, 203
sinistrum, Beckianum 175
siberiae, Akodon 23 silus, Gambelia 60
Sinocyclocheilus 74
Sibia, Grey 159 silus, Rheobatrachus 67
Sinogastromyzon 75
sibirica, Phoca 140 silvanus, Zosterops 54
Sinployea 123,189,190,214
sibiricus, Formicoxenus 100 silvatica, Geoemyda 64
sinuatus, Skislodiaptomus IQl
sibiricus, Ranodon 68 silvatica, Murina 138
Sinumelon 122
Sicalis 163 silveri, Glyptorhagada 122
sinuosa, Hirasea 214
sicarius, Myotis 12 Silverside, Key 168
sinus, Phocoena 18
sichuanensis, Dryomys 27 Silverside, Waccamaw 78
sipedon insularum, Nerodia 246
Sicista 23, 143, 197 Silverspot 253
SIPHLONURIDAE 99, 186, 250
sicki, Terenura 46 Silverspot. Behren's 253
Siphonaria 3 1
Sicklebill, Black 58 Silverspot, Blue 253
Sicklebill, Pale-billed 164 Silverspot, Callippe 253
SIPHONARIIDAE 113
Siphonorhis 43, 153
Sicydium 169 Silverspot, Great Basin 253
sipora, Hylopetes 22
Sicyopterus 207 Silverspot, Oregon 253
Strongylognathus 102
sipora, lomys 22
Sicyopus 87, 207 silvestrii,
siporanus, Leopoldamys 24
sidamoensis, Heteromirafra 48 silvestris grampia, Felis 223
Siptornopsis 155
Sideband, Keeled 121 silvestris, Gallinula 36
siquijorensis, Ixos 48
Sideband, Rocky Coast 239 silvestris, Rhinolophus 137
Sirang 74
Sideband, Shasta 215 silvicola, Otus 153
sirang, Puntius 74
sidthimunki, Botia 74 silvicultor, Cephalophus 141
Treron 151
SIRENIA 19, 178,225
sieboldii, simatus, Batrachoseps 68
sirintarae, Pseudochelidon 48
siemiradzkii, Carduelis 56 simensis, Canis 16
siemsseni, Latoucheornis 162
sirtalis tetrataenia, Thamnophis 246
Simias 15
Siskin, Black-capped 163
sierrana, Tetrix 109 simile, Lucifuga 11
Siskin, Cape 163
Siettitia 185 similis, Engaewa 96
Siskin, Drakensberg 163
Sifaka, Diademed 14 similis,Troglohyphantes 88
Siskin, Red 56
Sifaka, Golden-crowned 14 simoni, Aneuretus 100
Siskin, Saffron 56
Sifaka, Verreaux's 14 simoniana, Moitessieria 244
Siskin, Yellow-faced 56
Sigmodon 27, 233, 242 simonyi, Gallotia 60
SISORIDAE 76
Sigmodontomys 11 Simoselaps 165 sissonii, Thryomanes 158
signata, Belontia 132 Simoxenops 45, 155
sisyphodemus, Eleutherodactylus 67
signata, Emydura 243 simplex, Betta 88
Sitala 215
signatus. Homopus 166 simplex, Branchinella 91
Sitatunga 141
signatus, Leptomys 24 simplex, Cristilabrum 122
Sitta 53, 161
signifer, Stypodon 183 simplex, Lovenula 92 SITTIDAE 53, 161
sijuensis, Schistura 75 simplex, Pyrgulopsis 111 situla, Elaphe 200
Sika, Hokkaido 227 simplex, Tropodiaptomus 92 sivalikensis, Burmagomphus 107
Sika, Mantchurian 227 Simpsonaias 133 sjoestedti, Papilio 171
Sika, North China 227
simpsoni, Gaurochromis 85 Skate, Deepsea 201
Sika, North Honshu 227
simpsonianus, Medionidus 1 1
SKENEIDAE 209
Sika, Ryukyu 227
Simpsoniconcha 255 sketi, Alona 90
Sika, Shansi 227
simrothi, Arion 213 sketi, Idunella 90
Sika, SouthChina 227
simulator, Leiostyla 111
Sika, Taiwan 227 Skiffia 184
Simulator 173 Skimmer, Indian 38
Sika, Tonkin 227

348
 3 5 3 1

Skink, Banded Supple 200 94 Snai Mexipyrgus de Escobeda238

Skink, Bermuda Rock 60 sloatianus, Elliptoideus 110 Snai Mexipyrgus de Lugo 238
Skink, Blue Mountain Water 60 sloatianus, Nephronaias 255 Snai Mexipyrgus de West El Mojarral
Skink, Cape Verde Giant 182 sloggetli, Otomys 144 238
Skink, Chevron 60 Sloth, Maned 5 Snai Mexithauma de Cienegas256
Skink, Dreeite Water 246 slovenica, Belgrandiella 1 1 Snai Miller's 115
Skink, Falla's 165 slovenica, Nitocrella 96 Snai Morongo Desert 174
Skink, Grand 60 slovenicus, Proasellus 97 Snai New Mexico Hotspring 21
Skink, Great Desert 60 Slug, Santa Barbara Shelled 21 Snai Nicklin's Peninsula 239
Skink, Gronovi's Dwarf Burrowing 165 smaragditis, Tinostoma 186 Snai Noonday 239
Skink, GUnther's Dwarf Burrowing61 smargadina. Helicostyla Snai Nymphophilus de Minckley256
121
Skink, Gyldenstolpe's Worm 200 Smelt 204 Snai: Painted Snake-coiled Forest214
Skink, Kasner's Dwarf Burrowing 61 Smelt, Delta 76 Snai: Paludiscala de Oro 1 16
Skink, Kishinoue's Giant 165 Smelt. Pygmy 204 Snai: Pilsbry's Narrow-apertured Land
Skink, Korat Supple 200 Smerina 253 215
Skink, Lancelin Island 60 Smi nlhopsis 3,4, 193.219 Snai Plain Cactus 125
Skink, Legless 200 Snai Prickly Pear Island 125
sm. rnovi, Alona 90
Skink, Lomi's Blind Legless 61 Sna Pupuharakeke or Flax 121
sm. thi, Eualhlus 169
Skink, Lord Howe Island 61
sm. thi, Kerivoula 138
Sna Rock 174
Skink, Macabe Forest 246 Snai Ross' Land 216
sm, thi, Nemacheilus 74
Skink, MacGregor's 60 Sna: San Clemente Island215
sm, 'thi, Neoplanorbis 1 1
Skink, Marbled 243 Sna: San Nicolas Island 125
sm, thi, Siacella 251
Skink, Narrow-bodied 200 Sna: Santa Barbara Island 125
sm, thi, Thermosphaeroma 97
Skink, Otago 61 Sna: Sax Xavier Talus 174
sm, thi, Trochidrobia 117
Skink, Pedra Branca 60 Sna: Sculpin 116
sm, thiana, Bridouxiana 119
Skink, Robust 60 Sna: Snake River Physa 210
sm, thii, Myospalax 144
Skink, Round Island 60 Sna: Socorro 256
Skink, Sand 60
sm, 'thii, Geophaps 151 Sna: Spiny River 118
Skink, Scree 61
sm, thii, Stygobromus 90 Sna: Stock Island Tree 215
Skink, Small-scaled 61 sm. ''nii, Terpsiphone 53 Snai Strange Many-whorled Land 175
Snail Anchialine Pool 209 Snai Thousand Palms Desert 125
Skink, Southern 243
Snail Anthony's River 188 Snai Travers' Land 216
Skink, Speckled 165
Snail Archer's Toothed Land 215 Snai Trinity Bristle 121
Skink, Striped 61
Skink, Three-toed Snake-tooth 165 Snail Badwater 114 Sna Virginia Fringed Mountain215
Snail Baker Desert 239 Western Three-toothed Land215
Skink, Tonga Ground 182 Snai
Snail Bicolor Cactus 125 Sna White Desrt 125
Skink, Whitaker's 60
Snail Boulder 118 Sna Whorled Mountain 126
Skink, Woodbush Legless 60
Snail Boulder Pile Mountain 126 Snai Woodformed Land 216
Skipper, Dakota 102
Skipper, Eight-Spotted 208
Snail Carinated Striate Banded Mountain Snai Wreathed Cactus 125
239 Snai -eater, Iwasaki's 200
Skipper, Manfreda Giant 252
Snail Catalina Mountain 126 Snake, Amami Takachiho 61
Skipper, Pawnee Montane 252
Snail Cathedral Desert 239 Snake, Atlantic Saltmarsh 246
Skipper, Rare 252
Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber217 Snake, Black-striped 165
Skipper, Salt Marsh 252
Snail, Clench's Middle-toothed Landl75 Snake, Broad-headed 62
Skipper, Spinose 252
Snail, Coahuilix de Hubbs 1 15 Snake, Christmas Island Blind 62
Skipper, Tessellated 252
Snail, Dented Peninsula 239 Snake, Concho Water 246
Skipper, Wandering 170, 252
Snail, Durangonella de Coahuila 1 16 Snake, Dunmall's 62
Skistodiaptomus 92, 207
Snail, Rat-spired Three-toothed215 Snake, Eastern Indigo 246
Skulpin 77
Snail. Hax 126 Snake, Fiji 62
Skunk, Big Thicket Hog-nosed 224
Snail, Franklin Mountain Talus 174 Snake, Fisk's House 61
sladeniae, Apus 198
Snail, Franklin Mountain Woodland 175 Snake, Giant Garter 61
Sleeper, Broadhead 169
Snail, Gillies' Land 216 Snake, Indian Egg-eating 200
Sleeper, Duckbill 169
Snail, Granulated Tasmanian 123 Snake, Kikuzato's Brook61
Sleeper, Golden 169
Snail Hochstetter's Land 216 Snake, Krefft's Tiger 234
sleighti, Belocephalus 109
Snail Idaho Banded Mountain 239 Snake. Lake Cronin 62
slevini, Peromyscus 26
Snail Indian Yosemite 239 Snake, Lake Erie Water 246
Slider, Big Bend 64
Snail Iowa Pleistocene 214 Snake, Large-headed Water 61
Slider, Carvalho's 64
Snail Jackson Lake 256 Snake, Leonard's Pipe 200
Slider, Central Antillean 166
Snail Jones' Middle-toothed Land215 Snake, Leopard 200
Slider, Colombian 246
Snail Kanab Amber 128 Snake, Mona Blind 62
Slider, Common 166
Snail Kauri 175 Snake, Ornamental 62
Slider, Hispaniolan 64
Snail Lava Rock Mountain 126 Snake, Pfeffer's Reed 200
Slider, Jamaican 64
Snail Magazine Mountam Middle-toothed Snake, Sakashima Green 165
Slitshell, Excised 117
215 Snake, San Francisco Garter 246
Slitshell, Pagoda 1 17
Snail McCoy Desert 239 Snake, Sardinian Grass 234
Slitshell, Pyramid 118
Snail Mexipyrgus de Churince238 Snake, Short-nosed 165
Slitshell, Ribbed 117
Snail Mcxipyrgus de Carranza238 Snake, Striped Harlequin 165
Slitshell, Round 118
Snail Mexipyrgus de East El Mojarral Snake, Swazi Rock 165
Slitshell, Striate 117
238 Snake, Transvaal Quillsnout200
sloanii, Orconectes

I 349
Snake, Two-striped Garter 200 solomonis, Chaerephon 139 ip., Anaspides 247
Snake, Yellow-bellied House 165 Solomys 27, 145 ip., Antechinus 193
Snake-eagle, Southern Banded 148 soluta, Wrayanna 210 ip., Capromys 178
Snake-lizard, Bronzeback60 Somateria 32 ,rp., Catostomus 246
Snapper, Cubera 84 Somatochlora 106, 171 ip., Ciconia 179
Snapper, Mutton 84 Somatogyrus 211,212 ip., Cyprinella 246
snelli, Thapsia 124 Somersiella 95 ip., Cyprinodon 183
snelsoni, Lythrurus 72 somuncurensis, Somuncuria 67 jp., Deinacrida 254
Snipe, Chatham Islands 37 Somuncuria 67 jp., Elassoma 247
Snipe, Fuegian 150 sondaicus annamiticus. Rhinoceros 225 ip., Etheostoma 247
Snipe, Great 150 sondaicus sondaicus, Rhinoceros 225 ip., fa/co 179
Snipe, Imperial 150 sondaicus, Rhinoceros 19 5p., Foudia 182
Snipe, Latham's 150
sonneratii. Callus 149 jp., Geocapromys 178
Snipe, New Zealand 150
Sonorella 174 jp., Hemiandrus 254
Snipe, Wood 37 Sonorense, Charalito 72 jp., Hypsipetes 181
snowi, Myrmolherula 46
sonoriense, Kinostemon 64 ip., Ictalurus 247
Snuffbox'255
SOOGLOSSIDAE 68 ip., Moxostoma 246
snyderae, Tilapia 86
Sooglossus 68 ip., Nesophontes 177
snyderi, Catostomus 168 Sooty-owl, Lesser 152 ip., Nothobranchius 79
sociabilis, Ctenomys 145
sordida, Eumyias 158 ip., Nycticorax 179
socialis, Pluvianellus 150
sordidus, Rattus 145 jp., Oeobia 186
societatis, Pipistrellus 194
sorenseni, Hipposideros 136 ip., Oncorhynchus I'il
socotrana, Emberiza 55
sorex, Monodelphis 3 sp., Pristoceuthophilus 254
socotrensis, Ceratophallus 113
5orejr 7, 8, 136, 193 ip., Pseudobagrus 247
sodalis, Myotis 12
sorghophilus, Acrocephalus 49 jp., Pseudogobiopsis 247
sodyi, Kadarsanomys 143
SORICIDAE 6, 136, 193, 241 5p., Ptchochromoides 86
soemmerringii, Gazella 21 soricipes, Uropsilus 8 5p., Pterodroma 179
soemmerringii, Syrmaticus 149
Soriculus 8 ip., Pungitius 247
Softshell, Burmese Peacock 66
ioror, Odynerus 251 ip., Sauzieri 181
Softshell, Cantor's Giant 66
iorar, fi'rfa 157 ,tp., Scortum 247
Softshell, Cuatro Cienegas65
sororcula, Penescosta 123 jp., Styloniscus 247
Softtail, Orinoco 45
sororcula, Tyto 198 ,sp., Tandanus 247
Softtail, Russet-mantled 155
Sosippus 88 ip., Typhliasiruj 247
Softtail, Striated 45
Sotalia 196 sp., Vireo 56
sokokensis, Anthus 48
soulaiana, Ampelita 1 20 jp./, Womersleymeria 250
sola, Pyrgulopsis 211
Actinodura 158
souliei, jp.2, Womersleymeria 250
solandri, Pterodroma 30
soumagnei, Tyto 42 Spadebill, Russet-winged 47
solangiae, Sitta 53
Sousa 196 spadiceus, Dyacopterus 136
Solaris, Diree 252
Souslik, Spotted 22 spadix, Cephalophus 21
Solatopupa 174,245
sowerbyana, Achatinella 120 spadix, Dendrolagus 193
solatus, Cercopithecus 15
ip. /, Coregonus 247 spalacinus, Tachyoryctes 145
Solegnathus 82
i/7. 7, Elseya 62 Spa/ijjc 27
Solenodon, Cuban 5
Solenodon, Haitian 5
ip. /, Gasterosteus 247 spaldingi, Achatinella 188
Solenodon 177
i'p. 7, Glossogobius 247 spaldingi, Lyropupa 216
5,
SOLENODONTIDAE 5, 177
^p. /, Mogumda 247 spaldingi, Ougapia 216
solenopsidis, Solenopsis 101 ip. /, Neosilurus 247 spana, Epargyreus 252
Solenopsis 101 jp. /O, Glossogobius 247 spangleri, Hydroporus 248
solidus, Lanistes 1 14 jp. 2, Coregonus 247 Spanglerogyrus 249
Soliperla 254 ip. 2, fteya 200 Spaniacris 133
Solisorex 1 5p. 2, Gasterosteus lAl SPARIDAE 84, 132
Solitaire, Cuban 159 sp. 2, Glossogobius 247 spama, Lyropupa 216
Solitaire, Reunion 180 ip. 2, Mogumda 247 Sparrow, Cinnamon-tailed 162
Solitaire, Rodrigues 180 ip. 2, Neosilurus 247 Sparrow, Cuban 55
Solitaire, Rufous-brown 158 ip. J, Elseya 200 Sparrow, Henslow's 162
solitaria, Argiocnemis 106 jp. J, Glossogobius 247 Sparrow, Java 57
solitaria, Origma 159 jp. i, Mogumda lAl Sparrow, Oaxaca 162
solitaria, Pezophaps 180 sp. 3, Neosilurus 247 Sparrow, Sierra Madre 55
solitaria, Samoana 127 ip. 4, Glossogobius 247 Sparrow, Timor 163
solitarius, Atelognathus 66 ip. 4, Mogurnda 247 Sparrow, Worthen's 55
solitarius, Buteo 148 ip. 5, Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, Imitator 33
solitarius, Harpyhaliaetus 148 ip. 5, Mogumda 247 Sparrowhawk, Madagascar 148
solitarius, Raphus 180 ip. 6, Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, New Britain 32
solitarius, Relictus jp. 6, Mogumda 247 Sparrowhawk, Nicobar 147
74
Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, Slaty-mantled 148
solitarius, Tinamus 146 jp. 7,

solitudum, Cristilabrum 122 ip. S, Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, Small 148

ip. 9, Glossogobius 247 sparsa, Quadrula 112
solomonensis, Nesasio 42
ip., Acanthanura 250 spartacus, Dasyurus 3

350
 3 1

spartiaticus, Tropidophoxinellus 203 Sphaerophysa 75 Spinetail, Red-shouldered 45

Spartonoica 155 Sphaerospira 174 Spinetail, Russet-bellied 45
spathula, Polyodon 70 sphagnicolus, Niphargus 90 Spinetail, Rusty-headed 155
spatulatus, Clinus 87 Sphalloplana 256 spinicaudatus, Engaeus 96
spatulatus, Oncholelson 97 Spharagemon 108 spinifer, Austrosaga 109
Spatuletail, Marvellous 43 SPHECIDAE 170,251 spinifera, Acanthinula 217
spechli, Melomys 25 Sphecotheres 199 spinifera, Paralucia 103
speciosa bohartorum, Philotiella 252 SPHENISCIDAE 29, 146 spinipennis, Hadramphus 248
speciosa, Gambusia 205 SPHENISCIFORMES 29, 146 spinipes, Troglohyphantes 88
speciosa, Geothlypis 56 Spheniscus 29, 146 spinipinnis, Phocoena 196
speciosa, Pila 114 Sphenocichla 160 spinosa, Elliptio 110
speciosa, Stachyris 52 Sphenodon 58, 243 spinosa, Eoleptestheria 92
speciosus, Cambarus 93 SPHENODONTIDAE 58, 243 spinosa, Heosemys 64
speciosus, Pteropus 9 Spheterista 254 spinosissima, Monolistra 97
spectabilis, Liomys 142 Sphiggurus 28, 178 spinosissimus. Hippocampus 81
spectabilis, Reithrodontomys 27 SPHINGIDAE 105, 186, 208, 254 spinosissimus, Solegnathus 82
spectaculum, Cristilabrum 173 sphinx, Mandrillus 140 spinosus, Chalepoxenus 100
spectrum, Osmerus 204 sphyurus, Underwoodisaurus 165 spinosus, Pseudocordylus 165
spectrum, Tarsius 194 spicatus, Cambarus 93 Spinymussel, Altamaha 1 10
spectrum, Vampyrum 137 spicilegus, Mus 144 Spinymussel, James River 111
specularis. Anas 147 spiculosa, Ceratella 250 Spinymussel, Tar River 1 10
speculigera, Conothraupis 162 Spider, Dolloff Cave 88 spiralis, Pseudonovibos 22
Speirops, FernandoPo 53 Spider, Glacier Bay Wolf 88 spirizona, Amastra 121
Speirops, Mount Cameroon 53 Spider, Great Raft 88 Spirorbula 125, 174
Speirops, Principe 53 Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf 88 spirulina, Disculella 124
Speirops 53 Spider, Key Gnaphosid 207 ipuc»', Acanthochelys 165
spekei, Gazella 21 Spider, Kocevje Subterranean 88 spixii, Cyanopsitia 40
spekeoides, Ploceus 164 Spider, Lake Placid Funnel Wolf 88 5/)iza 182
SpeJtia 119
Spider, Nelson Cave 207 Spizaetus 33, 148
Spider, Rosemary Wolf 207 Spizastur 148
spekii, Harpagochromis 184
Spider, Tooth Cave 207 Spizella 55
spekii, Tragelaphus 141
Spider, Torreya Trap-door 207
spelaea, Amblyopsis 77 Spizocorys 48, 157
Spiderhunter, Naked-faced 161
spelaea, Cryptazeca 123 splendens, Ameca 1 84
Spike, Cape Fear 255 splendens, Aphanius 79
Spelaeodiaptomus 207
Spike, False 112
Spelaeodiscus 128 splendens, Buprestis 98
Spike, Flat 255
Spelaeoecia 96 splendens, Cynolebias 79
Spike, Waccamaw 255
Spelaeomys 178 splerutens, Macromia 106
Spike, Winged 110
spelaeonis, Neophaedusa 214 splendens, Prosopeia 152
Spikedace 72
Spelaeomis 52, 160 splendens, Suavocallia 119
spilocephalus stresemanni, Otus 246
spelaeotes, Lucifuga 11 splendida, Lampsilis 172
Spilocuscus 4, 193, 241
spelaeus, Platymantis 67 splendida, Neophema 41
spilonotus, Laterallus 149
spelaeus, Speleoperipatus 109 splendida, Partulina 121
spiloptera, Porzana 36
spelaeus, Typhlotriton 201 splendidus, Sanopus 78
spiloptera, Saroglossa 164
Spelaseorchestia 90 Splittail, Clear Lake 183
spiloptera, Zoothera 161
Speleoithona 92 Splittail, Sacramento 73
spilopterus, Centropus 152
SPELEOITHONIDAE 92 spodiurus, Oryzomys 197
Spilomis 148, 198
Speleomantes 68, 167
spodiurus, Pachyramphus 156
spilota imbricata, Morelia 234
Speleoperipatus 109 spoeckeri, Niphargus 90
spilota, Mogumda 87
Spongillafly, Cooke's 254
Speleophria 97 spilota, Tasmanoplegas 255 Spongillafly, Haleakala254
speleops, Puntius 74 spilotogena, Betta 88
Spongillafly, Lobe-wing 254
spelunca, Physella 1 1
Damochlora 122
spina, Spongillafly, Swezey's 254
speluncola, Bermudamysis 97 spinachoides, Microphis 205 Spongillafly, Usinger's254
Spelungula 201 spinalatus, Rousettus 10 spongotroktis, Tilapia 86
spenceri, Bothriembryon 121
spinata, Rhyacophila 255 Spoonbill, Black-faced 31
spenceri, Litoria 66 Stygobromus 90
spinatus, sporadica, Orangia 123
spenceri, Opisthotropis 200
Spindasis 252 Sporophila 55, 163
Speocirolana 97 Spinedace, Little Colorado 72 Spratellicypris 74
Speoplatyrhinus 11 Spinedace, Pahranagat 183 Trochoidea 256
spratli,
Speothos 16 Spinedace, Virgin 246 Springbok 130
Spermophilus 22, 142, 197, 231 Spinedace, White River 72 Springfish, Railroad Valley 79
Speyeria 253 Spinetail, Apurimac 45 Springfish, White River 79
Speyeria 253 Spinetail, Blackish-headed 45 Alamosa 212
Springsnail,
SPHAERIDAE 173 Spinetail, Chestnut-throated 155 Springsnail, Brown 21
Sphaerodactylus 59 Spinetail, Coiba 155 Springsnail, Bruneau Hot 211
Sphaeroderus 248 Spinetail, Great 155 Springsnail, Bylas 256
Sphaerolana 97 Spinetail, Hoary-throated 45 Springsnail, Chupadera211
SPHAEROMATIDAE 97, 185, 237, 244 Spinetail, Plain 45

351
 1 11 1 1 1 1 111 11 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 1

Springsnail, Crystal Spring 211 Squirrel, Red 142 steinbachi, Sarotherodon 86

Springsnail, Davis County 21 Squirrel, Russian Flying 142 steindachneri, Barbus 71
Springsnail, Diamond Y212 Squirrel, San Bernardino Flying 230 steindachneri, Cichlasoma 85
Springsnail, DIstai-giand211 Squirrel, Sherman's Fox 23 steindachneri, Palea 166
Springsnail, Elongate-gland211 Squirrel, Shumagin Ground 231 steindachneri, Picumnus 155
Springsnail, Fairbanks 21 Squirrel, Southern Idaho Ground231 steinstansana, Elliptio 1 1

Springsnail, Fossil 21 Squirrel, St. Lawrence Island Ground 23 stejnegeri malonei, Trachemys 246
Springsnail, Gila 211 Squirrel, Townsend's Ground 197 stejnegeri, Hynobius 201
Springsnail, Grand Wash 21 Squirrel, Virginia Flying 230
stejnegeri, Mesoplodon 196
Springsnail, Huachuca 21 Squirrel, Washington Ground 22
stejnegeri, Trachemys 166
Springsnail, Idaho 21 Srilankamys 145 stejnegeri, Viridonia 56
Springsnail. Jackson Lake 21 stabilei, Retinella 217
stellata, Brachypteryx 158
Springsnail, Kingman 21 Stachyris 52, 160
stellatus Acipenser 235
,

Springsnail, Median-gland Nevada211 stacyi, Zelotypia 252

steliatus, Acipenser 70
Springsnail, Montezuma Well 21 Stagnicola 1 1
stelleri, Polysticta 32
Springsnail, Oasis Valley 21 Stagonopleura 163 stellmacki, Stygobromus 90
Springsnail, Pecos 211 stairi, Callicolumba 151
Stenasellid, Parzefall's97
Springsnail, Presidio County 211 stalkeri, Myotis 12
Stenasellid, Wilken's97
Springsnail, Roswell 21 Stallingsia 252
Springsnail, San Bernadino211
STENASELLIDAE 97
stamineus, Awaous 206 Stenella 129, 196
Springsnail, Three Forks 21
Noturus 75
stanauli, Stenelmis 99, 249
Springsnail, Verde Rim 21
Standardwing 164
Sprite, Shoal 113
Steno 196
standingi, Phelsuma 59 Stenobothrodes 108
Springsnail, Page 21
Stanleya 119 stenocephala, Crocidura 1
spurca, Pseudocampylaea 190
slannardi, Orconecles 94
squalida, Spirorbula 174 Stenocephaiemys 145
stannarius, Aethomys 143 Stenoderma
SQUALIDAE 69 1

stapes, Quadrula 1 1
Stenodus 204, 236
SQUALIFORMES 69
starki, Atabamaubria 249
squamata, Poblana 78 Stenomys 27
starki, Taeniopteryx 254 STENO'PELMATIDAE
squamalus. Capita 154 108, 133, 209,
Starling, Abbott's 57 254
squamatus, Mergus 32
Starling, Bali 57 Stenopelmatus
sqimmicaudata, Wyulda 135 109, 133
Starling, Black-winged 164 STENOPSYCHIDAE 255
squamigenus, Chlamydogobius 87
Starling, Chestnut-cheeked 164 Stenopsychodes 255
squamiger, Neomorphus 152 Starling, Kosrae Mountain 182 stenopus, Niphargus 90
squamigera, Brachypteracias 44 Starling, Mysterious 182
stenotis, Hipposideros 137
squamosa, Tridacna 133 Starling, Pohnpei Mountains?
squamulosa, Baccalena 173 Stenotrema 215, 239
Starling, Rarotonga 57
Squawfish, Colorado 73 Stenotrupis 248
Starling, Red-billed 164
Squirre African Pygmy 22 stephani, Heterelmis 249
,
Starling, Rennell 164
Squirre Big Cypress Fox 230 stephani, Peromyscus 26
,
Starling. Reunion 182
Squirre Big Horn Thirteen-lined Ground stephanidisi, Cobitis 203
,
Starling, Rodrigues 182
231 stephenensis, Anagotus 248
Starling, Rusty-winged 164
Squirre Carolina Flying 230 stepheni, Poecilmitis 103
,
Starling, Santo Mountain 57
Squirre , Carruther's Mountain22 stepheni, Thestor 104
Starling, Socotra 57
Squirre , Dangs Giant 245 Starling, Spot-winged 164 stepheni, Vini 42
Squirre Delmarva Fox 231 stephensi, Dipodomys 131
,
Starling, Tanimbar 164
Squirre Eastern Fox 231 stephensi, Hoplodactylus 59
,
Starling, Tasman 182
Squirre European 22 Stereolepis 82
,
Starling. White-eyed 57
Squirre , Flightless Scaly-tailed 145 Sterkia 175
Starling, White-faced 164
Squirre Green River Basin
,
Starling, White-headed 164 Sterlet 70, 235
Golden mantled Ground 231 Sterna 38, 150
Starling, Yellow-eyed 164
Squirre , Guerrero Hying 245 stemalis,Engaeus 96
starmuehlneri, Afrogyrus 1 1
Squirre , Idaho Ground 22 Stemotherus 64
Stamoenas 39
Squirre , Kodiak Ground 231 sterreri, Platyops 97
starostini, Troglocobitis 203
Squirre , Maharashtra Giant245
Staurotypus 166 sterreri, Somersiella 95
Squirre , Mexican Flying 245
Steamerduck, Chubut 147 sterrhopteron, Welmorethraupis 55
Squirre , Mohave Ground 22
Steatomys 27, 145 stewardsoni, Dysnomia 187
Squirre , Mount Graham Red 231
stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 68 stewardsonii, Epioblasma 1 1
Squirrel , Mountain 142
Steenbras, White 132 stewartii, Achatinella 120
Squirrel , Nelson's Antelope 22
steerii, Centropus 42 sthenele sthenele, Cercyonis 253
Squirrel , Nevada Ground 231
steer a, Eurylaimus 45 sthennyo, Erebia 253
Squirrel . Norhern Idaho Ground 231
Squirrel Oaxaca Flying 245 steerii, Pitta 47 Stick-insect, Lord Howe Island 187
,

Squirrel Palm Springs Round-tailed steerii,Sundasciurus 142 Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine247

,

stegaria, Cyprogenia 110 Stickleback, Enos 247

Ground 231
Stegastes 86 Stickleback, Giant 247
Squirrel , Persian 142
Squirrel , Prince of Wales Island Flying steigmani, Procambarus 95 Stickleback, Santa Ana 247
230 steinbachi, Asthenes 45 stictolophus, Lophomis 153
sleinbachi, Parides 208 Stictonetta 32

352
 1

stictoptera, Touit 41 streckeri illinoensis, Pseudacris 246 stuhlmanni, Tropodiaptomus 92

stictothorax, Dysithamnus 155 streckeri, Lampsilis 1 1 stumperi, Epimyrma 100
stierlingi, Dendropicos 154 streeli, Talpa 8 Stupidogobius 87
stilbocarpae, Hadramphus 248 strengi,Somatogyrus 212 Sturanyella 209
Stilt, Black 37 strenua, Ninox 42 sturdeei, PipLslrellus 13
stimpsoni, Sicydium 169 strenuus, Zosterops 181 Sturgeon, Adriatic 70
Stingray, Giant Freshwater 70 strepsiceros, Tragelaphus 131 Sturgeon, Alabama 70
Stiobia 116 STREPTAXIDAE 128, 175, 191,216, Sturgeon, Amur 70
stiparum, Helicella 126 239, 245 Sturgeon, Atlantic 167, 235
Stiphodon 87 STREPTOCEPHALIDAE 91, 207 Sturgeon, Baikal 235
Stipiturus 132 Streptocephalus 91, 207 Sturgeon, Chinese 70
Stirrupshell 112 Streptocitta 164 Sturgeon, Common 70
Stitchbird 54 Streptopelia 151 Sturgeon, Green 70
stiversiana miwoka, Helminthoglypta Streptostyla 215 Sturgeon, Gulf 235
239 stresemanni, Graphium 105 Sturgeon, Lake 70
stiversiana williamsi, Helminthoglypta stresemanni, Merulaxis 46 Sturgeon, Large Amu-Dar Shovelnose70
239 stresemanni, Zaratornis 47 Sturgeon, Lena River 235
stizodon, Sorex 8 stresemanni, Zavattariornis 58 Sturgeon, Pallid 70
Stizostedion 206 striata, Coxiella 256 Sturgeon, Persian 70, 235
stochi, Nitocrella 96 striata, Paratherina 78 Sturgeon, Russian 70, 235
stocki, Argonemertes 217 Sturgeon, Sakhalin 70
striata, Stachyris 52
stoddartii, Quintalia 190 Sturgeon, Ship 70, 235
striata, Vitrea 217
stokesii aethiops, Egernia 234 Sturgeon, Shortnose 70
striatapila, Omphalotropis 210
Sturgeon, Shovelnose 70
stokesii badia, Egernia 234 striaticostus, Gonospira 128
Sturgeon, Siberian 70, 235
stokoei, Colophon 99 striatitala, Helicella 174
Adelopoma 114
Sturgeon, Small Amu-Dar Shovelnose70
stolli, striatula, Japonia 210
Sturgeon, Stellate 70, 235
Stomatepia 86 striatula,Lyropupa 216
Sturgeon, Syr-Dar Shovelnose 70
Stonefly, Cheaha 254 striatulum, Etheostoma 83
Sturgeon, White 167, 236
Stonefly, Fender's 254 striatum, Oligosoma 61
Sturgeon, Yangtze 70
Stonefly, Georgia 254 striatus fosteri, Epicrates 246
sturio, Acipenser 70
Stonefly, Hanson's Appalachian254 striatus, Chaetornis 50
Sturnella 56
Stonefly, Lake Tahoe Benthic 254 striatus, Epinephelus 83
Stonefly, Leon River 254
STURNIDAE 57, 164, 182
striatus, Simoxenops 45 Stumira 11, 137
Stonefly, Meltwater 254 Callinago 150
stricklandii.
Sturnus 164
Stonefly, Mount Donna Buang Wingless strigata kororensis, Palaina 256
stygia, Lxinchura 163
109
strigata, Palaina 211 Stygichthys 203
Stonefly, Mount Kosciusko Wingless 109
STRIGIDAE 42, 152, 181, 198, 245
Stygicola 77
Stonefly, Otway 209
strigidorsa, Mustela 17
Stonefly, Robert's 187 Stygionympha 253
STRIGIFORMES 42, 152, 181, 198, 245
stygius dentatus, Androniscus 237
Stonefly, Schoolhouse Springs 254
strigirostris, Didunculus 38
Stonefly, Wahkeena Falls Flightless254 stygius stygius, Niphargus 237
Strigocuscus 193
Stonemyia 185 Stygobromus 89, 90, 185
Strigops 181
storeri, Cypseloides 198 Stygodiaptomus 92
slrigosa goniogyra, Oreohelix 239
Stork, Milky 31 Styloctenium 136
strigosa, Elimia 117
Stork, Oriental 31 stylodon, Erepta 125
strigosus, Cambarus 93 Stylogomphus 238
Stork, Painted 147
striolata, Palaina 211 STYLOMMATOPHORA 120, 133, 173,
Stork, Storm's 31
Striped-babbler, Luzon 52 188,213,238,244,256
Storm-petrel, Ashy 146
Striped-babbler, Negros52 STYLONISCIDAE 247
Storm-petrel, Guadalupe 30
Striped-babbler, Palawan 52
Storm-petrel, Markham's 198 Styloniscus 247
Striped-babbler, Panay 52
Storm-petrel, Matsudaira's 198 Stylurus 107
5m.i 42, 153
stymphalicus, Pseudophoxinus 168
Storm-petrel, Ringed 197
Storm-petrel, Swinhoe's 146
strobila, Pachysaga 109 Stypodon 183
Storm-petrel, Tristram's 146
strodeanum, Pleuroberrm 112 styriaca, Belgrandiella 115
Wedge-rumped 146 stromatolicola, Leptocaris 96
Storm-petrel, Styx 252
Storm-petrel, White-vented 197
STROMBIDAE 212 Suavocallia 119
stormi, Ciconia 31
Strongylognathus 102 subalaris, Macroagelaius 163
stormi, Plethodon 68
Strophitus 172 subangulata, Lampsilis 255
Stormsia 119 strophium, Odontophorus 35 subarcuata, Bofilliella 123
straeleni, Bathanalia 1 19
STROPHOCHEILIDAE 128
subaspera, Rana 68
strumicae, Cobitis 203
straminea claibomensis, Lampsilis 238 subbadius, Rhinolophus 194
Strumigenys 102 subcalliferus, Caseolus 124
straminea straminea, Lampsilis 238
straminea, Palaua 215
STRUTHIONIFORMES 179
subcavemula, Libera 189
strutti, Thestor 104
strauchi, Neurergus 201 subcentralis, Nesopupa 216
Strymon 252
strawni, Fallicambarus 94 subcrislatus, Conotophus 59
Strymon 103 subcylindrica, Cryptazeca 123
strebeliana, Leptinaria 175
Stubtail, Timor 161
Streber 84 subcylindrica, Lamellidea 213
stuhlmanni, Lanistes 1 14
streber, Zingel 84

353
 1 1

subdetecta, Harmogenanina 190 Sucker, White River 246 Suncus 8, 193

subequalum, Thermosphaeroma 244 Sucker, Yaqui 75 Sundamys 11
subflavus, Epicrates 61 Sucker, Zuni Bluehead 246 Sundasciurus 22, 142
subgulturosa marica, Gazella 228 Suckermouth, Incomati 76 Sundoreonectes 75
subgulturosa, Gazella 141 Suckermouth, Lowveld 243 Sunfish, Bluebarred Pygmy 83
subhyalina addha, Gulella 240 sudetica, Erebia 253 Sunfish, Carolina Pygmy 169
sublaevis, Canthocamptus 96 Sudisorex 8 Sunfish, Spring Pygmy 247
sublaevis, Harpagoxenus 100 suenoae, Mandarina 214 Suni 131
sublevala, Semotrachia 174 suevica, Vallonia 111 superba. Pitta 47
sublineata, Notopala 120 Sugarspoon 187 superbum, Spharagemon 108
submaritima, Omphalotropis 210 SUIDAE 20, 141, 178, 226 superbus, Chalinolobus 12
submissus, Helicarion 256 sukatschewi, Garrulax 50 supercitiaris, Polysticlus 156
subnecata, Draparnaudia 124 sula, Coracina 242 superciliaris, Xiphirhynchus 161
subniger, Pteropus 177 sulcata, Geochelone 65 superciliosa, Ophrysia 35
Suboestophora 126. 175 sulcata, Nesosydne 251 superficialis, Ataenius 250
subpersonatus, Ploceus 57 sulcata, Newcombia 121 superflua, Rhipidura 160
subplana, Lexingtonia 1 1
sulcatus, Gonidomus 128 supramontes, Speleomantes 167
subplicala, Idiomela 125 sulcidens, Carterodon 145 surda, Touit 41
subplicatus, Chilonopsis 192 sulewattan, Parantica 104 sureyanus, Aphanius 79
subrostrata,Amastra 189 sulfusus, Nysius 251 Surprise, Schneider's 105
subrotunda, Fusconaia 172 SULIDAE 30, 146 surrrufus, Stiphodon 87
subrotunda, Obovaria 172 sulphuraria, Poecilia 80 Sus 20, 141, 178,226
subrubra, Ficedula 50 sulphurata, Emberiza 55 susiana, Crocidura 1
subruficollis, Aceros 44 sulphurea, Cacatua 40 suslicus, Spermophilus 11
subrufus, Rhinolophus 1
sulphurius, Hydroporus 248 suspectum, Heloderma 59
subsimilis, Epigomphus 107 sumatraensis maritimus, Capricornis suteri, Omphalotropis 210
subsoror, Amastra 228 suteri, Peripatoides 109
1 89
subspinosus, Chaetomys 28 sumatraensis milneedwardsii, sutilosa, Cupedora 173
Capricornis 228
subtecta, Petasina 215 suttkusi, Scaphirhynchus 70
subtentum, Ptychobranchus 172 sumatraensis rubidus, Capricornis 228 suturalis strigosa, Partula 239
sublerranea, Lucifuga 11 sumatraensis sumatraensis, suturalis vexillum, Partula 239
Capricornis 228
subterraneus, Cambarus 93 suturalis, Omphalotropis 210
sumatraensis thar, Capricornis 228
subterraneus, Typhlichthys 11 suturalis, Partula 239
sumatraensis, Capricornis 21
subtila, Westraltrachia ill svallize, Leuciscus 11
sumatrana, Ardea \A1
subtilis, Mautodontha 189 svetovidovi, Salvethymus 11
sumatrana, Chimarrogale 6
subtilis, Picumnus 155 swainson, Euploea 171
sumatrana, Lutra 17
subtilis, Sicista 143 swainsoni, Onychorhynchus 47
sumatranus, Dicrurus 164
Sphalloplana 256
subtilis, swainsonii insulanus, Antechinus 219
sumatrensis harrissoni, Dicerorhinus
Stygobromus 90
subtilis, swainsonii, Polytelis 41
225
subtruncatus, Chilonopsis 192 swalesi, Turdus 53
sumatrensis Dicerorhinus 225
lasiotis.
subulata, Urosphena 161 Swallow, Bahama 157
sumatrensis sumatrensis, Dicerorhinus
Subulina 1\1 Swallow. Blue 48
225
SUBULINIDAE 128, 175, 191, 217, 240 Swallow. Golden 157
sumatrensis, Dicerorhinus 19
Subuliniscus 128 Swallow, Red Sea 48
sumbae, Hipposideros 137
subvexus. Strophitus 172 Swallow, White-tailed 48
sumichrasti, Aimophila 162
subviridis, Lasmigona 111 Swallowtail, African Giant 208
sumichrasti, Bassariscus 140
Succinea 128, 175,217 Swallowtail, Chinese Three-tailed 244
sumichrasti, Hylorchilus 49
SUCCINEIDAE 128,175,217 Swallowtail, Corsican 105
sumnerensis, Cygnus 179 Swallowtail, Cream-banded 105
succinoides, Bulinus 113
Sunangel, Bogota 43
™cc«M, Fusconaia 172 Swallowtail, Fluminense 105
Sunangel, Royal 43
Sucker, Blackfin 243 Swallowtail, Hahnel's Amazonian 208
Sunbeam, Purple-backed 43 Swallowtail, Harris' Mimic 253
Sucker, Blue 168
Sunbird, A.mani 53 Swallowtail, Homerus 105
Sucker, Goose Lake 246
Sunbird, Apo 161 Swallowtail, Jordan's 105
Sucker, Harelip 183
Sunbird, Apricot-breasted 242 Swallowtail, Kilimanjaro 171
Sucker, Jasper Longnose 246
Sunbird, Banded 53 Swallowtail, Ludlow's Bhutan 105
Sucker, Jenny Creek 246
Sunbird. Elegant 53 Swallowtail, Madagascan Emperor208
Sucker, June 246
Sunbird, Giant 53 Swallowtail, Mansfield's Three-tailed208
Sucker, Klamath largescale 168
Sunbird, Loveridge's 161 Swallowtail, Poey's Black 208
Sucker, Lost River 75
Sunbird. Moreau's 161 Swallowtail, Scarce Haitian 208
Sucker, Modoc 75
Sunbird. Neergaard's 161 Swallowtail, Schaus' 253
Sucker, Razorback 75
Sunbird, Pemba 161 Swallowtail, Yellow Kite 105
Sucker, Rustyside 168
Sunbird, Plain-backed 161 Swallowtail, Zetides 105
Sucker, Salish 246
Sunbird, Prigogine's Double-collared242 Swamp-warbler, Grauer's 50
Sucker, Santa Ana 75
Sunbird, Rockefeller's 53 Swamphen, Lord Howe 180
Sucker, Shortnose 75
Sunbird, Rufous-winged 53 Swan, Chatham Island 179
Sucker, Snake River 183
Sunbird, Ursula's 161 Swan, Trumpeter 147
Sucker, Warner 75
suncoides, Ruwenzorisorex 1 swanepoeli, Lepidochrysops 103

354
 8 1

swanepoeli, Poecilmitis 103 syriaca, Calopteryx 106 Takifugu 207

swanepoeli. Thestor 104 syrichta, Tarsius 129 Takin 21
swarlhi, Nesoryzomys 178 Syrichtus 252 Takin, Bhutan 227
swazicus, Lamprophis 165 syrinx, Metisella 252 Takin, Golden 227
swezeyi, Aeschrithmysus 248 syrman, Neogobius 206 Takin, Mishmi 227
swezeyi, Nesithmysus 248 Syrmaticus 35, 149 Takin, Sichuan 227
swezeyi, Pseudopsecira 254 Syrnolopsis 119 talaseae, Zoothera 161
swezeyi, Zororypus 255 SYRPHIDAE 250 talbotae, Formica 100
swierstrai, Chitoglanis 243 syrticus, Gerbillus 24 talbotae, Monomorium 101
swierstrai, Francolinus 35 szczytkoi, Leuctra 254 Ta/pa 8
Swift, Dark-rumped 43 szechenyii, Tetraophasis 149 TALPIDAE 8
Swift, Fernando Po 198 TABANIDAE 99, 185,250 talpina, Partulina 213
Swift, Rothschild's 153 tabellata, Discula 124 talpoides douglasi, Thomomys 23
Swift, Schouteden's 43 Tacheocampylaea 215 Tamanka 87
Swift, Waterfall 153 tacheoides, Tacheocampylaea 215 tamarae, Epimyrma 100
Swift, White-chested 43 Tachuri, Bearded 156 tamarani, Canariomys 178
Swift, White-fronted 198 Tachuri, Grey-backed 156 Tamaraw 20
swiftii,Achatinella 1 20 Tachybaptus 29 Tamarin, Andean Saddle-back 241
Swiftlet, Atiu 43 Tachycineta 157 Tamarin, Black-chinned Emperor221
Swiftlet, Mascarene 153 Tachycnemis 66 Tamarin, Black-faced Lion 14
Swiftlet, Mayr's 198 Tachyeres 147 Tamarin, Cotton-top 14
Swiftlet, Seychelles 43 Tachygia 182 Tamarin, Golden Lion 14
Swiftlet, Tahiti 43 TACHYGLOSSIDAE 219 Tamarin, Golden-headed Lion 14
3,
Swiftlet,Volcano 43 Tachyglossus 219 Tamarin, Golden-mantled Saddle-back
Swiftlet,Whitehead's 43 Tachyoryctes Tl, 145 241
swinhoei, Capricomis 21 Tamarin, Golden-rumped Lion 14
Tachypleus 209
swinhoii, Lophura 149 Tachysphex 170
Tamarin, Pied 221
Swordfish 207, 236 Tamarin, White-footed 14
laczanowskii, Agouti 145
Swordtail, Andamans 105 tamarugense, Conirostrum 55
tai-zanowskii, Nothoprocta 29
Swordtail, Sri Lankan Five-bar 253 tambusisiana. Idea 104
laczanowskii, Podiceps 29
swynnerloni, Swynnertonia 52 Tamesi, Molly del 80
Tadarida 13, 139
Swynnertonia 52 ramioi 22,231
Tadoma 32
Syconycteris 10 Tamiasciurus 231
taeniabronchum, Bradypodion 59
Sygnathoides 205 Tanager, Azure-rumped 55
taeniata elongata, Partula 239
sylhetensis, Kachuga 200 Tanager, Azure-shouldered 163
taeniata nucleola, Partula 239
Sylph, Bamboo 252 Tanager, Black-and-gold 54
taeniata simulans, Partula 239
Sylph, Dickson's 252 Tanager, Black-and-white 162
taeniata, Leptoxis 1 1
sylvanus, Hygrotus 248 Tanager, Black-backed 55
taeniata, Partula 239
sylvanus, Macaca 15 Tanager, Blue-and-gold 162
taeniatus, Ophidiocephalus 60
sylveslris, Callirallus 36 Tanager, Blue-whiskered 163
Taenioides 169 Tanager, Brown 162
sylvestris, Micronycteris 137
taeniolata, Achatinella 1 20 Tanager, Cherry-throated 55
Sylvia 52
taeniolata, Palaina 211 Tanager, Cone-billed 54
Sylvietta 160
taeniolatus, Phyllopleryx 205 Tanager, Dotted 163
Sylvilagus 29, 146,234
taeniops. Hippocampus 81 Tanager, Gold-ringed 54
sylviolus, Phylloscartes 156
TAENIOPTERYGIDAE 254 Tanager, Green-capped 55
Sylvisorex 8, 241
Taeniopteryx 254 Tanager, Green-naped 163
symbiolica, Myrmica 101
Taeromys 27, 145 Tanager, Multicoloured 54
symbiotica, Pheidole 101
Taheitia 212 Tanager, Orange-throated 55
symmetochus, Megalomyrmex 100 Numenius 37
tahitiensis, Tanager, Purplish-mantled 162
symonsi, Serinus 163
Tahr, Arabian 21 Tanager, Seven-coloured 55
Sympetrum 187 Tahr, Himalayan 21 Tanager, Sira 163
Synallaxis 45, 155 Tahr, Nilgiri 21 Tanager, White-banded 162
Synanthedon 254 Tailorbird, Black-headed 159 Tanager, White-rumped 162
Synaptomys 233 Tailorbird, Long-billed 51 Tanager-finch 55
SYNBRANCHIDAE 82, 205 Tailorbird, Yellow-breasted 159 tanago, Tanakia 74
SYNBRANCHIFORMES 82, 205 Xenodiscula 216
taintori, Tanakia 74
Syncaris 93, 185 Taipidon 190 lanasi, Percina 84
Syncerus 131 taitensis, Gulella 128 Tandan, Belinger River 247
Syncomisles 169 laitianum, Pleurobema 1 12 Tandan, Cooper Creek 247
Syndactyla 45 taitungensis, Hemimyzon 74 Tandan, Kutubu 76
syndactylus, Hylobates 140 taivanus, Plecotus 13 Tandanus 247
SYNGNATHIDAE 81, 205 taivanus, Pycnonotus 157 Tandonia 215
SYNGNATHIFORMES 81,205 takahashii, Chamalychaeus 213 tanganjicae, Zoothera 161
Syngnathus 82, 205 Takahe 36 tanganyicense, Neothauma 120
SYNLESTIDAE 108, 171 takakurae. Hippocampus 81 tanganyicensis, Martelia 1 19
Syntheosciurus 142 takatsukasae, Monarcha 51 tanganyicensis, Reymondia 119
Synthliboramphus 38, 150 takedai, Hynobius 68 Tanganyicia 1 19

355
 3
5 3 7 1

Tangara 55. 163 tof£(, Eptesicus 194 renajc, Somatogyrus 212

tanmurrana. Turgenitubulus 122 ra/e;, Premnoplex 45 TENEBRIONIDAE 99
tannensis, Ptilinopus 151 Tateomys 27 tenebrosa, Carelia 189
tanner i. Bulimulus 126 talouay, Cabassous 136 lenebrosa, Murina 194
tanneri. Troglodytes 49 tatricus, Microtus 144 tenebrosa, Rhipidura 160
tanneri. Utabaenetes 108 tatricus, Spelaeodiscus 128 tenebrosus, Phyllastrephus 48
tansaniana, Crocidura 7 tattawuppana, Glyptorhagada 122 tenella, Auriculella 213

tantillus, Neoplanorbis 1 1 tattersalli, Propithecus 14 rener. Loriculus 152

tantula, Serica 250 Taudactylus 67 tenerifensis, Parmacella 127

tanycephalus, Calaxias 77 Tauraco 42, 152 teneriffae, Plecotus 13

Tanygnathus 41 tauricus, Clialepoxenus 100 Tengchiena 215

Tanysiptera 154, 198 taurinus albojubatus, Connochaetes tennentii, Ceratophora 59

Taoniscus 29 228 tennesseensis, Phoxinus 168

Tapaculo, Bahia 46 taurinus cooksoni, Connochaetes 228 tennesseensis, Somatogyrus 212
Tapaculo, Brasilia 46 taurinus johnstoni, Connochaetes 228 Tenrec. Aquatic 5
tapeinopterus, Encheloclarias 76 taurinus meamsi, Connochaetes 228 Tenrec, Large-eared 241
Taphozous 10, 136 taurinus taurinus, Connochaetes 228 TENRECIDAE 5, 241
Taphrolesbia 44 taurinus, Connochaetes 130 Tenualosa 71

Tapir, CentralAmerican 19 Taurotragus 141 tenuicostata, Sinployea 190

Tapir, Malayan 19 taurus, Carcharias 69 tenuimanus, Che rax 95
Tapir, Mountain 19 tavala, Apatania 255 tenuirostris, Numenius 38
TAPIRIDAE 19, 141 tawarensis, Poropuntius 73 tenuirostris, Zosterops 54
Tapirus 19. 141 tawarensis, Rasbora 74 tenuis, Cottus 206
lapoatafa pirata, Phascogale 219 raw/towiensii, Rattus 26 tenuis, Crocidura 7
tapoatafa tapoatafa, Phascogale 219 taxicolor bedfordi, Budorcas ITl tenuis, Myosorex 7
tapoalafa. Phascogale 135 taxicolor taxicolor, Budorcas 227 tenuis, Pseudobarbus 73
tappaniana, Partulina 121 taxicolor tibetana, Budorcas 227 tenuisculpta, Liardetia 215
taprobana, Parantica 171 taxicolor whitei, Budorcas 227 tenuispira, Amastra 1 89
tarabinii, Pardiglanis 203 taxicolor, Budorcas 21 tenuistriata. Diastole 125
tarandus pearyi, Rangifer 227 TAYASSUIDAE 20 Tepelmene, Sardinita de 73
Tarantula, Red-kneed 169 taylori, Arius 204 tephropleurus, Zosterops 54
tarapacensis, Tropidurus 199 taylori, Noturus 75 Teramulus 205
tarbinskii, Chalepoxenus 100 Tayloria 217, 240 TERAPONTIDAE 83, 168, 206, 244, 247
tar(ia, Orii 37 Tayra, Greyheaded 224 terceirana, Leptaxis 125
tardigradus, Loris 14 tayrorm, Coralliozetus 87 terebra, Partulina 213
tarichi,Chalcalbumus 202 tchadiensis, Biomphalaria 1 1 terebriformis, Anceya 119
tarraceuse, Deroceras 121 Teal, Baikal 32 Terenura 46
tarravillensis, Allocharopa 174 Teal, Brown 32 (erei, Elimia 1 1

Tarsier, Lesser Spectral 194 Teal, Madagascar 32 rerej, Gonospira 128

Tarsier, Philippine 129 Teal, Marbled 32 teresinarum, Lucifuga 11
Tarsier, Spectral 194 Teal, Salvadori's 32 tereticaudus chlorus, Spermophilus 23
Tarsiger 160 Teapa, Molly del 80 teretulus, Pheruicobius 13
TARSIIDAE 129, 194 tectiformis, Discula 124 Tern, Black-bellied 38
Tarsius 129, 194 teegelaari, Labrochromis 184 Tern, Black-fronted 38
Tarsomys 27 TEIIDAE 61, 182,200 Tern, Damara 150
Tartarocreagris 207 Teinopalpus 171,208 Tern, Elegant 150
tartarus, Cambarus 93 Teinsotoma 209 Tern, Fairy 38
tasanae, Rana 201 re(7a. Cymothoe 253 Tern, Kerguelen 38
Taskiria 254 telegrapha, Hedylepta 186 Terpsiphone 53, 160
Taskropsyche 254 teleius burdigalensis, Maculinea 252 terrapenfelis, Trachemys 246
Tasmacetus 197 teleius, Maculinea 170 terrapen, Trachemys 64
tasmaniae, Canthocamptus 96 Telespiza 56 Terrapene 64, 166, 200
tasmaniae, Megalanura250 Teleutomyrmex 102 Terrapin, Diamondback 166
tasmanica, Apteropanorpa 254 Leiolopisma 60
telfairii, terrapin, Malaclemys 166
tasmanica, Beddomeia 1 1 Crocidura 1
telfordi, Terrapin, Painted 64
tasmanicus, Bothriembryon 256 Telmatherina 79, 243 Terrapin, River 64
tasmaniensis, Arachnocampa 250 Telmatobius 67, 201 terrestris, Tapirus 141
tasmaniensis, Edwardsina 99 Telmatobufo 201 terrestris, Trugon 151
Tasmanipatus 109. 255 Telophorus 49 terrestris, Zoothera 181
Tasmanophlebia 99 temmincki, Catopuma 140 terrisi, Rhynchopsitta 41

Tasmanoplectron 108 temmincki, Pteropus 136 terryi, Aeschrithmysus 248

Tasmanoplegas 255 temminckii, Macroclemys 63 tessellata, Partulina 121
Tasmaphena 127 temminckii, Manis 142 tessellatus, Cualac 79
tatarica mongolica. Saiga 230 temminckii, Tragopan 149 tessellum, Syrichtus 252
talarica tatarica, Saiga 230 Temoleh, Ikan 73 testudinalis, Discula 124
tatarica. Saiga 22 TEMORIDAE 92, 207 TESTUDINES 62, 132, 165, 182, 200,
larei, Dactylopsila 5 tempe, Thestor 104 234, 243, 246

356
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TESTUDINIDAE 65, 166, 182, 200, 234, THERAPHOSIDAE 169 thoracatus. Geocapromys 179
243, 246 Muscocyclops 132
therasiae, THORACICA 208
Testudo 65, 166, 235, 243, 246 theresa, Monodelphis 3 thoracicus, Charadrius 37
telhys, Oceanodroma 146 thermae, Zaitzeva 249 Thornbill. Mountain 132
Tetracenlrum 206 thermalis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Thornbill, Slender-billed 49
Tetracerus 22 Thermocyclops 132 Thornbird, Chestnut-backed 155
tetradactyla, Allactaga 23 Thermodiaptomus 92 Thorntail,Coppery 198
tetradactylus sangi, Petrodromus 245 Thermomesochra 208 Thoropa 67
Tetradactylus 59, 182 thermophilum, Thermosphaeroma Thrasher, Cozumel 158
185
TETRAGNATHIDAE 88 Thermophis 61 Thrasher, White-breasted 49
Tetramorium 102 Thermosphaeroma 97, 185, 244 Thraupis 163
Tetranesodon 204 ihermydromis, Speocirolana 97 Threeridge, Fat 110
Tetrao 149 r/iero cedarbergae. Phasis 252 Threskiomis 147
TETRAODONTIDAE 88, 207 Theropithecus 140 THRESKIORNITHIDAE 31, 147, 179
TETRAODONTIFORMES 88, 207 Thersites 122 Thripophaga 45, 155
Tetraophasis 149 Theskelomensor Throscodectes 109
1 25, 256
tetraspis, Osteolaemus 58 thessala, Knipowitschia 87 Thrush, Amami 53
tetrax. Tetrax 150 Thessalogovin'As 87 Thrush, Ashy 53
Tetrax 150 Thestor 252 Thrush, Black-breasted 161
tetrica, Discula 124 Thestor, Dickson's 252 Thrush, Bonin 181
TETRIGIDAE 109 Thestor, Kaplan's 103 Thrush, Chinese 161
Tetrix 109 Thestor 103, 104, 170,252 Thrush, Everett's 161
Tettigarcta 251 r/ie((i, Partula 127 Thrush, Fawn-breasted 161
TETTIGARCTIDAE 251 THIARIDAE 119,173 Thrush, Forest 158
Tettigidea 109 thibaudeaui, Tenualosa 71 Thrush, Grand Cayman 181
TETTIGONIIDAE 109, 187 thibetana huangensis, Ochotona 233 Thrush, Grayson's 161
teuszii, Sousa 196 thibetana sikimaria, Ochotona 233 Thrush, Grey-sided 53
tevoroa, Tridacna 112 Thrush, Izu 53
thibetana, Macaca 129
texana, Cochliopa 115 Thrush, La Selle 53
tkibetanus gedrosianus, Ursus 224
texana, Tartarocreagris 207 Thrush, Long-billed 161
thibetanus, Ursus 18
texanus, Asaphomyia 250 Thrush, Makira 161
Thicketbird, Bismarck 198
texanus, Haideoporus 248 Thrush, Moluccan 199
Thicketbird, Bougainville 198
texanus, Limnebius 249 Thrush, New Britain 161
Thicketbird, Guadalcanal 159
texanus, Procambarus 95 Thrush, Orange-banded 161
Thicketbird, Long-legged 53
Thrush, Pied 161
texanus, Xyrauchen 75 Thinomis 37
Thrush, Red-backed 161
(MM, //e/ix 125 Thistletail, Perijal55
Amytomis 49
Thrush, Sao Tome 161
textilis, thol'oni, Mesoperipatus 209
Thrush, Slaty-backed 161
teydea, Fringilla 132 thomasetti, Gulella 191
Thrush, Somali 53
teysmannii, Treron 151 thomasi bethune-bakeri, Hemlargus
Thrush, Spot-winged 161
Thaanumella 210 252
Thrush, Taita 53
thaanumi, Achatinella 88 1 thomasi, Echimys 28
Thrush, Tristan 159
thaanumi, Lyropupa 216 thomasi, Calagoides 241
Thrush, Unicoloured 161
thaanumi, Nesopupa 216 thomasi, Microgale 5
Thrush, 'Vemen 53
thaidina, Bhutanitis 244 thomasi, Microtus 144
Thryomanes 158
thalassina, Cissa 164 thomasi, Ochotona 146
Thryothorus 49
Thalassoma 87 thomasi, Presbytis 140
Thryssa 202
thalia, Crocidura 136 thomasi, Rhinolophus 137
thunbergi. Colophon 99
?/M/ia, Partula 191 thomasi, Salpingotus 197
Thunnus 237
88, 207, 236,
Thallomys 145 thomasi, Stumira 1
thuragnathus, Harpagochromis 184
Thalurania 44 thomasi, Urothemis 209
thurjii, Hardella 166
thamicola, Homaloptera lA Thomasomys 145
thurstoni, Samoana 127
thamnobates, Bradypodion 165 thomasseti, Nesomantis 68
Thylacine 177
THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 91 Thomea 214 THYLACINIDAE 177
Thamnomys 242 thomensis, Columba 38 Thylacinus 177
Thamnophilus 155 thomensis, Crocidura 7 Thylamys 135
Thamnophis 61, 200, 246 thomensis, Estrilda 163 Thylogale 4
Thapsia 124, 125,215 thomensis, Nectarinia 53 thynnus Thunnus IQl
,

Thaumatodon 124, 190 thomensis, Paradoxa 213 thynnus, Thunnus Til

Thaumatogryllus 108 thomensis, Thyrophorella 217 Thyrophorella 217
Thawnatoneura 107 Thomomys 142,231.242 THYROPHORELLIDAE 217
r/iefea 125 thompsoni, Pyrgulopsis 211 Thyroptera 1

thedana, Torresitrachia 122 thomseni, Odontodiaptomus Iffl THYROPTERIDAE 11

theinemanni, Neolissochilus 73 thomsoni, Limnotrochus 119 THYSANURA 254
theodori. Anas 179 thomsonii albonotata, Gazella 228 r/iyii, Tilapia 86
theodorverhoeveni, Papagomys 178 thomsonii, Gazella 130 Tiang 228
Tkeodoxus 209 thonglongyai, Craseonycteris 10 tiarella, Ceomitra 124
Thepa, Pla 203 Thoopterus 136 tiassalensis, Neritina 1 1

357
 8

tibialis, Anomala 250 Tinamou, Yellow-legged 146 Tody, Narrow-billed 154

tibiospina, Deinacrida 254 Tinamus 146, 197 Tody-Flycatcher, Buff-cheeked 242
tickelli, Anorrhinus 54 1 Tinkerbird, While -chested 44 Tody-flycatcher, Maracaibol56
Tickellia 160 Tinostoma 186 Tody-tyrant, Boat-billed 156
Tiger 16 tiomanensis, Sundoreonectes 75 Tody-tyrant, Buff-breasted 47
Tiger. Amur 224 Tiphobia 119 Tody-tyrant, Buff-throated 156
Tiger, Angled 104 Tiradelphe 105 Tody-tyrant, Cinnamon-breasted 156
Tiger, Biak 104 Tiro 184 Tody-tyrant, Eye-ringed 156
Tiger, Bonthain 104 Tirumala 105, 208, 237, 244 Tody-tyrant, Hangnest 156
Tiger, Ceylon 171 Tischeria 186 Tody-tyrant, Kaempfer's47
Tiger, Crow 105 TISCHERIIDAE 186 Tody-tyrant, White-cheeked 156
Tiger, Crowley's 244 Tit, Red-throated 161 Tody-tyrant, Zimmer's 156
Tiger, D'Abrcra's 104 Tit, White-fronted 161 tohiveana, Partula 191
Tiger, Dannatt's 104 Tit, White-naped 53 Tokoweka, South Island 179
Tiger, David's 104 Tit, White-necklaced 161 tokudae, Mogera 8
Tiger, Fat 244 Tit, White-throated 161 tokudae, Pteropus 177
Tiger, Felder's 104 Tit, Yellow 161 Tokudaia 27
Tiger, Flores 104 Tit-babbler, Grey-faced 159 tolotomensis, Roimontis 214
Tiger, Javan 171 Tit-babbler, Miniature 51 Tolypeutes 5, 136
Tiger, Kirby's 244 Tit-spinetail, Araucaria 155 tomensis, Chaerephon 13
Tiger, Kuekenthal's Yellow 104 Tit-spinetail, Tawny 155 tomentosus, Kunsia 24
Tiger, Least 244 Tit-spinetail, White-browed 45 tomi, Betta 88
Tiger, Manado Yellow 244 Tit-tyrant, Ash-breasted 47 Tomicha 118, 188
Tiger, Milagros' 104 Tit-warbler, Crested 159 Tominanga 79
Tiger, Morishita's 104 Lepidochrysops 103
titei, Tomistoma 199
Tiger, New Ireland Yellow 104 tithonus, Omithoptera 208 Tomopeas 13
Tiger, Nilgiri 171 tithys, Synallaxis 45 tomsetti, Cupedora 173
Tiger, Sarangani 237 Titi, Black-fronted 221 Tonatia 11, 137
Tiger, Scarce Blue 244 Titi, Masked 14 Tondanichthys 81
Tiger, SouthChina 224 Titi, Northern Bahian Blond 221 tonkeana hecki, Macaca 245
Tiger, Sumatran 224 Titi, Northern Masked 221 tonkeana, Macaca 140
Tiger, Sumatran Chocolate 171 Titi, Ornate 221
Toothcarp, South European 205
Tiger, Sumbawa 104 Titi, Southern Bahian Masked 221 Toothcarp, Spanish 205
Tiger, Timor Yellow 104 titteya, Puntius 132 Toothcarp, Valencia 80
Tiger, Toxopeus' Yellow 104 tityoides, Parantica 171 Topi 130,228
Tiger, Weiske's 244
tlahuacensis, Evarra 183 Topi, Coastal 228
Tiger, Zinken's 171
tlaloci, Rana 182 Topminnow, Barrens 80
Tiger-heron, Fasciated 147
Toad, Amargosa 66 Topminnow, Whiteline 183
tigrellus, Gobius 206 Toad, Amatola 66 topsiae, Beddomeia 115
tigrinus, Leopardus 140
Toad, Black 66 Tor 14
tigris altaica, Panthera llii
Toad, Cape Mountain 166 Torguigener 207
tigris amoyensis, Panthera 224
Toad, Darwin's 201 tormentosa, Tettigarcta 251
tigris sumatrae, Panthera 224 Toad, Garo Hill Tree 66
Tomatellinops 213
tigris, Panthera 16 Toad, Golden 66
Tornelasmias 188
Tigrisoma 147 Toad, Houston 66
tomieri, Malacochersus 65
Tijuca 46, 156 Toad, Italian Spadefoot235
Tilapia, Lake Magadi 247 Tomigenus 239
Toad, Malabar Tree 66
Tilapia, Otjikoto 86
torobo, Oloplotosus 76
Toad, Mt Nimba Viviparous 66
Tilapia 86
torosus, Dinomis 179
Toad, Puerto Rican Crested 66
Tiliqua 61 Toad, Sonoran Green 166
torquata, Delma 60
timavi, Niphargus 90 lorquatus lucifer, Callicebus 241
Toad, Yosemite 66
timorensis, Ficedula 158 torquatus medemi, Callicebus 221
Toadfish, Cotuero 78
timorensis, Rattus 197 Toadfish, Reticulated 78 torquatus torquatus, Cercocebus 245
timorica, Parantica 104 Toadfish, Splendid 78 torquatus, Bradypus 5
timoriensis, Nyctophilus 13 Toadfish, Whitelined 78 torquatus, Cercocebus 140

TINAMIDAE 29, 146, 197 Toadfish, Whitespotted78 torquatus, Cheiromeles 139

TINAMIFORMES 29, 146, 197 Toadlet, Alexandra 201 torquatus, Pedionomus 36

Tinamou, Black 197 Toadlet, Bibron's 167 torrefacta, Leptoxis 1 1

Tinamou, Choc'/4 29 Toadlet, Marbled 182 torrei, Boromys 178

Tinamou, Colombian 146 Toadlet, Red-crowned 167 torrentium, Austropotamobius 93
Tinamou, Dwarf 29 tobiasi, Hydropsyche 187 Torreomis 55
Tinamou, Hooded 146 tobleri, Euploea 171 tor res i, Bibimys 143
Tinamou, Kalinowski's 29 toboroi, Papilio 244 Torresitrachia 122, 174, 244
Tinamou, Magdalena 29 TODIDAE 154 torreya, Cyclocosmia 207
Tinamou, Pale-browed 146 Todirhamphus 44, 154,246 torridus ramona, Onchomys 233
Tinamou, Solitary 146 Todirostrum 156,242 torridus ramona, Onychomys 233
Tinamou, Taczanowski's 29 todseni, Sonorella 174 torridus tularensis, Onchomys 233
Tinamou, Tepui 29 Todus 154 torridus tularensis, Onychomys 233

358
 4 1

torridus, Auila 47 towoeti, Nomorhamphus 81 trevori. Mops 139

torringloni, Columba 38 Toxolasma 112 Triaenodes 187
Tortoise, Abingdon Island 234 toxopei, Charmosyna 40 Triaenops 1
Tortoise, African Spurred 65 toxopei, Parantica 104 Tribolonotus 200
Tortoise Aldabra Giant 65 Toxostoma 158 tricarinala, Melanochelys 64
Tortoise Argentine 65 Toxotes 244 tricarunculata, Procnias 46
Tortoise Asian Giant 65 TOXOTIDAE 244 Heteragrion 107
tricellulare,
Tortoise Berger's Cape 65 trabalis, Villosa 256 Trichastoma 53, 160
Tortoise Bolson 65 Trachemys 64, 166, 246 TRICHECHIDAE 19,225
Tortoise, Burmese Starred 65 Trachypilhecus 15, 140, 194 Trichechus 19, 225
Tortoise, Central Asian 65
Tragelaphus 22, 131, 141, 230 Trichia 215
Tortoise Charles Island 234
tragocamelus, Boselaphus 130 Trichocichla 53
Tortoise, Chatham Island 234
Tragopan, Blyth's 35 Trichoglossus 41
Tortoise. Desert 65
Tragopan, Cabot's 35 TRICHOMYCTERIDAE 76, 168, 183,
Tortoise, Duncan Island 234
Tragopan, Satyr 149 204
Tortoise, Eastern Hermann's 246 Tragopan, Temminck's 149 Trichomycterus 76, 168, 204
Tortoise, Egyptian 65
Tragopan, Western 35 trichonica, Cobitis 203
Tortoise, Elongated 65
Tragopan 35, 149 trichonis, Economidichthys 87
Tortoise, Galapagos Giant 65
TRAGULIDAE 141,226 TRICHONISCIDAE 97, 237
Tortoise, Geometric 65
Tragulus 226 TRICHOPTERA 187,254
Tortoise, Gopher 65
tramieri, Chalepoxenus 100 trichopus, Zygogeomys 23
Tortoise Home's Hinge-back2(X)
tranquebarica viridissima, Cicindela Trichosurus 219
Tortoise, Hood Island 235
248 trichotis, Allocebus 13
Tortoise Iguana Cove 235
transfasciatus, Crypturellus 146 Irichotis, Chibchanomys 143
Tortoise Impressed 65
transgrediens, Aphanius 79 Trichotoxon 215
Tortoise Indefatigable Island235
transitionalis, Sylvilagus 29 tricinctus, Tolypeutes 5
Tortoise,James Island 234
Tortoise Madagascar 65
translucida, Gulella 216 TRICLADIDA 192, 256
transmontanus Acipenser 236
, Triclaria 41
Tortoise Madagascar Flat-shelled65
transmontanus, Acipenser 167 tricolor, Alectrurus 156
Tortoise Marginated 243
Tortoise Natal Hinge-back 166
transpacificus, Hypomesus 76 tricolor, Ara 1 80

transsylvanica, Podismopsis 254 tricolor, Lyriothemis 107

Tortoise Pancake 65
transsylvanicus, Bienkotetrix 109 Tricula 119
Tortoise, Radiated 65
Tortoise Serrated Hinge-back 200 transvaalensis, Xenocalamus 200 Tridacna 112, 133,244
Tortoise, SierraNegra 235 transversalis, Bulinus 113 TRIDACNIDAE 112, 133, 244
Tortoise, South American Yellow-footed transversalis, Theodoxus 209 tridactyla, Jacamaralcyon 44
65 Tras 74 tridactyla, Myrmecophaga 5
Tortoise, Speckled Cape 166 tras, Puntius 74 tridactylus tridactylus, Potorous 219
Tortoise, Spider 65 traski pomo, Hysterocarpus 247 tridecemlineatus alleni, Spermophilus
Tortoise, Spur-thighed 65, 246 trautmani, Noturus 75 231
Tortoise Texas 243 traversi, Paryphanta 216 tridentata ssp., Lampetra 246
Tortoise, Three-keeled Land 64 traversi, Petroica 51 tridentatus, Tachypleus 209
Tortoise, Travancore 65 Treader-Bug, Aaa Water 251 tridentifera, Eurycea 68
Tortoise, Volcan Alcedo235 treculi, Micropterus 206 tridonata, Triaenodes 187
Tortoise, Volcan Darwin 235 Tree-finch, Medium 162 trifasciata, Cuora 64
Tortoise, Volcan Wolf 234 Tree-kangaroo, Bennett's 135 trifasciatus, Nesomimus 49
TORTRICIDAE 254 Tree-kangaroo, Doria's 4 Triggerfish, Queen 88
torulosa gubernaculum, Dysnomia 255 Tree-kangaroo, Goodfellow's4 triglavensis, Pseudomoraria 96
torulosa gubernaculum, Epioblasma Tree-kangaroo, Grizzled 193 trigonelia, Pseudocandona 98
238 Tree-kangaroo, Huon 4 Trigonopelastes 250
torulosa rangiana, Dysnomia 255 Tree-kangaroo, Lowland 193 Trigonoscuta 185,248
torulosa rangiana, Epioblasma 238 Tree-kangaroo, Lumholtzi's 135 trijuga, Melanochelys 200
torulosa torulosa, Dysnomia 255 Tree-kangaroo, Scott's Triller, Samoan 157
torulosa torulosa, Epioblasma 238 Tree-nymph, Bedford-Russell's 104 trimaculatus, Hephaestus 206
totae, Rhizosomichthys 183 Tree-nymph, Ceylon 171 trimaculatus. Hippocampus 82
Totoaba 84 Tree-nymph, Electra's 104 trimeni southeyae, Aloeides 252
Totoaba 84 Tree-nymph, Hewitson's Small 104 trimeni, Poecilmitis 103
totta, Serinus 163
Tree-Nymph, Malabar 171 Trimenia 104
Toucanet, Saffron 154
Tree-Nymph, Seram Small 244
Trimeresurus 62, 200
Toucanet, Yellow-browed 154 Treepie, Andaman 164
Trimerotropis 108
Touit 41, 152
Treepie, Hooded 58
Tringa 38
Treepie, White-bellied 164
toweri, Ataeniobius 80 Trinidad, Cachorrito de la 183
Treerunner, Beautiful 155
townesi, Stylurus 107 trinitatis, Hypolestes 107
Tremarclos 18
townsendi, Arctocephalus 17 trinotatus orarius, Zapus 232
Treron 39, 151
townseruli, Spiza 182 triochilus, Raphiomydas 250
treurensis, Barbus 132
townseruiii cowani, Microtus 233 Triodopsis 215
trevelyani, Barbus 71
townsendii, Plecotus 13 Triok, Tate's 5
trevelyani, Chrysospalax 5
townsendii, Spermophilus 197 TRIONYCHIDAE 65, 166, 200, 235

359
 7 1 5 2 1 1

Trionyx 235 Trout, Bull 77 tumida, Pilsbrycharopa 123

TRIOPSIDAE 97 Trout, Cutthroat 247 tumidifrons, Natalus 1
tripartitus, Saguinus 241 Trout, Gila 77 tumiduta, Omphalotropis 210
triplex. Ephemera 250 Trout, Iwame 204 tumidulus. Jokajdon 214
Triplophysa 75 Trout, Mexican Golden 77 tumuloides. Libera 189
triporcatus, Staurotypus 166 Trout, Silver 183 tumultuosos, Alsodes 201
tripunctata, Euploea 104 Trox 250 Tuna, Albacore 207, 236
triquetra. Dysnomia 255 truchnasi, Nanoplectrus 255 Tuna, Bigeye 88, 236
trisella, Etheostoma 83 rruei, Podogymnura 6 Tuna, Northern Bluefin 207, 237
triserrata, Cylindraspis 182 Trugon 151 Tuna, Southern bluefin 88
Trissexodon 245 trukana, Trukcharopa 214 tunneyi, Rattus 145

rrari'i, Partula 191

Trukcharopa 214 Tupaia 8

tristrami, Oceanodroma 146 truncata, Lyropupa 216 TUPAIIDAE 8

Trithemis 107 Truncatella 212 Tur, East Caucasian 21

Tritocleis 186 TRUNCATELLIDAE 212 Tur, West Caucasian 21

Triturus 132,201 Truncatellina 128,217 Turaco, Bannerman's 42

triunguis, Trionyx 235 truncatus, Cambarus 93 Turaco, Fischer's 152

truncatus, Chlamyphorus 5 Turaco, Prince Ruspoli's42
trivialis,Pyrgulopsis 2 1
trivirgata trilineata, Arctogalidia 224 truncatus, Ospatulus 73 Turacoena 39
truncatus, Tursiops 196 turatii, Laniarius 157
trivittata, Kachuga 64
irocaz, Columba 132 Truncilla 255 TURBELLARIA 192,256
Irybomi, Coregonus 204 turbinata, Westraltrachia 123
trochearis, Bellamya 120
Trochidrobia 117,173 tryoni,Xerarionta 125 turbinatus Biolocus, Tomigenus 239
trochiformis, Beddomeia 1 1
Tryonia, Amargossa 212 TURBINIIDAE 112

TROCHILIDAE 43, 153, 181, 198 Tryonia, Brune's 212 turbotti, Anagotus 248
Tryonia, Gila 212 Turcinemacheilus 203
Trochochlamys 124
Trochogyra 214 Tryonia, Grated 212 turcosus, Cyomis 158
Tryonia, Roster's 212 Turdoides 53, 160
Trochoidea 126, 175, 190,256
Tryonia, Mimic 212 Tur^iui 53, 161, 181
trochoideum, Craspedoma 133
Tryonia, Minute 212 Turgenitubulus 122, 256
Trochomorpha 128,175,217
Tryonia, Phantom 212 Turgid-blossom 255
Trochozonites 215
Tryonia, Point of Rocks 212 turgida, Achatinella 120
TROGIDAE 250
Tryonia, Quitabaquito 212 turgida, Partula 191
Troglocaris 93
Tryonia, Sportingoods 212 turgidula, Dysnomia 255
troglocataractus, Nemacheilus 74
Tryonia 212 turgidula, Epioblasma 1 1
Troglocobitis 203
Tryphomys 27 turgidula, Gonospira 128
troglodytes schweinfurthi. Part 223
tschaiyssuensis, Nemacheilus 74 turgidula, Streptostyla 215
troglodytes troglodytes, Pan 223
tschapecki, Bythiospeum 115 Turkey, Ocellated 149
troglodytes verus, Pan 223
tschudii, Ampelioides 1 56 Turnagra 181
troglodytes, Aphodius 250
Tsessebe 228 tumerae, Beddomeia 115
troglodytes, Monadenia 215
r5i(ana 252 tumeri, Eremomela 50
troglodytes. Pan 16
tsolovi, Calomyscus 143 turneri, Hubbsina 80
Troglodytes 49
Tuatara, Brother's Island 58 tumeri, Posorites 174
TROGLODYTIDAE 49, 158
Tuatara, Cook 243
Trogloglanis 75
Strait TURNICIDAE 35, 149
Tubercled-blossom 255 r«ma 35, 149
Troglohyphantes 88
tuberculata, Cyclonaias 172 turpis, Hipposideros 10
Trogon, Baird's 153
tuberculata, Insulivitrina 175 turricula, Carelia 189
Trogon, Hispaniolan 153
tuberculata, Mystacina 13 turricula, Discula 124
Trogon, Ward's 44
tuberculatum, Heteropoma 210 TURRIDAE 213
Trogon 153
tuberculatus, Chalinolobus 138 turriplana, Gittenbergeri 245
TROGONIDAE 44, 153
TROGONIFORMES 44, 153
tuberculatus, Hadramphus 185 turrilella, Fontigens 116
tuberculatus, Pteropus 10 turritum, Heteropoma 210
Trogopterus 22
tuberculosus, Pedostibes 66 Tursiops 196
Troj^ei 105, 171,253
Troik, Great-tailed 5
tuberosa, Quadrula 112 turskyi, Leuciscus 183

troostiana, Elimia 1 1
TUBinCIDAE 110 Turtle, African Softshell 235

tropica, Bettongia 4
Tubuaia 125 Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied 64
tucinkae, Eubucco 154 Turtle, Alligator Snapping 63
tropicalis, Geomys 22
Tucuxi 196 Turtle, American Red-bellied 166
tropicalis, Monachus 178
Tropidophora 118,188,212
tuerosi, Laterallus 36 Turtle, Annam Leaf 243
Tropidophoxinellus 203
tularosa, Cyprinodon 80 Turtle, Aquatic Box 64
Tulotoma 213 Turtle, Arakan Forest 64
Tropidoptera 121
Tulotoma 213 Turtle, Asian Giant Softshell 66
Tropidurus 199
tumana, Lednia 254 Turtle, Asiatic Softshell 65
Tropocyclops 92
Tumba 74 Turtle, Assam Roofed 200
Tropodiaptomus 92, 185, 207
tumba, Puntius 74 Turtle, Barbour's Map 165
troschelianum, Pleurobema 1 1
tumbalensis, Tylomys 27 Turtle, Beal's-eyed 64
troughtoni, Taphozous 10
tumida, Beddomeia 188 Turtle, Bellinger River Snapping200
Trout, Apache 77

360
 3
1 1

Turtle, Big-headed 200 Turtle, Philippen's Striped 200 TYPHLOPIDAE 62. 182
Turtle, Big-headed Amazon River64 Turtle, Philippine Pond 64 typhlops, Iranocypris 72
Turtle, Black Soft-shell 65 Turtle, Pig-nose 62 typhlops, Notoryctes 4
Turtle, Black Wood 166 Turtle, Pritchard's Snake-necked62 typhlops, Protocobitis 74
Turtle, Black-knobbed Map 166 Turtle, Red Side-necked 165 typhlops, Stygichthys 203
Turtle, Blanding's 165 Turtle, Red-crowned Roofed 64 Typhlops 62, 182
Turtle, Bog 64 Turtle, Red-headed River 65 Typhlosaurus 61
Turtle, Brazilian Radiolated Swamp 165 Turtle, Red-necked Pond 200 Typhlosynbranchus 205
Turtle, Brazilian Snake-necked62 Turtle, Reimann's Snake-necked200
fyphlotriton 201
Turtle, Bri.sbane Short-necked 243 Turtle, Ringed Map 64
typica, Coracina 48
Turtle, Brown Wood 166 Turtle, Roti Island Snake-necked62
typicus, Gerrhosaurus 165
Turtle, Burmese Eyed 166 Turtle, Ryukyu Leaf 64
typus, Otomys 144
Turtle, Burmese Flapshell 200 Turtle, Senegal Rapshell 166
Burmese Roofed 64
typus, Rhincodon 201
Turtle, Turtle, Seychelles Mud 65
Turtle, Cagle's Map 64 Turtle, Six-tubercled River 65
TYRANNIDAE 47, 156, 242
Tyrannulet, Alagoas 47
Turtle, Cat Island Freshwater 246 Turtle, Sonora Mud 64
Tyrannulet, Bay-ringed 156
Turtle, Central American River63 Turtle, South American River 132
Tyrannulet, Grey-capped 156
Turtle, Chaco Side-necked 62 Turtle, South Asian Box 165
Tyrannulet, Minas Gerais47
Turtle, Chaco Swamp 62 Turtle, Spiny 64
Tyrannulet, Oustalet's 156
Turtle, Chinese False-eyed 200 Turtle, Spiny-neck 165
Tyrannulet, Reiser's 156
Turtle, Chinese Stripe-necked 166 Turtle, Spotted 64
Tyrannulet. Restinga47
Turtle, Chinese Three-striped Box64 Turtle, Spotted Box 200
Tyrannulet, Sao Paulo 47
Turtle, Cochin Forest Cane 64 Turtle, Spotted Pond 165
Tyrannulet, Serra do Mar 156
Turtle, Common Box 166 Turtle, Striped Narrow-headed Softshell
Tyrannus 47
Turtle, Creaser's Mud 166 65
Tyrant, Cock-tailed 156
Turtle, Crowned River 166 Turtle, Sulawesi Forest 200
Tyrant, Shear-tailed Grey 156
Turtle, Dahl's Toad-headed 62 Turtle, Tabasco Mud 166
Tyrant, Strange-tailed 47
Turtle, Dunn's Mud 64 Turtle, Texas Map 166
Escambia Map 166
Tyrant, Tumbes 156
Turtle, Turtle, Three-striped Roof 166
Tyrrheniella 126
Turtle, Euphrates Softshell66 Turtle, TurkanaMud 65
Turtle, European Pond 165 Turtle, Upemba Mud 200 Phylloscopus 160
tytleri,

Turtle, Fitzroy River 62

Tyto 42, 152, 198
Turtle, Vanderhaege's Toad-headed 165
Turtle, Flattened Musk 64 Turtle, Wattle-necked Softshell 166
TYTONIDAE 42, 152, 198

Turtle, Four-eyed 64 Turtle, Western Swamp 62 tytonis, Chlorotalpa 5

ilakari. Bald 14
Turtle, Fujian Pond 200 Turtle, Wood 64
Uakari, Black 241
Turtle, Giant Asian Pond 166 Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map 64
ucayalae, Simoxenops 155
Turtle, Giant Musk 166 Turtle, Yellow-headed Box 200
Turtle, Green 234 Turtle, Yellow-headed Temple 64 ucayalensi, Scolomys 27
63,
Turtle, Hawksbill 63 Turtle, Yellow-margined Box 64 uchidai, Neoscaptor 8

Turtle, Hoge's Sideneck62 Turtle, Yellow-spotted River 55 udzungwensis, Galagoides 194

Turtle, Inagua Island 246 Turtle, Yunnan Box 200 udzungwensis, Xenoperdix 35
Turtle, Indian Black 200 Turtle, Zambezi Flapshell 166 Uegitglanis 76
Turtle, Indian Eyed 166 Turtle, Zhou's Box 200 uenoi, Rhinocypha 106
Turtle, Indochinese Box 165 Turtle, Zulia Toad-headed 62 ukliva,Leuciscus 72
Turtle, Large-nosed Wood 166 turtoni, Chilonopsis 192 Ula-ai-hawane 181
Turtle, Leith's Softshell 166 turtoni, Nesopupa 191 ulietanus, Cyanoramphus 180
Turtle, Madagascan Big-headed 64 turtoni.Unio 209 ultima, Crocidura 7
Turtle, Magdalena River 65 tuscumbia, Etheostoma 83 ultima, Telespiza 56
Turtle, Malayan Flat-shelled 200 Tuxentius 252 ultramarina, Vini 42
Turtle, Malaysian Giant 166 tyberinus, Barbus 167 ultramontanum, Pisidium 256
Turtle, Manning River Snapping 200 tyleriana, Marmosa 193 Uma 60
Turtle, Mary River 62 Tylognathus 203 umbargae, Argiocnemis 106
Turtle, McCord's Box 200 Tylomys 11, 145 umbilicata, Amastra 1 89
Turtle, Mexican Musk 166 tylorhinus, Pappogeomys 142 umbilicaia, Lithoglyphus 188
Turtle, Mexican Spotted Wood 64 tympanistrigus, Pycnonotus 48 umbilicata, Partula 191
Turtle, Namoi River Snapping 62 Tympanocryptis 234 umbilicata, Phrantela 116
Turtle, Narrow-breasted Snake-necked umbilicata, Pyrgina 214
Tympanoctomys 28
165 umbilicatus, Neoplanorbis
tympanum mamieae, Eulamprus TiA 1 1

Turtle, Narrow-bridged Mud 64 tympanum ssp., Eulamprus 246 Umbra 76

Turtle, Narrow-bridged Musk 166 umbralus, Platyrrhinus 137
Typhaeus 249
Turtle, Narrow-headed Softshell65 Umbrellabird, Bare-necked 46
Typhlatya 93
Turtle, Nubian Flapshell 166 Umbrellabird, Long-wattled 46
Typhleotris 87
Turtle, Oaxaca Mud 166 UMBRIDAE 76, 168
Typhliasina 77, 247
Turtle, Ornate Box 166 umbrina, Pseudemydura 62
Typhlichthys 77
Turtle, Pacific Pond 64 umbrinus emotus, Thomomys 242
Typhlobarbus 74
Turtle, Pan's Box 200 umbrinus nevadensis, Tamias 23
Turtle, Pantanal Swamp 165
Typhlogarra 74
Typhlomolge 68 umbrinus sedulus, Tamias 23
Turtle, Parker's Snake-necked 62
Typhlomys 27 umbrinus, Thomomys 142
Turtle, Pascagoula Map 166

361
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unalascensis stevensoni, Dicrostonyx urophthalmus, Acanthocobitis 132 Va/vafa 119,213

232 Uropsilus 8 VALVATIDAE 119,213
unalascensis unalascensis. Dicrostonyx uropygialis, Zoslerops 162 Vampyressa 11, 137
232 Urosphena 161 Vampyrum 137
unappendiculatus, Casuarius 29 urospinosus, Euastacus 96 vana, Lonchura 57
Unas 248 uroslicta, Myrmotherula 46 vancouverensis, Marmota 22
uncatus, Semperdon 214 urostrictus, Engaeus 96 Vandeleuria 27
uncia, Uncia 16 Urothemis 209 vanderbilti, Malacocincla 51
Uncia 16 URSIDAE 17, 129, 195, 224 vanderhaegei, Phrynops 165
underwoodi, Eumops 139 ursina, Lichrmnthe 250 vandeuseni, Stenomys 27
Underwoodisaurus 165 ursinii moldavica, Vipera 234 Vanellus 37, 150, 180
undulata, Chlamydotis I'il ursinii rakosiensis, Vipera 234 Vanga, Bernier's 49
undulatus, Cheilinus 87 ursinii,Vipera 62 Vanga, Helmet 157
undulatus, Zebrilus 147 ursinus ursinus, Vombatus 219 Vanga, Pollen's 49
unestami, Cambarus 94 ursinus, Ailurops 193 Vanga, Van Dam's 49
Unga 86 ursinus, Callorhinus 17 VANGIDAE 49, 157

unicolor, Chamaepetes 149 ursinus, Dendrolagus 193 vanheumi, Melanotaenia 205

unicolor, Corvus 58 ursinus, Melursus 18 vanhyningi, Cincinnatia 115
unicolor, Crotalus 62 ursinus, Paruromys 25 vanuxemiana, Elimia 1 1

unicolor, Cyanoramphus 40 ursulae, Nectarinia 161 vanzoi, Cnemidophorus 61

unicolor, Mesitomis 35 [/rjui 18, 129,224 vanzolinii, Alsodes 201
unicolor, Myrmotherula 46 urubambensis, Asthenes 155 vanzolinii, Saimiri 15
unicolor, Obovaria 172 usagarica msambaa, Gulella 240 Vaona 203
unicornis Rhinoceros 226
, usagarica satura, Gulella 240 Vaquita 18
unicornis, Pauxi 34 usambarae, Charaxes 253 VARANIDAE 61, 243, 246
unicornis. Rhinoceros 19 usambarae, Crocidura 7 Varanus 61,243,246
unidentata, Gulella 216 usambarae, Uranothauma 252 vardarensis, Cobitis 203
unifasciatus, Bulimulus 126 usambarense, Atrichotoxon 215 vardoni, Kobus 131

Podocnemis 65
unifilis, usambarense, Ptychotrema 216 Varecia 14,220
unilamellala, Mautodontha 189 usambarensis, Thapsia 215 varia, Neotoma 25
ynio 172, 187, 209, 256 usambarensis, Edentulina 216 varia, Partula 127

UNIONIDAE 110, 133, 172, 187, 209, usambarensis, Gonaxis 216 van'a, Tangara 163
238, 255 usambarensis, Trochozonites 215 Varia 83
UNIONOIDA 110, 133, 172, 187,209, usambarica, Gulella 216 variabilis, Oreochromis 85
238, 255 variabilis, Partula 191
usambarica, Hypolysia 217
uniplicata, Auriculella 1 88 usambarica, Subulina 217 variabilis, Partulina 121
unipunctata, Rhyacophila 255 usdagalun, Lirceus 97 varians, Elimia 117
unirufus, Centropus 152 Ushimotsugo 246 variata, Elimia 212
unistriata, Monodelphis 3 varicosa, Alasmidonta 209
usingeri, Pseudopsectra 254
universitatis, Camponotus 100
ussheri, Scotopelia 42 varicosa, Alismodonta 255
upembae, Pelusios 200 ussuriensis, Murina 12 variegata rubra, Varecia 220
Uperoleia 182,201 ustulata, Baetica 109 variegata variegata, Varecia 220
Upucerthia 155 ustulata, Partulina 213 variegata, Mesitomis 35
Formica 170
uralensis,
ustulatus, Bulimulus 126 variegata, Mogumda 87
Uramphisopus 97 Utabaenetes 108 variegata, Nannoperca 82
urania, Macromia 106
utahensis, Chaetarthria 249 variegata, Tryonia 212
uranidea, Percina 169 utahensis, Hydroporus 248 variegata, Varecia 14
uranoscopus, Gobio 202 utahensis, Limnebius 249 variegaticeps, Alcippe 49
Uranothauma 252 utahensis, Physella 1 1
variegatus, Dicranopselaphus 249
urartensis, Calomyscus 143 variegatus, Thaumatogryllus 108
utahensis, Stagnicola 1 1

Uratelomis 44 utahensis, Valvata 213 variumbilicata, Rhysoconcha 123

Urchin, European Edible Sea 169 varius, Caconemobius 108
uvula, Gonospira 128
urguessensis subangulata, Tayloria 240 varius, Fregilupus 182
vae, Felovia 27
Urial, Afghan 230 vascoana, Deroceras 173
vagans, Conacmella 210
Urial, Bukhara 230 vasconica, Cryptazeca 174
valachicus, Niphargus 90
Urial, Ladahk 230 vasta, Hyla 66
Valencia 80
Urial, Mouflon, 21 vaterifloris, Rasbora 132
valeriae, Pristidactylus 199
Urial, Punjab 230 vaughani, Acrocephalus 49
valgum, Macrobaenetes 108
Urial, Severtzov's 230
valida, Achatinella 1 88 vaughani, Zosterops 162
Urial, Transcaspian 230
validirostris, Lanius 157 vectensis, Nematostella 128
Urocissa 58, 164
validus, Dendrohyrax 19 vegetus, Oligoryzomys 144
Urocyon 129
valleculus, Hobbseus 94 vejdorskyi, Arion 213
Urogale 8
Vallonia 175,217 velascoi, Pyrenaearia 175
Uroglaux 198
VALLONIIDAE 128, 175, 217 velata, Brazieria 111
Vromys 27, 145
velatus, Histiotus 138
valobushensis, Hobbseus 94
urophtalmus ericymba, Cichlasoma
valsanicola, Romanichthys 84 velifer, Astatotilapia 84
236
Valvata, Utah 213 vellerosus, Colobus 15

362
 82 1 85 1

velox, Potamogale 5 VESPERTILIONIDAE 11, 137, 177, 194, v/pi'o, Gr«5 36

velox, Vulpes 129 245 Virata, Lagonosticta 163
velozi,Plagiodonlia 179 VESPIDAE 251 virens, Valvata 119
venaticus, Speothos 16 vestitus, Phalanger 4 virens, Xyrichtys 87
venator, Prognathochromis 85 vestitus, Sphiggurus 28 Vireo, Black-capped 56
venatrix, Adelomyrma 99 veteranus, Cambarus 94 Vireo, Blue Mountain 163
Vendace 204 vetiprovidentiae, Poecilia 205 Vireo, Chocy4 56
vendia, Plentusia 174 veru/a. Batistes 88 Vireo, Dwarf 163
VENEROIDA 112, 133, 173, 244, 256 vetula, Muscipipra 156 Vireo, Noronha 56
venezuelae, Neusticomys 25 vetulus, Dusicyon 195 Vireo, San Andres 56
venezuelanus, Phylloscartes 156 vetulus, Pteropus 136 Vireo, Slaty 163
venezuelensis, Diglossa 54 vetulus, Trachypithecus 15 Vireo 56, 163
Veniliornis 155 vetusa, Leptaxis 125 Vireolanius 163
ventralis, Amazona 151 vexillarius, Paraxerus 22 VIREONIDAE 56, 163
ventralis, Buleo 148 vexillifer, Lipotes 19 virescens, Lampsilis 1 1

ventralis, Tadarida 139 vicina, Meliphaga 199 virgata, Leptoxis 1 1

venui, Le/o 252 Victaphanta \T1, 175 virgala. Sterna 38

venusta, Chloropsis 157 Victodrobia 117, 173 virgalus, Garrulax 159
venujto, Glironia 3 victori, Lepidochrysops 103 virginianus clavium, Odocoileus 227
venu^rHi, Telmatobufo 201 victoria, Acanthaeshna 105 virginianus leucurus, Odocoileus 227
venustus, Thamnomys 242 victoria, Goura 39 virginianus, Polygyriscus 215
vepreculae, Hemisaga 109 victoriae, Lamprolia 51 virginiensis, Artogeia 253
Verde, Bagre de Rio 75 victoriae, Paralabidochromis 85 Virgo, Rhinolophus 137
Verde, Sardinita de Rio 72, 73 victoriae, Ploceus 199 virgulata, Partulina 213
verecundus, Cyprinodon 80 victoriae, Sitta 53 viridans, Achatinella
1 20

verheyeni, Mastomys 144 vicloriarm, Setobaudinia 174 viridanum, Todirostrum 156

Veritas, Milyeringa 206 victorianus, Harpagochromis 184 viride, Windbalea 109
vermeilipinnis, Scaturiginichthys 79 victor iensis, Victodrobia 173 viridicata, Pyrrhura 41
vermiculosa, Leiostyla 127 vic'kus, Oligoryzomys 25 viridifacies, Erythrura 57
Vermivora 56, 163 vicugna mensalis. Vicugna 226 viridigenalis, Amazona 40
vemalis, Archaeophylax 255 vicugna vicugna, Vicugna lib viridis, Aeshna 171
Vern<3>'a 27 vicugna. Vicugna 130 viridis, Androphobus 198
vemayi, Dendromus 23 Vicugna 130,226 viridis, Bythinella 1 1

vemoni, Helenodiscus 189 Vicuna 130 viridis, Cochoa 158

veronicae, Cyprinodon 80 Vi(ic/W 217 viridis, Elaphrus 98
verreauxi coquereli, Propithecus 221 Vidumelon 122 viridis, Eunice 209
verreauxi coronatus, Propithecus 221 Viejo, Meo 168 viridis, Heterocrossa 252
verreauxi deckeni, Propithecus 22 Buceros 154
v/'gi/, Viridonia 56, 181
verreauxi verreauxi, Propithecus 221 vignoniana, Achatina 213 visagiei, Chrysochloris 5
verreauxi, Coua 152 viguieri, Dacnis 162 Visorbearer, Hooded 153
verreauxi, Propithecus 14 vilasboasi, Pipra 47 Visorbearer, Hyacinth 153
verreauxii alpina, Litoria 235 villaviscensio, Campylopterus 153 vitellina, Dendroica 163
verreauxii, Litoria 243 Villosa 256 vitellina, Geocrinia 67
verrucosa, Eunicella 128 villosa, Nesocryptias 251 vitellinus, Rheobatrachus 67
verrucosa, Lithasia 1 1 villosa, Sitta 161 vitianus, Ogmodon 62
verrucosus, Sus 20 Vi7/o.sa 256 vitiensis, Brachylophus 59
versa, Graplemys 156 villosus, Chrysospalax 5 vitiensis, Platymantis 67
verschureni, Malacomys 242 Vily 205 vitrea, Paludinella 211

versicolor, Amazona 40 Vimfca 74 Virrea 128,217

versicolor, Columba 180 vinacea, Amazona 40 VITRINIDAE 128, 175,245

versicolor, Ergaticus 163 vinaceigula, Egretta 31 Vitrinula 189

versicolor, Geotrygon 151 vincens, Dicaeum 161 vi'na, Mogumda 87

versicolor, Mayrornis 51 vincenti, Chironius 61 vittata, Amazona 40

vertebralis, Rana 243 vincenti, Paraxerus 22 vittata, Lepidomeda 72
verticalis, Prioniturus 41 vincta, Leiostyla 245 vittata, Leptoxis 118
verticomis, Epigomphus 107 Vm< 41,42 vittata, Lerista 60

VERTIGINIDAE 128, 133, 175, 192,217, vinogradovi, Dicrostonyx 23 vittata, Partula 191
245 vi>!5om', Nycteris 10 vittatus, Prognathochromis 185
Vertigo 133, 175,217 violacea, Lambis 212 vitulina mellonae, Phoca 224
vertreesi, Ceraclea 254 Viper, Armenian 243 vitulina stejnegeri, Phoca 242
vertreesi, Ochrotrichia 254 Viper, Cauca.sian 62 Viverra 18
verum, Pleurobema 1 1
Viper, Cyclades Blunt-nosed 62 VIVERRIDAE 18, 195,224
verui, Procolobus 140 Viper, Latifi's 62 viverrinus, Dasyurus 135

Palacanthilhiopsis 116 Viper, Orsini's 234 viverrinus, Prionailurus 140

vervierii,
Viper, Transcaucasian Long-nosed246 vivesi, Myotis 13
vesontiana, Bythinella 173
Vipera 62, 234, 243, 246 vivipara pannonica, Lacerta 234
Vespericola 215
Vespertilio 13
VIPERIDAE 62, 200, 234, 243, 246 VIVIPARIDAE 119, 173,213

363
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viviparus, Girardinichthys 80 vulpecula hyopoleucus, Trichosurus Warbler, Mrs Moreau's52

Viviparus 173 219 Warbler, Papyrus Yellow 50
vladykovi, Eudonlomyzon 167 Vulpes 129, 195 Warbler, Pink-headed 163
vociferoides, Haliaeetus 33 vulpina, Achatinella 120 Warbler, Pirre 163
voeltzkowi, Pteropus 10 vulpinus, Juscelinomys lA Warbler, Rand's 160
VogelkopTree-kangaroo 193 Vulture, Cinereous 148 Warbler, Rodrigues 50
volans goldmani, Glaucomys 245 Vulture, Long-billed 148 Warbler, Santa Marta 163
volans guerreroensis, Glaucomys 245 Vulture, Red-headed 148 Warbler, Semper's 56
volans oaxacensis, Glaucomys 245 Vulture, White-rumped 148 Warbler, Seychelles 50
volans, Cynocephalus 8 waccamawensis, Elliptio 255 Warbler, Shade 158
waccamensis, Fundulus 80 Warbler, Vitelline 163
volans, Pteromys 142
waddelli, Babax 158 Warbler, Whistling 55
Vole, Alexander Islands Long-tailed232
Vole, Alexander Islands Tundra232 wagneri, Catagonus 20 Warbler, White-lored 163
Warbler, White-winged 56
Vole, Amak Tundra 232 wagneri, Vipera 62
wahjui, Telmatherina 79 Warbler, Yellow-vented 160
Vole, Amargosa 232
Vole, Ash Meadows Monlane232 wahkeena, Nemours 254 Warbler, Yemen 52
Vole, Balkan Snow 143 wahnesi, Parotia 58 Warbling-finch, Cinereous 163
Warbling-finch, Plain-tailed55
Vole, Bavarian 178 waianensis, Nesopupa 216
Vole, Beach 242 Warbling-finch, Rufous-breasted55
waigiuensis, Salvadorina 32
Vole, Big Horn Montane 232 wardi, Blarinella 136
waimatense, Oligosoma 61
Vole, Cabrera's 144 wardi, Harpactes 44
wakensis, Gallirallus 180
Vole, Chihuahua 245 wardi, Pseudobias 160
waldeni, Aceros 44
Vole, Cody Mountain 232 wardi, Psittacula 181
waldenii, Dicrurus 58
Vole, Rorida Saltmarsh 232 wardii, Zoothera 161
walla, Capra 21
Vole, Hall Island Insular 232 warnerensis, Catostomus 75
walkeri, Gyrotoma 118
Vole, Hualapai 232 warreni, Diploglossus 164
walkeri, Liolaemus 199
Vole, Insular 197 Warthog, Cape 226
walkeri, Medionidus 1 1

Vole, Labrador Rock 232 Warthog, Eritrean 226

walkeri, Nyctophilus 139
Vole, Mojave River 232 Warthog, Somali 226
walkeri, Pleurocera 1 1
Vole, Montague Tundra 232 Wartyback, White 1 1
walkeri, Potamonectes 249
Vole, Mount Graham Long-tailed232 washingtoni, Spermophilus 22
walkeriana, Helminthoglypta 125
Vole, Pahranagat Valley Montane232 Wasp, Antennal-waving 170
Wallaby, Bridled Nailtail4
Vole, Potholes Meadow 232 Wasp, Antioch Mutillid251
Wallaby, Crescent Nailtail 177
Vole, Punuk Islands Tundra 232 Wasp, Antioch Sphecid 251
Wallaby, Parma 135
Vole, Revillagigedo Island Red-backed Wasp, Bidecoratus Sphecid 251
Wallaby, Tamar 220
232 Wasp, Brown Cross Sphecid 251
Wallaby, Tammar 220
Vole, Root 144 Wasp, Giffard's Sphecid 251
Wallaby, Toolache 177
Vole, San Bernardino Long-tailed232 Wasp, Haleakala Sphecid 251
Wallaby, Western Brush 135
Vole, Shumagin Islands Tundra 232 Wasp, Hawaiian Sphecid 251
wallacei, Megapodius 34
Vole, Snow 143 Wasp, Kauai Sphecid 251
wallacei, Styloctenium 136
Vole, Southern Rock 232 Wasp, Nihoa Eupelmus 251
Vole, Southern Water 143
wallacii,Habroptila 36
Wasp, Nihoa Sclerodermus251
Vole, St Lawrence Island Tundra 232 wallacii,Semioptera 164
Wasp, Niihau Vespid 251
Vole, St Matthew Island Insular232 Wallaroo, Black 135
Wasp, Puna Sphecid 251
Vole, Stephen's California 232 wallengrenii, Trimenia 104
Wasp, Redheaded Sphecid 251
Vole, Tatra 144 walleri, Litocranius 131
Wasp, Shade-winged Sphecid 251
Vole, Triangle Island 233 wallichi, Catreus 34 Wasp, Short-foot Sphecid 251
Vole, Wakayama Red-backed 26 wallicus, Pezoporus 242 Wasp, Soror Vespid 251
Vole, White-footed 197 Walrus, Laptev 224
Water-rat, False 27
Volemys 27, 145 waltoni, Elliptio 110 Water-redstart, Luzon 52
volgensis, Slizostedion 206 waltoni, Oreohelix 126 Waterbuck 130
volitans, Pegasus 205, 236 wanamensis, Glossolepis 78 Waterbuck, Defassa 229
volutina, Slonemyia 185 wani, Streptostyla 215 Waterbuck, Ellipsen 229
Volvarina 213 Wapiti, Alashan 226 waterhouseae, Beddomeia 1 15
VOMBATIDAE 4,219 wapiti, Etheostoma 83 watermayeri, Syngnathus 82
Vombatus 219 Warbler, Aquatic 49 watersi, Sarothrura 37
voratus, Brolomys 178 Warbler, Bachman's 56 waterstradti, Prioniturus 41
Vormela 224 Warbler, Black-capped Rufous50
walkinsi, Incaspiza 162
vortex, Oreohelix 126 Warbler, Broad-billed 160
watt a, Vidumelon 122
Warbler, Cape Verde 49
vonicella, Ctenophila 124 Wattle-eye, Banded 52
Warbler, Chatham Islands 159
vosmaeri, Cyllndraspis 182 Wattle-eye, White-fronted 160
Warbler, Colima 163
vosseleri. Bubo 42 wattsi, Maxomys 24
Warbler, Dja River 198
vosseleri, Gonaxis 216 wattsi, Pipistrellus 139
Warbler, Elfin-woods 163
vulcani, Mus 144 watuliki, Aethiothemis 208
Warbler, Golden-cheeked 55
vulcanorum, Collocalia 43 wawona, Atractelmis 249
Warbler, Grey-headed 55
vulcanorum, Sylvisorex 24! wawrai, Belgrandiella 115
Warbler, Grey-throated 163
vulgaris, Sciurus 142 Waxbill, Anambra 57
Warbler, Kirtland's 55
vulnerata, Myzomela 162 Waxbill, Black-lored 57

364
 6

Waxbill, Cinderella 163 Westriplectes 255 Whistler, Hooded 159

Waxwing, Japanese 157 westwoodi, Colophon 99 Whistler, Red-lored 132
Weasel, Back-striped 17 Weta, Banks Peninsula 254 Whistler, Tongan 159
Weasel, Colombian 17 Weta, Herekopare Island 254 Whistler, Vogelkop 160
Weasel, Indonesian Mountain 17 Weta, Kaikoura 209 Whistling-duck, West lndian32
Weasel, Tropical 195 Weta, Mahoenui Giant 254 Whistling-thrush, Malayan 159
Weatherfish 168 Weta, Nelson Alpine 254 Whistling-thrush, Sri Lanka 51
Weaver, Asian Golden 164 Weta, Poor Knights 108 whitakeri, Cyclodina 60
Weaver, Bannerman's 57 Weta, Stephens Island 109 White, West Virginia 253
Weaver, Bates's 57 Weta, Tusked 254 White-eye, Ambon Yellow 162
Weaver, Black-chinned 57 Wetapunga 108 White-eye, Annobon 54
Weaver, Clarke's 57 wetmorei, Buthraupis 54 White-eye, Biak 162
Weaver, Entebbe 199 wetmorei, Rallus 37 White-eye, Christmas Island 162
Weaver, Fox's 164 Wetmorethraupis 55 White-eye, Crested 161
Weaver, Golden-naped 57 wewalkai, Deronectes 248 White-eye, Faichuk 53
Weaver, Kilombero 57 weymeri, Papilio 244 White-eye, Ghizo 54
Weaver, Lake Lufira 57 weynsi, Cephalophus 141 White-eye, Giant 161
Weaver, Loango 57 Whale, Andrews' Beaked 196 White-eye, Golden 53
Weaver, Tanzanian Mountain 57 Whale, Arnoux's Beaked 130 White-eye, Golden-bellied 162
Weaver, Yellow 57 Whale, Baird's Beaked 130 White-eye, Javan 161
Weaver, Yellow-legged 57 Whale, Blainville's Beaked 196 White-eye, Kulal 54
webbi, Eliurus 143 Whale, Blue 18,225 White-eye, Lemon-throated 161
webbiana, Lampadia 125 Whale, Bowhead 129, 224, 225 White-eye, Long-billed 161
weberi, Dermogenys 81 Whale, Bryde's 195 White-eye, Lord Howe Island 54
weberi. Prose iurillus 142 Whale, Cuvier's Beaked 197 White-eye, Mauritius Olive 54
Weberogobius 87 Whale, Dwarf Sperm 242 White-eye, Mount Karthala54
Weevil, Antioch Dune 248 Whale, False Killer 242 White-eye, Nendo 242
Weevil, Blackburn's 185 Whale, Fin 18 White-eye, Pale-bellied 161
Weevil, Brown-tassel 248 Whale, Gervais' Beaked 196 White-eye, Pearl-bellied 161
Weevil, Coxella 248 Whale, Ginkgo-toothed Beaked 196 White-eye, Pemba 162
Weevil, Dorothy's El Segundo Dune248 Whale, Gray 129, 225 White-eye, Plain 162
Weevil, Doyen's Dune 248 Whale, Gray's Beaked 196 White-eye, Rennell 162
Weevil, Flax 248 Whale, Hector's Beaked 196 White-eye, Robust 181
Weevil, Fort Ross 185 Whale, Hubbs' Beaked 196 White-eye, Rota 54
Weevil, Gifford's 248 Whale, Humpback 18 White-eye, Rufous-throated 53
Weevil, Kauai 248 Whale, Indo-Pacific Beaked 196 White-eye, Saipan Bridled 162
Weevil, Knobbled 248 Whale, Killer 129 White-eye, Samoan 54
Weevil, Lange's El Segundo Dune248 Whale, Lesser Beaked 196 White-eye, Sanford's 161
Weevil, Lichen 98 Whale, Long-finned Pilot 242 White-eye, Sao Tome 54
Weevil, Munro's 248 Whale, Melon-headed 242 White-eye, Seychelles 54
Weevil, Nelson's 248 Whale, Minke 141 White-eye, Slender-billed54
Weevil, Nihoa 248 Whale, Northern Bottlenose 130 White-eye, South Pare 54
Weevil, Oahu Nesiotes 248 Whale, Northern Right 18, 225 White-eye, Spot-breasted 161
Weevil, Obscure 248 Whale, Pygmy Blue 225 White-eye, Taita 54
Weevil, Rulien's 248 Whale, Pygmy Killer 195 White-eye, White-chested 53
Weevil, Stephen's Island 248 Whale, Pygmy Right 242 White-eye, White-throated 199
Weevil, Turbott's 248 Whale, Pygmy Sperm 242 White-eye, Yap Olive 54
Weevil, Wellington Speargrass248 Whale, Sei 18 Whiteface, Chestnut-breasted 50
Weevil, Yorba Linda 185 Whale, Shepherd's Beaked 197 Whitefish, Acadian 77
wegneri, Parantica 104 Whale, Short-finned Pilot 129 Whitefish, Bottom 204

weiskei thalassina, Paratica 237 Whale, Southern Bottlenose 130 Whitefish, Cape 71

weiskei, Parantica 244 Whale, Southern Minke 129 Whitefish, Large Bottom 204
Whitefish, Northern 204
Weka 149 Whale, Southern Right 129
Whale, Sowerby's Beaked 196 Whitefish, Opeongo 247
wekiwae, Cincinnatia 115
Whale, Sperm 18 Whitefish, Squanga 247
welaka, Notropis IQil
Whale, Stejneger's Beaked 196 whiteheadi, Chrotomys 23
welcommei, Allochromis 84
Whale, Strap-toothed 196 whiteheadi, Collocalia 43
wellardi, Branchinella 91
Whale, True's Beaked 196 whiteheadi, Sitta 161
wellekensae, Phyllodiaplomus 92
Whale, White 18 whiteheadi, Stachyris 160
wellsi, Leptotila 39
whartoni, Ducula 39 whiteheadi, Urocissa 164
wengerorum, Stygobromus 90
wharloni, Sphaerospira 174 whitei. Colophon 99
wemeri, Achalinus 61
wheeleh, Arkansia 110 whitei, Ditropis 114
wemeri, Iguanognathus 61
wheeleri, Somatogyrus 212 whitei. Hippocampus 82
Wesley ana, Nesopupa 216
Whipbird, Papuan 198 whitei, llydon 80
wesselensis, Cristigibba 214
Whipbird, Western 52 whiteleggei, Hemistoma 1 1
westertrmnni, Elachistodon 200
Whiptail, Orange-throated 200 whitelyi, Caprimulgus 153
westlandica, Procellaria 30
Whiptail, St Lucia 61 Whitestart, Guaiquinima56
Westraltrachia 122, 123
Whistler, Fawn-breasted 160 Whitestart, Paria 56
Westralunio 110

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Whitestart, White-faced 163 Wolverine 17 Worm, Palolo 209

whitleyi,Bothriembryon 121 Woma 61 Worm-lizard, Flinders Ranges 165
whitneyi, Megalurulus 159 Wombat, Common 219 Worm-lizard, Hermite Island234
whitneyi, Pomarea 52 Wombat, Northern Hairy-nosed4 Worm-skink, Long-legged 60
whittenorum, Lentipes 87 Womersleymeria 250 wortheni, Spizella 55
widdowsoni, Typhlogarra 74 Wood-owl, Sichuan 42 worthingtoni.Harpagochromis 85
Widowbird, Jackson's 164 Wood-partridge, Bearded 34 worthingtoni, Prognathochromis 85
wiedii, Leopardus 241 Wood-partridge, Long-tailed 149 worthingtoni, Tropodiaptomus 207
wienerwaldensis, Hauffenia 1 1
Wood-pigeon, Andaman 151 Woundfin 73
wiesti.Euproserpinus 105 Wood-pigeon, Japanese 151 Woylie 129,219
wigginsi, Calostomus 75 Wood-pigeon, Nilgiri 151 Wrasse, Humphead 87
wiktori, Malacolimax 175 Wood-pigeon, Silvery 38 Wrayanna 210
Wildbeest. Cookson's 228 Wood-pigeon, Sri Lanka 38 Wren, Apolinar's 49
Wildcat, Scottish 223 Wood-quail, Black-breasted 149 Wren, Bush 181
Wildebeest, Black 130 Wood-quail, Black-fronted 149 Wren, ClariMn 49
Wildebeest, Blue 228 Wood-quail, Chestnut 149 Wren, Cobb's 49
Wildebeest, Blue &
White-bearded 130 Wood-quail, Dark-backed 149 Wren, Nava's 49
Wildebeest, Eastern White-bearded228 Wood-quail, Gorgeted 35 Wren, Niceforo's 49
Wildebeest, Nyassa 228 Wood-quail, Tacarcuna 149 Wren, Socorro 158
Wildebeest. Western White-bearded228 Wood-quail, Venezuelan 149 Wren, South Island Rock 157
Wilfredomys 242 Wood-rail, Brown 36 Wren, Stephens Island 181
wilhelmina, Antechinus 193
Wood-wren, Bar-winged 158 Wren, Sumichrast's49
wilhelmina, Paraleplomys 25
Woodcock, Amami 38 Wren, Zapata 49
Woodcock, Moluccan 38 Wren-babbler, Bornean 160
wilkawillina umbilicata, Glyptorhagada
239
Woodcock, Sulawesi 150 Wren-babbler, Falcated 52
wilkensi, Mexistenasellus 97
Woodcreeper, Moustached45 Wren-babbler, Large 159
woodfordi, Corvus 164 Wren-babbler, Long-billed 160
wilkesiella, Phildoria 252
woodfordi, Nesoclopeus 36 Wren-babbler, Marbled 159
wilkinsi, Nesospiza 55
willardi obscurus, Crotalus 246
Woodfordia 161 Wren-babbler, Nepal 160
woodi, Nycteris 136 Wren-babbler, Rabor'sSl
williami, Cambarus 94
woodi, Trichastoma 53 Wren-babbler, Rufous-throated52
williamsi, Kimminsoperla ISA
williamsi, Mirafra 157
Woodnymph, Mexican 44 Wren-babbler, Rusty-throated52
Woodpecker, Andaman 154 Wren-babbler, Spotted 160
Williamsonia 106
Woodpecker, Arabian 154 Wren-babbler, Striated 160
williamsoniana, Aeshna 106
Woodpecker, Black-bodied 154 Wren-babbler, Tawny-breasted52
willkommii, Chondrostoma lAli
Woodpecker, Choco 155 Wren-babbler, Wedge-billed 160
wilmolensis, Beddomeia 1 1
Woodpecker, Ground 154 Wren-spinetail, Bay-capped 155
wilpita, Rasbora 74
Woodpecker, Guadeloupe 155 wrightae, Rheocles 78
wilsoni perkinsi, Celerio 254
Woodpecker, Helmeted 45 wrighti, Orconectes 94
wilsoni, Epixerus 142
Woodpecker, Imperial 44 wrightiana, Alasmidonta 1 10
wilsoni, Hadra 122
Woodpecker, Ivory-billed 181 wroughtoni, Otomops 13
wilsoni, Hemignalhus 56 Woodpecker, Knysna 154 Wrybill 37
wilsoni, Palaina 211
Woodpecker, Okinawa 45 wumizusume, Synthliboramphus 38
wilsoni, Palaua 215 Woodpecker, Red-cockaded45 wykehami, Lepidochrysops 103
wimmeri, Crocidura 7 Woodpecker, Red-collared 45 wykehami, Poecilmitis 103
winchelli, Todirhamphus 44 Woodpecker, Stierling's 154 Wyulda 135
Windbalea 109 Woodpecker, White-winged 154
wyvilliana. Anas 32
winifredae, Scepomycter 52 Woodpecker, Yellow-browed 155
xanthicara, Cyprinella 72
winifredae, Zosterops 54 Woodrat, Allegheny 144
xanthipes, Trogopterus 22
winkelmanni, Peromyscus 144 Woodrat, Anthony's 25
xantholaema, Serinus 57
winneckeana, Semotrachia 174 Woodrat, Bunker's 25
xantholaemus, Pycnonotus 157
wiatfoni, Hylopeles 22 Woodrat, Key Largo 233
xanthomelas, Megalagrion 106
winterae, Myrmica 101 Woodrat, Monterey Dusky-footed233
xanthomus, Agelaius 56
wintoni, Cryptochloris 5 Woodrat, San Diego Desert 233
wintoni, Laephotis 138 Woodrat, San Francisco Dusky-footed
Xanthomyza 54
233 xanthonotus. Indicator 154
Wireae, Beddomeia 1 1

Woodrat, San Joaquin Valley 233 xanthonura, Gallicolumba 151

wwse/cnjii, Oxyeleotris 206
Woodrat, San Martin Island 25 xanthophrys, Crossleyia 50
Wolf, Ethiopian 16
Wolf, Falklands 177 woodruffi, Ataenius 250 xanthophrys, Pseudonestor 56
Wolf, Grey 223, 241 Woodstar, Chilean 43 xanthops, Amazona 40
Wolf, Maned 140 Woodstar, Esmeraldas 43 xanthops, Forpus 40
Wolf, Red 16 Woodstar, Little 43 xanthopterus, Takifiigu 207
wolffsohni, Lagidium 145 Woodstar, Magenta-throated 153 xanthopus celeris, Petrogale 220
wo//i, Aramides 36 woodwardi, Amytomis 158 xanthopus xanthopus, Petrogale 220
wo//(, Bulimulus 126 Woolly Flying Squirrel 22 xanthopus, Petrogale 135
wollastoni, Hipposideros 137 woosnami, Zelotomys 242 xanthosternos, Cebus 15
wollastoni, Leptaxis 125 woottoni, Streptocephalus 91 Xantholis 162
wollerecki, Paratherina 78 worcesteri, Tumix 35 xanlippe, Crocidura 7
Xantusia

366
 93 65

61 >iavc>'ame/ii(j, Leptogomphus 107 Zebra, Cape Mountain 225

XANTUSIIDAE 61 Yellow-blossom 255 zefera,Cephalophus 21
xederoides. Throscodectes 109 Yellow-finch, Citron-headed 163 zebra, Equus 19
XENARTHRA 5, 136, 193 Yeilowbrow, Madagascar 50 Zebra, Grevy's 19
Xenerpesles 155 Yellowfish, Clanwilliam 71 Zebra, Mountain 19
XENICIDAE 157, 181 Yellowfish, Largemouth 71 zefcra, Perdicella 188
Xenicus 157, 181 Yellowhead 51 zebratus, Galaxias 168
Xenocalamus 200 Yellowthroat, Altamira 163 Zebrilus 147
Xenocopsychus 161 Yellowthroat, Belding's55 zebrina, Eua \TI
Xenodacnis 163 Yellowthroat, Black-polled 56 zebrina, Mautodontha 190
xenodactylus, Leptopelis 66 yemanjae, Attheyella 132 zebrina, Perdicella 188
Xenodiscula 216 yerelinana, Lacustrelix 173 zebroides, Conus 120
Xenoglaux 153 yersini,Garrutax 50 zcc/!i, Cryptomys 145
Xenoligea 56 j'eroenjM, Myotis 13 zeehanensis, Beddomeia 1 1

Xenomys 145 yessabahensis, Coenocharopa 214 zeidleri, Calamoecia 91

Xenoophorus 80 ywjoenj/i, Ember iza 162 zeidleri, Fonscochlea 173
Xenoperdix 35 yigara, Euastacus 96 zeidlerorum, Jardinella 1 1

Xenopirostris 49 yildizae, The star 104 zelandica, Aplonis 164

Xenopoecilus 81 yilongensis. Cyprinus 183 Sporophila 55
zelichi,
Xenops, Great 45 yinnietharra, Ctenophorus 59 Zelotomys 242
xenopterus, Laterallus 36 ylikiensis, Rutilus 203 Zelotypia 252
Xenopus 67 yniphora, Geochelone 65 Zermcrhopterus 243
Xenomis 46 yorbalindae, Trigonoscuta 185 Zenaida 180
xeno5, Strumigenys 102 yosemitensis yosemitensis, Monadenia Zenarchopterus 205
Xenospingus 55 239 Zenitanago, Suigen 236
Xenospiza 55 yoshiwarana, Ogasawarana 112 zenithicus, Coregonus 77
xenostoma, Prognathochromis 185 youngi, Peltotrupes 250 Zenkerella 145
xenothorax, Leptasthenura 45 youngi, Sinployea 190 zenkeri, Idiurus 145
Xenolriccus 156 Distocambarus 94
yo'ingineri,
zerda, Fennecus 195
Xenuromys 145 ypiranganus, Emberizoides 162 zeregiifahirae, Phoxinellus 236
Xerarionta 125 Ypthima 254 zeregii meandri, Phoxinellus 236
xerces, Glaucopsyche 186 Yssichromis 86, 185
zeregii, Phoxinellus 168
Xeromys 27 Yuhina, Burmese 161
zerene behrensii, Speyeria 253
xerophila, Marmosa 3 /w/ima 161
zerene hippolyta, Speyeria 253
Xerosecta 175 yunanensis, Rhinolophus 137
zerene myrtleae, Speyeria 253
xiangxensis, Triplophysa 75 yunnanensis, Cuora 200
zetides, Battus 105
xiphares desmondi, Charaxes 253 yunnanensis, Sitta 53 zeylanicus, Pycnonotus 48
xiphares xiphares, Charaxes 253 yunnanensis, Tor 74
zeylanicus, Suncus 8
Xiphias 207, 236 Yunnanilus 75 z/!OU(, Cuora 200
xiphidium, Palaina 211 ywivonoi, Geoemyda 200 zibellina brachyura, Martes 224
XIPHIIDAE 207, 236 zabelini, Chalepoxenus 100 zibethicus ripensis, Orulatra 233
Xiphirhynchus 161 zacatecae, Reithrodontomys 145 ziczac, Agarodes 255
Xiphocolaptes 45 Zaedyus 193 Ziege 202
Xipholena 46 Zaglossus 3 ziegleri, Chilostoma 215
Xiphophorus 80, 205 Zaharensis, Trochoidea 126 zigzac ponapense, Pleuropoma 238
xiphos, Throscodectes 109 Zaisanicus, Harapgoxenus 100 zigzac zigzac, Pleuropoma 238
XIPHOSURA 171,209 Zaitzeva 249 Zilchogyra 125
Xolmis 156 Zaleskyi, Epimyrma 100 zimmeri, Crocidura 7
xyleborus, Semperdon 214 Zalophus 224 zimmeri, Synallaxis 45
Xylotoles 185 zamicrus, Nesophontes 177 zimmermanni, Crocidura 1
xynoelictum, Aphaostracon 114 zammaranoi, Uegitglanis 76 Zingel 84
Xyrauchen 75 zanandreai, Lethenteron 69 zingel, Zingel 84
Xyrichtys 87 Zander, Volga 206 Zinge/ 84
Xystichromis 86, 185 zanzibaricus, Galago 139 Zingis 125
yaguarondi cacomitli, Herpailurus 223 zapahuirensis, Telmatobius 201 zinseri, Pappogeomys 142
Yak, Wild 20 zapallarensis, Liolaemus 199 zionis, Physella 1 1

yaleogyna, Kyidris 100 zappeyi, Paradoxornis 51 ZIPHIIDAE 130, 196

yammerana, Kimboraga Ml Zaprochilus 109 ZipftiUi 197
yanacensis, Leptasthenura 155 Zapu.5 232, 242 zoe, Paraphlebia 107
yanoshigehumii, Chamalychaeus 213 zaratei, Helicella 174 Zona 78, 183,204,205
Yaqui, Bagre de 75 Zaratornis 47 zonata, Spekia 1 1
Yaqui, Trucha de 247 zarhynchus, Peromyscus 26 zonatus, Bostrichthys 206
yarkandensis, Lepus 146 zarudnyi, Meriones 25 Zonerodius 147
yarrellii, Carduelis 56 zaslictus, Ctenotus 60 zongolicensis, Rhamdia 76
yarrellii, Eulidia 43 Zavattariomis 58 Zonites 175
yatesii, Ammonitella 126 zealandicus, Cyanoramphus 181 ZONITIDAE 128, 175,217
yayeyamensis, Asiagomphus 107 zeira zebra, Equus 225 Zonitoides 128

367
Zonocypretla 97 Zorro, Sechuran 195 zujarensis, Helicella 174
Zoothera 53. 161, 181, 199, 242 Zorro, Small-eared 195 zuliae, Phrynops 62
zophonastes, Cambarus 94 zoserka, Cardiocondyla 100 zullichi, Agriades 102
Zoraena Wf, Zospeum 113 zuluensis, Streptocephalus 9\
ZORAPTERA 255 zosterae, Hippocampus 82 zusii, Heliangelus 43
Zoroapteran, Swezey's 255 Zosterisessor 207 ZYGAENIDAE 187
ZOROTYPIDAE 255 ZOSTEROPIDAE 53, 161, 181, 199, 242 Zygogeomys 23
Zorotypus 255 Zosterops 53, 54, 161, 162, 181, 199. 242 zyli. Crypiochloris 5
Zorro, Grey 241 Zubovskia 108 Zyzomvs ^7
Zorro, Hoary 195

368
 Annex 1
Key to Source Codes

The superscript numbers printed next to the status cate- 23 Blair. D.

gory (or next to the species name in the case of Lists 2, 24 Bogan, A.E.

3 and 5, which each contain species in a single category) 25 Bogan, A.E. & Seddon, M.B.
26 Bouchet, P.
refer to the person or group responsible for the final cat-

egory designation. The sources are listed below. Most

27 Bouchet. P. & Cosel, R. von
28 Bouchet, P. & Ripken, T.
assessments have been made by members or associates
29 Bouchet, P. & Seddon, M.B.
of an lUCN/SSC Specialist Group (the identity of which
30 Branch. W.R.
will usually be clear from the taxonomic context). The 31 Breuil, M.
list cites one individual in cases where the assessment has 32 Breuil. M. & Day, M.
explicitly been carried out largely or entirely by one per- 33 Brown, D.S.
son (rarely up to three persons are named), or cites the 34 Brown, D.S. & Griffiths, 0.
Group title where the assessment has explicitly
Specialist 35 Bruce, B. & Last. P.
been a group activity. The personnel involved in that 36 Canid Specialist Group

group can be determined from the current Membership 37 Caprinae Specialist Group

Directory.
38 Carrington, C.M.S., Evans, G. & Horrocks, J.

39 Carter, R.L. & Hayes. W.K.

In many cases, while not being responsible for the sta-
40 Cat Specialist Group
tus category assessment, other individuals or organiza-
41 Cetacean Specialist Group
tions have contributed key information on status, trends,
42 Chiroptera Specialist Group
taxonomy or distribution. We have attempted to specify 43 Clark, D.
all of these in the acknowledgements section. Much tax- 44 Clark, D. & Naggs, F.
onomic and distribution information has been derived 45 Cole, G.
from the WCMC animals database, to which many 46 Compagno. L.

sources have contributed over many years. 47 Compagno, L. & Cook, S.

48 Contreras, L.

Acero, A. 49 Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P.

African Elephant Specialist Group 50 Conyers, J. & Wingate. D.
African Rhino Specialist Group 51 Cook, S. & Zorzi, G.
Alberts, A. & Perera. A. 52 Cowie, R.H. & Pokryseko, B.
Allen, G. 53 Cowie, R.H.
& Ibanez, M. 54 Crandall, K.A.
Alonso, R.
American Fisheries Society Endangered 55 Crocodile Specialist Group

Species Committee 56 Davis, G.S.

Amori, G. 57 Day, M.

Antelope Specialist Group 58 Day, M. & Tolson, P.

10 Asian Elephant Specialist Group 59 Deer Specialist Group
11 Asian Rhino Specialist Group 60 Dutton, J.

12 Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group 61 Edentate Specialist Group

13 Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme 62 Eldredge, L.G.

Specialist Group 63 Emberton, K.C.

14 Australasian Reptile & Amphibian 64 Equid Specialist Group

Specialist Group 65 European Reptile & Amphibian

15 Baillie, J.
Specialist Group

16 Beaman, K.R. 66 Finet, Y

17 Bear Specialist Group 67 Foster, G.

18 Bellamy, C.L. & Endrody-Younga, S. 68 Fowler, S.

19 Benzie, J.
69 Fowler, S. & Musick , J.

70 Frias-Martin, A.
20 Bills, R.
71 Gasgoigne, A.
21 BirdLife International
72 George, S.
22 Bison Specialist Group

Annex 1
 73 Gerber, G. 130 Pangolin Specialist Group
74 Gibson, R. 131 Pearce-Kelly, P.
75 Gimenez-Dixon, M. 132 Pearson, O.
76 Goodyear, N. 133 Perez. A.M.
77 Griffiths, H.I. 134 Pethiyagoda, R.
78 Griffiths. 0. 135 Pigs & Peccaries Specialist Group
79 Haase, M. 136 Polar Bear Specialist Group
80 Haddad. C.F.B. 137 Ponder, W.F. & Varman, R.
81 Hadfield, M. & Hadway, L. 138 Ponder, W.F.
82 Hafner, D. 139 Ponder. W.F. & Slack-Smith, S.
83 Hamer, M. 140 Ponder. W.F. & Smith, B,
84 Hare. J. 141 Ponder, W.F. & Stanisic, J
85 Harrison, D. 142 Preece, R.C.
86 Heaney, L. 143 Primate Specialist Group
87 Heller, J. 144 Punt, A.
88 Henderson. R. 145 Reid, J.W.
89 Hippo Specialist Group 146 Rentz. D.C.F.
90 Hounsome. M. 147 Roberts. C.
91 Huntsman, G. 148 Rodent Specialist Group
92 Hyaena Specialist Group 149 Roth. B.
93 Hyrax Specialist Group 150 Sadovy. Y.
94 Ihffe, T.M. 151 Safina. C.
95 Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group 152 Schembri. P.J.

96 Insectivore Specialist Group 153 Seal Specialist Group

97 Kaufman, L. 154 Seddon. M.B.
98 Kessner, V. 155 Seddon, M.B. & Solem. A.
99 Kessner. V. & Ponder, W.F. 156 Sherley, G.
100 Kilbum, R.N. 157 Sirenia Specialist Group
101 Kottelat, M. 158 Skelton, P.
102 Kurczewski, F.E. 159 Sket, B.
103 Kuzmin, S.L. 160 Slack-Smith, S.
104 Lagomorph Specialist Group 161 Smith, B.
105 Lepidoptera Specialist Group 162 Sobel, J.

106 Madagascar Reptile & Amphibian 163 Social Insects Specialist Group
Specialist Group 164 South American Camelid Specialist Group
107 Maeda-Martinez, A.M. 165 Stanisic, J.

108 Mansur. M.C.D. 166 Starmiihlner, F.

109 Marine Turtle Specialist Group 167 Steffek, J.

110 Markezich, A.L. 168 Stiassny, M.

HI McAllister, D. 169 Straeten, E. van der
112 McCance, E. 170 Sturgeon Specialist Group
113 McDowall, R.M. & Simons, M. 171 Tapir Specialist Group
114 Mitchell. J. 172 Tattersfield, P.
115 Mollusc Specialist Group 173 Tchabovsky, A.
116 Musick, J. 174 Tolson, P.
117 Mustelid Specialist Group 175 Tomiyama, K.
118 Mylonas, M. 176 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group
119 Mylonas, M. & Seddon, M.B. 177 Uozumi, Y.
120 Nellis, D. 178 Vincent, A.
121 New Worid Marsupial Specialist Group 179 Wager, R.
122 New, T.R. 180 Wai, H.
123 Odonata Specialist Group 181 Wells, S.
124 Odum. R.A. 182 Wiewandt, T.
125 Orthopteroid Specialist Group 183 Winter, A. J. de
126 Ottenwalder, J. 184 Wolf Specialist Group
127 Otter Specialist Group 185 World Conservation Monitoring Centre
128 Palazzi, S. 186 Wuster, W.
129 Palazzi, S. & Ripken, T. 999 source unknown

Annex 2
 .

Annex 2
The lUCN Red List Categories

Preamble derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk fac-

tors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse
The following points present important information on
life histories they exhibit. Even though some criteria will
the use and interpretation of the categories (= Critically
be inappropriate for certain taxa(some taxa will never
Endangered, Endangered, etc.), criteria (= A to E), and
qualify under these however close to extinction they
sub-criteria (= a, b etc., i, ii etc.):
come), there should be criteria appropriate for assessing

threat levels for any taxon (other than micro-organisms).

1 Taxonomic Level and Scope The relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met,
of the Categorization Process not whether all are appropriate or all are met. Because it

The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or will never be clear which criteria are appropriate for a
below the species level. The term "taxon" in the follow- particular species in advance, each species should be
ing notes, definitions and criteria is used for convenience, evaluated against all the criteria, and any criterion met
and may represent species or lower taxonomic levels, should be hsted.
including forms that are not yet formally described.
There is a sufficient range among the different criteria to
4. Derivation of Quantitative Criteria
enable the appropriate listing of taxa from the complete
The quantitative values presented in the various criteria
taxonomic spectrum, with the exception of micro-organ-
associated with threatened categories were developed
isms. The criteria may also be applied within any speci-
through wide consultation and they are set at what are
fied geographical or political area although in such cases
generally judged to be appropriate levels, even if no for-
special notice should be taken of point 1 1 below. In pre-
mal justification for these values exists. The levels for
senting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic
different criteria within categories were set independently
unit and area under consideration should be made
but against a common standard. Some broad consistency
explicit. The categorization process should only be
between them was sought. However, a given taxon
applied to wUd populations inside their natural range, and
should not be expected to meet all criteria (A-E) in a cat-
to populations resulting from benign introductions
egory; meeting any one criterion is sufficient for listing.
(defined in the draft lUCN Guidelines for Reintro-
ductions as "..an attempt to establish a species, for the
purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, 5. Implications of Listing
but within an appropriate habitat and eco-geographical Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data
area"). Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk
has been made, though for different reasons. Until such
time as an assessment is made, species listed in these cat-
2. Nature of the Categories egories should not be treated as if they were non-threat-
All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for
ened, and it may be appropriate (especially for Data
Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as Endangered
Deficient forms) to give them the same degree of pro-
qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are
tection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can
described as "threatened". The threatened species cate-
be evaluated.
gories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be pos-

sible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see Extinction is assumed here to be a chance process. Thus,
Figure 1).
a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a
higher expectation of extinction, and over the time-

3. Role of the Different Criteria frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category

For lisring as Critically Endangered, Endangered or are expected to go extinct than in a lower one (without
Vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meet- effective conservation action). However, the persistence

ing any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at of some taxa in high risk categories does not necessarily

that level of threat. Each species should be evaluated mean their initial assessment was inaccurate.

against all the criteria. The different criteria (A-E) are

Annex 3
 -Extinct

-Extinct in the Wild

-Critically Endangered

- (Ttireatened) -
-Endangered

-Vulnerable
_ (Adequate _
data) Conservation
Dependent
-Lower Risk -
-Near Threatened

- Least Concern
-(Evaluated) —

-Data Deficient

-Not Evaluated

Figure 1 . Structure of the Categories.

6. Data Quality and the Importance ties. Given that data are rarely available for the whole
of Inference and Projection range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropri-

The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, ate to use the information that is available to make intel-

the absence of high quality data should not deter attempts ligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in

at applying the criteria, as methods involving estima- question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is

tion, inference and projection are emphasized to be found, it is legitimate to apply the precautionary principle

acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads
based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into to listing in the category of highest risk.

the future (including their rate of change), or of factors

related to population abundance or distribution (includ- Where data are insufficient to assign a category (includ-
ing dependence on other taxa), so long as these can rea- ing Lower Risk), the category of "Data Deficient" may
sonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in be assigned. However, it is important to recognize that
either the recent past, present or near future can be based this category indicates that data are inadequate to deter-
on any of a series of related factors, and these factors mine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not necessarily
should be specified. that the taxonis poorly known. In cases where there are

evident threats to a taxon through, for example, deterio-

Taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low ration of its only known habitat, it is important to attempt
probability but with severe consequences (catastrophes) threatened listing, even though there may be little direct
should be identified by the criteria (e.g. small distribu- information on the biological status of the taxon itself.

tions, few locations). Some threats need to be identified The category "Data Deficient" is not a threatened cate-
particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because gory, although it indicates a need to obtain more infor-
their effects are irreversible, or nearly so (pathogens, mation on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing.

invasive organisms, hybridization).

8. Conservation Actions in the Listing Process

7. Uncertainty The criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied
The criteria should be applied on the basis of the avail- to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action
able evidence on taxon numbers, trend and distribution, affecting it. In cases where it is only conservation action
making due allowance for statistical and other uncertain- that prevents the taxon from meeting the threatened cri-

Annex 4
 .

teria, the designation of "conservation dependent" is because they are at the margins of their global range.
appropriate. It is important to emphasize here that a lUCN is still in the process of developing guidelines for
taxon require conservation action even if it is not listed as the use of national red list categories.
threatened.

12. Re-evaluation
9. Documentation Evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried
All taxon lists including categorization resulting from out at appropriate intervals. This is especially important
these criteria should state the criteria and sub-criteria that for taxa listed under near threatened, or conservation
were met. No listing can be accepted as valid unless at dependent, and for threatened species whose status is

least one criterion is given. If more than one criterion or known or suspected to be deteriorating.
sub-criterion was met, then each should be listed.
However, failure to mention a criterion should not nec-
13. Transfer between Categories
essarily was not met. Therefore, if a re-eval-
imply that it
There are rules to govern the movement of taxa between
uation indicates that the documented criterion is no
longer met, this should not result in automatic down-list-
categories. These are as follows: (A) A taxon may be
moved from a category of higher threat to a category of
ing. Instead, the taxon should be re-evaluated with
lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category
respect to all criteria to indicate its status. The factors
has been met for 5 years or more. (B If the original clas-)
responsible for triggering the criteria, especially where
sification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may
inference and projection are used, should at least be
be transferred to the appropriate category or removed
logged by the evaluator, even if they cannot be included
from the threatened categories altogether, without delay
in published lists.
(but see Section 9). (C) Transfer from categories of
lower to higher risk should be made without delay.
10. Threats and Priorities
The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to
14. Problems of Scale
determine priorities for conservation action. The category
Classification based on the sizes of geographic ranges or
of threat simply provides an assessment of the likelihood
the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by prob-
of extinction under current circumstances, whereas a sys-
lems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which the dis-
tem for assessing priorities for action will include numer-
tributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the smaller will
ous other factors concerning conservation action such as
be the area that they are found to occupy. Mapping at
costs, logistics, chances of success, and even perhaps
finer scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is
the taxonomic distinctiveness of the subject.
unrecorded. It is impossible to provide any strict but gen-
eral rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appro-
11 Use at Regional Level priate scale will depend on the taxa in question, and the
The criteria are most appropriately applied to whole taxa origin and comprehensiveness of the distributional data.
at a global scale, rather than to those units defined by However, the thresholds for some criteria (e.g. Critically

regional or national boundaries. Regionally or nationally Endangered) necessitate mapping at a fine scale.
based threat categories, which are aimed at including
taxa that are threatened at regional or national levels (but
Definitions
not necessarily throughout their global ranges), are best
used with two key pieces of information: the global sta-
1. Population
tus category for the taxon, and the proportion of the
Population is defined as the total number of individuals
global population or range that occurs within the region
of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily owing to
or nation. However, if applied at regional or national
differences between life-forms, population numbers are
level itmust be recognized that a global category of
expressed as numbers of mature individuals only. In the
threat may not be the same as a regional or national cat- case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or
egory for a particular taxon. For example, taxa classi-
part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values
fied as Vulnerable on the basis of their global declines
for the host taxon should be used.
in numbers or range might be Lower Risk within a par-
ticular region where their populations are stable.
Conversely, taxa classified as Lower Risk globally might 2. Subpopulations
be Critically Endangered within a particular region Subpopulations are defined as geographically or other-
where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only wise distinct groups in the population between which

Annex 5
there is little exchange (typically one successful migrant
individual or gamete per year or less).

3. Mature Individuals
••
The number of mature individuals is defined as the num-
ber of individuals known, estimated or infeiTed to be
'\\ •••
capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity
the following points should be borne in mind:

• Where the population is characterized by natural

fluctuations the minimum number should be used.

• This measure is intended to count individuals capa-

ble of reproduction and should therefore exclude
individuals that are environmentally, behaviorally
or otherwise reproductively suppressed in the wild.

• In the case of populations with biased adult or breed-

ing sex ratios it is appropriate to use lower estimates
for the number of mature individuals which take this ^
7^ F
'»'
W^
into account (e.g. the estimated effective population ^^ •
size).

• Reproducing units within a clone should be counted W_-ir

A<
^-^
* 1

as individuals, except where such units are unable to

survive alone (e.g. corals).
Figure 2. Two examples of the distinction between extent
• In the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a
of occurrence and area of occupancy, (a) is the spatial
subset of mature individuals at some point in their distribution of known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence,
life cycle, the estimate should be made at the appro- (b)shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence,
priate time, when mature individuals are available which is the measured area within this boundary, (c) shows

for breeding. one measure of area of occupancy which can be measured

by the sum of the occupied grid squares.

4. Generation
Generation may be measured as the average age of par-
ents in the population. This is greater than the age at
interpreted as part of a natural fluctuation unless there is
first breeding, except in taxa where individuals breed
only once.
good evidence for this. Downward trends that are part
of natural fluctuations will not normally count as a
reduction.
5. Continuing Decline
A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected 7. Extreme Fluctuations
future decline whose causes are not known or not ade- Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where
quately controlled and so is liable to continue unless population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly
remedial measures are taken. Natural fluctuations will and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one
not normally count as a continuing decline, but an order of magnitude (i.e., a tenfold increase or decrease).
observed decline should not be considered to be part of
a natural fluctuation unless there is evidence for this.
8. Severely Fragmented
Severely fragmented is refers to the situation where
6. Reduction increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the fact
A reduction (criterion A) is a decline in the number of that most individuals within a taxon are found in small
mature individuals of at least the amount (%) stated over and relatively isolated subpopulations. These small sub-
the time period (years) specified, although the decline populations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of
need not still be continuing. A reduction should not be recolonization.

Annex 6
 . s

9. Extent of Occurrence
The Categories
Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained
within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary Note: As in previous lUCN categories, the abbreviation
which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred of eacli category (in parenthesis) follows the English
or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon. denominations when translated into other languages.
excluding cases of vagrancy. This measure may exclude
discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distrib-
Extinct (EX)
utions of taxa (e.g., large areas of obviously unsuitable
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that
habitat) (but see "area of occupancy"). Extent of occur-
the last individual has died.
rence can often be measured by a minimum convex poly-
gon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle
exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of Extinct in the Wild (EW)
occurrence). A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to
survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized pop-
ulation (or populations) well outside the past range. A
10. Area of Occupancy
taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive
Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropri-
"extent of occurrence" (see definitionj which is occupied
ate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its his-
by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure
toric range have failed to record an individual. Surveys
reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur
should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon'
throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which
hfe cycle and life form.
may, for example, contain unsuitable habitats. The area
of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage
to the survival of existing populations of a taxon (e.g. Critically Endangered (CR)
colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory taxa). A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an
The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the imme-
the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale diate future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to E) on
appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon. pages 15, 16 and 17.

The criteria include values in km-, and thus to avoid

errors in classification, the area of occupancy should be
Endangered (EN)
measured on grid squares (or equivalents) which are suf-
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically
ficiently small (see Figure 2).
Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction
in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the cri-

11. Location teria (A to E) on pages 17 and 18.

Location defines a geographically or ecologically distinct

area in which a single event (e.g. pollution) will soon
Vulnerable (VU)
affect all individuals of the taxon present. A location
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically
usually, but not always, contains all or part of a subpop-
Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of
ulation of the taxon, and is typically a small proportion of
extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as
the taxon' s total distribution.
defined by any of the criteria (A to D) on pages 19, 20
and 2 1
12. Quantitative Analysis
A quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of Lower Risk (LR)
population viability analysis (PVA), or any other quan-
A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does
titative form of analysis, which estimates the extinction not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically
probability of a taxon or population based on the known
Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included
life history and specified management or non-manage- in the Lower Risk category can be separated into three
ment options. In presenting the results of quantitative
subcategories:
analyses the structural equations and the data should be
explicit. Conservation dependent (cd). Taxa which are
1.

the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-

specitlc conservation program targeted towards the

Annex 7
 .

taxon in question, the cessation of which would (a) direct observation

result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threat- (b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
ened categories above within a period of five years. (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occur-
rence and/or quality of habitat
2. Near threatened Taxa which do not qualify
(nt).
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
for conservation dependent, but which are close to
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization,
qualifying for Vulnerable.
pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
3. Least concern (Ic). Taxa which do not qualify for
conservation dependent or near threatened. 2. A reduction of at least 80%, projected or suspected
to be met within the next ten years or three genera-
tions, whichever is the longer, based on (and specify-
Data Deficient (DD)
ing) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate infor-
mation to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk
of extinction based on its distribution and/or population
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than
status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and
100 km- or area of occupancy estimated to be less
its biology well known, but appropriate data on abun-
than 10 km-, and estimates indicating any two of
dance and/or distribution is lacking. Data Deficient is
the following:
therefore not a category of threat or Lower Risk. Listing
of taxa in this category indicates that more information
1. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a
is required and acknowledges the possibility that future
single location.
research will show that threatened classification is appro-

priate. It is important to make positive use of whatever

2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected,
data are available. In many cases great care should be
in any of the following:
exercised in choosing between DD and threatened status.
If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively cir- (a) extent of occurrence
cumscribed, if a considerable period of time has elapsed (b) area of occupancy
since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may (c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
well be justified. (d) number of locations or subpopulations
(e) number of mature individuals.
Not Evaluated (NE)
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been
assessed against the criteria. (a) extent of occurrence
(b) area of occupancy
(c) number of locations or subpopulations
The Criteria for Critically Endangered,
(d) number of mature individuals.
Endangered and Vulnerable

Critically Endangered (CR) C. Population estimated to number less than 250

A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an
mature individuals and either:

extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the imme-

diate future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A
1 An estimated continuing decline of at least 25%
toE): within 3 years or one generation, whichever is

longer or

A. Population reduction in the form of either of

the following: 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or
inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population structure in the form of either:
reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or (a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation
three generations, whichever is the longer, based
estimated to contain more than 50 mature
on (and specifying) any of the following:
individuals)
(b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation.

Annex 8
 . .

D. Population estimated to number less than 50 3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
mature individuals.
(a) extent of occurrence
(b) area of occupancy
(c) number of locations or subpopulations
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of
(d) number of mature individuals.
extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10
years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer.

C. Population estimated to number less than 2,500

mature individuals and either:
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically
1 An estimated continuing decline of at least 20%
Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction
within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is
in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the fol-
longer, or
lowing criteria (A to E):

A. Population reduction in the form of either of

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or
inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and
the following:
population structure in the form of either:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected (a) severely fi-agmented (i.e. no subpopulation

reduction of at least 50% over the last 10 years or estimated to contain more than 250 mature
three generations, whichever is the longer, based individuals)
on (and specifying) any of the following: (b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation.

(a) direct observation

(b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
D. Population estimated to number less than 250
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occur-
mature individuals.
rence and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization,
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of
pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20
years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer.
2. A reduction of at least 50%, projected or suspected
to be met within the next ten years or three genera-
tions, whichever is the longer, based on (and specify-
Vulnerable (VU)
ing) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically
Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of
extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than
defined by any of the following criteria (A to E):
5000 km^ or area of occupancy estimated to be
less than 500 km^, and estimates indicating any
A. Population reduction in the form of either of
two of the following:
the following:

1 Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected
than five locations.
reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years or
three generations, whichever is the longer, based
2. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected,
on (and specifying) any of the following:
in any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(a) extent of occurrence
(b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
(b) area of occupancy
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occur-
(c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
rence and/or quality of habitat
(d) number of locations or subpopulations
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) number of mature individuals.
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization,
pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.

Annex 9
 .

2. A reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected A continuing decline, observed, projected, or

to be met within the next ten years or three genera- numbers of mature individuals and
inferred, in

tions, whichever is the longer, based on (and specify- population structure in the form of either
ing) any of (b), (cj, (d) or (e) above.
(a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation
estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature
individuals)
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than
(b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation.
20,000 km^ or area of occupancy estimated to be
less than 2,000 km-, and estimates indicating any

two of the following:

D. Population very small or restricted in the form
of either of the following:
1 Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more
than ten locations.
1. Population estimated to number less than 1,000
mature individuals.
2. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected,
in any of the following:
2. Population is characterized by an acute restriction in
(a) extent of occurrence its area of occupancy (typically less than 100
km-)
(b) area of occupancy or in thenumber of locations (typically less than 5).
(c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat Such a taxon would thus be prone to the effects of
(d) number of locations or subpopulations human activities (or stochastic events whose impact
(e) number of mature individuals. is increased by human activities) within a very short

period of time in an unforeseeable future, and is thus

3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even
Extinct in a very short period.
(a) extent of occurrence
(b) area of occupancy
(c) number of locations or subpopulations
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability
(d) number of mature individuals.
of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within
100 years.

C. Population estimated to number less than 10,000

mature individuals and either:

1 . An estimated continuing decline of at least 10%

within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is

longer, or

Annex 10
Previous Editions of the
WCN Red List of Threatened Animals
1986WCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre.
lUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 105 pp.

1988 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Guest Essay by B. Wilcox. lUCN, Gland, Switzeriand. 154 pp.

1990 WCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Guest Essay by N. Flesness and T. Foose. lUCN, Gland, Switzeriand. 192 pp.

1994 WCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Edited by B. Groombridge. Guest Essay by G. Mace. lUCN, Gland, Switzeriand. 286 pp.
iUCN/Species Survival Commission

i he Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six volunteer commissions of lUCN — The
World "• '
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lie way. and to guide Ifie development of human communities
are both of good qualify and in endunng harmony with other com-

rni'ilinn iq tn rnn«;orvo hinloqir:.!! rlluprsity by developing and executing programs

s and their habitats. A volunteer network
^rt rtr-,-.!- ''l\',^

resources to governments, international conventions, and conservation organizatlon^.

The Red Data Book concept was originated by a former SSC Chair, Sir Peter Scoti, in the
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t^n outstandingly successful and. flu iter, many national, h

I'd Data Books d ' r- '-fv- p-'~i->vr) (vumy muit! countries are in the p(u^.^!^^.

'ir own lists of v.

The demand for a simple international list that categorizes the status of globally threatened
iwing, partly as a result of the increasing number of international conventions. It

... lu iiieet this need tfui* "•' t" t lUCN Red Threatened Animals was published
List of in
I'iMii Further editions wi hod in 1988. 1990. and 1994

Late in 1994, lUCN adopted a new system of catoQorios of threat, the 1996 lUCN Rod List
ofTIv its first full •setofcnl.
"""" ,.ii ^c tiv ' .i ,ii.t ;i.it;,ii..(iiiig them. '• :• ,
1 has Involved nearly 1.01 o

ing document.

Although the length of the Red List Is sobering, the information it presents is of fundamental
' III I Managers, and decision makers responsible for the health and well being

lUCN
The Worid Conservation Union s PECiEs Survival Commission
> b%ia

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL