Venezuela - Wikipedia

18.07.
2020 Venezuela - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 7°N 65°W
Venezuela
Venezuela (/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/; American Spanish: [beneˈswela]

( listen)), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela
[11]
Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South República Bolivariana de
America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Venezuela (Spanish)
small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a
territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) and the
population of Venezuela was estimated at 28 million in
2019.[6] The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the
city of Caracas.
The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Flag

Coat of arms
Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by
Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the Motto: Dios y Federación
north-east and on the east by Guyana. The Venezuelan (English: "God and Federation")
government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Anthem: Gloria al Bravo Pueblo
Esequiba.[12] Venezuela is a federal presidential republic (English: "Glory to the Brave People")
consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal 0:00 MENU
dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands.
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin
America;[13][14] the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the
cities of the north and in the capital.
The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522

amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became
one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare
independence from the Spanish as a department of the
federal republic of Gran Colombia. It gained full sovereignty
as a country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela
suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining
dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th
century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of
democratic governments. Economic shocks in the 1980s Land controlled by Venezuela shown in
and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread dark green; claimed but uncontrolled land
social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, shown in light green.
two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of Capital Caracas
President Carlos Andrés Pérez for embezzlement of public and largest city 10°30′N 66°55′W
funds in 1993.
Official languages Spanish[b]
A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Recognized 26 languages
regional languages
election of former coup-involved career officer Hugo Chávez Piapoco
and the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution. The revolution Baniwa
began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Locono
Wayúu
Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. This new Warao
constitution officially changed the name of the country to Pemón
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Chávez established Panare
populist social welfare policies bolstered by soaring oil Yek'uana
prices,[15] increasing social spending, temporarily[16] and Yukpa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela 1/56
18.07.2020 Venezuela - Wikipedia
reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years Carib

of the regime.[21] In 2013, Chávez died and was succeeded Akawaio
Japrería
by Nicolás Maduro, who was elected by a narrow majority Mapoyo
in a widely disputed election. Maduro continued the Yawarana
populist policies, but with disastrous economic results Hodï
which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to Puinave
this day.[22] Jivi
Barí
Uruak
Venezuela is a developing country and ranks 96th on the Sapé
Human Development Index. It has the world's largest Pumé
known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading Piaroa
exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an Yanomamö
underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such Sanemá
Yanam
as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate Yeral
exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor
policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Ethnic groups 51.6% Mestizo
Venezuela's entire economy.[23][24] The country struggles (2011)[1] (mixed
Amerindian and
with record hyperinflation,[25][26] shortages of basic European)
goods,[27] unemployment,[28] poverty,[29] disease, high 43.6% European
child mortality, malnutrition, severe crime and corruption. (White)
These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan migrant 3.6% African
crisis where more than three million people have fled the (Black)
country.[30] By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in 1.2%
default regarding debt payments by credit rating Amerindians and
agencies.[31][32] The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a Others
rapidly deteriorating human rights record, including Religion (2012)[2] 71% Catholic
increased abuses such as torture, arbitrary imprisonment, 17% Protestant
extrajudicial killings and attacks on human rights 8% Irreligious
advocates, while Maduro has become increasingly described 3% Other religion
1% No answer
as an autocratic and dictatorial leader by foreign observers.
Venezuela is a charter member of the UN, OAS, UNASUR, Demonym(s) Venezuelan
ALBA, Mercosur, LAIA and OEI. Government Federal
dominant-party
presidential
republic
Contents • President
Nicolás
Etymology Maduro
History (disputed)[n 1]
Pre-Columbian history Juan Guaidó
(disputed)[n 2]
Colonization
• Vice President Delcy Rodríguez
Independence and 19th century (constitutional
20th century position
Bolivarian government: 1999–present disputed)
Hugo Chávez: 1999–2013 Legislature National
Assembly
Nicolás Maduro: 2013–present
Constituent
Geography Assembly
(disputed)
Climate
Biodiversity Independence
Environment • from Spain 5 July 1811
• from Gran Colombia 13 January 1830
Government and politics • Recognized 29 March 1845
Suspension of constitutional rights • Admitted to the 15 November
Foreign relations United Nations 1945

Military • Current constitution 15 December
1999
Law and crime
Area
Corruption
• Total 916,445 km2
States and regions of Venezuela (353,841 sq mi)
Largest cities (32nd)
• Water (%) 3.2%[d]
Largest metropolitan areas
Population
Economy • 2018 estimate 28,887,118
Tourism [4][5]
Shortages (government)
Petroleum and other resources 28,067,000
(IMF)[6] (45th)
Transport • Density 33.74/km2
Demographics (87.4/sq mi)
(181st)
Ethnic groups
Languages GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
Religion • Total $202.009
billion[7]
Culture • Per capita n/a[8]
Architecture GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
Art • Total $70.140
Literature billion[8] (51st)
Music • Per capita $2,548[8]
(93rd)
Sport
Cuisine Gini (2013) 44.8[9]
medium
Education
HDI (2018) 0.726[10]
Health high · 96th
See also Currency Bolívar Soberano
Notes (VES)
References Time zone UTC−4 (VET)
Bibliography Date format dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
External links Driving side right
Calling code +58
Etymology ISO 3166 code VE

Internet TLD .ve
According to the most popular and accepted version, in
1499, an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda visited the a. ^
The "Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuelan coast. The stilt houses in the area of Lake Venezuela" has been the full official
Maracaibo reminded the Italian navigator, Amerigo title since the adoption of the
Vespucci, of the city of Venice, Italy, so he named the region Constitution of 1999, when the state
was renamed in honor of Simón
Veneziola, or "Little Venice".[33] The Spanish version of Bolívar.
Veneziola is Venezuela.[34] b. ^ The Constitution also recognizes all
indigenous languages spoken in the
Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and country.
Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de c. ^ Some important subgroups include
geografía, he states that the crew found indigenous people those of Spanish, Italian, Amerindian,
who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name African, Portuguese, Arab and German
"Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word.[35] descent.
Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela d. ^

Area totals include only Venezuelan-
(1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), administered territory.
Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again e. ^ On 20 August 2018, a new bolivar
República de Venezuela (1953–1999). was introduced, the Bolívar soberano
(ISO 4217 code VES) worth 100,000
VEF.
History
Pre-Columbian history
Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as

Venezuela from about 15,000 years ago. Leaf-shaped tools from this
period, together with chopping and plano-convex scraping
implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces
of the Rio Pedregal in western Venezuela.[36] Late Pleistocene
hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar Cult image sculpted in ceramic,
series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; Los Roques Archipelago.
according to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7,000
BC.[37]
It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the

Spanish conquest; it has been estimated at around one million.[38]
In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population
included historical groups such as the Kalina (Caribs), Auaké, Petroglyph in the Waraira
Caquetio, Mariche, and Timoto–Cuicas. The Timoto–Cuica culture Repano National Park.
was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with
pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced
fields. They also stored water in tanks.[39] Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with
thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional
crops included potatoes and ullucos.[40] They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic
ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for
housing. They are credited with having invented the arepa, a staple in Venezuelan cuisine.[41]
After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of new infectious
diseases from Europe.[38] Two main north–south axes of pre-Columbian population were present,
who cultivated maize in the west and manioc in the east.[38] Large parts of the llanos were cultivated
through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture.[38]
Colonization
In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher

Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta and landed in the Gulf of
Paria.[42] Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater
which deflected his course eastward, Columbus expressed in a
letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached
Heaven on Earth (terrestrial paradise):
Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise, for

the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and wise The German Welser Armada
theologians whom I have mentioned. And likewise, exploring Venezuela.
the [other] signs conform very well, for I have never
read or heard of such a large quantity of fresh water
being inside and in such close proximity to salt water;

the very mild temperateness also corroborates this;
and if the water of which I speak does not proceed
from Paradise then it is an even greater marvel,
because I do not believe such a large and deep river
has ever been known to exist in this world.[43]
Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela started in 1522, establishing its first permanent South
American settlement in the present-day city of Cumaná. In the 16th century, Venezuela was
contracted as a concession by the King of Spain to the German Welser banking family (Klein-Venedig,
1528–1546). Native caciques (leaders) such as Guaicaipuro (c. 1530–1568) and Tamanaco (died 1573)
attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them; Tamanaco was
put to death by order of Caracas' founder, Diego de Losada.[44]
In the 16th century, during the Spanish colonization, indigenous peoples such as many of the
Mariches, themselves descendants of the Kalina, converted to Roman Catholicism. Some of the
resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas, Chacao and Los
Teques. The early colonial settlements focused on the northern coast,[38] but in the mid-18th century,
the Spanish pushed farther inland along the Orinoco River. Here, the Ye'kuana (then known as the
Makiritare) organized serious resistance in 1775 and 1776.[45]
Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into New Andalusia Province.
Administered by the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo from the early 16th century, most of
Venezuela became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century, and was then
reorganized as an autonomous Captaincy General starting in 1777. The town of Caracas, founded in
the central coastal region in 1567, was well-placed to become a key location, being near the coastal
port of La Guaira whilst itself being located in a valley in a mountain range, providing defensive
strength against pirates and a more fertile and healthy climate.[46]
Independence and 19th century
After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela, under the

leadership of Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan marshal who
had fought in the American Revolution and the French
Revolution, declared independence as the First Republic of
Venezuela on 5 July 1811.[47] This began the Venezuelan War of
Independence. A devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in
1812, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan llaneros,
helped bring down the republic.[48] Simón Bolívar, new leader of
the independentist forces, launched his Admirable Campaign in
1813 from New Granada, retaking most of the territory and being
proclaimed as El Libertador ("The Liberator"). A second
Venezuelan republic was proclaimed on 7 August 1813, but lasted
only a few months before being crushed at the hands of royalist
caudillo José Tomás Boves and his personal army of llaneros.[49]
The end of the French invasion of homeland Spain in 1814 El Libertador, Simón Bolívar.
allowed the preparation of a large expeditionary force to the
American provinces under general Pablo Morillo, with the goal to
regain the lost territory in Venezuela and New Granada. As the war reached a stalemate on 1817,
Bolívar reestablished the Third Republic of Venezuela on the territory still controlled by the patriots,
mainly in the Guayana and Los Llanos regions. This republic was short-lived as only two years later,
during the Congress of Angostura of 1819, the union of Venezuela with New Granada was decreed to
form the Republic of Gran Colombia. The war continued for some years, until full victory and
sovereignty was attained after Bolívar, aided by José Antonio Páez and Antonio José de Sucre, won
the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821.[50] On 24 July 1823, José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael
Urdaneta helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo.[51]
New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it, he liberated several
countries and founded Gran Colombia.[50]
Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate

Ecuador and later become the second president of Bolivia.
Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a
rebellion led by Páez allowed the proclamation of a newly
independent Venezuela; Páez became the first president of the
new State of Venezuela.[52] Between one-quarter and one-third of
Venezuela's population was lost during these two decades of
warfare (including perhaps one-half of the white population),[53]
Revolution of 19 April 1810, the which by 1830, was estimated at about 800,000.[54]
beginning of Venezuela's
independence, by Martín Tovar y The colors of the Venezuelan flag are yellow, blue, and red: the
Tovar yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea that separates
Venezuela from Spain, and the red for the blood shed by the
heroes of independence.[55]
Slavery in Venezuela was abolished in 1854.[54] Much of Venezuela's 19th-century history was
characterized by political turmoil and dictatorial rule, including the Independence leader José
Antonio Páez, who gained the presidency three times and served a total of 11 years between 1830 and
1863. This culminated in the Federal War (1859–1863), a civil war in which hundreds of thousands
died in a country with a population of not much more than a million people. In the latter half of the
century, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, another caudillo, served a total of 13 years between 1870 and 1887,
with three other presidents interspersed.
In 1895, a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the

territory of Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of
British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory,
erupted into the Venezuela Crisis of 1895. The dispute became a
diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist, William L. Scruggs,
sought to argue that British behavior over the issue violated the
United States' Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and used his influence
in Washington, D.C., to pursue the matter. Then, U.S. president
Grover Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the doctrine
The signing of Venezuela's
that did not just simply forbid new European colonies, but
independence, by Martín Tovar y
declared an American interest in any matter within the Tovar.
hemisphere.[56] Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in
negotiations over its terms was able to persuade the U.S. on
many of the details. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the issue and in 1899 awarded the
bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.[57]
In 1899, Cipriano Castro, assisted by his friend Juan Vicente Gómez, seized power in Caracas,
marching an army from his base in the Andean state of Táchira. Castro defaulted on Venezuela's
considerable foreign debts and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's
civil wars. This led to the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903, in which Britain, Germany and Italy
imposed a naval blockade of several months before international arbitration at the new Permanent
Court of Arbitration in The Hague was agreed. In 1908, another dispute broke out with the
Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was
promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez (1908–1935).
20th century
The discovery of massive oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo during

World War I[58] proved to be pivotal for Venezuela and
transformed the basis of its economy from a heavy dependence
on agricultural exports. It prompted an economic boom that
lasted into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita gross
domestic product was Latin America's highest.[59] Gómez
benefited handsomely from this, as corruption thrived, but at the
same time, the new source of income helped him centralize the
Flag of Venezuela between 1954
Venezuelan state and develop its authority.
and 2006.
He remained the most powerful man in Venezuela until his death
in 1935, although at times he ceded the presidency to others. The
gomecista dictatorship (1935–1945) system largely continued under Eleazar López Contreras, but
from 1941, under Isaías Medina Angarita, was relaxed. Angarita granted a range of reforms, including
the legalization of all political parties. After World War II, immigration from Southern Europe
(mainly from Spain, Italy, Portugal, and France) and poorer Latin American countries markedly
diversified Venezuelan society.
In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita and

ushered in a three-year period of democratic rule (1945–1948)
under the mass membership party Democratic Action, initially
under Rómulo Betancourt, until Rómulo Gallegos won the 1947
Venezuelan presidential election (generally believed to be the
first free and fair elections in Venezuela). Gallegos governed until
overthrown by a military junta led by the triumvirate Luis Felipe
Llovera Páez, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, and Gallegos' Defense
Minister, Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, in the 1948 Venezuelan coup
d'état.
The most powerful man in the military junta (1948–1958) was

Pérez Jiménez (though Chalbaud was its titular president) and Rómulo Betancourt (president
was suspected of being behind the death in office of Chalbaud, 1945–1948 / 1959–1964), one of the
who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. When the junta major democracy activists of
unexpectedly lost the election it held in 1952, it ignored the Venezuela.
results and Pérez Jiménez was installed as president, where he
remained until 1958. The expansion of the Venezuelan economy
in this period was based on the indebtedness of the Venezuelan nation and that was one of the causes
of the economic crisis in Venezuela in the 1960s,[60] in which important projects such as the Urban
Center El Recreo de Marcel Brauer on Avenida Casanova in Sabana Grande district were
paralyzed.[61]
During the years of Pérez Jiménez's administration, the State intervened in areas of the economy that
were traditionally carried out by private companies. The Pérez Jiménez government was
characterized by its state capitalism and not by liberal capitalism. It was an antecedent of the populist
and paternalistic economic regime of the later democratic regimes.[62] The national private
entrepreneurship increasingly had less space to grow and prosper. The State was the great capitalist
in the Venezuela of Pérez Jiménez and was the largest national shareholder of major hotel chains
such as Sheraton.[63]
In the government of Pérez Jiménez, Venezuela's debt grew more than 25 times and went from 175
million to more than 4,500 million bolivares in just 5 years (approximately 15 billion dollars in 2018).
The malaise over the debts of Venezuela reached the barracks and the national business. Pérez
Jiménez responded that: "there is no debt, but commitments". The Finance Minister failed to
convince Pérez Jiménez to order the cancellation of debts.[64] As of 14 January 1958, the Venezuelan
business community decided to divorce itself completely from the regime, nine days before the
collapse of the government.[60] The military dictator Pérez Jiménez was forced out on 23 January
1958.[65] In an effort to consolidate a young democracy, the three major political parties (Acción
Democrática (AD), COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (URD), with the notable exception of
the Communist Party of Venezuela) signed the Puntofijo Pact power-sharing agreement. The two first
parties would dominate the political landscape for four decades.
During the presidencies of Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello

(1959–1964, his second time) and Raúl Leoni Otero (1964–1969)
in the 1960s, substantial guerilla movements occurred, including
the Armed Forces of National Liberation and the Revolutionary
Left Movement, which had split from AD in 1960. Most of these
movements laid down their arms under Rafael Caldera's first
presidency (1969–1974); Caldera had won the 1968 election for
COPEI, being the first time a party other than Democratic Action
took the presidency through a democratic election. The new
democratic order had its antagonists. Betancourt suffered an Table where the Puntofijo Pact was
attack planned by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1960, signed on 31 October 1958
and the leftists excluded from the Pact initiated an armed
insurgency by organizing themselves in the Armed Forces of
National Liberation, sponsored by the Communist Party and Fidel Castro. In 1962 they tried to
destabilize the military corps, with failed revolts in Carúpano and Puerto Cabello. At the same time,
Betancourt promoted an international doctrine in which he only recognized elected governments by
popular vote.
As a result of the debt that Marcos Pérez Jiménez had left, an economic adjustment program was
necessary in Venezuela. The Economic Recovery Plan of 1960 was formulated by Tomás Enrique
Carrillo Batalla. The construction industry was revitalized through the "rediscount" of the Central
Bank of Venezuela. The Economic Recovery Plan fulfilled its objectives and in 1964, Venezuela was
able to return to an anchored exchange rate, with free purchase and sale of foreign currency. This
system lasted until the Venezuelan Black Friday of 1983, although the model was already running out
at the end of the seventies.[66] The consolidation of the democratic system and the dissipation of fears
of political radicalization of the country contributed to normalize the demand for foreign currency,
stabilizing the parallel exchange rate.
For much of the period between 1950 and 1973, the Venezuelan economy was characterized by its
stability and sustained strength, factors that contributed decisively to being able to maintain a fixed
exchange rate without major inconveniences. In the period of Carlos Andrés Pérez (1974–1979, his
first time as president), as a result of the Arab-Israeli war (the Yom Kippur war), the average price of
a barrel of oil went from 3.71 to 10.53 dollars and continued to rise to exceed 29 dollars in 1981.[66]
The income of the public sector went from 18,960 million bolivars in 1973 to 45.564 million in 1974.
The economic bonanza also had the characteristics of an economic bubble, but Venezuelans
remember the "Ta barato, dame dos".[67][68] The increased inflow of funds to savings and loan
entities and mortgage banks allowed an increase in the mortgage loan portfolio, which also tripled. In
general, Venezuela was a prosperous country in the governments of Rómulo Betancourt (1945 –
c. 1948; 1959–1964), Rafael Caldera (1969–1974; 1994 – c. 1999) and Carlos Andrés Pérez (1974–
1979; 1989 – c. 1993). In 1975 the iron industry was nationalized and the following year the oil
industry, creating Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA). Both Caldera and Pérez partially broke with
the Betancourt Doctrine.
The election in 1973 of Carlos Andrés Pérez coincided with an oil crisis, in which Venezuela's income
exploded as oil prices soared; oil industries were nationalized in 1976. This led to massive increases in
public spending, but also increases in external debts, which continued into the 1980s when the
collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the Venezuelan economy. As the government started
to devalue the currency in February 1983 to face its financial

obligations, Venezuelans' real standards of living fell
dramatically. A number of failed economic policies and
increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and
crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political
instability.[69]
During the presidency of Luis Herrera Campins (1979–1984),

important infrastructure works were completed, such as the
Parque Central Complex (which became the largest housing
Sabana Grande district, Caracas
complex and the tallest towers in Latin America), Teresa Carreño
(1954)
Cultural Complex (the largest cultural center in South America at
that time), the Brígido Iriarte Stadium and the United Nations
Park. Most of these works had been previously planned.[67] Until
the mid-eighties, the Venezuelan economy showed a very positive behavior, characterized by the
absence of internal or external imbalances, high economic growth, largely due to the sustained and
very high gross fixed investment of those years, 10 under unemployment and great price stability.
This translated into sustained increases in the average real wage and an improvement in the
condition of life.[66]
The bolivar was devalued in February 1983, unleashing a strong

economic crisis, which hit investments in the most important
financial centers of the Venezuelan capital, such as Sabana
Grande. In the government of Jaime Lusinchi (1984–1989), an
attempt was made to solve the problem. Unfortunately, the
measures failed. After a long period of accelerated economic
expansion that lasts for six decades (value of the stock of homes
by families), an extreme higher value is reached towards 1982.
From this historical value begins then a systematic fall that
mounts to 26 hundred up to 2006, and that configures a genuine
unique experience in contemporary economic life.[70] However,
the economic deactivation of the country had begun to show its
first signs in 1978.[71]
President Carlos Andrés Pérez was
In the 1980s, the Presidential Commission for State Reform impeached on corruption charges in
(COPRE) emerged as a mechanism of political innovation. 1993.
Venezuela was preparing for the decentralization of its political
system and the diversification of its economy, reducing the large
size of the State. The COPRE operated as an innovation mechanism, also by incorporating issues into
the political agenda that were generally excluded from public deliberation by the main actors of the
Venezuelan democratic system. The most discussed topics were incorporated into the public agenda:
decentralization, political participation, municipalization, judicial oder reforms and the role of the
State in a new economic strategy. Unfortunately, the social reality of the country made the changes
difficult to apply.[71]
Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis in which hundreds died in the
Caracazo riots of 1989 during the presidency of Carlos Andres Pérez (1989–1993, his second time),
two attempted coups d'état in 1992 (February and November) by Hugo Chávez,[72] and the
impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez (re-elected in 1988) for corruption in 1993 and the
interin presidency of Ramón José Velásquez (1993–1994). Coup leader Hugo Chávez was pardoned in
March 1994 by president Rafael Caldera (1994–1999, his second time), with a clean slate and his
political rights reinstated. This let him later get the presidency continuously from 1999 until his death
in 2013, winning the elections of 1998, 2000, 2006 and 2012 and the presidential referendum of
2004, with the only exception in 2002 of Pedro Carmona Estanga as a two-day de facto government
and Diosdado Cabello Rondón as a few-hours interim president.
Bolivarian government: 1999–present
The Bolivarian Revolution refers to a left-wing populism social movement and political process in
Venezuela led by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who founded the Fifth Republic Movement in
1997 and the United Socialist Party of Venezuela in 2007. The "Bolivarian Revolution" is named after
Simón Bolívar, an early 19th-century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader,
prominent in the Spanish American wars of independence in achieving the independence of most of
northern South America from Spanish rule. According to Chávez and other supporters, the
"Bolivarian Revolution" seeks to build a mass movement to implement Bolivarianism—popular
democracy, economic independence, equitable distribution of revenues, and an end to political
corruption—in Venezuela. They interpret Bolívar's ideas from a populist perspective, using socialist
rhetoric.
Hugo Chávez: 1999–2013
A collapse in confidence in the existing parties led to Chávez

being elected president in 1998 and the subsequent launch of a
"Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 Constituent
Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela. Chávez also
initiated Bolivarian missions, programs aimed at helping the
poor.[73]
Chávez with fellow South American
In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the 2002 presidents Néstor Kirchner of
Venezuelan coup d'état attempt following popular Argentina and Lula da Silva of Brazil
demonstrations by his opponents, [74] but he returned to power
after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez
supporters in Caracas and actions by the military.[75][76]
Chávez also remained in power after an all-out national strike that lasted from December 2002 to
February 2003, including a strike/lockout in the state oil company PDVSA.[77] The strike produced
severe economic dislocation, with the country's GDP falling 27% during the first four months of 2003,
and costing the oil industry $13.3 billion.[78] Capital flight before and during the strike led to the
reimposition of currency controls (which had been abolished in 1989), managed by the CADIVI
agency. In the subsequent decade, the government was forced into several currency
devaluations.[79][80][81][82][83] These devaluations have done little to improve the situation of the
Venezuelan people who rely on imported products or locally produced products that depend on
imported inputs while dollar-denominated oil sales account for the vast majority of Venezuela's
exports.[84] According to Sebastian Boyd writing at Bloomberg News, the profits of the oil industry
have been lost to "social engineering" and corruption, instead of investments needed to maintain oil
production.[85]
Chávez survived several further political tests, including an August 2004 recall referendum. He was
elected for another term in December 2006 and re-elected for a third term in October 2012. However,
he was never sworn in for his third period, due to medical complications. Chávez died on 5 March
2013 after a nearly two-year fight with cancer.[86] The presidential election that took place on
Sunday, 14 April 2013, was the first since Chávez took office in 1999 in which his name did not appear
on the ballot.[87]
Nicolás Maduro: 2013–present
Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s.[88] Nicolás Maduro was elected in 2013 after
the death of Chavez. Chavez picked Maduro as his successor and appointed him vice president in
2013. Maduro was elected president in a shortened election in 2013 following Chavez's
death.[82][89][90]
Nicolás Maduro has been the president of Venezuela since 14

April 2013, after winning the second presidential election after
Chávez's death, with 50.61% of the votes against the opposition's
candidate Henrique Capriles Radonski who had 49.12% of the
votes. The Democratic Unity Roundtable contested his election as
fraud and as a violation of the constitution. An audit of 56% of
the vote showed no discrepancies,[91] and the Supreme Court of
Nicolás Maduro with Brazilian
Venezuela ruled that under Venezuela's Constitution, Nicolás
President Dilma Rousseff at the
Maduro is the legitimate president and was invested as such by 48th Mercosur Summit in Brazil in
the Venezuelan National Assembly (Asamblea 2015.
Nacional).[92][93][94] Opposition leaders and some international
media consider the government of Maduro to be a
dictatorship.[95][96][97][98] Beginning in February 2014, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans have
protested over high levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and chronic scarcity of
basic goods due to policies of the federal government.[99][100][101][102][103] Demonstrations and riots
have left over 40 fatalities in the unrest between both Chavistas and opposition protesters,[104] and
has led to the arrest of opposition leaders including Leopoldo López[104][105] and Antonio
Ledezma.[106][107][108][109] Human rights groups have strongly condemned the arrest of Leopoldo
López.[110]
In the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the opposition gained a majority.[111]
Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to the rising shortages in the country,[83][112]
which included those of milk, flour, and other necessities. This led to an increase in malnutrition,
especially among children.[113][114] Venezuela's economy had become strongly dependent on the
exportation of oil with Crude accounting for 86% of exports,[115] and a high price per barrel to
support social programs. Beginning in 2014 the price of oil plummeted from over $100/bbl to
$40/bbl a year and a half later, this placed great pressure on the Venezuelan economy, which was no
longer able to afford vast social programs. To counter the decrease in oil prices, the Venezuelan
Government began taking more money from PDVSA, the state oil company, to meet budgets resulting
in a lack of reinvestment in fields and employees. This has seen Venezuela's oil production decrease
from its height of nearly 3 to 1 million barrels (480 to 160 thousand cubic metres) per
day.[116][117][118][119] In 2014, Venezuela entered an economic recession.[120] In 2015, Venezuela had
the world's highest inflation rate with the rate surpassing 100%, becoming the highest in the
country's history.[121] In 2017, Donald Trump's administration imposed more economic sanctions
against Venezuela's state-owned oil company PDVSA and Venezuelan officials.[122][123][124] Economic
problems, as well as crime and corruption, were some of the main causes of the 2014–present
Venezuelan protests.[125][126] Since 2015 nearly 2 million people have fled Venezuela.[127]
In January 2016, President Maduro decreed an "economic emergency" revealing the extent of the
crisis and expanding his powers.[128] In July 2016, Colombian border crossings were temporarily
opened to allow Venezuelans to purchase food and basic household and health items in
Colombia.[129] In September 2016, a study published in the Spanish-language Diario Las
Américas[130] indicated that 15% of Venezuelans are eating "food waste discarded by commercial
establishments".
Close to 200 riots had occurred in Venezuelan prisons by October 2016, according to Una Ventana a
la Libertad, an advocacy group for better prison conditions. The father of an inmate at Táchira
Detention Center in Caracas alleged that his son was cannibalized by other inmates during a month-
long riot, a claim corroborated by an anonymous police source but denied by the Minister of
Correctional Affairs.[131]
In 2017, Venezuela experienced a constitutional crisis in the

country. In March 2017, opposition leaders branded President
Nicolas Maduro a dictator after the Maduro-aligned Supreme
Tribunal, which had been overturning most National Assembly
decisions since the opposition took control of the body, took over
the functions of the assembly, pushing a lengthy political standoff
to new heights.[95] However, the Supreme Court quickly backed
down and reversed its decision on 1 April 2017. A month later,
President Maduro announced the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Maduro was inaugurated for a
Assembly election and on 30 August 2017, the 2017 Constituent contested and controversial second
National Assembly was elected into office and quickly stripped term on 10 January 2019.
the National Assembly of its powers.
In December 2017, President Maduro declared that leading

opposition parties will be barred from taking part in next year's presidential vote after they boycotted
mayoral polls.[132]
Maduro won the 2018 election with 67.8% of the vote. The result was challenged by countries
including Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, France and the United States who
deemed it fraudulent and moved to recognize Juan Guaidó as president.[133][134][135][136] Other
countries including Cuba, China, Russia, Turkey, and Iran have continued to recognize Maduro as
president,[137][138] although China, facing financial pressure over its position, has reportedly begun
hedging its position by decreasing loans given, cancelling joint ventures, and signaling willingness to
work with all parties.[139] A Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman denied the reports,
describing them as "false information".[140]
In January 2019 the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States (OAS) approved a
resolution "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term as of the 10th of January of
2019,"[141] while the United Nations General Assembly formally recognized the Maduro government
as the only legitimate representative of Venezuela at the United Nations[142] and in October 2019,
Venezuela was elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council.[143]
In August 2019, United States President Donald Trump signed an executive order to impose a total
economic embargo against Venezuela.[144] Later, in March 2020, the Trump administration indicted
Maduro and several Venezuelan officials with drug trafficking.[145]
In June 2020, a detailed report by Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights documented enforced
disappearances in Venezuela, specifically those that occurred during the years 2018 and 2019. During
the period, around 724 enforced disappearances of political detainees were reported. Venezuelan
security forces have disappeared their victims, subjecting them to illegal interrogation processes
accompanied by torture and cruel or inhuman treatment. Venezuela’s Bolivarian regime has
strategically used enforced disappearances to silence political opponents and other critical voices it
deems a threat.[146][147]
Geography
Venezuela is located in the north of South America; geologically, its mainland rests on the South
American Plate. It has a total area of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) and a land area of 882,050 km2
(340,560 sq mi), making Venezuela the 33rd largest country in the world. The territory it controls lies
between latitudes 0° and 13°N and longitudes 59° and 74°W.
Shaped roughly like a triangle, the country has a 2,800 km (1,700 mi) coastline in the north, which
includes numerous islands in the Caribbean and the northeast borders the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well defined topographical regions: the
Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern

mountains extending in a broad east–west arc from
the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean
coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the
Guiana Highlands in the southeast.
The northern mountains are the extreme

northeastern extensions of South America's Andes
mountain range. Pico Bolívar, the nation's highest
point at 4,979 m (16,335 ft), lies in this region. To the
south, the dissected Guiana Highlands contain the
northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls,
the world's highest waterfall, as well as tepuis, large
table-like mountains. The country's center is
characterized by the llanos, which are extensive plains
Topographic map of Venezuela
that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west
to the Orinoco River delta in the east. The Orinoco,
with its rich alluvial soils, binds the largest and most
important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America.
The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers.
Venezuela borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Caribbean
islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba, and the Leeward Antilles lie near the
Venezuelan coast. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana, formerly United Kingdom, largely
concerning the Essequibo area and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela. In 1895, after
years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border dispute, the dispute over the Essequibo River border
flared up. It was submitted to a "neutral" commission (composed of British, American, and Russian
representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly
against Venezuela's claim.[148]
Venezuela's most significant natural resources are petroleum and natural gas, iron ore, gold, and
other minerals. It also has large areas of arable land and water.
View of the tepuis, Kukenan and Roraima, in the Gran Sabana. Canaima National Park. Tepuis are among the
attractions of the park, these mountains are among the oldest exposed formations on the planet.[149]
Climate
Venezuela is entirely located in the tropics over the Equator to around 12° N. Its climate varies from
humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F), to
glaciers and highlands (the páramos) with an average yearly temperature of 8 °C (46.4 °F). Annual
rainfall varies from 430 mm (16.9 in) in the semiarid portions of the northwest to over 1,000 mm
(39.4 in) in the Orinoco Delta of the far east and the Amazonian
Jungle in the south. The precipitation level is lower in the period
from August through April. These periods are referred to as hot-
humid and cold-dry seasons. Another characteristic of the
climate is this variation throughout the country by the existence
of a mountain range called "Cordillera de la Costa" which crosses
the country from east to west. The majority of the population
lives in these mountains.[150]
The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based

primarily on elevation, having tropical, dry, temperate with dry Venezuela map of Köppen climate
winters, and polar (alpine tundra) climates, amongst classification
others.[151][152][153] In the tropical zone—below 800 m (2,625 ft)
—temperatures are hot, with yearly averages ranging between 26
and 28 °C (78.8 and 82.4 °F). The temperate zone ranges between 800 and 2,000 m (2,625 and
6,562 ft) with averages from 12 to 25 °C (53.6 to 77.0 °F); many of Venezuela's cities, including the
capital, lie in this region. Colder conditions with temperatures from 9 to 11 °C (48.2 to 51.8 °F) are
found in the cool zone between 2,000 and 3,000 m (6,562 and 9,843 ft), especially in the Venezuelan
Andes, where pastureland and permanent snowfield with yearly averages below 8 °C (46 °F) cover
land above 3,000 meters (9,843 ft) in the páramos.
The highest temperature recorded was 42 °C (108 °F) in

Machiques,[154] and the lowest temperature recorded was −11 °C
(12 °F), it has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at
Páramo de Piedras Blancas (Mérida state),[155] even though no
official reports exist, lower temperatures in the mountains of the
Sierra Nevada de Mérida are known.
Biodiversity
Venezuela lies within the

Venezuelan climatic types,
Neotropical realm; large
according to their thermal floors
portions of the country were
originally covered by moist
broadleaf forests. One of 17 megadiverse countries,[156]
Venezuela's habitats range from the Andes Mountains in the west
to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos
plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River
Delta in the east. They include xeric scrublands in the extreme
northwest and coastal mangrove forests in the northeast.[150] Its Map of Natural regions of Venezuela
cloud forests and lowland rainforests are particularly rich.[157]
Animals of Venezuela are diverse and include manatees, three-toed sloth, two-toed sloth, Amazon
river dolphins, and Orinoco crocodiles, which have been reported to reach up to 6.6 m (22 ft) in
length. Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species, 48 of which are endemic.[158] Important birds
include ibises, ospreys, kingfishers,[157] and the yellow-orange Venezuelan troupial, the national bird.
Notable mammals include the giant anteater, jaguar, and the capybara, the world's largest rodent.
More than half of Venezuelan avian and mammalian species are found in the Amazonian forests
south of the Orinoco.[159]
For the fungi, an account was provided by R.W.G. Dennis[160] which has been digitized and the
records made available on-line as part of the Cybertruffle Robigalia database.[161] That database
includes nearly 3,900 species of fungi recorded from Venezuela, but is far from complete, and the
true total number of fungal species already known from

Venezuela is likely higher, given the generally accepted estimate
that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been
discovered.[162]
Among plants of Venezuela, over 25,000 species of orchids are

found in the country's cloud forest and lowland rainforest
ecosystems.[157] These include the flor de mayo orchid (Cattleya
mossiae), the national flower. Venezuela's national tree is the
araguaney, whose characteristic lushness after the rainy season
Ángel Falls, the world's highest
led novelist Rómulo Gallegos to name it "[l]a primavera de oro uninterrupted waterfall, in Canaima
de los araguaneyes" (the golden spring of the araguaneyes). The National Park, Bolívar state
tops of the tepuis are also home to several carnivorous plants
including the marsh pitcher plant, Heliamphora, and the
insectivorous bromeliad, Brocchinia reducta.
Venezuela is among the top 20 countries in terms of endemism.[163] Among its animals, 23% of
reptilian and 50% of amphibian species are endemic.[163] Although the available information is still
very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to
Venezuela: 1334 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the
country.[164] Some 38% of the over 21,000 plant species known from Venezuela are unique to the
country.[163]
Environment
Venezuela is one of the 10 most biodiverse countries on the

planet, yet it is one of the leaders of deforestation due to
economic and political factors. Each year, roughly 287,600
hectares of forest are permanently destroyed and other areas are
degraded by mining, oil extraction, and logging. Between 1990
and 2005, Venezuela officially lost 8.3% of its forest cover, which
is about 4.3 million ha. In response, federal protections for
critical habitat were implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of
Tepui shrublands is an ecosystem
forested land is protected.[159] The country's biosphere reserve is
that is considered almost endemic
part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; five wetlands
to Venezuela and currently
are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[167] In 2003, 70% classified Least Concern (LC)
of the nation's land was under conservation management in over according to the IUCN Red List of
200 protected areas, including 43 national parks.[168] Ecosystems.[165][166]
Venezuela's 43 national parks include Canaima National Park,
Morrocoy National Park, and Mochima National Park. In the far
south is a reserve for the country's Yanomami tribes. Covering 32,000 square miles (82,880 square
kilometres), the area is off-limits to farmers, miners, and all non-Yanomami settlers.
Venezuela was one of the few countries that did not enter an INDC at COP21.[169][170] Many
terrestrial ecosystems are considered endangered, specially the dry forest in the northern regions of
the country and the coral reefs in the Caribbean coast.[165][171][172]
Government and politics

Following the fall of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958, Venezuelan politics were dominated by the Third
Way Christian democratic COPEI and the center-left social democratic Democratic Action (AD)
parties; this two-party system was formalized by the puntofijismo arrangement. Economic crises in
the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which resulted in hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of
1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and impeachment of

President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption in 1993. A collapse
in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of
Hugo Chávez, who had led the first of the 1992 coup attempts,
and the launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a
1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of
Venezuela.
The opposition's attempts to unseat Chávez included the 2002

Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, the Venezuelan general strike of
2002–2003, and the Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004, all of
which failed. Chávez was re-elected in December 2006 but
suffered a significant defeat in 2007 with the narrow rejection of
the 2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum, which had
offered two packages of constitutional reforms aimed at
deepening the Bolivarian Revolution.
Two major blocs of political parties are in Venezuela: the

National Assembly of Venezuela
incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela building
(PSUV), its major allies Fatherland for All (PPT) and the
Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), and the opposition bloc
grouped into the electoral coalition Mesa de la Unidad Democrática. This includes A New Era (UNT)
together with allied parties Project Venezuela, Justice First, Movement for Socialism (MAS) and
others. Hugo Chávez, the central figure of the Venezuelan political landscape since his election to the
presidency in 1998 as a political outsider, died in office in early 2013, and was succeeded by Nicolás
Maduro (initially as interim president, before narrowly winning the 2013 Venezuelan presidential
election).
The Venezuelan president is elected by a vote, with direct and universal suffrage, and is both head of
state and head of government. The term of office is six years, and (as of 15 February 2009) a
president may be re-elected an unlimited number of times. The president appoints the vice president
and decides the size and composition of the cabinet and makes appointments to it with the
involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he
finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections.
The president may ask the National Assembly to pass an enabling act granting the ability to rule by
decree in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly. Since 1959, six
Venezuelan presidents have been granted such powers.
The unicameral Venezuelan parliament is the Asamblea Nacional ("National Assembly"). The
number of members is variable – each state and the Capital district elect three representatives plus
the result of dividing the state population by 1.1% of the total population of the country.[173] Three
seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples. For the 2011–2016 period
the number of seats is 165.[174] All deputies serve five-year terms.
The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Voting is not compulsory.[175]
The legal system of Venezuela belongs to the Continental Law tradition. The highest judicial body is
the Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are elected by
parliament for a single two-year term. The National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral, or
CNE) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National
Assembly. Supreme Court president Luisa Estela Morales said in December 2009 that Venezuela had
moved away from "a rigid division of powers" toward a system characterized by "intense
coordination" between the branches of government. Morales clarified that each power must be
independent adding that "one thing is separation of powers and another one is division".[176]
Suspension of constitutional rights
The 2015 parliamentary elections were held on 6 December 2015

to elect the 164 deputies and three indigenous representatives of
the National Assembly. In 2014, a series of protest and
demonstrations began in Venezuela, attributed to inflation,
violence and shortages in Venezuela. The government has
accused the protest of being motivated by fascists, opposition
leaders, capitalism and foreign influence,[177] despite being
largely peaceful.[178]
Protests in Altamira, Caracas (2014)
President Maduro acknowledged PSUV defeat, but attributed the
opposition's victory to an intensification of an economic war.
Despite this, Maduro said "I will stop by hook or by crook the
opposition coming to power, whatever the costs, in any way".[179] In the following months, Maduro
fulfilled his promise of preventing the democratically and constitutionally elected National Assembly
from legislating. The first steps taken by PSUV and government were the substitution of the entire
Supreme Court a day after the Parliamentary Elections[180] contrary to the Constitution of Venezuela,
acclaimed as a fraud by the majority of the Venezuelan and international press.[181][182][183][184] The
Financial Times described the function of the Supreme Court in Venezuela as "rubber stamping
executive whims and vetoing legislation".[185] The PSUV government used this violation to suspend
several elected opponents,[186] ignoring again the Constitution of Venezuela. Maduro said that "the
Amnesty law (approved by the Parliament) will not be executed" and asked the Supreme Court to
declare it unconstitutional before the law was known.[187]
On 16 January 2016, Maduro approved an unconstitutional economic emergency decree,[188]

relegating to his own figure the legislative and executive powers, while also holding judiciary power
through the fraudulent designation of judges the day after the election on 6 December
2015.[180][181][182][183][184] From these events, Maduro effectively controls all three branches of
government. On 14 May 2016, constitutional guarantees were in fact suspended when Maduro
decreed the extension of the economic emergency decree for another 60 days and declared a State of
Emergency,[189] which is a clear violation of the Constitution of Venezuela[190] in the Article 338th:
"The approval of the extension of States of emergency corresponds to the National Assembly." Thus,
constitutional rights in Venezuela are considered suspended in fact by many publications[191][192][193]
and public figures.[194][195][196]
On 14 May 2016, the Organization of American States was considering the application of the Inter-
American Democratic Charter[197] sanctions for non-compliance to its own constitution.
In March 2017, the Venezuelan Supreme Court took over law making powers from the National
Assembly[198] but reversed its decision the following day.[199]
Foreign relations
Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations with most Latin
American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and the United States government
worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt during which the U.S. government
recognized the short-lived interim presidency of Pedro Carmona. In 2015, Venezuela was declared a
national security threat by U.S. president Barack Obama.[200][201][202] Correspondingly, ties to
various Latin American and Middle Eastern countries not allied to the U.S. have strengthened. For
example, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki declared in 2015 that Venezuela was his
country's "most important ally".[203]
Venezuela seeks alternative hemispheric integration via such

proposals as the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas trade
proposal and the newly launched Latin American television
network teleSUR. Venezuela is one of five nations in the world—
along with Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria—to have
recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Venezuela was a proponent of OAS's decision to adopt its Anti-
Corruption Convention[204] and is actively working in the
Mercosur trade bloc to push increased trade and energy
integration. Globally, it seeks a "multi-polar" world based on
strengthened ties among undeveloped countries.
On 26 April 2017, Venezuela The Guayana Esequiba claim area

announced its intention to is a territory administered by
withdraw from the OAS.[205] Guyana and claimed by Venezuela.
Venezuelan Foreign Minister
Delcy Rodríguez said that
President Nicolás Maduro plans to publicly renounce Venezuela's
membership on 27 April 2017. It will take two years for the
country to formally leave. During this period, the country does
President Maduro among other
not plan on participating in the OAS.[206]
Latin American leaders participating
Venezuela is involved in a long-standing disagreement about the
in a 2017 ALBA gathering
control of the Guayana Esequiba area.
Venezuela may suffer a deterioration of its power in international

affairs if the global transition to renewable energy is completed. It is ranked 151 out of 156 countries
in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after energy transition (GeGaLo).[207]
Military
The Bolivarian National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic

of Venezuela (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB) are
the overall unified military forces of Venezuela. It includes over
320,150 men and women, under Article 328 of the Constitution,
in 5 components of Ground, Sea and Air. The components of the
Bolivarian National Armed Forces are: the Venezuelan Army, the
Venezuelan Navy, the Venezuelan Air Force, the Venezuelan
National Guard, and the Venezuelan National Militia.
A Sukhoi SU-30MKV of the
As of 2008, a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a Venezuelan Air Force
new branch, known as the Armed Reserve. The president of
Venezuela is the commander-in-chief of the national armed
forces. The main roles of the armed forces are to defend the sovereign national territory of Venezuela,
airspace, and islands, fight against drug trafficking, to search and rescue and, in the case of a natural
disaster, civil protection. All male citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to register for the
military service at the age of 18, which is the age of majority in Venezuela.
Law and crime
In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes.[216] Violent crimes have been so prevalent in
Venezuela that the government no longer produces the crime data.[217] In 2013, the homicide rate
was approximately 79 per 100,000, one of the world's highest, having quadrupled in the past 15 years
with over 200,000 people murdered.[218] By

2015, it had risen to 90 per 100,000.[219] The
country's body count of the previous decade
mimics that of the Iraq War and in some
instances had more civilian deaths even though
the country is at peacetime.[220] The capital
Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of
any large city in the world, with 122 homicides
per 100,000 residents.[221] In 2008, polls
indicated that crime was the number one concern
of voters.[222] Attempts at fighting crime such as
Operation Liberation of the People were
implemented to crack down on gang-controlled
Murder rate (murder per 100,000 citizens) from 1998 to
areas[223] but, of reported criminal acts, less than
2018.
2% are prosecuted.[224] In 2017, the Financial Sources: OVV,[208][209] PROVEA,[210][211]
Times noted that some of the arms procured by UN[210][211][212]
the government over the previous two decades * UN line between 2007 and 2012 is simulated missing
had been diverted to paramilitary civilian groups data.
and criminal syndicates.[185]
Venezuela is especially dangerous toward foreign

travelers and investors who are visiting. The
United States Department of State and the
Government of Canada have warned foreign
visitors that they may be subjected to robbery,
kidnapping for a ransom or sale to terrorist
organizations[225] and murder, and that their
own diplomatic travelers are required to travel in
armored vehicles.[226][227] The United Kingdom's
Foreign and Commonwealth Office has advised
against all travel to Venezuela.[228] Visitors have
been murdered during robberies and criminals
do not discriminate among their victims. Former
Miss Venezuela 2004 winner Mónica Spear and
her ex-husband were murdered and their 5-year- Number of kidnappings in Venezuela 1989–2011
old daughter was shot while vacationing in Source: CICPC[213][214][215]
Venezuela, and an elderly German tourist was * Express kidnappings may not be included in data
murdered only a few weeks later.[229][230]
There are approximately 33 prisons holding

about 50,000 inmates.[231] They include; El
Rodeo outside of Caracas, Yare Prison in the
northern state of Miranda, and several others.
Venezuela's prison system is heavily overcrowded; its facilities have capacity for only 14,000
prisoners.[232]
Corruption
Corruption in Venezuela is high by world standards and was so for much of the 20th century. The
discovery of oil had worsened political corruption,[233] and by the late 1970s, Juan Pablo Pérez
Alfonso's description of oil as "the Devil's excrement" had become a common expression in
Venezuela.[234] Venezuela has been ranked one of the most corrupt countries on the Corruption
Perceptions Index since the survey started in 1995. The 2010 ranking placed Venezuela at number
164, out of 178 ranked countries in government transparency.[235] By 2016, the rank had increased to
166 out of 178.[236] Similarly, the World Justice Project ranked Venezuela 99th out of 99 countries
surveyed in its 2014 Rule of Law Index.[237]
This corruption is shown with Venezuela's significant involvement in drug trafficking, with
Colombian cocaine and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe. In
the period 2003 - 2008 Venezuelan authorities seized the fifth largest total quantity of cocaine in the
world, behind Colombia, the United States, Spain and Panama.[238] In 2006, the government's
agency for combating illegal drug trade in Venezuela, ONA, was incorporated into the office of the
vice-president of the country. However, many major government and military officials have been
known for their involvement with drug trafficking; especially with the October 2013 incident of men
from the Venezuelan National Guard placing 1.3 tons of cocaine on a Paris flight knowing they will
not face charges.[239]
States and regions of Venezuela

Venezuela is divided into 23 states (estados), a capital district (distrito capital) corresponding to the
city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies (Dependencias Federales, a special territory).
Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities (municipios); these are subdivided into over
one thousand parishes (parroquias). The states are grouped into nine administrative regions
(regiones administrativas), which were established in 1969 by presidential decree.
The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and
biogeographical regions. In the north are the Venezuelan Andes and the Coro region, a mountainous
tract in the northwest, holds several sierras and valleys. East of it are lowlands abutting Lake
Maracaibo and the Gulf of Venezuela.
The Central Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas; the Eastern
Range, separated from the Central Range by the Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of Sucre and northern
Monagas. The Insular Region includes all of Venezuela's island possessions: Nueva Esparta and the
various Federal Dependencies. The Orinoco Delta, which forms a triangle covering Delta Amacuro,
projects northeast into the Atlantic Ocean.
Caribbean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Federal Dependencies
Falcón
Vargas Nueva Esparta
Yaracuy D. C. Sucre Trinidad and Tobago
Lara Miranda
Zulia Carabobo
Aragua
Trujillo Cojedes Monagas
Portuguesa
Guárico Anzoátegui Delta Amacuro
Mérida
Barinas
Táchira
Apure
Bolívar
Guyana
Amazonas
Colombia
Brazil
State Capital State Capital

Amazonas Puerto Ayacucho Mérida Mérida
Anzoátegui Barcelona Miranda Los Teques
Apure San Fernando de Apure Monagas Maturín
Aragua Maracay Nueva Esparta La Asunción
Barinas Barinas Portuguesa Guanare
Bolívar Ciudad Bolívar Sucre Cumaná
Carabobo Valencia Táchira San Cristóbal
Cojedes San Carlos Trujillo Trujillo
Delta Amacuro Tucupita Yaracuy San Felipe
Caracas Caracas Zulia Maracaibo
Falcón Coro Vargas La Guaira
Guárico San Juan de los Morros Federal Dependencies1 El Gran Roque
Lara Barquisimeto
1 The Federal Dependencies are not states. They are just special divisions of the territory.
Largest cities
Largest metropolitan areas
Economy
Venezuela has a market-based mixed economy dominated by the petroleum sector,[241][242] which
accounts for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of government
revenues. Per capita GDP for 2016 was estimated to be US$15,100, ranking 109th in the world.[65]
Venezuela has the least expensive petrol in the world because the
consumer price of petrol is heavily subsidized. The private sector
controls two-thirds of Venezuela's economy.[243]
The Central Bank of Venezuela is responsible for developing

monetary policy for the Venezuelan bolívar which is used as
currency. The president of the Central Bank of Venezuela serves
as the country's representative in the International Monetary
Fund. The U.S.-based conservative think tank The Heritage
Foundation, cited in The Wall Street Journal, claims Venezuela
Graphical depiction of Venezuela's has the weakest property rights in the world, scoring only 5.0 on
product exports in 28 color-coded a scale of 100; expropriation without compensation is not
categories uncommon.
As of 2011, more than 60% of Venezuela's international reserves

was in gold, eight times more than the average for the region. Most of Venezuela's gold held abroad
was located in London. On 25 November 2011, the first of US$11 billion of repatriated gold bullion
arrived in Caracas; Chávez called the repatriation of gold a "sovereign" step that will help protect the
country's foreign reserves from the turmoil in the U.S. and Europe.[244] However government policies
quickly spent down this returned gold and in 2013 the government was forced to add the dollar
reserves of state owned companies to those of the national bank to reassure the international bond
market.[245]
Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in

2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports
heavy industry products such as steel,
aluminium and cement, with production
concentrated around Ciudad Guayana, near
the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world
and the provider of about three-quarters of
Venezuela's electricity. Other notable
manufacturing includes electronics and
automobiles, as well as beverages, and
foodstuffs. Agriculture in Venezuela accounts
for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor
force, and at least a quarter of Venezuela's land
area. The country is not self-sufficient in most
areas of agriculture. In 2012, total food
consumption was over 26 million metric
Annual variation of real GDP according to the Central
tonnes, a 94.8% increase from 2003.[248]
Bank of Venezuela (2016 preliminary)[246][247]
Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th
century, Venezuela has been one of the world's
leading exporters of oil, and it is a founding member of OPEC. Previously an underdeveloped
exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports
and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running
economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995[249]
as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak.[250] The
1990s also saw Venezuela experience a major banking crisis in 1994.
The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending.
With social programs such as the Bolivarian Missions, Venezuela initially made progress in social
development in the 2000s, particularly in areas such as health, education, and poverty. Many of the
social policies pursued by Chávez and his administration were jump-started by the Millennium
Development Goals, eight goals that Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to in September
2000.[251] The sustainability of the Bolivarian Missions has been

questioned due to the Bolivarian state's overspending on public
works and because the Chávez government did not save funds for
future economic hardships like other OPEC nations; with
economic issues and poverty rising as a result of their policies in
the 2010s.[24][252][253] In 2003 the government of Hugo Chávez
implemented currency controls after capital flight led to a
devaluation of the currency. This led to the development of a
parallel market of dollars in the subsequent years. The fallout of
the 2008 global financial crisis saw a renewed economic
downturn. Despite controversial data shared by the Venezuelan
government showing that the country had halved malnutrition
following one of the UN's Millennium Development
Goals,[114][254] shortages of staple goods began to occur in
Venezuela and malnutrition began to increase.[114]
Business Center Sabana Grande
(2018), headquarters of Petrocaribe In early 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to growing
shortages in the country.[255][256][257] The shortages included,
and still include, necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and
flour.[258] Fears rose so high due to the toilet paper shortage that the government occupied a toilet
paper factory, and continued further plans to nationalize other industrial aspects like food
distribution.[259][260] Venezuela's bond ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to
decisions by the president Nicolás Maduro. One of his decisions was to force stores and their
warehouses to sell all of their products, which led to even more shortages in the future.[261] In 2016,
consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18.6%, entering an
economic depression.[262][263] Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating
services in 2017.[264][265] For 2018 an inflation rate of 1,000,000 percent was projected, putting
Venezuela in a similar situation to that in Germany in 1923 or Zimbabwe in the late 2000s.[266]
Tourism
Tourism has been developed considerably in recent decades,

particularly because of its favorable geographical position, the
variety of landscapes, the richness of plant and wildlife, the
artistic expressions and the privileged tropical climate of the
country, which affords each region (especially the beaches)
throughout the year.
Margarita Island is one of the top tourist destinations for Margarita Island
enjoyment and relaxation. It is an island with a modern
infrastructure, bordered by beautiful beaches suitable for
extreme sports, and features castles, fortresses and churches of great cultural value.
Shortages
Shortages in Venezuela have been prevalent following the enactment of price controls and other
policies during the economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government.[267][268] Under the economic
policy of the Nicolás Maduro government, greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan
government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls.[269]
Shortages occur in regulated products, such as milk, various types of meat, coffee, rice, oil, flour,
butter, and other goods including basic necessities like toilet paper, personal hygiene products, and
even medicine.[267][270][271] As a result of the shortages, Venezuelans must search for food, wait in
lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain

products.[272][273] Maduro's government has blamed the
shortages on "bourgeois criminals" hoarding goods.[274]
A drought, combined with a lack of planning and maintenance,

has caused a hydroelectricity shortage. To deal with lack of power
supply, in April 2016 the Maduro government announced rolling
blackouts[275] and reduced the government workweek to only
Monday and Tuesday.[276] A multi-university study found that, in
2016 alone, about 75% of Venezuelans lost weight due to hunger, Empty shelves in a store in
with the average losing about 8.6 kg (19 lbs) due to the lack of Venezuela due to shortages
food.[277]
By late-2016 and into 2017, Venezuelans had to search for food on a daily basis, occasionally
resorting to eating wild fruit or garbage, wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having
certain products.[278][273][279][280][281] By early 2017, priests began telling Venezuelans to label their
garbage so needy individuals could feed on their refuse.[282] In March 2017, Venezuela, with the
largest oil reserves in the world, began having shortages of gasoline in some regions with reports that
fuel imports had begun.[283]
Petroleum and other resources
Venezuela has the largest oil reserves, and the eighth largest
natural gas reserves in the world.[284] Compared to the preceding
year another 40.4% in crude oil reserves were proven in 2010,
allowing Venezuela to surpass Saudi Arabia as the country with
the largest reserves of this type.[285] The country's main
petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake
Maracaibo, the Gulf of Venezuela (both in Zulia), and in the Paraguaná Refinery Complex in
Orinoco River basin (eastern Venezuela), where the country's Falcón
largest reserve is located. Besides the largest conventional oil
reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the
Western Hemisphere,[286] Venezuela has non-conventional oil
deposits (extra-heavy crude oil, bitumen and tar sands)
approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional
oil.[287] The electricity sector in Venezuela is one of the few to
rely primarily on hydropower, and includes the Guri Dam, one of
the largest in the world.
A map of world oil reserves
In the first half of the 20th century, U.S. oil companies were according to OPEC, 2013.
heavily involved in Venezuela, initially interested only in Venezuela has the world's largest oil
purchasing concessions.[288] In 1943 a new government reserves.
introduced a 50/50 split in profits between the government and
the oil industry. In 1960, with a newly installed democratic
government, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of OPEC, the
consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of oil.[289]
In 1973, Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1 January 1976, with
Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) taking over and presiding over a number of holding companies; in
subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the U.S. and Europe.[290]
In the 1990s PDVSA became more independent from the government and presided over an apertura
(opening) in which it invited in foreign investment. Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on
foreign investment.
The state oil company PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002 – February 2003 national
strike which sought President Chávez' resignation. Managers and skilled highly paid technicians of
PDVSA shut down the plants and left their posts, and by some reports sabotaged equipment, and
petroleum production and refining by PDVSA almost ceased. Activities eventually were slowly
restarted by returning and substitute oil workers. As a result of the strike, around 40% of the
company's workforce (around 18,000 workers) were dismissed for "dereliction of duty" during the
strike.[291][292]
Transport
Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air

(Venezuela's airports include the Simón Bolívar International
Airport in Maiquetía, near Caracas and La Chinita International
Airport near Maracaibo) and sea (with major sea ports at La
Guaira, Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello). In the south and east the
Amazon rainforest region has limited cross-border transport; in
the west, there is a mountainous border of over 2,213 kilometres
(1,375 mi) shared with Colombia. The Orinoco River is navigable
Caracas Metro in Plaza Venezuela
by oceangoing vessels up to 400 kilometres (250 mi) inland, and
connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the
Atlantic Ocean.
Venezuela has a limited national railway system, which has no active rail connections to other
countries. The government of Hugo Chávez tried to invest in expanding it, but Venezuela's rail project
is on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion and owing China Railway nearly
$500 million.[293] Several major cities have metro systems; the Caracas Metro has been operating
since 1983. The Maracaibo Metro and Valencia Metro were opened more recently. Venezuela has a
road network of nearly 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) in length, placing the country around 45th in
the world;[294] around a third of roads are paved.
Demographics
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin Historical population
America;[13][14] the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the
largest city. About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in 1950 5,094,000 —
northern Venezuela; 73% live less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) 1960 7,562,000 +4.03%
from the coastline.[297] Though almost half of Venezuela's land 1970 10,681,000 +3.51%
area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. 1980 15,036,000 +3.48%
The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is 1990 19,685,000 +2.73%
Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous 2000 24,348,000 +2.15%
conurbation.[298] Other major cities include Barquisimeto, 2011 28,400,000 +1.41%
Valencia, Maracay, Maracaibo, Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz, Mérida 2016 31,028,337 +1.79%
and San Cristóbal. [295][296]
Source: United Nations
According to a 2014 study by sociologists of the Central University
of Venezuela, over 1.5 million Venezuelans, or about 4% to 6% of the country's population, have left
Venezuela since 1999 following the Bolivarian Revolution.[299][300]
Ethnic groups
Racial and Ethnic Composition (2011 Census)[1]
Race/Ethnicity
The people of Venezuela come from a variety of Mestizo 51.6%

ancestries. It is estimated that the majority of the White 43.6%
population is of mestizo, or mixed, ethnic ancestry. Black 2.9%
Nevertheless, in the 2011 census, which Afro-descendant 0.7%
Venezuelans were asked to identify themselves Other races 1.2%
according to their customs and ancestry, the term
mestizo was excluded from the answers. The
majority claimed to be mestizo or white—51.6% and 43.6%, respectively.[1] Practically half of the
population claimed to be moreno, a term used throughout Ibero-America that in this case means
"dark-skinned" or "brown-skinned", as opposed to having a lighter skin (this term connotes skin
color or tone, rather than facial features or descent).
Ethnic minorities in Venezuela consist of groups that descend mainly from African or indigenous
peoples; 2.8% identified themselves as "black" and 0.7% as afrodescendiente (Afro-descendant),
2.6% claimed to belong to indigenous peoples, and 1.2% answered "other races".[1][1]
Among indigenous people, 58% were Wayúu, 7% Warao, 5% Kariña, 4% Pemón, 3% Piaroa, 3% Jivi,
3% Añu, 3% Cumanágoto, 2% Yukpa, 2% Chaima and 1% Yanomami; the remaining 9% consisted of
other indigenous nations.[301]
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasília (UNB),
the composition of Venezuela's population is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of indigenous
contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution.[302]
During the colonial period and until after the Second World War, many of the European immigrants
to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands,[303] which had a significant cultural impact on the
cuisine and customs of Venezuela.[304][305][306] These influences on Venezuela have led to the nation
being called the 8th island of the Canaries.[307][308] With the start of oil exploitation in the early 20th
century, companies from the United States began establishing operations in Venezuela, bringing with
them U.S. citizens. Later, during and after the war, new waves of immigrants from other parts of
Europe, the Middle East, and China began; many were encouraged by government-established
immigration programs and lenient immigration policies.[309] During the 20th century, Venezuela,
along with the rest of Latin America, received millions of immigrants from Europe.[310][311] This was
especially true post-World War II, as a consequence of war-ridden Europe.[310][311][312] During the
1970s, while experiencing an oil-export boom, Venezuela received millions of immigrants from
Ecuador, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic.[312] Due to the belief that this immigration influx
depressed wages, some Venezuelans opposed European immigration.[312] The Venezuelan
government, however, were actively recruiting immigrants from Eastern Europe to fill a need for
engineers.[310] Millions of Colombians, as well as Middle Eastern and Haitian populations would
continue immigrating to Venezuela into the early 21st century.[309]
According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and
Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of refugee and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering
252,200 in 2007, and 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007.[313] Between 500,000
and one million illegal immigrants are estimated to be living in the country.[314]
The total indigenous population of the country is estimated at about 500 thousand people (2.8% of
the total), distributed among 40 indigenous peoples.[315] There are three uncontacted tribes living in
Venezuela. The Constitution recognizes the multi-ethnic, pluri-cultural, and multilingual character of
the country and includes a chapter devoted to indigenous peoples' rights, which opened up spaces for
their political inclusion at national and local level in 1999. Most indigenous peoples are concentrated
in eight states along Venezuela's borders with Brazil, Guyana, and Colombia, and the majority groups
are the Wayuu (west), the Warao (east), the Yanomami (south), and the Pemon (southeast).
Languages
Although most residents are monolingual Spanish speakers, many

languages are spoken in Venezuela. In addition to Spanish, the
Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages,
including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official
use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than
1% of the total population. Wayuu is the most spoken indigenous
language with 170,000 speakers.[316]
Moreno (Mestizo) population of
Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages. Venezuela in 2011
Chinese (400,000), Portuguese (254,000),[316] and Italian
(200,000)[317] are the most spoken languages in Venezuela after the
official language of Spanish. Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and
Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto
la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas. Portuguese is spoken not
only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but
also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil.[318]
The German community speaks their native language, while the
people of Colonia Tovar speak mostly an Alemannic dialect of
German called alemán coloniero. White population of Venezuela in
2011
English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is
spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the
upper and middle classes as a result of the oil exploration done by
foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a lingua franca.
Culturally, English is common in southern towns like El Callao, and
the native English-speaking influence is evident in folk and calypso
songs from the region. English was brought to Venezuela by
Trinidadian and other British West Indies immigrants.[319] A
variety of Antillean Creole is spoken by a small community in El
Callao and Paria.[320] Italian language teaching is guaranteed by the
Amerindian population of
presence of a consistent number of private Venezuelan schools and Venezuela in 2011
institutions, where Italian language courses and Italian literature
are active. Other languages spoken by large communities in the
country are Basque and Galician, among others.
Religion
According to a 2011 poll (GIS XXI), 88% of the population is

Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), and the remaining 17%
Protestant, primarily Evangelicals (in Latin America Protestants are
usually called "evangelicos"). 8% of Venezuelans are irreligious Black and Afrodescendant
population of Venezuela in 2011
(atheist 2% and agnostic and 6% indifferent). Almost 3% of the
population follow another religion (1% of these people practice
Santería).[2]
There are small but influential Muslim, Buddhist, and Jewish communities. The Muslim community
of more than 100,000 is concentrated among persons of Lebanese and Syrian descent living in Nueva
Esparta State, Punto Fijo and the Caracas area. Buddhism in Venezuela is practiced by over 52,000
people. The Buddhist community is made up mainly of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean people. There
are Buddhist centers in Caracas, Maracay, Mérida, Puerto Ordáz, San Felipe, and Valencia.
The Jewish community has shrunk in recent years due to rising

antisemitism in Venezuela,[321][322][323][324][325] with the
population declining from 22,000 in 1999[326] to less than 7,000 in
2015.[327]
Culture
The culture of Venezuela is a melting pot made up of three main
groups: The Indigenous Venezuelans, the Africans, and the Spanish.
The first two cultures were in turn differentiated according to their
tribes. Acculturation and assimilation, typical of a cultural
syncretism, led to the Venezuelan culture of the present day, which
Religion in Venezuela
is similar in many ways to the culture of the rest of Latin America,
(2011)[2]
but still has its own unique characteristics.
Catholic (71%)
The indigenous and African influence is limited to a few words, food
names, and place names. However, the Africans also brought in Protestant (17%)
many musical influences, especially introduction of the drum. The Agnostic/Atheist (7%)
Spanish influence predominantes due to the colonization process Other religion (3%)
and the socioeconomic structure it created, and in particular came
No answer (1%)
from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura (the places of origin
of most of the settlers in the Caribbean during the colonial era).
Spanish influences can be seen in the country's architecture, music,
religion, and language.
Spanish influences can also be seen in the bullfights that take

place in Venezuela, and in certain gastronomical features.
Venezuela was also enriched by immigration streams of Indian
and European origin in the 19th century, especially from France.
Most recently, immigration from the United States, Spain, Italy,
and Portugal has further enriched the already complex cultural
mosaic (especially in large oil-producing cities).
Architecture
Carlos Raúl Villanueva was the most important Venezuelan

The joropo, as depicted in a 1912 architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of
drawing by Eloy Palacios Venezuela, (a World Heritage Site) and its Aula Magna. Other
notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the Baralt
Theatre, the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, and the General
Rafael Urdaneta Bridge.
Art
Venezuelan art was initially dominated by religious motifs. However, in the late 19th century, artists
began emphasizing historical and heroic representations of the country's struggle for
independence.[328][329] This move was led by Martín Tovar y Tovar.[329][330] Modernism took over in
the 20th century.[330] Notable Venezuelan artists include Arturo Michelena, Cristóbal Rojas,
Armando Reverón, Manuel Cabré; the kinetic artists Jesús Soto, Gego and Carlos Cruz-Diez;[330] and
contemporary artists such as Marisol and Yucef Merhi.[331][332]
Literature
Venezuelan literature originated soon after the Spanish conquest

of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies.[333] It was
originally dominated by Spanish influences. Following the rise of
political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence,
Venezuelan Romanticism, notably expounded by Juan Vicente
González, emerged as the first important genre in the region.
Although mainly focused on narrative writing, Venezuelan
literature was advanced by poets such as Andrés Eloy Blanco and
Fermín Toro.
Major writers and novelists include Rómulo Gallegos, Teresa de

la Parra, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Adriano González León, Miguel
Otero Silva, and Mariano Picón Salas. The great poet and
humanist Andrés Bello was also an educator and intellectual (He Antonio Herrera Toro, self portrait
was also a childhood tutor and mentor of Simón Bolívar). Others, 1880
such as Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul,
contributed to Venezuelan Positivism.
Music
The indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by

groups like Un Sólo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa. The
national musical instrument is the cuatro. Traditional musical
styles and songs mainly emerged in and around the llanos region,
including, "Alma llanera" (by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez and Rafael
Bolívar Coronado), "Florentino y el diablo" (by Alberto Arvelo
Torrealba), "Concierto en la llanura" by Juan Vicente Torrealba,
and "Caballo viejo" (by Simón Díaz).
The Zulian gaita is also a very popular genre, generally performed The Guanaguanare dance, a
during Christmas. The national dance is the joropo.[334] popular dance in Portuguesa State
Venezuela has always been a melting pot of cultures and this can
be seen in the richness and variety of its musical styles and
dances: calipso, bambuco, fulía, cantos de pilado de maíz, cantos de lavanderas, sebucán, and
maremare.[335] Teresa Carreño was a world-famous 19th century piano virtuoso. Recently, great
classical music performances have come out of Venezuela. The Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra, under
the leadership of its principal conductor Gustavo Dudamel and José Antonio Abreu, has hosted a
number of excellent concerts in many European concert halls, most notably at the 2007 London
Proms, and has received several honors. The orchestra is the pinnacle of El Sistema, a publicly
financed, voluntary music education program now being emulated in other countries.
In the early 21st century, a movement known as "Movida Acústica Urbana" featured musicians trying
to save some national traditions, creating their own original songs but using traditional
instruments.[336][337] Some groups following this movement are Tambor Urbano,[338] Los
Sinverguenzas, C4Trío, and Orozco Jam.[339]
Afro-Venezuelan musical traditions are most intimately related to the festivals of the "black folk
saints" San Juan and St. Benedict the Moor. Specific songs are related to the different stages of their
festivals and processions, when the saints start their yearly "paseo" – stroll – through the community
to dance with their people.
Sport
The origins of baseball in Venezuela are unclear, although it is

known that the sport was being played in the country by the late
19th century.[340] In the early 20th century, North American
immigrants who came to Venezuela to work in the nation's oil
industry helped to popularize the sport in Venezuela.[341] During
the 1930s, baseball's popularity continued to rise in the country,
leading to the foundation of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball
League (LVBP) in 1945, and the sport would soon become the
Venezuela national baseball team in
nation's most popular.[342][343]
2015
The immense popularity of baseball in the country makes
Venezuela a rarity among its South American neighbors—
association football is the dominant sport in the continent.[341][343][344] However, football, as well as
basketball, are among the more popular sports played in Venezuela.[345] Venezuela hosted the 2012
Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament and the 2013 FIBA Basketball Americas
Championship, which took place in the Poliedro de Caracas.
Although not as popular in Venezuela as the rest of South

America, football, spearheaded by the Venezuela national
football team is gaining popularity as well. The sport is also noted
for having an increased focus during the World Cup.[345]
According to the CONMEBOL alphabetical rotation policy
established in 2011, Venezuela is scheduled to host the Copa
América every 40 years.[346]
Venezuela national football team,
Venezuela is also home to former Formula 1 driver, Pastor popularly known as the "Vinotinto"
Maldonado.[347] At the 2012 Spanish Grand Prix, he claimed his
first pole and victory, and became the first and only Venezuelan
to have done so in Formula 1 history.[347] Maldonado has increased the reception of Formula 1 in
Venezuela, helping to popularize the sport in the country.[348]
In the 2012 Summer Olympics, Venezuelan Rubén Limardo won a gold medal in fencing.[349]
Cuisine
The Venezuelan cuisine reflects the climatic contrasts and cultures that coexist in Venezuela. Among
Venezuela's dishes are the hallaca, pabellón criollo, arepas, empanadas, pisca andina, tarkarí de
chivo, jalea de mango, patacones, and fried camiguanas.
Education
The literacy rate of the adult population was already at 91.1% by
1998.[350] In 2008, 95.2% of the adult population was
literate.[351] The net primary school enrollment rate was at 91%
and the net secondary school enrollment rate was at 63% in
2005.[351] Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the
most prestigious are the Central University of Venezuela (UCV)
founded in Caracas in 1721, the University of Zulia (LUZ) Central University of Venezuela
founded in 1891, the University of the Andes (ULA) founded in
Mérida State in 1810, the Simón Bolívar University (USB) founded in Miranda State in 1967, and the
University of the East (UDO) founded in Sucre State in 1958.
Currently, many Venezuelan graduates seek a future abroad

because of the country's troubled economy and heavy crime rate.
In a study titled "Venezolana Community Abroad: A New Method
of Exile" by Thomas Páez, Mercedes Vivas, and Juan Rafael
Pulido of the Central University of Venezuela, over 1.35 million
Venezuelan college graduates have left the country since the
beginning of the Bolivarian Revolution.[299][300] It is believed
that nearly 12% of Venezuelans live abroad, with Ireland
becoming a popular destination for students.[355] According to
Claudio Bifano, president of the Venezuelan Academy of
Illiteracy rate in Venezuela based on Physical, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, more than half of
data from UNESCO[352][353] and the all medical graduates had left Venezuela in 2013.[356]
Instituto Nacional de Estadística
(INE) of Venezuela[354] By 2018, over half of all Venezuelan children had dropped out of
school, with 58% of students quitting nationwide while areas
near bordering countries saw more than 80% of their students
leave.[357][358] Nationwide, about 93% of schools do not meet the minimum requirements to operate
and 77% do not have utilities such as food, water or electricity.[358]
Health
Venezuela has a national universal health care
system. The current government has created a
program to expand access to health care known
as Misión Barrio Adentro,[360][361] although its
efficiency and work conditions have been
criticized.[362][363][364] It has been reported that
many Misión Barrio Adentro clinics have been
closed, and (as of December 2014) it is
estimated that 80% of Barrio Adentro
establishments in Venezuela are
abandoned. [365][366]
Infant mortality in Venezuela was 19 deaths per

1,000 births for 2014 which was lower than the Cases of malaria in Venezuela according to the Ministry
South American average (To compare: The U.S. of Popular Power for Health[359]
figure was 6 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013 and
the Canadian figure was 4.5 deaths per 1,000
live births).[367] Child malnutrition (defined as stunting or wasting in children under the age of five)
was 17%. Delta Amacuro and Amazonas had the nation's highest rates.[368] According to the United
Nations, 32% of Venezuelans lacked adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas.[369]
Diseases ranging from diphtheria, plague, malaria,[224] typhoid fever, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis
A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis D were present in the country.[370] Obesity was prevalent in
approximately 30% of the adult population in Venezuela.[367]
Venezuela had a total of 150 sewage treatment plants; however, 13% of the population lacked access
to drinking water, but this number had been dropping.[371]
During the economic crisis observed under President Maduro's presidency, medical professionals
were forced to perform outdated treatments on patients.[372]
See also
Index of Venezuela-related articles
Outline of Venezuela
Deaths of children under one year in Venezuela

according to the Ministry of Popular Power for Health[359]
Notes
1. Recognized as president by the National Constituent Assembly, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice,
the National Electoral Council, National Bolivarian Armed Forces and the United Nations.[3]
2. Recognized as president by the National Assembly and the Supreme Tribunal in Exile.
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(http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/144581/siete-medicos-cubanos-demandan-a-cuba-
y-venezuela-por-esclavitud-moderna/) on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
64. Vinogradoff, Ludmila (13 November 2014). "16 November 2014" (http://www.abc.es/internacional/
20141112/abci-medicos-cubanos-desertores-en-masa-venezuela-201411111936.html). ABC
(Spanish). Retrieved 16 November 2014.
65. Matheus, Ricardo. Abandonados 70% de módulos de BA (http://www.2001.com.ve/registro_notici
as.asp?registro=81599&sw=1) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004706/http://ww
w.2001.com.ve/registro_noticias.asp?registro=81599&sw=1) 27 September 2007 at the Wayback
Machine Diario 2001 (29 July 2007).
66. "El 80% de los módulos de Barrio Adentro del país está cerrado" (http://www.lapatilla.com/site/20
14/12/08/el-80-de-los-modulos-de-barrio-adentro-del-pais-esta-cerrado/). La Patilla. 8 December
2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
67. "The World Factbook" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html).
Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
68. "Venezuela" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070318223523/http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/ve
n-e.stm). Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2006.. FAO.org.
69. Venezuela (http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/venezuela_statistics.html). Unicef.org.
70. Venezuela (https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/25/venezuela.essentialinfo) Guardian.
25 October 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
71. Chávez Frías 2004.

72. Dreier, Hannah (24 March 2015). "Mastectomies on the rise in Venezuela amid economic crisis"
(http://bigstory.ap.org/article/9b2d9fe90c114e7b9b9a93854e81532f/mastectomies-rise-venezuela
-amid-economic-crisis). Associated Press. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
Bibliography
Articles
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Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley.
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Quest for Change" (https://books.google.com/books?id=rtJVhJZF6WgC). In McCoy, Jennifer L.;
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Talks and interviews
Lander, Edgardo (April 2014). "The Modern History of Venezuela (9 parts)" (http://therealnews.co
m/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=832&Itemid=74&jumival=1168).
External links
Last archived iteration of official government website, which appears to be down (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20180727155013/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/home/homeG.dot) (in Spanish)
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055048/https://www.c
ia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-v/venezuela.html)
"Venezuela" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html). The World
Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Venezuela (https://web.archive.org/web/20080607090601/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpub
s/for/venezuela.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Venezuela (https://curlie.org/Regional/South_America/Venezuela/) at Curlie
Venezuela (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vetoc.html) from the Library of Congress Country Studies
(1990)
Venezuela profile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229345.stm) from the
BBC News
Geographic data related to Venezuela (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/272644) at
OpenStreetMap (in Swedish)
Maps on Venezuela – Cartographic features (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234858/http://
www.cartografareilpresente.org/rubrique109.html?lang=en)
Key Development Forecasts for Venezuela (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Co
untry=VE) from International Futures
Venezuela and Tourism (https://web.archive.org/web/20131218043924/http://www.immigrationtov
enezuela.com.ve/index.php/2013-10-02-22-52-18/2013-10-02-22-58-18) from
immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve] (in Arabic)
Wikimedia Atlas of Venezuela
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&oldid=967629524"
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18.07.

2020 Venezuela - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 7°N 65°W

Venezuela (/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/; American Spanish: [beneˈswela]

The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Flag

The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522

reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years Carib

Foreign relations United Nations 1945

Etymology ISO 3166 code VE

Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela d. ^

Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as

It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the

In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher

Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise, for

being inside and in such close proximity to salt water;

Independence and 19th century

After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela, under the

Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate

In 1895, a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the

The discovery of massive oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo during

In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita and

The most powerful man in the military junta (1948–1958) was

During the presidencies of Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello

to devalue the currency in February 1983 to face its financial

During the presidency of Luis Herrera Campins (1979–1984),

The bolivar was devalued in February 1983, unleashing a strong

Bolivarian government: 1999–present

Hugo Chávez: 1999–2013

A collapse in confidence in the existing parties led to Chávez

Nicolás Maduro: 2013–present

Nicolás Maduro has been the president of Venezuela since 14

In the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the opposition gained a majority.[111]

In 2017, Venezuela experienced a constitutional crisis in the

In December 2017, President Maduro declared that leading

Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern

The northern mountains are the extreme

The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based

The highest temperature recorded was 42 °C (108 °F) in

Venezuela lies within the

true total number of fungal species already known from

Among plants of Venezuela, over 25,000 species of orchids are

Venezuela is one of the 10 most biodiverse countries on the

Government and politics

1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and impeachment of

The opposition's attempts to unseat Chávez included the 2002

Two major blocs of political parties are in Venezuela: the

The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Voting is not compulsory.[175]

Suspension of constitutional rights

The 2015 parliamentary elections were held on 6 December 2015

On 16 January 2016, Maduro approved an unconstitutional economic emergency decree,[188]

Venezuela seeks alternative hemispheric integration via such

On 26 April 2017, Venezuela The Guayana Esequiba claim area

Venezuela may suffer a deterioration of its power in international

The Bolivarian National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic

Law and crime

with over 200,000 people murdered.[218] By

Venezuela is especially dangerous toward foreign

There are approximately 33 prisons holding

States and regions of Venezuela

State Capital State Capital

Largest metropolitan areas

The Central Bank of Venezuela is responsible for developing

As of 2011, more than 60% of Venezuela's international reserves

Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in