Taxa of Vascular Plants Endemic To The Carpathian MTS: Preslia March 2016

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Taxa of vascular plants endemic to the Carpathian Mts
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Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016 19
Taxa of vascular plants endemic to the Carpathian Mts
Endemické taxóny cievnatých rastlín v Karpatoch
Ján K l i m e n t1, Peter T u r i s2 & Monika J a n i š o v á3
Dedicated to the memory of Ján Futák and Halina Piękoś-Mirkowa
1
Botanical Garden of Comenius University, SK-038 15 Blatnica 315, Slovakia, e-mail:
kliment@rec.uniba.sk; 2Administration of National Park Nízke Tatry, Lazovná 10,
SK-974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, e-mail: peter.turis@sopsr.sk; 3Institute of Botany,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ďumbierska 1, SK-974 11 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia,
e-mail: monika.janisova@gmail.com
Kliment J., Turis P. & Janišová M. (2016): Taxa of vascular plants endemic to the Carpathian Mts.
– Preslia 88: 19–76.
A briefly annotated survey of vascular plants endemic and subendemic to the Carpathians is pre-
sented based on a critical revision of published and unpublished data on contemporary taxonomic
and chorological knowledge. The habitat preferences and ecological niche breadths of non-
apomictic endemic and subendemic taxa were also evaluated. The area studied included the
Carpathian Mts located mainly in Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania, reaching also Austria,
Czech Republic, Hungary and Serbia. Five equivalent subunits were distinguished within the
Carpathians: the Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians, Apuseni
Carpathians and the Transylvanian Basin. The final evaluation of endemic status was made for
631 taxa of vascular plants, including 420 taxa confirmed as endemic or subendemic to the
Carpathians and their subunits, 67 taxa with unclear taxonomy or distribution, 69 taxa with
a wider distribution outside the Carpathians, 58 taxa included in superior taxa with a wider non-
endemic distribution and 17 hybrids. The final list of endemic and subendemic taxa includes 146
species, 104 subspecies and 170 microspecies of apomictic genera (including 83 taxa of
Alchemilla, 64 taxa of Hieracium, 2 of Pilosella, 16 of Sorbus and 5 of Taraxacum). The overall
number of endemic and subendemic taxa in individual Carpathian subunits is as follows (counts
including apomictic genera are in parentheses): Western Carpathians: 89 (198) endemics, 19 (21)
subendemics; Eastern Carpathians: 118 (152) endemics, 25 (27) subendemics; Southern
Carpathians: 113 (149) endemics, 24 (24) subendemics; Apuseni Carpathians: 45 (49) endemics,
19 (19) subendemics; Transylvanian Basin: 5 (5) endemics, 12 (12) subendemics. Grassland habi-
tats were the richest in endemic and subendemic taxa (containing 33% of all included taxa), fol-
lowed by rocky habitats (22%), forests (16%) and shrublands (11%). Wetlands (7%), dwarf
shrubs (6%) and human-made habitats (5%) hosted the lowest number of (sub)endemic taxa. The
habitats with the highest frequency of taxa (sub)endemic to the Carpathian Mts are those with
a calcareous bedrock and phytosociologically classified within the classes Elyno-Seslerietea,
Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Thlaspietea rotundifolii, Asplenietea trichomanis, Carici rupestris-
Kobresietea bellardii and Festuco-Brometea. The niche breadth of the Carpathian (sub)endemic
taxa is related to the sizes of their ranges (eurychoric taxa had the broadest niches and micro- and
stenochoric taxa had the narowest). About 60% of the (sub)endemic taxa are habitat specialists
restricted to only 1–3 habitats within one or two habitat groups.
K e y w o r d s: Apuseni Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, endemic, habitat, Southern Carpathians,

subendemic, Transylvanian Basin, Western Carpathians
20 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Introduction
Endemic species have always attracted the attention of biologists due to their rarity and
extraordinary position regarding their chorology and evolution. From the conservation
point of view, endemism is an important criterion for evaluating the diversity of a particu-
lar region. Therefore, the phenomenon of endemism is permanently focussed at various
geographical and taxonomical levels.
The distribution of endemics is usually defined in terms of conspicuous topographic
features, such as mountain ranges or islands, or other natural elements, such as relic habi-
tats (Kaplan 2012). In Europe, mountainous regions are areas with the highest endemism
and many European endemics are confined to alpine and subalpine habitats on the sum-
mits of mountain ranges (Favarger 1972, Hendrych 1982, Dullinger et al. 2000, Tribsch
2004, Krahulec 2006, Casazza et al. 2008, Kaplan 2012, Bruchman & Hobohm 2014).
High environmental heterogeneity and habitat diversity, long-term climatic stability,
especially during the Quarternary period, together with strong geographical isolation are
the factors contributing most to the extraordinary richness of endemic taxa in European
mountains (Hendrych 1982, Hewitt 1999, Körner 2000, Tribsch & Schönswetter 2003,
Vanderplank et al. 2014).
The Carpathians, together with the Alps, Pyrenees and mountains of the Balkan Penin-
sula are mountainous regions with a high endemism of vascular plants in Europe
(Vanderplank et al. 2014). The endemism of vascular plants in the Carpathians has been
studied since the second half of the 19th century, when the term “Carpathian endemic”
was first used by Borbás (1877) for Arabis [Arabidopsis] neglecta. The surveys of
endemic vascular plants in the Carpathians and their subunits were gradually published
by Simonkai (1887), Borbás (1896), Pax (1898), Soó (1930, 1933a, b), Balázs (1939),
Kiss (1939), Szücz (1943), Pawłowski (1969a, b, 1970), Hendrych (1981a, b, 1982),
Kliment (1999), Šeffer et al. (2010) and Tasenkevich (2011, 2014). Endemism of
selected taxa was evaluated at the supranational level also by Tasenkevich (2002, 2010).
Much more frequent were studies focussing on endemic taxa within a particular country
or historical region, i.e. Czech Republic: Kaplan 2012; Slovakia: Domin 1928, Novacký
1943, Futák 1971, 1972, 1981, Kliment 1998; Poland: Pawłowska 1953, 1960, Piękoś-
Mirkowa & Mirek 2003, Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009; Ukraine: Stojko et al. 1982,
Stojko & Tasenkewitsch 1991, Stoyko & Tasenkevich 1993, Kricsfalusy & Budnikov
2002, Tasenkevyč 2003b, Čornej 2006, 2011, Antosjak et al. 2009, Antosyak & Kozurak
2011, Tasenkevich 2013 (summary data only); Romania: Soó 1942 (Transylvania),
Beldie 1967, Morariu & Beldie 1976, Heltmann 1985, Dihoru & Pârvu 1987, Negrean &
Oltean 1989, Popescu et al. 2003 (Oltenia), Hurdu et al. 2012a, b. The area of individual
Carpathian countries was covered by Hadač et al. (1991). Most common were studies
summarizing the occurrence of endemic taxa in individual mountain ranges including
simple lists of taxa as well as detailed critical evaluations (e.g. Borbás 1902, Pawłowski
1927, Piękoś-Mirkowa et al. 1996, Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010). Several recent stud-
ies investigated endemism in the Carpathian mountain ranges in relation to altitude, geo-
logical bedrock and chorology/topography in order to indentify the centres of endemism
in the Carpathians (e.g. Lengyelová 2007, Hurdu et al. 2012a).
Along with studies focussing on the inventory of endemics the investigations on biol-
ogy, ecology and phytosociological affiliation of selected endemic taxa are of particular
Kliment et al.: Endemic taxa of the Carpathian Mts 21
importance (Hendrych 1965, Erdelská & Turis 1996, Negrea & Pricop 2009a, b, Turis
2009, Bahlej 2010, etc.). The recent molecular-taxonomic studies are also important as
they elucidate the taxonomic position and justify the delimitation of traditionally recog-
nized narrow endemic taxa (e.g. Šingliarová et al. 2008, 2011a, b, 2013, Kolarčik et al.
2010, Somogyi et al. 2012, Španiel et al. 2012, Şuteu 2012, Kučera et al. 2013, Şuteu et al.
2013, Fereira et al. 2015).
The ongoing research in taxonomy and plant distribution resulted in a greater knowl-
edge of numerous taxa, which is reflected in changes in their endemic status. Following
expert taxonomic reevaluations, some of the species and subspecies were included in
other taxa with a broader (and so non-endemic) distribution area. Another group of taxa
that were previously considered to be endemic were later excluded from the list of
endemics due to new chorological data, or their endemic status was changed (from
endemic to subendemic and vice versa) or specified. The main aim of this paper was to
review our older results from Slovakia (Kliment 1999), complete the collection of data
for the whole of the Carpathian Mts (including data from a further seven countries) and
revise the information on distribution of endemic taxa in the Carpathians in the light of
recently published knowledge.
The pattern of vascular plant endemism is not random but is structured by geograph-
ical, topographic and environmental factors. It is known that most endemics in temperate
zones of Europe are confined to non-forest habitats, such as rocks, screes and grasslands
(Hobohm 2008, Essl et al. 2009, Hobohm et al. 2014), while forest habitats harbour only
a small number of endemic taxa (Vanderplank et al. 2014). For these regions, the striking
preference of endemics for calcareous bedrock (Essl et al. 2009) is in line with the gener-
ally higher species richness of vascular plants on calcareous bedrock (Ewald 2003). In
our study, we also investigated the affinity of the endemic and subendemic taxa studied
for various habitats and geological bedrock in order to reveal specific patterns in
Carpathian endemism. The ecological and phytosociological information obtained was
used to estimate ecological niche breadth of individual (sub)endemic taxa and its relation
to their range size.
Delimitation and division of the Carpathians

The area studied in this paper includes the Carpathian Mts with adjacent regions of cen-
tral, eastern and south-eastern Europe. Most of the area of the Carpathians is located in
Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania. However, the Carpathians are also in Austria
(Hainburger Berge), the Czech Republic (the Moravian Carpathians, westward up to the
Moravian Gate), Hungary (North Hungarian Mountains) and Serbia (amid the river val-
leys of Morava and Timok, southward up to Niš) (Fig. 1). Highlands in north-western
Bulgaria can also be assigned to the Carpathians from the geological point of view (cf.
Cankov 1974). An important biogeographical position of the Carpathians between the
Balkan ranges in the south, the Alps and Sudeten in the west and the Scandinavian range
in the north is reflected in an extraordinarily high diversity of plants of various origins
(Kliment 1999, Webster et al. 2001, Ruffini et al. 2006, Mráz et al. 2007, Ronikier 2011).
The delimitation and particularly the inner zonation of the Carpathians has been perma-
nently modified and it is stil not settled (cf. Pax 1898, Soó 1930, 1933a, b, Balázs 1939,
22 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Fig. 1. – Map showing the location and divisions of the Carpathians and their subunits.
Pawłowski 1969a, 1970, Starmühler 1995, Starmühler & Mitka 2001, Ruffini et al. 2006,
Hurdu 2012). Traditionally, the Carpathians are divided into the Western Carpathians
(Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland), Eastern Carpathians (Poland,
Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania), Southern Carpathians (Romania, Serbia), Apuseni
Carpathians (Romania) and the Transylvanian Basin (Romania) (Kliment 1999, Mráz
2005). In some phytogeographical and phylogeographical literature they are divided to
two basic units – the Western (in older studies refered to as Northern) Carpathians and the
South-Eastern (in older studies refered to as Eastern) Carpathians (Ronikier 2011, Hurdu
et al. 2012a), while the South-Eastern Carpathians are further divided into the above
mentioned subunits.
The Carpathians constitute, beside the Alps and the Pyrenees, one of the main large
mountain chains forming the European Alpine System (Ozenda 1985) uplifted during the
Alp-Himalayan orogeny, which started in the Late Mezozoic. They form an arch extend-
ing into Central Europe over about 1300 km, reaching a width of 100–350 km and cover-
ing a total surface of 209,000 km2 (Kondracki 1989). In comparison to the Alps, which
have a similar surface area and length, the Carpathians are significantly lower and their
alpine zone covers much smaller areas that occur as isolated habitat islands in the highest
ranges (Pawłowski 1970). The highest Carpathian range, the Tatra Mts, are located in the
Western Carpathians and reach 2655 m a.s.l. (Gerlachovský štít Peak). Geologically the
Carpathians consists of mainly flysch in the outer zone, crystalline and metamorphic
rocks in the central zone, limestone belts manifested discontinuously across the chain and
volcanic rocks covering some areas. Overall, silicate habitats are more widespread than
calcareous habitats (Ronikier 2011).
The phytogeographical division of the whole Carpathians was studied by Tasenkevich
(2004, 2005; cf. Tasenkevich 2011, 2014), who summarized the national phytogeo-
graphical classifications of individual Carpathian countries. Her phytogeographical divi-
sion was followed also in our study. However, in contrast to her opinion and to the
approach of several other authors (e.g. Pawłowski 1969a, Webster et al. 2001, Ruffini et
al. 2006, Tasenkevich 2011) the Serbian part south of the Danube river was also included
in the area studied (cf. Negrean & Oltean 1989, Coldea 1991, Kliment 1999, Hurdu et al.
2012b). With regards to a similar evolution of flora and vegetation, the peri-Carpathian
ranges and basins assigned to the Matricum phytochorological unit (Futák 1980, 1984)
and containing the North Hungarian Mountains were also included in the Western
Carpathians in our evaluation of the distribution of endemics. In contrast to the phytogeo-
graphical division (Futák 1980, 1984), the North Hungarian Mts located in a broad transi-
tion zone between the Western Carpathians and Pannonian Basin (for details see Kliment
1999, 2003) are also regarded as part of the Carpathians by geographers (e.g. Mazúr &
Lukniš 1980, Kondracki 1989, Král 1999). Partial modifications were made also to the
delimitations of the boundaries of particular subunits.
The border line between the Western and Eastern (South-Eastern) Carpathians is con-
sidered to be the most important vegetation boundary in the Carpathians and, therefore,
studied reasonably well since the second half of the 19th century (Zemanek 1991a, b,
1992, Kliment 1999, 2003). Individual authors shifted the border between both subunits
from the Kurovské (Tyličské) sedlo saddle (683 m a.s.l.) on the Slovak-Polish border up
to the Jablonické sedlo saddle (912 m a.s.l., forming an eastern border of so-called Forest
Carpathians) between the Ukrainian ranges Horhany and Čornohora. In accordance with
recent opinion (Krippel 1983, Soják 1983, Zemanek 1991b, 1992, Kliment 1999, 2003,
Mráz et al. 2007), we place the border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians in
the Lupkov (Łupków) Pass. The Bieszczady Mts in Poland, and the Bukovské vrchy Mts
(or widely delimited Nízke Poloniny Mts; cf. Soják 1983) and Vihorlat Mts in Slovakia
(except the limestone hills at Humenné, Michalko 1957) are placed in the Eastern
Carpathians. The area between the Kurovské sedlo saddle and the Lupkov Pass at mark-
edly lower altitudes, including the Beskid Niski Mts and Nízke Beskydy Mts, is consid-
ered to be a broad transition zone (cf. Kliment 1999, Tasenkevich 2005), or an area
between the outer and inner (s. str.) borders of both phytochorions (see Holub 1977 for
details), where characteristic elements of both the Eastern and the Western Carpathians
24 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
are gradually disappearing. The altitude in this zone decreases down to 500 m forming
a strong landscape barrier, so that migration of alpine plants and the gene flow between
their populations is prevented (Mráz et al. 2007, Ronikier 2011). The lowest part of the
Nízke Beskydy Mts, between the river valleys of Laborec and Topľa, the Ondava
disjunction (see Hendrych & Hendrychová 1979 for details), is open to the south and has
a drier and warmer climate than the surrounding regions, which makes this barrier even
more significant.
The delimitation of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians is also ambiguous. The
Predeal Saddle and the valley of the Prahova river between the Bucegi Mts and Baiului
(Gîrbova) Mts are considered to form a boundary between the Romanian Eastern and
Southern Carpathians. The Bârsei Mts, including the massifs of Postăvaru and Piatra
Mare, are considered to be a part of the Southern Carpathians (Georgescu & Doniţă 1965,
Beldie 1967, Sanda et al. 1980, Kliment 1999, Tasenkevich 2005). The Gîrbova Mts were
placed in the Southern Carpathians by Sanda et al. (1980). According to B. I. Hurdu (per-
sonal communication, 2014), the Ciucaş Mts are also in the Southern Carpathians based
on their floristic composition, although other authors (Georgescu & Doniţă 1965) place
them in the Eastern Carpathians. The placing of the Ciucaş Mts in the Southern
Carpathians is also supported by Negrean & Oltean (1989), who reveal the close floristic
relationships of the Ciucaş Mts with the Bârsei Mts, Piatra Craiului Mts and Bucegi Mts,
as does Mráz et al. (2007) phylogeographical study of Hypochaeris uniflora. Hurdu et al.
(2012a) report that the complex Piatra Craiului – Bucegi – Bârsei – Ciucaş is an
endemism hotspot with the highest diversity of endemic taxa in the South-Eastern
Carpathians. Based on this knowledge we included the Baiului and Ciucaş Mts in the
Southern Carpathians and placed the phytogeographical boundary between the Eastern
and Southern Carpathians between the Ciucaş and Siriu Mts (Fig. 1).
The delimitation of the western border of the Southern Carpathians is also ambiguous.
According to Georgescu & Doniţă (1965) it extends as far as the Mehedinţi Mts, while
Beldie (1967) and Hurdu et al. (2012a) include also the lower Banat Mts. In our study,
Banat Mts were included in the Southern Carpathians (cf. Kliment 1999).
The delimitation of the Apuseni Carpathians (Carpaţii Apuseni sensu Beldie (1967);
Siebenbürgischen Westgebirge sensu Heltmann 1985) against the Southern Carpathians
(and the Banat Mts) is not clear. The wide mountain range Poiana Ruscă delimited by the
valleys of the Mureş, Timiş and Bistra rivers, which is a transition zone between the
Apuseni and Banat Mts and the Southern Carpathians s. str. is part of the Apuseni
Carpathians according to Georgescu & Doniţă (1965) and Tasenkevich (2005). However,
Negrean & Oltean (1989), Starmühler (1995) and Ciocârlan (2009) consider it to be part
of the Southern Carpathians and several other authors (Beldie 1967, Sanda et al. 1980,
Heltmann 1985, Bartha & Bartók 2013) also do not consider it to be part of the Apuseni
Carpathians. In accordance with the majority opinion (cf. Beldie (1967), Kliment 1999,
Tasenkevich 2005), the southern border of the Apuseni Carpathians is in the valley of
Mureş river and the subunit of the Apuseni Carpathians is equivalent to subunits of the
Western, Eastern and Southern Carpathians.
A vast area of upland in central Romania surrounded by mountain chains of the East-
ern, Southern and Apuseni Carpathians gradually merges into the Pannonian Basin. It
differs from the surrounding Carpathians in its geological bedrock and lower altitude,
and is called the Transylvanian Basin (Transylvanian Plateau, Podişul Transilvaniei).
The uplands at lower altitudes (up to 650 m) widespread amid the promontories of the
Apuseni Carpathians and Southern Carpathians enable contact between floras of both
mountain ranges as well as separating the Transylvanian Basin from the Pannonian Basin
(cf. Geacu & Dumitraşcu 2013). In accordance with numerous geographical (e.g.
Kondracki 1989, Král 1999, Posea 2006) and biogeographical studies (Kliment 1999,
Webster et al. 2001, Tasenkevich 2004, 2005, 2011, 2014, Kucharzyk 2009, and others)
this large intermontane basin is considered to be a component of the Carpathians.
Based on the above-mentioned facts we distinguished five equivalent subunits within
the Carpathians: the Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians,
Apuseni Carpathians and Transylvanian Basin (Fig. 1).
Methods
Delimitation of endemic and subendemic taxa and evaluation of endemism
In terms of endemism as a function of a spatial scale, endemic taxa are those restricted in
their distribution to a particular geographical region or habitat (Hobohm & Tucker 2014).
In this respect Holub & Jirásek (1967, 1971) emphasize a naturally delimited area, while
Holub (1981) places particular emphasis on a phytogeographically delimited area. In this
paper we considered both approaches, both endemic taxa with distributions restricted to
naturally delimited areas of mountain range systems (the Alps, Carpathians, Sudeten,
etc.) as well as those surrounded by large basins (the Pannonian Basin) and lower phyto-
geographical units (cf. Kliment 1999, Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009). In addition, this
approach corresponds to the traditional concept of endemism in the Carpathian region.
The geographical delimitation does not exclude endemic taxa restricted to a particular
habitat or “habitat islands”, e.g. to isolated outcrops of different types of bedrock, sand
complexes, etc. (Kliment 1999, Hobohm & Tucker 2014).
Based on the size of the distribution area, we distinguished four basic categories of
endemic taxa in the Carpathians (cf. Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009): eurychoric
endemics distributed rather evenly throughout the whole Carpathians (pan-Carpathian)
or in their major part (West-East-South-Carpathian endemics); mesochoric endemics
with distributions restricted to the individual Carpathian subunits; stenochoric endemics
distributed only in a particular mountain range and microchoric endemics restricted to
a particular mountain massif, peak or gorge. For steno- and microchoric endemic taxa the
particular area of distribution is also mentioned in our survey (Appendix 1), e.g. endemic
to the Southern Carpathians (Retezat Mts), endemic to Západné Tatry Mts (Mt. Osobitá).
In stenochoric endemics we placed also several taxa restricted in their distribution to two
adjacent mountain ranges. With regard to numerous taxa endemic in two (three)
Carpathian subunits, we distinguished an additional transitional category of meso-eury-
choric endemics (see Kliment 1999 for details). The Pannonian-Carpathian and Balkan-
Carpathian (sub)species were not considered to be endemic or subendemic to the
Carpathians even if they are evaluated so in the literature.
As pan-Carpathian endemics, taxa distributed in the Western, Eastern and Southern
Carpathians are usually considered (for details see Kliment 1999). However, Ukrainian
authors place in this category only taxa occurring also in the Ukrainian Carpathians
(Čopyk 1976). Tasenkevich (2011) limits this term to taxa present in the whole
26 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Carpathians including the Transylvanian Basin. In contrast to her approach, we use the
term pan-Carpathian (sub)endemic for taxa that occur only in the Western, Eastern,
Southern and Apuseni Carpathians.
As subendemic we considered taxa almost exclusively found only in a certain region,
but with a limited occurrence also outside this region (Hendrych 1984, Kliment 1999). It
concerns the occurrence beyond the given phytogeographical unit, exclave occurrence,
or a combination of both. Taxa with very limited occurrence outside a given region, e.g.
taxa with a single population close to the main distribution area or taxa occurring in
a transition zone between two adjacent phytochorions, were evaluated as endemic to the
given region (e.g. endemic to the Eastern Carpathians with a single occurrence in the
Beskid Niski Mts within the Western Carpathians). On the other hand, taxa with frequent
occurrence in neighbouring regions were not considered to be subendemic.
In our evaluation of endemism, only recently recorded distributions are considered,
the areas of former occurrence of recently extinct taxa (category RE) or taxa missing for
a long time (category RE?) were not considered. For example, Antennaria carpatica
subsp. carpatica in Romania is mentioned only in old literature and there are no recent
records. The Romanian authors consider this taxon to be extinct (Oltean et al. 1994) or
probably extinct (Oprea 2005). Therefore, we changed its endemic status (Carpathian
endemic) to West-East-Carpathian endemic. In Appendix 1 such cases are indicated by the
symbol † (e.g. †RO). If all subspecies of a particular species are evaluated as endemic, we
mention the species also separately in our survey, e.g. Aconitum firmum, Cyanus dominii,
Thymus pulcherrimus, etc., but we did not include these species (11 cases) in the statisti-
cal evaluations.
In contrast to some literature, hybrids (e.g. Aconitum ×nanum) were not evaluated as
endemic. As the taxonomic status of several hybrids is ambiguous, it is possible they will
be reevaluated in the future. Therefore, we listed the hybrid taxa together with references
to important taxonomic and chorological literature. Stabilized hybridogenous popula-
tions evaluated as hybridogeneous taxa (e.g. several species of the genus Sorbus) were
considered as endemic.
Taxa selection and their evaluation

With respect to constantly accumulating taxonomic and chorological knowledge we
restricted our selection of revised literature to start in 1970 when Pawłowski published
his survey of Carpathian endemics. Our evaluation includes endemic and subendemic
taxa reported from the Carpathians and their subunits in supranational (Pawłowski 1970,
Šeffer et al. 2010, Tasenkevich 2011, 2014, see also Carpathian Biodiversity Information
System 2008: http://www.carpates.org/cbis.html), national or important regional over-
views from the Czech Republic (Kaplan 2012), Poland (Piękoś-Mirkowa et al. 1996,
Piękoś-Mirkowa & Mirek 2003, Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009, 2010), Slovakia
(Kliment 1999, Kliment et al. 2011), Ukraine (Stojko & Tasenkewitsch 1991, Stoyko &
Tasenkevich 1993, Kricsfalusy 1999, Kricsfalusy & Budnikov 2002, Tasenkevyč 2003b,
Antosyak & Kozurak 2011, Čornej 2011) and Romania (Morariu & Beldie 1976,
Heltmann 1985, Dihoru & Pârvu 1987, Negrean & Oltean 1989, Hurdu et al. 2012a, b).
Attention was paid also to taxonomic and chorological publications containing current
information on endemic taxa of vascular plants. Among the taxonomically difficult,
mainly apomictic taxa (Alchemilla, Hieracium, Pilosella, Sorbus, Taraxacum), we listed

only those with existing relevant information in recent taxonomic literature or those com-
mented on by competent experts. The third group of sources were national overviews of
taxa important from the nature conservation point of view (red books, red lists, floras and
determination keys) including reliable chorological data (Čopyk 1976, Beldie 1977,
1979, Čeřovský et al. 1999, Malynovs’kyj et al. 2002, Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008,
Ciocârlan 2009, Coldea et al. 2009, Diduch 2009, Dihoru & Negrean 2009, Sârbu et al.
2013). In spite of a large quantity of data we disregarded compilation publications (table
overviews of endemics) without clear final evaluation of endemism in the reported area
(Čornej 2006, Antosjak et al. 2009). Publications focussing on the Carpathian region but
containing only general information on endemism were also excluded from our evalua-
tion (Tasenkevich 2003a, Turis et al. 2014). From our survey we also excluded the taxa
regarded as (sub)endemics in the source literature, which occur predominantly or com-
pletely outside the Carpathians (e.g. Pannonian subendemics, endemics of Dobrogea, etc.).
For evaluation of endemism and classification of endemic taxa within respective spa-
tial categories we preferred current critical overviews of endemics, the national floras and
comprehensive taxonomic and chorological studies. The taxonomic and chorological
publications, on which our evaluation of endemism was based, are listed in respective
tables in the column ‘References’.
Habitat preferences of (sub)endemic taxa

We considered the occurrence of endemic taxa in various habitat groups, habitats and
vegetation segments in order to estimate the breadth of their niches (e.g. Piękoś-Mirkowa
et al. 1996, Fridley et al. 2007). Apomictic and mainly apomictic genera (Alchemilla,
Hieracium, Pilosella, Sorbus, Taraxacum) were omitted from the analyses as the realized
ecological and phytosociological niches of most of their representatives are currently
insufficiently known.
The following basic habitat groups were distinguished: (i) springs, fens, bogs, other
wetland communities (W); (ii) rock fissures, rock shelters, screes, riverine gravel terraces
and primitive shallow rocky soils (R); (iii) grasslands s. lat. (semi-natural grasslands,
fringes, high-mountain swards, tall-herbaceous plant and snow-bed vegetation) (G); (iv)
dwarf shrublands (heathlands) (D); (v) scrubs (S); (vi) forests (F) and (vii) human-made
habitats (H). The categories i–v were divided according to their vertical distribution into
submontane-montane communities and subalpine-alpine communities. Forest habitats
were divided into deciduous and mixed forests, natural pine forests and montane spruce
and fir-spruce forests. We also regarded the relation to geological bedrock (in the wet-
land, mainly spring communities, also the water properties): vegetation on calcareous
bedrock; vegetation on silicate (non-calcareous) bedrock including effusive rocks, mylo-
nites, schists, etc.; vegetation indifferent to the bedrock (unclear cases were also included
in this category). Based on their specific synecology the dwarf shrub communities were
not further divided; within the same category we included the dwarf shrubs on silicate
substrates, decalcified soil and/or on soils with a thick layer of raw humus.
The affinity of individual endemic taxa to habitats and habitat groups was evaluated
according to the ecological and phytosociological data published in national and suprana-
28 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
tional overviews (partly also in regional studies), comprehensive studies of selected gen-
era and species, or based on our own knowledge.
Taxa nomenclature
The majority of plant names were unified according to The Euro+Med PlantBase
(http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.asp), the remaining names are used according
to the current taxonomic literature. The validity of plant names and their taxonomic status
were checked also in supranational databases The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org),
Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org), World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
(http://apps.kew.org), Catalogue of Life (http://www.catalogueoflife.org) and The Inter-
national Plant Names Index (http://www.ipni.org). We also considered authors‘ opinions
published in Flora Europaea, Atlas Florae Europaeae and current national floras and
checklists. Valid plant names published in the included literature and names from the
Euro+Med database, which were not used as valid due to the above mentioned facts were
listed as synonyms in tables (overviews of taxa) in Electronic Appendices 1–5. Other
names, including invalid (nom. inval.) and illegitimate names (nom. illeg.), and more
numerous taxonomic synonyms published in individual overviews of endemic taxa were
listed only in notes in order to keep the tables uncluttered and clear. Due to the many and
various nomenclatoric sources all plant names are listed with the authors’ names. If the
genus name is repeated in the synonyms, it is abbreviated to its first capital letter; in sub-
species the species name is replaced by an asterix (*).
Geographical names
The geographical names (e.g. names of mounts and mountain ranges) adopted from the
older botanical sources were left in their original form but their current valid name (with
eventual closer localization) is given in parentheses; e.g. Pietrosz (Čornohora Mts, Mt.
Pietros). The Ukrainian geographical names were transliterated into the Latin alphabet
(e.g. Čyvčyny Mts, Mt. Blyznycja). Other geographical names (Polish, Romanian, etc.)
were left unchanged.
Results
The final evaluation of endemic status was made for 631 taxa of vascular plants, consid-
ered to be endemic or subendemic to the Carpathians or their parts in the included litera-
ture. After the revision of their distribution area and endemic status we divided these taxa
into the following categories: (i) taxa endemic or subendemic to the Carpathians and their
subunits (Appendix 1, Electronic Appendix 1); (ii) “critical” endemic taxa with unclear
taxonomy or distribution (Electronic Appendix 2); (iii) taxa with a wider distribution out-
side the Carpathians (Electronic Appendix 3); (iv) taxa included in other taxa with
a wider non-endemic distribution area (Electronic Appendix 4); (v) hybrids considered to
be endemic to the Carpathians and their subunits (Electronic Appendix 5).
Table 1. – Occurrence of endemic and subendemic taxa grouped according to the size of their distribution area
in individual Carpathian subunits (counts including apomictic genera are in parentheses). Abbreviations: AC –
Apuseni Carpathians, EC – Eastern Carpathians, SC – Southern Carpathians, Tr – Transylvanian Basin, WC –
Western Carpathians.
Chorological category Carpathian subunit Number of taxa
Eurychoric endemic WC-EC-SC-AC 7 (7)
WC-EC-SC 14 (15) 21 (22)
32 (33)
subendemic WC-EC-SC-AC-Tr 6 (6)
WC-EC-SC-AC 3 (3) 11 (11)
WC-EC-SC 2 (2)
Mesoeurychoric endemic WC-SC-AC-Tr 1 (1)
EC-SC-AC-Tr 1 (1)
EC-SC-Tr 1 (1)
EC-SC-AC 28 (30)
WC-EC 7 (12) 74 (87)
WC-SC 1 (2)
EC-SC 30 (34)
EC-AC 3 (3)
SC-AC 2 (3)
89 (102)
subendemic EC-SC-AC-Tr 1 (1)
WC-EC-Tr 1 (1)
EC-SC-AC 8 (8)
WC-EC 2 (2) 15 (15)
WC-AC 1 (1)
EC-SC 2 (2)
Mesochoric endemic WC 36 (56)
EC 18 (36)
SC 21 (25) 80 (122)
AC 3 (3)
Tr 2 (2)
90 (136)
subendemic WC 4 (6)
EC 0 (2)
SC 2 (2) 10 (14)
Tr 4 (4)
Stenochoric endemic WC 19 (76)
EC 7 (11)
SC 6 (27) 32 (115)
AC 0 (1)
Microchoric endemic WC 4 (29)
EC 2 (2) 7 (34)
SC 1 (3)
Taxa endemic or subendemic to the Carpathians and their subunits

Based on current taxonomic literature and consulting with local experts we identified 250
(420 with apomicts) taxa endemic or subendemic to the Carpathians and their subunits
(Appendix 1). Among the endemics, 166 out of 381 were apomicts. Among the
subendemics, 4 out of 39 taxa were apomicts. The endemic and subendemic taxa can be
divided to 36 chorological categories (Table 1; Tasenkevich 2011, 2014).
30 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
250 420 108 219 143 179 137 173 64 68 17 17

100%
micro
80%
steno
60%
meso
40%
mesoeury
20%
eury
0%
A B A B A B A B A B A B
Carpathians Western Eastern Southern Apuseni Transylvanian
Carpathians Carpathians Carpathians Carpathians Basin
Fig. 2. – Proportion of (sub)endemic taxa with different distribution ranges (from the chorologically narrowest
microchoric taxa to eurychoric taxa with the widest geographical ranges) in the Carpathians and individual
Carpathian subunits. For each subunit, calculations were made omitting (column A) and including (column B)
apomictic genera.
The overall number of endemic and subendemic taxa in individual Carpathian subunits
is as follows (counts including apomictic genera are in parentheses): Western Carpathians:
89 (198) endemics, 19 (21) subendemics; Eastern Carpathians: 118 (152) endemics, 25
(27) subendemics; Southern Carpathians: 113 (149) endemics, 24 (24) subendemics;
Apuseni Carpathians: 45 (49) endemics, 19 (19) subendemics; Transylvanian Basin: 5 (5)
endemics, 12 (12) subendemics.
Among the Carpathian subunits, the Western Carpathians are the richest in (sub)-
endemic taxa with the narrowest distribution ranges (micro- and stenochoric taxa). The
taxa with narrow distribution areas (micro-, steno- and mesochoric taxa) are mainly in
this subunit, while in the remaining Carpathian subunits, there are mainly (sub)endemic
taxa with wider distribution areas (mesoeury- and eurychoric taxa). With inclusion of
apomictic genera these differences are even more obvious (Fig. 2). The majority of
micro- and stenochoric species occur in the mountain ranges Belianske Tatry Mts (21),
Západné (Zachodnie) Tatry Mts (16), Vysoké (Wysokie) Tatry Mts (14), Nízke Tatry Mts
(13) and Veľká Fatra Mts (9) within the Western Carpathians; Rodna Mts (5) within the
Eastern Carpathians and Retezat Mts (18) and Almajului Mts (5) within the Southern
Carpathians (Appendix 1).
“Critical” (unclear) endemic taxa

In terms of current knowledge, 67 species and subspecies with unclear taxonomic status
(based on ambiguous and often contradictory opinions of various authors) and/or insuffi-
ciently known distribution areas were listed separately as “critical” endemic taxa. The
lack of knowledge on the distribution of taxa may be a consequence of unresolved taxon-
omy or it concerns well accepted taxa that lack current chorological information (e.g.
several species of the genus Hieracium). We only list these taxa alphabetically with rele-
vant references to the most important literature while the more detailed information is
cited in the form of notes below the list (Electronic Appendix 2).
Taxa with a wider non-endemic distribution
The overall area of distribution of the taxa within this group (Electronic Appendix 3) is
often similar to that of the Carpathians subendemics, however, their occurrence outside
the Carpathians is much more extensive than it is for the subendemic taxa. The taxa with
a non-endemic distribution can be divided into several groups, the most abundant of them
being a group of Carpathian-Balkan (Balkan-Carpathian) species and subspecies, which
in the included literature are evaluated mostly as Carpathian-Balkan endemics or sub-
endemics: Alchemilla gorcensis, Arabis hornungiana, Campanula abietina, C. transsil-
vanica, Centaurea degeniana, C. kotschyana, Cirsium grecescui, Colchicum haynaldii,
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. transsilvanica, Erythronium dens-canis var. niveum, Fes-
tuca xanthina, Galium pseudaristatum, Geranium caerulatum, Jacobaea abrotanifolia
subsp. carpathica, Minuartia frutescens, Noccaea kovatsii, Poa cenisia subsp. contracta,
Polygala supina subsp. hospita, Primula halleri subsp. platyphylla, Pulmonaria rubra
subsp. rubra, Rhinanthus gracilis, Rhododendron myrtifolium, Satureja kitaibelii,
Saxifraga luteoviridis, S. pedemontana subsp. cymosa, Scorzoneroides rilaensis, Silene
heuffelii, Tephroseris papposa, Tozzia carpathica, Trifolium repens var. ochranthum,
Verbascum glabratum subsp. brandzae, Veronica baumgartenii, V. spicata subsp.
crassifolia.
Cirsium boujartii subsp. boujartii, Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. sooana, Jovibarba
globifera subsp. glabrescens and Muscari transsilvanicum belong to the Carpathian-
Pannonian (Pannonian-Carpathian) taxa.
Several evaluated species and subspecies are common to the Carpathians and the Alps,
or the Carpathians and the Sudeten (including the taxa occurring within a single subunit
of some of these mountain systems). The following taxa are in the first-mentioned group:
Avenula pubescens subsp. laevigata, Trollius europaeus subsp. transsilvanicus and Wald-
steinia teppneri; while Hieracium atrellum, H. stygium and H. wimmeri are in the last-
mentioned group. Alyssum repens, Hypericum richeri subsp. grisebachii and Saxifraga
carpatica occur in the Alps, Carpathians and the Balkan mountains, while Petasites
kablikianus occurs also in the Sudeten and the Balkan mountains beyond the Carpathians.
Chrysanthemum zawadzkii is a continental taxon with a Eurasian distribution.
Species, subspecies and varieties of taxa with a wider non-endemic distribution

The 58 taxa placed in this group were evaluated as endemic to a particular region within
the Carpathians in the included literature, however, according to current taxonomic
knowledge they belong to synonyms of taxa with a wider distribution. We list these taxa
including their original and current taxonomic evaluation (including the synonyms) and
references to relevant taxonomic studies. More detailed information is available in the
form of notes (Electronic Appendix 4).
Hybrids
Hybrids were not considered as Carpathian (sub)endemics, although they are reported so
in the included literature. A clear opinion on taxonomic status of several hybrids is miss-
ing and we expect that (e.g. in the genus Aconitum) it will be reevaluated in the future.
32 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
250
G
R
200 F
S
W
Number of taxa
150
D
H
100
50
0
G R F S W D H
Habitat group
Fig. 3. – Number and proportion (pie-chart) of (sub)endemic taxa in seven habitat groups: G – grasslands, R –
rocky habitats, F – forests, S – shrublands, W – wetlands, D – dwarf shrublands, H – human-made
(anthropogenic) habitats.
Therefore, we list them with the references to relevant taxonomic and chorological litera-
ture (Electronic Appendix 5).
Habitats and niche breadth

Habitat affiliation and niche breadth was evaluated for 250 endemic and subendemic taxa
(Electronic Appendix 6, 7; apomictic genera were omitted). Grassland habitats were the
richest in endemic and subendemic taxa (containing 33% of all the included taxa), fol-
lowed by rocky habitats (22%), forests (16%) and shrublands (11%). Wetlands (7%),
dwarf shrublands (6%) and human-made habitats (5%) hosted the lowest number of
(sub)endemic taxa (Fig. 3).
(Sub)alpine and (sub)montane calcareous grasslands were the two habitats with the
highest number of endemic and subendemic taxa (123 and 105, respectively). In addition,
(sub)montane and (sub)alpine calcareous rocks and screes together with (sub)alpine sili-
cate grasslands hosted a very high number of endemic and subendemic taxa (92, 73 and
75, respectively). Human-made habitats and (sub)montane shrubland (hosting only one
endemic or subendemic taxon) together with natural pine forests on silicate bedrock
(hosting two endemic species) are the habitats poorest in (sub)endemic species (Fig. 4).
Plant communities on calcareous bedrock hosted about twice as many (sub)endemic
taxa (206; representing 50%) as plant communities on silicate bedrock (113; 28%) and
plant communities indifferent to bedrock type (89; 22%) (Fig. 5A). Plant communities
distributed in the subalpine and alpine altitudinal belts contained more (sub)endemic taxa
(200) than plant communities in the submontane and montane belts (158) (Fig. 5B).
Kliment et al.: Endemic taxa of the Carpathian Mts
Fig. 4. – Number of (sub)endemic taxa in 35 habitats: W – wetlands, R – rocky habitats, G – grasslands, D – dwarf shrublands, S – shrublands, F – forests, H – human-made
(anthropogenic) habitats; ¯ – submontane and montane vegetation, – subalpine and alpine vegetation, c – vegetation on calcareous bedrock, s – vegetation on silicate bed-
rock, i – vegetation indifferent to bedrock type, Fm – montane spruce forests, Fp – pine forests, Fd – deciduous and mixed forests.
33
34 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
A B
250 250
200 200
Number of taxa
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
calcareous silicate indifferent (sub)montane (sub)alpine
Fig. 5. – Number of (sub)endemic taxa in plant communities on different bedrock types (A) and in different
altitudinal belts (B).
80 1
2
70
3
60 4
5
6
Number of taxa
50
7
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of habitats
Fig. 6. – Number and proportion (pie-chart) of (sub)endemic taxa occurring in different number of broad habi-
tat groups.
Based on our results, the four habitats with the highest frequency of (sub)endemic taxa
in the Carpathian Mts are on calcareous bedrock. Phytosociologically, they represent
mainly communities of the classes Elyno-Seslerietea and Mulgedio-Aconitetea (subalpine
and alpine calcareous grasslands), Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii (subalpine and
alpine calcareous and acidophilous grasslands), Festuco-Brometea (submontane and montane
calcareous grasslands), Asplenietea trichomanis and Thlaspietea rotundifolii ((sub)montane
70
60
Number of taxa
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 >23
Number of habitats
Fig. 7. – Number of (sub)endemic taxa occurring in different number of particular habitats.
C B AB A AB C B AB A AB
P<0.001, H (df=4, n=250) = 45.6 P<0.001, H (df=4, n=250) = 58.1
P=0.025 P=0.070
Fig. 8. – Differences in the niche breadth expressed as number of habitat groups (left pictures) and habitats
(right pictures) among the taxa with decreasing geographical range (upper pictures) and among the Carpathian
subunits (lower pictures). Differences were tested using Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests.
36 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
and (sub)alpine calcareous rocks and screes). These phytosociological classes are the
richest in endemic and subendemic taxa in the Carpathian Mts (Electronic Appendix 6, 7).
About 60% of (sub)endemic taxa were restricted to only one, two or three habitats
within one or two habitat groups (Figs 6, 7). Niche breadth of (sub)endemic taxa was pos-
itively correlated with the geographical range and did not differ among the Carpathian
subunits (Fig. 8). The pan-Carpathian endemic and subendemic taxa (number of habitat
groups/habitats is shown in parentheses): Campanula serrata (7/23), Leucanthemum
rotundifolium (7/23), Aconitum moldavicum subsp. moldavicum (7/13), A. firmum subsp.
firmum (6/20), Hylotelephium argutum (6/18), Cardamine glanduligera (6/17) and the
West-Carpathian endemic Soldanella carpatica (7/22) are the taxa with the broadest hab-
itat niches. On the other hand, 23% of the (sub)endemic taxa are ecologicaly restricted to
a single habitat; 40 of these 57 taxa belong to microchoric (5), stenochoric (14) or meso-
choric (21) taxa and occur on a single mountain, mountain range or a single Carpathian
subunit, respectively. The rest of these taxa (17) are mesoeurychoric (recorded in two or
three Carpathian subunits). Among them, several taxa occur in relativelly large areas
(including three subunits) although their habitat requirements are very specific (they
occupy single habitat), e.g. Festuca amethystina subsp. orientalis, Oxytropis campestris
subsp. tatrae and Salvia transsylvanica. For another three taxa with seemingly very spe-
cific habitat requirements (Aconitum firmum subsp. fissurae, Dactylorhiza maculata
subsp. schurii and Thymus dacicus) we failed to find sufficient phytosociological and
habitat data, thus the evaluation of their niche breadths should be interpreted with caution.
Discussion
Differences in number of (sub)endemic taxa reported in the Carpathian Mts and their
subunits in contemporary studies
For the whole Carpathians, our revised list of endemic and subendemic taxa contains
slightly more species (160 taxa distinguished at the species level not including apomictic
species, 142 of which are endemic and 18 subendemic) than the survey of Pawłowski
(1970), who reported 100–120 endemic and 30 subendemic species. Comparison with
a more recent survey by Tasenkevich (2014) reveals a more profound differences. She
recognized 504 (468 endemic and 36 subendemic) taxa at both species and subspecies
levels, including apomictic genera (83 taxa of Alchemilla, 74 of Hieracium, 23 of Rubus,
29 of Sorbus and 11 of Taraxacum) compared to 420 (381 endemic and 39 subendemic)
taxa recognized in this study (including 83 taxa of Alchemilla, 64 of Hieracium, 2 of
Pilosella, 16 of Sorbus and 5 of Taraxacum).
Significant differences between our results and those of Tasenkevich (2014) can be
found also in the number of taxa (sub)endemic to individual Carpathian subunits (how-
ever, from the Tasenkevich’s study it is not clear whether apomictic genera were included
or not). For the Western Carpathians we reported 108 (219 including apomicts) compared
to 82 taxa; for the Eastern Carpathians 143 (179) compared to 142; for the Southern
Carpathians 137 (173) compared to 121; for the Apuseni Carpathians 64 (68) compared
to 41 and for the Transylvanian Basin 16 (16) compared to the 8 reported by Tasenkevich
(2014). These differences result mainly from the fact that Tasenkevich (2014) based her
counts merely on Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964–1980) without critical evaluation or
considering more current taxonomic and chorological studies.
In addition, the number of (sub)endemic taxa in the national lists of the included coun-
tries should be updated as according to our revision the endemic status of many of the
evaluated taxa has changed. The most striking differences in the number of (sub)endemic
taxa were recorded for the Romanian Carpathians. In comparison to 164 non-apomictic
(sub)endemic taxa confirmed by our study, Hurdu et al. (2012a, b) report only 130 taxa
endemic or subendemic to the Romanian part of the Carpathians. Moreover, in our study,
a high number of (sub)endemic apomictic taxa is reported as endemic for the first time
from this region, including mainly 35 taxa of Hieracium/Pilosella (apart from H. pojori-
tense and Pilosella ullepitschii previously reported by Negrean & Oltean 1989 and Beldie
1967, respectively). On the other hand, for the Polish Carpathians, the number of (sub)-
endemic taxa indicated in our revision (76 non-apomictic and 41 apomictic taxa) is very
similar to the number reported in recently published literature (76 or 74 non-apomictic
and 34 apomictic taxa according to Piękoś-Mirkowa & Mirek 2003 and 2009, respec-
tively). For the Slovak Carpathians, the main difference between the previously pub-
lished (Kliment 1999) and the updated numbers of (sub)endemic taxa is the increase in
the number of apomictic taxa of Hieracium (by 10 taxa) and Sorbus (by 8 taxa), resulting
from current taxonomic research on these genera. For the Ukrainian Carpathians, our
study confirmed a higher number of non-apomictic (88 compared to 72) and lower num-
ber of apomictic (26 compared to 44) taxa than the recent survey by Čornej (2011). For
the remaining countries, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Serbia, the numbers of
non-apomictic+apomictic taxa confirmed by our revision were 2+0, 9+2, 18+2 and 9+0,
respectively. As in these countries the numbers of (sub)endemic taxa were not published
separately for regions belonging to the Carpathians, comparison with our results was not
possible.
The number of endemic and subendemic species in the Alps, which is a mountain sys-
tem of similar surface area and length, seems to be higher (350–400 endemic and 50
subendemic species; subspecies are not included) according to Pawłowski (1969b),
whereas in our study we confirmed 142 endemic and 18 subendemic species (subspecies
are not included) occurring in the Carpathians. This is probably a result of a significantly
larger area of the alpine belt in the Alps than in the Carpathians (Pawłowski 1970,
Ronikier 2011). According to our GIS-derived estimates, the Carpathians have an almost
fifteen-times smaller surface area above 1500 m a.s.l. (4550 km2 compared to 66,738 km2
in the Alps) and almost eighty-times smaller surface area above 2000 m a.s.l. (446 km2
compared to 35,424 km2 in the Alps; E. Ravazolli in lit.). On the other hand, the number
of species (sub)endemic to the Carpathians is comparable to the counts reported by Davis
et al. (1994) for other European mountain systems with smaller surfaces, e.g. Pyrenees
(120–200 endemic species) and South Crimean Mountains (about 220 endemic species).
Based on our results, the proportion of micro- and stenochoric taxa (with the narrow-
est ranges, which do not exceed a single mountain range) is the highest in the Western
Carpathians. As more than half (12 out of 23) of these taxa (if apomicts are not included)
occur in (sub)alpine rocky and grassland habitats, we suppose that it might be due to the
higher altitude of the Western Carpathians among the Carpathian subunits. The higher
altitudinal range may provide increased habitat heterogeneity as well as increased chance
to survive in refuges with suitable microclimatic conditions during climatically distinct
38 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
historical periods (Pawłowski 1969b, Hobohm 2008). On the other hand, two subunits
(the Apuseni Carpathians and the Transylvanian Basin) have neither steno- nor
microchoric taxa (if apomicts are not included), which could be related to these subunits
being at lower altitudes than other Carpathian subunits, and consequently their lower
geomorphological and habitat heterogeneities. This coincidence of endemic hotspots
with mountain relief is referred to by Rikli (1946) and is repeatedly reported by many
authors (e.g. Hendrych 1982, Hobohm 2008, Hobohm et al. 2014).
Habitat preferences and ecological niche breadths of endemic and subendemic taxa
In Europe, taxa with a narow geographical ranges usually occur only in open habitats
with the highest concentration on rocks and screes or in grasslands and shrublands, which
together cover a much smaller area than forest, agricultural or urban habitats (Rikli 1946,
Pawłowski 1969b, Hendrych 1982, Davis et al. 1994, Hobohm 2008, Essl et al. 2009,
Piękoś-Mirkowa & Mirek 2009, Hobohm et al. 2014). In accordance with this, we
recorded 73% of the (sub)endemic taxa occurring in open habitats (including dwarf shrub
communities), 11% in shrublands and 16% in forest habitats. In comparison with the
Alps, (sub)endemic species in the Carpathian are not so frequently recorded in rocky hab-
itats (22% of these species in the Carpathians compared to 35–60% of Alpine endemic
taxa reported by Pawłowski 1969b, or 39% of Austrian endemic taxa reported by Essl et
al. 2009).
The altitudinal distribution of the Carpathian (sub)endemic taxa is, similarly to that of
the narrow-range taxa in the Alps, in contrast to altitudinal distribution of vascular plants
in general. The highest species richness in most European mountain ranges is recorded at
intermediate altitudes, while the occurrence of endemic and subendemic taxa is concen-
trated at higher altitudes (Essl et al. 2009). This was also confirmed by our finding that
the majority of the Carpathian (sub)endemics occur in the alpine and subalpine belts.
Similar results are reported by Piękoś-Mirkowa et al. (1996) and Piękoś-Mirkowa &
Mirek (2009) in the Polish Carpathians, where most of the (sub)endemic taxa occur at
altitudes between 1400 m and 2000 m, where their percentage in the total flora increases
with altitude, reaching about 12% in the highest (subnival) belt.
Although habitats for acidophilous plants are more widespread than calcareous habitats
in the Carpathians (Ronikier 2011), our study indicated twice as many (sub)endemic taxa
occurring on calcareous bedrock than on silicate bedrock. The dominance of calciphilous
over calciphobous endemics in Europe is frequently reported in both regional studies and
larger-scale surveys, and is usually explained by the higher proportion of calciphilous
taxa in the European species pool (Ewald 2003, Hobohm 2008) or attributed to the pre-
dominance of calcareous glacial refugia (Tribsch & Schönswetter 2003). The proportions
of calciphilous and acidophilous (sub)endemics reported in the literature is similar [e.g.
59:29 reported for Austria by Essl et al. (2009)] or higher [e.g. 4–5:1 or 4–7:1 reported
for Europe by Hobohm (2008) and Hobohm et al. (2014), respectively] than was indi-
cated by our study. For the Carpathian Mts Tasenkevich (2014) reports 148 calciphilous
and 13 obligate calciphobous taxa, while 58 taxa she considered as indifferent to sub-
strate (these numbers were, however, not supported by specific data). The differences in
the proportions of calciphilous and acidophilous endemics recorded in the literature and
in our study might be partly caused by the different approach. While the above mentioned
studies evaluated species preferences for a particular type of substrate directly, our evalu-
ation was based on types of habitats occupied by (sub)endemic species.
The extraordinary richness of calcareous grassland and rock-scree habitats in terms of
(sub)endemic taxa indicated by our study is also reported by authors of studies on the
Carpathians (Piękoś-Mirkowa & Mirek 2009) and Alps (Essl et al. 2009). According to
Piękoś-Mirkowa & Mirek (2009), the vegetation of the Elyno-Seslerietea (Seslerietea
variae), Mulgedio-Aconitetea (Betulo-Adenostyletea) and Thlaspietea rotundifolii host
most endemic and subendemic taxa in the Polish Carpathians. In the Western Carpathians
(Mráz et al. 2016), the highest number of (sub)endemic taxa is in the three alliances
within the Elyno-Seslerietea class (Caricion firmae, Astero alpini-Seslerion calcariae and
Seslerion tatrae) and one alliance of the Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo class (Pinion
mugo). The extraordinary representation of endemic and subendemic species in high-alti-
tude habitats (vegetation of the Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii, Elyno-Seslerietea
and Salicetea herbaceae) is reported by Kliment et al. (2011).
Similar to other studies (e.g. Essl et al. 2009), niche breadths of the Carpathian
(sub)endemic taxa was related to range size. The fact that eurychoric taxa had the broad-
est niches and micro- and stenochoric taxa had the narrowest niches is in accordance with
the well known strong positive relationships between local frequency and regional occu-
pancy by species (e.g. Gaston & Blackburn 2000) and between range size and niche
breadth (e.g. Slatyer et al. 2013). Several ecological and evolutionary mechanisms are
believed to explain range size (see Slatyer et al. 2013 for a review), dispersal ability, evo-
lutionary age, historical events and the total area and distribution of the habitat colonized,
being some of the most important. From this point of view, it is important to understand
the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that drive and cause deviations from this
niche breadth–range size pattern, e.g. why the distribution of Soldanella carpatica
adapted to a broad range of habitats in the Western Carpathians is restricted to a single
Carpathian subunit, or why the occurrence of Festuca amethystina subsp. orientalis is
restricted to a single grassland habitat although its distribution range is rather wide. Fur-
ther research is necessary to explain these specific niche breadth–range size patterns.
See www.preslia.cz for Electronic Appendices 1–7.
Acknowledgement
This paper is dedicated to the memory of two distinguished botanists, who intensively studied the phytogeo-
graphy and endemism in the Carpathian Mts: doc. Dr. Ján Futák, CSc. (13. 1. 1914 – 7. 7. 1980) and prof. Dr.
hab. Halina Piękoś-Mirkowa (15. 7. 1939 – 7. 4. 2013).
We thank to the following colleagues for numerous consultations and providing hardly accessible litera-
ture: Zoltán Barina (Budapest), László Bartha (Cluj-Napoca), Claudia Bita-Nicolae (Bucureşti), Violeta Boruz
(Craiova), Roman Businský (Průhonice), Fabio Conti (Camerino), Jiří Danihelka (Brno), Daniel Dítě
(Bratislava), Daniela Dúbravková (Považská Bystrica), Kornélia Goliašová (Bratislava), Vít Grulich (Brno),
Jiří Hadinec (Praha), Katarína Hegedüšová Vantarová (Bratislava), Iva Hodálová (Bratislava), Richard
Hrivnák (Zvolen), Bogdan Iuliu Hurdu (Cluj-Napoca), Jindřich Chrtek jr. (Praha), Roxana Ion (Bucureşti),
Natália Jegorovová (Bratislava), Eva Kmeťová (Bratislava), Jurij Kobiv (L’viv), Judita Kochjarová (Blatnica),
Vladislav Kolarčik (Košice), Petr Koutecký (České Budějovice), Sanja Kovačić (Zagreb), Alla Kozurak
(Rachiv), František Krahulec (Průhonice), Dominik Roman Letz (Zvolen), Karol Marhold (Bratislava), Pavol
Mártonfi (Košice), Zuzana Melečková (Bratislava), Eleonóra Michalková (Bratislava), Zbigniew Mirek
(Kraków), Józef Ryszard Mitka (Kraków), Patrik Mráz (Praha), Andrij Novikov (L’viv), Katarína Olšavská
40 Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
(Banská Bystrica), Aleš Pečinka (Cologne), Iveta Pekárová (Bratislava), Mihai Puşcaş (Cluj-Napoca), Michal
Ronikier (Kraków), Alexander Sennikov (Helsinki), Marek Slovák (Bratislava), Michal Slezák (Ružomberok),
Lajos Somlyay (Budapest), Gabriella Somogyi (Budapest), Jozef Somogyi (Bratislava), Eckhard von Raab-
Straube (Berlin-Dahlem), Zbigniew Szeląg (Kraków), Jozef Šibík (Bratislava), Otakar Šída (Praha), Barbora
Šingliarová (Banská Bystrica), Iveta Škodová (Bratislava), Stanislav Španiel (Bratislava), Milan Štech (České
Budějovice), Jan Štěpánek (Průhonice), Jitka Štěpánková (Průhonice), Lydia Tasenkevich (L’viv), Bohumil
Trávníček (Olomouc), Nicholas J. Turland (Berlin), Pavel Dan Turtureanu (Cluj-Napoca), Karol Ujházy
(Zvolen), Marianna Ujházyová (Zvolen), Václav Větvička (Štirín), Jaroslav Vlčko (Zvolen), Ghizela Vonica
(Sibiu), Václav Zelený (Praha), Bogdan Zemanek (Kraków). We thank Elisa Ravazzoli for GIS-derived esti-
mation of high-mountain areas of the Carpathians and Alps. We are also grateful to three anonymous reviewers
for their valuable comments on the manuscript. This study was financially supported by the Scientific Grant
Agency of the Slovak Republic (VEGA 2/0090/12, 2/0096/15) and the Millennium Seed Bank Project (Kew,
Great Britain).
Súhrn
Prezentovaný krátko komentovaný prehľad endemických a subendemických taxónov cievnatých rastlín Karpát
vznikol na základe kritickej revízie publikovaných aj nepublikovaných údajov, so zohľadnením aktuálnych ta-
xonomických a chorologických poznatkov. Referenčné územie reprezentuje horská sústava Karpát s priľahlou
časťou strednej, východnej a juhovýchodnej Európy. Prevažná časť Karpát sa rozprestiera na teritóriu Sloven-
ska, Poľska, Ukrajiny a najmä Rumunska. Zasahujú však aj na územie Rakúska, Českej republiky, Maďarska
a Srbska. Členíme ich na 5 rovnocenných podcelkov: Západné Karpaty, Východné Karpaty, Južné Karpaty,
Apusenské Karpaty a Transilvánsku (Sedmohradskú) kotlinu. Do výsledného hodnotenia bolo zaradených 631
taxónov cievnatých rastlín, ktoré boli v excerpovanej literatúre hodnotené ako endemity a subendemity Karpát
a ich subregiónov. Po preštudovaní areálu a ujasnení si ich taxonomického statusu bol endemický status potvr-
dený pre 420 taxónov. Zostávajúce možno rozčleniť do nasledovných skupín: taxóny s nedoriešenou taxonómi-
ou príp. chorológiou (67); taxóny so širším reálnym rozšírením, výrazne presahujúcim hranice Karpát (69); ta-
xóny zahrnuté do synonymiky taxónov s väčším, nie endemickým rozšírením (58); krížence (17). Finálny
zoznam endemických a subendemických taxónov zahŕňa 146 druhov, 104 poddruhov a 170 mikrospecies apo-
miktických rodov (Alchemilla: 83, Hieracium: 64, Pilosella: 2, Sorbus: 16, Taraxacum: 5). Ich zastúpenie
v jednotlivých podcelkoch Karpát je nasledovné (v zátvorkách uvedené počty zahŕňajú aj druhy apomiktických
rodov): Západné Karpaty: 89 (198) endemitov, 19 (21) subendemitov; Východné Karpaty: 118 (152) endemi-
tov, 25 (27) subendemitov; Južné Karpaty: 113 (149) endemitov, 24 (24) subendemitov; Apusenské Karpaty:
45 (49) endemitov, 19 (19) subendemitov; Transilvánska kotlina: 5 (5) endemitov, 12 (12) subendemitov. Popri
vlastnom rozšírení jednotlivých taxónov sme podrobnejšie študovali aj ich stanovištnú preferenciu a šírku eko-
logickej niky; z hodnotenia sme (vzhľadom na absenciu resp. nerovnomernú kvalitu dát) vynechali druhy
vyššie zmienených apomiktických rodov. Ako najbohatšie na endemické a subendemické taxóny sa javia tra-
vinno-bylinné biotopy (33 % z 250 hodnotených taxónov); nasledujú ich skalné biotopy (22 %), lesy (16 %)
a kroviny (11 %). Najnižší počet (sub)endemitov hostia mokrade (7 %), spoločenstvá nízkych kríčkov (6 %)
a antropogénne biotopy (5 %). Biotopy s najvyšším zastúpením (sub)endemických taxónov sa v Karpatoch via-
žu na vápencový podklad; fytocenologicky sú zaraďované do tried Elyno-Seslerietea, Mulgedio-Aconitetea,
Thlaspietea rotundifolii, Asplenietea trichomanis, Carici rupestris-Kobresietea a Festuco-Brometea. Šírka
niky karpatských (sub)endemitov koreluje s veľkosťou areálu (eurychórické taxóny majú najširšie niky, mikro-
a stenochórické najužšie). Približne 60 % (sub)endemických taxónov patrí medzi stanovištných špecialistov
viazaných len na 1–3 typy biotopov.
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Received 16 June 2015

Revision received 9 December 2015
Accepted 15 December 2015
Appendix 1. – Vascular plants endemic and subendemic to the Carpathians and their subunits. Apomictic taxa are marked (rows with a grey background; these taxa were
omitted from the ecological analyses). If all subspecies of particular species are endemic, we mention the species also separately in the table (rows with dark grey back-
ground; these species were not included in the statistical evaluations). Abbreviations: AC – Apuseni Carpathians, EC – Eastern Carpathians, SC – Southern Carpathians, Tr –
Transylvanian Basin, WC – Western Carpathians; A – Austria, CZ – Czech Republic, HU – Hungary, PL – Poland, RO – Romania, SK – Slovakia, SRB – Serbia, UA –
Ukraine. Subunits with only scattered/sporadical occurrence of the evaluated taxon are listed at the end, separated by a slash, e.g. EC (PL, UA, RO), SC (RO), AC (RO)/WC
(PL). See Electronic Appendix 1 for the full version of the Table that includes footnotes 1–199, and complete References.
Taxon Occurrence in the Category of endemism References
Carpathians
Achillea oxyloba subsp. schurii (Sch. Bip.) Heimerl EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan
(Syn.: A. schurii Sch. Bip.; Ptarmica tenuifolia 2009; Počynok & Prokopiv 2010; Sârbu et al.
(Schur) Schur) 2013; Ziman & Derbak 2013
Aconitum bucovinense Zapał. EC (PL, UA, RO), SC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Starmühler 1998a, b, 2000; Mitka 2001, 2002,
(Syn.: A. callibotryon subsp. bucovinense (Zapał.) (RO), AC (RO) endemic 2003, 2012; Ilnicki & Mitka 2009; Boroń et al.
Grinţ.; A. firmum subsp. bucovinense (Zapał.) 2011; Novikoff & Mitka 2011a, b
Graebn. et P. Graebn.)
Aconitum degenii Gáyer subsp. degenii 1 WC (SK), EC (PL, UA, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mucher 1993; Starmühler 1997, 1998a, b, 2000;
(Syn.: A. paniculatum subsp. degenii (Degen) RO), SC (RO), AC (RO) (pan-Carpathian) endemic Mitka 2001, 2003; Ilnicki & Mitka 2011; Novikoff
Graebn.) & Mitka 2011a, b; Novikov 2013a; Eliáš jr. et al.
2015
Aconitum firmum Rchb. WC (CZ, SK, PL), EC West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Starmühler 1997, 1998b, 2000; Mitka 2001, 2003;
(UA, RO), SC (RO), AC (pan-Carpathian) subendemic Starmühler & Mitka 2001; Mihok et al. 2005;
(RO) Novikoff & Mitka 2011a, b
Aconitum firmum Rchb. subsp. firmum WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Skalický 1990; Starmühler 1997, 1998b, 2000;
(Syn.: A. napellus subsp. firmum (Rchb.) Gáyer; A. RO), SC (RO), AC (RO) (pan-Carpathian) endemic Mitka 2001, 2003; Starmühler & Mitka 2001;
firmum subsp. palmatifidum (Rchb.) Beldie) Mitka et al. 2007; Novikoff & Mitka 2011a
Aconitum firmum subsp. fissurae Nyár. 2, 3 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Starmühler 1996a, 1997, 1998b, 1999, 2000;
(Syn.: A. hunyadense Degen; A. romanicum Woł.) AC (RO) subendemic Mitka 2001, 2002; Starmühler & Mitka 2001;
Ilnicki & Mitka 2009; Novikoff & Mitka 2011a
Aconitum firmum subsp. maninense (Skalický) WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Starmühler & Mitka 2001; Mitka 2003; Mitka et
Starm. al. 2007; Ilnicki & Mitka 2009
(Syn.: A. firmum var. maninense Skalický)
Aconitum firmum subsp. moravicum Skalický WC (CZ, SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Skalický 1990; Mitka 2003; Mitka et al. 2007;
Ilnicki & Mitka 2009
Aconitum firmum subsp. skerisorae (Gáyer) Starm. 4 AC (RO) Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Starmühler 2000; Mitka 2003
Syn.: A. skerisorae Gáyer; A. napellus subsp.
skerisorae (Gáyer) Seitz)
47
48
Carpathians
Aconitum lasianthum (Rchb.) Simonk. 5 SC (RO)/EC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Grinţescu 1953; Morariu & Beldie 1976;
(Syn.: A. vulparia subsp. lasianthum (Rchb.) (RO) endemic Starmühler 1999; Oprea 2005
Ciocârlan)
Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer WC (SK, PL), EC (SK, West-East-Carpathian subendemic Joachimiak et al. 1999; Mitka & Starmühler 2000;
(Syn.: A. paniculatum subsp. lasiocarpum (Rchb.) PL, UA, RO), †SC (RO) Mitka 2001, 2003; Ilnicki & Mitka 2011; Novikoff
Soó; A. toxicum subsp. lasiocarpum (Rchb.) & Mitka 2011a, b
Grinţ.)
Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer subsp. EC (SK, PL, UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Mitka & Starmühler 2000; Mitka 2001, 2003;
lasiocarpum 6 Ilnicki & Mitka 2011; Novikoff & Mitka 2011a, b
Aconitum lasiocarpum subsp. kotulae (Pawł.) WC (SK, PL), EC (SK, West-East-Carpathian subendemic Mitka & Starmühler 2000; Mitka 2001, 2003;
Starm. et Mitka 7, 8 PL, UA, RO), †SC (RO) Ilnicki & Mitka 2011; Novikoff & Mitka 2011a, b
(Syn.: A. variegatum subsp. kotulae Pawł.)
Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. WC (SK, PL, HU), EC West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mitka 2003; Mihok et al. 2005; Novikoff & Mitka
(Syn.: A. lycoctonum subsp. moldavicum (Hacq.) (SK, PL, UA, RO), SC (pan-Carpathian) subendemic 2011a, b; Mitka et al. 2013
Jalas) (RO), AC (RO)
Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. subsp. moldavicum 9 WC (SK, PL, HU), EC West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mitka 2003, 2008; Novikoff & Mitka 2011a, b
(SK, PL, UA, RO), SC (pan-Carpathian) subendemic
(RO), AC (RO)
Aconitum moldavicum subsp. hosteanum (Schur) EC (PL, UA, RO), SC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mitka 2003, 2008; Čornej 2011; Novikoff & Mitka
Graebn. et P. Graebn. 10 (RO), AC (RO) subendemic 2011a, b
(Syn.: A. hosteanum Schur; A. moldavicum subsp.
hosteanum (Schur) Beldie, nom. illeg.)
Aconitum toxicum Rchb. subsp. toxicum 11 EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mucher 1993; Mitka 2001; Ilnicki & Mitka 2011
(RO) subendemic
Aconitum toxicum subsp. bucegiense (Nyár.) EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Mucher 1993; Mitka 2001; Starmühler & Mitka
Mucher 2001
Aconitum toxicum subsp. crispulum (Nyár.) SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Mucher 1993; Starmühler & Mitka 2001
Mucher
Alchemilla acrostegia Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Západné Tatry Mts: Červené vrchy
massif)
Alchemilla aequidens Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla amauroptera Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Belianske Tatry Mts)
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Carpathians
Alchemilla amblyoides Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla amicorum Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
massif)
Alchemilla anceps Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla animosa Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla aspera Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla babiogorensis Pawł. WC (PL), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Volgin & Syčak 1989a; Plocek 1992; Syčak 2002,
2011
Alchemilla bogumili Pawlus WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla boleslai Pawł. 12 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1983, 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al.
2007; Negrean 2011

Alchemilla brachycodon Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla braun-blanquetii Pawł. WC (PL), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Syčak 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla bucovinensis Sytschak 13 EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Syčak 1992, 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla calviflora Plocek WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Tatry Zachodnie Mts: Czerwone
Wierchy massif)
Alchemilla chalarodesma Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1990; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla chilitricha Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Západné Tatry Mts: Sivý vrch Mt.
group)
Alchemilla contractilis (Plocek) Fröhner WC (SK), SC (RO) West-South-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007; Negrean 2011
Alchemilla crassa Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla curtischista Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla czywczynensis Pawł. 14 EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian subendemic Pawłowski 1952; Fröhner 1986; Syčak 2002,
2011; Kurtto et al. 2007, 2009
Alchemilla decurrens Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
49

50
Carpathians
Alchemilla delitescens Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Oravské Beskydy Mts)
Alchemilla deylii Plocek ex Soják EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Soják 1983; Syčak 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla dolichotoma Plocek EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1985; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla dostalii Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Západné Tatry Mts: Mt. Osobitá)
Alchemilla echinogloba Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Oravské Beskydy Mts: Mt. Pilsko)
Alchemilla erythropodoides Pawł. WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Fröhner 1968, 1975; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla eugenii Pawł. 15 WC (PL,?SK) West-Carpathian endemic Pawłowski 1952; Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Wierchy massif)
Alchemilla exaperta Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla fusoidea Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla giewontica Pawł. WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007; Mirek & Piękoś-
(Tatry Zachodnie Mts: Mt. Giewont) Mirkowa 2010
Alchemilla grandiceps Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Oravské Beskydy Mts: Mt. Babia
hora)
Alchemilla gruneica Plocek 16 WC (CZ, SK) West-Carpathian subendemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla gymnopoda Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla hoverlensis Pawlus et Lovelius EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Pawlus 1988; Syčak 1992, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Čornohora Mts)
Alchemilla hyperptycha Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Vysoké Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla isodonta Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Nízke Beskydy Mts)
Alchemilla jasiewiczii Pawł. WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007; Mirek & Piękoś-
(Tatry Wysokie Mts) Mirkowa 2010
Alchemilla kornasiana Pawł. WC (PL), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Syčak 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Carpathians
Alchemilla kosiarensis Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla kulczyńskii Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
massif)
Alchemilla ladislai Pawł. 17 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Syčak 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
massif)
Alchemilla laevipes Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
hora)
Alchemilla laxa Plocek 18 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1990, 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al.
(Oravské Beskydy Mts: Mt. Pilsko) 2007
Alchemilla longidens Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1990, 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al.
(Oravské Beskydy Mts: Mt. Babia 2007
hora)
Alchemilla lorata Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla loxotropa Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
hora)
Alchemilla ludovitiana Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Branisko Mts)
Alchemilla marginata Plocek 19 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Vysoké Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla megalodonta Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Vysoké Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla microsphaerica Fröhner WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla moncophila Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla multiloba Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla obesa Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
51
52
Carpathians
Alchemilla oculimarina Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Vysoké Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla patens Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Šípošová et al. 2004b; Kurtto et al.
(Nízke Tatry Mts) 2007
Alchemilla polonica Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Syn.: A. pseudincisa var. polonica (Pawł.) Plocek)
Alchemilla pseudincisa Pawł. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Volgin & Syčak 1989b; Plocek 1992; Syčak 2002,
2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla pseudothmari Pawł. WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Wierchy massif)
Alchemilla reversantha Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Šípošová et al. 2004a; Kurtto et al.
(Syn.: A. inversa Plocek non Juz., nom. illeg.) (Veľká Fatra Mts) 2007
Alchemilla rhodobasis Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1986, 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al.
(Západné Tatry Mts: Sivý vrch Mt. 2007
group)
Alchemilla rhodocycla Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla sejuncta Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic (Belianske Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla sericoneuroides Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla smaragdina Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla smytniensis Pawł. WC (PL), EC (UA) West-East Carpathian endemic Syčak 1992, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla sojakii Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Krivánska Fatra Mts)
Alchemilla sokolowskii Pawł. 20 WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007; Mirek & Piękoś-
(Tatry Zachodnie Mts: Czerwone Mirkowa 2010
Wierchy massif)
Alchemilla stanislaae Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Tatry Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts) 21
Alchemilla stenoleuca Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla suavis Plocek 22 WC (CZ, SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1973, 1992; Syčak 1992, 2011; Kurtto et
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
al. 2007
Carpathians
Alchemilla subsessilis Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kliment 1999; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla superata Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla szaferi Pawł. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Syčak 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla tacikii Plocek WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
(Vysoké Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla thaumasia Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla turkulensis Pawł. EC (PL, UA) East-Carpathian endemic Syčak 2002, 2011; Kurtto et al. 2007
Alchemilla versipiloides Pawł. 23 WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007; Piękoś-Mirkowa
(Tatry Zachodnie Mts: Czerwone & Mirek 2009; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010
Wierchy massif)
Alchemilla virginea Plocek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007

Alchemilla wallischii Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts, Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007
Nízke Tatry Mts)
Alchemilla zapalowiczii Pawł. 24 WC (†SK), EC (UA) East-Carpathian subendemic Walters & Pawłowski 1968; Plocek 1992; Kurtto
et al. 2007, 2009; Negrean 2011
Alchemilla zmudae Pawł. 25 WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Plocek 1992; Kurtto et al. 2007; Mirek & Piękoś-
Mirkowa 2009, 2010
Allium fussii A. Kern. 26 EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Brullo et al. 1996; Mráz 2005a; Oprea 2005;
(Syn.: A. fuscum subsp. fussii (A. Kern.) Ciocârlan 2009; Šafářová et al. 2011
Ciocârlan; A. paniculatum subsp. fussii (A. Kern.)
Ciocârlan, nom. illeg.)
Alopecurus pratensis subsp. laguriformis (Schur) EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011;
Tzvelev Tasenkevich 2011
(Syn.: A. laguriformis Schur)
Andryala laevitomentosa (Nyár. ex Sennikov) P. EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie 1979; Dihoru &
D. Sell ex Greuter 27, 28 (Bistriţa Mts: Mt. Pietrosul Pârvu 1987; Sennikov 1999; Greuter 2003; Oprea
(Syn.: Pietrosia laevitomentosa Nyár. ex Broştenilor) 2005, 2007; Negrea & Pricop 2009a, b; Fereira et
Sennikov) al. 2015
Antennaria carpatica (Wahlenb.) Bluff et Fingerh. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA); West-East-Carpathian endemic Chrtek & Pouzar 1985; Oltean et al. 1994; Kliment
subsp. carpatica 29 †RO (EC, SC) 1999; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al.
53
2013; Ziman & Derbak 2013

54
Carpathians
Anthemis cretica subsp. pyrethriformis (Schur) SC (RO)/EC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie 1979; Oprea 2005;
Govaerts 30, 31 Sârbu et al. 2013
(Syn.: A. carpatica subsp. pyrethriformis (Schur)
Prodan)
Anthemis kitaibelii Spreng. SC (RO), AC (RO) South-Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Oprea 2005; Hurdu et al. 2012a, b
(Syn.: A. cretica subsp. kitaibelii (Spreng.)
Ciocârlan)
Aquilegia nigricans subsp. subscaposa (Borbás) EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005; Dihoru &
Soó (RO) endemic Negrean 2009
(Syn.: A. subscaposa Borbás; A. vulgaris subsp.
subscaposa (Borbás) Borza)
Aquilegia transsilvanica Schur 32 SC (RO)/EC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Oprea 2005; Kobiv 2012b
Arabidopsis halleri subsp. tatrica (Pawł.) Kolník WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kolník & Marhold 2006
(Syn.: Cardaminopsis halleri subp. tatrica (Pawł.)
Dostál ex Měsíček)
Arabidopsis neglecta (Schult.) O’Kane et Al- WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Jalas & Suominen 1994; Kliment 1999; Měsíček
Shehbaz 33 RO), SC (RO) 2002; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: Cardaminopsis neglecta (Schult.) Hayek)
Arenaria tenella Kit. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Perný & Michalková 2012
(Syn.: A. ciliata subsp. tenella (Kit.) Braun-
Blanq.)
Armeria maritima subsp. barcensis (Simonk.) EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1979; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Ciocârlan
P. Silva 2009
(Syn.: A. barcensis Simonk.)
Armeria pocutica Pawł. 34 EC (?†UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Pawłowski 1962; Ciocârlan 1988, 2009; Kahalo &
(Maramureş Mts) Syčak 2009; Negrean 2011
Asperula carpatica Morariu 35 EC (RO)/SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Negrean 2011
Astragalus australis subsp. krajinae (Domin) EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Domin 1931, 1935; Witkowski et al. 2003; Ziman
Domin 36 2009; Čornej 2011
(Syn.: A. krajinae Domin)
Astragalus exscapus subsp. transsilvanicus Tr (RO) endemic to Transylvanian Basin Roman et al. 1996; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
(Schur) Nyár.
(Syn.: A. exscapus var. transsilvanicus (Schur)
Gams)
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Astragalus peterfii Jáv. 37 Tr (RO) endemic to Transylvanian Basin Roman et al. 1996; Şuteu et al. 2003; Dihoru &
Negrean 2009; Bartha 2012
Carpathians
Astragalus pseudopurpureus Guşul. EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
(Hăşmaş Mts)
Astragalus roemeri Simonk. 38 EC (RO)/AC (RO) East-Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Váczy & Beldie 1976; Dihoru & Negrean 2009;
Bartha & Bartók 2013
Athamanta turbith subsp. hungarica (Borbás) SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Stevanović et al. 1991; Popescu et al. 2003; Hurdu
Tutin 39 et al. 2012a, b; Sârbu et al. 2013
(Syn.: A. hungarica Borbás)
Aubrieta columnae subsp. platycarpa (Ciocârlan) SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie & Váczy 1976; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan
Ciocârlan 40 (Piatra Craiului Mts) 2006, 2009; Negrean 2011
(Syn.: A. intermedia subsp. falcata Ciocârlan)
Barbarea lepuznica Nyár.41 SC (RO) South-Carpathian subendemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru &
(Syn.: B. vulgaris subsp. lepuznica (Nyár.) Soó) Negrean 2009; Strajeru & Stevanović 2013
Bromus monocladus Domin 42 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Dúbravková 2014 in litt.; Somlyay
(Syn.: B. pannonicus subsp. monocladus (Domin) 2014 in litt.
P. M. Sm.; Bromopsis pannonica subsp.
monoclada (Domin) Holub)

Campanula carpatica Jacq. WC (SK), EC (UA, RO), West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Goliašová et al. 2008
SC (RO)/AC (pan-Carpathian) endemic
Campanula crassipes Heuff. SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Hurdu et al. 2012a, b
Campanula glomerata subsp. subcapitata (Popov) EC (SK, UA) East-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Ziman et al. 2006; Goliašová et al.
Fed. 2008
(Syn.: C. subcapitata Popov)
Campanula kladniana (Schur) Witasek 43 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Čopyk 1976; Tasenkevyč 2003; Oprea 2005;
(Syn.: C. rotundifolia subsp. kladniana (Schur) AC (RO) endemic Ziman et al. 2006
Tacik)
Campanula serrata (Kit.) Hendrych WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Goliašová et al. 2008
(Syn.: C. napuligera Schur) RO), SC (RO), AC (pan-Carpathian) endemic
Campanula tatrae Borbás 44 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Goliašová et al. 2008
(Syn.: C. polymorpha (Witasek) Prain et al.; C. RO), SC (RO), AC (RO) (pan-Carpathian) endemic
rotundifolia subsp. polymorpha (Witasek) Tacik)
Campanula xylocarpa Kovanda WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Goliašová et al. 2008
Cardamine glanduligera O. Schwarz 45 WC (CZ, SK, PL, HU), subendemic to Western, Eastern, Jalas & Suominen1994; Roman et al. 1996;
(Syn.: Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. et Kit. ex EC (SK, PL, UA, RO), Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and Kliment 1999; Marhold & Kochjarová 2002
Willd.) SC (RO), AC (RO), Tr Transylvanian Basin
55
(RO) (pan-Carpathian subendemic)

56
Carpathians
Carduus kerneri Simonk. subsp. kerneri 46 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Franco 1976; Čopyk 1976; Oprea 2005; Čornej
(Syn.: C. transsilvanicus A. Kern.) 2011; Hurdu et al. 2012a, b; Ziman & Derbak
2013
Carduus kerneri subsp. lobulatiformis (Csüros et SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru &
Nyár.) Soó 47 Negrean 2009; Hurdu et al. 2012a
(Syn.: C. lobulatiformis Csürös et Nyár.)
Carduus lobulatus Borbás WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Šípošová et al. 2004a; Zarzycki
2008
Centaurea reichenbachii DC. 48 AC (RO) Apuseni-Carpathians endemic Dostál 1976; Ochsmann 2000; Hurdu et al. 2012a;
(Syn.: C. reichenbachioides Schur ex Hayek) Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Centaurea rodnensis Simonk. 49, 50, 51 EC (?UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1979; Tasenkevich 2011; Hurdu et al.
(Syn.: C. carpatica (Porcius) Porcius, nom. illeg.; (Rodna Mts) 2012a, b; Koutecký 2013
C. rarauensis Prodan)
Centaurea simonkaiana Hayek AC (RO) Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Parvu 1987; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
(Syn.: C. trichocephala subsp. simonkaiana
(Hayek) Dostál)
Centaurea triniifolia Heuff. 52 SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Dostál 1976; Ochsmann 2000; Hurdu et al. 2012a
Cephalaria radiata Griseb. et Schenk 53 Tr (RO)/EC (RO), SC subendemic to Transylvanian Basin Prodan 1961; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
(RO), AC (RO)
Cephalaria uralensis subsp. multifida (Roman) SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie & Váczy 1976; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987;
Roman et Beldie 54 (Almajului Mts: Porţile de Fier Ciocârlan 2011; Sârbu et al. 2013
Gorge)
Cerastium arvense subsp. lerchenfeldianum EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Oprea 2005; Negrean & Oltean 1989; Hurdu et al.
(Schur) Asch. et Graebn. 55, 56 (RO) endemic 2012b
(Syn.: C. lerchenfeldianum Schur)
Cerastium tatrae Borbás WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Kliment 1999; Letz & Michalková 2012
(Syn.: C. glandulosum (Kit.) Jáv. non Schur, nom.
illeg.; C. arvense subsp. glandulosum (Kit.) Soó)
Cerastium transsilvanicum Schur EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Morariu & Beldie 1976; Jalas &
Suominen 1983; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009
Chrysosplenium alpinum Schur EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1977; Oprea 2005; Kobiv 2010; Čornej
2011; Sârbu et al. 2013
Clinopodium pulegium (Rochel) Bräuchler 57 SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian subendemic Diklić & Nikolić 1986; Bogosavljević et al. 2007;
(Syn.: Micromeria pulegium (Rochel) Benth., Hurdu et al. 2012b; Đug et al. 2013; Slavkovska et
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
nom. illeg.) al. 2013

Carpathians
Cochlearia borzaeana (Coman et Nyár.) Pobed. EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Kochjarová et al. 2006; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
Cochlearia tatrae Borbás WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Kliment 1999; Kochjarová & Valachovič 2002
Cota tinctoria subsp. fussii (Griseb. et Schenk) EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathians Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
Oberpr. et Greuter (RO) endemic
(Syn.: Anthemis tinctoria subsp. fussii (Griseb. et
Schenk) Beldie)
Crocus banaticus J. Gay 58 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mihály & Komendar 1993; Oprea 2005; Myhaľ
AC (RO) subendemic 2009; Hurdu et al. 2012b
Crocus discolor G. Reuss WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Májovský et al. 1991; Kliment 1999
(Syn.: C. scepusiensis (Rehman et Woł.) Borbás)
Cyanus dominii (Dostál) Holub WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Olšavská et al. 2011, 2012; Olšavská & Löser
2013
Cyanus dominii (Dostál) Holub subsp. dominii WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Olšavská et al. 2011, 2012; Olšavská & Löser
(Syn.: Cyanus triumfetti subsp. dominii (Dostál) 2013
Dostál; Centaurea triumfetti subsp. dominii

Dostál)
Cyanus dominii subsp. slovenicus (Dostál) WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Olšavská et al. 2011, 2012; Olšavská & Löser
Olšavská 2013
(Syn.: Centaurea triumfetti var. slovenica Dostál)
Cyanus dominii subsp. sokolensis (Pawł.) WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Olšavská et al. 2011, 2012; Olšavská & Löser
Olšavská 2013
(Syn.: Centaurea axillaris var. sokolensis Pawł.)
Cyanus maramarosiensis (Jáv.) Dostál 59 EC (?SK, UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu
(Syn.: Centaurea maramarosiensis (Jáv.) Czerep.; et al. 2013
C. mollis subsp. maramarosiensis (Jáv.) Soó)
Cyanus mollis (Waldst. et Kit.) J. Presl et C. Presl 60 WC (CZ, SK, PL, HU), subendemic to Western, Eastern, Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Olšavská & Löser
(Syn.: Centaurea mollis Waldst. et Kit.; Cyanus EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and 2013
montanus subsp. mollis (Waldst. et Kit.) Soják) AC (RO), Tr (RO) Transylvanian Basin
(pan-Carpathian subendemic)
Cyanus pinnatifidus (Schur) Holub EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Oprea 2005; Olšavská et al. 2012
(Syn.: Centaurea pinnatifida Schur; C. triumfetti endemic
subsp. pinnatifida (Schur) Dostál)
Cyanus pinnatifidus (Schur) Holub subsp. EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Oprea 2005
pinnatifidus (RO) endemic
57
(Syn.: Centaurea pinnatifida Schur subsp.

pinnatifida)
58
Carpathians
Cyanus pinnatifidus subsp. sooanus (Borhidi) EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Borhidi 1957; Oprea 2005
Greuter 61 (Ceahlău Mts)
(Syn.: Centaurea pinnatifida subsp. sooana
(Borhidi) Soó)
Cyclamen purpurascens subsp. immaculatum WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Kanka et al. 2008; Turis 2009;
(Hrabětová) Halda et Soják 62 (Veľká Fatra Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts) Slovák et al. 2012; Kučera et al. 2013
(Syn.: C. fatrense Halda et Soják)
Dactylorhiza cordigera subsp. siculorum (Soó) EC (RO), AC (RO) East-Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Soó 1967, 1980b; Popescu & Sanda 1998; Oprea
Soó 63 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Hurdu et al. 2012a
(Syn.: Orchis cordigera subsp. siculorum Soó)
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. schurii (Klinge) Soó 64 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), endemic to Eastern, Southern & Soó 1967; Paucă & Beldie 1972; Čornej 2011;
(Syn.: Orchis maculata var. schurii (Klinge) Paucă AC (RO), Tr (RO) Apuseni Carpathians and Hurdu 2014 in litt.
et Beldie) Transylvanian Basin
Daphne arbuscula Čelak. WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Erdelská & Turis 1996
(Muránska planina Mts)
Delphinium elatum subsp. nacladense (Zapał.) EC (PL, UA, RO), SC East-South-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Starmühler 1996b; Oprea 2005;
Holub 65 (RO) Kobiv et al. 2007a; Chorney et al. 2008; Mitka et
(Syn.: D. nacladense Zapał.) al. 2008; Novikov 2013b
Delphinium oxysepalum Borbás et Pax WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
Delphinium simonkaianum Pawł. EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie 1977; Dihoru &
(RO) endemic Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
Dianthus callizonus Schott et Kotschy SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Coldea 1997; Ciocârlan
(Piatra Craiului Mts) 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. tenuifolius EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kuz'mina 2004; Fedorončuk & Čornej 2005;
(Schur) Hegi 66 AC (RO) endemic Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011
(Syn.: D. tenuifolius Schur)
Dianthus giganteus subsp. banaticus (Heuff.) SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Hurdu et al.
Tutin 2012a, b
(Syn.: D. banaticus (Heuff.) Borbás)
Dianthus glacialis subsp. gelidus (Schott, Nyman EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Hurdu et al.
et Kotschy) Tutin 2012a
(Syn.: D. gelidus Schott., Nyman et Kotschy)
Dianthus henteri Heuff. ex Griseb. et Schenk SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Popescu et al. 2003; Oprea
2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Carpathians
Dianthus nitidus Waldst. et Kit. WC (SK, †PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Kmeťová 2012
(Syn.: D. nitidus Waldst. et Kit. subsp. nitidus)
Dianthus praecox Willd. ex Spreng. subsp. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kmeťová 1985, 2012
praecox 67, 68
(Syn.: D. plumarius subsp. praecox (Willd. ex
Spreng.) Domin)
Dianthus praecox subsp. lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) WC (A, CZ, SK) West-Carpathian endemic Baksay 1972; Kmeťová 1985, 2012; Somogyi et al.
Kmeťová 69 2012
(Syn.: D. lumnitzeri Wiesb.; D. plumarius subsp.
lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) Domin)
Dianthus praecox subsp. pseudopraecox (Novák) WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Kmeťová 1985, 2012
Kmeťová ex Dostál 70, 71
(Syn.: D. hungaricus subsp. pseudopraecox
(Novák) Kmeťová ex Futák)
Dianthus spiculifolius Schur 72 EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Negrean & Oltean 1989;
(Syn.: D. kitaibelii subsp. spiculifolius (Schur) (RO) endemic Fedorončuk & Diduch 2002a; Oprea 2005;
Novák; D. petraeus subsp. spiculifolius (Schur) Holobiuc et al. 2009
Ciocârlan)
Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. et Schenk) EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Álvarez Fernández 2003; Pachswöll 2013
Nyman 73
Draba dorneri Heuff. 74 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Sârbu & Lupu 1989; Ion 2012; Catană et al. 2013
Draba haynaldii Stur EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1979; Oprea 2005; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
Draba kotschyi Stur 75 EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Jalas et al. 1996; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009
Draba lasiocarpa subsp. klasterskyi (Chrtek) WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Peniašteková & Kliment 2002
Chrtek (Slovenský kras Mts)
Draba simonkaiana Jáv. 76 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan
(Syn.: D. stellata subsp. simonkaiana (Jáv.) 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Ciocârlan)
Erigeron hungaricus (Vierh.) Pawł. 77 WC (SK, PL), EC (RO), West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Mirek & Piękoś-
(Syn.: E. nanus Schur non Nutt., nom. illeg.) SC (RO) Mirkowa 2008a; Ciocârlan 2009
Eritrichium jankae Simonk. 78 EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Şuteu 2012; Sârbu et
(Syn.: E. nanum subsp. jankae (Simonk.) Jáv.) al. 2013
Erysimum hungaricum Zapał. 79, 80 EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Kobiv et al. 2007a; Kobiv 2010; Sârbu et al. 2013
(Maramureş Mts: Mt. Lostun Mic)
59
60
Carpathians
Erysimum pieninicum (Zapał.) Pawł. WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Maciejewska-Rutkowska et al. 2007; Korzeniak
(Pieniny Mts) 2008
Erysimum wahlenbergii (Asch. et Engl.) Borbás WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathians endemic Kliment 1999; Michalková 2002
Erysimum witmannii Zaw. 81 WC (SK, PL, HU), EC West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Michalková 2002
(UA, RO), SC
(RO)/?†AC
Erysimum witmannii Zaw. subsp. witmannii 82, 83, 84 WC (SK, PL), EC (RO), West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Nyárády 1955; Borza 1964; Tomšovic 1988;
(Syn.: E. baumgartenianum Schur) SC (RO)/?†AC (RO) Kliment 1999; Ančev & Polatschek 2006
Erysimum witmannii subsp. pallidiflorum (Szépl. WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Michalková 1999, 2002
ex Jáv.) Soó
(Syn.: E. pallidiflorum Szépl. ex Jáv.)
Erysimum witmannii subsp. transsilvanicum EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Nyárády 1955; Popescu et al. 2003; Kobiv 2010;
(Schur) P. W. Ball 85, 86 Oprea & Sîrbu 2012, 2013; Vojtkó et al. 2012
(Syn.: E. transsilvanicum Schur; E. czetzianum
Schur)
Euphorbia carpatica Woł. 87, 88 EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Mirek et al. 2002; Dihoru & Negrean
(Syn.: Tithymalus carpaticus (Woł.) Á. Löve et D. 2009; Čornej 2011
Löve; T. jasiewiczii Chrtek et Křísa)
Euphorbia sojakii (Chrtek et Křísa) Dubovik EC (SK, PL, UA) East-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
(Syn.: E. austriaca subsp. sojakii Chrtek et Křísa;
Tithymalus sojakii (Chrtek et Křísa) Holub)
Euphrasia exaristata Smejkal 89 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Králik 1997; Staszkiewicz 2009
massif)
Euphrasia slovaca (Yeo) Holub subsp. slovaca WC (CZ, SK, PL), EC West-East-Carpathian endemic Králik 1997; Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Čornej
(Syn.: E. arctica subsp. slovaca Yeo) (UA, RO) 2011; Sârbu et al. 2013
Euphrasia stipitata Smejkal WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Králik 1997; Kliment 1999
Euphrasia tatrae Wettst. 90 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-Carpathian endemic Smejkal 1963; Mihoková & Mikoláš 1994;
(Syn.: E. minima subsp. tatrae (Wettst.) Hayek; E. RO), ?SC (RO) Smejkal & Čeřovský 1999
minima var. tatrae (Wettst.) Pawł.)
Ferula sadlerana Ledeb. 91, 92 WC (SK, HU), AC (RO) West-Apuseni-Carpathian Lendvay & Kalapos 2014
subendemic
Festuca amethystina subsp. orientalis Krajina 93 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Cvelev 1972, 1974, 1976; Prokudin et al. 1977;
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
(Syn.: F. inarmata Schur) AC (RO) endemic Oprea 2005; Sârbu et al. 2013
Carpathians
Festuca bucegiensis Markgr.-Dann. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Festuca carpatica F. Dietr. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
(Syn.: F. pseudolaxa Schur; Leucopoa carpatica RO), SC (RO)
(F. Dietr.) H. Scholz)
Festuca gautieri subsp. lutea (Hack.) Foggi et EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005; Sârbu et al.
Signorini (Hăşmaş Mts) 2013
(Syn.: F. gautieri subsp. lutea (Hack.) Ciocârlan;
F. scoparia subsp. lutea (Hack.) Beldie)
Festuca nitida subsp. flaccida (Schur) Markgr.- EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Dann.
Festuca pachyphylla Degen ex Nyár. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Markgraf-Dannenberg 1980; Ciocârlan 2009;
(Syn.: F. rupicola subsp. pachyphylla (Degen ex Hurdu et al. 2012a
Nyár.) Beldie; F. stricta subsp. rumelica Foggi et
Petrova)
Festuca porcii Hack. EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Beldie 1972; Čopyk 1976; Oprea 2005; Kobiv et
AC (RO) endemic al. 2007a

Festuca saxatilis Schur 94 EC (SK, UA, RO), SC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: F. rupicola subsp. saxatilis (Schur) (RO), AC (RO) endemic
Rauschert; F. rupicola subsp. saxatilis (Schur)
Beldie, nom. illeg.; F. stricta subsp. saxatilis
(Host) Foggi et Signorini)
Festuca tatrae (Czakó) Degen 95 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Ciocârlan 2009; Čornej 2011
(Syn.: F. amethystina subsp. tatrae (Czakó) Soó)
Festuca versicolor Tausch subsp. versicolor 96 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005
RO), SC (RO) subendemic
Festuca versicolor subsp. dominii Krajina EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan
(Rodna Mts) 2009
Galium abaujense Borbás WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
Galium album subsp. suberectum (Klokov) WC (SK), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Klokov 1961; Michalková 1993; Gynda 2004
Michalk. 97, 98
(Syn.: G. suberectum Klokov)
Galium baillonii D. Brândză SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Popescu et al. 2003; Oprea
2005; Ciocârlan 2009
Galium kitaibelianum Schult. et Schult. f. 99 EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Oprea 2005; Hurdu et al. 2012b
61
subendemic
62
Carpathians
Galium transcarpaticum Stojko et Tasenk. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Tasenkevyč 2003; Gynda 2004; Kobiv 2010;
Čornej 2011
Genista tinctoria subsp. oligosperma (Andrae) EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005;
Jáv. 100 Ciocârlan 2009; Čornej 2011
(Syn.: G. oligosperma (Andrae) Simonk.; G.
rupestris Schur)
Gentiana cruciata subsp. phlogifolia (Schott et EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Strid & Tan 1991; Oprea
Kotschy) Tutin 101 2005; Ciocârlan 2009
(Syn.: G. phlogifolia Schott et Kotschy)
Gentiana laciniata Kit. ex Kanitz 102 EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Rybczyński et al. 2014
Gentianella amarella subsp. reussii (Tocl) Holub WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Šípošová et al. 2004b
(Syn.: Gentiana reussii Tocl)
Gentianella fatrae (Borbás) Holub WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Šípošová et al. 2004a
(Syn.: G. austriaca subsp. fatrae (Borbás) Á. Löve
et D. Löve)
Gentianella lutescens subsp. tatrae (Ronniger) WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010
Holub
Gypsophila petraea (Baumg.) Rchb. 103 EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Jalas & Suominen 1986;
(Syn.: G. transsylvanica Spreng.) Oprea 2005; Hurdu et al. 2012b
Helictotrichon decorum (Janka) Henrard EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005; CBIS 2008
(RO) endemic (http://www.carpates.org/cbisec/bot.php?id=1222)
Hepatica transsilvanica Fuss EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005
(RO) endemic
Heracleum carpaticum Porcius EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Oprea 2005; Kobiv et al. 2007a;
Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
Heracleum sphondylium subsp. transsilvanicum EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Čopyk 1976; Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011; Sârbu et
(Schur) Brummitt AC endemic al. 2013
(Syn.: H. transsilvanicum Schur; H. palmatum
Baumg.)
Hesperis matronalis subsp. schurii Soó 104 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie 1977; Ball 1993;
(Syn.: H. oblongifolia Schur; H. matronalis subsp. Ciocârlan 2009
oblongifolia (Schur) F. Dvořák)
Hesperis matronalis subsp. vrabelyiana (Schur) WC (HU) West-Carpathian endemic (Bükk Mts) Dvořák 1968; Soó 1968; Ball 1993; Šeffer et al.
Soó 2010
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
(Syn.: H. vrabelyiana (Schur) Borbás)

Carpathians
Hesperis slovaca (F. Dvořák) F. Dvořák 105 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Dvořák 1963, 1968; Zahradníková et al. 2002;
(Syn.: H. dinarica subsp. slovaca F. Dvořák) (Nízke Tatry Mts) Šípošová et al. 2004b
Hieracium abietogenum Nyár. ex Szeląg 106 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003a, 2006b
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium austrotatricum Szeląg WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Ronikier & Szeląg 2008; Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011
(Nízke Tatry Mts)
Hieracium bohatschianum Zahn SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011; Szeląg 2011
(Almajului Mts: Mt. Treskovaţ)
Hieracium borbasii R. Uechtr. 107 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. borbasii (R. Uechtr.) (Retezat Mts)
Zahn)
Hieracium borsanum Mráz EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Mráz 2001b, 2003a
(Rodna Mts)
Hieracium carpaticum Besser subsp. carpaticum WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1937; Chrtek jr. 2014 in litt.; cf. Piękoś-
Mirkowa & Mirek 2003; Šeffer et al. 2010

Hieracium cernaeglavae (Hruby et Zahn) Mráz EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Mráz 2002
(Syn.: H. rohacsense subsp. cernaeglavae (Hruby
et Zahn) Zahn)
Hieracium coldei Szeląg EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006a, b, 2012
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. coldei (Szeląg) Greuter)
Hieracium crassipedipilum (Pawł. et Zahn) Chrtek f. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Chrtek jr. & Marhold 1998; Štorchová et al. 2002;
Chrtek jr. et al. 2004a
Hieracium czeremoszense Woł. et Zahn EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1936; Šljakov 1989; Szeląg 2007
Hieracium dacicum R. Uechtr. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1938; Szeląg 2014 in litt.
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium decipientiforme (Woł. et Zahn) EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Chrtek jr. 1997; Chrtek jr. 2014 in litt.
Schljakov
Hieracium deylii Mráz EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Mráz 2003a
(Syn.: H. pietroszense subsp. deylii (Mráz)
Greuter)
Hieracium fagarasense (Nyár. et Zahn) Nyár. 108 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b; Szeląg 2014 in litt.; cf. Beldie 1979,
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. fagarasense Nyár. et (Făgăraş Mts) Oprea 2005, Ciocârlan 2009, Sârbu et al. 2013
Zahn)
63
Hieracium filarszkyi Jáv. et Zahn SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1938; Szeląg 2014 in litt.
(Retezat Mts)
64
Carpathians
Hieracium fritzeiforme Zahn SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1938; Szeląg 2014 in litt.
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium hryniawiense Woł. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Šljakov 1989; Mráz 2003b; Szeląg 2007
(Syn.: H. raddeanum subsp. hryniawiense (Woł.)
Greuter)
Hieracium jankae R. Uechtr. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Mráz & Szeląg 2004; Szeląg 2014 in litt.
(Almajului Mts)
Hieracium jarzabczynum (Pawł. et Zahn) Mráz et WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Chrtek jr. & Mráz 2007; Chrtek jr. et al. 2007
Chrtek f.
Hieracium kotschyanum Heuff. EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Mráz & Szeląg 2004; Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki &
(Syn.: H. kotschyanum Heuff. subsp. kotschyanum; (RO) endemic Szeląg 2011
H. sparsum subsp. kotschyanum (Heuff.) Zahn)
Hieracium krivanense (Woł. et Zahn) Schljakov WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Chrtek jr. & Marhold 1998; Štorchová et al. 2002;
Hieracium lingelsheimii Pax WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Schuhwerk & Lippert 1999; Chrtek jr. et al. 2004a
(Nízke Tatry Mts)
Hieracium lomnicense Woł. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Šljakov 1989; Szeląg 2007
Hieracium lubricicaule (Zahn) Borza SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003b, 2006b; Mráz & Szeląg 2004
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. lubricicaule Zahn) (Retezat Mts, Ţarcu Mts)
Hieracium magocsyanum Jáv. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Mráz & Szeląg 2004; Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki &
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. magocsyanum (Jáv.) (Retezat Mts, Ţarcu Mts) Szeląg 2011
Zahn)
Hieracium mirekii Szeląg SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium mitkae Szeląg SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003a, 2006b
(Syn.: H. kotschyanum subsp. longidentatum Nyár. (Retezat Mts)
ex Szeląg; H. sparsum subsp. longidentatum
(Nyár. ex Szeląg) Greuter)
Hieracium mlinicae (Hruby et Zahn) Chrtek f. et WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Zahn 1927; Chrtek jr. et al. 2004b; Chrtek jr. &
Mráz Mráz 2007
(Syn.: H. nigrescens subsp. mlinicae Hruby et
Zahn)
Hieracium napaeum Zahn EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Zahn 1936; Szeląg 2014 in litt.
endemic
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Carpathians
Hieracium negoiense (Răvărut et Nyár.) Soó 109 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Oprea 2005; Sârbu et al.
(Syn.: Crepis negoiensis Răvărut et Nyár.) (Retezat Mts) 2013
Hieracium nigrescens subsp. koprovanum Rech. f. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1927; Mráz 2001b, 2002; Chrtek jr. et al.
et Zahn (Tatry Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts) 2004b, 2007
Hieracium nigrilacus Nyár. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium ostii-bucurae Nyár. ex Szeląg 110, 111 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003a, 2006b; Mráz & Szeląg 2004
(Syn.: H. longifoliosum Nyár. ex Szeląg; H.
sparsum subsp. sparsiforme (Degen et Zahn)
Greuter)
Hieracium palenicae Rech. f. et Zahn WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1937; Procházka & Chrtek jr. 1999; Chrtek
(Západné Tatry Mts) jr. 2014 in litt.
Hieracium paltinae Jáv. et Zahn SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2014 in litt.; cf. Zahn 1938
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium pawlowskianum Nyár. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003a, 2004a, 2006b
(Syn.: H. riumarense Nyár. ex Szeląg; H. (Retezat Mts, Ţarcu Mts)
tomiasiforme (Nyár.) Nyár.; H. sparsum subsp.
nigrovirenticeps (Nyár. et Zahn) Greuter)
Hieracium paxianum Nyár. et Zahn EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Mráz et al. 2005
Hieracium perfoliosum Nyár. ex Szeląg SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003a, 2006b
(Godeanu Mts)
Hieracium pietroszense Degen et Zahn 112 EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Mráz 2003a
(Rodna Mts)
Hieracium pinetophilum (Degen et Zahn) Chrtek f. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Chrtek jr. & Marhold 1998; Štorchová et al. 2002;
Hieracium pisaturense Nyár. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2003b, 2006b; Szeląg 2014 in litt.; cf. Zahn
(Retezat Mts) 1938
Hieracium pocuticum Woł. EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Šljakov 1989; Szeląg 2007; cf. Tasenkevyč 2003
Hieracium pojoritense Woł. EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Ştefureac & Tăcină 1979; Mráz 2003b; Mráz &
Szeląg 2004; Mráz & Paule 2006; Szeląg 2006b,
2007
Hieracium polyphyllobasis (Nyár. et Zahn) Szeląg SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. polyphyllobasis (Nyár. et (Retezat Mts)
Zahn) Greuter)
65
66
Carpathians
Hieracium porphyriticum A. Kern. SC (RO), AC (RO) South-Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011; Szeląg 2014
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. porphyriticum (A. Kern.) in litt.
Zahn)
Hieracium prassivae Zahn WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Šípošová et al. 2004b
(Vysoké Tatry Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts)
Hieracium pseudostygium Woł. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Šljakov 1989; Szeląg 2007; cf. Čornej 2011
(Syn.: H. nigritum subsp. pseudostygium (Woł.)
Zahn)
Hieracium rapunculoidiforme Woł. et Zahn 113 EC (UA,?RO) East-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1911; Šljakov 1989
Hieracium ratezaticum (Nyár. et Zahn) Mráz SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Mráz 2001b; Mráz & Szeląg 2004
(Retezat Mts)
Hieracium rohacsense Kit. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Mráz 2001a, 2002, 2005a; Šípošová et al. 2004a
Hieracium scitulum Woł. 114 EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Šljakov 1989; Chrtek jr. 2004; Szeląg 2007
Hieracium silesiacum E. Krause 115 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian subendemic Chrtek jr. 1996; Chrtek jr. et al. 2002; Szeląg
2004b, 2006b; Mráz 2005b
Hieracium slovacum Chrtek f. WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Chrtek jr. & Marhold 1998; Štorchová et al. 2002;
(Belianske Tatry Mts) Chrtek jr. et al. 2004a
Hieracium subsinuatum Borbás WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Zahn 1937; Kliment 1999; Procházka & Chrtek jr.
(Syn.: H. subserratosinuatum Zahn, nom. illeg.) 1999; Chrtek jr. 2014 in litt.
Hieracium telekianum Boros et Lengyel EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Mráz & Szeląg 2004; Szeląg 2006b; cf. Beldie
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. telekianum (Boros et (Harghita Mts) 1977, Ciocârlan 2009, Sârbu et al. 2013
Lengyel) Greuter)
Hieracium tomiasae (Nyár. et Zahn) Nyár. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Mráz & Szeląg 2004; Szeląg 2006b; Ilnicki &
(Syn.: H. sparsum subsp. tomiasae Nyár. et Zahn; (Ţarcu Mts: Mt. Tomeasa) Szeląg 2011; cf. Dihoru & Pârvu 1987
H. sparsum var. tomiasae (Nyár. et Zahn)
Ciocârlan)
Hieracium tomosense Simonk. EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Ilnicki & Szeląg 2011; Szeląg 2013
Hieracium tubulare Nyár. 116 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Mráz & Szeląg 2004; Szeląg 2006a, b; Ilnicki &
(Syn.: H. sparsum var. tubulare (Nyár.) Ciocârlan; (Retezat Mts) Szeląg 2011
H. sparsum subsp. tubulatum (Zahn) Greuter)
Hieracium ukierniae Woł. et Zahn EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Šljakov 1989; Szeląg 2014 in litt.
Hieracium vapenicanum (Lengyel et Zahn) Chrtek f. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1927; Chrtek jr. et al. 2004b, 2007; Chrtek jr.
et Mráz & Mráz 2007
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Hieracium virgicaule Nägeli et Peter 117 WC (SK, PL, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1930; Chrtek jr. et al. 2004a
Hieracium worochtae Woł. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Zahn 1938; Šljakov 1989; Szeląg 2007
Carpathians
Hieracium zajacii Szeląg WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2010
(Veľká Fatra Mts)
Hieracium zanogae Pax SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2006b
(Retezat Mts)
Hylotelephium argutum (Haw.) Holub WC (†CZ, SK, PL), EC West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Grulich 1984; Kliment 1999
(Syn.: Sedum carpaticum G. Reuss; S. telephium (SK, UA, RO), SC (RO), (pan-Carpathian) endemic
subsp. fabaria (W. D. J. Koch) Kirschl.) AC (RO)
Jovibarba globifera subsp. preissiana (Domin) WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-Carpathian subendemic Letz 1998; Kliment 1999
Holub 118 RO)
(Syn.: J. preissiana (Domin) Omelczuk et Czopik)
Jurinea transylvanica (Spreng.) Simonk. 119 Tr (RO)/EC (RO), SC subendemic to Transylvanian Basin Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: J. mollis subsp. transylvanica (Spreng.) (RO), AC (RO)
Hayek)
Knautia kitaibelii (Schult.) Borbás subsp. kitaibelii WC (A, CZ, SK, PL) West-Carpathian subendemic Soják 1983; Štěpánek 1985, 1997; Kliment 1999;
120, 121
Böhm & Facsar 2000; Kolář et al. 2009
Knautia slovaca Štěpánek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Štěpánek 1983, 1985

Koeleria macrantha subsp. transsilvanica (Schur) EC (†UA, RO), SC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Deyl 1934; Ghişa 1972; Soják 1983; Popescu et al.
A. Nyár. 122 (RO), AC (RO) endemic 2003; Oprea 2005; Kricsfalusy & Budnikov 2007
(Syn.: K. transsilvanica Schur; K. macrantha
subsp. transsilvanica (Schur) Beldie, nom. illeg.)
Koeleria tristis Domin WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Pečinka et al. 2006
Lathyrus transsilvanicus (Spreng.) Fritsch 123, 124, WC (SK, HU), EC (UA, subendemic to Western & Eastern Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Petrova & Vladimirov
125
RO), Tr (RO)/AC (RO) Carpathians and Transylvanian Basin 2009; Proc’ & Kiš 2009; Kobiv 2010; Tosheva et
al. 2011; Marinov et al. 2014
Leontodon kulczynskii Popov EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Čopyk 1976; Hel'tman 1989; Oprea 2005; Čornej
(Syn.: L. repens Schur, nom. illeg.) AC (RO) endemic 2011
Leucanthemopsis alpina subsp. tatrae (Vierh.) WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Holub 1977; Kliment 1999; Mirek & Piękoś-
Holub 126 (Tatry Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts) Mirkowa 2009, 2010
(Syn.: L. tatrae (Vierh.) Holub; Chrysanthemum
alpinum f. tatrae Vierh.)
Leucanthemum rotundifolium (Waldst. et Kit. ex WC (SK, PL), EC (SK, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Zelený 1970; Čopyk 1976; Kliment 1999; Oprea
Willd.) DC. 127 PL, UA), SC (RO), AC (pan-Carpathian) subendemic 2005
(Syn.: L. waldsteinii (Sch. Bip.) Pouzar; Chrysan- (RO)
themum rotundifolium Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd.)
67
68
Carpathians
Linum extraaxilare Kit. 128 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Petrova & Vladimirov
(Syn.: L. perenne subsp. extraaxillare (Kit.) RO), SC (RO) subendemic 2009; Vladimirov et al. 2011
Nyman)
Linum uninerve (Rochel) Jáv. 129, 130 SC (RO)/EC (RO) East-South-Carpathian subendemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Petrova 2011
Luzula alpinopilosa subsp. obscura S. Fröhner WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Mirek & Piękoś-
RO), SC (RO) Mirkowa 2010; Čornej 2011
Melampyrum saxosum Baumg. 131, 132 EC (SK, PL, UA, RO), East-South-Carpathian endemic Štech & Drábková 2005; Těšitel & Štech 2007;
(Syn.: M. sylvaticum subsp. saxosum (Baumg.) P. SC (RO) Michalik & Mitka 2008; Těšitel et al. 2009
Beauv.; M. herbichii Woł.)
Minuartia oxypetala (Woł.) Kulcz. EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Pawłowski 1939; Beldie 1977; Fedorončuk &
(Syn.: M. verna subsp. oxypetala (Woł.) G. Diduch 2002b; Oprea 2005; Kobiv et al. 2007a;
Halliday) Kobiv 2010; Čornej 2011
Minuartia pauciflora (Kit. ex Kanitz) Dvořáková 133 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Dvořáková 2003
(Syn.: M. zarencznyi (Zapał.) Klokov)
Nigritella carpatica (Zapał.) Teppner, E. Klein et EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Teppner et al. 1994; Teppner & Klein 1998;
M. Zagulskij Teppner 2004; Čornej 2009
(Syn.: Gymnadenia carpatica (Zapał.) Teppner et
E. Klein)
Noccaea banatica (R. Uechtr.) F. K. Mey. 134 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1977; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Popescu et al.
(Syn.: Thlaspi dacicum subsp. banaticum (R. 2003; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru &
Uechtr.) Nyár.; T. dacicum subsp. banaticum (R. Negrean 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Uechtr.) Dvořáková, nom. illeg.)
Noccaea caerulescens subsp. tatrensis (Zapał.) WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Hodálová & Mártonfi 2002
Holub
(Syn.: Thlaspi caerulescens subsp. tatrense
(Zapał.) Dvořáková)
Noccaea dacica (Heuff.) F. K. Mey. subsp. dacica EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Jalas et al. 1996;
(Syn.: Thlaspi dacicum Heuff. subsp. dacicum) Tasenkevyč 2003; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009
Noccaea jankae (A. Kern.) F. K. Mey. 135 WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Clapham & Akeyrod 1993; Kliment 1999;
(Syn.: Thlaspi jankae A. Kern.) Hodálová & Mártonfi 2002
Onosma pseudarenaria Schur subsp. Tr (RO)/EC (RO), AC subendemic to Transylvanian Basin Oprea 2005; Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Şuteu 2012
pseudarenaria 136 (RO)
Onosma viridis (Borbás) Jáv. 137, 138 WC (SK, HU), SC (RO), endemic to Western, Southern & Grinţescu & Nyárády 1960a; Kolarčik et al. 2010;
(Syn.: Onosma tornensis Jáv.) AC (RO), Tr (RO) Apuseni Carpathians and Mártonfi et al. 2014
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Transylvanian Basin
Carpathians
Ophrys holubyana Andras. 139 WC (CZ, SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Dítě 2014 in litt.
Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. acuminatum SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
(Schur) Zahar. (Bârsei Mts: Postăvarul massif)
Oxytropis campestris subsp. tatrae (Borbás) WC (SK, PL), EC (RO), West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Tasenkevich 2011
Dostál SC (RO)
Oxytropis carpatica Uechtr. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: O. jacquinii subsp. carpatica (R. Uechtr.) RO), SC (RO)
Hausskn.)
Papaver corona-sancti-stephani Zapał. EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1977; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005;
(Syn.: P. alpinum subsp. corona-sancti-stephani Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
(Zapał.) Borza; P. pyrenaicum subsp. corona-
sancti-stephani (Zapał.) Borza)
Papaver tatricum (A. Nyár.) Ehrend. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
(Syn.: P. alpinum subsp. tatricum A. Nyár.)
Papaver tatricum (A. Nyár.) Ehrend. subsp. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Bernátová 2002; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010
tatricum
Papaver tatricum subsp. fatraemagnae Bernátová WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová 2002; Šípošová et al. 2004a; Kliment et
(Veľká Fatra Mts) al. 2008
Pedicularis baumgartenii Simonk. 140 SC (RO)/EC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1977; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005;
Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
Peucedanum rochelianum Heuff. 141, 142 Tr (RO) subendemic to Transylvanian Basin Boşcaiu 1965; Boşcaiu & Raţiu 1965; Dihoru &
Pârvu 1987; Paucă-Comănescu & Negrean 1994;
Jakab et al. 2008; Kovács 2011
Phyteuma tetramerum Schur EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Čopyk 1976; Morariu & Beldie 1976; Negrean &
AC (RO) endemic Oltean 1989; Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011
Phyteuma vagneri A. Kern. EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Negrean & Oltean 1989;
(Syn.: P. spiciforme Rochel) Oprea 2005
Pilosella plaicensis (Woł.) Soják EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2007
(Syn.: Hieracium plaicense Woł.)
Pilosella ullepitschii (Błocki) Szeląg 143 WC (SK, PL)/EC (RO), West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Szeląg 2008; Šingliarová et al. 2008, 2011a, b,
(Syn.: P. alpicola subsp. ullepitschii (Błocki) SC (RO) 2013; Šingliarová & Mráz 2009; Ilnicki & Szeląg
Soják; Hieracium alpicola subsp. ullepitschii 2011
(Błocki) Zahn)
Plantago atrata subsp. carpatica (Soó) Soó WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Sârbu et al. 2013
69
RO), SC (RO)
70
Carpathians
Poa babiogorensis Bernátová, Májovský et Obuch WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová et al. 1999, 2003a
(Beskid Żywiecki Mts: Mt. Babia
Góra)
Poa carpatica (V. Jirásek) Chopik 144 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA) West-East-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Bernátová et al. 2006
(Syn.: P. nemoralis subsp. carpatica V. Jirásek)
Poa granitica Braun-Blanq. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
RO), SC (RO)
Poa granitica Braun-Blanq. subsp. granitica WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Kliment 1999; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2008b
Poa granitica subsp. disparilis (Nyár.) Nyár. 145 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Ghişa & Beldie 1972; Beldie 1972; Oprea 2005;
(Syn.: P. deylii Chrtek et V. Jirásek) Ciocârlan 2009; Kobiv 2010; Sârbu et al. 2013
Poa margilicola Bernátová et Májovský WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 1997; Bernátová et al.
(Veľká Fatra Mts: Mt. Borišov) 2003b; Šípošová et al. 2004a
Poa nobilis Skalińska 146 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Piękoś-Mirkova et al. 1996; Kliment 1999; Piękoś-
(Tatry Wysokie Mts) Mirkova 2008
Poa pannonica subsp. scabra (Asch. et Graebn.) WC (SK, HU), †EC West-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Dúbravková et al.
Soó 147 (UA)/SC (RO) 2010; Borhidi et al. 2012
Poa rehmannii (K. Richt.) Woł. 148 EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Beldie 1979; Oprea 2005; Dihoru &
(Syn.: P. rehmannii (K. Richt.) Szafer, nom. illeg.; Negrean 2009; Čornej 2011; Sârbu et al. 2013
P. nemoralis subsp. rehmannii (K. Richt.) Asch. et
Graebn.)
Poa sejuncta Bernátová, Májovský et Obuch WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová et al. 1999, 2003a
(Západné Tatry Mts: Mt. Osobitá)
Prangos carinata Griseb. ex Degen 149, 150 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie 1977; Dihoru &
(Syn.: P. carinata Griseb. ex Grecescu, nom. (Almajului Mts: Porţile de Fier Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
illeg.; P. ferulacea subsp. carinata (Griseb. ex Gorge)
Degen) Dihoru)
Primula auricula subsp. hungarica (Borbás) Soó 151 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian subendemic Soó 1964, 1980a; Simon 1992; Kliment 1999
Primula auricula subsp. serratifolia (Rochel) Jáv. SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1979; Popescu et al. 2003; Oprea 2005;
Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
Primula leucophylla Pax 152 EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Şuteu 2012; Şuteu et al. 2011, 2013; Hurdu et al.
(Syn.: P. elatior subsp. leucophylla (Pax) Hesl.- 2014 in litt.
Harr.f. ex W. W. Sm. et H. R. Fletcher)
Primula wulfeniana subsp. baumgarteniana SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005; Dihoru &
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
(Degen et Moesz) Lüdi Negrean 2009; Negrean 2011; Hurdu et al. 2012a;
(Syn.: P. baumgarteniana Degen et Moesz) Sârbu et al. 2013
Carpathians
Pulmonaria rubra subsp. filarszkyana (Jáv.) EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Čopyk 1976; Beldie 1979; Oprea 2005; Čornej
Domin 153 2011; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
(Syn.: P. filarszkyana Jáv.)
Pulsatilla slavica G. Reuss 154 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Goliašová 1985; Kliment 1999; Šípošová et al.
(Syn.: P. halleri subsp. slavica (G. Reuss) Zamels) 2004b; Ciocârlan 2009
Pulsatilla subslavica Futák ex Goliašová WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Goliašová 1985; Kliment 1999
Pyrola carpatica Holub et Křísa WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009
(Syn.: P. rotundifolia subsp. carpatica (Holub et RO), SC (RO)
Křísa) Beldie et Váczy)
Ranunculus altitatrensis Paclová et Murín WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Paclová 1999
(Vysoké Tatry Mts)
Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich EC (SK, UA, RO), SC East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005
(RO)
Ranunculus flabellifolius Heuff. ex Rchb. 155 SC (RO, SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Jalas & Suominen 1989; Stevanović et al. 1991;
Dunkel 2011
Ranunculus malinovskii Elenevsky et Derv.-Sok. EC (UA) East-Carpathian endemic Cvelev 2001; Diduch et al. 2004; Čornej 2011;
(Syn.: R. kladnii auct. non Schur) Turlaj 2011
Ranunculus pseudomontanus Schur 156, 157 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kožuharov & Petrova 1988; Kliment 1999; Oprea
(Syn.: R. montanus subsp. pseudomontanus RO), SC (RO), AC (pan-Carpathian) subendemic 2005
(Schur) Ciocârlan)
Rosa coziae Nyár. 158, 159 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Kerényi-Nagy 2011;
(Syn.: R. villosa subsp. coziae (Nyár.) Ciocârlan) Hurdu et al. 2012a
Salix kitaibeliana Willd. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
(Syn.: S. retusa subsp. kitaibeliana (Willd.) Jáv.) RO), SC (RO)
Salvia transsylvanica (Schur ex Griseb. et Schenk) Tr, EC (RO)/SC (RO) endemic to Transylvanian Basin, Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
Schur 160 Eastern and Southern Carpathians
Saussurea porcii Degen 161 EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Kobiv et al. 2007b; Dihoru & Negrean 2009;
Bahlej 2010; Kobiv 2010; Počynok & Prokopiv
2010; Derevenko 2011; Mátis et al. 2014
Saxifraga moschata subsp. dominii Soó WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999
Saxifraga moschata subsp. kotulae S. Pawł. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010
(Tatry Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts)
71
72
Carpathians
Saxifraga mutata subsp. demissa (Schott et SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1977; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Webb 1993;
Kotschy) D. A. Webb Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
(Syn.: S. demissa Schott et Kotschy; S.
transsilvanica Fuss)
Saxifraga wahlenbergii Ball WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Cieślak et al. 2013
Scabiosa columbaria subsp. banatica (Waldst. et SC (RO, SRB), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Prodan 1961; Diklić 1973; Mardari 2009; Hurdu et
Kit.) Diklić 162 (RO)/EC (RO) endemic al. 2012b
(Syn.: S. banatica Waldst. et Kit.; S. columbaria
subsp. banatica (Waldst. et Kit.) Soó, nom. illeg.)
Scabiosa lucida subsp. barbata Nyár. EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kobiv et al. 2007a; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: S. pseudobanatica subsp. barbata (Nyár.) AC (RO) endemic
Chrtek; S. opaca Klokov)
Scilla kladnii Schur 163 WC (CZ, SK, HU, PL), subendemic to Western, Eastern, Kereszty 1993; Kricsfalusy & Vajnagi 1994;
(Syn.: S. bifolia subsp. subtriphylla (Schur) EC (SK, PL, UA), SC Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and Kliment 1999; Kochjarová et al. 2004, 2005;
Domin; S. alpina Schur) (RO), AC (RO), Tr (RO) Transylvanian Basin Trávníček et al. 2010
Scorzoneroides pseudotaraxaci (Schur) Holub WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011
(Syn.: Leontodon pseudotaraxaci Schur; L. RO), SC (RO)
montanus subsp. pseudotaraxaci (Schur) Finch et
P. D. Sell)
Sempervivum carpathicum Wettst. ex Prodan 164 WC (SK, PL), EC (PL, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Letz 1998; Kliment 1999
UA, RO), SC (RO)
Sempervivum carpathicum Wettst. ex Prodan WC (SK, PL), EC (PL, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Letz 1998, 2002; Letz & Marhold 1998; Kliment
subsp. carpathicum 165 UA, RO), SC (RO) 1999
(Syn.: S. montanum subsp. carpathicum (Wettst.
ex Prodan) A. Berger)
Sempervivum carpathicum subsp. heterophyllum WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Letz 1998, 2002; Letz & Marhold 1998; Kliment
(Hazsl.) Letz 166 1999
(Syn.: S. montanum subsp. heterophyllum (Hazsl.)
Jáv. ex Soó)
Sempervivum matricum Letz 167 WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian subendemic Blanár & Letz 2005; Letz 2009
Senecio dacicus Hodálová et Marhold SC (RO), AC (RO) South-Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Hodálová & Marhold 1998; Hodálová 1999a, b;
(Syn.: S. hercynicus subsp. dacicus (Hodálová et Negrean 2011
Marhold) Greuter)
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Carpathians
Senecio ucranicus Hodálová 168 EC (SK, PL, UA, RO), East-South-Carpathian subendemic Hodálová 1999b; Rola 2014
(Syn.: S. hercynicus subsp. ucranicus (Hodálová) SC (RO)
Greuter)
Sesleria heuflerana Schur WC (SK, HU), EC (UA, subendemic to Western, Eastern, Kliment 1999
RO), SC (RO), AC Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and
(RO), Tr (RO) Transylvanian Basin
Sesleria heuflerana Schur subsp. heuflerana 169 WC (SK, HU), EC (UA, subendemic to Western, Eastern, Čopyk 1976; Gejdeman 1986; Kliment 1999;
RO), SC (RO), AC Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and Oprea 2005
(RO), Tr (RO) Transylvanian Basin
Sesleria heuflerana subsp. hungarica (Ujhelyi) WC (HU) West-Carpathian endemic (Bükk Mts) Lysák 1996; Kliment 1999; Borhidi et al. 2012
Deyl 170
(Syn.: S. hungarica Ujhelyi)
Sesleria rigida Heuff. ex Rchb. 171 EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie 1979; Oprea 2005;
(Syn.: S. haynaldiana Schur; S. rigida subsp. (RO) endemic Kuzmanović et al. 2013
haynaldiana (Schur) Beldie)
Sesleria tatrae (Degen) Deyl 172 WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian subendemic Fabiszewski 1970; Hendrych 1987; Kliment 1999;
(Syn.: S. sadlerana subsp. tatrae (Degen) Deyl) Budzáková et al. 2014
Silene dinarica Spreng. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1977; Chater et al. 1993; Ciocârlan 2009
Silene nivalis (Kit.) Rohrb. EC (RO) East-Carpathian endemic Coldea 1997; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru
(Syn.: Lychnis nivalis Kit.; Polyschemone nivalis (Rodna Mts) & Negrean 2009; Sârbu et al. 2013
(Kit.) Schott, Nyman et Kotschy)
Silene nutans subsp. dubia (Herbich) Zapał. EC (SK, PL, UA, RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Mereďa et al. 2012
(Syn.: S. dubia Herbich) SC (RO), AC (RO) endemic
Silene zawadzkii Herbich 173, 174 EC (UA, RO) East-Carpathian endemic Klokov 1952; Morariu & Beldie 1976; Beldie
(Syn.: Elisanthe zawadzkii (Herbich) Klokov; 1977; Chater et al. 1993; Fedorončuk & Diduch
Melandrium zawadzkii (Herbich) A. Braun; 2002c; Cvelev 2004; Ciocârlan 2009; Kobiv 2010;
Silenanthe zawadzkii (Herbich) Griseb. et Schenk) Hurdu et al. 2012a; Sârbu et al. 2013
Soldanella carpatica Vierh. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Zhang & Kadereit 2002;
Kochjarová & Hrouda 2006
Sorbus amici-petri Mikoláš 175 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Mikoláš 2003
(Čierna hora Mts)
Sorbus atrimontis Bernátová et Májovský WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Uhlířová &
73
(Veľká Fatra Mts) Bernátová 2004; Kliment et al. 2008

74
Carpathians
Sorbus borbasii Jáv. SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Kárpáti 1960; Oprea 2005; Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru
& Negrean 2009; Hurdu et al. 2012a
Sorbus caeruleomontana Bernátová et Májovský WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Šípošová et al.
(Nízke Tatry Mts: Mt. Siná) 2004b
Sorbus dacica Borbás AC (RO) Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Kárpáti 1960; Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Hurdu et
(Trascău Mts) al. 2012a
Sorbus diversicolor Bernátová et Májovský WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Šípošová et al.
(Veľká Fatra Mts) 2004a; Uhlířová & Bernátová 2004
Sorbus dolomiticola Mikoláš 176 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Mikoláš 1996
(Čierna hora Mts)
Sorbus haljamovae Bernátová et Májovský 177 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Uhlířová &
Bernátová 2004
Sorbus hazslinszkyana (Soó) Májovský WC (SK, HU) West-Carpathian endemic Kárpáti 1960; Kliment 1999
(Syn.: S. austriaca subsp. hazslinszkyana (Soó)
Kárpáti)
Sorbus margittaiana (Jáv.) Kárpáti WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová et al. 1998; Májovský et al. 1998
(Syn.: S. hostii subsp. margittaiana Jáv.) (Krivánska Fatra Mts)
Sorbus montisalpae Bernátová et Májovský WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Šípošová et al.
(Veľká Fatra Mts) 2004a; Uhlířová & Bernátová 2004
Sorbus pekarovae Májovský et Bernátová WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Májovský & Bernátová 1996; Bernátová &
(Veľká Fatra Mts: Mt. Pekárová) Májovský 1999; Šípošová et al. 2004a
Sorbus salatini Bernátová et Májovský WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Šípošová et al.
(Nízke Tatry Mts: Mt. Salatín) 2004b
Sorbus scepusiensis Kovanda WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kovanda 1985, 1986; Kliment 1999
(Volovské vrchy Mts)
Sorbus umbellata subsp. banatica (Jáv.) Kárpáti SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Kárpáti 1960; Ciocârlan 2009
Sorbus zuzanae Májovský et Bernátová 178 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Bernátová & Májovský 2003; Šípošová et al.
2004a; Uhlířová & Bernátová 2004
Stipa crassiculmis subsp. heterotricha Dihoru et SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Negrean & Oltean 1989;
Roman 179 (Cozia Mts) Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Negrean 2011; Vázguez
& Gutiérrez 2011
Stipa danubialis Dihoru et Roman SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Beldie 1979; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005;
(Almajului Mts: Porţile de Fier Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Gorge)
Carpathians
Swertia punctata Baumg. 180 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Beldie 1979; Tan & Vladimirov 2001; Oprea
(Syn.: S. perennis subsp. punctata (Baumg.) AC (RO) subendemic 2005; Kricsfalusy & Budnikov 2007; Kobiv 2010,
Ciocârlan) 2012a
Symphytum cordatum Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. 181 WC (SK, PL), EC (SK, subendemic to Western, Eastern, Čopyk 1976; Roman et al. 1996; Kliment 1999;
(Syn.: S. cordatum Waldst. et Kit., nom. illeg.; S. PL, UA, RO), SC (RO), Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011
cordifolium Baumg.) AC (RO), Tr (RO) Transylvanian Basin (pan-Carpathian
subendemic)
Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb. f. EC (UA), AC (RO) East-Apuseni-Carpathian endemic Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Bilz 2013; Lendvay et al.
2013
Taraxacum carpaticum Štěpánek et Kirschner 182 SC (RO) South-Carpathian endemic Štěpánek et al. 2011
Taraxacum erythrocarpum Kirschner et Štěpánek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kirschner & Štěpánek 1985; Kliment 1999
Taraxacum nigricans (Kit.) Rchb. 183 WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Štěpánek et al. 2011
(Nízke Tatry Mts)
Taraxacum pawlowskii Soest 184 WC (PL, ?SK) West-Carpathian endemic Tacik 1980; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009, 2010
(Tatry Wysokie Mts)

Taraxacum pieninicum Pawł. 185 WC (PL) West-Carpathian endemic Zarzycki 1986; Mirek et al. 1995; Wróbel &
(Syn.: T. hoppeanum subsp. pieninicum (Pawł.) (Pieniny Mts: Mt. Trzy Korony) Zarzycki 2008
Pawł.)
Tephroseris longifolia subsp. moravica Holub WC (CZ, SK) West-Carpathian endemic Kochjarová 1998; Kochjarová & Hrouda 2004;
Janišová et al. 2012; Hegedüšová et al. 2013;
Olšavská et al. 2015
Thalictrum minus subsp. carpaticum (B. Kotula) WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic (Tatry Mts) Kliment 1999; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010
Osvač.
Thesium kernerianum Simonk. EC (RO), SC (RO) East-South-Carpathian endemic Negrean & Oltean 1989; Oprea 2005; Dihoru &
Negrean 2009
Thymus alternans Klokov 186 EC (SK, UA, RO)/SC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Klokov 1960; Mártonfi 1996; Kliment 1999;
(RO), AC (RO) subendemic Oprea 2005; Mártonfi 2014 in litt.
Thymus bihoriensis Jalas EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Beldie 1979; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: T. marginatus A. Kern. non Sm. ex Dick- (RO) endemic
son, nom. illeg.)
Thymus comosus Heuff. ex Griseb. et Schenk EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Morariu & Beldie 1976; Dihoru & Pârvu 1987;
(Syn.: T. comosus Schur, nom. illeg.) (RO) endemic Oprea 2005
Thymus dacicus Borbás 187 EC (RO), SC (RO, East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Guşuleac 1961; Diklić & Vasić 2000
(Syn.: T. porcii Borbás) SRB), AC (RO) subendemic
75
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Carpathians
Thymus pulcherrimus Schur WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005
RO), SC (RO) subendemic
Thymus pulcherrimus Schur subsp. pulcherrimus WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Mártonfi 1997; Kliment 1999; Čornej 2011
(Syn.: T. circumcinctus Klokov) RO), SC (RO)
Thymus pulcherrimus subsp. sudeticus (Lyka) P. WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian subendemic Kliment 1999
A. Schmidt 188, 189
(Syn.: T. carpathicus Čelak.)
Trifolium orbelicum subsp. monticolum (Domin) WC (SK, PL) West-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Mirek & Piękoś-Mirkowa 2010
Májovský
Trifolium pratense subsp. kotulae (Pawł.) Soják 190 WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005; Kricsfalusy &
(Syn.: T. pratense var. kotulae Pawł.; T. frigidum RO), SC (RO) Budnikov 2007
Schur)
Trifolium sarosiense Hazsl. 191 WC (SK, HU), EC subendemic to Western, Eastern, Hendrych 1993, 1995; Kliment 1999
(Syn.: T. medium subsp. sarosiense (Hazsl.) (?UA, RO), SC (RO), Southern & Apuseni Carpathians and
Simonk.; T. sarosiense subsp. banaticum (Heuff.) AC (RO), Tr (RO) Transylvanian Basin
Holub) (pan-Carpathian subendemic)
Trisetum flavescens subsp. tatricum Chrtek 192 WC (SK), EC (SK, PL, West-East-Carpathian endemic Kliment 1999; Čornej 2011
†UA)
Trisetum fuscum (Kit. ex Schult.) Schult. WC (SK, PL), EC (UA, West-East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Kliment 1999; Oprea 2005
(Syn.: T. ciliare (Kit.) Domin) RO), SC (RO), AC (RO) (pan-Carpathian) endemic
Trisetum macrotrichum Hack. EC (RO), SC (RO), AC East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Buia & Morariu 1972; Morariu & Beldie 1976;
(RO) endemic Oprea 2005
Tulipa hungarica Borbás 193, 194 SC (RO, †SRB) South-Carpathian endemic Ciocârlan 2009; Dihoru & Negrean 2009; Negrean
(Syn.: T. hungarica subsp. undulatifolia (Roman) 2011; Ćalić et al. 2012; Stevanović 2013
Roman et Beldie)
Valeriana tripteris subsp. heterophylla (Baumg.) EC (SK, PL, UA, RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Schur 1866; Simonkai 1887; Katina 1961; Morariu
Rostański 195, 196, 197 SC (RO), AC (RO)/WC endemic 1961; Rostański 1967, 1970; Prokudin 1987;
(Syn.: V. tripteris var. heterophylla Baumg.; V. (PL) Dmytrach 2010; Tasenkevyč 2014
transsilvanica Schur; V. sisymbriifolia Schur non
Vahl, nom. illeg.)
Viola declinata Waldst. et Kit. 198 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), East-South-Apuseni-Carpathian Oprea 2005; Velev & Apostolova 2009
AC (RO) endemic
Viola jooi Janka 199 EC (UA, RO), SC (RO), subendemic to Eastern, Southern & Grinşescu et al. 1955; Oprea 2005; Čornej 2011;
AC (RO), Tr (RO) Apuseni Carpathians and Cristea 2014
Preslia 88: 19–76, 2016
Transylvanian Basin

Taxa of Vascular Plants Endemic To The Carpathian MTS: Preslia March 2016

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Taxa of Vascular Plants Endemic To The Carpathian MTS: Preslia March 2016

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Taxa of vascular plants endemic to the Carpathian Mts

Article in Preslia · March 2016

Jan Kliment Monika Janišová

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Taxa of vascular plants endemic to the Carpathian Mts

Endemické taxóny cievnatých rastlín v Karpatoch

Ján K l i m e n t1, Peter T u r i s2 & Monika J a n i š o v á3

Dedicated to the memory of Ján Futák and Halina Piękoś-Mirkowa

K e y w o r d s: Apuseni Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, endemic, habitat, Southern Carpathians,

Delimitation and division of the Carpathians

Taxa selection and their evaluation

mainly apomictic taxa (Alchemilla, Hieracium, Pilosella, Sorbus, Taraxacum), we listed

Habitat preferences of (sub)endemic taxa

Taxa endemic or subendemic to the Carpathians and their subunits

250 420 108 219 143 179 137 173 64 68 17 17

“Critical” (unclear) endemic taxa

Taxa with a wider non-endemic distribution

Species, subspecies and varieties of taxa with a wider non-endemic distribution

Habitats and niche breadth

See www.preslia.cz for Electronic Appendices 1–7.

Mirek Z. & Piękoś-Mirkowa H. (2009): Fitogeograficzne aspekty endemizmu w Polsce [Phytogeographical

Ronikier M. (2011): Biogeography of high-mountain plants in the Carpathians: an emerging phylogeographi-

Received 16 June 2015

2007; Negrean 2011

(Belianske Tatry Mts)

(Krivánska Fatra Mts)

2013; Ziman & Derbak 2013

monoclada (Domin) Holub)

(RO) (pan-Carpathian subendemic)

nom. illeg.) al. 2013

Dostál; Centaurea triumfetti subsp. dominii

(Syn.: Centaurea pinnatifida Schur subsp.

AC (RO) endemic al. 2007a

(Syn.: H. vrabelyiana (Schur) Borbás)

Mirkowa & Mirek 2003; Šeffer et al. 2010

Knautia slovaca Štěpánek WC (SK) West-Carpathian endemic Štěpánek 1983, 1985

(Veľká Fatra Mts) Bernátová 2004; Kliment et al. 2008

(Tatry Wysokie Mts)

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